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Cram Session: What Research Says About Good Debate Prep for Clinton, Trump
By Andrew Ujifusa on September 26, 2016 9:32 AM
Virtually all of us have done it: furiously cram for a test or some other high-stakes event very shortly before it's slated to start. And you can bet to varying degrees that the respective presidential campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are working day and night to prepare their candidates for Monday's debate, and the two debates after that. Reportedly, Clinton and Trump are getting ready for their face-off in very different ways.
But what does research say about the best way to prepare for tests, or debates, or what have you? Is cramming smart?
1) First, here's a 2011 article for the American Psychological Association by Lea Winerman. In "Study Smart," she acknowledges that, in particular, those who've achieved success in higher education think that by default they know how best to study for high-stakes events. Here are three of Winerman's principles to guide preparation:
"Space Your Study Sessions." While it's tempting to slack off and then cram for two days before a test, Winerman says that not only are you better off leaving time between your study sessions—the more time you leave between those sessions the better.
"In other words, if you have 12 hours to spend on a subject, it's better to study it for three hours each week for four weeks than to cram all 12 hours into week four," Winerman writes.
"Interweave Your Subjects." Winerman cites a 2008 study showing that students who mixed up studies of paintings with random mathematical tasks better identified those paintings later than those who did not perform the math tasks. (Winerman acknowledges, however, that this sort of "interweaving" can be tough for teachers to pull off.)
"Why does mixing up subject matter help students learn? Again, as in spacing, the key may be in the learning, forgetting, and relearning that helps the brain cement the new information for the long-term," she writes.
"Test Yourself." Study for tests by taking tests? Winerman says frequent testing of students in classes, as well as in study sessions, can help students learn and avoid feeling a "false familiarity" with the material—even though many might not be fond of the prospect.
"[S]tudents might not enjoy taking a quiz at the end of every class or testing themselves every time they finish reading a chapter, but doing so would probably help them remember the material on the final exam."
2) A short 2008 piece, also in the American Psychological Association, cites a study that comes to the same conclusion as Winerman's "test yourself" suggestion. A group of students who were repeatedly tested on Swahili-English word pairings performed far better in a subsequent exam than those who had words they defined correctly dropped from their subsequent study sheets and exams.
3) Whether it's testing or some other form of studious "drudgery," Benedict Carey has a word of advice for Clinton, Trump, and everyone facing a big test: Ease up, and take a break.
Carey, a New York Times writer and reporter on medical and science issues, wrote this on the brain as a "learning machine" in 2014 for Education Week Commentary:
The brain as a biological organ has not adapted to institutional education, at least not entirely. For as much as we learn in class, the old-school advice on studying—keep to a ritual, avoid all distractions, find a quiet study space, hole up with the books—is severely limiting. The brain is a quirky learning machine, the science shows, and it works best when those quirks are exploited.
Compared to initiatives stressing new evaluations, curriculum overhauls, and teacher training, this emphasis on brain science offers, Carey writes, "something at once humbler and grander: small techniques that can be deployed right away—today, now—and have outsized effects."
And even extraordinary feats of memorization are not necessarily signs of a superhuman brain, nor is forgetting by definition a bumbling act or a sign of personal failings, Carey says. In fact, in his book How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where, and Why It Happens, Carey says the latter can be the brain hard at work over the long term.
He calls this the "Forget to Learn" theory. Carey goes on to say that "forgetting a huge chunk of what we've learned, especially when it's a brand-new topic, is not necessarily evidence of laziness, attention deficits, or a faulty character. On the contrary, it is a sign that the brain is working as it should."
That may be true. But if, on the debate stage Monday night, Clinton forgets what the Common Core State Standards are, or if Trump draws a blank on how to define a charter school, Carey's words might be pretty cold comfort.
Education Week Librarian Holly Peele and Library Intern Maya Riser-Kositsky contributed to this blog post.
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Farewell (Sorta) to One Half of the Politics K-12 Team
Chris Minnich Stepping Down as Executive Director of CCSSO, Will Lead NWEA
Farewell, From One-Half of the Politics K-12 Team
Ed. Dept. Churn Brings New Faces to Key Initiatives
Introducing the New Half of Politics K-12
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Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7gq26z/motor_control) has announced the addition of the "Motor Control Centers Market by Type (Intelligent & Conventional), by Voltage (LV & MV), by End User, by Component (Circuit Breakers & Fuses, VFD's, Overload Relays, Soft Starters, Bus Bars & Others) - Global Forecast and Trends to 2020" report to their offering.
The global MCC market is expected to reach $5.46 Billion by 2019, at a growth rate of 5.1% from 2015 to 2020. The figure below highlights the MCC market share, based on regions, as of 2014.
MCC is a factory assembly of motor starters and controllers in a common structure. These are centralized hubs comprising motor control units sharing a common power bus. Each section of an MCC contains soft starters, feeders, transformers, adjustable frequency drives, overload relays, circuit breakers, and panel boards among others. When an overload condition exists, the overload relay protects the motor by disconnecting the power, however it does not provide short-circuit protection to the motor. A circuit breaker or a fuse is also used to protect the wires from short- circuit, which supplies power to the motors. Other devices associated with the MCC include pushbuttons, indicator lights, meters, pilot lamps and metal cabinet sections.
MCC, by type, has been categorized into intelligent and conventional. These can be applied for commercial and industrial purposes. A conventional MCC is an assembly of several motor starters having a common power bus and motor control units. An intelligent MCC maximizes the value of components in a given application by using intelligent devices. It provides network communication and extensive functionality, such as network configuration, diagnostics, extensive process information, and advanced protection for each unit. The MCC market has also been segmented on the basis of voltages for which they are employed. These categories include Low Voltage (LV) having motor control center less than 1 kV. The second category is medium Voltage (MV) that ranges from 1 kV to 15 kV.
In recent years, high growth has been observed in the MCC market following increasing industrial automation and growing power generation capacity.
- Technical Control System Ltd.
- Vidhyut Control India Pvt. Ltd.


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Adam Kirsch reports for the New York Sun on a recent conference at the Center for Jewish History on "Jesus in Jewish Culture" featuring Susannah Heschel, amongst others. The sub-title was "What's He Doing Here?"
From the article:-
Leon Wieseltier, the literary editor of the New Republic, resisted a too easy identification of Jesus as a Jew. During a dialogue on messianism with the Catholic historian James Carroll, Mr. Wieseltier insisted that Jesus was not the most famous Jew in history, but the most famous ex-Jew; and that it was precisely his transformation into the Christ, the Messiah, that marked his divorce from Judaism. In mainstream Jewish teaching, Mr. Wieseltier said, the Messiah is not the apocalyptic figure that he becomes in Christianity, the herald of a new heaven and a new earth. "For Jews," he argued, "redemption does not mean the transformation of the world as we know it;" it is rather a criticism and improvement of the world. Quoting several medieval Hebrew texts, Mr. Wieseltier offered definitions of the Messiah as a worldly reformer and political leader, rather than a divine savior. He underscored the point with a contemporary image: "When the Messiah comes, he will be on CNN all day long."
By using Jesus to investigate what is distinctively Jewish about messianism, the dialogue between Mr. Wieseltier and Mr. Carroll offered the best answer to the conference's title question.
lcusick said...
It would appear that the concept of "messiah" has not changed in 2000 years. A contemporary Jewish scholar is saying the messiah is the same thing that Jesus' contemporaries expected: a political reformer/commentator. So, is Jesus the messiah, or something else? Several titles are used in the gospels, Son of Man comes to mind, among others. Does this affect our Christian view of Jesus?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Maxwell Cancels Tour Due To Throat Problems
By Jonathan Hailey
Jimmy Henchman Finally Confesses To Planning 1994 Tupac Shooting
5 Things You Didn't Know About MC Hammer
5 Types Of Men To Avoid During "Cuffing Season"
Sorry Maxwell fans, you won't be seeing him tour this year.
R&B singer Maxwell has cancelled his brief United States tour due to throat problems. The Brooklyn, New York native has developed some vocal swelling and hemorrhaging. A rep for the neo-soul man had been advised by doctors on Friday to take a break from touring. Maxwell's doctors also recommended vocal rest and that he immediately undergo treatment for his voice.
When talking about the planned six city tour, Maxwell said canceling the tour "sucks." However, he does plan to tour when his next album black SUMMERS' night hits retail outlets later in the year. Fans will surely feel sad about the cancellation of the tour since most haven't seen the man live since he took a seven year hiatus from music. Maxwell returned to music in 2009. At this point, refunds are being made available at the point of purchase.
We hope Maxwell makes a speedy recovery.
READ MORE HOT MUSIC COVERAGE ON THEURBANDAILY.COM:
Hackney Weekend Performances: Nas, Nicki Minaj, Jay-Z & More
Flo Rida Fined $7,000 For Lying To Judge
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The Holocaust/Holocaust denial
< The Holocaust
Holocaust denial or Holocaust revisionism as referred to by its supporters, is the belief that the history of the Holocaust as is commonly told is not correct or complete, more specifically some of the points defended are: that far fewer than around six million Jews were killed by the Nazis (numbers below one million, most often around 30,000 are typically cited); that there never was a centrally-planned Nazi attempt to exterminate the Jews; and/or that there were not mass killings at the extermination camps.
As the Holocaust is generally considered by historians to be one of the most documented events in recent history, these views are not accepted as credible by scholars, with organizations such as the American Historical Association, the largest society of historians in the United States, stating that Holocaust denial is "at best, a form of academic fraud"[49], nevertheless it would be naive to rely only on the "victors" recount of history and dismiss the long effect of war propaganda and indeed some more extremist movements, especially those that defend Zionism in using the event to promote their views and goals.
Holocaust deniers almost always prefer to be called Holocaust revisionists. Historical revisionism, in the original sense of the word, is a well-accepted and mainstream part of the study of history; it is the reexamination of accepted history, with an eye towards updating it with newly discovered, more accurate, and/or less biased information, or viewing known information from a new perspective. Claiming that revisionists deny the Holocaust is misleading, it puts all views against the status quo in a single label and simplifies it to the absurdity of negating the event.
Holocaust revisionists often further claim that Jews and/or Zionists know that the Holocaust never occurred as is commonly described, yet that they are engaged in a massive conspiracy to maintain the illusion of a Holocaust to further their political agenda. Claiming that the Holocaust is only about the capture and the genocide of Jews is an extremely partial view of the event, since it included millions of people in other groups, including Romani, Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, homosexuals, people with disabilities, Jehovah's Witnesses and other political and religious opponents, which occurred regardless of whether they were of German or non-German ethnic origin.
1 Methods used by "Negationists"/"Revisionists"
2 "Negationism" as anti-Semitism
4 Evidence of the Holocaust
4.1 Evidence for Hitler's complicity in the Holocaust
4.2 Evidence that gas chambers were used for killing
4.3 Evidence for the death toll
4.3.1 Six million figure
4.3.2 Jewish population
4.4 Nazi documentation
4.4.1 Testimonies
5 Body disposal arguments
5.1 Body Disposal at Auschwitz
5.2 Body Disposal Elsewhere
Methods used by "Negationists"/"Revisionists"Edit
Much of the controversy surrounding the claims of "Holocaust deniers" centers upon the methods used to present arguments that the Holocaust allegedly never happened. Numerous accounts have been given (including evidence presented in court cases) of claimed "facts" and "evidence"; however, independent research has shown these claims to be based upon flawed research, biased statements, and even deliberately falsified evidence. Opponents of "Holocaust denial" have compiled detailed accounts of numerous instances where this evidence has been altered or manufactured (see below, also see Nizkor Project). Evidence presented by Holocaust deniers has also failed to stand up to scrutiny in courts of law (see Fred A. Leuchter and David Irving), as well as never meeting the standards of independent peer-reviewed journals.
Ken McVay, an activist who works to counter such claims on the Internet, described the modus operandi of "Holocaust deniers" in a 1994 interview:
"They'll cite a historical text: 'K.K. Campbell says on page 82 of his famous book that nobody died at Auschwitz.' Then you go to the Library of Congress and look up K.K. Campbell, page 82, and what you find he really said was, 'It was a nice day at Dachau.' They get away with this because they know goddamn well most people don't have time to rush off to the Library of Congress. But people read that and say to themselves, 'Who would lie about such a thing when it's so easy to prove them wrong? They must be telling the truth.'" -- Eye magazine (online Web-based magazine), November 10, 1994
In some cases, while some facts presented are sound, the application of those facts to specific arguments is meaningless or distorted. For example, a plaque placed by the Soviet authorities at Auschwitz read that 4 million people had been killed at the death camp. Western historians never believed that figure, as estimates of the number of people killed at Auschwitz were consistently estimated at 1-1.5 million people. After the fall of the Communist government of Poland, the plaque was changed to 1.1 million victims. Holocaust deniers frequently argue that this proves that the numbers of the Holocaust were exaggerated, when the plaque was never part of any historian's calculations of victims at Auschwitz.[1]
In other cases it appears as though the conflation of facts is used to mislead. A frequently-used photo shows a fairly flimsy gas chamber door. The intent is to confuse the inept reader into believing that gas chambers could not be practically used for extermination, because the victims would break down the door rather than be executed. While the photo is a real gas chamber door, it is not a door that was known to be used on an extermination gas chamber; it is a door likely used on a de-lousing gas chamber.
"Negationism" as anti-SemitismEdit
Many publications and statements by Holocaust deniers have been marked by anti-Semitism. Critics of Holocaust denial have cited many examples where the arguments and proffered evidence have moved from neutral, scholarly presentations to blatant promotion of anti-Semitic ideas and conspiracy theories. As a brief search of the Internet for such terms will reveal, Holocaust deniers have frequently used terms such as "Zionist Collaborator" or "Jew-lover" to describe their opponents. On some internet forums, such as the comments page on YouTube, users claiming to be "revisionists" are so blatantly anti-Semitic that they use terms such as "Zionist liars." On the comments page for a YouTube video titled 'Auschwitz II - The Birkenau Experience: Journey into Hell,' one such user went as far as saying: "Behind every misery, war, lie, deception, bank, greed, and war crime, there is a motherfucking sub-human Jewish retard."
The continuing, persistent efforts by Holocaust deniers to portray mass killings as a mere fiction in the face of overwhelming evidence has led scholars and authorities to question their motives. "Why," it has been asked, "do people deny the Holocaust?" On July 24, 1996, a missive by Harold Covington (the leader of the National Socialist White People's Party) was sent via email to a number of neo-Nazi supporters (many of whom were Holocaust deniers). In this message, Covington explained Holocaust denial in a manner that has been used by its opponents and critics as a definitive answer to the question of why:
"Take away the Holocaust and what do you have left? Without their precious Holocaust, what are the Jews? Just a grubby little bunch of international bandits and assassins and squatters who have perpetrated the most massive, cynical fraud in human history...I recall seeing a television program on revisionism a few years ago which closed with Deborah Lipstadt making some statement to the effect that: the real purpose of Holocaust revisionism is to make National Socialism an acceptable political alternative again. I normally don't agree with anything a Jew says, but I recall exclaiming, 'Bingo! Got it in one! Give that lady a cigar!'" -- "On Revisionism" by Harold Covington (writing under the pseudonym Winston Smith), NSNet Bulletin #5, July 24, 1996
Burden of proofEdit
"Holocaust denial" is widely viewed as unreasonable because it has been observed many times that "Holocaust denial," or "negationism," fails to adhere to rules for the treatment of evidence, rules that are recognized as basic to rational inquiry.
To support a proposition or allegation, a claimant must offer evidence. The merits of this evidence, and the conclusion it can support, will depend on its nature; for example, hearsay would not normally be considered good evidence, but an eyewitness account would be. A second-hand story would not, but an official, dated and signed document testifying to the alleged incident would be. After evidence has been adduced, the claimant's case is then considered to have been made, and the evidence can be evaluated. The claimant's burden of proof has been carried. If an interlocutor would then like to call the claimant's evidence into question, that interlocutor will have to make a claim of his own -- for example, that this or that piece of evidence is a forgery. The burden of proof then shifts to the interlocutor, and the standard of proof will be commensurate with the surety with which the original claim was established. The claimant's evidence has, prima facie, whatever force it has in virtue of its merit as evidence. The interlocutor can't simply continue demanding more proof to answer any conceivable skeptical conjecture or hypothetical possibility he can invent to challenge the claimant; this raises the claimant's burden of proof to an unreasonable level.
In the case of the Holocaust, the survivors, eye witnesses, and historians may collectively be considered the claimants. The prevailing consensus among the informed is that their evidence is overwhelming, and that it proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the Holocaust occurred, and that it occurred as they say it occurred. It is unreasonable to ask the claimants to prove that their evidence is "really real" any more than they already have, unless there is some particular demonstrably credible reason for thinking that it is suspect. If "negationists" would like to cast doubt on this evidence, the burden of proof shifts to them, and they will have a very high standard to meet. They would have to prove, at least with a balance of probabilities, that the greater part of the entire body of evidence attesting to the Holocaust has been fabricated, misrepresented, or misconstrued by thousands upon thousands of critical evaluators. Until they can do that, they have not satisfied the rules for the treatment of evidence recognized to be integral to reason. In the meantime, "Holocaust denial" will continue to be recognized as an unreasonable position.
All of this makes "negationism" different from conspiracy theories generally speaking, since the latter aspire to play by the rules of evidence, but the evidence they adduce is judged poor. Holocaust deniers attempt to set unreasonable standards for evidence, so that they can judge the historian's evidence as poor. This is why "negationists" portray Holocaust scholarship as a conspiracy theory. Still, Holocaust denial is often accompanied by a conspiracy theory of a different sort, namely that Holocaust scholars are conspiring to depict what they allege to be a fictional event as if it were fact.
Evidence of the HolocaustEdit
Evidence of the existence of the Holocaust was well documented by the heavily bureaucratic German government itself. It was further well documented by the Allied forces who entered Germany and its associated Axis states towards the end of World War II. Among the evidence produced was film and stills of the existence of prisoner camps, as well as the testimony of those freed when the camps were entered.
The Holocaust was a massive undertaking that lasted for years across several countries, with its own command and control infrastructure. Although the Nazis made attempts to destroy the evidence of the Holocaust when they could see that their defeat was imminent, they left many tons of documents relating to the Holocaust. Due to the extremely rapid collapse of the Nazi forces at the end of the war, attempts to destroy evidence in Germany were for the most part unsuccessful.
After their defeat, many tons of documents were recovered, and many thousands of bodies were found not yet completely decomposed, in mass graves near many concentration camps. The physical evidence and the documentary proof included records of train shipments of Jews to the camps, orders for tons of cyanide and other poisons, and the remaining concentration camp structures. Interviews with survivors completed the picture.
As a result of the records produced, all mainstream historians agree that Holocaust denial is contrary to the facts of history.
Evidence for Hitler's complicity in the HolocaustEdit
Argument: There was no specific order by Adolf Hitler or other top Nazi officials to exterminate the Jews.
Report to Hitler detailing the executions of prisoners.
Holocaust deniers often cite the fact that there was never a blatant, unquestionable order written or signed by Adolf Hitler that specifically ordered the death of the Jewish populations of Germany or Poland. Critics counter this argument by noting that very few Nazi documents used such obvious terms as "murder" or "death" when addressing their actions. Almost always, they spoke and wrote with suggestive phrases such as "the final solution to the Jewish question" rather than "the destruction of the Jewish people." The most often-cited quotation from Hitler regarding the intention to eliminate the European Jewry comes from his January 30, 1939 speech to the Reichstag, where he is quoted as saying:
"Today I want to be a prophet once more: If international Jewish financiers inside and outside Europe again succeed in plunging the nations into a world war, the result will not be the Bolshevization of the earth and with it the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe." (Source: [2])
Provided here is a photographic image of a report from Himmler to Hitler regarding the executions of 363,211 Jewish prisoners in Nazi-occupied Białystok, Poland. This was presented as evidence during the Trials of War Criminals Before the Nürnberg Military Tribunals, of Hitler's knowledge and approval of the executions of Jews and other targeted groups. A translation of the report can be found by clicking on the image.
Evidence that gas chambers were used for killingEdit
Argument: Nazis did not use gas chambers to mass murder Jews. Small chambers did exist for delousing and Zyklon-B was used in this process.
There have been claims by Holocaust deniers that the gas chambers built to massacre civilians never existed, and the structures identified as gas chambers actually served other purposes.
One such claim, is that the "alleged" gas chambers at Auschwitz where actually morgues. However, much evidence contradicts the assertion that these chambers where in fact morgues. An inventory discovered after the liberation of the Auschwitz camp, revealed fourteen shower heads and one gas-tight door listed for the cellar in Krema III. On top of all of this, a memo prepared by the Auschwitz construction office on March 31, 1943 is available which reads:
"We take this occasion to refer to another order of March 6, 1943, for the delivery of a gas door 100/192 for Leichenkeller 1 of Krema III, Bw 30a, which is to be built in the manner and according to the same measure as the cellar door of the opposite Krema II, with peep hole of double 8 millimeter glass encased in rubber. This order is to be viewed as especially urgent."
"Revisionists" have yet to offer any credible explanation as to why a morgue would have an "urgent" need for 14 shower heads and one gas-tight door equipt with rubber encased peepholes made out of a double layer of 8 millimeter thick glass, especially in a room that is not connected to running water (as pointed out by Jean Claude Pressac.)
To add to this, another document, a memo from the Auschwitz construction office, dated January 29, 1943, explicitly refers to the cellar of Krema II as a "Vergasungskeller," or "gassing cellar," which most likely refers to an underground gas chamber. Holocaust denier Arthur Butz once claimed that "Vergasung" cannot refer to killing people with gas, but only to the process of converting a solid or liquid into gas. Therefore, he says the "Vergasungskeller," must have been a special room where the fuel for the Auschwitz ovens was converted into gas -- a "gasification cellar." However, this is invalid, given the fact that the Auschwitz ovens where fueled using solid fuel, specifically coke, and therefore did not require any gasification processes what so ever.
Due to the fact that this argument has fallen under intense scrutiny and failed to withstand, "revisionists" have started to alter their story. The majority of "revisionists" now claim that gas was not used to murder Jews and other victims, and that many gas chambers were also built after the war just for show. An often-quoted document advancing this theory is the "Leuchter Report" by Fred A. Leuchter, a paper stating that no traces of cyanide were found when he examined samples taken from one of the Auschwitz gas chambers in 1988. This paper is used to further a common debating tactic, namely the suggestion that because no traces of cyanide were found in 1988, then no cyanide was used at all in Auschwitz, over forty years earlier. Even with the difficulty of finding traces of this material 50 years later, in February of 1990, Professor Jan Markiewicz, Director of the Institute of Forensic Research in Kraków, redid the analysis.[3] Markiewicz and his team used microdiffusion techniques to test for cyanide in samples from the suspected gas chambers, from delousing chambers, and from control areas elsewhere within Auschwitz. The control samples tested negative, while cyanide residue was found in both the delousing chambers and the gas chambers. The amount of cyanide found had a great variability (possibly due to 50 years of exposure to the elements to varying degrees[4]), but even so, the categorical results were that cyanide was found where expected, and not in the control samples.
The cyanide used in Auschwitz and other extermination camps was created through activation of the pesticide Zyklon B, which was used to exterminate prisoners by the thousands. Further investigation into the death camps revealed that the most difficult part of the operation was the disposal of thousands of corpses after the executions had taken place; this required the construction of huge ovens to cremate the corpses.
Another claim made by Holocaust deniers is that there were no vents in the gas chambers through which Zyklon B could be inserted, in the words of Leuchter, "No holes - no Holocaust." The BBC offers a response showing that this requires disregard of much documentation:
Deniers have said for years that physical evidence is lacking because they have seen no holes in the roof of the Birkenau gas chamber where the Zyklon was poured in. (In some of the gas chambers the Zyklon B was poured in through the roof, while in others it was thrown in through the windows.) The roof was dynamited at war's end, and today lies broken in pieces, but three of the four original holes were positively identified in a recent paper. Their location in the concrete matches with eyewitness testimony, aerial photos from 1944, and a ground photo from 1943. The physical evidence shows unmistakably that the Zyklon holes were cast into the concrete when the building was constructed.[5]
Another piece of evidence Holocaust deniers frequently question is what happened to the ash after the bodies were cremated (see, for example the IHR's list of questions about the Holocaust). The amount of ash produced in the cremation of a person is about a shoebox full, and disposing of it was not difficult. Aerial photographs of Auschwitz indicate that some ash was piled into the nearby river and marsh, and there is well-documented evidence that other ash was used as fertilizer in nearby fields. Photographs of Treblinka taken by the camp commandant show ash piles being distributed by steam shovels.
A number of other common Holocaust denial claims about gas chambers rely on misdirection, similar to the Auschwitz plaque example given above. For example, the Institute for Historical Review has claimed that Holocaust testimony on gas chambers is unreliable, because, in the words of the IHR: "Hoss said in his confession that his men would smoke cigarettes as they pulled the dead Jews out of the gas chambers ten minutes after gassing. Isn't Zyklon-B explosive? Highly so. The Hoss confession is obviously false." This claim is clearly false, as the Nizkor Project and other sources has pointed out, the minimal concentration of Zyklon-B to be explosive is 56,000 parts per million, while the amount used to kill a human is 300 parts per million, as is evidenced in any common reference guide to chemicals, such as "The Merck Index" and the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics". In fact, the Nazis' own documentation stated "Danger of explosion: 75 grams of HCN in 1 cubic meter of air. Normal application approx. 8-10 grams per cubic meter, therefore not explosive." (Nuremberg document NI-9912)
Another example is the claim that "at Birkenau (part of Auschwitz), on the site of the so-called gas chamber and incinerator, there is not nearly enough rubble to represent the remains of a building that size." Historians point out that after liberation the local Polish farming population returned, and, needing materials to rebuild houses before winter, removed large amounts of re-usable bricks from the ruins. There is by the crematorium site a big pile of waste that the salvagers threw aside as they searched for usable bricks.
The Institute for Historical Review publicly offered a reward of $50,000 for verifiable "proof that gas chambers for the purpose of killing human beings existed at or in Auschwitz." Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz, submitted proof, which was then ignored. He then sued IHR and won the $50,000 reward, plus $40,000 in damages for personal suffering as well as having the court declare the occurrence of the Holocaust a legally indisputable fact.
External Link: Gassing as a "remedy" for Jews
External Link: A detailed refutation of the Leuchter-Report
Evidence for the death tollEdit
Argument: The figure of six million Jewish deaths is an irresponsible exaggeration, and many Jews who actually emigrated to Russia, Britain, Israel and the United States are included in the number.
Six million figureEdit
The figure "six million" (which refers only to Jewish victims, and is larger when counting the other ethnic, religious, and minority groups targeted for extinction) is often downgraded by claims to a figure of only one million deaths, or only three hundred thousand "casualties." Numerous documents archived and discovered after the war gave meticulous accounts of the exterminations that took place at the "death camps" (such as Auschwitz and Treblinka). Deniers claim that these documents are based on Soviet propaganda, primarily from Ilya Ehrenburg's Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, and are therefore unreliable.
Complicating the matter is that various instances have been reported where the death tolls of particular death camps were claimed to be overstated. Any possible ambiguity in death toll figures has been seized upon by deniers as evidence for their position. Deniers make the mistake of trying to show that debate on the exact number of deaths is somehow evidence that no one died at all. Nevertheless, the evidence for the large death figures quoted by mainstream sources is overwhelming.
A much-quoted instance of disputing the toll is the "Breitbard Document" (actually a paper by Aaron Breitbart), [6] which describes a commemorative plaque at Auschwitz to the victims that died there, which read, Four million people suffered and died here at the hands of the Nazi murderers between the years 1940 and 1945. In 1990, a new plaque replaced the old one. It now says, May this place where the Nazis assassinated 1,500,000 men, women and children, a majority of them Jews from diverse European countries, be forever for mankind a cry of despair and of warning. The lower numbers are due to the fact that the Soviets "purposely overstated the number of non-Jewish casualties at Auschwitz-Birkenau," according to the Simon Wiesenthal Center. Holocaust deniers seize on this discrepancy and insist that the number of Jews killed must be immediately brought down at least 2.5 million. If their presumption that historians had used this statistic to reach their overall estimate was correct and that all demographical statistics where inaccurate they would be partly right, however, they ignore the facts that
The 4,000,000 figure of the Soviets included almost 2,000,000 non-Jews.
Historians rarely if at all used the 4,000,000 figure in calculating the total number of Jews killed.
The widely quoted figure of "six million" was actually achieved through the use of demographical statistics, rather than by tallying the number of casualties per camp.
Jewish populationEdit
Deniers consider one of their stronger arguments to be the population of Jews before and after the Holocaust. They claim that the 1940 World Almanac gives the world Jewish population as 15,319,359, while the 1949 World Almanac gives the world Jewish population as 15,713,638. In their view this makes it impossible that 6 million Jews died, even given an extremely high birth rate. They therefore claim that either the figures are wrong, or the Holocaust, meaning the deliberate extermination of millions of Jews, cannot have happened.
In fact, the 1949 World Almanac gives two estimates for the world Jewish population: 11,266,600, sourced to the American Jewish Committe; and, in a separate table, the number that the deniers cite - which is, however, unsourced, and thus cannot be used to prove anything. Moreover, it revises its estimate of the World Jewish population in 1939 upwards, to 16,643,120. Thus, according to the 1949 World Almanac numbers based on the AJC's data the difference between the pre and post war populations is approximately 5,376,520.
In addition, rather than using more accurate census figures and other records, Holocaust deniers rely on a popular compendium whose methodology of assessment is unknown, and whose estimates have varied significantly. For example, the 1982 World Almanac gives the world Jewish population as 14,318,000, while the 1990 World Almanac gives the world Jewish population as 18,169,000, and the 1996 World Almanac gives the world Jewish population as 13,451,000. Either 3.7 million Jews appeared unnoticed between 1982 and 1990, and then 4.5 million Jews disappeared equally unnoticed between 1990 and 1996, or the World Almanac is not a particularly reliable source for accurate estimates of worldwide Jewish population.
Finally, Holocaust deniers are often very subjective when citing sources; other sources give very different figures for the Jewish population before and after the war. For example, the 1932 American Jewish yearbook estimate the total number of Jews in the world at 15,192,218, of whom 9,418,248 resided in Europe. However, the 1947 yearbook states: "Estimates of the world Jewish population have been assembled by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (except for the United States and Canada) and are probably the most authentic available at the present time. The figures reveal that the total Jewish population of the world has decreased by one-third from about 16,600,000 in 1939 to about 11,000,000 in 1946 as the result of the annihilation by the Nazis of more than five and a half million European Jews. In Europe only an estimated 3,642,000 remain of the total Jewish pre-war population of approximately 9,740,000."
This subjectivity, commonly stemming from biases or selectivity of available sources, usually means that Holocaust deniers often ignore the documents produced by the Nazis themselves, who used figures of between 9 and 11 million for the Jewish population of Europe, as evidenced in the notes of the Wannsee Conference. In fact, the Nazis methodically recorded the ongoing reduction of the Jewish population, as in the Korherr Report, which gave the status of the Final Solution through December, 1942:
The total number of Jews in the world in 1937 is generally estimated at around 17 million, thereof more than 10 million in Europe... From 1937 to the beginning of 1943 the number of Jews, partially due to the excess mortality of the Jews in Central and Western Europe, partially due to the evacuations especially in the more strongly populated Eastern Territories which are here counted as off-going, should have diminished by an estimated 4 million. It must not be overlooked in this respect that of the deaths of Soviet Russian Jews in the occupied Eastern territories only a part was recorded, whereas deaths in the rest of European Russia and at the front are not included at all.... On the whole European Jewry should since 1933, i.e. in the first decade of National Socialist German power, have lost almost half of its population.
Nazi documentationEdit
The Höfle Telegram.
The Nazis themselves documented many of their crimes. For example, the Höfle Telegram sent by SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle on January 11, 1943 to SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann in Berlin listed 1,274,166 Jews killed in the four camps of Aktion Reinhard during 1942 alone, while the Korherr Report compiled by an SS statistician, gave a conservative total of 2,454,000 Jews deported to extermination camps or killed by the Einsatzgruppen. The complete status reports of the Einsatzgruppen death squads were found in the archives of the Gestapo when it was searched by the U.S. Army, and the accuracy attested to by the former Einsatzgruppen members who testified during war crime trials and at other times. These reports alone list an additional 1,500,000 or so murders during mass shootings, the vast majority of these victims were Jews. Further, surviving Nazi documentation spells out their plans to murder the Jews of Europe (see the Wannsee Conference), recorded the trains arriving at various death camps, and included photographs and films of many atrocities.
TestimoniesEdit
The most telling evidence is the testimony of thousands of survivors of the Holocaust, as well as the testimony of captured Nazi officers at the Nuremberg Trials and other times. Holocaust deniers discount these testimonies claiming that these witnesses were tortured, or that Rudolf Hoess allegedly signed a "blood stained confession" written in a language he did not understand (English) or that the Nuremberg Trial did not follow proper judicial procedures. This argument again ignores publicly available material, including the fact that Hoess's testimony did not consist of merely a signed confession; he also wrote two volumes of memoirs before being brought to trial and gave extensive testimony outside of the Nuremberg proceedings. Further, his testimony agrees with that of other contemporary written accounts by Auschwitz officials, such as Pery Broad, an SS man stationed at Auschwitz while Hoess was the commandant and the diary kept by SS physician at Auschwitz Johann Kremer, as well as the testimony of hundreds of camp guards and victims.[7] The result is that Holocaust deniers have needed to construct an elaborate conspiracy theory involving a massive "Jewish plan" to plant forged documents across the continent of Europe, aided by the torture and forced confession of every captured Nazi officer, soldier, and worker who testified at the war crimes tribunal.
Sonderkommandos provide another key piece of testimony. There were Jewish prisoners who helped march Jews to the gas chambers, and later dragged the bodies to the crematoria. Since they witnessed the entire process, their testimony is vital in confirming that the gas chambers were used for murderous purposes and the scale to which they were used. [8]
Body disposal argumentsEdit
Body Disposal at AuschwitzEdit
Argument: The facility at Auschwitz II (Birkenau) did not have the means to dispose of the remains of the 1,100,000 alleged victims.
It is commonly claimed by Holocaust deniers that Auschwitz was incapable of disposing of the corpses of the estimated 1.1 million killed at the camp during its operation, so therefore the bodycount needs to be lowered considerably. This argument seldom stands to scrutiny, and is one of the more frequently disputed assertions made by holocaust deniers.
Robert Faurisson propagated a number of similar arguments, beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many of these arguments would be incorporated by Fred Leuchter, in The Leuchter Report. However, The Leuchter Report stood to little scrutiny, and Holocaust deniers turned to body disposal arguments and theories.
It is well known by most historians, that the Auschwitz Construction Agency, known as the Bauleitung, began to upgrade its body disposal system as to increase the camp's body disposal capabilities. In the summer of 1942, the Bauleitung started to build four new crematoria in the Birkenau area of the camp, also known as Auschwitz II. These four crematoria housed 46 coke fired ovens. Kremas II and III each had five triple muffle furnaces (15 ovens in each) while Kremas IV and V each had a single eight muffle furnace (eight ovens in each). Like the six ovens in the Auschwitz main camp, the 46 new ovens were built by the firm of Topf and Sons and used coke as fuel. None of these facts are disputed by deniers or their critics. These 46 new ovens, coupled with the 6 original ovens at Auschwitz I (main camp), made for a total of 52 ovens for Auschwitz-Birkenau, plus the burning pits which would later be employed during the camp's operation. In June of 1943, after the ovens had been in use for several months, a report was prepared by the Bauleitung on the capacity of the crematorium. The report placed the total capacity of all 52 Auschwitz ovens at 4,756 bodies per 24 hour day.
What is largely disputed by deniers is that the Bauleitung expanded the camp's body disposal capacity as to facilitate the industrial mass murder of hundreds of thousands of civilians, mainly Jews, and that the total capacity of all furnaces was as great as the Bauleitung suggested in the June 1943 report. Well known "revisionists" Carlo Mattogno and Arthur Butz give figures of around 1,000 bodies per day as the capacity of the Auschwitz furnaces.
"Revisionists" often theorize that factors other than mass murder account for the expansion of the body disposal facilities. One common theory, first proposed by Carlo Mattogno in 1994, is that typhus epidemics at the camp led to an abnormal death rate among the prisoners, and plans to expand the camps prisoner capacity to 200,000 accounted for the massive upgrades undertaken by the Bauleitung. Although Mattogno and other deniers often argue that a planned expansion of the camp to 200,000 was the main rationale behind the new crematoria, the Bauleitung began negotiating with firms for construction of the four crematoria in July 1942, while the first evidence of the planned expansion, is on August 15.
Obviously a plan to extend the camp's population to 200,000 would not have called for the construction of 46 additional ovens. During the first planned expansion of the Auschwitz camp in the summer of 1941, which called for 130,000 prisoners, there were only two double muffle furnaces, or four ovens in Auschwitz. The only plan for the installation of ovens coinciding with the camp's expansion, was to order another double muffle furnace in September 1941. This may give a true picture of the real cremation needs of the camp.
In 1944, the Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp in Austria underwent a similar expansion to the one proposed at Auschwitz, which denier Carlo Mattogno cites as being the catalyst behind the Bauleitung's expansion of the cremation facilities. This expansion made at Mauthausen allowed for the prisoner population to expand from 17,000 to 90,000. The only additions made to camp's crematorium deemed necessary by Mauthausen staff to facilitate this influx of prisoners, included the installation of two ovens to the additional one. Similarly in 1944, the Mauthausen-Gusen Complex expanded from two camps to three camps, and no additional ovens where installed.
A brief examination of the evidence would suggest that typhus would not have been a likely catalyst either. Less than 2.9915% of the deaths registered in the Auschwitz death lists between 1941 and 1945 where attributed to typhus. This is likely attributed to the fact that measures where taken on the part of the Auschwitz staff, to quell the epidemic, including massive delousing operations.
It can be inferred by examining the evidence, that neither the typhus epidemic nor the proposed expansion of the camp where likely catalysts for the new crematorium, contrary to deniers claims. It is also most probable given the evidence, that that the Auschwitz staff was infact preparing for the cremation of several hundred thousand corpses at the very least. This is backed up by various documents, including a letter dated October 13, 1942 from the head of the Bauleitung that reads: "As regards the construction of the new crematorium buildings, it was necessary to start immediately in July 1942 because of the situation caused by the special actions."
It is argued by deniers that "special actions" referred to anti-typhus operations. This is hardly valid, considering that effective measures against typhus would have been available to Auschwitz staff, which would imply that "special actions" involving the expansion of the crematorium would have hardly been necessary. As demonstrated by the available information, an expansion of the camp's prisoner capacity to 200,000 would hardly require the installation of 46 additional ovens in the name of "special actions." The expansion of the crematorium would imply that body disposal problems arose. Considering that body disposal problems where attributed to "the situation caused by the special actions," it can be inferred that "special actions" carried out by Auschwitz staff must have involved mass death on such a scale that it would be necessary to incinerate between 1,000 and 4,756 bodies per 24 hour day, which must imply mass killings.
Body Disposal ElsewhereEdit
Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Plume (The Penguin Group), 1994.
Richard J. Evans, Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial, Basic Books, 2002 ISBN 0-465-02153-0.
Holocaust Educational Resource (Nizkor)
The Holocaust History Project
Videos compiled by Holocaust deniers
False Prophets, Fake Skeptics: Holocaust denial in our time - by New England Skeptical Society, Hajime Tokuno, discusses the style of arguments used by holocaust deniers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust/Holocaust_denial&oldid=4193983"


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Coincidentally, I've been catching up with and revisiting Truffaut on my own lately. It started when I was putting together a birthday tribute to the French actress Francois Dorleac in March. Dorleac worked with several legendary European filmmakers in her brief but notable career – Philippe de Broca, Jacques Demy, Roman Polanski, Ken Russell - and Truffaut. I'd seen Polanski's Cul-de-sac (1966), Demy's The Young Girls of Rochefort (1967), and set out to find de Broca's That Man from Rio (1964), Russell's Billion Dollar Brain (1967) and Truffaut's The Soft Skin (1964). I'm still looking for That Man from Rio, but did manage to get my hands on Billion Dollar Brain and The Soft Skin.
The Soft Skin has never been one of Truffaut's better known films. When it screened at Cannes in 1964, the crowd booed and, in its time, the film was generally dismissed as conventional and disappointing. Following as it did on the heels of his innovative and much-admired earlier works - The 400 Blows (1959), Shoot the Piano Player (1960) and Jules and Jim (1962) - The Soft Skin was derided by some as Truffaut's bid for mainstream acceptance. Stuffy New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther, who famously fell badly out of step with the times in the '60s, called it "a curiously crude and hackneyed drama." However, as so often happens, with the passage of years came reassessment and The Soft Skin, though still relatively obscure among Truffaut's films, has gained a reputation among film buffs as one of his stronger efforts. A deceptively straightforward but suspenseful modern domestic drama, it deals with the sudden and ardent extramarital affair of a celebrated literary scholar, and features affecting performances by its two stars - Jean Desailly as the besotted intellectual and Francois Dorleac as the beautiful young thing of a flight attendant who turns his well-ordered life upside down. Georges Delerue, the award-winning composer who scored 11 Truffaut films, composed a striking score evocative of the frantic pace and emotional disconnect that marked the Space Age.
The Soft Skin was the first of four films in what is known as Truffaut's "Hitchcock cycle," a group of films he was working on at the time he conducted and published his now-famous interviews with the Master of Suspense, each of which reflects Hitchcock's influence. The Soft Skin was followed in the cycle by Fahrenheit 451 (1966), The Bride Wore Black (1968) and Mississippi Mermaid (1969). All but Fahrenheit 451 will be screened on TCM this month.
In June, when it aired as part of another TCM Friday Night Spotlight series, I recorded Shoot the Piano Player, Truffaut's inventive and completely charming New Wave classic. Unpredictable, by turns comic and tragic, its special charms are accentuated by a charismatic and perfectly cast star, Charles Aznavour, and Delerue's infectious, jazzy score. I found it irresistible and watched it twice in a sitting. This put me in the mood for yet more Truffaut, and I very soon revisited one of his early '70s classics, Oscar winner for Best Foreign Language Film, Day for Night (1973), a delightful celluloid homage to filmmaking, the great love of Truffaut's life.
TCM's Friday night series includes 21 Truffaut films, from The 400 Blows, his first feature, to his very last, Confidentially Yours (1983). See full program schedule below.
Click here to read Martin Scorsese's moving tribute to Francois Truffaut for TCM in his current "Scorsese Screens" column.
The Man Who Loved Women (1977) stars Charles Denner as Bertrand, a compulsive womanizer whose skirt-chasing has fateful consequences, with Brigitte Fossey and Leslie Caron.
I still have some catching up to do with Truffaut though I have seen SHOOT THE PIANO PLAYER,, MISSISSIPPI MERMAID,DAY FOR NIGHT, JULES & JIM, THE BRIDE WORE BLACK, THE 400 BLOWS and FARENHEIT 451.
I've seen about half of the films on the TCM schedule, John, and am anticipating watching all of them again as much as I am those I haven't seen before. Really looking forward to the Doinel films all at once tonight.
Truffaut is my favorite French filmmaker and this is another time I'm way too jealous because I don't have TCM. Anyway, some Truffaut films are airing her in June and maybe I'll have a chance to watch one new to me.
You're right, The Soft Skin is very unusual in hsi career, at least considering his prior films. He got more Hitchcockian with time.
Lê, It seems criminal to me that you don't have TCM, much as you love the classics. I haven't seen Mississippi Mermaid yet, but of the "Hitchcock cycle" films I have seen, The Bride Wore Black seems the most obviously Hitchcockian. Loved it when I first saw it - my introduction to Jeanne Moreau.
Lady Eve - thanks for the preview of these excellent Truffaut films. While I saw many of them in my youth I need to catch up again and see some of the illusive ones too. I taped Shoot the Piano Player also,not having seen it since it came out, but I've yet to get to the DVR.
As you indicate, these films will be a treat.
Christian, Truffaut films were art/revival house staples in my youth and I saw many of them then - and haven't seen most of those since. The Last Metro pops up on TV from time to time, but the others, rarely. I'm very pleased with TCM for scheduling the Truffaut Friday night spotlight just as I started revisiting him.
I'm stoked that there's going to be all of those Truffaut films that's coming in July as I've seen all of the Antoine Doinel films as well as The Bride Wore Black, The Last Metro, The Wild Child, and a short he did before The 400 Blows. I'm going to DVR the ones I haven't seen as he is now likely to become a future Auteurs subject for 2014.
My DVR is going be working overtime on Friday nights (starting in a little over an hour) this month - recording what I've seen and what I haven't. Most curious about the ones I haven't seen, of course: Mississippi Mermaid (Deneuve and Belmondo + it's a Hitchcock cycle film), The Green Room, The Woman Next Door and Confidentially Yours, plus the short films. If you blog on Truffaut, let me know, would love to get your take.
I have really been looking forward to seeing some of Truffaut films. I'm just now learning about him..
Dawn, Hope you're enjoying getting acquainted with Francois Truffaut. It was so much fun seeing The 400 Blows, Antoine and Collette, Stolen Kisses and Bed and Board in succession last night. This morning, Love on the Run. And some of his best work is still yet to come.
Thanks for the tip, Eve - I'm definitely going to record "The Soft Skin". Many of the listed films I saw in my callow youth, so they will be well worth checking out again.
MCB - It's a great line up and I'm recording everything. It's an interesting experience to see a film first viewed in youth after some decades have passed. I enjoyed watching several of Truffaut's films in a row (last night) and being thoroughly immersed in his style and themes.
I am so there. I am woefully deficient in my foreign film knowledge. There are so many of these films I want to see!
Chick, I love that TCM is airing more foreign films - and stars - of late. A couple of months ago several Alain Delon films were shown back-to-back and Catherine Deneuve will soon have her day as part of SUTS 2013. Hope you enjoy all the Truffaut - there is a gentleness in his work combined with sharp intelligence that is unique and very appealing.
Thanks for publicizing these films, Eve. Our French conversation group has decided to host a series of Truffaut movie nights at a local university in Fort Wayne, Indiana, this month. We have linked to you on our Web site.
Greg, What a wonderful idea for your group to host a Truffaut series - and thanks for linking me to your site.
I'm having the same kind of summer, Ruth, and my DVR is getting dangerously full...awfully glad this post inspires you to record some Truffaut on TCM - enjoy!
Thanks for posting on the Truffaut Festival at TCM! I have been beside myself. Truffaut was a big thing for me in my film school days, but there are so many of his more obscure films I've never seen. The last few Fridays have been bliss. Your post is a lot easier to navigate than the TCM schedule I get by email, and they don't have plot synopsis. So thanks for the service, alerting us all to this terrific filmmaker's works. Especially looking forward to seeing Caron in "The Man Who Loved Women."
Ken, I've been enjoying TCM's new Friday night spotlight series, but this month's spotlight on Truffaut is the best yet. TCM deserves a huge thank you for treating us to almost all of his films in the space of a month.


text:
var url_utils = require('url');
var qs = require('querystring');
var util = require('util');
var _ = require('lodash');
var moment = require('moment');

function functor(obj) {
    /**function:functor(obj)
    Coerce ``obj`` to a function.

    If ``obj`` is a function, return the function. Otherwise return
    a constant function that returns ``obj`` when called.

    :param Object obj:
        The object to coerce.
    */
    return typeof obj != 'function'
        ? function() { return obj; }
        : obj;
}

function maybe_call(obj, that, args) {
    /**function:maybe_call(obj, that, args)
    Coerce a function to its result.

    If ``obj`` is a function, call it with the given arguments and return
    the result. Otherwise return ``obj``.

    :param Object obj:
        The function to call or result to return.
    :param Object that:
        The value of ``this`` to bind to the function.
    :param Array args:
        Arguments to call the function with.
    */
    return typeof obj == 'function'
        ? obj.apply(that, args)
        : obj;
}

function inherit(Parent, Child) {
    /**function:inherit(Parent, Child)
    Inherit the parent's prototype and mark the child as extending the parent.

    :param Class Parent:
        The parent class to inherit and extend from.
    :param Class Child:
        The child class that inherits and extends.
    */
    util.inherits(Child, Parent);
    _.extend(Child, Parent);
    return Child;
}

function basic_auth(username, password) {
    /**function:basic_auth(username, password)
    Return an HTTP Basic authentication header value for the given username
    and password.

    :param string username:
        The username to authenticate as.
    :param string password:
        The password to authenticate with.
    */
    var hash = new Buffer(username + ":" + password).toString('base64');
    return 'Basic ' + hash;
}

function vumi_utc(date) {
    /**function:vumi_utc(date)
    Format a date in Vumi's date format.

    :param obj date:
        A value ``moment`` can interpret as a UTC date.
    */
    return moment(date)
        .utc()
        .format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss.SSSS');
}

function uuid() {
    /**function:uuid()
    Return a UUID (version 4).
    */
    return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(
        /[xy]/g,
        function(c) {
            var r = Math.floor(Math.random() * 16);
            var v = c == 'x' ? r : (r & (0x3 | 0x8));
            return v.toString(16);
        });
}

function starts_with(haystack, needle) {
    /**function:starts_with(haystack, needle)
    Return ``true`` if haystack starts with needle and ``false`` otherwise.

    :param string haystack:
        The string to search within.
    :param string needle:
        The string to look for.

    If either parameter is false-like, it is treated as the empty string.
    */
    haystack = haystack || '';
    return haystack.lastIndexOf(needle || '', 0) === 0;
}

function exists(v) {
    /**function:exists(v)
    Return ``true`` if v is defined and not null, and ``false`` otherwise.

    :param Object v:
        The value to check.
    */
    return typeof v != 'undefined' && v !== null;
}

function is_integer(v) {
    /**function:is_integer(v)
    Return ``true`` if v is of type number and has no fractional part.

    :param Object v:
        The value to check.
    */
    return typeof v == 'number' && v % 1 === 0;
}

function infer_addr_type(delivery_class) {
    /**function:infer_addr_type(delivery_class)
    Return the address type for the given delivery class.

    A ``delivery class`` is type of system that messages can
    be sent or received over. Common values are ``sms``, ``ussd``,
    ``gtalk``, ``twitter``, ``mxit`` and ``wechat``.

    An ``address type`` is a type of address used to identify a user
    and corresponds to a field on a :class:`Contact` object. Common
    values are ``msisdn``, ``gtalk_id`` and ``twitter_handler``,
    ``mxit_id`` and ``wechat_id``.

    If the ``delivery_class`` isn't know, the ``delivery_class``
    itself is returned as the ``address_type``.

    :param string delivery_class:
        The delivery class to look up.

    .. warning::

       The mapping of delivery classes to address types is a low-level
       implementation detail that is subject to change. Use higher-level
       alternatives where possible.
    */
    return {
        sms: 'msisdn',
        ussd: 'msisdn',
        gtalk: 'gtalk_id',
        twitter: 'twitter_handle',
        mxit: 'mxit_id',
        wechat: 'wechat_id'
    }[delivery_class];
}

function format_addr(addr, type) {
    /**function:format_addr(addr, type)
    Format an address as a standardized string.

    This function delegates to the formatter ``format_addr[type]`` or
    returns the address unchanged if there is no custom formatter.

    :param string addr:
        The address to format.
    :param string type:
        The address type for the address.
    */
    var formatter = format_addr[type] || _.identity;
    return formatter(addr);
}

format_addr.msisdn = function(addr) {
    /**function:format_addr.msisdn(addr)
    Canonicalize an MSISDN by adding a ``+`` prefix if one is not present.

    :param string addr:
        The MSISDN to format.
    */
    return '+' + addr.replace('+', '');
};

format_addr.gtalk_id = function(addr) {
    /**function:format_addr.gtalk_id(addr)
    Canonicalize a Gtalk address by stripping the device-specifier, if any.

    :param string addr:
        The Gtalk address to format.
    */
    return addr.split('/')[0];
};

function indent(s, opts) {
    opts = _.defaults({}, opts || {}, {indent: 4});
    var ws = _.times(opts.indent, _.constant(' ')).join('');

    return ws + s
        .split('\n')
        .join('\n' + ws);
}

function pretty(obj, opts) {
    opts = _.defaults({}, opts || {}, {indent: 4});
    if (_.isArray(obj)) { return pretty.array(obj, opts); }
    if (_.isPlainObject(obj)) { return pretty.object(obj, opts); }
    return '' + obj;
}

pretty.needs_indentation = function(obj) {
    return _.isArray(obj)
        || _.isPlainObject(obj);
};

pretty.in_array = function(obj, opts) {
    var s = pretty(obj, opts);
    if (!pretty.needs_indentation(obj)) { return s; }

    var ws = _.times(opts.indent - 2, _.constant(' ')).join('');
    return s
        .split('\n')
        .join('\n' + ws);
};

pretty.in_object = function(obj, opts) {
    var s = pretty(obj, opts);
    if (!pretty.needs_indentation(obj)) { return ' ' + s; }
    return '\n' + indent(s, {indent: opts.indent});
};

pretty.array = function(arr, opts) {
    return arr
        .map(function(v) {
            return ['-', pretty.in_array(v, opts)].join(' ');
        })
        .join('\n');
};

pretty.object = function(obj, opts) {
    return _.chain(obj)
        .map(function(v, k) {
            return [k, pretty.in_object(v, opts)].join(':');
        })
        .sort(function(a, b) {
            return a.length - b.length;
        })
        .join('\n')
        .value();
};

function normalize_msisdn(number, country_code) {
    /**function:normalize_msisdn(number, country_code)
    Normalizes an MSISDN number.

    This function will normalize an MSISDN number by removing any invalid
    characters and adding the country code. It will return null if the given
    number cannot be normalized.

    This function is based on the MSISDN normalize function found within the
    vumi utils.

    :param string number:
        The number to normalize.
    :param string country_code:
        (optional) The country code for the number.
    */

    // Remove invalid characters
    number = number.replace(/[^0-9+]/g, '');
    // Don't touch shortcodes
    if (number.length <= 5) return number;
    // Handle ``00`` case
    number = number.replace(/^0{2}/, '+');
    if(country_code){
        country_code = country_code.replace(/\+/g, '');
        // Handle ``0`` case
        number = number.replace(/^0/, ['+',country_code].join(''));
        // Add ``+``
        if(number.match('^' + country_code)) {
            number = ['+',number].join('');
        }
    }
    return (number.match(/^\+/)) ? number : null;
}

function url_params(url) {
    var query = url_utils.parse(url).query;
    return qs.decode(query);
}

function url_with_params(url, params) {
    var d = url_utils.parse(url);

    // https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/9070
    d.path = null;

    d.query = params;
    return url_utils.format(d);
}

function url_without_params(url) {
    var d = url_utils.parse(url);

    // https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/9070
    d.path = null;

    d.search = null;
    return url_utils.format(d);
}

function Extendable() {
    /**class:Extendable()

    A base class for extendable classes.
    */
}

Extendable.extend = function(Child) {
    /**class:Extendable.extend(Child)
    Create a sub-class.

    :param Class Child:
        The constructor for the child class.

    Example usage::

        var MyClass = Extendable.extend(function(self, name) {
            self.my_name = name;
        });

        var OtherClass = MyClass.extend(function(self, other) {
            MyClass.call("custom_name");
            self.other_var = other;
        });
    */
    var Parent = this;

    var Surrogate = function() {
        if (Child) {
            Array.prototype.unshift.call(arguments, this);
            return Child.apply(this, arguments);
        }
        else {
            return Parent.apply(this, arguments);
        }
    };

    return inherit(Parent, Surrogate);
};

var BaseError = inherit(Error, function(message) {
    /**class:BaseError()

    An extendable error class that inherits from :class:`Error`.

    Example usage::

        var MyError = BaseError.extend(function(self, message) {
            self.name = "MyError";
            self.message = message;
        });

    :class:`BaseError` copies ``.extend`` from :class:`Extendable`
    rather than inheriting it because it inherits from :class:`Error`
    already.
    */
    var self = this;
    Error.apply(self, arguments);
});
BaseError.extend = Extendable.extend;

var DeprecationError = BaseError.extend(function(self, message) {
    /**class:DeprecationError

    Thrown when deprecated functionality is used.
    */
    self.name = "DeprecationError";
    self.message = message;
});

this.functor = functor;
this.maybe_call = maybe_call;
this.inherit =inherit;
this.basic_auth = basic_auth;
this.vumi_utc = vumi_utc;
this.uuid = uuid;
this.starts_with = starts_with;
this.exists = exists;
this.is_integer = is_integer;
this.infer_addr_type = infer_addr_type;
this.format_addr = format_addr;
this.indent = indent;
this.pretty = pretty;
this.normalize_msisdn = normalize_msisdn;
this.url_params = url_params;
this.url_with_params = url_with_params;
this.url_without_params = url_without_params;
this.Extendable = Extendable;
this.BaseError = BaseError;
this.DeprectationError = DeprecationError;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Library Notices/
Useful information about the Reprographic Services
We would like to inform you about the changes in the reprographic services offered in the Library.
Read More o Useful information about the Reprographic Services
Olga Tokarczuk awarded Jagiellonian University honoris causa doctorate
On Thursday, October 7th, 2021, a formal meeting of the Senate of the Jagiellonian University will be held in the Assembly Hall of Collegium Novum, during which the Polish Nobel Prize winner Olga Tokarczuk is to receive an honorary doctorate.
Read More o Olga Tokarczuk awarded Jagiellonian University honoris causa doctorate
Registration for the academic year 2021/2022
Since October 1, 2021, the Jagiellonian Library has been registering readers for the academic year 2021/2022.
Read More o Registration for the academic year 2021/2022
Chopin on the UNESCO List
The Chopin autographs from the Jagiellonian Library collection have joined to the UNESCO 'Memory of the World'.
Read More o Chopin on the UNESCO List
Further changes in functioning of the Jagiellonian Library
Read More o Further changes in functioning of the Jagiellonian Library
Aktualna strona 1


The dream i have for the internet marketing is that one day less people will be seen in the streets, because internet marketing will take over everything, people will only be in their home no going out but they are recieving whatever they want..
Sure most people have started living such life of no going out but, i have a dream that one day so many people will indulge in that lifestyle because they will soon understand that with internet you dont need to go out and be facing lots of death traps, and conterminations of different diseases, coming from oral communications and airburne diseases etc..
Ideally I would like to market and sell an ebook. I just would like to supplement my income. I have written these in the past, but never my own. It would be nice to be able to sell a book that I wrote on a topic I was interested in. It would be very desirable actually.
You echoed my thoughts exactly here. We are kindred in this. I am trying to figure out how to best market my ebooks, and how to best profit from them. I have formatted several texts, and I am getting ready to launch promotional attacks with my blogs, but I am not sure how all this is going to go. Dare to dream, I guess. I am trying to write me own as well while getting offers as a freelance content writer from other clients.
I think starting with a fanpage on Facebook is the way to go if you don't have one already. I wish you well, and hope that it happens the way that you want it to. Hardwork and the right tools are key I think.
One good thing about an e-book is that it can still sell even if it was written a long time ago. That was the attraction for writing an e-book according to one writer who added that an e-book is easy to sell provided the price is cheap because no one will buy an expensive e-book. Another snag that you may encounter is that potential buyers would ask for your resume or writing experience and that can be insulting if you are a new writer.
I wish to earn around 100$ a day if not then 100$ a week. That way I can do many things and increase my savings. I had some of my issues with earning. But I am learning and applying my skills. Hopefully some day I can make that much money. And then consistently earn from the resources. For now the goal seems to be to be too good to be true. Hope things change for sure in later life.
How is this going so far? I think that this is doable; although, I am not even close to that yet myself. I won't go into detail about how much a week I am making online, and the work that goes into it--that might just be depressing; however, it seems that every other day I am finding new ways to make money here. In other words, I think that you will get there--I think that this is a very reasonable goal if you just don't give up on it. So take my words of encouragement, for what they are worth.
Wow, you sure do dream big, haha. That's very hard to achieve... but we will see in the future. My own personal dream that involves internet marketing is just to learn more about it and continue to be able to make money through it. I want to make more profit that I am currently making to the point that I don't have to work as much every single day and I can spend my time on other things like my friends and family. Internet marketing takes a lot of my time that I'd rather spend elsewhere if we lived in an ideal world! So, that's my dream.
I am currently also trying to earn £100 a day if I can which is $129.51 in USD. I am basically working more and more on my blogs and there click rate as so far am only earning £2 a day sometimes less.
My dream is to become a millionaire with just marketing online,A good marketer and make lots of money daily and automatically, This includes making money even when I'm offline.
let me say that the day when I will not have to connect every day to make money online then I will say my dream came true.
Seriously, I would like to get a better earning with internet marketing, but also, I would like to have more time for me and my family. Usually internet marketing takes a lot of my time and effort, at least to be successful. So, what can I do with plenty of money if I don't have time to even spend it. Not very fan of the idea of not leaving home, on the contrary, I like to go out and do some errands, in the end we are social beings, and we need human interaction, not just through a machine, but personally.
It's not actually my dream but a predictions of sorts that e-commerce or internet marketing will dominate the economy particularly in the trading of goods and services. I have to admit that I am not enamoured with online shopping yet although I occasionally buy something. My concern is the accuracy of the goods that I order and the issue of a return due to a defective product. We had experienced buying and receiving a product with a defect. It took more than 2 weeks for the turnaround. But with the development of the trading in online stores, I guess that online marketing will take at least 80% of the transactions in 5 years time, leaving offline marketing with a meager 20% of the volume.
True the field is always changing. And it's hard to succeed as a solo person. i think we just have to find out what we can do as a solo person.And then act on it. This way we won't have to be relying much on the marketing channels to burn the money. So in that direction, you can use internet marketing for many other uses. I think internet marketing is one of the hardest places to get into.
I feel always a personal business on online and I dream always that I will become rich by doing online works or freelancing works or internet marketing works. So I think myself as an affiliate marketer mostly and I think I can start any time affiliate marketing. SEOCLerk also have affiliate marketing section.
Another dream that I have would be that somehow I could significantly support my income with online marketing and networking while I continue to develop my writing and teaching career.
I always was an online writer, internet marketing is my recently discovered vocation. I started internet marketing to generate residual revenue. As an online writer, I would generate income only when I write. However, as an internet marketer, I would be earning even if I don't work every day. I have few blogs and ecommerce sites. I also have an affiliate stores. I want to make internet marketing my primary source of income.
I had been reading that affiliate thing and I'm really curious about it. However, my main line now is providing content to forums and I don't have spare time for affiliate marketing. But it looks attractive to me because I can see that many are into it. They say it's passive income or residual income. But whatever income it is, I would like to have a part of it.
Where can I get targeted email lists for my email marketing campaign?


text:
Added 07 July 2015 View full list Print version
The UK Chancellor of the Exchequer will announce a proposal in this week's Budget to allow large stores to open for extended periods on Sundays.
Is this a good move? What about the concerns about workers' rights, the ethics of placing economics above social values and the importance of family time?
Mal Fletcher spoke to these and other questions in an interview with Mike Parr on BBC Radio, along with fellow guest Dia Chakravarty of the Tax Payers Alliance
Click here to listen/download.
Your site is really informative. Thank you for investing in the future. Love from South Africa...
Iain, South Africa
Mal, you're truly a man for this generation. I have the CD of a message you preached in Minneapolis. My wife sent it to me it has blessed me.Thanks a lot.
Leslie, Nigeria
Thank you for such wonderful and heartfelt words about John Paul II. He stood and still stands for all that is good, and his "Voice for Life and Hope" will resound forever.
Gloria, United States