It is based on traditional Chinese medicine "medicine food homology theory", and refined through a variety of natural plant extracts and biologically active substances. Excellent "plant sponge", effectively helping you eliminate every involved eating fat, fundamentally eliminating obesity, help you create the perfect figure. You can really lose weight in the process, full experience "of light reduction, free" fun.
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Main ingredients: Orange, France ban Xia, Fuling, licorice, Lotus leaf, green tea, gynostemma blue.
Eat: 1 times a day, 2 capsules at a time, can be taken in the morning with food and clothing, or alone.
Storage: seal cool and dry place.


Our vision is a democracy that learns faster and better than problems become dangerous. We want to put this idea on the political agena and help strenghtening the resilience of our societies.
The political system is overwhelmed by profound developments (climate, digitalisation, demography etc.) and the trust in the state is declining, thus the time is ripe for a Learning Democracy.
Our Academy of Learning Democracy was founded through a cooperation of Democracy International and the Procedere network for procedural practice.
Both organisations are deeply engaged in topics of participation and civil society and can draw on many years of experience in working with political, economic, administrative and civil actors.
Researching and developing democratic and procedural innovations in practical "laboratories".
Training democracy-developers in procedural theory and through practical projects.


text:
IDEA, Cambodia
Recently, StreetNet spoke with its members—street vendors who are in their turn affiliated members of Cambodia's Independent Democracy of Informal Economy Association (IDEA)—in order to understand how StreetNet and IDEA's joint efforts concretely impact their lives.
The human impact stories below show just how much StreetNet's and IDEA'S work helps the vendors and their families. Through this work, vendors access education, improve their economic conditions, experience less workplace harassment, and contribute in meaningful leadership roles within their organization.
Nub Souen
Pheng Rathana
Thona
Sem Samol
Right at the edge of the road, just outside the hot, humid, and busy Phsar Douem Kor Market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Nub Souen, her children, and grandchildren sit in the shade under a patchwork of tarps. Here, Souen, a street vendor, spends each day, from six thirty in the morning until nine at night, selling potatoes and small juicing oranges. Her children, ranging in age from 3 to 14, also spend many hours here. The older children are out of school for the summer, and, in Cambodia, younger children don't begin school until age 6.
As Souen says, it can be very difficult to work and look after the children at the same time, but she doesn't have a choice. If she doesn't work, she doesn't have money to feed the family. This is particularly a problem when the children are sick, and she must stay with them at home. When that happens, the family has to borrow money to buy food.
This is the same vicious cycle mothers and grandmothers who work as street vendors throughout the world face: they may, at times, make enough money for survival, but rarely do they make enough for childcare.
And as workers in the informal economy, they do not have access to social protections and programmes that would help their families gain more security. Yet, like Souen, street vendors persist, working hard every day in the hopes of supporting their families and educating their children in order to break the cycle of poverty.
Before, we didn't know our rights, but now we know we are citizens. We can solve our problems.
At 50, Souen has been working as a street vendor for 14 years, and she has dark circles under her eyes from the long days and from the worry—one of her children spent the previous day in the hospital for a fever and intestinal illness, an added cost to the family. Still unwell, he hovers nearby, wet cloth to his forehead as the younger children play on a parked tuk-tuk.
While the children may be bored or sick, Souen is grateful that at least they are safe. When she began street vending, the family faced harassment that verged on violence. As Souen recounts, her children were then very small, and police would sometimes haul them on to the back of the police truck and threaten to throw them in the garbage.
This was just one of the difficulties the family faced on a daily basis—security guards also harassed them, and local authorities demanded bribes against evictions. As Souen says, police would often simply take their goods. On those days, when, as now, every penny counted, the family would earn no income.
But when an IDEA organizer visited the market in 2013, these threats to Souen's income began to change. IDEA, or The Independent Democracy of Informal Economy Association, is a unique and strong leader in Cambodia's labour landscape.
Unlike many Cambodian unions, IDEA is not associated with any political party and remains committed to independently improving the economic and social conditions of informal workers like street vendors, domestic workers, tuk-tuk and moto-taxi drivers, and waste pickers.
It's no surprise, then, that when Souen told the IDEA organizer about the police harassment, particularly with the children, IDEA took the problem to authorities and to the media, even drawing the attention of the Prime Minister. The case became a major story, and the police were forced to stop taking these actions.
Now, the police no longer threaten to throw children away, and authorities, as Souen says, "know better than to ask IDEA members for bribes." Many vendors, especially those who are not members of IDEA, are still evicted or asked to move regularly, but when Souen is asked to move her stall, usually it is just a little further back from the roadway.
For Souen, life at the market has improved in other ways since she joined IDEA. Because of the trainings she has taken through IDEA, she knows her rights and has learned how to advocate for herself and for other vendors.
She has become a local leader. When other vendors experience problems, Souen accompanies them to meet with the market manager. Now, the market manager listens, and security guards respect her. If the problem still isn't solved, Souen says, "We have hope because we know IDEA will come. There is support. This makes me feel confident." Read more about how IDEA creates change by downloading the PDF.
We Have HopeDownload
Pheng Rathana began vending ten years ago because she had difficulty finding another job and needed to contribute to her family's income. Running a cold drinks and coffee cart seemed like a creative way to use her previous restaurant industry experience, and Rathana is a person who thrives in creativity and colour. She wears a vivid print dress, and the outside of her home is painted a bright blue, a vibrant contrast to the orange drinks cart parked on the home's threshold. Rathana's 3-year-old daughter is equally lively, playing with colourful plastic trucks on the floor and bringing a doll over and over again to her mother to reattach its arm. Between fixing the doll's arm and preparing a naptime bottle, Rathana slices limes, scoops ice, and pours syrup for a few customers' drinks.
When she began vending, her cart was ideally situated. Her many neighbours were regular customers, and the business was successful. But Rathana also had to pay US $100 a month in rent to station the cart on the pavement in front of a house. Soon after she began vending, Rathana says, the house owner saw how well the cart was doing and began an almost decade-long campaign to evict Rathana because she herself wanted to sell there.
Rathana didn't know who to turn to. "This was our income," she says, "We couldn't just leave." Then, a tuk-tuk driver suggested that she may be able to find support through IDEA. Three other vendors in her community were having similar problems, so Rathana rallied them, and they visited IDEA together. Rathana became an IDEA member soon after and, with IDEA's help, began a decade-long battle against eviction.
People have a right to sell, have a right to be secure, and have a right to survive
By participating in IDEA trainings in negotiation skills, non-violent tactics, and in helping her understand her rights as a citizen and vendor, Rathana learned that the house-owner did not own the pavement. In fact, the pavement was public space and belonged to city citizens who, like her, pay service fees. And, as Rathana says, the right to the pavement is particularly important for street vendors because, "Here, all the poor sell on every street. People have a right to sell, have a right to be secure, and have a right to survive—poor people don't have enough money to open up a big shop."
With IDEA behind her, Rathana was able to ward off three formal eviction notices, and the local authority finally called a meeting and offered her compensation to move. The offer, however, was too low for Rathana to accept. To break the stalemate, IDEA called for a meeting with the next level of government, which demanded the local authority negotiate fair compensation.
Rathana still did not want to leave her place of business, but because her family is so poor, she could not keep fighting. The agreed-on compensation was enough to pay back a loan the family had to take out to cover the protracted battle, but the family had to find a home that could double as a vending site. For the past three months, the family has lived in the Sangkat Chbar Ambovll district. "There is less income here," she says, "but we didn't have a choice."
Now, Rathana worries the family will not have enough money to keep sending their children to school. But, as her heartbreaking battle attests, she is also both tenacious and optimistic. She says that she and her husband learned many skills through this experience. "Now we are happy because we are able to help other people with what we've learned." Read more about how IDEA creates change by downloading the PDF.
Dy Thona
Street vendor Dy Thona also looks to the future, always thinking of ways to bring more security to her livelihood. Thona operates a cart on a busy street just outside the gates of a hospital, doing a brisk trade in hot noodle soup, coffee and tea, cigarettes, and cold drinks. Customers, including hospital visitors, patients and staff, and passing tuk-tuk drivers, often stop to eat at the table and chairs she's set up nearby. Behind them, roosters crow through the hospital grounds while on the street, cars, tuk-tuks, and motorcycles speed by.
Thona looks tired from years and years of vending, but her passion in improving her conditions holds firm. She herself laughs when she comments on her singularity of focus, saying "Even when I am at home or at IDEA meetings, I am thinking about what I can do with my stall."
Thona is 37 and has been vending for close to 20 years. As she says, with a grade eight education, "I didn't know how else to survive. I didn't have skills."
When she began vending, she was harassed by local authorities daily though the why, when, and where they wanted her to move fluctuated daily.
We learned about rights, how to talk with local authorities, how to solve problems, and when to get further help.
"Everything seemed dark," she says. "I couldn't understand the reasoning or policies. I didn't know how to speak. I had a fear of selling here. I didn't know what to do, or what I could depend on."
But in 2007, during one particularly long campaign to remove vendors from outside the hospital gates, a tuk-tuk driver spoke with Thona about the benefits of joining IDEA. She began participating in trainings from negotiation to advocacy. These trainings, says Thona, "educated us, helped us learned. We learned about rights, how to talk with local authorities, how to solve problems, and when to get further help."
Today, Thona is not afraid to speak up. When authorities ask her to move, she is able to ask why and to refuse to move. As a result, her income and space have greater security. More, the authorities now listen to her, and because of this, she is able to help solve problems for other vendors.
In fact, over the 11 years of her membership, Thona has not only become a leader in her community, but also a leader within IDEA as a whole—she was the elected representative for street vendors on IDEA's General Counsel for two terms.
Her work there took her to India for an Exposure Dialogue visit with members of the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA), a national union of self-employed, poor women workers, including street vendors.
Like IDEA, SEWA is also a part of StreetNet International. Membership in StreetNet regularly brings about this kind of global collaboration, which increases an organization's (and its members') awareness of options for organizing within the informal economy.
Thona smiles broadly when she's asked of this visit. "The food was very difficult to eat," she admits. But then, with seriousness, she speaks of what she learned from SEWA, like its focus on women, on literacy, and on empowerment through the individual and family.
She was especially impressed by SEWA's non-violent approach to problem solving and how it can bring about profound change in fighting evictions. She also learned about other services SEWA offers, like the credit and savings banks and low-interest loans it provides for its members.
Thona believes similar access to low-interest loans through IDEA would help her achieve more income security. With such a loan, she dreams she could open a small shop in her home—a hope many vendors share but cannot achieve because of prohibitive start-up costs. Not only would a shop in her home lessen harassment from authorities and the worrying threat of eviction from road redevelopment, but it would provide Thona with more stable income as she would no longer have to worry about closing the stall due to storms, heavy rain, or traffic accidents.
A shop in her home would also help her mitigate against age—currently, Thona has to move her cart and goods from storage to the vending site and back every day, a job that is heavy and difficult. Finally, a shop would protect her from the potential violence that many women vendors throughout the world face. Read more about how IDEA creates change by downloading the PDF.
Sem Samol is part of the future IDEA members strive to improve for the next generations of street vendors. In this 25-year-old woman, so much of IDEA's collective effort is bearing fruit. Samol operates a drinks cart on a busy road in Segankat Tuekthla, just a half-block down from a major television station. She also helps her sister with a meal stall, serving soup and sizzling barbequed meat. This morning, hair tucked back under a pink Hello Kitty hat, Samol is running both stalls on her own, and she is busy ladling soup into bowls, wrangling noodles, and serving drinks. She is quick, efficient, and confident in each movement. It's hard to believe that just three years ago, when she joined IDEA, Samol was timid.
Samol had previously worked in a tumultuous household as a domestic worker, so when her sister asked her to help with the food stall, she readily agreed. Her life became the stall and home, home and the stall—she did not feel brave enough to venture further.
Securing their site to vend also became difficult for the sisters as the TV station's security guard kept asking them to move further and further away from the gates. They didn't know how to move and keep serving the station's employees, with whom the sisters had a good relationship. They didn't know how other street vendors coped. Help soon arrived, however, when an IDEA organizer visited the neighbourhood and explained the benefits of joining.
I want to keep organizing, to help people be fiercer and braver
Samol in particular has dived into the rights and negotiation-based trainings. As she says, "they have helped me to be confident and brave. Now, the TV station's security guard is constantly telling me to move, but I don't. The traffic police have also told me I have to move, but I say, I've been here three years already. What's changed now?"
Being young, single, and without children to support, Samol says she's been able to take a wide swath of training, including Citizen Journalism, where she learned to discern news stories from propaganda. Through an IDEA partnership with a youth organization, one that reflects both IDEA's and StreetNet's commitment to improving the lives and livelihoods of future generations of street vendors, she's also learned computer skills, which have allowed her to volunteer in IDEA's offices as an administrative assistant.
Through volunteering, she's learned business skills, like how to do a report and how to communicate effectively with IDEA's diverse membership. The latter is a skill she can take with her into the field when she organizes new members, which itself requires persistence. "Some vendors welcome us, and some don't. It takes a long time to build trust."
Samol also serves as a mentor to current members. She leads trainings, teaching mentees how to develop relationships with other street vendors and authorities. She helps identify potential new leaders, which is particularly important in a culture that trusts the community leader structure. In fact, other street vendors trust Samol so much she's been elected as the street vendor representative to IDEA's General Counsel.
As for herself, she hopes through more training—currently she is participating in IDEA's intensive Women's Leadership Training—and her volunteer work, she will gain enough skills to move into a different job. "But," she says, "I want to keep organizing, too, to help people be fiercer and braver." Read more about how IDEA creates change by downloading the PDF.
Read more stories on how our work impacts vendors in India, Liberia, and Rwanda.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Meaning of "money debt"...
Changes and effects yet to be applied to Section 483:
483Exchange gains and losses: amounts treated as money debtsU.K.
(1)This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter so far as relating to exchange gains and losses.
(2)Any currency held by a company is treated as a money debt owed to the company.
(3)A provision made by a company for the purposes of its statutory accounts in respect of a liability to which the company may become subject is treated as a money debt owed by the company if it meets conditions A and B.
(4)Condition A is that if the company became subject to the liability, the duty to settle it would be owed for the purposes of—
(a)a trade,
(b)a UK property business, or
(c)an overseas property business.
(5)Condition B is that the provision falls to be taken into account (apart from Part 5) in calculating the profits or losses of the trade, UK property business or overseas property business for corporation tax purposes.
(6)In the case of a company carrying on insurance business—
(a)any deferred acquisition costs are treated as a money debt owed to the company, and
(b)any provision made by the company for unearned premiums or for unexpired risks is treated as a money debt owed by the company.
(7)In subsection (6)—
(a)"deferred acquisition costs" has the meaning given in Assets item G.II in the Balance Sheet Format set out after paragraph 10 of Schedule 3 to the Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/410), as read with note (17) of the Notes on the Balance Sheet Format (which immediately follow that Format),
(b)"provision made by the company for unearned premiums" has the meaning given in Liabilities item C.1 in that Balance Sheet Format, as read with notes (12) and (20) of those Notes, and
(c)"provision for unexpired risks" has the meaning given in paragraph 91 of that Schedule.
(8)This section is subject to section 486 (exclusion of exchange gains and losses in respect of tax debts etc).


Located in the center of metropolitan New Orleans, Mid City is a diverse neighborhood featuring multiple historic architectural styles and residents spanning a variety of ages, races and income levels. Bayou St. John runs through Mid City and provides a backdrop of kayaking, canoeing, and picnics along the grassy shore. Along with its proximity to City Park, these unique recreational assets make Mid City one of the best communities for active residents.
The median list price in Mid City is right around $300,000, with many larger and multi-family homes available throughout the neighborhood.
As a defining feature of City Park, the New Orleans Museum of Art is the city's oldest fine arts institution, delivering world-class exhibitions to residents and visitors alike. The Museum has a permanent collection of more than 40,000 unique works, and a beautiful, picturesque, five-acre Sydney and Walda Besthoff Sculpture Garden. If you happen to visit during the holiday season, be sure to go to Celebration in the Oaks, which turns the park just in front of the museum into an elaborate display of holiday lighting.
Mid City is also home to the Fairgrounds, which hosts the annual Jazz Fest, one of the largest and most famous music festivals in the country. For those two weekends every spring, it feels like Mid City is the center of the universe.
Mid City has its own flavor of nightlife away from the more boisterous clubs and bars downtown. Rock 'n' Bowl is a famous home of live music and excellent bowling. If you want live music, but bowling isn't quite your style, there is Parkway Bakery and Tavern, Banks St. Bar and several other venues that are popular in the neighborhood. Football fans (both soccer and American football) will find a home at Finn McCool's pub, an Irish pub in the heart of the neighborhood.
Mid City is home to City Park, the largest public park in Louisiana. It is also the sixth largest public park in the United States, spanning 1,300 acres, more than twice the size of Central Park in New York City. Whether you're looking to picnic, run, bike, golf (there's a full 18-hole course in the park) or see a high school football game, City Park is the place to make it happen.
Also in the neighborhood is Bayou St. John, a small park where there is volleyball and a biking lane around the small body of water. There is also kayaking, paddleboating and more to do in the water itself.
Mid City has a very active neighborhood watch, and many civic groups in the area have worked with police to make the area safer. As the area transitions to a more family-friendly neighborhood, the crime rate will continue to drop.
Jesuit High School is an all-boys, private college preparatory high school located in the Mid City neighborhood. Educating young men in grades 8-12, the school has a stellar academic record, along with great athletics teams and a strong drama program. There are also several public charter schools that are popping up in the area, which continue to attract students.
Mid City is a somewhat walkable neighborhood. There are pockets of breakfast spots, restaurants, bars, and small shops that are accessible by walking the tree-lined streets, but Mid City can be spread out, and some of the walks can be longer. A car is recommended for people who want to call the neighborhood home.


Thank you so much for sharing my joy last week. Your comments were amazing and lifted me even higher. The spotlight was on me last week. But, today I am shining the light on a few of the yummy recipes shared at the Thursday Favorite Things hop. There were so many delicious recipes it was hard to choose. I selected some recipes to satisfy your sweet tooth.
All images belong to their respective blogs. If you were featured, I invite you to grab a featured button from the button page .
Thank you for sharing all of this sweetness at the hop. Thank you to ALL who share and make the Thursday Favorite Things Blog Hop so much fun!
Happy Martin Luther Kind day!
I'm gaining weight and getting cavities, just looking at all those goodies!
You won me over with the peanut butter fudge!
Wow! They all look so delicious. Thanks for sharing on Creative Monday and have a great week Katie.
Thank you! I was pretty excited to see my post had been featured with some top notch competition. Now to check out the other featured bloggers. Thanks again, and have a wonderful week! Cheers.
Oh these all look so delicious but I especially like the looks of that peanut butter fudge!
What a great roundup! Thanks for including me!
Don't know why, but my sweet tooth is acting up! lol! YUM, YUM, YUM!
Great features! They all look sooooo yummy!
thank you so much for the feature! I made it at like 10:30 at night and was hoping it would turn out:) It did and it was delish! Blessings my friend!
I have such a sweet tooth!!!
Ok super cute & yummy looking!
Those look good. katherine, I am okay, but due to my safety to my criminal neighbors, I think I have to go offline for some time before I can start blogging again. I am in a safe place for this week, but am discovering that these people have been stalking me for a long time, and I don't know where it's coming from but it's very creepy. I have to protect me and then try to figure out how I am going to get to see my four kids. I don't want to see myself get killed and have them be motherless. And I hate how these people retrieved all my files and everything there is to know about me. They have my writing files too and are determined to make it so I can't publish them, for fear of finding where I move too. I will not break and they can't stop me from publishing. I swear they moved in just to mess me up!
They all look so good and pretty.
That sweet tooth recipe looks delicious. Just my kind of dessert.


I've been craving apple cake lately have been digging around for recipes. I remembered this one from the Costco magazine that I made two or three times last year.
No, it is not good for you. Yes, it is absolutely delicious. I also tried it with pears, and maybe even liked it better.
Preheat oven to 325. Butter and flour and a 9x13 pan (Or 2 8x8 pans).
Beat sugars and oil until well blended. Add eggs one at a time. Sift dry ingredients together and add to egg mixture until just blended. Stir in apples, nuts, and vanilla. Pour in pan(s).
Bake for 50-75 minutes (mine was about 60). Let cool in pan while preparing glaze.
Glaze: Melt better over low heat. Stir in sugars over med-low and cook for 2 minutes. Add cream and bring to a boil for 2 minutes. Stir constantly.
Poke holes in cake with skewer or toothpick. Pour glaze over the cake. Serve warm and top with whipped cream or ice cream.
I am really glad you posted this! I was seriously thinking about this very cake the other day (when I was feeling sorry for myself about our kitchen situation). It really is good...although I prefer the apple.
im craving pictures of my neice!!!!
Oh my goodness.......it sounds perfect and Fallish!
I completely agree with Kimmmy.....I need Ella pictures!!
followed danielle's link from bloom...sounds so tasty! thanks for sharing the recipe.


Kubota by Land Pride: Pallet Forks have uses in a wide variety of applications -- farming, ranching, construction, nurseries, campuses, theme parks, salvage operations, warehouses, lumber yards, large or small retail outlets, and more. They can quickly and conveniently turn your Skid Steer Loader or Compact Track Loader into a forklift to expand your material handling capability. Available with 48 in. forks for both 4500 and 5500 lb. capacity pallet forks and 60 in. forks for the 5500 lb. capacity. All models can be adjusted from 12 in. to 44 in. width. The frame includes a skid resistant step. Only available through Kubota Dealers.


text:
Shame on You, Brigitte! (German: Schäm' dich, Brigitte!) is a 1952 Austrian comedy film directed by E.W. Emo and starring Heinz Rühmann, Hans Moser and Theo Lingen. It was later released in West Germany under the alternative title Wir werden das Kind schon schaukeln. It is based on the play Bubusch, a German-language version of a work by Hungarian writer Gábor Vaszary, which had previously been adapted into the 1943 German film Geliebter Schatz.

The film was made with the backing of Gloria Film, which handled its distribution in the lucrative West German market. It was shot at the Schönbrunn Studios and on location around Vienna. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gustav Abel.

Synopsis
When a mathematics teacher discovers a love letter on one of his students, Brigitte Schneider, he goes to visit her family to inform them. However, she persuades the maid to pretend to be her mother. Further confusion arises when her real mother later discovers the letter and assumes it has been written by her husband to his own lover.

Cast
 Heinz Rühmann as Dr. Felix Schneider
 Hans Moser as Professor Karl Stieglitz
 Theo Lingen as Paul Fellmeier
 Hilde Berndt as Lilli Schneider
 Brigitte Ratz as Brigitte Schneider
 Annie Rosar as Lilli Schneiders Mutter
 Lotte Lang as Marie, Dienstmädchen
 Margarete Slezak as Rosi Stieglitz
 Nadja Tiller as Olga Fellmeier
 Gusti Wolf as Hilde - Wirtin und falsche Braut
 Egon von Jordan as Dr. Haberer, Rechtsanwalt
 Fritz Heller as Herr Kraus
 Chariklia Baxevanos as Hertha Engelberger

References

Bibliography
 Fritsche, Maria. Homemade Men in Postwar Austrian Cinema: Nationhood, Genre and Masculinity. Berghahn Books, 2013.

External links

1952 films
1952 comedy films
Austrian comedy films
1950s German-language films
Films directed by E. W. Emo
Gloria Film films
Films shot at Schönbrunn Studios
Films shot in Vienna
Austrian films based on plays

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Research Article| May 25 2017
Simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese from groundwater by oxidation-coagulation-adsorption at optimized pH
Anup J. Bora;
Anup J. Bora
1Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India E-mail: robind@tezu.ernet.in
Rajkamal Mohan;
Rajkamal Mohan
Robin K. Dutta
Water Supply (2018) 18 (1): 60–70.
https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.092
Anup J. Bora, Rajkamal Mohan, Robin K. Dutta; Simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese from groundwater by oxidation-coagulation-adsorption at optimized pH. Water Supply 1 February 2018; 18 (1): 60–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.092
The method based on oxidation-coagulation-adsorption at optimized pH (OCOP) using NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 as pH conditioner, oxidant and coagulant, respectively, is an efficient and low-cost method for removal of arsenic from groundwater that has been gaining popularity in India. In a recent modification of OCOP, coexisting ferrous iron of water was utilized in order to lower the dose of FeCl3 and hence to lower the cost of the treatment of water containing both arsenic and iron. Here we present how the OCOP method can be effectively and economically used for simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese ions from water containing all three contaminants. For this we have optimized the required doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 by response surface methodology and used the optimized doses in a field trial with 11 domestic units of 20 L capacity in batch mode. Arsenic, iron and manganese were removed simultaneously by the present modification of the OCOP method to below 1 μg/L, 0.03 mg/L and 0.009 mg/L from initial concentrations of 100 μg/L, 1–8 mg/L and 0.5–5.0 mg/L, respectively, with a reduced cost.
arsenic removal, coexisting iron, iron removal, manganese removal, oxidation-coagulation-adsorption, response surface methodology
Millions of households in different parts of the world are currently using arsenic-rich groundwater as drinking water. India (Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, etc.), Bangladesh, USA, Mexico, New Zealand, Argentina, Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, etc., have been reported to be highly affected countries of the world with arsenic concentrations as high as 2000 μg/L (Murcott 2012). Chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water can lead to severe health problems such as arsenicosis, skin lesions, hyperkeratosis, vitiligo, melanosis, skin cancer and cancer of internal organs. The World Health Organization has prescribed a provisional guideline value for arsenic in drinking water as 10 μg/L (WHO 2011). The most common species of arsenic in groundwater are arsenite (As3+) and arsenate (As5+), with the former generally accounting for about 90% of the total arsenic (Smedley & Kinniburgh 2002).
In recent years, brisk research activities have reported on development of low cost methods based on reverse osmosis, electro-dialysis, adsorption, oxidation, coagulation, etc., for removal of arsenic and other hazardous elements from groundwater. Among those technologies, oxidation, adsorption and coagulation-adsorption are the most prominent methods with low-cost, green and easy operations (Shannon et al. 2008). Different adsorbents such as alumina/silica oxide hydrate, carbon composite electrodes using capacitive deionization, granular ferric oxide, laterite, iron oxy-hydroxide, manganese oxide, sand, zero-valent iron, zero-valent aluminum, activated carbon, activated alumina, TiO2, ferric hydroxide, iron containing nanoparticles, etc., have been used for arsenic removal (Mohan & Pittman 2007; Sazakli et al. 2015; Lee et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2016). Different iron and aluminum salts, viz., FeCl3, FeSO4, FeClSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 have been used as coagulation in water purification including arsenic removal (Mitrakas et al. 2009; Bora et al. 2016).
In groundwater, arsenic usually coexists with excess iron. As the presence of iron (Fe2+) in groundwater inhibits oxidation of As3+, it is necessary to use an additional oxidising agent like KMnO4, NaOCl, etc., sufficient to oxidise the As3+ ions after completely oxidising the Fe2+ ions (Bordoloi et al. 2013). Air, chlorine, hypochlorite, ozone, permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe2+), manganese dioxide, etc. can be used as the oxidizing agent (Bordoloi et al. 2013). Efficient removal of Fe2+, Mn2+ and NH4+ has been reported using bio-film coupled with aeration and MnO2 coated quartz bed requiring a long adaptation period, e.g., 3–4 weeks (Štembal et al. 2005; Cheng 2016). Efficient removal of iron, manganese and arsenic has also been reported using Fe2+ and Mn2+ –oxidizing bacteria for oxidation of As3+ (Katsoyiannis & Zouboulis 2006).
Oxidation-coagulation-adsorption at optimized pH (OCOP) using NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 as pH conditioner, oxidant and coagulant, developed by our research group, has been gaining popularity in domestic and small community (20–500 L batch units) as well as large scale community application (110,000 L/day) as Arsiron Nilogon (Arsenic+iron removal) (Bordoloi et al. 2013, 2015; DST 2015) in India, especially in Assam. The recommended doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 in OCOP in the absence of coexisting iron are 100 mg/L, 4 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. In the presence of coexisting ferrous iron, however, more KMnO4 is to be added until the water gives light purple coloration to completely oxidize the dissolved Fe2+ to Fe3+ along with oxidation of As3+ to As5+. Recently we reported a modification of the OCOP method in which the coexisting ferrous iron of groundwater is made to act as coagulant reducing the dose of FeCl3 for removing both arsenic and iron simultaneously (Bora et al. 2016). Here, the doses of KMnO4 and NaHCO3 were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) while the dose of FeCl3 was taken as equal to the difference between the coagulant dose of OCOP (25 mg/L of FeCl3) and the concentration of the coexisting ferrous iron ([Fe2+]0) in mg/L.
Very often, manganese (Mn2+) ions, in excess of the WHO guideline value 0.1 mg/L for drinking water, is also present along with arsenic and iron in groundwater (WHO 2011). Epidemiological studies in different countries have showed adverse effects in humans for consuming manganese dissolved in drinking-water in addition to aesthetic problems due to dissolved manganese ions. The Eh-pH diagram indicates that the dominant dissolved species of manganese in natural waters is Mn2+ (Jensen et al. 1998).
Activated carbon, granular activated carbon, sugar cane bagasse and beet pulp, dissolved organic carbon; Groundnut shells, coconut shell charcoal, kaolinite, polysaccharide-based material, carbon aerogel, etc., are some common adsorbents of Mn2+ (Cvetković et al. 2010). Ferric salts are also given preference as coagulant for removal of manganese (Katsoyiannis & Zouboulis 2006). Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), Ferrate (VI) salt, chlorine, potassium permanganate, ozone and H2O2 are used also for oxidation Mn2+ to Mn4+ to remove manganese from groundwater (Khadse et al. 2015). Nano-MnO2, MnO2 coated sand, alumina, etc., also are reported to contribute to removal of arsenic through adsorption (Con et al. 2013). MnO2 formed in groundwater containing arsenic and manganese absorbs arsenic in the subsurface and also adsorbs Mn2+ to catalyses its oxidation, thus increasing the overall removal of both arsenic and manganese (Bissen & Frimmel 2003). Moreover, MnO2 is also reported to catalyse oxidation of arsenite to arsenate (AWWA 1993).
Considering the coexistence of iron and manganese ions along with arsenic in groundwater and the roles of iron ions, KMnO4 and MnO2 in removal of the three contaminants, it was thought worthwhile to investigate the simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese by the OCOP method. For this we have optimised the doses of OCOP, viz., NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 through RSM (Bezerra et al. 2008) and examined the performance of the method with the optimized doses for simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese from contaminated water in the field.
NaHCO3, FeCl3, KMnO4, FeSO4.7H2O, MnSO4·H2O were obtained from Merck, India. Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Stock solutions of 0.10 g/L As3+, 1.0 g/L Fe2+ and 1.0 g/L Mn2+ were prepared by spiking tap water with NaAsO2, FeSO4.7H2O and MnSO4.H2O, respectively. Synthetic groundwater containing these three ions was prepared by mixing these freshly prepared stock solutions with groundwater. The major water quality parameters of the tap water were: chloride = 2.3, fluoride = 0.13, sulphate = 6.4, sodium = 4.71, potassium = 7.7, manganese = 0.002, calcium = 0.72, arsenic = 0, iron = 0.006, magnesium = 0.867 and dissolved solids = 96 all in mg/L; pH = 6.7 and dissolved oxygen = 83.45% (Bora et al. 2016). The stock solutions of 1.0 g/L FeCl3, 1.0 g/L KMnO4 and 9.0 g/L of NaHCO3 were prepared in doubly distilled water for using as coagulant, oxidant and pH conditioner, respectively.
Instrumental analysis
The pH of the experimental water samples were measured in the laboratory using a multi parameter kit (model 5Star pH.ISE.Cond.DO Benchtop, Orion, USA). The pH of the water samples in the field was determined using a pocket-sized pH meter (model PH-222, Lutron Electronic Enterprise CO., LTD, Taiwan). The concentrations of As, Fe, Mn and other heavy metals in influent and effluent water were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS, model Analyst 200, Thermo iCE 3000 series, USA) coupled with a hydride vapour generator (model VP100).
Initial experiments for RSM optimization
A series of OCOP experiments for RSM optimization of the doses of NaHCO3, FeCl3 and KMnO4 was performed in mugs each containing 1 L synthetically prepared contaminated water with a fixed initial arsenite ion concentration ([As3+]0) at 100 μg/L, varying initial iron ion concentrations ([Fe2+]0) from 1 mg/L to 8 mg/L and varying initial manganese ion concentrations ([Mn2+]0) from 0.5 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L. Aqueous NaHCO3 solution was added drop-wise to increase the pH of the water to ≈8.5. Aqueous KMnO4 solution was added in percentage equivalent of [Fe2+]0 from 30% to 100% followed by addition of FeCl3 from 1 mg/L to 8 mg/L. Then, aqueous NaHCO3 was added again to adjust the final pH at ≈7.3. The amount of total added NaHCO3 in mg/L was noted. The water was stirred gently with a glass rod during addition of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3. Then, the water was allowed to coagulate and settle down for two hours. The water samples were then decanted and filtered through Whatman 42 filter paper.
RSM is a statistical method for examining the optimum conditions with a limited number of experiments (Baskan & Pala 2009). In the present case, the major operating variables, viz., NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 on removal of arsenic, iron and manganese simultaneously from groundwater were analysed and optimized by RSM, using central composite design (CCD). The selected model for this CCD design was the quadratic model. Design-Expert®, version 7 software (DX7), was used for the statistical analysis following the preparation of 3D surface areas for optimization of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 (Bora et al. 2016). Here, 'A' and 'B' are the two design factors, taken as the independent variables, and their effect on the response (Y) was optimized. Variables such as [Fe2+]0 and [Mn2+]0 were chosen as the independent variables. In this CCD of RSM, three types of 3D plots were prepared in which 'A' and 'B' for each plot are [Fe2+]0 and [Mn2+]0, respectively and 'Y' for plot (a), (b) and (c) was [Mn7+], [NaHCO3], and [Fe3+], respectively, to obtain the optimum doses of KMnO4, NaHCO3 and FeCl3, respectively for removal of arsenic in the presence of manganese and iron to less than 1 μg/L.
The data were examined for two variables with 13 experimental runs (Bora et al. 2016). Based on the CCD of RSM, the data were made to fit with the 3D plot of surface area for the major operating variables in the removal of arsenic in the presence of manganese and iron according to the following equation:
where, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 and a5 are the regression coefficients.
The quality of the model fitted with the 3D surface areas is evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Bora et al. 2016). In this analysis, the p-value (Prob > F values) of <0.05 suggests its statistical significance in the model and of >0.1 are not significant. The terms with p-values of >0.1 were eliminated in order to gain a superior surface model. The R-squared statistic determines the percentage of variability of the optimized parameters, explained by the selected model.
A field trial of our RSM experiment was done in 11 domestic hand tube well spot sources in a village in Nagaon district of Assam in India, where the water contains arsenic with coexisting iron as well as manganese. Each unit consists of two 20 L plastic buckets fitted with a plastic tap. The first bucket is used for the chemical treatment and the other bucket, kept below the first one, is used as a sand-gravel filter. The RSM optimised doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 were added one after another as solid, 5% solution and 25% solution, respectively, to 20 L water kept in the first bucket, with mild stirring after each addition. The coagulates settled down at the bottom of the first bucket and after two hours the clear water was transferred through the tap to the sand-gravel filter in the second bucket for filtering. The filtered water was used for analysis of water quality parameters including As, Fe and Mn.
Figure 1 shows the removal of arsenic from an initial 100 μg/L in arsenite form and varying concentrations of coexisting (initial) ferrous iron ions ([Fe2+]0) and manganous ions ([Mn2+]0) as a function of increasing KMnO4 dose of OCOP. In this experiment, approximately half of the dose of NaHCO3 was added to the water in the beginning and then the rest of the NaHCO3 was added after addition of KMnO4 and FeCl3 to adjust the pH of the treated water at ≈7.3. The dose of FeCl3 was taken as equal to (8.6–[Fe2+]0) in mg/L. This empirical equation used for deciding the doses of FeCl3 for the design experiment, viz., [Fe3+] = (8.6 − [Fe2+]0) in mg/L as Fe was obtained experimentally (Bordoloi et al. 2013) and has been validated by the results of arsenic removal (Bordoloi et al. 2013; Bora et al. 2016). 8.6 mg/L was the dose of FeCl3 as Fe2+ in mg/L in OCOP, and there is no need for addition of FeCl3 when [Fe2+]0 is above 8.6 mg/L, as this [Fe2+]0 is expected to provide Fe3+ ions equal to the dose of FeCl3 in OCOP (Bordoloi et al. 2013). KMnO4 produces water-insoluble MnO2 from its reactions with Fe2+, Mn2+ and in the mild alkaline conditions provided by NaHCO3 (Lihua et al. 2009):
Plots of remaining total [As] vs. [Mn7+] in percentage equivalent of [Fe2+]0 for varying [Mn2+]0 and [Fe2+]0. Dose of NaHCO3 was added as required to adjust the pH of treated water to 7.0–7.3 and dose of FeCl3 = (8.607–[Fe2+]0) in mg/L. [Mn2+]0/(mg/L): (a) =0.5, (b) =1.0, (c) =2.0, (d) =3.0, (e) =4.0 and (f) =5.0. [Fe2+]0/(mg/L): = 1, = 2, = 3, = 4, = 5, = 6, = 7 and = 8.
The coagulates formed by coexisting iron (Fe2+) after oxidation and by externally added FeCl3 are mainly iron oxides, namely goethite (FeOOH), ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3· 9H2O) and ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3 formed depending upon the pH (Manna et al. 2003). In a neutral pH of about 7.3 in the presence of NaHCO3, the coexisting iron Fe2+ and externally added FeCl3 forms coagulates, predominantly goethite (FeOOH), which adsorbs and ions (Bordoloi et al. 2013).
We observed an increase in the removal of arsenic with increase in [Fe2+]0 and [Mn2+]0 as well as with increase in the dose of KMnO4 (Figure 1). The increase in the removal of arsenic with increase in KMnO4 dose can be attributed to oxidation of As3+ to easily adsorbed As5+ in addition to oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+ as FeCl3 alone cannot remove As3+ efficiently (Ouzounis et al. 2015). The observed increase in the removal of arsenic with increasing [Fe2+]0 at fixed [Mn2+]0 indicates increased formation of iron coagulates after conversion of the more and more coexisting Fe2+ into Fe3+ after addition of KMnO4. But the observed increase in the removal of arsenic with increasing [Mn2+]0 at fixed [Fe2+]0 may be attributed to increased adsorption of arsenic on MnO2 precipitates formed in the oxidation of Mn2+ ions by KMnO4 (Bissen & Frimmel 2003; Con et al. 2013) and catalysis of oxidation of As3+ to As5+ by MnO2 (AWWA 1993). It was observed that the remaining total [As], [Mn2+] and [Fe2+] after the treatment were below 1 μg/L, 0.009 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L down from their initial concentrations of 100 μg/L, 5 mg/L and 8 mg/L, respectively. Tables 1 and 2 present the experimentally found minimum doses of KMnO4 (in % equivalent of [Fe2+]0) and NaHCO3 (in mg/L) with which arsenic was found to be removed to below 1 μg/L from an initial 100 μg/L. These data were used for RSM analysis.
The doses of KMnO4 (measured as [Mn7+] in percent of equivalent of [Fe2+]0) for varying coexisting [Mn2+]0 and [Fe2+]0 required to remove arsenic to below 1 μg/L from an initial 100 μg/L
Coexisting [Mn2+]0 /(mg/L) .
Coexisting [Fe2+]0 mg/L
0.5 95 95 95 90 90 90 85 85
The doses of NaHCO3 (in mg/L) for varying coexisting [Mn2+]0 and [Fe2+]0 required to remove arsenic below 1 μg/L from initial 100 μg/L
0.5 134 126 119 112 108 99 95 90
Analysis by RSM
The experimental results presented in Figure 1 were analysed by RSM using CCD and the quadratic model to optimize the doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 required for removal of arsenic from groundwater to less than 1 μg/L in the presence of iron and manganese ions, at the same time removing iron and manganese also to less than 0.03 mg/L and 0.009 mg/L, respectively. The experimental designs for the model of the CCD involved the two independent parameters, namely, A and B, each of which has two coded levels as −1 and +1 for low and high concentrations/values, respectively. Levels of independent variables selected for the RSM analysis (low and high) of [Fe2+]0 are 1 mg/L and 8 mg/L; and for [Mn2+]0 are 0.5 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L, respectively. The experimental data points used for optimization of the required dose of NaHCO3, KMnO4, and FeCl3 are included in Table 3. Based on this RSM experiment we have fixed the optimum doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 for the field trial for removing arsenic, iron and manganese ions from water containing all these three contaminants.
The design of CCD for the dose of KMnO4 (as [Mn7+] in percentage equivalent of [Fe2+]0), [NaHCO3] in mg/L and FeCl3 (as [Fe3+] in mg/L) were taken as response, separately
Run .
(a) [Mn7+] as response
(b) [NaHCO3] as response
(c) [Fe3+] as response
Factor A [Fe2+]0 .
Factor B [Mn2+]0 .
1 4.50 2.75 4.50 2.75 4.50 4.00
7 4.50 2.75 1.00 5.00 12.57 2.75
10 4.50 2.75 4.50 2.75 4.50 2.75
All concentrations are in mg/L except for [Mn7+], which is in percentage equivalent of [Fe2+]0.
3D Plot (a), (b) and (c) of Figure 2 for doses of KMnO4, NaHCO3 and FeCl3 respectively, was prepared using; Equations (5)–(7) respectively, in terms of coded factors:
where, the factors A and B represent [Fe2+]0 and [Mn2+]0 in Equations (5)–(7). Validation of the model of the 3D plots of Figure 2 is obtained from diagnostics case studies (please see Supporting information, available with the online version of this paper).
Plots of (a) 3D surface for required doses of KMnO4 (measured as [Mn7+] in percent of equivalent of [Fe2+]0) (b) 3D surface for required doses of NaHCO3 in mg/L and (c) 3D surface for required doses of FeCl3 (measured as [Fe3+] in mg/L); with variation of [Fe2+]0 and [Mn2+]0 in mg/L for each plot to remove arsenic below 1 μg/L.
Optimized results
Table 4 represents optimized doses of KMnO4 (as [Mn7+] in % equivalent of [Fe2+]0), NaHCO3 (mg/L) and FeCl3 (as [Fe3+] mg/L) predicted by the point prediction method. A comparison of Table 4 with Tables 1 and 2 shows that the doses of KMnO4, NaHCO3 and FeCl3 predicted by RSM analysis, shows good correlation with the experimentally found doses of KMnO4, NaHCO3 and FeCl3 for removal of arsenic, iron and manganese to less than 1 μg/L, 0.03 mg/L, and 0.09 mg/L respectively. Therefore, our optimization of the required doses of KMnO4, NaHCO3 and FeCl3 with respect to [Fe2+]0 and [Mn2+]0 is good enough and is also capable of predicting the exact required doses for improved removal of arsenic in the presence of coexisting Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions.
Optimized doses of KMnO4 (as [Mn7+] in percentage equivalent (% eq.) of [Fe2+]0), NaHCO3 in mg/L and FeCl3 (as [Fe3+] in mg/L) for different concentrations of coexisting [Fe2+]0 and [Mn2+]0 obtained from RSM
Plot (a) of Figure 2
Plot (b) of Figure 2
Plot (c) of Figure 2
Result .
[Fe2+]0 mg/L .
[Mn2+]0 mg/L .
[Mn7+] % eq. .
[NaHCO3] mg/L .
[Fe3+] mg/L .
2.23 1.56 93.57 5.21 0.85 103.05 2.87 4.04 5.76
6.15 3.07 79.80 6.94 4.36 92.12 7.78 0.59 0.82
The doses of KMnO4, NaHCO3 and FeCl3 used for the field trial as decided by the RSM analysis for various coexisting iron and manganese concentrations are presented in Figure 3. It was seen from Figure 3 that the dose of FeCl3 decreases with the increase in coexisting iron up to 8.607 mg/L as Fe, beyond which there is no need of externally added FeCl3. However, the required dose of KMnO4 increases slightly with the increase in [Fe2+]0 over the whole range as expected. With the increase in coexisting iron concentration, the required dose of NaHCO3 also decreases slightly because, with the increase in coexisting iron concentration, of required addition of FeCl3, a Lewis acid, decreases, requiring more NaHCO3 to raise the pH to 7.3.
Plots of optimized doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 for field trial of our experiment for different coexisting iron and manganese concentrations.
The field trial showed very good removal of arsenic along with removal of iron and manganese as shown in Figure 4. Arsenic was removed from initial concentrations in the range of 91–25 μg/L to less than 1 μg/L (Figure 4(a)). The removal of arsenic by the present modification of the OCOP method to such a low level is important in view of the WHO advice to remove arsenic to as low a level as possible, though it recommends a guideline value of 10 μg/L for drinking water, as groundwater with levels as low as 0.17 μg/L can cause arsenicosis if consumed over a long period of time (WHO 2011). Figure 4(b) and 4(c) show that iron and manganese ions were removed from initial concentrations in the range of 23–2 mg/L to less than 0.03 mg/L and of 0.5–1.9 mg/L to less than 0.009 mg/L, respectively. Thus, the present method simultaneously lowers the concentrations of arsenic, iron and manganese from contaminated groundwater to levels about 10 times lower than the respective guideline values of 10 μg/L, 0.3 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L prescribed by the WHO. The results of >99% As(III) removal of the present study are far better than the previously reported results of <30% As(III) removal by simple coagulation with ferric or aluminium salts (Duarte et al. 2009; Dimitrovski et al. 2012). The results of the present method are also better than the reported 85–95% As(III) removal by coagulation with FeCl3 after pre-oxidation of As(III) with KMnO4 (Kong et al. 2016).
(a) Plot of concentration of total arsenic before and after the treatment, (b) plot of concentration of manganese before and after treatment, (c) plot of concentration of iron before and after the treatment, (d) plot of pH of the water samples before and after the treatment. Symbol: • = before, O = after.
Suitability of the method
Final pH of the treated water samples are also found to be in the middle of the acceptable range 7.0–7.5 for drinking (Figure 4(d)). The other relevant water quality parameters of the water before and after treatment have been found to be well within the respective WHO guideline values (Table 5). An estimation of the cost of treatment; based on the current Indian retail price of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3; the cost of the present method has been found to be 0.326 USD per m3 for simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese. This cost is slightly lower than the cost of removing arsenic and iron simultaneously by the earlier modified form of the OCOP method, modified earlier to utilize the coexisting iron in coagulation, which has been estimated to be 0.332 USD per m3 based on the current prices. The slightly lower cost of the present method than the earlier modification can be attributed to the contribution of MnO2 in arsenic removal in the present method. The users showed good response and expressed their satisfaction with the simplicity of the method and the results.
Major water quality parameters of the groundwater and synthetic water before and after the treatment by our present modified OCOP method
Water quality parametersa .
WHO guideline value .
Before treatment .
After treatment .
Chloride (Cl−) 250 6.7 9.89
Nitrate ( ) 50 <1.0 <1.0
Fluoride (F−) 1.5 0.32 0.21
Sulphate ( ) 500 7.8 7.5
Phosphate as P ( ) nsb <0.003 <0.003
Sodium (Na+) Ns 5.63 13.4
Potassium (K+) Ns 10.9 8.7
Calcium (Ca2+) 75 0.88 0.80
Magnesium (Mg2+) Ns 2.11 1.34
Silica (SiO2) Ns 4.37 2.78
Dissolved oxygen (DO) Ns 81.4 76.6
Dissolved solids 600 132 171
aAll parameters are in mg/L except DO, which is in percent.
bNot specified.
The simple OCOP method of removing arsenic and iron from contaminated groundwater has been successfully modified to remove manganese ions also, together with arsenic and iron by using RSM. The RSM fairly optimizes the doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 for simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese from groundwater. The RSM analysis and experimental results for the doses of NaHCO3, KMnO4 and FeCl3 correlate with each other. The field trial of our present modified OCOP method shows that arsenic, iron and manganese concentrations of contaminated water can be removed simultaneously to less than 1 μg/L, 0.03 mg/L, and 0.009 mg/L from initial concentrations of 100 μg/L, 1–8 mg/L, and 0.5–5.0 mg/L, respectively. Thus, the present modified form of the simple, efficient and low-cost OCOP method is a potential method for application for simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron and manganese from groundwater containing all these three contaminants.
A.J.B. and R.M. are thankful to Tezpur University for financial support in the form of institutional fellowships.
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text:
require 'qpid_proton'
require 'optparse'

class HelloWorld < Qpid::Proton::MessagingHandler

  def initialize(url, address)
    super()
    @url, @address = url, address
  end

  def on_container_start(container)
    conn = container.connect(@url)
    conn.open_sender(@address)
    conn.open_receiver(@address)
  end

  def on_sendable(sender)
    sender.send(Qpid::Proton::Message.new("Hello world!"))
    sender.close
  end

  def on_message(delivery, message)
    puts message.body
    delivery.connection.close
  end

  def on_transport_error(transport)
    raise "Connection error: #{transport.condition}"
  end
end

if ARGV.size != 2
  STDERR.puts "Usage: #{__FILE__} URL ADDRESS
Connect to URL, send a message to ADDRESS and receive it back"
  return 1
end
url, address = ARGV
Qpid::Proton::Container.new(HelloWorld.new(url, address)).run

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
A Christmas Love Story
Pažintinė literatūra vaikams i...
The story of two engaging Christmas tree ornaments: Nicholas Nutcracker, a retired toy-soldier from a small village in Germany, and Brittany Ballerina, a world-renowned ornament ballet dancer, are both in search of their true love. "I will find my true love with 'word-of-mouth marketing!'" exclaims Nicholas determined to find his true love this Christmas. Or, maybe they will meet at the annual "Meet and Mingle of the Christmas Ornaments?" Nicholas and Brittany are both more than ready to find t…
Autorius: Maureen L McCabe
Leidėjas: The Christmas Ornament Shop
Formatas: 20.7 x 21.1 x 1 cm, kieti viršeliai
A Christmas Love Story | knygos.lt
Maureen L McCabe
kieti viršeliai
The story of two engaging Christmas tree ornaments: Nicholas Nutcracker, a retired toy-soldier from a small village in Germany, and Brittany Ballerina, a world-renowned ornament ballet dancer, are both in search of their true love. "I will find my true love with 'word-of-mouth marketing!'" exclaims Nicholas determined to find his true love this Christmas. Or, maybe they will meet at the annual "Meet and Mingle of the Christmas Ornaments?" Nicholas and Brittany are both more than ready to find their true love before they go back into their boxes in the attic for another year.
One might ask, "Why a Christmas Love story for kids?" But really, who doesn't love a story about finding true love, whether it is between two people or two engaging Christmas ornaments? We all want to love and be loved! Does it really matter whether you are seven years old or eighty-seven years old? Deep in mankind's DNA, love is the ingredient that has given life meaning and made the world go around since the beginning of time.


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text:
Egron Sellif Lundgren, född 18 december 1815 i Stockholm, död där 16 december 1875, var en svensk konstnär och författare, främst känd för sitt akvarellmåleri.

Biografi
Lundgren var son till fabrikören Erik Lundgren och Maria Elisabeth Fåhræus. Han studerade från 1829 vid Teknologiska institutet med inriktning på bergshantering. Därefter arbetade han en tid i Eskilstuna och på Finspångs kanongjuteri.

Han återvände till Stockholm och 1835–1839 studerade han vid Konstakademien. Han hade redan som barn tecknat interiörer i hemmet, läsande eller spelande flickor och porträtt som han färglade i akvarell.

Lundgren började först som oljemålare där han utförde genremålningar och historiska framställningar i tidens anda. Åren 1841 till 1849 bodde han i Italien och 1849 till 1853 i Spanien. I Italien sysselsatte han sig främst med historiemåleri, men målade även folklivsscener. I Spanien, Italien och Indien fann han akvarellen, vars teknik han utvecklade till fullo. Han bosatte sig 1853 i London, där han sedan kom att vara bosatt fram till 1867 och kom att få stora framgångar som porträttmålare.

Med London som utgångspunkt företog han sedan ytterligare resor både till Italien och Spanien, men även till Egypten och Indien. Hans reportagemålningar från sepoyupproret under en resa till Indien 1858-1859 anses utgöra en av höjdpunkterna i hans produktion.

Hans akvarellmåleri utvecklades med åren till en snabb, upplöst teknik i rena, klara färger och lätt penselföring. 1864 invaldes han i Society of painters in watercolours. Efter ett kort uppehåll i Sverige 1860 fortsatte han sina studieresor och besökte under de följande åren bland annat Norge, Egypten, Spanien och Italien. Under sin sista resa till Italiens 1873 studerade han ivrigt medeltida- och ungrenässansenskonst.

Sina sista år tillbringade Egron Lundgren i Stockholm men också därifrån fortsatte han sitt resande. Mest känd för en sentida publik har han blivit genom sina brev och dagboksanteckningar, utgivna under titeln En målares anteckningar 1 - 2.

År 1867, året efter Lundgrens bortgång, instiftades Egron-Lundgrensmedaljen eller Egron Lundgrens medalj, ett pris som Konstakademien i Stockholm delar ut till framstående svenska akvarellmålare. Egron Lundgrens väg i Södra Ängby, Stockholm är uppkallad efter honom.

Lundgren finns representerad vid bland annat Nationalmuseum i Stockholm, Norrköpings konstmuseum, Göteborgs konstmuseum, Bohusläns museum, Kulturen, Malmö museer, Nordiska museet och Helsingborgs museer.

Oljemåleriet

År 1839 reste Egron till Paris, där han målade på Léon Cogniets elevateljé. Han kopierade de gamla mästarna i Louvren och målade ett par oljemålningar, som Grisett i ett fönster, Falstaff (1840) och Porträtt (1841), där det senare var ett självporträtt.

Hösten 1841 reste han till Rom där han bodde tillsammans med andra skandinaver och fick många intryck både av platsen och naturen. På hemresan 1842, reste han via Venedig till Neapel för att åter igen hamna i Rom.

Han hade fått akademiens resestipendium 1843-1849 och besökte München och Wien 1845. Han reste ofta i Italien där han enligt egen utsago ägnade sig "åt de högre konststudier som erfordrades för en historiemålare".

I olja målade han tavlorna Neapolitanska fiskare och Vinskörd (1843). Flicka från Sonino med sin bror (1846), Corpus Dominifesten i Rom (1847). Han tecknade Homeros sjunger för folket och målade även små porträtt som J. A. Josephson och Stäck (1846), O. J. Södermark (1847).

Akvarellmåleriet

Våren 1849 lämnade han Rom för att resa hem till Sverige, men tog vägen via Spanien, genom  Barcelona och Granada, till Sevilla där han stannade från augusti 1849 till maj 1853. Det var under denna tid han övergick till att måla akvarell och övergav tanken på att bli historiemålare. Han influerades av sina engelska kollegor John Phillip och Francis William Topham. Han ägnade sig uteslutande åt att måla det han såg och hämtade inspiration från gator, kyrkor, marknadsliv och folkfester. Han målade bönder, präster, äldre kvinnor, romska flickor och unga damer.

Lundgren var ingen djup natur, men han hade begåvning för improvisationer och illustrationer i färg och hans skisser hade en direkthet och skärpa. I hans färgbehandling fanns en spelande och sprakande livfullhet som inte hade någon likhet med hans tidigare stela, försiktiga, skarpa och utslipade oljemåleriteknik. Han hade vid den tiden blivit en kolorist som ibland närmade sig ett impressionistiskt uttryck.

Resa till England

År 1850 blev han ledamot av konstakademien och erbjöds en tjänst som professor 1853, som han dock tackade nej till. Samma år lämnade han Spanien och följde sina engelska vänners uppmaning att besöka London där han introducerades i societeten. Han fick beställningar av drottningen och hade framgång med sina spanska akvareller. Han målade till största delen porträtt av förmögna damer och barn, men även ceremonier vid hovet, kungliga bröllop och dop samt på beställning scener ur Shakespeares skådespel.

På nyåret 1858 fick erbjudande av ett företag i Manchester att resa till Indien för att göra teckningar av sepoyupproret, som just hade brutit ut. Under drottningens beskydd fick han resa med engelska arméns högkvarter. Han återvände till England efter ett år och ställde med stor framgång ut omkring 500 blad som han hade tecknat under resan.

Vid den här tiden hade han inte helt hade övergivit oljemåleriet, vilket verket Spionen förhöres visar och som utförts mycket kraftfullare än hans tidigare måleri i Italien.

Övriga resor

Sommaren 1860 besökte Lundgren, efter 21 år utomlands, Sverige. År 1861 gjorde han en resa i södra Norge och vintern 1861-1862 tillbringade han i Egypten. Åren 1857 och 1862 till 1863 var han i Spanien. Under alla sina resor sysselsatte han sig med att måla allt han upplevde som vackert och intressant, som människor, landskap, stämningar, stadsbilder och interiörer.

Under hela perioden hade han en bostad i London och han deltog flitigt i stadens utställningar och konstliv. Han invaldes 1864 i den ansedda och aristokratiska Society of painters in watercolours som en av endast cirka 30 medlemmar.

År 1865 reste han åter till norra Italien och flyttade hem till Stockholm 1867. När vintern närmade sig reste han till Sevilla och därefter London. Han bodde i Stockholm mellan 1869 och 1871 då han reste till Egypten och därefter Italien där han stannade till 1873. Under den tiden studerade han till största delen ungrenässansenskonst i Perugia och Florens.

Resten av sitt liv bodde han i Sverige där han målade skogsmotiv och svensk natur. Det motiv som intresserade honom mest var dock Kina slott vid Drottningholm.

Författarskap
Det var under sina sista år som han även blev känd som författare. Ett litet urval av hans brev till sina anhöriga trycktes 1861, uteslutande för vänkretsen och han själv var inte engagerad i urvalet och tryckningen av dessa.

År 1870 gavs En målares anteckningar, Italien och Spanien ut, som var brev från hans första vistelse utomlands. För detta blev han tilldelad Svenska akademiens mindre skådepenning i guld 1871.

År 1872 gavs boken Indien ut och 1873 Lediga stunder i främmande land, med intryck från vistelsen i Egypten och Italien.

Lundgrens manuskriptsamling - däribland samtliga brev som han skrev till sin bror - testamenterades av denne till Kungliga biblioteket. Ett omfattande utdrag ur dessa och ur hans övriga brev och papper gavs ut 1905.

Verk

Bibliografi

Illustrerade böcker
Lundgren uppträdde som illustratör med bilder till Stephens Bihang till Fritjofs saga (1839), till lady Tenisons Castile and Andalucia (1853), Spanish pictures drawn with pen and pencil i slutet av 1860-talet, Travelling in Spain the present day (illustrerad av John Phillip och Lundgren, 1866) samt till Svenska folksagor av Hyltén-Cavallius och Stephens (1875).

Vidare läsning

Referenser

Noter

Källor

Externa länkar

Svenska målare under 1800-talet
Svenskspråkiga författare
Svenskar i Storbritannien
Födda 1815
Avlidna 1875
Män
Ledamöter av Konstakademien
Gravsatta på Norra begravningsplatsen i Stockholm
Konstnärer från Stockholm
Representerade vid Nationalmuseum
Representerade vid Göteborgs konstmuseum
Representerade vid Norrköpings konstmuseum


text:
De Tennessee Titans (of simpelweg de Titans) is een professioneel American footballteam uit Nashville (Tennessee). Ze komen uit in de zuiddivisie van de American Football Conference (AFC), wat onderdeel is van de National Football League (NFL).

Geschiedenis

Houston Oilers
Het team begon in 1960 met spelen in de American Football League (AFL) onder de naam Houston Oilers in Houston, Texas. De competitie had vijf teams in het westen van het land en drie in het noordoosten. Om tot twee gelijke divisies te komen, werden de Oilers (het meest oostelijke van de westelijke teams) in de Oostdivisie geplaatst, samen met de Boston Patriots, de Buffalo Bills en de New York Titans.

In de eerste jaren waren de Oilers het beste team in hun divisie en plaatsten zich daardoor voor de strijd om het AFL-kampioenschap. In hun eerste seizoen versloegen ze de Los Angeles Chargers in die finale met 24–16 en werden zo de eerste kampioen van de competitie. Een jaar later wisten ze hun titel te verdedigen, door de Chargers (die nu verhuisd waren naar San Diego) wederom te verslaan, ditmaal met 10–3. In 1962 speelden ze tegen het andere AFL-team uit Texas, de Dallas Texans. In de langste finale (AFL of NFL) die tot op heden is gespeeld – de wedstrijd duurde 78 minuten - verloren de Oilers hun titel na verlenging (17–20). Na vier magere jaren speelden de Oilers in 1967 voor de vierde keer om de titel. Een zege zou het team voor het eerst naar de (vorig jaar opgerichte) Super Bowl brengen, maar de Oakland Raiders waren met 40–7 veel sterker.

In 1970 fuseerden de AFL en de NFL. Hoewel de meeste voormalige AFL-teams bij elkaar in de divisie bleven, kwamen de Oilers in de AFC Central, samen met de Cincinnati Bengals (uit de Westdivisie van de AFL), de Cleveland Browns en de Pittsburgh Steelers (die voor de fusie al in de NFL speelden). De eerste jaren presteerden de Oilers niet al te best; pas in hun zesde seizoen in 1975 wisten ze een winning record (meer zeges dan nederlagen) neer te zetten. In 1978 mochten ze voor het eerst meedoen aan de play-offs en na uitzeges bij de Miami Dolphins en de New England Patriots stonden ze voor het eerst in de AFC Championship Game. De derde uitwedstrijd, tegen divisiegenoot Pittsburgh Steelers was er echter te veel aan. Een jaar later haalden de Oilers wederom de play-offs en speelden ze – na zeges op de Denver Broncos en de San Diego Chargers – wederom in de AFC-finale. Ook dit keer waren de Steelers de opponent en ook dit keer trokken de Oilers aan het kortste eind. In 1980 plaatste het team zich voor de derde maal op rij voor de play-offs, ook dit keer als wild-card (een team dat hun divisie niet won). Ditmaal verloren ze echter direct hun eerste play-off-wedstrijd.

De daaropvolgende zes jaar haalden de Oilers telkens een losing record (meer nederlagen dan zeges) en in die periode verloren ze meer dan driekwart van hun wedstrijden. In 1987 wisten ze zich (wederom als wild-card) weer te plaatsen voor de play-offs. Ook de drie jaar daarop haalden ze de play-offs met een wild-card, maar de AFC-finale werd niet gehaald. In 1991 wonnen de Oilers een divisie-titel. Het was voor het eerst sinds ze tot de NFL toetraden, dat ze hun divisie wisten te winnen, maar ook dit keer haalden ze de AFC-finale niet. Ook in 1992 (wild-card) en 1993 (tweede divisie-titel) kwalificeerden de Oilers zich voor de play-offs. Met zeven play-offdeelnames op rij schaarde het team zich in een illuster rijtje, want op dat moment waren er maar vier andere teams die daarin waren geslaagd. In 1993 waren ze zelfs een van de drie teams in de NFL met de beste balans (twaalf zeges en vier nederlagen). Ze kregen (voor het eerst) een vrijstelling voor de eerste ronde, maar verloren vervolgens van de Kansas City Chiefs.

Vertrek uit Houston
Bud Adams, de eigenaar van de Oilers wilde intussen een nieuw stadion voor zijn team. De gemeente weigerde hier echter aan mee te werken, aangezien het stadion een decennium geleden nog was gerenoveerd. Adams onderzocht of hij zijn team kon verhuizen en na het seizoen 1995/1996 kondigde hij aan dat zijn team vanaf 1998 in Nashville, Tennessee zou spelen. De tussenliggende twee jaar zou het team nog in Houston blijven, omdat er in Nashville nog geen geschikt stadion was. De Houstonianen waren hier niet content mee en de toeschouwersaantallen werden nog lager: hadden de Oilers in 1994 (toen ze slechts twee duels wonnen) nog een gemiddeld aantal toeschouwers van rond de 44.000, twee seizoenen later (toen ze acht duels wonnen) was dat naar 32.000 gezakt. Hun laatste thuisduel, tegen de Cincinnati Bengals, trok een schamele 15.000 fans. Tijdens een wedstrijd tegen de Pittsburgh Steelers – waarin de Oilers een 9–13 achterstand ombogen in een zege met 23–13 – werd de slotfase van de wedstrijd niet uitgezonden op de lokale radio, omdat er later die middag een basketbalwedstrijd van de Rockets op het programma stond. Door dit echec besloot Adams om zijn team een seizoen eerder te verhuizen en de naam werd omgedoopt in Tennessee Oilers. Omdat het nieuwe stadion nog steeds niet klaar was en het grootste stadion in Nashville (het stadion van de Vanderbilt University) te klein zou zijn, zouden de Oilers in de twee volgende jaren in Memphis spelen. Deze opmerkelijke constructie was impopulair bij football-fans in beide steden; Memphis had in het verleden zonder succes geprobeerd om een NFL-team te krijgen en de football-fans daar stonden niet te trappelen om een team te steunen dat over twee jaar alweer zou vertrekken. In Nashville waren de meeste fans op hun beurt niet bereid om helemaal naar Memphis te reizen (meer dan 300 kilometer) om het team te zien spelen. Het gevolg was dat de stadionbezetting van de Oilers nog lager was dan tijdens hun laatste seizoen in Houston; alleen tijdens de laatste wedstrijd was het stadion voor meer dan de helft gevuld.

Eerste jaren in Nashville
Door de lage toeschouwersaantallen in Memphis besloten de Oilers om toch eerder naar Nashville te vertrekken. In 1998 speelden ze alsnog in het stadion van Vanderbilt, dat tijdens de meeste wedstrijden goed vol zat. Ondanks dat de Oilers in drie jaar evenzoveel thuisstadions hadden gehad, was er sportief wel sprake van continuïteit, want voor het derde seizoen op rij haalden ze acht zeges en acht nederlagen. Toen het team een jaar later eindelijk hun stadion, het Adelphia Coliseum konden betreden, ging dat gepaard met een rebranding van het team. Naast een nieuw logo en nieuwe kleuren werd ook de naam veranderd in Tennessee Titans. Dit eerste seizoen onder de nieuwe naam bleek ook hun beste seizoen in de NFL te worden. Hoewel de Titans maar drie duels verloren, eindigden ze slechts als tweede in hun divisie (de nummer een, de Jacksonville Jaguars verloren slechts twee duels: beide ontmoetingen met de Titans). Hun goede score gaf de Titans wel recht op een wild-card en in de eerste ronde werden de Buffalo Bills verslagen. Die overwinning kwam na een spannende slotfase: de Titans hadden het grootste deel van de wedstrijd op voorsprong gestaan, maar de Bills kwamen met zestien seconden op de klok op voorsprong (15–16). Ondanks dat de tijd bijna op was, wist wide receiver Kevin Dyson na de hervatting van het spel een loopactie te maken over 75 yards (bijna 70 meter) en met een touchdown alsnog de zege binnen te slepen voor de Titans. De slotfase van dit duel staat ook wel bekend als het Music City Miracle. Na een tweede play-offzege op de Indianapolis Colts stond het team voor het eerst sinds 1979 in de AFC-finale. In die wedstrijd stonden ze weer tegenover de Jaguars, maar Tennessee liet zien dat het geen toeval was dat de vorige twee ontmoetingen in hun voordeel waren beslecht: in de rust stonden ze weliswaar nipt achter, maar dankzij een tussensprint in het derde kwart wonnen de Titans met 14–33 en mochten ze voor het eerst naar de Super Bowl. In die wedstrijd waren de St. Louis Rams de tegenstander. De Titans hadden de Rams – een team dat eveneens kortgeleden was verhuisd – in het reguliere seizoen nog verslagen, maar ditmaal waren de rollen omgedraaid. De eerste helft speelden beide ploegen erg verdedigend (halverwege stonden de Rams met 9–0 voor dankzij drie fieldgoals) en na het derde kwart hadden de Rams een voorsprong van tien punten (beide ploegen scoorden een touchdown, maar enkel de Rams slaagden in hun conversie). In het laatste kwart trokken de Titans de stand eventjes gelijk, maar in de slotfase stonden de Rams alsnog zeven punten voor. Met nog zes tellen op de klok had Tennessee de kans om er een verlenging uit te slepen, want ze stonden op slechts tien yard (ongeveer negen meter) van de vijandige end zone. De bal werd volgens plan naar Kevin Dyson gegooid, maar die slaagde er niet in om een touchdown te maken: op één yard van de end zone werd hij getackeld door Mike Jones, een linebacker van de Rams, die hierdoor de overwinning voor de Rams veiligstelde. Deze tackle staat ook wel bekend als simpelweg The Tackle.

2000–2014
In 2002 kwamen er in de NFL twee divisies bij (een in de AFC en een in de NFC). Eerst waren er 31 teams verdeeld over zes divisies (enkel de AFC Central, waar de Titans speelden, had zes i.p.v. vijf ploegen). Met de komst van een nieuw team in Houston, de Houston Texans, werd dit gewijzigd in acht divisies van vier teams. De Titans en de Jacksonville Jaguars werden samen met het nieuwe team en de Indianapolis Colts in de nieuwe AFC South geplaatst. In het eerste jaar van de nieuwe competitiestructuur wonnen de Titans direct hun divisie en kregen ook nog een vrijstelling voor de eerste ronde. Een week later troffen ze de Pittsburgh Steelers en in een spannende wedstrijd trokken de Titans uiteindelijk na verlenging aan het langste eind. De AFC-finale tegen de Oakland Raiders ging daarna echter verloren, waardoor de Titans geen tweede keer mochten meedoen aan de Super Bowl.

Wist Tennessee in 2002 direct de AFC South te winnen, de acht daaropvolgende jaren wonnen ze maar één keer de divisie-titel (de andere keren wonnen de Colts telkens). Daarnaast haalden ze nog twee keer de play-offs op een wild-card. In die laatste drie deelnames wisten ze echter maar een wedstrijd te winnen. Sinds 2009 wisten de Titans de play-offs niet meer te halen, al waren ze in 2011 erg dichtbij (ze misten een wild-card omdat ze de onderlinge wedstrijd met de Cincinnati Bengals – die dus de laatste wild-card kregen – verloren). In 2013 overleed clubeigenaar Bud Adams, die het team sinds de oprichting bezat. Een jaar later behaalde het team het slechtste resultaat in twintig jaar (toen ze nog in Houston speelden).

2015-heden
Als gevolg van het dramatische seizoen in 2014, mochten de Titans als tweede kiezen in de 2015 NFL Draft. Hierbij selecteerden zij quarterback Marcus Mariota. Als rookie verbrak hij meerdere franchiserecords. Tennessee eindigde alsnog met het slechtste win-verlies ratio van de NFL en mocht daardoor als eerste kiezen in de 2016 NFL Draft. In de free agency-periode na afloop van het seizoen, trok Tennessee een grote naam aan in running back DeMarco Murray van de Philadelphia Eagles. Hiervoor ruilden zij een vierderondeselectie. Verder werden wide receiver Rashard Matthews, center Ben Jones en safety Rishard Johnson toegevoegd aan de selectie.

Stadion
De eerste vier jaar in Houston speelde het team in het Jeppesen Stadium en van 1965 tot 1967 was het Rice Stadium hun thuisbasis. Van 1968 tot hun vertrek naar Tennessee speelden ze in het Houston Astrodome.

In Memphis (1997) speelden de Tennessee Oilers in het Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium en hun eerste jaar in Nashville speelden ze in het Vanderbilt Stadium. In 1999 – toen het team ook de naam veranderde naar Titans - trokken ze in het Adelphia Coliseum (nu LP Field), waar ze nu nog steeds spelen.

Naam
De Houston Oilers kregen die naam vanwege de olie-industrie in Houston. Toen het team verhuisde naar Tennessee droegen ze eerst nog de naam Tennessee Oilers maar na twee jaar werd er een wedstrijd georganiseerd om het team een nieuwe naam te geven. De winnende inzending, Titans, werd volgens eigenaar Bud Adams gekozen omdat het voor "kracht, leiderschap en andere heroïsche eigenschappen" stond. De naam verwijst ook naar de bijnaam Athene van het zuiden, een van de bijnamen van de stad Nashville. De Titans waren niet het eerste team met die naam; de New York Jets heetten in hun eerste drie jaar nog New York Titans.

Resultaten

Eregalerij

Conference-titels (1)
 1999

AFL-titels (2)
 1960, 1961

Divisie-titels (4+7)
 1960, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1991, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2008, 2020, 2021

Deelnames play-offs (5+20)
 1960, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1969, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2007
 2008, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021

Rivaliteiten
Toen het team nog in Houston actief was, speelden ze regelmatig tegen de Dallas Cowboys om te bepalen wie het beste team van de staat was. Tegenwoordig hebben de Titans een hevige rivaliteit met het nieuwe team in Houston, de Houston Texans.

Governor's Cup
In 1965 hadden de Houston Oilers (AFL) en de Dallas Cowboys (NFL) dezelfde speler gedraft. Uiteindelijk spraken beide ploegen af dat de Cowboys de speler zou krijgen, maar de Oilers zouden in ruil enkele spelers van de Cowboys krijgen, plus een financiële vergoeding. Daarnaast bepaalden de teams dat ze enkele oefenwedstrijden tegen elkaar zouden spelen. Toen de Oilers in 1970 ook lid werden van de NFL speelden de teams ook competitieduels tegen elkaar. In de jaren dat de teams in de competitie niet tegen elkaar moesten, speelden ze meestal een oefenwedstrijd. Na het vertrek van de Oilers werd er niet om deze officieuze prijs gespeeld totdat de Houston Texans actief werden. De laatste wedstrijd tussen de Oilers en de Cowboys, een oefenwedstrijd, werd in 1996 gespeeld in Miami. De Cowboys wonnen met 24–19 en brachten daarmee de 'eindstand' op 18–13 in hun voordeel.

Rivaliteit met de Texans
De Tennessee Titans hebben een hevige rivaliteit met de Houston Texans, het nieuwe team in Houston. Sinds de Texans in 2002 begonnen te spelen in de NFL, hebben beide ploegen bij elkaar in de divisie gezeten. De eerste jaren (behalve 2004) trokken de Titans steeds aan het langste eind, maar sinds 2008 zijn de Texans aan een opmars bezig: van de eerste twaalf duels (2002–2007) wonnen de Titans er tien, maar uit de veertien daaropvolgende duels (2008–2014) hebben de Texans betere resultaten neergezet; de Titans wonnen sindsdien maar vijf wedstrijden. Tot op heden (2014) hebben de Titans een voorsprong van 15–11.

Dit overzicht geeft de ontmoetingen weer tussen de Titans en de Texans. Een gekleurde achtergrond geeft een zege aan voor de Titans.

Externe link
Officiële website

National Football League
Amerikaanse American footballclub
Sport in Nashville


text:
Q: how do i remove a string from another string in c# unity I have two strings (text) and (a). I want to remove (a) from (text) after an if statement
this is what I have
public string text;
public string a = 'a';

void Update(){
     if(text.Contains('a')){
        text - a;
     }
}

but I get error with this that I cannot use - how do I remove it

A: A simple way of doing this is using the string.Replace
string text = "This is my text";
string a = "i";
text = text.Replace(a, "");

'text' will be: Ths s my text

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


i recently read a post that was called " 10 things under £10" I found it really interesting as I am always looking for new things to buy and doesn't everyone love a good bargain? So I thought I would put together 20 things I love which are all under £20! I thought this would be useful for gift ideas on a budget seeing as Christmas is only two months away!
do you have any great budget products ???
I really want to try the NYX palette!


text:
Q: Is there a closed form for $\zeta(\pi)$? What is $\zeta(\pi)$?
I know that $\operatorname{Re}(\pi)>1$, thus
$$\zeta(\pi)=\sum_{n\geq1}\frac{1}{n^\pi}$$
Yet I have no idea how to even begin evaluating this series. It's probably unrealistic to think that there even is a closed form, but math can be funny that way sometimes.
Edit: for those of you who are confused about the definition of closed form, here's an example: $\zeta(2)=\frac{\pi^2}{6}$. Note that this is purely a ration of two constants, and even though $\pi$ cannot be exactly calculated in a finite number of operations, I am still willing to consider it a closed form. Another example: $$_3F_2\biggr(1,1,\frac{3}{2};\frac{4}{3},\frac{5}{3};\frac{2}{27}\biggl)=\frac{3\pi}{5}-\frac{6\log2}{5}$$
Note that, again, there are constants which require infinite operations to compute, yet if we just see them as constants, there is a finite number of operations in the answer, which is good enough for me. It should be noted that I do not consider a decimal expansion an adequate closed form.

A: Number theory currently has insufficient tools do deal with this kind of problem. We don't even have a closed form for $\zeta(3)$.


"St Aidan's is one of the few places that really cannot be improved further. It really is perfect. This was our second, but definitely not our last, stay in this wonderful place".
The converted Grade II* listed church and contemporary architect designed extension make an unforgettable holiday stay.
St Aidan's is a perfect escape, close to Helmsley with its interesting independent shops, arts centre, historic castle, pubs and cafes, and with the North York Moors literally on the doorstep.
"St Aidan's is an absolute little gem"


text:
Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists > Lists > Film Lists > 10 Great Gangster Comedies You May Have Never Seen
10 Great Gangster Comedies You May Have Never Seen
Posted on July 11, 2021 July 11, 2021 by Mansur Zeynalov
There was a time in cinema where crime films, particularly mafia and gangster related films, were way more common than they are now. Nowadays, you only get the Russian mafia as a villain in your actions. In those days, we also got a lot of comedies that mocked those too tough, too evil or too serious sides of characters in those gangster movies.
There were different kinds of them; many of them were parodies, but some were working both as an actual average crime drama story and a comedy simultaneously. There were satires that put a gangster in the center of different universes (like "Get Shorty"), there were direct spoof parodies ("Jane Austen's Mafia!") and then there are things like "Analyze This," where the mafia man had to get therapy.
Let's take a look at 10 such films that are mostly underrated; some actually got a good amount of attention when they were first released, but recently it seems they're not talked or discussed enough.
10. Wise Guys (1986)
Brian De Palma is perhaps best known for his suspense thrillers, but he has also made some of the best-known crime dramas of their respective decades, such as "Scarface," "The Untouchables" and "Carlito's Way." They all are different from each other, which is probably why it's not a surprise that he took on a mafia comedy genre as well in "Wise Guys," one of his lesser-known but somewhat lovely comedies.
This unusual entry in his filmography follows Henry Valentini (Danny DeVito) and Moe Dickstein (Joe Piscopo). They're best friends and have known each other since childhood. They also work for the mob, but for small stuff, like taking laundry. One day they're supposed to bet on a horse; their boss always bets on the same horse, and always loses. So they decide to bet on a supposed favorite; things go wrong, they lose, and now they're ordered to be killed. The rest is a lot of situation comedy. Kind of an old-school comedy film, bit over-the-top at times but still light-hearted; you find the lead characters sympathetic enough to root for them or care about them. The ending is great as well. It has authentic New Jersey locations and there's also a classy turn from Harvey Keitel as well, his only appearance in a De Palma movie. De Palma's Springsteen love also shows itself in one very fine sequence.
9. Mickey Blue Eyes (1999)
This one got a lot of mixed reviews, which is strange. While it's not some comic masterpiece, it's not the type of film that one would necessarily criticize for its plot going to silly places, or the premise being not fresh or inspired enough. The film was made only for entertainment; whether or not the humor works for you is a different topic, but it's not a film that claims to have some smart premise or original storyline. Looking back, it didn't age badly, and it has a lot of '90s charm.
Hugh Grant plays a character similar to his "Four Weddings" persona, a bit more confident but still this British gentleman who falls in love with an American woman who happens to be a daughter of a gangster. That's basically the premise – putting a guy like him in the front of all of these situations and making us laugh. Grant's comic timing is well known and he recently returned to the gangster world with a brilliant performance in "The Gentlemen," which is a totally different kind of character in comparison. The other funny guy here is James Caan, the man who starred in "The Godfather." Even though in some countries it got a lot of TV airings over the years, this unfortunately flopped at the box office, maybe because "Analyze This" was very fresh on people's mind and people didn't care to see another gangster comedy in such a short time.
8. The Freshman (1990)
A new student at the New York film school is unexpectedly elevated to a member of a mafia family and thus a key figure in a prearranged game about rare animals, dubious specialty restaurants, wildlife protection, and fake agents of the FBI. James Caan has once mentioned in his "Inside the Actors Studio" interview that his "Mickey Blue Eyes" performance was slightly a parody of his "Godfather" performance.
In "The Freshman," though, Marlon Brando makes a very obvious parody of his "Godfather" role and the result is truly hilarious. A rare chance for him to be actually funny, even if his screen time is limited. No worries about that, since the rest of the movie is pretty fun as well; one wonders what happened to director/writer Andrew Bergman, who also wrote another underrated rom-com around that time titled "Honeymoon in Vegas." Does the whole thing make much sense? Who cares? We're here for fun and it's certainly a fun ride. Matthew Broderick's charming lead performance also brings a lot of emotional honesty to the whole thing.
7. Johnny Dangerously (1984)
Amy Heckerling has directed two of the most popular teen comedies of all time in "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" and "Clueless," but her attempt at gangster comedy is not mentioned enough and it's everything you would want from a film like this. It's a charming homage to 1930s gangster films, starring Michael Keaton in a very delightful performance as an honest man who goes to the dark side to pay his mother's bills. The premise is not important here anyway, since the film is mostly a parody of the genre; if you're familiar with the films of the '30s and '40s, such as "Scarface," "Manhattan Melodrama," "White Heat" and "Public Enemy," then the movie becomes funnier for sure.
It's not just Keaton, the supporting cast is great as well and we have some truly funny supporting characters here. The pacing is fast, it never has a dull moment, it has a lot of fine one-liners and witty jokes. No wonder Mel Brooks made a reference to it in his "Robin Hood" parody because this actually comes off like a Mel Brooks film. There are outdated moments and this may feel like a series of gags instead of an actual film with a plot, but if you're in the mood for this, it's a lot of fun.
6. My Blue Heaven (1990)
Those were the times when gangster films were truly common. The year 1990 saw the release of the last part of the "Godfather" trilogy, Abel Ferrara's indie hit "King of New York" and Martin Scorsese's crime masterpiece "Goodfellas," and here comes a movie that actually is a fine companion piece to "Goodfellas" (as strange as it sounds) because both films are actually about Henry Hill. The films' respective writers, Nicholas Pileggi and Nora Ephron, were husband and wife.
However, Ephron's screenplay goes a totally different route. Our main character, played by Steve Martin, is in a witness protection program. He lives in the suburbs and has no intention of leaving crime behind, which causes some problems for our other main character, the FBI agent portrayed by Rick Moranis. Martin's performance is amusing but it's not one of his best works; Moranis and Joan Cusack's storyline feels more real to the tone the film goes for. Released a little over a month before "Goodfellas," this film ended up being forgotten over the years, but it's a witty and amusing film.
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