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On the computation of plate assemblies using realistic 3D joint model: a non-intrusive approach
Guillaume Guguin1,
Olivier Allix1,
Pierre Gosselet1 &
Stéphane Guinard2
Most large engineering structures are described as assemblies of plates and shells and they are computed as such using adhoc Finite Element packages. In fact their computation in 3D would be much too costly. In this framework, the connections between the parts are often modeled by means of simplified tying models. In order to improve the reliability of such simulations, we propose to apply a non-intrusive technique so as to virtually substitute the simplified connectors by a precise 3D nonlinear model, without modifying the global plate model. Moreover each computation can be conducted on independent optimized software. After a description of the method, examples are used to analyze its performance, and to draw some conclusions on the validity and limitation of both the modeling of junction by rigid connectors and the use of submodeling techniques for the estimation of the carrying capacity of bolted plates.
The simulation of large structures undergoing complex local nonlinear phenomena is still a major scientific and industrial challenge. One of the main difficulties originates from the difference of length scale between the global response of the structure and the localized phenomena. To address those problems a first type of computational approach is based on homogenization, as FE2 [1] but it works well as long as the scales are sufficiently separated. To overcome this limitation concurrent multiscale methods have been developed. They are often based on domain decomposition techniques like FETI [2], FETI-DP [3] or the LATIN multiscale method [4, 5] and its optimization for the multiscale treatment of nonlinear problems [6, 7].
Moreover most of large industrial structures are described as an assembly of plates and shells, whereas local phenomena often require 3D models to be properly analyzed. To deal with such problems, several methods have been applied or developed for the coupling of 2D and 3D models, like the Arlequin method [8, 9], transition elements [10, 11], MPCs approaches [12, 13] or Nitsche's method [14].
Most of these methods are quite demanding in terms of software development and therefore they are seldom used in industrial packages. To overcome these drawbacks, non-intrusive approaches have recently been proposed [15]. They are nowadays the subject of extensions and developments: thermoelasticity with GFEM/FEM coupling [16], crack propagation in XFEM/FEM coupling [17], stochastic simulations [18] and dynamics [19, 20].
In [21] a non-intrusive coupling between plate and 3D models was proposed in the case of linear behaviors. The present paper concerns the extension of this approach to the simulation of bolted assemblies of plates where bolts are described with full 3D nonlinear models. Such structures are good candidates for the iterative global-local non-intrusive strategy for two main reasons. First, the detailed computation of a tightened bolt with frictional contact on all surfaces is a very hard and time-consuming task to perform using commercial software. Second, the construction of the reference model, which would correspond to the assembly of a plate model and a 3D model for the bolt, would be very complex. The non-intrusive framework provides answers to both these problems. First, it allows the use of dedicated software for the local computations (in our case, COFAST a parallel software based on the LATIN domain decomposition method [22]). Second, it allows the easy coupling of a general Finite Element software (here Code_Aster from EDF) for the plate computation, with COFAST, because the global model is unchanged during the iterative process. These properties were exploited in [23] for the simulation of damage in composite laminates at the meso and the micro scales using dedicated pieces of software.
The non-intrusive framework aims at solving the reference problem iteratively, by solving at each iteration both the global problem with prescribed residual traction at the interface and the local nonlinear problems submitted to prescribed displacement. Several techniques have been proposed to improve the convergence rate of the method by means of acceleration techniques [15, 17, 24] or improved interface conditions [25]. The method has therefore common points with so called nonlinear domain decomposition methods (or nonlinear relocalization techniques) [26, 27] which proved their efficiency and gain in robustness in the case of buckling [28], post-buckling [29] and damage analysis [30, 31]. Other proposals have been made to take into account the fact that the phenomena of interest are localized, aiming at a better representation of the target model [16, 32, 33].
The paper is organized as follows. In "The reference problem" section, a summary of the reference problem corresponding to the coupling of 2D and 3D models according to [21] is presented. The non-intrusive algorithm is presented in "The non-intrusive iterative algorithm" section. In "Analysis of the iterative corrections at the global and local levels" section, the results of the iterative coupling are analyzed in the case of a bolted joint. These results are compared to those corresponding to the plate solution and to the submodeling technique. In "Control of some parameters of the method and acceleration technique" section, the influence of some parameters is assessed regarding the rate of convergence of the iterative process and regarding the accuracy of the coupled model compared to a full 3D solution.
The reference problem
We consider the typical problem of two plates connected by a bolt. Starting from a simplified model of the assembly using plates elements and a simple connector (typically a beam), our aim is to perform the non-intrusive substitution of the connector by a full 3D model of the bolt. A sketch of the two models is presented in Fig. 1. In what follows lower case Greek characters are used to describe the geometry of the plates whereas capital Greek characters are used for the geometry of the 3D domains: any 3D domain \(\Omega _X\) possesses a plate counterpart \(\omega _X\), so does any interface \(\Gamma _Y\) whose plate counterpart is written \(\gamma _Y\).
Left, global model: two plates assembled by one 1D connector. Right, local model: full representation of the bolt with surrounding plates
The target hybrid model, which will be precisely defined in this section, corresponds to plate models connected by a full 3D model of the bolt. At the convergence of the iterations, the solution of the hybrid model is obtained, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Let us note that since the problem is symmetric [in the \((\underline{e}_x,\underline{e}_z)\) plane] only half of the bolt is computed and shown on the figure.
Deformed shape of the targeted coupled problem
The plate model
The global plate model is the assembly of two plates, \(\omega ^{inf}\) and \(\omega ^{sup}\) respectively the lower plate and the top plate, and a rigid connector between them \(\omega ^{conn}\) Fig. 1 (left). The plates are 20 mm thick and 280 mm long. The lower plate is 160 mm wide whereas and the top plate is 80 mm wide. In order to simplify the presentation, the plates are assumed to be made out of homogeneous isotropic linear elastic material with Young modulus \(E =200\) GPa and Poisson ratio \(\nu = 0.3\); the handling of orthotropic composite plates is explained in [21].
The lower plate \(\omega ^{inf}\) is clamped on the part \(\gamma ^{inf}_{0}\) of its boundary and a prescribed tension displacement (\(\underline{e}_x\) direction) is applied on the part \(\gamma ^{sup}_{L}\) of the top plate's boundary, Fig. 1:
$$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{lll} \underline{U} &{}= \underline{0} &{} \quad \text {on}\; \gamma ^{inf}_{0}\\ \underline{U} &{}= U\,\underline{e}_{x} &{} \quad \text {on}\; \gamma ^{sup}_{L} \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$
Note that this tension is applied after preload (tightening) was applied to the bolt (see the description of the patch).
A classical Reissner-Mindlin plate formulation is used, and the contact is not taken into account at this stage. The kinematic is given by:
$$\begin{aligned} \underline{U}(m,z)=\underline{V}(m) + w(m)\underline{e}_z - \underline{e}_z\wedge \underline{\theta } = \underline{V}(m) + w(m)\underline{z} - z \begin{bmatrix} \theta _{y}(m)\\ -\theta _{x}(m) \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned}$$
where \(m \in \omega ^{inf} \cup \omega ^{sup}\) is a point of the mid-surface of the plates and \(\underline{e}_z\) the normal direction (in the thickness). The stress in the plates is described with the eight generalized forces (\(\underline{\underline{N}}\) tension, \(\underline{\underline{M}}\) bending, \(\underline{Q}\) shear):
$$\begin{aligned} \mathbb {F} = \left( N_{xx},N_{yy},N_{xy},M_{xx},M_{yy},M_{xy},Q_{x},Q_{y} \right) \end{aligned}$$
Since the connector will ultimately be virtually replaced by the 3D model described in next subsection, a very crude connector is chosen: a perfectly rigid beam element surrounded by a rigid region of the size of the bolt (20 mm) in order to avoid localization around one node, see Fig. 3.
Beside its simplicity, this connector has the advantage to be very rigid compared to its 3D counterpart, which is a sufficient condition to ensure the convergence of the coupling algorithm [15, 34].
The definition of the connector
The 3D patch
The local patch is designed to replace the connector. Thus, a full 3D representation of the bolt is used with unilateral frictional contact interfaces between each part of the assembly. The dimensions of the bolt are given in Fig. 4a. The problem being symmetric, only half of the bolt is computed. The material used for the screw and the nut is linear elastic with Young's modulus \(E=300\) GPa and Poisson's ratio \(\nu =0.3\). Coulomb's friction coefficient is equal to 0.3 on all interfaces.
To solve this model, we use the dedicated contact solver COFAST, developed in the LMT-Cachan by Champaney [22]. This software uses the LATIN method [35] where interfaces between subdomains are the support of the contact conditions, see Fig. 4b.
3D representation of the bolt. a Dimensions of the bolt. b COFAST modeling
Note that before coupling with the global problem, preload is applied by enforcing relative displacements between the nut and the screw. It is adjusted to match realistic values of tension in the screw (200 MPa).
Connections between the models
The plates \(+\) connector model describes the entirety of the structure and occupies the (2D \(+\) 1D) domain \(\omega \). The 3D model of the bolt occupies what we call the zone of interest \(\Omega _I\). In the original method [15], the coarse modeling of \(\omega _I=\omega \cap \Omega _I\) was simply replaced by \(\Omega _I\) through iterations; in [21], it was shown that because of the edge effects which affect plate solutions, it is interesting to introduce a zone of transition between the two models.
This idea is sketched in Fig. 5: the 3D model is the only one taken into account in the inner zone of interest \(\Omega _{\widetilde{I}}\subset \subset \Omega _I\), the plate model is the only one taken into account in the outer complement zone \(\omega _{\widetilde{C}}\subset \subset \omega _C\), there exists an overlap \(\Omega _I\cap \omega _C\) also called buffer zone where the two models are equivalent in a certain sense.
Two interfaces are defined: \(\gamma _{I}=\partial \Omega _{I}\cap \omega _{C}\) and \(\gamma _{C}=\partial \omega _{C}\cap \Omega _{I}\). In order to simplify the example, regular and ruled quadrilateral meshes are used along the interfaces. Thus, \(\gamma _I\) and \(\gamma _C\) are straight lines between two conforming meshes, see Fig. 6.
The domain decomposition with overlap and the interfaces
The substituted solution is expressed with the following form:
$$\begin{aligned} \underline{u}^{hyb} = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \underline{u}^{L} &{} \text { in } \, \Omega _{I} \text { solves the 3D equations} \\ \underline{u}^{G} &{} \text { in } \, \omega _{C} \text { solves the plate equations} \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$
and it satisfies the following transmission conditions (in a sense which is made more precise afterwards):
$$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \underline{u}^{L} \text { and } \underline{u}^{G} \text { are continous on }\Gamma _I \\ \text {3D stress and plate generalized forces are balanced on }\gamma _C \\ \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$
To be more specific, let us assume that a finite element discretization is used: \(\mathbf {u}^G\) is the vector of plate unknowns defined on \(\omega \), \(\mathbf {u}^L\) is the vector of 3D unknowns defined on \(\Omega _I\), \(\mathbf {f}_{ext}\) stands for the generalized forces (they include the effect of imposed displacements), \(\mathbf {K}\) for the stiffness matrices, and \(\mathbf {f}_{int}\) for the internal forces (work of the stress field in the finite element subspace).
The global plate model is enriched by an extra loading \(\varvec{\delta }\) which is only non-zero on the degrees of freedom of the interface \(\gamma _C\) (the values of \(\varvec{\delta }\) are determined by the coupling algorithm). The global plate model equilibrium thus can be written as:
$$\begin{aligned} \mathbf {K}^G \mathbf {u}^G = \mathbf {f}_{ext}^G + \varvec{\delta } \end{aligned}$$
Note that the assumption of a linear global model simplifies the explanation and speeds up the solving (because the factorization is done only once) but it is not a requirement of the coupling algorithm.
Definition of the size of the local model and of the buffer zone
The local 3D equilibrium submitted to boundary conditions inherited from the plate computation can be written as:
$$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \mathbf {f}_{int}^L(\mathbf {u}^L) = -\mathbf {f}_{ext}^L \quad \text {in } \Omega _{I} \\ \mathbf {u}^{L} = \mathbf {R}\mathbf {u}^{G} +\mathbf {w}^G(\mathbf {u}^{G}) \quad \text {on } \Gamma _{I} \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$
Matrix \(\mathbf {R}\) represents the classical 3D rigid section movements. It enables to express the 3D Reissner-Mindlin kinematic from the plate degrees of freedom (\(\mathbf {u}^G\)). Because the rigid section kinematic is a very coarse hypothesis, we supplement it with warping displacements \(\mathbf {w}^G(\mathbf {u}^{G})\), proportional to the plate stress state. To be more precise, the applied displacement on \(\Gamma _I\) has the following form:
$$\begin{aligned} \underline{u}^{L}(m,z)=\underset{\mathbf {R}\mathbf {u}^{G}}{\underbrace{\underline{u}(m) + w(m)\underline{e}_z - \underline{e}_z\wedge \underline{\theta }}}+ \underset{\mathbf {w}^G(\mathbf {u}^{G}) }{\underbrace{\sum _{i=1}^8 {\underline{\mu }^{I}_i(z)\mathbb {F}_i^{\widetilde{C}}}}} \end{aligned}$$
with \((\mathbb {F}^{\widetilde{C}}_i)\) the eight generalized forces extracted along the interface \(\gamma _I\) (3). \((\underline{\mu }^I_i(z))\) is the basis of warping adapted to the stacking and materials which was determined before the computation by solving preliminary problems [21]. These preliminary problems conducted on a 3D representative volume element of the composite plate enable us to compute distributions of stress and displacement (warping) associated with any solution of Saint-Venant problems. In turn, Saint-Venant problems are associated with specific components of the plate generalized stresses.
From the global and local computations, it is possible to post-process the plate and 3D nodal reactions on the \(\gamma _C/\Gamma _C\) interface:
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{ll} &{} \varvec{\lambda }^{C} = \left( \mathbf {K}^{C}_{|\omega _C}\mathbf {u}^G - \mathbf {f}^{C}_{ext|\omega _C}\right) _{|\gamma _C} \\ &{}\varvec{\lambda }^{L} = -\left( \mathbf {f}_{int|\Omega _{\widetilde{I}}}^{L}(\mathbf {u}^{L}) +\mathbf {f}_{ext|\Omega _{\widetilde{I}}}^{L}\right) _{|\Gamma _C} \end{array} \end{aligned}$$
Finally the balance of the nodal reactions is enforced on the static plate quantities, thanks to the transpose operator \(\mathbf {R}^T\) which enables to compute the generalized forces associated to the 3D nodal reactions \(\varvec{\lambda }^L\):
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{\lambda }^{C} + \mathbf {R}^{T}\varvec{\lambda }^{L} =0 \end{aligned}$$
In spite of the care taken to recover the 3D boundary conditions on \(\Gamma ^I\) from plate quantities, small edge effects may occur, in particular in the case of stratified plates where suppressing edges effects require high order theories which are not always available in finite element analysis software or which could difficultly be implement in a non-intrusive manner. The role of the buffer zone (the overlap between \(\Omega ^I\) and \(\omega ^C\)) is then to dampen these edge effects and make the evaluation of the 3D stress reliable on \(\Gamma ^C\). In the example below, the size of the buffer zone is set to \(b=5\) mm, which was sufficient to absorb the local artificial effects. It corresponds to four elements between the two interfaces \(\Gamma _{C}\) and \(\Gamma _{I}\). The dimension b is represented on Fig. 6, together with dimension L which characterizes the size of the 3D domain of interest \(\Omega _I\). L corresponds to the size of the part of the 3D domain which is not strictly necessary to represent the bolt correctly but which was inserted as a way to keep the 3D/2D transition away from the zone dominated to by 3D effects.
The non-intrusive iterative algorithm
The system (6, 7, 8, 9) can be interpreted as finding the traction \(\varvec{\delta }\) to be imposed to the global plate model on the inner interface \(\gamma _C\) in order to generate a reaction \(\lambda ^C\) in balance with the reaction of the inner zone of interest submitted to the recovery of the plate displacement on its boundary \(\Gamma _I\).
Starting from \(\varvec{\delta }_0=0\), this can be achieved through the following iterations:
Run a global plate analysis with extra load \(\varvec{\delta }\):
$$\begin{aligned} \mathbf {u}^G_n = {\mathbf {K}^G}^{-1}\left( \mathbf {f}_{ext}^G + \varvec{\delta }\right) \end{aligned}$$
Post-process the reaction on \(\gamma _C\):
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{\lambda }^{C}_n = \left( \mathbf {K}^{C}\mathbf {u}^G_{n|\omega _C} - \mathbf {f}^{C}_{ext}\right) _{|\gamma _C} \end{aligned}$$
Recover the 3D displacement on \(\Gamma _I\):
$$\begin{aligned} \mathbf {u}^{L}_{n|\Gamma ^I} = \mathbf {R}\mathbf {u}^{G}_{n|\Gamma _I} +\mathbf {w}^G(\mathbf {u}^{G})_n \end{aligned}$$
Solve the local problem with imposed displacement on \(\Gamma _I\):
$$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \mathbf {f}_{int}^L(\mathbf {u}^L_n) +\mathbf {f}_{ext}^L =0 \\ \mathbf {u}^{L}_{n|\Gamma _I} \text { given} \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$
Post-process the local reaction of \(\Gamma _C\):
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{\lambda }^{L}_n = -\left( \mathbf {f}_{int}^L(\mathbf {u}^L_n) +\mathbf {f}_{ext}^L\right) ^{\widetilde{I}}_{|\Gamma _C} \end{aligned}$$
Compute the residual on \(\gamma _C\):
$$\begin{aligned} \mathbf {r}_n=\varvec{\lambda }^{C}_n + \mathbf {R}^{T}\varvec{\lambda }^{L}_n \end{aligned}$$
If residual is small enough then exit, else update the extra load:
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{\delta }_{n+1|\gamma _C} = \varvec{\delta }_{n|\gamma _C} - \mathbf {r}_n \end{aligned}$$
and go back to 1.
One important point is that the global step 1 and the local step 4 can be processed with different software. For the test-case developed here, Code_Aster is used for the global plate problem, and COFAST3D is used for the local 3D contact problem.
In the end the local/global method is a fixed point algorithm similar to a modified Newton algorithm. The rate of convergence of this algorithm can be quite slow. However acceleration techniques can be applied:
quasi-Newton acceleration like SR1 algorithm [25] or BFGS,
dynamic relaxation like Aitken's algorithm (\(\Delta ^2\)) [24],
mixed boundary conditions [25],
Krylov solvers (only in the linear case) [34].
Based on [34], it appears that, among those methods, SR1 "Quasi-Newton acceleration" technique leads to better performance while being simple to implement in a non-intrusive manner.
Note that running one global analysis (step 1) followed by a local reanalysis with given Dirichlet conditions (steps 3–4) without iterations corresponds to the industrialists' practice called submodeling (or sometimes structural zoom). Such an approach is "purely descending" in the sense that there is no feedback from the local computation towards the global scale.
Analysis of the iterative corrections at the global and local levels
In order to evaluate the convergence of the algorithm, the relative norm of the residual at iteration i is defined as:
$$\begin{aligned} r^{rel}_i = \frac{\Vert \varvec{\lambda }^{C}_i + \mathbf {R}^{T}\varvec{\lambda }^{L}_i \Vert _{2}}{\Vert \varvec{\lambda }^{C}_i \Vert _{2}} \end{aligned}$$
In this section, the corrections associated with the coupling along the iterations are analyzed for the fixed-point algorithm (i.e., without acceleration techniques) with convergence threshold set to \(10^{-6}\) which is clearly enough for mechanical quantities to have converged.
A typical convergence curve is shown Fig. 7a. This curve shows that the convergence is more or less independent of the level of nonlinearity in the bolt (weak for the first global time step, strong for the last one). This type of result is typical of nonlinear relocalization methods [28,29,30,31]. Let us note that, as shown in Fig. 7b, four global time steps are used for the plate computation, which appears to be sufficient, see "Control of some parameters of the method and acceleration technique" section. Anyhow, sub-stepping is used for the computation of the bolt; balance between the local and global model is only reached at the global time steps in Fig. 7b. For more involved problems, a better control of the global time steps and of the local sub-stepping process could be obtained using error indicators on the time discretization like in [36].
Convergence of the fixed-point algorithm: a Relative norm of the residual. b Evolution of one component of the global and local nodal reactions
With the proposed technique, for each global increment the first iteration corresponds to a classical submodeling approach: this enables us to easily measure the quality of a that approach, which is a question often raised by engineers. In this application, the level of the error of the submodeling approach is about \(25\,\%\).
Global effect of the correction
Effect of the preload of the bolt
The global effect of the tightening of the bolt cannot be predicted using a plate theory because the associated forces are equal to zero. Nevertheless this tightening has a non-negligible global effect as can be seen in Fig. 8.
Effect of the tightening (preload): value of the \(\mathbf {N}_{xx}\) component of the plate stress tensor
Additional global effects of the bolt on the plate solution
After the preload of the bolt, the plate is loaded in tension, in four global time steps. The analysis of the number of global increments is presented in "Control of some parameters of the method and acceleration technique" section. The global solution is modified along the iterations to match with the 3D model of the bolt, as can be seen on Fig. 9 which shows the values of the transverse displacement in the mid-section of the plate for the initial plate solution and the corrected one.
One can notice that the correction increases with the time steps, and it becomes significant for the third step and very large for the last one. This is of course due to the fact that for the first two time steps the bolt acts more or less as a 3D rigid connector. Whereas the sliding of the bolt becomes significant for the third time step. During the last stage of the loading loosening of the bolt happens, as can be checked from the local analysis of the solution presented in the next sub-section. Let us recall that the initial plate solution also corresponds to what would be obtained by a submodeling approach since submodeling only improves the local reanalyzed area.
Deformation of the plates, before and after iterations
Local effect of the correction
In this section the solution within the bolt is compared for three different approaches: a reference full 3D simulation, a submodeling approach and the mixed 2D–3D model with \(L=0\) (minimal size of the local 3D model) obtained at the convergence of the iterations (convergence threshold is \(10^{-6}\)).
For example Fig. 10 shows the comparison of the \(\sigma _{xz}\) stress field between the submodeling solution, the hybrid solution and the reference one. It can be seen that the solution associated with the non-intrusive approach matches very well the 3D reference solution while the submodeling gives inaccurate results inside the screw where the shear stress is greatly underestimated.
Transverse shear stress disbribution: reference (top), converged 2D–3D solution (middle), submodeling (bottom)
We now compare global quantities associated to the bolt (like the amount of dissipation due to sliding or the global axial component of the force acting on the joint) as well as local quantities (like the pointwise values of the sliding) for the three models. On Fig. 11a, b, local stress quantities are extracted on a point defined on Fig. 11d. It appears that the relative residual provides an efficient indicator for the errors on global quantities. Typically the submodeling leads to 20 % of error on the dissipation (see Fig. 11c). Note that the error committed by submodeling on local quantities can be much larger. In comparison, the converged 2D–3D solution and the full 3D solution are quite close.
Comparison between full 3D, submodeling and 2D–3D approaches. a Response of the bolt on \(\Gamma _C^{sup}\). b \(N_{xx}\) vs sliding near the hole. c Dissipation between the plate. d Extraction points
Figure 12 presents the sliding obtained by the converged 2D–3D model; it matches the 3D reference (few percents of deviation on the maximal sliding). On the contrary, the submodeling approach underestimates the sliding especially for the third and fourth global time steps, as can be seen on Fig. 13 where the error on the maximal sliding is more than \(30\,\%\).
Sliding at each global time step of the converged solution (mm). a Step 1; b Step 2; c Step 3; d Step 4
Maps of the difference of sliding between converged and submodeling solutions at each global time step (mm). a Step 1; b Step 2; c Step 3; d Step 4
To conclude, the coupling approach seems reliable contrarily to the submodeling approach for which the level of error is 20–25 % on global quantities and can be much more for local quantities of interest. The lack of conservatism of the submodeling extends similar results obtained in previous studies on localized plasticity or buckling for example.
Control of some parameters of the method and acceleration technique
As already discussed several parameters can be tuned for the non-intrusive 2D–3D coupling strategy:
the number of global time steps,
the choice of the position of the interface in the global model (dimension L in Fig. 6),
the width of the buffer zone (dimension b in Fig. 6).
The size of the buffer zone has been chosen from our experience on the 2D–3D coupling involving composite plates and orthotropic plies [21], in order to minimize the problem of artificial edge effects between the two models. Besides the parameters of the nonlinear solver used for the bolt computation have been tuned in order to ensure a high precision according to dedicated papers like [22].
Influence of the number of global time steps
The number of time steps has been simply chosen on the basis of the comparison of solutions, starting from one global time step and increasing this number. On Fig. 14, a comparison between 1, 2 and 4 time steps is shown. The solutions with 2 and 4 time steps are considered here as quite close, whereas the one using only one time step deviates largely in the middle of the load sequence. Let us note that the use of large time steps at the global level is made possible thanks to the chosen algorithm with nonlinear localization. Indeed the possibility to use sub-stepping at the local scale greatly reduces the potential difficulties of convergence.
Comparison of solutions for different number of global time steps. a Observation of the bolt response on \(\Gamma _C^{sup}\). b \( N_{xx}\) vs sliding near the screw
Influence of the position of the interface between the 2D and the 3D models
The question of the position of the interface raises in fact the question of the validity of the plate theory with respect to the 3D theory and has been largely discussed in [21]. From what is known on the validity of the plate and shell theories, in the case of isotropic materials, one expects the 2D–3D model to be a good approximation of the 3D reference, for an interface situated from the bolt at a distance superior to the thickness of the plate. It is therefore interesting to analyze the influence of the position of the interface and to compare the cases of \(L=0\) mm and \(L=15\) mm (see Fig. 6).
From a global point of view, the final deformed shapes of the corrected solutions in Fig. 15c are very close in the common plate domain. They only slightly differ in the local area of interest which are different for the two models.
From a local point of view, on Fig. 15b, both cases give close results. This is confirmed when analyzing the difference of the shear stress within the bolt \(\Delta \sigma _{xz} = \sigma _{xz}^{conv} - \sigma _{xz}^{0}\), as shown in the Fig. 16. As already analyzed, if for the first two steps, most of the differences are localized around the nut, during the sliding phase the correction mostly concerns the nut itself. Figure 17 shows the evolution of the local tangential jump with respect to the prescribed displacement. This is an interesting quantity in order to observe the initiation of the sliding. The 2D–3D models give close predictions for both values of L. They are much more closer to the reference than what is predicted by the simple submodeling.
On the Fig. 15a, it appears, as expected, that a larger number of iterations has to be carried out when the interface is located on the bolt boundaries (\(L=0\)). This effect of the interface location on the convergence rate is corrected when using a SR1 acceleration technique as can be seen in the next subsection.
Comparison of the results for \(L=0\) mm and \(L=15\) mm. a Residual during the iteration, b \(N_{xx}\) vs sliding near the hole, c axial displacement
Error in the local domain for two positions of the interface and at each time step
Sliding between the two plates near the nut for different configurations
Quasi-Newton acceleration
A final component of the non-intrusive substitution is the implementation of acceleration techniques. In that context, the SR1 quasi-Newton acceleration was tested in [25], and the Aitken Delta-2 dynamic relaxation method in [17]. For this study, we only implement SR1 acceleration.
Effect of the SR1 acceleration on the global–local rate of convergence
Figure 18 presents convergence plots. The convergence is roughly three times faster with SR1. Moreover the rate of convergence is almost independent from the load step and the position of the interface. This property can be explained by the fact that the corrections induced by the SR1 acceleration technique are adapted to take into account the main differences between the 2D and 3D models.
In this paper, a non-intrusive coupling between plate models and 3D models [21] has been extended to deal with the precise computations of bolted plates: the plate model with simplified connector was coupled with a full 3D nonlinear model of the bolt. The flexibility of the method was exploited to easily define the coupled model and to use of two dedicated pieces of software: Code_Aster for the plate computations, and COFAST3D for the nonlinear computation of the bolt (including many surfaces of friction).
The proposed technique enabled us to analyze the possibilities and limits of the use of plate connectors and submodeling approach in that case. It appears that, even when the bolt response is globally linear, the 3D effects induced by the bolt largely modify the plate solution itself. This shows that a rigid connector is a poor model to describe the connection between two plates. As expected, when important sliding occurs, such modeling becomes irrelevant. Moreover, the submodeling technique may lead to significant local errors and non-conservative results.
Another important feature for future applications concerning the treatment of multiple bolts in interaction, is that using an interface located at the limit of the bolt leads to acceptable results when compared to the reference solution. Works on that type of problem is in progress.
Another issue concerns the modeling of the bolt itself. In practice, some of the parameters of the bolted assembly are not precisely determined, as the preload of the nut or the friction coefficient. Such types of problems have been analyzed by dedicated techniques for the bolt computation [37, 38], including multiresolution [39]. The use of the proposed non-intrusive techniques allows to extend these studies to the case of 2D–3D structural analyses in a straightforward manner. In addition, the use of model reduction techniques for the global model itself, as proposed in [40] should lead to a very significant reduction of the computational time.
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Guguin G. Stratégie non-intrusive de couplage plaque/3D pour la simulation des assemblages de plaques composites stratifiées. PhD thesis, ENS de Cachan, 61 av. Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France. 2014.
Ladevèze P, Simmonds JG. Nonlinear computational structural mechanics: new approaches and non-incremental methods of calculation. Berlin: Springer; 1999.
Allix O, Kerfriden P, Gosselet P. On the control of the load increments for a proper description of multiple delamination in a domain decomposition framework. Int J Numer Methods Eng. 2010;83:1518–40.
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Gant F, Rouch P, Champaney L. Updating of uncertain joint models using the lack-of-knowledge theory. Comput Struct. 2013;128:128–35.
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OA initiated the method with the help of PG. GG implemented the method and conducted the numerical experiments on the test cases provided by SG. OA and GG drafted the manuscript, PG finalized it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was partially funded by the French National Research Agency as part of project ICARE (ANR-12-MONU-0002-04).
LMT-Cachan, ENS-Cachan/CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, 94235, Cachan, France
Guillaume Guguin, Olivier Allix & Pierre Gosselet
Airbus Group Innovation, 18 rue Marius Tercé Zac St Martin du Touch, 31000, Toulouse, France
Stéphane Guinard
Guillaume Guguin
Olivier Allix
Pierre Gosselet
Correspondence to Guillaume Guguin.
Guguin, G., Allix, O., Gosselet, P. et al. On the computation of plate assemblies using realistic 3D joint model: a non-intrusive approach. Adv. Model. and Simul. in Eng. Sci. 3, 16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-016-0069-5
Non-intrusive coupling
Advances in Computational Mechanics: Issue in honor of Prof. Ladevèze on the occasion of his 70th anniversary


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#Al Faisaliah Hotel #Al Khozama Company #Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group
Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group has announced that it has signed an agreement with the Al Khozama Company to manage and ultimately brand the Al Faisaliah Hotel, Riyadh.
The group will take over the management in the first quarter of 2021.
The hotel is undergoing an extensive guestroom and public area renovation which will be completed at the end of 2021, after which it will be rebranded Mandarin Oriental Al Faisaliah, Riyadh.
The Al Faisaliah Hotel is in the heart of the Central Business District of Riyadh, providing easy access to corporate offices, government buildings, high end shopping, restaurants and cafés.
It forms an integral part of the mixed-use Al Faisaliah Centre, designed by Foster & Partners.
The hotel comprises 321 guestrooms and suites, with new interiors designed by Adam Tihany Design, New York.
Also featured are a variety of refreshed restaurants, lounges and bars, including the popular top floor venue which commands outstanding views of the city. Revitalised function spaces will cater to social events and business meetings, while an indoor swimming pool, male and female spa areas and a fitness centre complete the leisure facilities.
"The Al Faisaliah Hotel has been a leading light in Saudi Arabia's hospitality sector since opening its doors 20 years ago. We are pleased to be partnering with Mandarin Oriental to further develop the hotel and to create the most luxurious and sophisticated property in the region," said Khalid Abuhaimed, CEO of Al Khozama.
"We are delighted to further strengthen Mandarin Oriental's presence in the Middle East by introducing the brand to Saudi Arabia and bringing the Group's legendary service to Riyadh," said James Riley, Group Chief Executive of Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. "We look forward to collaborating with the Al Khozama Company in transforming the hotel into the city's most exclusive luxury property," he added.
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Nostos / January 28, 2015 by Abriana Jetté
The coming is always too quick. Step by step the water rose steadily. Mom cried, my house, my house. I realize now she meant her home.
Grandpa Nick said he never wanted to go to war, he just had no choice, so he did what he was told because, after all, he didn't want to die. Except sometimes he didn't listen, that maverick at heart, like those three weeks at his first base when instead of reporting for duty after his numbers were announced over the loud-speakers he decided to finish playing a game of Rummy. One game turned into four, and when no one came for him the next morning, he thought it best to try out his luck again and dealt another hand. Three weeks later someone somewhere finally caught on, and he was shipped out to catch up with the rest of his troop.
Odysseus never wanted to go to war.
For the next two years Grandpa Nick arrived one week too late to catch "any action." He caught Malaria twice, then found himself in Japan. There, he told the Officers at the gate that his papers were coming. Two months later, those officers realized his papers were never coming, that he wasn't really supposed to be there, but they let him stay anyway, who knows why, and put him in charge of the movie theatre. Early in the evening one Saturday, summer of '48 , he noticed Grandma Terry, a red-headed Russian in a theater filled with black-haired Asians. At that moment Grandpa Nick found his mission. For the next few Saturdays he sat behind her, throwing popcorn at each date until he was the man with whom she shared an armrest.
"I'm no hero," Grandpa Nick says, "I only did what I was told."
After a failed escape, finding the storm surge already engine height to the cars, Mom, Larry, Chris and I swam back into the house, sludging through the mucky water. Inside, my dogs, Max and Daisy, were told to stay upstairs on the bed, and with their ears straight and fur soaked, they darted their eyes every which way while we ran up and down trying to save what we could: water bottles, photographs, papers. No one thought of pots and pans, but I heaved off of plastic hangers as many coats as I could. Mom, yes, standing on the stairs shouting, "my house, my house", her fingers curling, voice curdling, her hands crushed with pain in front of her face. An hour into the surge, Chris, whose closet was now flooded, stripped down naked to save his laptop, which he placed atop the hutch in the dining room, which was now at risk of toppling over.
Like Penelope, my mother weathered the storm with her son by her side. She had my Step-father and me, but we don't compare. After separating from his wife, my brother moved back to Brooklyn from the Upper East Side to save some money and settle his heart. Mothers and sons, especially first-born sons, communicate with intrinsic perceptibility. What my mother lacked, though, was all Penelope had: a home to keep her son (and husband and daughter) safe. No matter how hard Mom tried to settle back into the double lot she occupied since 1974, red tape stood in her way, complicating her path. It was a difficult journey back home. In this way her life runs parallel with Odysseus's more than the wise Queen's.
Three weeks after my partner Nick and I met, I came across an opportunity to live in Boston and study poetry. My gynecologist, referring to this new, long distance relationship during a yearly check-up, chimed, his head bobbing between my knees, if you make it through this you can make it through anything. Many believed this separation would be the ultimate test.
Grandpa Nick is not my grandfather but Nick's, a biological fact which matters little except in regards to my entire upbringing. I am named after my grandfather, Abraham, who survived Auschwitz by sewing buttons back on S.S. suits, and my grandmother Anna, who survived Dachau, somehow. I am the granddaughter of two Holocaust survivors and the daughter of an alcoholic. I've studied the art of survival since the afternoon I asked Grandma what her favorite doll's name was when she was a little girl. In all other circumstances, it matters little that Grandpa Nick is not biologically my Grandfather.
My grandparents were survivors. They suffered immensely, were stripped down to calluses and bones and six years after it all settled with the start of their new family, a boy and a girl, in a small apartment in Brooklyn. My first example: take a hit and move on. Grandpa Nick is a survivor, unique in his own right; no one is supposed to return home from war so calm, so undeterred by what has occurred, how extraordinarily rare to run a movie theatre as part of serving one's time in the army.
After Hurricane Sandy, the media portrayed many New Yorkers as survivors. One hundred and seventeen people did not survive the 115 mph winds or thirteen feet-tall storm surge. Still, the comparison makes me cringe.I believed we would float away. I believed our house would split in half. I believed, at first, I could handle the shock of a flash flood until, while watching water pick up cars and crash down the block, a golden retriever on a red canoe appeared next to a man in a yellow jumpsuit.
Together they rowed down the block. Safe and warm in the comfort of the upstairs of our own home, Mom and I watched the man in the yellow jumpsuit kick the only available window in, glass buckling through, and crawl over couches and wires and garbage, to drag a neighbor we did not know was home, Mr. Salinski, eighty years old, out of his one-story bungalow. The golden retriever remained alert and afloat all along.
I did not save anyone.
I did not do all I could have done.
I waited for the water to return to its home.
What have I survived?
Odysseus never wanted to go to war. Grandpa Nick never wanted to go to war. How often is life dictated but what we are at first unwilling to let happen? How much of us is silenced by that which we fear we cannot do?
When I was younger, embracing the Bohemian lifestyle, I lived in Sardinia, and there I grew fond of the gray and white spotted kitten who roamed my street each night. Most weeknights she and I sat on my steps, and with an unexplained longing in my chest I'd pet her and watch her purrs pulse down her thin ribs. I spoke to her, tried to teach her English, though deep down I knew she probably spoke some dialect of Sardo I'd struggle to understand. I served her milk from white ceramic bowls, and when she finished sipping she sat straight up and bent her head, as if giving thanks, as if the kitten could talk. How wonderful, I thought, for her to answer to no one, to tour the oaks and circle pines until she was either tired or hungry, how simple to dine on the first bite she could find. I don't know why I supposed having a home to return to seemed a burden, but it did, heavily, at the time.
When I saw the first stray cat wandering my block after Sandy I caved with relief. He prowled slowly, alone, as if lost in his own reality, as if he sensed his lives were running low. The home he stayed in had yet to be pumped; windows were still boarded up with cardboard or seaweed. Other homes' broken dressers and kitchen cabinets took up the space on the street he once knew. The cars he hid under stunk of rust and sewage.
Dorothy Gale knew there was no place like home. Her dreams told her. Auntie Anne and Toto told her, too. Everyone knows this. This is precisely the longing Odysseus suffers. Not even immortality with a stunning nymph-goddess was more appealing than lifting his feet on his own throne, returning to familiar pillows, not even all the gold in Sparta was worth more, wise and handsome Odysseus knew, than coming home.
The night of the storm, waiting for the ocean to leave the streets of a small fisherman's town in south Brooklyn, waiting for the ocean to leave my home, I longed for Alghero and her island willows. I thought of the hills expanding, the cliffs running away, the apricot sun, and what D.H. Lawrence might call the ordinariness of it all: twilight on a road paved forty feet above sea level, the stray's visit to my street.
Without her home, my mother's psyche has unraveled. Some days she is lost, wandering the streets of a temporary neighborhood, searching for the corner store that offers the best bargain on milk. Some days she stays in bed, like the proverbial moody teen.The thing about home is that our perception of it seldom changes, no matter where we go or what becomes of it. We change, of course, minute by minute, and yes, the wood doors swell when Mother Nature says, floors hold onto dust and copper trinkets rust, but in our mind our home will always be our home.
It has been too long since I could walk down my block, the vestibule of my youth, without thinking of the ocean ripping away the homes, gates, coy, cats, patio sets, photographs, and the happiness of those I love. Once, this street filled with echoes of olly-olly-oxenfree from the swing-tops during the heat of a long afternoon, the sounds of bodies sneaking between cars, the laughs of children playing manhunt by the light of the summer moon. Lose a dollar, lose a friend, lose a war, lose a year: none of it matters; nothing compares to losing your home.
Abriana Jetté the editor of the #1 best selling anthology in women's poetry, "50 Whispers: Poems by Extraordinary Women", and writes a quarterly column on emerging poets for Stay Thirsty Magazine. Her work can be found in The Iron Horse Literary Review, The American Literary Review, The Moth, and many other places. She teaches for St. John's University and the City University of New York.


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Mystics of the Church
This website is devoted to the extraordinary mystics and visionaries of the Church, especially those who are lesser known such as St Gemma Galgani, Blessed Alexandrina da Costa, Sr Josefa Menendez, Marie Rose Ferron, Rev. Pere Lamy, Gabrielle Bossis and others. The author endeavors always to be in communion with the Catholic Church and its teachings. May God bless all who visit here. +
Mystics of the Church Gift Store
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich, German Stigmatic and Victim Soul (1774-1824)
Anna Katharina Emmerick (or Anne Catherine Emmerich in English) was born on September 8, 1774 at Flamske, Westphalia, West Germany, to a small farming family. Her parents, Bernard Emmerich and Anne Hiller, were poor peasants, but very devout and pious. Anne Catherine was baptized at the St. James Church at Coesfeld. As a child, she spent alot of her time as a maid and seamstress until her entrance into the Augustinian Order on November 13, 1803.
At age 29 she joined the Convent of Agnetenberg at Dulmen, Westphalia. Even during these youthful years, Anne was extraordinarily gifted with ecstasies and visions of Christ, the Blessed Virgin Mary, her guardian angel, and many of the saints. Although never given an adequate education, Anne had perfect recollection of her childhood days, and she seemed to understand Latin beginning in her very early years. Almost from infancy Anne reportedly had the gifts of discerning holy from unholy objects, consecrated objects or locations, and the identification of relics and from which saints they came. Also during these early years, Anne was often seen making the entire Way of the Cross in her bare feet, even when the snow had covered the ground.
Anne receives the Crown of Thorns
The following is the account she herself has given of the circumstances under which she received the crown of thorns:
"About four years prior to my admittance into the convent, that is in 1798, it happened that I was in the Jesuits' Church at Coesfeld, at about twelve noon, kneeling before a crucifix and absorbed in meditation, when all on a sudden I felt a strong but pleasant heat in my head, and I saw my Divine Spouse, under the form of a young man clothed with light, come towards me from the altar, where the Blessed Sacrament was preserved in the tabernacle.
In His left hand he held a crown of flowers, and in His right hand a crown of thorns, and He bade me choose which one I would like to have. I chose the crown of thorns; He placed it on my head, and I pressed it down with both hands. Then He disappeared, and I returned to myself, feeling, however, violent pain around my head. I was obliged to leave the church, which was going to be closed. One of my companions was kneeling by my side, and as I thought she might have seen what happened to me, I asked her when we got home whether there was not a wound on my forehead, and spoke to her in general terms of my vision, and of the violent pain which had followed it. She could see nothing outwardly, but was not astonished at what I told her, because she knew that I was sometimes in an extraordinary state, without her being able to understand the cause. The next day my forehead and temples were very much swelled, and I suffered terribly. This pain and swelling often returned, and sometimes lasted whole days and nights. I did not remark that there was blood on my head until my companions told me I had better put on a clean cap, because mine was covered with red spots. I let them think whatever they liked about it, only taking care to arrange my head-dress so as to hide the blood which flowed from my head, and I continued to observe the same precaution even after I entered the convent, where only one person perceived the blood, and she never betrayed my secret.'
Anne receives the Stigmata
In 1811, Anne was forced to leave her convent along with all the sisters when King Jerome Bonaparte closed all of the Religious houses during his reign. Four years before the suppression of her convent, Anne made a visit home with her family in Flamske. One day while she was kneeling and praying for hours before the Cross of the Church of St. Lambert at Coesfeld, Anne had asked our Lord for a share in His Passion as a sacrifice for the sake of her convent. From that time on, she began experiencing terrible pains in her hands, feet and side, an indication that God had given her the invisible stigmata.
On August 28,1812 (the Feast of St. Augustine), Jesus appeared to her in a vision and imprinted a cross-shaped wound on her breast directly above the heart. Later that same year, specifically on the 29th December 1812, at about 3pm she was lying on her bed in her little room, extremely ill, but in a state of ecstasy and with her arms extended, meditating on the sufferings of her Lord, and beseeching him to allow her to suffer with him. She said five Our Fathers in honour of the Five Wounds, and felt her whole heart burning with love. She then saw a light descending towards her, and distinguished in the midst of it the resplendent form of her crucified Saviour, whose wounds shone like so many furnaces of light. Her heart was overflowing with joy and sorrow, and, at the sight of the sacred wounds, her desire to suffer with her Lord became intensely violent. Then triple rays, pointed like arrows, of the colour of blood, darted forth from the hands, feet, and side of Jesus, and struck her hands, feet, and right side.
When she recovered her senses she was astonished when she beheld blood flowing from the palms of her hands, and felt violent pain in her feet and side. It happened that her landlady's little daughter came into her room, saw her hands bleeding, and ran to tell her mother, who with great anxiety asked Anne Catherine what had happened, but Anne begged her not to speak about it. She felt, after having received the stigmas, that an entire change had taken place in her body; for the course of her blood seemed to have changed, and to flow rapidly towards the stigmas. She herself used to say: 'No words can describe in what manner it flows.'
In 1813, Anne was examined by a group of both medical and Church authorities; an inquiry which lasted for five months. The examiners found Anne to be mentally sound, and they could not find any medical or temporal explanation for the wounds of the stigmata.
Anne lives off the Eucharist alone for 12 years
From the moment she received the Sacred Wounds until her death, Anne Catherine Emmerich took no solid food, existing only on the Sacred Host. In fact, when she would try to eat or drink she would have a severe reaction and would vomit violently when attempting to consume food, even broth. She was however able to consume the Holy Eucharist and her diet consisted only of the Eucharist.
In 1819 she was once again investigated by high-ranking secular authorities. She was taken away from all of her acquaintances and moved to a house in the country belonging to one of the authorities. They referred to her as 'The Imposter'. She was locked up for three weeks with the authorities watching her 24x7 in 6 hour shifts. Much to the aggravation of her captors, she still consumed no food and bled through her Stigmata even though she prayed not to bleed so they would release her. After three weeks, she was finally sent back to her home in Dulmen by her frustrated captors. Two of them became very sympathetic to her cause. During her last few years, she did not sleep at all, a miracle in itself according to the testimonies of many doctors. She was given shelter by various charitable people in the area, and was bedridden for the rest of her life. God had chosen this gifted soul to become His victim, and she voluntarily suffered and sacrificed as a means of atonement and expiation for the souls that were living in sin.
Because of the great trouble caused by her visible stigmata, Anne implored our Lord to remove them, a prayer which was granted - at least partially - starting in 1819. Over the next seven years, her wounds became less visible until finally they disappeared, except for on special occasions or particular feast days of the Church calendar. They would reappear and continue to bleed, however, during each Lenten season, particularly on Good Fridays. There were other occasions when Anne Catherine Emmerich's wounds would manifest and bleed severely, including some Holy Thursdays and a few Fridays outside of Lent. Yet she was never without the stigmata, for the rest of the time they were invisible but equally as painful.
Her remarkable visions
It is though that the most extraordinary gift that Anne possessed was that of her extraordinary visions, also known as ecstasies. She was given visions of almost the entire life of Jesus, and most of the life of the Blessed Virgin Mary also. These private revelations of Jesus and Mary's life included the most intimate details and can be considered a complete vision of the Gospel story. The visions of the life of Jesus as witnessed by Anne Catherine are compiled and published in the popular book "The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ" which many view as a true treasure, and her visions of Mary are published under the title "The Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary- From The Visions Of Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich".
Other visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich include those of Heaven, Hell, Purgatory along with intimate details in the lives of many Saints. Many of these Saints she conversed with, and she often witnessed events in their lives as if she were right there beside them. The list is truly impressive so only some of their names will be mentioned here: Jesus, the Blessed Virgin Mary, her own guardian angel, St. Agnes, St. Agatha, St. Emerentiana, St. Paula, St. Dorothea, St. Apollonia, St. Benedict, St. Scholastica, St. Paschal, St. Cyprian, St. Isidore, St. Stephen, St. Lawrence, St. Nicodemus, St.Clare, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Perpetua, St. Felicity, St. Justina, St. Denis, St. Ursula, St. Hubert, St. Gertrude, St. Cecilia, St. Catherine of Siena, St. Augustine, St. Francis de Sales, and St. Jane Frances de Chantal. And this is far from being a complete list. In addition to all of this, she also received many prophecies about future events. Many of these revelations have come true, sometimes with remarkable accuracy.
Angels and devils
Anne Catherine Emmerich was favored since her childhood with the guidance and protection of her guardian angel. God allowed her to entrust her will to this angelic creature, who in turn enlightened her to God's designs upon her soul. Anne even revealed that her angel often took her to various places during her ecstastic moments, throughout all of Europe and even to the Holy Land. Often too, this favored soul would communicate with the poor souls in Purgatory via the guidance of her angel, who led her safely through this place of purification in order that she might visit those who implored her aid. In turn, Anne would pray and suffer in order to help free them from their pain and to help gain their entrance into the heavenly kingdom.
And in regards to the Angels, Anne Catherine stated:
"I see the angels without aureolas (ie. "halos"). They appear to me, indeed, under a human form with faces and hair, but they are more delicate, more noble, more beautiful than men. They are immaterial, perfectly luminous and transparent, but in different degrees. I also see blessed souls surrounded by a material light, rather white than resplendent, and around them a many-colored glory, an aureola whose tints correspond to their kind of purification , I see neither angels nor saints moving their feet, excepting in the historic senses of their life upon earth, as men among men. I never see these apparitions in their real state speaking to one another with the mouth; they turn to one another, interpenetrate one another .... " (p. 419-420.)
Her Angel guides her in bilocation
"The angel calls me and I follow him to various places. He takes me to people I know or who are complete strangers. We cross the sea as quickly as thought travels. It is he who took me to see the Queen of France in prison. When he comes to take me on a journey, I see a glimmering light, then his luminous form appears before me like a flash from a lantern open in the dark. As we journey along in the darkness a faint light floats over our path. We pass over countries in distant regions, passing over roads, deserts, rivers and seas. We always travel on foot, my knees and feet ache. I often have to climb mountains. My guide is in front of me or at my side. I never see his feet move. "
"He is silent, he makes few motions, sometimes he follows his replies by gestures of the hand or inclinations of the head. He is transparent. He is grave but very kind. His hair is smooth, flowing and shining. His head is uncovered and his long white robe, like a priest`s. I address him freely and never look him fully in the face. I never ask him many questions, as I am satisfied just being near him. I call to him to go to the Angel of the person for whom I am praying. I say,'Now I shall stay here, but do go to such or such place where thy help is need and then I see him go'. When I come to broad waters and know not how to cross, I find myself all at once on the other side and I look back in wonder."
For chosen souls like Anne Catherine who receive mystical graces, our Lord often allows them to be attacked and assailed by the demons, so as to keep them from being prideful and to teach them complete trust in God. Anne Catherine knew all too well the attacks that spring forth from the devil. She once received blows to the face from a demon who appeared to her in the form of a great, black dog. Another time, the evil one tried to hurl her down a ladder. She even experienced icy-cold hands grabbing at her feet with the intention of throwing her to the ground.
In 1813, Anne Catherine was subjected to intense ecclesiastical and medical evaluations lasting for five months. This is only natural, for anyone so highly favored with frequent states of ecstasy and hundreds of supernatural visions needs to be evaluated by the proper Church authorities; yet a Dr. William Wesener, upon examining her, said the following: "In our communications, I always found Sister Emmerich simple and natural, kind and gracious toward everyone" (March, 1813).
And here is a statement from an ecclesiastical authority:
"Not only in the spiritual life was Sister Emmerich passive and obedient to her confessor, but in everything, without exception, she sought to regulate her conduct by his directions. Her longing for religious obedience had increased with her inability to practice it due to the frequent ecstasies that would bring her consciousness out of this world and into the next. Her humble forgetfulness of self led her friends to look upon her as being relatively healthy, when in fact she was suffering physically in a variety of ways. Simple, obliging and industrious, she never aspired to be noticed". --Rev Father Carl E. Schmoger, C.SS.R
Anna Catharina Emmerich
Hierognosis- The ability to discern blessed objects
Hierognosis is a gift which involves the ability to discern holy things from those which are not holy, including the following: whether or not a Host has been consecrated; if an object has or has not been blessed; the presence of a good or evil spirit; and the ability to find lost or hidden objects and holy relics. This charism is closely related to the gift of kardiognosis, and is very common among God's stigmatists; therefore, it is only fitting to believe that souls who are unusually holy themselves would be able to sense when a holy presence is in their midst.
Anne Catherine Emmerich was unusually gifted in the discernment of holy things. Her remarkable ability to sense when an ordained priest was near (even when she did not see him), or the identification of relics or their whereabouts is well-documented.
Father Carl E. Schmoger, C.SS.R., described some of these discernments in his study of this most unusual stigmatist:
"With the gift of prophecy, Sister Emmerich had also received the power of discerning holy objects, even by the senses. Bells that had been blessed by a priest had for her a melody all their own, a sound essentially different from every other that struck her ear; her taste detected the blessing imparted to holy water as readily as others can distinguish water from wine; her sense of smell aided her sight and touch in recognizing the relics of saints; and she had as lively a perception of the sacerdotal benediction (blessing of a priest) sent her from afar, just as if it were given in her presence..." (The Life of Anne Catherine Emmerich: Volume II, p. 394.)
Anne herself explained these holy things which she was able to distinguish, such as blessed objects or relics:
"I see the blessing and the blessed object endowed with a healing and helping power. I see them as luminous and radiating light; while evil, crime and malediction appear before me as darkness radiating darkness and working destruction. I see light and darkness as living things, enlightening or obscuring .... (p. 395.)
"I feel irresistibly drawn to look for these relics. They are attracted to me, and I sighed for them! It is easy to recognize them at such times, for they shine with a different light. I see little pictures like the faces of the saints to whom they belong, toward which rays of light dart from the particles. I cannot express it! It was a wonderful state! ..." (p. 417.)
House of the Virgin Mary in Ephesus, Turkey found through Emmerich's visions
How the House of the Blessed Virgin Mary (House of the Dormition) was found due to Anne Catherine's descriptions of the location taken from her visions
In 1891, Anne Catherine's writings of one of the visions she received of the House of the Virgin Mary (the house where the Virgin Mary allegedly lived in towards the end of Her life) led a group of Lazzarist priests from the city of Izmir, Turkey to set out to try to find the place Blessed Emmerich described in Ephesus, or, in the case of one of the priests, to demonstrate that Blessed Emmerich was wrong.
The Lazzarist priests spent two hot summer days looking around Ephesus, finding nothing. When their water ran out, they asked some local women where they could find a well and were directed up the hill to the "monastery." There they found a spring next to the ruins of a little chapel half hidden by the trees in a scene almost exactly as Blessed Emmerich had described.
Afterwards, excavations led to the conclusion that the chapel was built no earlier than the seventh century, but that part of it was erected on the foundation of a much older building, one constructed with materials that the archaeologists said were similar to those used in the first centuries.
Anne Catherine Emmerich died at 8:30pm on February 9, 1824. It was only during the last five years of her life that she began to write down the history of her visions which have become a treasury for many of the faithful. She was Beatified on October 3, 2004 by Pope John Paul II.
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich, pray for us!
"Man's value before God is judged by the dispositions of his heart, its uprightness, its good-will, its charity, and not by keenness of intellect or extent of knowledge." Bl. Anne Catherine Emmerich
Gianni said...
Blessed Anne Catherine, pray for us.
Rajoy Varghese said...
Dear Glen,
Its been four years since i first found this great website. I find this site fully Catholic and i do recommend this site to many of my friends.
You are doing a wonderful service to the faithful and i pray that you too become a saint one day.
The research you do for authentic information , is impeccable.
May the good Lord bless you and family abundantly and keep the good work .
I have a request: Could you please publish a research article on the supernatural factor in the writings of Maria Valtorta?
Glenn Dallaire said...
Thank you Rajoy for your kind comments--I am really happy to hear that you have enjoyed this website, and that you have benefitted spiritually from it, thanks be to God. And thank you also for your suggestion.
May Jesus bless you and your loved ones,
-Glenn Dallaire
Thank you. I really enjoyed reading this wonderfully informative article on this great Saint. Keep up this great work.
Glen, you have missed an important chunk of Blessed Anne Catherine's account concerning the future of the Church and the rising of the false church, which is all the more poignant in light of the up-and-coming Synod on the Family. Here are a few relevant excerpts from her visions:
"The Church is the only one, the Roman Catholic! And if there were left upon earth but one Catholic, he would be the one, universal Church, the Catholic Church, the Church of Jesus Christ against which the gates of Hell shall never prevail."
"I saw also the relationship between the TWO popes… I saw how baleful (evil; harmful) would be the consequences of this false church. I saw it increase in size; heretics of every kind came into the city (of Rome) … Once more I saw the Church of Peter was undermined by a plan evolved by the secret sect (Masonry), while storms were damaging it."
"I saw a secret sect relentlessly undermining the great Church… When the Church had been for the most part destroyed (by the secret sect), and when only the sanctuary and the altar were still standing, I saw the wreckers (of the secret sect) enter the Church with the Beast."
"I saw an apparition of the Mother of God, and she said that the tribulation would be very great. She added that these people must pray fervently with outstretched arms… They must pray above all for the Church of Darkness to leave Rome."
"The Church is in great danger… I see that in this place (Rome) the (Catholic) Church is being so cleverly undermined, that there will hardly remain a hundred or so priests who have not been deceived. They all work for destruction, even the clergy. The great devastation is now at hand."
"When I saw the Church of St. Peter in ruins, and the manner in which so many of the clergy were themselves busy at this work of destruction – none of them wishing to do it openly in front of others – I was in such distress that I cried out to Jesus with all my might, imploring His mercy. Then, I saw before me the Heavenly Spouse… He said, among other things, that this translation of the Church from one place to another meant that She would seem to be in complete decline. But She would rise again; even if there remained but one Catholic, the Church would conquer again because She does not rest on human counsels and intelligence. It was also shown to me that there were almost no Christians left in the old acceptation of the word."
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich (cont.)
"The Church is completely isolated and as if completely deserted. It seems that everyone is running away."
"Among the strangest things that I saw, were long processions of bishops. Their thoughts and utterances were made known to me through images issuing from their mouths. Their faults towards religion were shown by external deformities. A few had only a body, with a dark cloud of fog instead of a head. Others had only a head, their bodies and hearts were like thick vapors. Some were lame; others were paralytics; others were asleep or staggering."
"I saw what I believe to be nearly all the bishops of the world, but only a small number were perfectly sound…"
"Then I saw that everything that pertained to Protestantism was gradually gaining the upper hand, and the Catholic religion fell into complete decadence…"
"In those days, Faith will fall very low, and it will be preserved in some places only, in a few cottages and in a few families which God has protected from disasters and wars."
"I saw that many pastors allowed themselves to be taken up with ideas that were dangerous to the Church. They were building a great, strange, and extravagant Church. Everyone was to be admitted in it in order to be united and have equal rights: Evangelicals, Catholics, sects of every description. Such was to be the new Church…"
"I heard that Lucifer (if I am not mistaken) will be freed again for awhile
fifty or sixty years before the year 2,000 AD."
"A false church, and wicked men scheming against the Catholic Church and doing much harm–both in her own time and in the future. And actually saw in a vision this, the enemies of the Church tearing it down and trying to build a new one on strictly human plans–but none of the saints would lend a hand. Later, this church of men is destroyed and the saints of God join in to rebuild the true Church of God, which becomes more glorious than ever before."
Try reading the life of Pope Pius IX his battles with the jewish controlled freemasonry (synagogue of satan)
I THANK JESUS FOR HELPING ME TO GET THIS SITE TO READ. I NOTED THAT MANY CLERGY ARE FAR AWAY FROM GOD AND SOME HAVE BECOME MODERN JUDAS TOO. I SUFFER BECAUSE OF THEM. I PRAYED AND JESUS HELP ME TO READ AND UNDERSTAND HOW TO SOLVE MY PROBLEMS AND WHAT REMEDY IS NEEDED FOR ME. LORD IS WATCHING EVERYONE. IT IS TRUE WHAT IS SAID.CALL UPON MY NAME AND I WILL ANSWER YOU. WHEN I PRAYED BLESSED VIRGIN MARY SHE ASKED ME PRAY FOR THE MODERN JUDAS CLERGY. THEY PUT ON THE ROB OF PRIEST BUT INSIDE THEY ARE HAVE UNDERSTAND WITH THE DEVIL HOW TO BECOME RICH AND MAY HAVE SEX LIFE AND CHILDREN MAY BE. BUT MOTHER MARY ASKED ME TO PRAY AS THERE IS SHORTAGE OF PRIESTS AND I BELIEVE THE READERS OF MY COMMENT ALSO WILL PRAY THAT GOD IS GOING TO GIVE THEM RIGHT DIRECTION AS WE LAY PERSONS CANNOT COMMENT. BUT I ALSO NOTED THE WAY OF THE CROSS IS A STRONG
ARMOUR OF BATTLE AGAINST THE DEMONIC AND DEVILS. PRAISE THE LORD AMEN
The two popes Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich was talking about were Pope Boniface IV (Pope from 608-615) and Pope Pius VII (Pope from 1800-1823). See p.277-282 "Life of Anne Catherine Emmerich"
Are her writings approved?
Henk Z. said...
When Maria Valtorta once read a book of Anne Catharine Emmerich, she afterwards said: "What a disaster! I remain disgusted and bewildered, because except in a few points (5 or 6), I do not sense Jesus. While I close the book in disgust, in my heart I ask myself: "But has this woman really seen? and seen the divine? Or has she been deceived by Satan, or is a fraud?"
Jesus appears to me and dictates to me about Emmerich, saying: "she was a true seer illumined by God, but men altered the truth of her visions, spoiling everything...,"
At the end of my reading, Jesus speaks to me]:
JESUS:
"See what damage the work of man can do to a revelation?" Even if he works with the intention of honoring Me more, he spoils the gift of God. Every infidelity in things of revelation, ruins them, because it is a wound introduced into the truth, which remains soiled by it.
Therefore I do not want [even] a syllable changed of what you have written. You were faithful in your writing. Let the others be faithful in leaving your writing intact.
The work of Brentano is thus detached from the Gospels, from the truth. Only in those points taken just as they are described in the Gospels, is there truth in this book The rest is a magnificent painting by a very bad retoucher."
The 'bad retoucher' is Clemens Brentano who took notes of her visions and years after her death wrote the books which we now can read, but as Jesus says, Brentano's work is detached from the Truth
See: http://www.bardstown.com/~brchrys/Emmerich.html
Glorious Saint Anne Katherine Emmerich, please pray for me to be healed of HIV..I want to test negative to HIV..I have seen Mother Mary appear to me and i have seen Angels appearance in my dreams but I really don't know what they want me to do. I want to be able to declare words and they become established.. I want to understand my dreams. I need your help St Anne Katherine Emmerich.. I want and need you to be my Special Saint.
I want to always feel your presence with me and by me always. Be my special saint and friend St Anne Katherine Emmerich now and always in Jesus Name, Amen!
HKT said...
Just trying to fix some contradiction got from comments: How at once Emmerich can be both true (Ephesus House) and false (Maria Valtorta)? On one side, archeological findings exactly confirmed, on other side nearly everything being fantasy, so there archeological findings will not match with visions? I see ONE possibility. Jesus with Maria Valtorta are saying about impostor of real Brentano, who created NON-german fake reworkings, while original Brentano did in German all good, since Emmerich blackmailed original Brentano not to alter anything or she will say nothing new to him. Think about fake impostor allied/entente pope against real central-power pope, as equivalent example.
Brad Watson, Miami said...
Mary Mother of God was a historical figure born in 19 BC. She gave birth to Joseph's son Jesus on Saturday (Sabbath) April 17, 6 BC / 17.4.748 AUC / 29 Nisan 3755 HC. Jesus was an Aries the Ram/Lamb. The virgin birth was a myth, however referring to her as Mary Mother of God is accurate.
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text:
Conway (Ark.) Police Department
February 1, 2006 • by Bryn Bailer • Bookmark +
As anyone in law enforcement knows, crime often comes home for the holidays. In fact, with more shoppers out and about, more money changing hands, and plenty of pricey presents tempting burglars and thieves, November and December can be prime time for criminal activity.
In Conway, Ark., local authorities recently embarked on a seasonal crime-prevention patrol aimed at keeping the area's popular shopping malls safe. This past holiday season, leaders of the Little Rock suburb, which aims to become a regional shopping destination for central Arkansas, added $11,500 to the Conway Police Department's overtime budget, enabling the agency to dedicate three of its 97 officers to full-time, off-duty shopping mall patrol.
"The primary message that I try to get out would be that we're offering an environment where you can feel secure and safe," says Lt. Danny Moody, a 23-year veteran with the Conway PD. "While on Shop Secure, [officers] are only devoted to working preventive patrol."
Play your car stereo too loud in a shopping mall parking lot, and CPD officers will shut it down. Lose your child in the holiday shopping crowd, and they'll help you locate the lost tyke. No shoppers have yet asked for an escort to their car, but if they did, officers would do that, too, says Chief Randall Aragon.
If a crime does occur at any of the city's four major shopping areas, officers on Shop Secure duty will detain the suspect and hand him over to a regular patrol officer for further processing, so they can remain at their mall posts. One of the hallmarks of the program is that Shop Secure officers cannot be dispatched to any other calls off shopping mall property, unless they are of an urgent, life-or-death nature.
The preventive patrols can also be extended to other large retailers that are not part of a shopping center per se—like the city's two busy Wal-Mart Supercenters. One officer is assigned to work each of the assigned three quadrants in the program: the city's northern sector, eastern sector, and downtown/west sector.
Conway has good reason to encourage shopping in its city limits: More than 67 percent of its operating budget and general fund is generated by sales tax and federal turnback funds. The city, which has an estimated population of 53,000, received a major shot in the arm in 2004 with the opening of Conway Commons, a shopping mall spread over approximately 85 acres of former dairy farmland.
The sprawling complex, anchored by national chain stores like Target, PetSmart, and The Home Depot, attracts thousands of shoppers and visitors daily. The city is also host to Towne Centre mall and shopping centers in the downtown and Old Morrilton Highway areas.
"Most people in our county, and surrounding cities even outside our county, now flock to Conway shopping, [instead of] making a weekly exodus to Little Rock, about 28 miles away," says Chief Aragon. "It's an opportunity for Conway to become the 'shopping mecca' for this section of Arkansas."
Over the decades, Conway's local economy has gone through a variety of changes. Agriculture once drove its economic well being, as did the manufacturing industry. Educational interests also played a part, as the city is home to the University of Central Arkansas and two private colleges.
Community leaders are now seeking to diversify the economic base of Arkansas' seventh-largest city. The city is actively courting high-tech industries that offer white-collar employment—or, as an assistant to the mayor cheekily put it, "No jobs where people are going to lose a finger."
Attracting tourism dollars has proven problematic, as the Bible Belt city is located in a dry county that restricts alcohol sales. Retail is a promising alternative.
Aragon says that no major criminal incidents took place at any of Conway's shopping malls during last year's Shop Secure program. He attributes the dearth of criminal activity to a visible police patrol that makes crowded shopping areas less attractive to those seeking to commit crimes of opportunity.
Crime-prevention education is also part of the Shop Secure program, and shopping safety advice is disseminated to the public on Aragon's weekly live radio show and local TV program.
"When people go shopping, especially this time of the year, a lot of times they're focused on exactly that: shopping," says Moody. "They become so involved with that focus, they let their personal guard down and don't always think about preventing themselves from being victimized."
Bryn Bailer, a former newspaper reporter, is a contributing editor for Police. She lives in Tucson, Ariz.
AGENCY SNAPSHOT
Conway Police Department
Conway, Arkansas
Chief: Randall Aragon
Size: 97 sworn
Population served: 53,713
Service area: 40 square miles
Calls for service (2004): 28, 653
Department budget (annual): $8 million
Starting pay (annual): $26,672
Veteran officer transfer: $33,297
Retirement: Vests at five years
Uniform allowance: Issued by department
Average temp. Feb.: 32/55
Average temp. Aug.: 68/92
Annual precipitation (inches): 47
Patrol: Single
Cars: Ford Crown Victorias; some Chevrolet Impalas
Service weapons: SIG P220
Read more about Holiday Crimes Agency Profiles Arkansas agencies