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Amended law decriminalizing vagrancy attacks exploited women – Gabriela
"The amended law turns a blind eye to the realities of poverty and unemployment that heightens women's vulnerability to trafficking, prostitution and slavery." – Rep. Luz Ilagan, Gabriela Women's Party
By INA ALLECO SILVERIO
Women legislators of Gabriela Women's Party have denounced anew the Benigno Aquino administration for signing into law a measure that criminalizes women forced into exploitative situations by poverty. Reps. Emmi de Jesus and Luz Ilagan said President Aquino declared that prostituted women are criminals when he signed Republic Act 10158, or An Act Decriminalizing Vagrancy.
It is the consolidated version of Senate Bill 2726 and House Bill 493, which decriminalizes all forms of vagrancy and effectively repealed the law on vagrancy – a law widely criticized as being anti-poor. The amended law, however, declared that prostitution – an outcome of vagrancy – is a crime. It was submitted to Aquino last March 7, 2012 and signed into law on April 7.
"The administration is perpetuating the archaic view contained in Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code, but, at the same time, it allows the exploiters of women and those who earn from their exploitation to go scott-free," De Jesus said..... MORE
URL: http://bulatlat.com/main/2012/04/13/amended-law-decriminalizing-vagrancy-attacks-exploited-women-gabriela/
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Howdy Y'all! My name is Bree and I grew up in the small town of Delta as a farmer's daughter. Once I graduated from Delta High I moved away from my hometown to further my education. I graduated with my Bachelor's degree in Accounting from UVU in 2007 and since then I have worked preparing accounting and taxes for individuals, small business and large corporations. I have always loved real estate and have always understood the importance of land, especially growing up as farmer's daughter. I eventually took a leap of faith and obtained my real estate license. I am so excited to meet new people, build trusting relationships and help people achieve their dreams of owning real estate. I know that my experience, knowledge, and attention to detail from all of my years in the accounting field will be beneficial to my clients as I help them understand the process of buying homes, property, corporate properties, farms or land. Let the journey begin!


It's that time of year again – Winter Wine Night! Mark your calendars! It's this Saturday, December 9th from 3-6pm, and it's a free event to all!
I love Winter Wine Night because it's our annual holiday party, with loads of excellent wine to taste. And this year's wine line-up is the best yet! Since this event is all about the wine, we've put together a list of cheeses that will be good supporting actors to the wine stars. They'll go with white, rosé, and red, a full-bodied wine or something lighter, a wine weighted with tannin or one smooth as velvet. These cheeses are the friends who are ready to go out dancing, but who are also happy to Netflix and chill. They're easy-going, good listeners, ready to boost up their buddies. These cheeses are perfect for a dinner party if you don't know what kind of wine the host is serving, for that night where you want to finish off the ends of a few bottles you've had lying around, or maybe you've found a bunch of different wines at Winter Wine Night to go home and drink NOW.
Chebris – sheep/goat milk, semi-hard, France, smooth, a touch tart and sweet.
All right, I hope to see you at Winter Wine Night this Saturday to try 40+ wines, and of course a whole lot of cheese.


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How UAW work stoppage will affect vehicles for sale
Nathan Bomey
Published 12:01 AM EDT Sep 17, 2019
For people looking to buy a new General Motors car or truck, showrooms still have plenty of options for now, even with the company's autoworkers on strike.
That's because GM piled up an unusually high supply of vehicles in recent weeks as the prospect of a United Auto Workers strike against the company grew more likely. And early Monday, unionized workers walked off the job, leaving GM plants unable to produce vehicles.
All four GM brands have substantially more inventory on hand than the industry average, according to Cox Automotive, which owns Kelley Blue Book and Autotrader. Buick, Cadillac, GMC and Chevrolet had an average of 98, 89, 84 and 72 days supply of new vehicles at the end of August, respectively, compared with an industry average of 61 days.
GM strike: For every GM job, up to 7 others are generated. Here's how a strike affects the economy
Car seat trade-in: Walmart's event is now underway through Sept. 30. What you need to know.
With about 77 days supply for its entire vehicle fleet, a UAW strike would have to last months before the automaker would be emptied out of vehicles altogether.
But individual vehicles could become tough to find much sooner if the strike tarries. For example, GM has only 57 days supply of the Chevrolet Tahoe SUV, which is less than the average of 64 days for that segment, according to Cox Automotive. It has 58 days supply of the Chevrolet Suburban.
However, the automaker's best-seller, the Chevy Silverado pickup, is readily available at 93 days supply. And the profit-minting Cadillac Escalade is plentiful at 102 days.
"GM has enough inventory for a short strike of one or two weeks. After that it starts to get painful," said Kristin Dziczek, vice president of industry, labor and economics at the Center for Automotive Research.
GM strike: United Auto Workers union calls national strike, 46,000 workers to stay out
To be sure, the strike could almost immediately affect supplies of certain specialty vehicles, including limited-edition models and special orders.
For example, if someone wants to order an unusual trim package combined with specific options, they might need to put their plans on hold until plants come back online.
Plus, the Teamsters union vowed to block its members from delivering GM vehicles. That could eventually affect supplies at some showrooms, though dealers can often trade each other to obtain cars for their customers.
"I think this is going to probably impact consumers that are looking for specialized GM vehicles," said George Augustaitis, director of automotive industry and economic analysis at CarGurus. "They're really going to have to wait it out if that's what they're looking for."
Of course, some models will be tough to find because they were already set to go away. The Chevrolet Cruze, for example, has been discontinued in a decision that prompted GM to idle its plant in Lordstown, Ohio. That decision has generated political opposition, and GM is reportedly considering making batteries at the plant instead of shutting it down altogether.
In any case, the strike will cost GM. While the company could try to make up for lost time by accelerating production when the strike ends, some plants are operating at full capacity, which will limit their ability to catch up.
"GM could potentially offset lost production once the strike ends; it could also use the strike as an opportunity to keep inventory levels in-line," Credit Suisse analyst Dan Levy wrote in a research note.
Contributing: Detroit Free Press reporter Jamie LaReau
Follow USA TODAY reporter Nathan Bomey on Twitter @NathanBomey.
How much could it cost GM?
How marketers can win over the C-suite – Marketing Week

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Posted on April 29, 2019 May 8, 2019 Author Categories 2019
CAB Bits & Pieces April 2019
Good Day CAB Nation!
We at CAB hope your April has been fantastic!
As the news items below indicate, the spring has been busy with transportation conferences and speeches by DOT & FMCSA administrators like Secretary Chao and Administrator Martinez. 2019 is gearing up to be a loaded year with numerous regulatory creations, updates, and enhancements. Stay abreast of these updates by following our LinkedIn and Facebook pages.
Follow us at: CAB LinkedIn Page CAB Facebook Page
Have a great month!
CAB's Tips & Tricks:
We have new and updated pre-recorded training webinars available on our website. Once logged in, these webinars are easily accessible via the Tools tab. Simply hover over the Tools tab and then click on Webinars.
The four webinars we chose to update first are listed below. If you need a refresher or you're looking for training videos for new users, we would recommend starting with these three.
Introduction to CAB: Flow and Navigation-This 21 minute webinar is ideal for introducing new users to CAB and how it works or providing a solid refresher for current users. It provides an introduction to Carrier Central and the search functionality available. Additionally, it provides an introduction to the information available in the CAB report. To view the webinar, click here.
BASICs Calculator: Introduction-The BASICs Calculator is a premium tool has been around for a couple years, however we've added a number of enhancements including the Advanced Projections Tool. This 14 minute video introduces users to the functionality of the tool. The tool is especially useful for loss control, producers, account executives and the like. To view the webinar, click here.
CAB List Training-CAB List is a strong and useful tool that you should be using to track and monitor the motor carriers you're working with. It allows you to verify carrier and group health all while providing notifications for CAB-BASICs Alerts, ISS-CAB Changes and Safety Ratings, to Inspections and Crashes. This 21 minute video will help you better understand your book of business throughout the policy year. To view the webinar, click here.
CAB Financials-This 6 minute webinar discusses what the CAB Financial Rating is, what is evaluated and how it is determined. In addition, it details the 6 levels of the CAB Financial Rating. To view the webinar, click here.
We encourage you to keep an eye on the Webinars page, as we will be rolling out updated videos on a regular basis.
We at CAB are constantly striving to improve our tools and resources to create value for our subscribers. Please feel free to contact us directly if you have any suggestions as to how we can enhance our services. We are a customer driven company and our goal is to help you Make Better Decisions!
This month we report:
FMCSA has sent Proposed Hours-of-Service (HOS) Changes to White House. In early April Ray Martinez, Administrator of the FMCSA acknowledged that the agency is seeking to provide additional flexibility to drivers while maintaining current safety standards as they relate to the HOS. The trucking industry has been seeking information about the proposed changes since last fall when the DOT received more than 5,200 comments in response to a request for input on ways to make the HOS rules more flexible. Input requested included the following: Extending the maximum workday to 14 hours for 100-air-mile drivers; Extending the 14-hour limit to 16 hours when a driver encounters adverse driving conditions; Revising or even eliminating the 30-minute rest-break provision; Restoring flexibility to the split-sleeper-berth provision; and Petitions on rest breaks and the 14-hour rule. Additional information regarding this Notice of Proposed Rulemaking can be found here.
CVSA's 2019 North American Standard Out-of-Service (OOS) Criteria is in effect as of April 1, 2019: This version supersedes all previous versions of the criteria. A total of 12 changes were made to the criteria. The changes included cargo securement, brake systems, driver's seat (missing), exhaust systems, frames, steering mechanisms and others. The OOS criteria are updated annually. For additional information on the CSVA and changes to the OOS criteria, click here.
Cargo Thieves are Changing it Up Again: Cargo thieves are altering their tactics early in 2019. CargoNet reports that 1) Loaded trailer burglaries are growing and becoming the main method of cargo theft in some parts of the country. 2) Fictitious pickup active is resurging after two years of dormancy. Food and beverage were the most frequency stolen during the quarter, despite year-over-year decrease. The top 3 theft states were California, Florida and Texas.
Although Market has Cooled, Capacity is Still Being Added. Class 8 truck orders have plummeted, but 3 year old trucks are at their highest level since 2015. On average, a 3 year old truck is just under $70,000. The reality that prices for these trucks have stayed high after the market has topped indicates many smaller motor carriers and owner-operators are still expanding their fleets or entering the market. Ultimately, growth and contraction cycles take longer to shift than general market conditions. Ultimately, capacity is still being added long after the market has shifted.
NTSB's 3rd Round Table on Distracted Driving: The National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) roundtable took place on April 11th and included perspectives from the trucking industry. During the roundtable it was noted that successful accountability consists of 3 things: the organization, the individual and the peers. Over 20 speakers took part and it included comments from experts, industry executives and drivers. It was noted that a recent Texas A&M Study showed that 1 in 12 Texas drivers is likely on their phone. Distracted driving is on the NTSB's Most Wanted List of Transportation Safety Improvements. More information regarding the Roundtable can be found here:
FMCSA Plans to make Crash Preventability Project Permanent: In remarks at the Mid America Truck Show in early April, DOT Secretary Elaine Chao noted that the DOT is seeking to make the Crash Preventability Program permanent after the demonstration program ends on July 30th. This is due to positive feedback from stakeholders. The program allowed motor carriers to file DataQs for review of 8 specific types of crashes. If successful, those crashes would be removed from that motor carrier's Crash BASIC. Additional information on the Crash Preventability Program can be found here.
FMCSA Declares South Dakota Truck Driver to be and Imminent Hazard to Public Safety: Between January 2017 and March 2019, Mr. Hall tested positive for drugs during a random test, failed to comply with the return-to-duty program by failing additional tests, caught on a traffic stop with additional drugs and was still operating a truck as late as March of 2019. Despite motor carrier enforcement's best efforts, situations like this still occur. With the roll-out of the CDL Drug & Alcohol Clearinghouse in early 2020, hopefully scenarios like this can be prevented in the future. For additional information on the Imminent Hazard declaration, click here. For information related to the Drug & Alcohol Clearinghouse, click here.
47,000 Bridges Deemed Deficient by the Department of Transportation: According to the Federal Highway Administration's definition, a structurally deficient bridge is one with any component (deck, structure or culverts) is in poor condition. According to one organization, it could take 80 years to make repairs to these bridges at the current pace. Additionally, it could cost $171 billion to fix these bridges. For more information on National Bridge Inspections, click here.
DOT Updates Drug Testing Regulations: The DOT made changes to its drug testing rule for safety-sensitive employees to ensure consistency with amendments made to 49 CFR Part 40, "Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs." These revisions were originally implemented in early 2018. The revisions added requirements to test for oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone to DOT-regulated drug testing programs. Previously covered drugs morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, and codeine are also considered opioids. More information on the FMCSA's Drug & Alcohol rules can be found here.
Number of Job Openings Declined to 7.1 Million in February 2019: This is a decline of 538,000 from the previous month. The job openings rate (the number of job openings as a percentage of total employment plus the total number of job openings) was 4.5 percent in February, decreasing from 4.8 percent in January 2019. The number of job openings fell for total private (−523,000) and was little changed for government. Job openings decreased in a number of industries. The largest decreases occurred in trade, transportation, and utilities (−160,000). For more detailed information on this and other BLS statistics, click here.
Are you interested in training your staff on issues related to driving a commercial motor vehicle? Occasionally we get asked about ways our clients can provide education to their staff when it comes to helping them understand what it's like to drive a truck, or perhaps what a roadside inspection looks like. When I get these questions, I encourage them to reach out to the National Association of Publicly Funded Truck Driving Schools or another local truck driving school. Often times these schools can customize an onsite training course specific to your needs.
Questions that can be answered include, but are not limited to:
-What's the view from a truck?
-Where are the blind spots?
-What is "pulling the 5th wheel pin" or "sliding the tandems"?
– How do you secure a load?
-What kind of training does a new CDL driver receive?
-What is a level 1 inspection?
Some schools will also offer students the opportunity to drive a truck on a closed course and/or use a skid pad. These educational opportunities are invaluable and will go a long way in helping your staff better understand the trucking industry.
The court agreed to dismiss claims for recklessness, punitive damages and negligent/reckless entrustment which were asserted against a tour company by a truck driver who was struck by the bus. The Western District of Pennsylvania held that the plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts to allow those causes of action to continue. Whetstone v. Malone Bussing Services, 2019 WL 1459022.
The Court of Appeals in California upheld a defense verdict when the plaintiff drove his jeep into the back of a truck improperly parked in a gore point near a highway exit. The court held that the trial court was not required to permit a jury instruction that the truck driver was negligent per se in parking at the gore. Taulbee v. E.J. Distribution Corp., 2019 WL 1771978
The federal government was not granted summary judgment in an action commenced by a driver for injuries suffered when delivering heavy equipment to a designated location. The Eastern District of New York held that there were sufficient questions of fact as to whether the location was properly lit so as to allow the plaintiff an ability to see where he was going. The shipper, however, was granted judgment as there was no evidence that it was aware of the defect in lighting and did not undertake to control the method and manner of delivery. Iannucci v. Lewis Tree Serv., 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57531
Expert issues were considered in the Eastern District of Louisiana in an action for personal injuries following a truck accident. The court found that the testimony of defendant's accident reconstructionist, Dr. Welch, except for his specific medical causation opinions, were reliable and admissible at trial; However plaintiff's reconstructionist did not fare as well as his statements did not require any specialized knowledge. Finally the court concluded that the trucking company was entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' direct negligence claims because it had stipulated that it was vicariously liable for the actions of the driver. Thomas v. Chambers, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65900
Who is responsible for an improperly packed trailer when the cargo hits the driver and injures him? The Court of Appeals in Indiana granted summary judgment to the cargo owner, but not to the company which handled the distribution of the product. As they pre-loaded the trailer there was a reasonable argument that a duty was owed to the driver. Wilkes v. Celadon Grp., Inc. 2019 Ind. App. LEXIS 161
The same issue may be decided in the Western District in North Carolina in an action where the cargo fell on the driver. The court denied the defendant's motion to transfer venue to Georgia, its home venue. The court held that the defendant did not sustain its burden to show that transfer was necessary under a venue analysis. Sellers v. Whole Foods Mkt. Group. Inc., 2019 U.S. Dist LEXIS 56145
In California operating a vehicle without a commercial driver's license is not evidence of negligence unless it is found to have proximately caused the accident. The court held that it was enough that witnesses agreed the rental contract required the operator of the water truck to have specialized skill, training, and testing. The jury was not permitted to see the contract, which specifically required a certain type of license. The lessor was found liable for 10% of the plaintiff's injuries for failure to warn about defects in the trailers. The 4th Appellate Court reversed the decision, finding that the jury apparently rendered a compromise verdict and the special verdict form was defective as it did not require a determination as to the percentage of fault for all parties. Golston v. Hertz Equipment Rental Corp. 2019 Cal. App. Unpub LEXIS 2448
The District Court in Connecticut allowed a defendant to amend his counter-claim for his own injuries arising from an accident between two tractor trailers. The court noted that the defendant's direct complaint was dismissed due to a procedural error, not on the merits, and allowing the defendant to pursue his claim via the counterclaim was in the interest of justice. Boahen v. Trifiletti, 2019 U.D. Dist LEXIS 64764
Where a case involves multiple defendants, a court should not enter judgment against a defaulting party who may be jointly liable until the court adjudicates the matter with respect to all defendants. The Northern District of Alabama denied the plaintiff's request for default against one of the many parties who were alleged to own the tractor and/or the trailer. Peace v. Rock, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65310
A transportation contract between a shipper and a motor carrier did not obligate the motor carrier to defend the shipper for its own negligence. The Eastern District of Virginia concluded that in the absence of such claims the shipper was not an additional insured under the carrier's general liability or business auto policies. Waste Mgmt. v. Great Divide Ins. Co., 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59477
Plaintiff was not given an opportunity to identify additional experts when the opinion of the new expert did not constitute rebuttal evidence to the defendant's expert's testimony. The Eastern District of Kentucky concluded that the expert's conclusions that the driver failed to yield the right of way and failed to follow the Ohio Commercial Drivers' License Manual and the Federal Motor Carrier Accident Counter Measures Manual ordinarily would be expected to be presented during the plaintiff's case-in-chief. The expert's conclusions regarding failure to yield and failure to keep a proper lookout did not constitute real rebuttal evidence. Hampton v. Bob Evans Transp. Co., LLC, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56662
Sometimes an accident is simply an accident. The Northern District of Alabama granted summary judgment to a motor carrier and driver on claims of negligent and wanton maintenance, service, and repair; negligent and wanton hiring, and training; and wanton supervision, retention, and entrustment. The court did not grant judgment on general claims of wantonness as there was a question as to whether the driver's actions were inherently reckless, as he was speeding and on his cell phone at the time of the accident. Green v. Markovitch, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66740
The 5th Circuit Court of Appeals issued a new decision clarifying it decision in a case reported on in February, 2019. The court continued to affirm that the motor carrier waived a defense regarding the issue of statutory employees, properly defined a motor carrier, agreed that the trooper could who investigated the accident could testify as an expect and allowed for the loss of future consortium. The only saving grace for the defendant was a remand on the issue of the trial court's application of past loss of consortium damages and the application of a settlement credit. Puga v. RCX Solutions, Inc., 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 11229
Another trucker was unsuccessful in recovering from a trucking company when he claimed that the driver hit his tractor in a rest area. The Eastern District of Kentucky granted summary judgment to the defendant concluding that the plaintiff failed to assert sufficient facts to support the identity of the carrier that struck him. Emiabata v. PAM Transport, 2019 WL 1388861
An insurer was unsuccessful in applying the employee exclusion under a policy based on its argument that the statutory definition of employee should govern over the policy terms. The Northern District of Illinois also disagreed with the position that the driver was a leased worker. The duty to indemnify was left open pending the resolution of the underlying case. National Continental Ins. Co. v. Vukovic, 2019 WL 1331790.
A broker's motion to dismiss claims against it for a personal injuries suffered by the plaintiff in a truck accident was denied. The broker sought dismissal on the grounds that the claims were preempted by FAAA. The Southern District of West Virginia held otherwise. The court concluded even if that state's negligent hiring claims had a sufficient impact on the price, route, or service of a broker so as to satisfy FAAA, it would not be preempted because it would fall within the general "safety regulatory exception" of the statute. Gilley v. C.H. Robinson, 2019 WL 1410902
Sanctions were awarded against a trucking company that failed to obey a discovery order. The defendant was ordered to pay the costs for the motion and the expenses related to trying to seek a copy of the defendant's insurance policy. Mosley v. Spartan Freight Systems, 2019 WL 1375096
Who was entitled to recovery for the wrongful death of a child who was struck by a tractor trailer was the topic of motions in the Middle District of Louisiana. The court held that while permanent custody had been granted to the aunt and uncle they were not permitted beneficiaries under the statute. Questions of fact remained as to whether the father was deemed to have abandoned his son and therefore not be entitled to recover for his death. Dixon v. Garner, 2019 WL 1370855
The 5th Circuit denied plaintiff's efforts to seek a new trial. She contended that the pain and suffering award was impermissibly low under Louisiana law, newly discovered evidence from a previously unidentified officer on the scene required a new trial, and the jury had reached a "compromise verdict/" The court affirmed the lower court ruling concluding that the truck accident caused little pain and suffering, that the inconsistency in the original verdict was cured after the jury further deliberated, and that plaintiff had not shown that she exercised due diligence in obtaining the newly discovered evidence prior to trial. Wright v. National Interstate Insurance Co. 2019 WL 1422815.
Technicalities will often prevent summary judgment. The Appellate Division in New York denied summary judgment to a trucking company which operated as a distribution facility. A truck driver brought personal injury action against the trucking company alleging that company overloaded driver's trailer causing the trailer to buckle and break apart, which resulted in truck crashing into a concrete divider. The court held that the submission of a distribution agreement as evidence was unacceptable as it did not properly establish the relationships between the parties and was submitted by general counsel of a non-party affiliate. Clarke v. American Truck & Trailer, Inc. 2019 NY Slip Op 02448
The Appellate Division in New York reversed the denial of summary judgment to one plaintiff. In opposition to the motion the truck driver's summary judgment affidavit was insufficient to raise triable issue of fact so as to preclude grant of summary judgment to motorist on issue of liability. The submission of an affidavit which contained version of the facts which seemed tailored to avoid consequences of his prior admission to police officer, that he backed into motorist's vehicle, was premised on speculation, and was inconsistent with the photographs of the damage to motorist's car. Thompson v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 2019 WL 1338267
As long as the plaintiff tried to amend the complaint to add a party within the statute of limitations, the Southern District in Illinois held that it was inequitable to not toll the statute of limitations when the plaintiff was waiting to hear from the court. The defendant's motion to dismiss was denied. Stine v. Homan, 2019 WL 1294996. In a related decision the court refused to dismiss redundant claims against the truck driver, concluding that the various iterations in the claims had some distinguishing factor which allowed it to move forward. 2019 WL 1385226
Even when the plaintiff is willing to limit damages to less than $74,000, the initial complaint indicated damages might exceed the jurisdictional limit so removal was correct. Moreover, the Eastern District of Missouri held that while the forum defendant rule will generally limit the ability to remove a case, that rule will apply only when the forum defendant was served before the removal. O'Brien v. US1 Logistics, LLC, 2019 WL 1491628
A commercial truck driver who resided in Illinois and was injured in a collision in Ohio with a tractor trailer owned by a Missouri food manufacturer brought a negligence action against the driver and the manufacturer in Illinois. The Appellate Court in Illinois held that the Missouri food manufacturer was a resident of Cook County within the meaning of the corporation residence statute for purposes of venue because it established an "other office" in Cook County when it hired employee who was specifically hired to work out of his Cook County residence to service several of food manufacturer's Illinois customers, and provided the employee with an email address and corporate extension with which to do so. Tabirta v. Cummings. 2019 Il. App (1st) 17289-B
The availability of punitive damages in the context of automobile accidents is extremely limited says the Western District of Kentucky. The mere violation of some traffic law, and the sale or loss of the tractor trailer after the accident were insufficient to demonstrate gross negligence sufficient to support an award of punitive damages. The punitive damages claim against the trucking company was dismissed. Faith v. Warsame, 2019 WL 1359266
A jury verdict against a bus company and its driver was upheld in the Court of Appeals in Ohio. The jury awarded $23,018,790 in compensatory damages and $4,000,150 in punitive damages, $1,276,938.96 in prejudgment interest and $300,000 in attorney fees. The court denied all arguments raised by the bus company. Sobrey v. Greyhound Lines, 2019 WL 1569626
The Court of Appeals in Louisiana reversed summary judgment in favor of a trucking company and its insurer on the issue of signage and voluntary assumption of a duty to warn when questions existed as to warnings posted on moving log trucks. However the court did affirm the granting of summary judgment in favor of one driver, the trucking company and its insurer on the issue of vicarious liability under Louisiana law and the FMCSR. The court also agreed that the insurer provided no coverage for a trucker whose policy had been cancelled for non-pay. Saldana v. LaRue Trucking, 2019 WL 1549895
Is the USPS responsible for injuries arising from a truck accident when a motor carrier was hauling mail for the USPS? The District Court in New Jersey refused to dismiss a complaint against the USPS on jurisdictional grounds, concluding that there were questions of fact on whether the motor carrier and its driver was an independent contractor or an employee of USPS. The court held that it was too early in the action to determine definitively that USPS had no hand in the operations of the motor carrier or its driver. Blumberg v. Rolle, 2019 WL 1529960
Plaintiff's efforts to argue that a passenger in the tractor trailer was liable for failing to take action to prevent an accident failed in the District Court in Oklahoma. Cox v. Swift Transportation Co. of Az, 2019 WL 1546941
One motor carrier's argument that it was entitled to judgment on the issue of whether it owned a vehicle was rejected in the Middle District of Pennsylvania. The court held that since the operating company did not specifically admit ownership the defendant must stay in the case. The court also rejected a Graves Amendment argument, concluding that the plaintiff could allege a cause of action as long as it was not based solely on the ownership issue. Petit v. Penske Truck Leasing, 2019 WL 1571067
The Superior Court of New Jersey remanded a case for personal injuries arising from a truck accident back for a new trial. While the plaintiff was successful against the trucker she was unhappy with the amount. The court held that the trial court rulings on the admissibility of certain medical records prevented the jury from fully assessing the injuries. Orbea v. Butler, 2019 WL 1452702
Interesting issue considered by the Northern District in California. As the court noted it sounded like a law school exercise. Two accidents, cargo damaged in the first and then again in the second when another vehicle hit the cargo on the road. The motor carrier and all of the parties involved in the transportation settled with the cargo owner. The trucking company which hit the cargo in the second accident opposed a good faith settlement which would have precluded a contribution claim. The court granted the plaintiff's motion, allowing the settlement to proceed and remanded the case to state court as the Carmack action was concluded by the settlement. The Board of Trustees v. Trump Card, Inc. 2019 WL 1436349.
The Middle District in Pennsylvania vacated a default entered against a trucking company for a cargo loss. The motor carrier was found to have a meritorious defense when it alleged that poor weather conditions amounted to an act of God. That fact that the motor carrier failed to notify the appropriate parties that it was moving its corporate location was negligent and would require payment of sanctions, but was not enough to allow for the default to stand. Pets Global, Inc. v. M2 Logistics, 2019 WL 1453082
A broker was unsuccessful in asserting a Carmack claim against a trucker when the cargo was damaged by the consignee when offloading it from the truck. The Court of Common Pleas in Ohio also held that while the broker was authorized to withhold freight charges under the contract once the claim was dismissed the invoice was owed to the carrier. Total Quality Logistics, LLC v. Balance Transportation, 2019 WL 1531208
Technicalities again. The Eastern District of Kentucky would not dismiss an amended complaint against a motor carrier when the plaintiff amended the complaint to assert causes of action against another party and forgot to include the Carmack claim on the second go round. The court held that the motor carrier could not have thought it was getting out of the case that easily. Re-borne v. Panther II Transportation, 2019 WL 1371838
A truck broker was found to be liable as a motor carrier under the Carmack Amendment in a suit seeking damages for a cargo loss. The 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the trial court's decision that the broker acted as a carrier while the broker argued that it did not give its consent to be listed as a carrier on the bill of lading, it never took physical possession of the cargo, it entered into an independent contractor relationship with NRT, and the shipper was at fault for failing to investigate the broker's services. Tryg Insurance v. C.H. Robinson, 201 WL 1766995
The Third Circuit Court of Appeals held that a transportation broker did not lack standing under the Carmack Amendment to recover its losses from carrier for shipment of cheese that was destroyed due to safety concerns about exposure to warm temperatures in transit, even though the Carmack Amendment did not grant brokers a right to sue, since broker could still avail itself of provision granting right of action to a person entitled to recover under the receipt or bill of lading, and carrier failed to demonstrate that broker was not a person entitled to recover its losses under that provision, and further, broker's claim could reasonably be considered under theory of equitable subrogation or as an action for apportionment under apportionment provision of the Carmack Amendment. Mecca & Sons Trucking Corp. v. White Arrow, LLC/, 2019 WL 1338518
A worker's compensation insurer was entitled to assert a subrogation lien against a truck driver. The Western District in Pennsylvania, applying Tennessee law, held that Tennessee workers' compensation law provides that an injured employee who received workers' compensation benefits may pursue an action against the third-party tortfeasor that caused his injuries, but it also allows the employer to enforce a subrogation lien against the employee's third-party recovery. Ozark Motor Lines. v. Boren, 2019 WL 1409697
A motor carrier who sought to avoid being an "up the ladder" employer of a trucker operating a leased with driver vehicle was denied that determination. The Court of Appeals in Kentucky affirmed the lower court determination that the facts did not support a conclusion on the issue, remanding the case for further findings of fact. Tryon Trucking v. Medlin, 2019 WL 1422910
An insurer's declaratory judgment action was stayed in the District Court in New Jersey due to a separate suit in a state court. The insurer sought to avoid a claim made against a trucker under FELA. As the motor carrier was still litigating the issue of its obligations under FELA it was premature to determine the coverage. Continental Indemnity Co. v. H&M, 2019 WL 1379884
The Court of Appeals in Kentucky was busy with worker's compensation issues this month. It considered whether public policy demands that the notice of coverage filed with the DWC by a PEO operates to establish insurance coverage on all employees of the trucking company it is working with, not just the employees assigned under the PEO service agreement. The court determined that it did not. The applicable statute provided a framework under which a PEO may contract with an employer to provide leased and insured employees without being bound to provide workers' compensation coverage for the employer's non-leased employees. Uninsured Employers' Fund v. TLC Companies, 2019 WL 1423099
A default judgement entered against a trucking company in a breach of contract action for failure to pay premiums under a workers' compensation insurance policy was upheld. The Supreme Court of Appeals in West Virginia held that the trial court acted within its discretion in denying, as untimely, a motion to set aside a default judgment on the basis of mistake, fraud, misrepresentation, and excusable neglect when the stated grounds for relief were all subject to a one-year time limitation that had already expired. Amoruso v. Commerce and Industry Insurance Company, 2019 WL 1430769
A truck driver injured outside of Iowa was entitled to workers' compensation benefits under Iowa Code section 85.71(1)(b) (2014). The Court of Appeals of Iowa concluded that the "contract of hire" between employer and employee was "made in this state." Because the parties assented to all terms of the contract while he was in Iowa, his claim met the requirement of territorial jurisdiction under the statute. Niday v. Roehld Transport, Inc., 2019 WL 1486603
Thanks for joining us,
Jean & Chad
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Cancer Nanotechnology
Original Paper
Investigating the specific uptake of EGF-conjugated nanoparticles in lung cancer cells using fluorescence imaging
Honglin Jin1,2,3,
Jonathan F. Lovell1,4,
Juan Chen1,
Kenneth Ng1,4,
Weiguo Cao1,2,
Lili Ding1,
Zhihong Zhang3 &
Gang Zheng1,2,4
Cancer Nanotechnology volume 1, pages 71–78 (2010)Cite this article
Targeted nanoparticles have the potential to deliver a large drug payload specifically to cancer cells. Targeting requires that a ligand on the nanoparticle surface interact with a specific membrane receptor on target cells. However, the contribution of the targeting ligand to nanoparticle delivery is often influenced by non-specific nanoparticle uptake or secondary targeting mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-targeting specificity of a nanoparticle by dual-color fluorescent labeling. The targeted nanoparticle was a fluorescently labeled, EGF-conjugated HDL-like peptide–phospholipid scaffold (HPPS) and the cell lines expressed EGF receptor linked with green fluorescent protein (EGFR-GFP). Using LDLA7 cells partially expressing EGFR-GFP, fluorescence imaging demonstrated the co-internalization of EGFR-GFP and EGF-HPPS, thus validating its targeting specificity. Furthermore, specific EGFR-mediated uptake of the EGF-HPPS nanoparticle was confirmed using human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Subsequent confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies delineated how secondary targeting mechanisms affected the EGFR targeting. Together, this study confirms the EGFR targeting of EGF-HPPS in lung cancer cells and provides insight on the potential influence of unintended targets on the desired ligand–receptor interaction.
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery is on the verge of revolutionizing cancer therapy due to superior drug solubility, improved serum stability, longer circulation half-lives, better drug loading and shielding ability, and excellent drug accumulation in tumor through the enhanced permeability and retention effect (Brigger et al. 2002; Petros and DeSimone 2010). External ligands, including antibodies, proteins, peptides, aptamers, and other small molecule ligands can be attached to nanoparticle carriers (Brannon-Peppas and Blanchette 2004; Byrne et al. 2008; Lammers et al. 2008), resulting in targeted nanoparticles. When integrating a targeting ligand with a nanoparticle, the resulting targeting efficiency may be influenced by many factors, such as the ligand numbers (Jiang et al. 2008), the ligand coupling method and site of ligand coupling (Zheng et al. 2005), the interaction between the ligand and nanoparticle (Vincent et al. 2009), as well as non-specific binding caused by nanoparticle itself (Chen et al. 2010). Therefore, validation of targeting effects for a given ligand may be difficult to resolve with traditional competition–inhibition methods using an excess of free ligand or simple models via positive–negative cells (Yu et al. 2010). This is further complicated by the heterogeneous nature of tumor cells (Poste et al. 1982). Co-expression of different receptors or biomarkers on the cell surface may complicate the desired ligand–receptor interaction, which may lead to false-positive or negative results that obscure the understanding of how nanoparticle targeting works.
We recently reported a HDL-mimicking peptide–phospholipid scaffold (HPPS) nanocarrier for the delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic payloads (Zhang et al. 2009). HPPS closely resembles the structure of plasma-derived spherical HDL by replacing apoA-I protein with self-assembled apoA-I mimetic peptides on the phospholipid monolayer of the nanoparticle (Zhang et al. 2009). This results in nanoparticles of well-controlled, monodispersed, sub-30 nm size, that retain the HDL-like capacity to carry lipophilic payloads. Perhaps equally important, HPPS mimics the functions of plasma-derived HDL in its pharmacokinetics and targeting specificity against scavenger receptor type B1 (SR-BI), which permits excellent delivery of the nanoparticle cargo to the target cells. Furthermore, like HDL (Corbin et al. 2007), HPPS can be tailored to target a receptor of choice by introducing various targeting ligands for different cancer applications.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)–ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, represents an important target for non-small cell lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Its activation stimulates key processes involved in tumor growth and progression, including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, EGFR has become an attractive target for nanoparticle-based lung cancer detection and treatment (Doroshow 2005; Gatzemeier 2003). Many EGFR-specific targeting ligands (antibodies, single chain antibody fragments, affibodies, recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF peptide mimetics, etc.) have been developed and used to target nanoparticle carriers to EGFR (Dechant et al. 2007; Nakamura et al. 2005; Reilly et al. 2000; Senekowitsch-Schmidtke et al. 1996; Tolmachev et al. 2009) with various degrees of success. Targeting nanoparticles to EGFR in lung cancer provides a desirable model to study the complexities of ligand/nanoparticle–receptor interactions. Previously, we have successfully developed an EGF-conjugated HPPS nanoparticle and tested its targeting to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo (Zhang et al. 2010). The objective of this study is to take advantage of this already established targeted nanoparticle model to systematically investigate the receptor specific uptake of EGF-conjugated nanoparticles in lung cancer cells, thus providing valuable insight on the potential impact of tumor cell heterogeneity on the targeting specificity of nanoparticle carriers.
Preparation of EGF-conjugated HPPS nanoparticle
Human EGF was obtained from R&D Systems, Inc. (USA). EGF-HPPS was generated as previously described (Zhang et al. 2010). In brief, EGF was treated with Traut's reagent to make sulfhydryl-activated EGF. HPPS containing DSPE-PEG (2000) maleimide and loaded with the near-infrared fluorescent dye DiR-BOA was then mixed with sulfhydryl-activated EGF at room temperature for 20 h. The EGF-conjugated HPPS particle, termed EGF-HPPS, was subsequently filtered (0.2 μm) and purified by gel filtration chromatography using the Akta FPLC system (Amersham Biosciences, USA) equipped with a HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 pg column.
Cell culture media RPMI 1640 and Hams F-12, along with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Geneticin (G418) were purchased from Gibco-Invitrogen Co. (USA). LdlA7 cells, which minimally express EGFR and scavenger receptor class B type I (EGFR−, SR-BI−), were kindly provided by Dr. Monty Krieger (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA). LdlA7 cells were cultured in Hams F-12 media with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin–streptomycin, and 5% FBS. Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line (EGFR+, SR-BI+) and human lung squamous cell carcinoma NCL-H520 cell line (SR-BI+, EGFR−) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. A549 cells and H520 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cells were grown at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
Plasmid transfection
Plasmid transfections of pCDNA-EGFR-EGFP (provided by Dr. Peter Verveer, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia) were performed on LDLA7 and A549 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer' protocol. Transfected cells were then exposure to Geneticin (800 μg/ml) and sorted by the flow cytometry equipped with a Becton Dickinson FACS Aria cell sorter to select the cells with EGFR-GFP expressing.
Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry
Cells were seeded into 8-well cover glass-bottom chambers (Nunc Lab-Tek, Sigma-Aldrich, 2 × 104/well) for the confocal microscopy imaging and into 6-well cell culture plates (3 × 105/well) for the flow cytometry study. AF555-EGF (Alexa Fluor® 555 EGF complex, Molecular Probes, Inc., USA) was used as a standard probe to identify the EGFR positive cells. Final concentration (2.5 μg/ml) of AF555-EGF was used in confocal imaging and flow cytometry analysis. To evaluate the uptake specificity of HPPS particles, cells were incubated with HPPS or EGF-HPPS with DiR-BOA concentration at 1 μM in cell culture medium containing 10% FBS for 3 h at 37°C. The total volume of incubation medium was 300 μl/well for confocal imaging and 1 ml/well for flow cytometry. For the competition assay, cells were coincubated with an 800-M excess of HDL (1 mg/ml) or 5.6 μM EGF. Confocal imaging was taken by Olympus FV1000 laser confocal scanning microscopy (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with the excitation wavelength of 488 (GFP), 543 (AF555), and 633 nm (DiR-BOA). For the flow cytometry study, the fluorescence signal of cells were detected by a Dako Cytomation MoFlo 9-color cell sorter for AF555 (ex. 543 nm) and a Beckman Coulter FC500 5-color analyzer for GFP (ex. 488 nm) and DiR-BOA (ex. 633 nm).
Establishing the correlation between EGFR expression in cells and EGF uptake using fluorescence imaging
To understand the EGFR specificity of EGF-HPPS nanoparticles, two cell lines were chosen based on their endogenous expression of EGFR (the receptor specific for the EGF ligand) and SR-BI (the receptor with affinity for the HPPS nanoparticle). Immunoblotting analysis showed that LDLA7 cells expressed low levels of both EGFR and SR-B1 (EGFR−, SR-BI−) whereas A549 cells expressed high levels of EGFR and moderate levels of SR-B1 (EGFR+, SR-BI+; data not shown). To quantify the correlation between EGF uptake and EGFR expression level, a fluorescent surrogate of EGF, AF555-EGF (biotinylated EGF conjugated with an Alexa Fluor 555-streptavidin) was used to enable sensitive detection of EGFR. Meanwhile, we transfected both LDLA7 and A549 cells with a plasmid encoding an EGFR-GFP. The EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 cells were established with only partial EGFR-GFP expression on LDLA7 cells with no endogenous EGFR expression. This is a useful model as the fluorescence of the EGFR-GFP served as a convenient measure of EGFR expression and the partial transfection created internal EGFR positive and negative controls. Once the EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 cell line was established, it was characterized using AF555-EGF together with real-time confocal microscopy. Upon incubation with AF555-EGF, confocal fluorescence imaging revealed the EGFR-mediated, time-dependent formation of endocytotic vesicles and their subsequent internalization (Fig. 1a). The highly co-localized fluorescent signals from AF555 and GFP also confirmed the intact EGFR function of EGFR-GFP expressed on the LDLA7 cell surface (Fig. 1a). As shown in Fig. 1b, cells that had high expression levels of EGFR-GFP took up the most AF555-EGF. A strong positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) was found between the expression level of EGFR-GFP and the uptake of AF555-EGF (Fig. 1c). Thus, the correlation between the differential receptor expression levels in the partially transfected LDLA7 cells and the ligand uptake pattern in those same cells are useful to confirm EGFR-specific uptake. We next examined the A549 lung cancer cells expressing EGFR-GFP. The stably expressing EGFR-GFP-A549 cell line was established through cell sorting where higher expression of EGFR than native A549 cells was induced with EGFR-GFP. As expected, AF555-EGF was internalized with strong co-localization with the EGFR-GFP (Fig. 2a). Correlation between EGFR-GFP expression levels and AF555-EGF uptake in A549 cells was also observed using dual channel analysis using flow cytometry (Fig. 2b). The co-localization of AF555 and GFP signals clearly indicated the internalization of AF555-EGF through EGFR-mediated endocytosis pathway. Thus, two cell lines, EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 and EGFR-GFP-A549, were successfully constructed and validated for specific EGF uptake. These cell models provide a solid framework to further analyze and validate nanoparticle targeting of EGFR expressing cells.
A partial transfection assay reveals EGRF-GFP and EGF uptake and co-localization. a Real-time visualization of co-internalization of AF555-EGF and EGFR-GFP by EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 cells. b Visualization of cellular uptake of AF555-EGF by EGFR-GFP-A549 cells. c Analysis of GFP expression versus AF555-EGF uptake from confocal images. Data was acquired from 16 cells
EGF uptake in lung cancer cell lines. a Confocal images of cellular uptake of AF555-EGF by EGFR-GFP-A549 cells. b Quantification of GFP expression versus AF555-EGF uptake by flow cytometry. As shown from left to right, A549 cells alone (left), EGFR-GFP-A549 cells alone (middle), and EGFR-GFP-A549 cells treated with AF555-EGF (right), respectively
Evaluating the specific uptake of EGF-HPPS using EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 and EGFR-GFP-A549 cells
A schematic depiction of EGF-HPPS is shown in Fig. 3a. EGF was conjugated to the surface of HPPS and the fluorescent cargo DiR-BOA was loaded into the core of HPPS. Three-dimensional and dual-color confocal imaging was used to evaluate the EGFR-mediated nanoparticle endocytosis. Upon incubation with EGFR-GFP-A549 cells, DiR-BOA from EGF-HPPS co-localized with the GFP signal in EGFR-GFP-A549 cells (Fig. 3b). This confirmed the uptake and co-localization of EGF-HPPS by EGFR. We next used EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 cells to evaluate the target specificity of EGF-HPPS (Fig. 4). When incubated with the unconjugated HPPS nanoparticle, cells had no DiR-BOA uptake. In contrast, incubation EGF-HPPS with EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 cells revealed significant DiR-BOA uptake (white arrow). Importantly, cells without any EGFR-GFP expression (internal EGFR negative control) did not display any detectable DiR-BOA uptake (blue arrows). This demonstrates that EGF-HPPS specifically delivered its cargo (DiR-BOA) to target cells via EGFR-mediated endocytosis. To rule out the potential interference of native HDL on the EGF-HPPS targeting, the same cells were incubated with EGF-HPPS, along with excess HDL and/or EGF. Confocal images illustrated that there was no change to the specific uptake of EGF-HPPS in the presence of HDL alone. However, the specific uptake of EGF-HPPS was inhibited by addition of excess EGF. These data confirmed the EGFR-targeting ability of EGF-HPPS.
EGF targeting of payload bearing nanoparticles. a Schematic figure of EGF-HPPS. EGF-HPPS consists of phospholipids, peptides, cholesteryl oleate (CO), DiR-BOA cargo, and EGF. b Three-dimensional imaging of uptake of EGF(DiR-BOA) HPPS by EGFR-GFP-A549 cells
A partial transfection assay validates EGFR-directed nanoparticle uptake of EGF-HPPS. Cellular uptake of (DiR-BOA)HPPS, EGF(DiR-BOA)HPPS, EGF(DiR-BOA)HPPS with HDL or EGF(DiR-BOA)HPPS with excess of HDL, and EGF by EGFR-GFP-LDLA7 cells. White arrow represents specific uptake of EGF(DiR-BOA)HPPS through EGFR-mediated pathway. Blue arrow indicates the cells without EGFR-GFP expression have no uptake of EGF(DiR-BOA)HPPS
In a more complex scenario, H520 cells (EGFR−, SR-B1+), A549 cells (EGFR+, SR-B1+), and EGFR-GFP-A549 (EGFR++, SR-B1+), with various EGFR expression levels from negative, positive to strongly positive, were used to quantify the specific uptake of EGF-HPPS. It should be noted that both A549 and H520 cells are positive for SR-B1 receptor (SR-B1+), which has natural affinity for HDL (Acton et al., 1996) and for apoA-1 mimetic helical peptides (Wool et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2010). Therefore, the secondary targeting of SR-BI along with the targeting to EGFR was investigated using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. First, EGFR-GFP-A549 cells were incubated with EGF-HPPS alone, with excess HDL or with excess of both HDL and EGF. As shown in Fig. 5a, the uptake of EGF-HPPS by EGFR-GFP-A549 cells was completely inhibited when both excess HDL and EGF were added but not with only HDL, which is indicative of EGFR targeting. Under the same condition when using H520 cells (EGFR−, SR-BI+), very weak fluorescent signal was detected for EGF-HPPS presumably due to the SR-BI pathway (Fig. 5b). This secondary targeting was further confirmed by the diminished signal in the presence of excess HDL (Fig. 5b). Further evidence on the influence of secondary targeting was obtained using flow cytometry. As shown in Fig. 5c, HPPS (in the absence of EGF ligand) was taken up via SR-BI pathway in H520, A549, and EGFR-GFP-A549 cells (Fig. 5c, 1st column), but their uptake were all inhibited by excess of HDL (Fig. 5c, 2nd column). The 6.3-fold difference in the uptake of EGF-HPPS between A549 cells and H520 cells (Fig. 5c, 3rd column) was probably due to differential EGFR expression levels and the shielding of SR-BI recognition by EGF conjugation, evidenced by a 2.2-fold increase in EGF-HPPS uptake by A549 cells but a 2.3-fold decrease by H520 cells (Fig. 5c, 3rd versus 1st column). Furthermore, HDL blocking enhanced the EGF-HPPS uptake contrast between A549 cells and H520 cells from 6.3-fold (Fig. 5c, 3rd column) to 9.7-fold (Fig. 5c, 4th column). Next, uptake of EGF-HPPS by H520, A549, and EGFR-GFP-A549 cells with or without excess of HDL were evaluated at 3, 6, and 24 h after incubation (Fig. 5d and e). At all three time points, the difference of EGF-HPPS uptake between A549 (EGFR+) and EGFR-GFP-A549 (EGFR++) could not be distinguished without the excess of HDL which blocks secondary SR-BI targeting (Fig. 5d). Clear differences only appeared after adding excess of HDL, which revealed the pure EGFR targeting (Fig. 5e). Another interesting effect of this secondary targeting lies in the fact both EGFR and SR-BI contributed to the EGF-HPPS uptake. This observation could be explored for enhancing the uptake through dual receptor coordination.
EGF-HPPS as nanoprobe for targeting lung cancer cells expressing high level of EGFR in vitro. Confocal imaging of distinguished uptake of EGF-HPPS between: a EGFR positive A549 cells and b EGFR negative H520 cells. c Quantification of cellular uptake of HPPS, HPPS with excess of HDL, EGF-HPPS, EGF-HPPS with excess of HDL or EGF-HPPS with excess of HDL and EGF by H520, A549, and EGFR-GFP-A549 cells within 3 h incubation. d Quantification of cellular uptake of EGF-HPPS by H520, A549, and EGFR-GFP-A549 cells during 3, 6, and 24 h incubation by flow cytometry. e Quantification of cellular uptake of EGF-HPPS by H520, A549, and EGFR-GFP-A549 cells with excess of HDL
We have validated the specific uptake of EGF-HPPS nanoparticles via the EGFR pathway as well as the secondary targeting via SR-BI pathway using dual fluorescent labeling approach (labeling both the nanoparticles and cell lines). The use of double negative LDLA7 cells (EGFR− and SR-BI−) established a clear baseline for EGFR-GFP partial transfection to create internal EGFR+ and EGFR− controls. On the other hand, the use of both EGFR-GFP-A549 cells (EGFR++) and wild-type A549 cells (EGFR+) together with the use of H520 cells (EGFR−) allowed us to analyze the EGF/EGFR response at different levels of EGFR expression in lung cancer cells.
In summary, this study confirmed the EGFR targeting of EGF-HPPS in lung cancer cells. More importantly, the dual fluorescent labeling approach (labeling both the ligand-conjugated nanoparticle carrier and the targeted receptors on the cells) developed in this study provides more insight on the potential influence of secondary targets on the intended ligand–receptor interaction. Furthermore, this fluorescent imaging strategy may be applied for target validation in other applications such as confirming the putative target receptor for a ligand of interest.
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This study was conducted with the support of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research through the Government of Ontario, the Canadian Institute of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the China-Canada Joint Health Research Initiative (CIHR CCI-102936, NSFC-30911120489), the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, and the Joey and Toby Tanenbaum/Brazilian Ball Chair in Prostate Cancer Research.
Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Honglin Jin, Jonathan F. Lovell, Juan Chen, Kenneth Ng, Weiguo Cao, Lili Ding & Gang Zheng
Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Honglin Jin, Weiguo Cao & Gang Zheng
Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Honglin Jin & Zhihong Zhang
Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Jonathan F. Lovell, Kenneth Ng & Gang Zheng
Honglin Jin
Jonathan F. Lovell
Juan Chen
Kenneth Ng
Weiguo Cao
Lili Ding
Zhihong Zhang
Gang Zheng
Corresponding authors
Correspondence to Zhihong Zhang or Gang Zheng.
Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0 ), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Jin, H., Lovell, J.F., Chen, J. et al. Investigating the specific uptake of EGF-conjugated nanoparticles in lung cancer cells using fluorescence imaging. Cancer Nano 1, 71–78 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12645-010-0009-x
Issue Date: December 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12645-010-0009-x
Targeting specificity
Submission enquiries: shilpa.sreedharan@springernature.com


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text:
Q: Create List from a String with multiple unnecessary characters I am taking this string:
{"0":{"title":"iPhone"},"1":{"title":"iPod"},"2":{"title":"iPad"},"length":3,"prevObject":{"0":{},"1":{},"2":{},"length":3,"prevObject":{"0":{},"length":1,"context":{"location":{},"jQuery18308480830912211994":1},"selector":"#mycart"},"context":{"location":{},"jQuery18308480830912211994":1},"selector":"#mycart li"},"context":{"location":{},"jQuery18308480830912211994":1}}

I would like clear this string, and  produce a <List> or array that contains the 3 items accordingly:
Iphone  iPod  Ipad
my code that produce the above is:
$("#btngetCart").live("click", function () {

            var items = $('#mycart').find('li').map(function () {
                var item = {};

                item.title = $(this).text();

                return item;
            });
            var json = JSON.stringify(items);

            $.ajax({

                type: 'POST',

                url: "WebForm5.aspx/GetCart",

                data: "{item:" + JSON.stringify(json) + "}",

                contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',

                dataType: 'json',

                success: function (r) {

                }

            });

        });

and on the code behind:
[WebMethod(EnableSession = true)]
        public static string GetCart(string item)
        {

            HttpContext.Current.Session["f"] = item;
            return item;

        }

A: using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;

string json = @"
    {""0"":{""title"":""iPhone""},""1"":{""title"":""iPod""},""2"":{""title"":""iPad""},""length"":3,""prevObject"":{""0"":{},""1"":{},""2"":{},""length"":3,""prevObject"":{""0"":{},""length"":1,""context"":{""location"":{},""jQuery18308480830912211994"":1},""selector"":""#mycart""},""context"":{""location"":{},""jQuery18308480830912211994"":1},""selector"":""#mycart li""},""context"":{""location"":{},""jQuery18308480830912211994"":1}}
";

JObject obj = JObject.Parse(json);

int length = (int)obj.GetValue("length");
var titles = new List<string>();
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
    JObject item = (JObject) obj.GetValue(i.ToString());
    titles.Add((string) item.GetValue("title"));
}

Don't forget to add the Json.Net nuget: http://www.nuget.org/packages/Newtonsoft.Json/

A: Here's a more .NETish way to do it:
Install Json.Net using NuGet. Then use something like this:
var json = @"{""0"":{""title"":""iPhone""},""1"":{""title"":""iPod""},""2"":{""title"":""iPad""},""length"":3,""prevObject"":{""0"":{},""1"":{},""2"":{},""length"":3,""prevObject"":{""0"":{},""length"":1,""context"":{""location"":{},""jQuery18308480830912211994"":1},""selector"":""#mycart""},""context"":{""location"":{},""jQuery18308480830912211994"":1},""selector"":""#mycart li""},""context"":{""location"":{},""jQuery18308480830912211994"":1}}";
var @object = JObject.Parse(json);

var length = (int)@object["length"];
var indices = Enumerable.Range(0, length);
var titles = indices.Select(index => @object[index.ToString()]["title"]).ToList();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package zuo.biao.library.util;

import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.TextView;

import java.io.File;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

/**通用字符串(String)相关类,为null时返回""
 * @author Lemon
 * @use StringUtil.xxxMethod(...);
 */
public class StringUtil {
	private static final String TAG = "StringUtil";

	public StringUtil() {
	}

	public static final String EMPTY = "无";
	public static final String UNKNOWN = "未知";
	public static final String UNLIMITED = "不限";

	public static final String I = "我";
	public static final String YOU = "你";
	public static final String HE = "他";
	public static final String SHE = "她";
	public static final String IT = "它";

	public static final String MALE = "男";
	public static final String FEMALE = "女";

	public static final String TODO = "未完成";
	public static final String DONE = "已完成";

	public static final String FAIL = "失败";
	public static final String SUCCESS = "成功";

	public static final String SUNDAY = "日";
	public static final String MONDAY = "一";
	public static final String TUESDAY = "二";
	public static final String WEDNESDAY = "三";
	public static final String THURSDAY = "四";
	public static final String FRIDAY = "五";
	public static final String SATURDAY = "六";

	public static final String YUAN = "元";

	private static String currentString = "";
	/**获取刚传入处理后的string
	 * @must 上个影响currentString的方法 和 这个方法都应该在同一线程中,否则返回值可能不对
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getCurrentString() {
		return currentString == null ? "" : currentString;
	}

	//获取string,为null时返回"" <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	/**获取string,为null则返回""
	 * @param tv
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getString(TextView tv) {
		if (tv == null || tv.getText() == null) {
			return "";
		}
		return getString(tv.getText().toString());
	}
	/**获取string,为null则返回""
	 * @param object
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getString(Object object) {
		return object == null ? "" : getString(String.valueOf(object));
	}
	/**获取string,为null则返回""
	 * @param cs
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getString(CharSequence cs) {
		return cs == null ? "" : getString(cs.toString());
	}
	/**获取string,为null则返回""
	 * @param s
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getString(String s) {
		return s == null ? "" : s;
	}

	//获取string,为null时返回"" >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

	//获取去掉前后空格后的string<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	/**获取去掉前后空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param tv
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getTrimedString(TextView tv) {
		return getTrimedString(getString(tv));
	}
	/**获取去掉前后空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param object
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getTrimedString(Object object) {
		return getTrimedString(getString(object));
	}
	/**获取去掉前后空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param cs
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getTrimedString(CharSequence cs) {
		return getTrimedString(getString(cs));
	}
	/**获取去掉前后空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param s
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getTrimedString(String s) {
		return getString(s).trim();
	}

	//获取去掉前后空格后的string>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

	//获取去掉所有空格后的string <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	/**获取去掉所有空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param tv
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNoBlankString(TextView tv) {
		return getNoBlankString(getString(tv));
	}
	/**获取去掉所有空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param object
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNoBlankString(Object object) {
		return getNoBlankString(getString(object));
	}
	/**获取去掉所有空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param cs
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNoBlankString(CharSequence cs) {
		return getNoBlankString(getString(cs));
	}
	/**获取去掉所有空格后的string,为null则返回""
	 * @param s
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNoBlankString(String s) {
		return getString(s).replaceAll(" ", "");
	}

	//获取去掉所有空格后的string >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

	//获取string的长度<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	/**获取string的长度,为null则返回0
	 * @param tv
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static int getLength(TextView tv, boolean trim) {
		return getLength(getString(tv), trim);
	}
	/**获取string的长度,为null则返回0
	 * @param object
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static int getLength(Object object, boolean trim) {
		return getLength(getString(object), trim);
	}
	/**获取string的长度,为null则返回0
	 * @param cs
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static int getLength(CharSequence cs, boolean trim) {
		return getLength(getString(cs), trim);
	}
	/**获取string的长度,为null则返回0
	 * @param s
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static int getLength(String s, boolean trim) {
		s = trim ? getTrimedString(s) : s;
		return getString(s).length();
	}

	//获取string的长度>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

	//判断字符是否非空 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	/**判断字符是否非空
	 * @param tv
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isNotEmpty(TextView tv, boolean trim) {
		return isNotEmpty(getString(tv), trim);
	}
	/**判断字符是否非空
	 * @param object
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isNotEmpty(Object object, boolean trim) {
		return isNotEmpty(getString(object), trim);
	}
	/**判断字符是否非空
	 * @param cs
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isNotEmpty(CharSequence cs, boolean trim) {
		return isNotEmpty(getString(cs), trim);
	}
	/**判断字符是否非空
	 * @param s
	 * @param trim
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isNotEmpty(String s, boolean trim) {
		//		Log.i(TAG, "getTrimedString   s = " + s);
		if (s == null) {
			return false;
		}
		if (trim) {
			s = s.trim();
		}
		if (s.length() <= 0) {
			return false;
		}

		currentString = s;

		return true;
	}

	//判断字符是否非空 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

	//判断字符类型 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	//判断手机格式是否正确
	public static boolean isPhone(String phone) {
		if (isNotEmpty(phone, true) == false) {
			return false;
		}

		Pattern p = Pattern.compile("^((13[0-9])|(15[^4,\\D])|(18[0-2,5-9])|(17[0-9]))\\d{8}$");

		currentString = phone;

		return p.matcher(phone).matches();
	}
	//判断email格式是否正确
	public static boolean isEmail(String email) {
		if (isNotEmpty(email, true) == false) {
			return false;
		}

		String str = "^([a-zA-Z0-9_\\-\\.]+)@((\\[[0-9]{1,3}\\.[0-9]{1,3}\\.[0-9]{1,3}\\.)|(([a-zA-Z0-9\\-]+\\.)+))([a-zA-Z]{2,4}|[0-9]{1,3})(\\]?)$";
		Pattern p = Pattern.compile(str);

		currentString = email;

		return p.matcher(email).matches();
	}
	//判断是否全是数字
	public static boolean isNumer(String number) {
		if (isNotEmpty(number, true) == false) {
			return false;
		}

		Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("[0-9]*");
		Matcher isNum = pattern.matcher(number);
		if (!isNum.matches()) {
			return false;
		}

		currentString = number;

		return true;
	}
	/**判断字符类型是否是号码或字母
	 * @param inputed
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isNumberOrAlpha(String inputed) {
		if (inputed == null) {
			Log.e(TAG, "isNumberOrAlpha  inputed == null >> return false;");
			return false;
		}
		Pattern pNumber = Pattern.compile("[0-9]*");
		Matcher mNumber;
		Pattern pAlpha = Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z]");
		Matcher mAlpha;
		for (int i = 0; i < inputed.length(); i++) {
			mNumber = pNumber.matcher(inputed.substring(i, i+1));
			mAlpha = pAlpha.matcher(inputed.substring(i, i+1));
			if(! mNumber.matches() && ! mAlpha.matches()){
				return false;
			}
		}

		currentString = inputed;
		return true;
	}

	/**判断字符类型是否是身份证号
	 * @param idCard
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isIDCard(String idCard) {
		if (isNumberOrAlpha(idCard) == false) {
			return false;
		}
		idCard = getString(idCard);
		if (idCard.length() == 15) {
			Log.w(TAG, "isIDCard idCard.length() == 15 old IDCard");
			currentString = idCard;
			return true;
		}
		if (idCard.length() == 18) {
			currentString = idCard;
			return true;
		}

		return false;
	}

	public static final String HTTP = "http";
	public static final String URL_PREFIX = "http://";
	public static final String URL_PREFIXs = "https://";
	public static final String URL_STAFFIX = URL_PREFIX;
	public static final String URL_STAFFIXs = URL_PREFIXs;
	/**判断字符类型是否是网址
	 * @param url
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isUrl(String url) {
		if (isNotEmpty(url, true) == false) {
			return false;
		} else if (! url.startsWith(URL_PREFIX) && ! url.startsWith(URL_PREFIXs)) {
			return false;
		}

		currentString = url;
		return true;
	}

	public static final String FILE_PATH_PREFIX = "file://";
	/**判断文件路径是否存在
	 * @param path
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isFilePathExist(String path) {
		return StringUtil.isFilePath(path) && new File(path).exists();
	}
	/**判断字符类型是否是路径
	 * @param path
	 * @return
	 */
	public static boolean isFilePath(String path) {
		if (isNotEmpty(path, true) == false) {
			return false;
		}

		if (! path.contains(".") || path.endsWith(".")) {
			return false;
		}

		currentString = path;

		return true;
	}

	//判断字符类型 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

	//提取特殊字符<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	/**去掉string内所有非数字类型字符
	 * @param tv
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNumber(TextView tv) {
		return getNumber(getString(tv));
	}
	/**去掉string内所有非数字类型字符
	 * @param object
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNumber(Object object) {
		return getNumber(getString(object));
	}
	/**去掉string内所有非数字类型字符
	 * @param cs
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNumber(CharSequence cs) {
		return getNumber(getString(cs));
	}
	/**去掉string内所有非数字类型字符
	 * @param s
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getNumber(String s) {
		if (isNotEmpty(s, true) == false) {
			return "";
		}

		String numberString = "";
		String single;
		for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
			single = s.substring(i, i + 1);
			if (isNumer(single)) {
				numberString += single;
			}
		}

		return numberString;
	}

	//提取特殊字符>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

	//校正(自动补全等)字符串<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

	/**获取网址,自动补全
	 * @param tv
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getCorrectUrl(TextView tv) {
		return getCorrectUrl(getString(tv));
	}
	/**获取网址,自动补全
	 * @param url
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getCorrectUrl(String url) {
		Log.i(TAG, "getCorrectUrl : \n" + url);
		if (isNotEmpty(url, true) == false) {
			return "";
		}

//		if (! url.endsWith("/") && ! url.endsWith(".html")) {
//			url = url + "/";
//		}

		if (isUrl(url) == false) {
			return URL_PREFIX + url;
		}
		return url;
	}

	/**获取去掉所有 空格 、"-" 、"+86" 后的phone
	 * @param tv
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getCorrectPhone(TextView tv) {
		return getCorrectPhone(getString(tv));
	}
	/**获取去掉所有 空格 、"-" 、"+86" 后的phone
	 * @param phone
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getCorrectPhone(String phone) {
		if (isNotEmpty(phone, true) == false) {
			return "";
		}

		phone = getNoBlankString(phone);
		phone = phone.replaceAll("-", "");
		if (phone.startsWith("+86")) {
			phone = phone.substring(3);
		}
		return phone;
	}

	/**获取邮箱,自动补全
	 * @param tv
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getCorrectEmail(TextView tv) {
		return getCorrectEmail(getString(tv));
	}
	/**获取邮箱,自动补全
	 * @param email
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getCorrectEmail(String email) {
		if (isNotEmpty(email, true) == false) {
			return "";
		}

		email = getNoBlankString(email);
		if (isEmail(email) == false && ! email.endsWith(".com")) {
			email += ".com";
		}

		return email;
	}

	public static final int PRICE_FORMAT_DEFAULT = 0;
	public static final int PRICE_FORMAT_PREFIX = 1;
	public static final int PRICE_FORMAT_SUFFIX = 2;
	public static final int PRICE_FORMAT_PREFIX_WITH_BLANK = 3;
	public static final int PRICE_FORMAT_SUFFIX_WITH_BLANK = 4;
	public static final String[] PRICE_FORMATS = {
			"", "¥", "元", "¥ ", " 元"
	};

	/**获取价格,保留两位小数
	 * @param price
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getPrice(String price) {
		return getPrice(price, PRICE_FORMAT_DEFAULT);
	}
	/**获取价格,保留两位小数
	 * @param price
	 * @param formatType 添加单位(元)
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getPrice(String price, int formatType) {
		if (isNotEmpty(price, true) == false) {
			return getPrice(0, formatType);
		}

		//单独写到getCorrectPrice? <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
		String correctPrice = "";
		String s;
		for (int i = 0; i < price.length(); i++) {
			s = price.substring(i, i + 1);
			if (".".equals(s) || isNumer(s)) {
				correctPrice += s;
			}
		}
		//单独写到getCorrectPrice? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

		Log.i(TAG, "getPrice  <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< correctPrice =  " + correctPrice);
		if (correctPrice.contains(".")) {
//			if (correctPrice.startsWith(".")) {
//				correctPrice = 0 + correctPrice;
//			}
			if (correctPrice.endsWith(".")) {
				correctPrice = correctPrice.replaceAll(".", "");
			}
		}

		Log.i(TAG, "getPrice correctPrice =  " + correctPrice + " >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>");
		return isNotEmpty(correctPrice, true) ? getPrice(new BigDecimal(0 + correctPrice), formatType) : getPrice(0, formatType);
	}
	/**获取价格,保留两位小数
	 * @param price
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getPrice(BigDecimal price) {
		return getPrice(price, PRICE_FORMAT_DEFAULT);
	}
	/**获取价格,保留两位小数
	 * @param price
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getPrice(double price) {
		return getPrice(price, PRICE_FORMAT_DEFAULT);
	}
	/**获取价格,保留两位小数
	 * @param price
	 * @param formatType 添加单位(元)
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getPrice(BigDecimal price, int formatType) {
		return getPrice(price == null ? 0 : price.doubleValue(), formatType);
	}
	/**获取价格,保留两位小数
	 * @param price
	 * @param formatType 添加单位(元)
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String getPrice(double price, int formatType) {
		String s = new DecimalFormat("#########0.00").format(price);
		switch (formatType) {
			case PRICE_FORMAT_PREFIX:
				return PRICE_FORMATS[PRICE_FORMAT_PREFIX] + s;
			case PRICE_FORMAT_SUFFIX:
				return s + PRICE_FORMATS[PRICE_FORMAT_SUFFIX];
			case PRICE_FORMAT_PREFIX_WITH_BLANK:
				return PRICE_FORMATS[PRICE_FORMAT_PREFIX_WITH_BLANK] + s;
			case PRICE_FORMAT_SUFFIX_WITH_BLANK:
				return s + PRICE_FORMATS[PRICE_FORMAT_SUFFIX_WITH_BLANK];
			default:
				return s;
		}
	}

	//校正(自动补全等)字符串>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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