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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Saúde debate 43 (spe3) 13 Jan 2020Dec 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042019S301 copy
Correlation between drinking water quality and occurrence of diarrhea and hepatitis A in the Federal District/Brazil
Rossana Santos de Castro
Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento Básico do Distrito Federal (Adasa) - Brasília (DF), Brasil.http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1974-9586
Vanessa Resende Nogueira Cruvinel
Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Faculdade de Ceilândia (FCE) - Brasília (DF), Brasil.http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1518-4167
Jaime Lopes da Mota Oliveira
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (Ensp), Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental (DSSA) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. jaimelmoliveira@gmail.comhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-0361-3457
Safe and efficient public water supply is still a challenge in Brazil. This may lead to an increased incidence of diseases such as Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) and hepatitis A. The aim of this study was to associate the quality of water distributed and the occurrence of ADD and hepatitis A in the Federal District (FD) (Brazil) between 2012 and 2017. Data regarding the complaint rates related to water and the non-compliance of its quality were provided by the Supply Company of the FD. The occurrence rates of ADD and hepatitis A were obtained by the Department of Health. Complaint rates were directly related to the non-conformities in relation to free residual chlorine concentration and turbidity of water; however, that relation was inverse to the injuries. This shows that the monitoring carried out by the concessionaire's quality control was relevant in reducing these problems, even during the intermittent supply period (2017). Therefore, the communication channel between users and the service provider was fundamental for the company's corrective actions, which reflected in the reduction of ADD and hepatitis A cases.
Basic sanitation; Water rationing; Diarrhea; Hepatitis A
The concern about distributing water in a safe way to avoid the occurrence of water-borne diseases has been happening since the ancient civilizations11 Davis ML, Masten SJ. Princípios de engenharia ambiental. 3.. ed. Porto Alegre: AMGH; 2016.. However, the correlation between the occurrence of health problems and the public supply system was only performed in 1832 by John Snow, in Inglaterra22 Snow J. On the mode of communication of cholera. London: John Churchill; Prince Street; Soho; 1849.. From this milestone, regulations to ensure that all forms of water supply would occur in a sanitary way were created to prevent water-borne diseases from occurring.
The water may contain inappropriate constituents, and treatment prior to consumption is necessary. After this procedure, water is usually distributed through pipelines and reservoirs to users. Thus, the public water supply system consists of water treatment and distribution. Leaks in the pipes and intermittence of the system can compromise the quality of the water reaching the population and thus carry etiologic agents causing diseases, being one of the most common symptoms to acute diarrhea33 Tucci CEM. Gerenciamento da drenagem urbana. Rev. Bras. Recur. Hídricos. 2002; 7(1):5-27.,44 Castro JE, Heller L. Water and sanitation services: public policy and management. London: Earthscanp; 2009.. The so-called Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD) is of infectious origin and can be caused by different agents, being characterized by constant evacuation, and may lead to dehydration55 Façanha MC, Pinheiro AC. Comportamento das doenças diarreicas agudas em serviços de saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, entre 1996 e 2001. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2005; 21(1):49-54..
From 2010 to 2014 alone, 21 million ADD in children under the age of 5 years were reported in the Federal District (FD), probably due to inadequate water supply; however, a reduction in this epidemiological picture has been observed in recent years66 Distrito Federal. Secretaria de Saúde. Subsecretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim epidemiológico: doenças imunopreviníveis e doenças de transmissão hídrica e alimentar. Distrito Federal: NCDIA; NATHA; 2015. [acesso 2018 ago 27]. Disponível em: http://www.saude.df.gov.br/wp-conteudo/uploads/2018/05/Doen%C3%A7as-Imunopreven%C3%ADveis-e-doen%C3%A7as-de-Transmiss%C3%A3o-Hidrica-e-Alimentar-n%C2%BA-01-swtembro2015.pdf.
http://www.saude.df.gov.br/wp-conteudo/u... . In addition to ADD, a very characteristic health indicator in relation to water supply is the occurrence of hepatitis A.
Ordinance MS nº 2.91477 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 2.914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011. Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Diário Oficial da União. 14 Dez 2011. defines parameters and criteria for acceptance of water quality at its various levels: after treatment, reservoirs and distribution network. The quality of water distributed in a city should be verified by the concessionaire that administers these services both by its quality control and by the municipality or by the FD, through health surveillance. Among the priority parameters used to monitor water quality, turbidity, free residual chlorine and microbiological contamination (Total Coliforms and Escherichia Coli) stand out. These parameters may signal irregularities in the supply system. The standard states that the water of the distribution network must have between 0.5 and 5.0 mg.L-1 free residual chlorine and a turbidity below 5 UNT (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), besides being free of microbiological contamination.
The FD belongs to the Central Plateau, where are the main headwaters of the three great Brazilian hydrographic regions: Tocantins-Araguaia, São Francisco and Paraná. This way, the water availability of the region depends directly on the incidence of rainfall. However, the year 2016 was marked by a drop in the rainfall index, which caused a significant reduction in these main reservoirs of the city88 Capodeferro M, Smiderle JJ, Oliveira LAD. Mecanismos adotados pelo Distrito Federal no combate à crise hídrica. In: XXXVI Congreso Interamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental; 2018 Out 28-31; Guayaquil. Equador. Associação Interamericana de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. 2018.. Containment measures such as supervision and reduction in the granting of agricultural activities and awareness of the rational use of water were not sufficient to avoid a rotation of public water supply in 2017. This alternation worked with a day of interruption, two for water return (regularization period) and four with standardized water supply99 Caesb. Relatório da Administração. Brasília, DF: Caesb; 2017. [acesso em 2018 set 2]. Disponível em: https://www.caesb.df.gov.br/images/arquivos_pdf/Relatorio_da_Administracao-2017.pdf.
https://www.caesb.df.gov.br/images/arqui... .
Therefore, the objective of this study was to make a possible correlation between the non-conformities regarding the water quality that supplies the FD, the complaint rates of users regarding the water consumed and the occurrence of ADD and hepatitis A in the period from 2012 to 2017.
An ecological study was carried out having as unit of analysis the population of FD, Brazil. This approach aims to relate exposure indicators to the epidemiological indicators of certain population groups. Exposure indicators were the different parameters used to define the water quality that supplied the FD, while the epidemiological indicators were the occurrence of diseases recognized as associated with water quality. This study occurred between 2012 and 2017, period that incorporated the year in which water scarcity and rotation were declared in the public supply.
Results on the quality of the water distributed were provided by the Regulatory Agency for Water, Energy, and Basic Sanitation (Adasa). These data are open to the population as determined by the law on access to information. The parameters obtained were: Free Residual Chlorine (FRC), Turbidity (T), Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia Coli (EC). Usually, the concessionaire collects a minimum number of samples from the distribution network depending on the parameter to be analyzed. Samples that, haply, may have been found to fall outside the standards recommended by the ordinance (table 1) are identified as Non-Conforming (NC). The monthly data of total samples collected in the network as well as the quantity of NC samples were made available by Adasa. The Non-Compliance Indexes (NCI) of the water distributed in the FD for each parameter was calculated from the ratio between the quantity of NC samples and the total amount of samples collected in the period. In order to be able to correlate with the indices of diseases (ADD and hepatitis A), the integration of these data per year was carried out.
Variables collected by databases: amount of samples collected in the water distribution network by the utility, relative percentage of non-compliance samples (NCI), relative complaints index (RCI) to water quality, total estimated population of FD and population growth rate
Complaints data regarding water quality were accessed directly from the Performance Indicators Report of the Company, which are data also open to the population. This report contains all complaints made to the company regarding water or not. Accordingly, the Relative Complaints Index (RCI) was calculated by the ratio of water quality complaints to the total complaints that came to the company. Data regarding the occurrence of ADD and hepatitis A in FD were provided by the Health Department. It was possible to obtain all these data for each month of the period of this study. The ADD and hepatitis A rate per thousand inhabitants was determined from the ratio between the occurrence of each grievance and the estimated population in the corresponding year multiplied by one thousand.
All data obtained were plotted by month in order to know the trend of each indicator in the period, except for the complaint rates, as they are not available. The NCI for each water quality and RCI parameter per year (independent variables) were analyzed by their 'one-to-one' correlation with ADD rate and hepatitis A rate (dependent variables). In addition, a probable correlation analysis was performed between the NCI (independent variables) and the RCI (dependent variable).
Initially, simple linear regression analysis was performed between each group of variables (dependent and independent) to select the indicators that were used in the Stepwise analysis. The significance level adopted in these correlations was 20% (p ≤ 0,2). All statistical tests were performed using the R-Studio program.
Water quality distributed in the Federal District
Figure 1 shows that, from 2015, there was an increase in the number of water samples from FD with non-compliance with the acceptable quality standard for FRC, T, TC and EC. It is observed that the non-compliances of these samples were more significant in the year in which the rotation was implemented in the supply (figure 1). However, during this period, the number of samples taken from the network was higher than in the previous ones (table 1).
Number of Non-compliant (outside the potability standard) monthly samples in water distributed in FD between 2012 and 2017 according to the priority parameters of Free Residual Chlorine (A); Turbidity (B); Total Coliforms (C) and Escherichia Coli (D). Data provided by the Regulatory Agency for Water, Energy, and Basic Sanitation (Adasa)
Table 1 shows the number of samples collected by the quality control of the concessionaire between 2012 and 2017, as well as the NCI of the water quality in relation to the parameters FRC, T, TC and EC, the annual injury rates for ADD and hepatitis A, the estimated population each year and the population growth rate.
The parameters that had the most expressive number of NC samples were FRC, TC and T (table 1). Morais and collaborators1010 Morais WA, Saleh BB, Santos WS, et al. Qualidade sanitária da água distribuída para abastecimento público em Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Colet. 2016; 24(3):361-367. obtained FRC values below that recommended by the ordinance when monitoring the distributed water in Goiás. The low concentration of chlorine in the distribution network may occur due to operational errors during the water treatment process (inadequate chlorine dosage) and/ or its consumption in the network itself (organic matter present in the network)1111 Moraes LRS, Borja PC, Tosta CS. Qualidade de água da rede de distribuição e de beber em assentamento periurbano: estudo de caso. In: Anais do 20º Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia sanitária e Ambiental; 1999 Set 20-25; Recife. Pernambuco: Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. 1999. p. 1462-73.. The intermittent water supply can cause internal dryness in the pipes and this can cause the detachment of fouling and silt, which, with the return of water, can be carried, causing an increase of T and the concentration of organic material in water; and this increase can consume the chlorine of the net1212 Lazcano CA. Fallas y problemas de la desinfección urbana. In: Anais do Simposio Regional sobre Calidad del Agua: Desinfección Efectiva [internet]; 1998 out 27-29; Lima. Peru; 1998. p. 1-11. [acesso em 2018 out 5]. Disponível em: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacg/e/fulltext/simposio/ponen2.pdf.
http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacg/e/fullt... . The incrustation and the slime are formed with the time of use and are common in the distributions13. The NCI of TC and T in 2017, the year in which the water rotation was operated, was smaller than in 2016 (table 1). A possible explanation for this may be the maneuver during the rationing period, in which water sampling was performed only after normalization of supply, that is, 48 hours after the return of water. With this, the frequency of NC samples for these two parameters tends to be lower, a fact that was not reflected in the FRC. Therefore, 48 hours may not have been sufficient for the normalization of the supply network.
The minimum amount of samples to be collected for monitoring depends on the population served by the supply system77 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 2.914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011. Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Diário Oficial da União. 14 Dez 2011.. The FD has about 2.5 million inhabitants, therefore, the monitoring carried out by the concessionaire should take approximately 8.460 samples per year in the water distribution system77 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 2.914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011. Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Diário Oficial da União. 14 Dez 2011.; however, in 2017, the Company performed more than 19 thousand samples (table 1). This result may indicate a greater concern for the company in monitoring the supply system due to intermittency. This measure corroborates the recommendations cited by O'Connor1515 O'Connor DR. Report of the Walkerton Inquiry: Part two - A Strategy for Safe Water. 2002; Toronto, Canada [internet]. [acesso em 2018 out 20]. Disponível em: http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/walkerton/report2/index.html.
http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_recor... in the Toronto Walkerton survey that places monitoring as an effective barrier to the risk of contamination in the management of water supply systems.
The monitoring of water quality for human consumption must be performed by two different actors: environmental health surveillance and the concessionaire responsible for the supply. While surveillance seeks to associate and/or prevent injuries that can be transmitted by water, the concessionaire aims at controlling the quality of its offered product. For the concessionaire, a non-conformity shows the occurrence of some error in the water distribution system, and the company must follow protocols for the correction of these faults. After corrective actions, a new sampling at the non-compliant points shall be performed to verify the effectiveness of the action and to confirm the improvement of the system77 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 2.914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011. Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Diário Oficial da União. 14 Dez 2011.. Therefore, the result of non-conformity may not correspond to a poor water quality that reaches the end user. Surveillance typically collects a smaller amount of samples than that practiced by the concessionaire's quality control1616 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Diretriz nacional do plano de amostragem da vigilância em saúde ambiental relacionada à qualidade da água para consumo [internet]. Brasília, DF: MS; 2006. Série A: normas e manuais técnicos. [acesso 2018 dez 5]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretriz_nacional_plano_vigiagua.pdf.
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... . As stated in the National Guideline for the Environmental Health Surveillance Sampling Plan related to the Quality of Water for Human Consumption of the Ministry of Health1616 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Diretriz nacional do plano de amostragem da vigilância em saúde ambiental relacionada à qualidade da água para consumo [internet]. Brasília, DF: MS; 2006. Série A: normas e manuais técnicos. [acesso 2018 dez 5]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretriz_nacional_plano_vigiagua.pdf.
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... , the number of water samples from the city of Ubatuba, São Paulo, collected by surveillance, was much lower than the control from the concessionaire in 2003. While surveillance collected 463, 463, and 448 samples for FRC, T, and TC analysis, respectively, the control sampled 1.232, 1.275, and 1.257 for these same parameters. This resulted in a higher percentage of non-quality (non-conformance) samples in surveillance sampling. This difference presents different NCI obtained by these two actors. The fact that the number of samples performed by the concessionaire of the Federal District was higher, mainly, during the intermittent period (2017) causes a drop in the NCI, which probably would not be observed by surveillance (table 1). Therefore, the absolute non-compliance values of the samples reflect the impacts to the water distribution system suffered by the supply rotation in 2017.
The Indicators Report of the concessionaire show that the RCI of the water quality increased in 2016 and 2017 (table 1). In absolute terms, in 2015, 721 complaints were registered regarding the quality of water distributed in FD against 894 in 2016 and 1.382 in 2017. These figures represent an increase of approximately 24% in 2016 and 91% in 2017, compared to 2015. Complaint by users usually occurs by the perception of the organoleptic characteristics of the water consumed. The presence of color, flavor and odor, as well as T, are factors that lead the user to question the water quality1313 Heller L, Pádua VL. Abastecimento de água para consumo humano. Minas Gerais: UFMG; 2006.. This result reinforces the idea of failures in the management of maneuvers in the rationing period, in which, probably, users may have been attended by water before the normalization period, that is, in the intermediate period between the cut-off and the normal supply and, with that, they have stored and even consumed this water which was not fit for their consumption.
Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) and Hepatitis A rates in the Federal District
Figure 2 shows the monthly cases of ADD and hepatitis A registered at the Health Department of the FD between 2012 and 2017. It can be observed that in the last three years (2015, 2016 and 2017) there was a decrease in the number of cases of these two diseases. In addition, table 1 also shows a reduction in the incidence rates of these two diseases over this period.
Number of notifications of Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) (A) and Hepatitis A (B) in FD between 2012 and 2017. Data provided by the Health Department of the FD
This result shows that these two problems have been reduced over the years, which corroborates the studies conducted by Meneguessi and collaborators1717 Meneguessi GM, Mossri RM, Segatto TCV, et al. Morbimortalidade por doenças diarreicas agudas em crianças menores de 10 anos no Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2003 a 2012. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde. 2015; 24(3):721-730. between 2003 and 2012. These authors found around 70 thousand ADD records in 2012 - which was close to that found in this study -; and, in 2017, this amount reached less than 22 thousand cases. Despite a positive result regarding the occurrence of these diseases in this population, this trend cannot be celebrated. ADD is a problem that can be prevented by simple public health improvements. It is noteworthy that not only the water supply is responsible for its transmission, but also sanitary sewage and drainage are also ways of dissemination of pathogens responsible for this disease. Almeida1818 Almeida FF. Influência dos fatores socioambientais, sanitários e enteropatógenos em crianças menores de 5 anos com diarreia atendidas em Unidades de Saúde do Município de Anápolis - GO. [dissertação]. Anápolis: Centro Universitário Unievangélica de Anápolis; 2016. 63 p. associated the occurrence of ADD caused by bacterial agents in Anápolis (GO) to the poor conditions of hygiene and conservation of its water reservoirs. She explained that the habit of consuming tap water from poorly conserved reservoirs was correlated with ADD of bacterial origin. Therefore, even with the guarantee of a satisfactory water distribution system, ADD indices can only be reduced to a satisfactory threshold when other intrinsic problems are resolved.
On the other hand, hepatitis A occurrence is intrinsically associated with the quality of the water consumed. Braga and collaborators1919 Braga RCC, Valencia LIO, Medronho RA, et al. Estimativa de áreas de risco para hepatite A. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2008; 24(8):1743-1752. identified the risk of hepatitis A correlated with deficiencies or lack of water supply in different territories in the municipality of Duque de Caxias (Rio de Janeiro). The occurrence of hepatitis A in FD was lower in the last years of this study, reaching 13 and 14 in 2016 and 2017, respectively, which corresponds to half of the cases reported compared to 2015. In addition, hepatitis A rates for each thousand inhabitants in recent years have been reduced from 0,060 in 2012 to 0,005 in 2017 (table 1). These observations show that there may be a greater concern for the water quality that supplies the FD, confirming the importance of both the control carried out by the concessionaire and the active participation of users. However, the hepatitis rate in 2017 was slightly higher than 2016, probably due to intermittent supply. Therefore, it is important to carry out a critical analysis in the management of water for human consumption when intermittent supply is required.
Correlation between data
Table 2 shows the results of simple linear regression applied in the variables ADD rate, hepatitis A rate and RCI related to water quality as dependent variables with the NCI for each distribution network water quality parameter (FRC, T, TC and EC) and RCI related to water quality as independent variables. From this result, the variables that obtained values of p ≤ 0.2 were submitted to Stepwise in order to obtain Pearson correlation indices (figure 3) between them.
P values obtained after the simple linear regression analysis performed between the different variables: Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) and Hepatitis A, Non-Compliance Indexes (NCI) and Relative Complaints Index (RCI)
Figure 3 shows that regression rates (R22 Snow J. On the mode of communication of cholera. London: John Churchill; Prince Street; Soho; 1849.) were low, but are common values for this type of study. On the other hand, the Pearson (r) correlation coefficients obtained were greater than 0,50, showing that these correlations are significant.
Correlations (r) between the different variables that had satisfactory linear regression values (p ≤ 0,2). In (A) Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) rate per 1.000 inhabitants and Relative Complaints Index (r = -0,56144), (B) Relative Complaints Index and Non-Compliance Index for Free Residual Chlorine (r=0,57737), (C) Relative Complaint Index and Non-Compliance Index for Turbidity (r = 0,60402)
Linear regression statistical results showed that if a stricter significance level such as 10 or 5% (p ≤ 0,1 or 0,05) were used, for example, which is common in ecological studies, it would exclude all variables to be tested. This way, a less judicious value was adopted. Even in this condition, only the ADD (health indicator) rate correlated with the RCI. Using RCI as the dependent variable, only NCI of FRC and T were correlated (table 2). This result shows the difficulty in associating environmental variables and the incidence of diseases. Queiroz, Heller and Silva2020 Queiroz JTM, Heller L, Silva SR. Análise da correlação de ocorrência da doença diarreica aguda com a qualidade da água para consumo humano no município de Vitória - ES. Saúde Soc. 2009; 18(3):479-489. could not obtain a good correlation between water quality and ADD incidence in Vitória (ES).
The ADD rate had an inverse relationship with the RCI (figure 3A), indicating that the higher the number of complaints, the lower the disease rate. A likely explanation of this result would be the effectiveness of complaints by promoting improvements in the supply system and, therefore, promoting a better health condition of the population. Meisen et al.2121 Meisen MN, Bohn N, Tavares LBB, et al. Ocorrência de doenças diarréicas agudas (DDA) com a qualidade da água para consumo humano no município de Pouso Redondo - SC. Rev. Estud. Ambient. [internet]. 2011 [acesso em 2018 fev 2]; 13(2):57-67. Disponível em: http://proxy.furb.br/ojs/index.php/rea/article/viewFile/2673/1803.
http://proxy.furb.br/ojs/index.php/rea/a... also had a negative correlation between water quality and ADD, but little significant. Moreover, they failed to point out these correlations with various water characteristics. It should be noted that non-compliance does not mean that poor quality water reaches homes, but, rather, identifies system failures that may have been corrected. Probably, the monitoring performed by the company is having an effect, preventing the proliferation of ADD by the water consumed. Regarding water quality and hepatitis A, although there are reports indicating that safe water supply diminishes the prevalence of this disease2222 Ferreira CT, Silveira TR. Hepatites virais: aspectos da epidemiologia e da prevenção. Rev. Bras. Epidemiol. 2004; 7(4):473-487., the studies undertaken were unable to establish correlations between these variables as also observed by da Silva and others2323 Silva ALM. Direito do meio ambiente e dos recursos naturais. São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2005. v. 2..
The NCI variables of FRC and T showed a direct correlation with the RCI (figures 3 B and C). The proliferation of microorganisms in the distribution network, in addition to favoring chlorine consumption, can promote its T and is capable of generating odor and taste changes2424 Filho SSF, Alves R. Técnicas de avaliação de gosto e odor em águas de abastecimento: método analítico, análise sensorial e percepção dos consumidores. Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 2006; 11(4):362-370., which could, besides the visual aspect, influence the increase in complaints about the water quality.
This study shows how difficult it is to obtain a safe relationship between the sanitation variables and the health conditions of the population. The fact that the monitoring of the supply network finds a non-compliance in the water quality can positively reflect the health status of the population if corrective measures are taken. An important fact is the perception of the population as a control factor, because it can reject the water when it detects some alteration. In this case, the maintenance of open routes of complaint with the concessionaire, especially in times of shortage and supply restriction, is essential to the good management of the water supply service.
From this study, it can be inferred that the number of non-compliance samples identified by the quality control of the concessionaire has been increasing in recent years, but the NCI for the FRC, T, TC and EC parameters has been maintained, probably due to the increase in the amount of samples collected. The number of complaints made by the population regarding the quality of distributed water (RCI) has also increased. This shows that the water reaching users presented unsatisfactory organoleptic characteristics. It is noteworthy that, during the rationing period, both NCI and RCI were higher. The number of ADD and hepatitis A diseases has been following the decreasing trend, and this shows that probably these conditions may not correspond to the water quality. The most significant correlations observed occurred between the ADD rate and the RCI inversely. The RCI had a positive correlation with the NCI of FRC and T, showing the difficulty in obtaining a correlation between the water supply conditions and the problems related to inadequate sanitation even at rationing times.
Financial support: non-existent
Davis ML, Masten SJ. Princípios de engenharia ambiental. 3.. ed. Porto Alegre: AMGH; 2016.
Snow J. On the mode of communication of cholera. London: John Churchill; Prince Street; Soho; 1849.
Tucci CEM. Gerenciamento da drenagem urbana. Rev. Bras. Recur. Hídricos. 2002; 7(1):5-27.
Castro JE, Heller L. Water and sanitation services: public policy and management. London: Earthscanp; 2009.
Façanha MC, Pinheiro AC. Comportamento das doenças diarreicas agudas em serviços de saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, entre 1996 e 2001. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2005; 21(1):49-54.
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» http://www.saude.df.gov.br/wp-conteudo/uploads/2018/05/Doen%C3%A7as-Imunopreven%C3%ADveis-e-doen%C3%A7as-de-Transmiss%C3%A3o-Hidrica-e-Alimentar-n%C2%BA-01-swtembro2015.pdf
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» https://www.caesb.df.gov.br/images/arquivos_pdf/Relatorio_da_Administracao-2017.pdf
Morais WA, Saleh BB, Santos WS, et al. Qualidade sanitária da água distribuída para abastecimento público em Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Colet. 2016; 24(3):361-367.
Moraes LRS, Borja PC, Tosta CS. Qualidade de água da rede de distribuição e de beber em assentamento periurbano: estudo de caso. In: Anais do 20º Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia sanitária e Ambiental; 1999 Set 20-25; Recife. Pernambuco: Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. 1999. p. 1462-73.
Lazcano CA. Fallas y problemas de la desinfección urbana. In: Anais do Simposio Regional sobre Calidad del Agua: Desinfección Efectiva [internet]; 1998 out 27-29; Lima. Peru; 1998. p. 1-11. [acesso em 2018 out 5]. Disponível em: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacg/e/fulltext/simposio/ponen2.pdf
» http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacg/e/fulltext/simposio/ponen2.pdf
Heller L, Pádua VL. Abastecimento de água para consumo humano. Minas Gerais: UFMG; 2006.
Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. População residente enviada ao Tribunal de Contas da União. Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação de 2001 a 2015 [internet]. [acesso 2018 dez 15]. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html?=&t=downloads
» https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html?=&t=downloads
O'Connor DR. Report of the Walkerton Inquiry: Part two - A Strategy for Safe Water. 2002; Toronto, Canada [internet]. [acesso em 2018 out 20]. Disponível em: http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/walkerton/report2/index.html
» http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/walkerton/report2/index.html
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Diretriz nacional do plano de amostragem da vigilância em saúde ambiental relacionada à qualidade da água para consumo [internet]. Brasília, DF: MS; 2006. Série A: normas e manuais técnicos. [acesso 2018 dez 5]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretriz_nacional_plano_vigiagua.pdf
» http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretriz_nacional_plano_vigiagua.pdf
Meneguessi GM, Mossri RM, Segatto TCV, et al. Morbimortalidade por doenças diarreicas agudas em crianças menores de 10 anos no Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2003 a 2012. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde. 2015; 24(3):721-730.
Almeida FF. Influência dos fatores socioambientais, sanitários e enteropatógenos em crianças menores de 5 anos com diarreia atendidas em Unidades de Saúde do Município de Anápolis - GO. [dissertação]. Anápolis: Centro Universitário Unievangélica de Anápolis; 2016. 63 p.
Braga RCC, Valencia LIO, Medronho RA, et al. Estimativa de áreas de risco para hepatite A. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2008; 24(8):1743-1752.
Queiroz JTM, Heller L, Silva SR. Análise da correlação de ocorrência da doença diarreica aguda com a qualidade da água para consumo humano no município de Vitória - ES. Saúde Soc. 2009; 18(3):479-489.
Meisen MN, Bohn N, Tavares LBB, et al. Ocorrência de doenças diarréicas agudas (DDA) com a qualidade da água para consumo humano no município de Pouso Redondo - SC. Rev. Estud. Ambient. [internet]. 2011 [acesso em 2018 fev 2]; 13(2):57-67. Disponível em: http://proxy.furb.br/ojs/index.php/rea/article/viewFile/2673/1803
» http://proxy.furb.br/ojs/index.php/rea/article/viewFile/2673/1803
Ferreira CT, Silveira TR. Hepatites virais: aspectos da epidemiologia e da prevenção. Rev. Bras. Epidemiol. 2004; 7(4):473-487.
Silva ALM. Direito do meio ambiente e dos recursos naturais. São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2005. v. 2.
Filho SSF, Alves R. Técnicas de avaliação de gosto e odor em águas de abastecimento: método analítico, análise sensorial e percepção dos consumidores. Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 2006; 11(4):362-370.
Publication in this collection
Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento Básico do Distrito Federal (Adasa) - Brasília (DF), Brasil.
Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Faculdade de Ceilândia (FCE) - Brasília (DF), Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (Ensp), Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental (DSSA) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. jaimelmoliveira@gmail.com
Castro RS (0000-0002-1974-9586)**Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed to the collection and structuring of the data, elaboration and revision of the article. Cruvinel VRN (0000-0003-1518-4167)**Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed to data structuring and revision of the article. Oliveira JLM (0000-0002-0361-3457)**Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed to data structuring, preparation and revision of the article.
Conflict of interests: non-existent
Figures | Tables
Figure 1 Number of Non-compliant (outside the potability standard) monthly samples in water distributed in FD between 2012 and 2017 according to the priority parameters of Free Residual Chlorine (A); Turbidity (B); Total Coliforms (C) and Escherichia Coli (D). Data provided by the Regulatory Agency for Water, Energy, and Basic Sanitation (Adasa)
Figure 2 Number of notifications of Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) (A) and Hepatitis A (B) in FD between 2012 and 2017. Data provided by the Health Department of the FD
Figure 3 Correlations (r) between the different variables that had satisfactory linear regression values (p ≤ 0,2). In (A) Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) rate per 1.000 inhabitants and Relative Complaints Index (r = -0,56144), (B) Relative Complaints Index and Non-Compliance Index for Free Residual Chlorine (r=0,57737), (C) Relative Complaint Index and Non-Compliance Index for Turbidity (r = 0,60402)
Table 1 Variables collected by databases: amount of samples collected in the water distribution network by the utility, relative percentage of non-compliance samples (NCI), relative complaints index (RCI) to water quality, total estimated population of FD and population growth rate
Data Collection Period
Amount of Samples Collected FRC(1) 9.174 9.243 8.474 10.546 8.552 19.517
T(2) 9.117 9.237 8.408 10.544 8.540 19.512
CT(3) 9.172 9.241 7.754 10.532 8.560 19.526
EC(4) 9.171 9.241 7.754 10.532 8.560 19.526
NCI FRC(1) 0,010 0,009 0,018 0,016 0,016 0,023
T(2) 0,021 0,012 0,007 0,013 0,030 0,019
TC(3) 0,018 0,011 0,017 0,028 0,031 0,022
EC(4) 0,0007 0,0009 0,0004 0,0011 0,0006 0,0008
Diseases Index(5) DDA(6) 27,12 21,56 28,79 12,03 11,01 7,18
HEP A(7) 0,060 0,028 0,020 0,010 0,004 0,005
RCI(8) 0,22 0,14 0,15 0,15 0,23 0,32
Estimated population(9) 2.648.532 2.789.761 2.852.372 2.914.830 2.977.216 3.039.444
Rate of Population Growth(10) 1,015 1,053 1,022 1,022 1,021 1,021
Notes: (1) Free Residual Chlorine; (2) Turbidity; (3) Total coliforms; (4) Escherichia Coli; (5) Relative damage index for every 1.000 inhabitants; (6) Acute Diarrheal Disease; (7) Hepatitis A; (8) Relative Complaints Index; (9) Data collected from IBGE14 Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. População residente enviada ao Tribunal de Contas da União. Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação de 2001 a 2015 [internet]. [acesso 2018 dez 15]. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html?=&t=downloads.
https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-nov... ; (10) Ratio between the population of the current year and that of the previous year. Water quality data were provided by the Regulatory Agency for Water, Energy and Basic Sanitation (Adasa) of the FD. Health data were provided by the Health Department of the FD.
Table 2 P values obtained after the simple linear regression analysis performed between the different variables: Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) and Hepatitis A, Non-Compliance Indexes (NCI) and Relative Complaints Index (RCI)
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
FRC*
TC***
EC****
DDA rate 0,52 0,70 0,68 0,23 0,19
Hepatitis A rate 0,58 0,90 0,77 0,85 0,70
RCI 0,20 0,20 0,30 0,55 -
FRC - free residual chlorine.
T - turbidity.
TC - total coliforms;
EC - Escherichia Coli.
Correlação entre qualidade da água e ocorrência de diarreia e hepatite A no Distrito Federal/Brasil


text:
New Apartment Building Coming To Downtown Bismarck
Getty Images (Photo by Sean Gallup/Getty Images)
According to KFYR, the space behind the Bismarck Radisson Hotel will soon be home to new apartments. The lot across the street from main street McDonald's, where in the past a lot of the tour buses parked. That lot will have a new apartment building. The address is 630 East Main Avenue. Developer David Witham says by the year 2021 they hope to have the new apartment building open.
The building will house 52 apartments and will have 30 one bedroom units, 10 two bedroom units and two three bedroom units. Each unit will have a washer/dryer, and they plan to have modern fixures and central a/c. The developer David Witham says there's a housing shortage and Bismarck will be able to compete with other cities in North Dakota when it comes to workforce growth. The project is estimated at $10 million. The apartment building have a community courtyard for residents behind the building and 11,000 sq ft for commercial stores on this property.
Filed Under: Bismarck, New Apartment, North Dakota
Categories: Bismarck Events, News, Newsletter, North Dakota

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Autonomy plan
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Home Opinion Editorials How Does Susan Rice's New Position Affect Morocco?
How Does Susan Rice's New Position Affect Morocco?
New York - Moroccans woke up on Wednesday morning to the news that U.S. President Barack Obama has appointed Susan Rice as national security adviser to replace Tom Donilon, who had resigned from his post. This could be considered as a set back for Morocco. Moreover, what could be perceived as yet another setback is the appointment of Samantha Power as the US Ambassador to the United Nations.
Samir Bennis
Samir Bennis is a political analyst.
New York – Moroccans woke up on Wednesday morning to the news that U.S. President Barack Obama has appointed Susan Rice as national security adviser to replace Tom Donilon, who had resigned from his post. This could be considered as a set back for Morocco. Moreover, what could be perceived as yet another setback is the appointment of Samantha Power as the US Ambassador to the United Nations.
Any observer of American foreign policy and the professional background of these two officials knows how much importance they attach to the issue of human rights. Everyone remembers the role played last April by Susan Rice in presenting, to the UN Security Council, a draft resolution proposing, for the first time, the inclusion of a human rights monitoring system in the mandate of the UN mission in the Sahara, known by its French acronym MINURSO.
The United States would not have taken such an unprecedented step without the presence of officials who turn the issue of human rights into one of the pillars of American foreign policy. What makes observers consider that this appointment does not serve the interests of Morocco is the pivotal role played by the national security adviser in shaping American foreign policy and determining its priorities.
From now on, Morocco will have to deal with a U.S. administration believed to be sympathetic to some extent with Polisario and close to one of the Polisario's prominent supporters, namely Kerry Kennedy, the president of the RFK organization for human rights. Whether it is John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, Susan Rice, Samantha Power, they are all known for attaching a great importance to the issue of human rights. In this regard, there is no doubt that they will be sensitive to the question of human rights in the Sahara and the efforts made by the Polisario to weaken Morocco's position in this regard and push for a solution that might go against its strategic interests.
In this sense, I think that the coming months may give us an idea on the way in which the US Administration will deal with the Sahara issue. However, past experience with Susan Rice and John Kerry might suggest that tough days are awaiting Morocco and that one has to be prepared to every scenario and exert every possible effort to prevent things from going out of hand.
In this regard, it should be noted that in 2001, John Kerry was among a number of US senators who wrote a letter to the then Secretary of State, Colin Powell, and called for the application of the concept of self-determination of the Saharawi people and the holding of a referendum.
We must not think that what has been achieved in the month of April, when the American proposal was defeated, was a victory. It was rather an opportunity afforded to Morocco to remedy what can be remedied and show a sincere intention to respect human rights in the Sahara.
The US attempts to alter the mandate of the MINURSO should be considered as wakeup call that time has come to adopt a more pro-active strategy that is more likely to help shift the debate on the Sahara from the issue of human rights to finding a realistic approach to put an end to the conflict.
Moroccan officials should be aware that this appointment will further embolden the Polisario and push it to intensify its attempts to push Moroccan authorities to make mistakes in dealing with the separatists inside both in the Sahara and other regions of the country, thus, weaken Morocco through the use of human rights.
The best strategy that ought to be adopted more than ever is to avoid falling into the same mistakes that occurred in the past or falling into any trap that would weaken Morocco's position and put it on the defensive. Any success of the Moroccan diplomatic efforts to sensitize people about the urgency of putting an end to the Sahara conflict on the basis of the Autonomy plan presented by Morocco to the Security Council in April 2007, depends largely on the success of the Moroccan authorities in dealing intelligently with all the provocations that may be exposed to at the hands of the Polisario and their supporters in the Sahara.
On the other hand, Morocco must embark on a process for self-criticism, review the shortcomings and deficiencies of its foreign policy as regards the issue of the Sahara, and work towards improving what needs to be improved. The decision of the U.S. administration to submit a draft resolution against the interests of Morocco, is a proof that many aspects of Moroccan foreign policy must be re-considered with regard to the approach adopted by Moroccan officials to defend the Sahara issue at the international level.
The appointment of Susan Rice, as Obama's national security adviser, and Samantha Power as US ambassador to the United Nations indicates that the U.S. administration will make the issue of human rights one of the pillars of its foreign policy.
Based on the foregoing, Morocco must develop a comprehensive strategy that would help avoid anything that might weaken its position on the Sahara conflict and promote the efforts it made over the years in order to find a solution to this conflict on the basis of on the autonomy plan.
Perhaps the first steps that must be taken is to improve the way we communicate with American decision-makers and American public opinion, and use all available media in order to better educate them about Western Sahara conflict and demystify the propaganda orchestrated by the Polisario and its backers. Morocco should also reconsider the effectiveness of the work that has been carried out by the lobbyist groups working on its behalf in order to defend its interests among American decision-makers.
Morocco should draw lessons from the step taken by the U.S. administration and adopt a more aggressive and proactive approach likely to spare it falling in the same predicament as last April. Furthermore, there is also a need that the country's decision-makers approach more the lobbyist groups close to the Democratic Party instead of relying mainly on those loyal to the Republican Party
Additionally, Morocco should also diversify its relations with other members of the Security Council, such as Russia and China. Despite the reassuring statements made by US diplomats about their constant and ambiguous support to Morocco's position on the conflict, there is not much we can expect from the current American administration. All can Morocco achieve from the Obama administration is that it keeps its positive neutrality and refrains from adopting any position hostile to its interests. Hence the need that Morocco strengthens its relations with China and Russia.
The tough days that might await Morocco make it imperative to intensify efforts and exploit all the energies and possibilities in order to avoid any major shift in the issue of the Sahara in the month of April next year and in the coming years, including through the use of qualified Moroccans living in America. They can help Morocco to strengthen its position and sensitize Americans decision-makers about the importance of finding a solution to the Sahara issue based on the autonomy plan.
Samir Bennis is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Morocco World News
© Morocco World News. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, rewritten or redistributed
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The large cast of "Yellow Jack" includes Katherine Wilson, John Miltern, Geoffery Kerr, Barton MacLane, Robert Keith, Eduardo Ciannelli, Whitford Kane, Harold Moffat, George Nash, Richie Ling, Millard Mitchell, Robert Shayne, James Stewart, Edward Aouff, Samuel Levene, Myron McCormick and about twenty others.
The settings have been designed by Jo Mielziner and the play directed by Guthrie McClintic.
"All the news concerning Jews" is faithfully and promptly reported in the Jewish Daily Bulletin–the only Jewish daily newspaper printed in English.


text:
//
//  ofxFBXManager.h
//  ScenesSetup_Nick
//
//  Created by Nick Hardeman on 12/20/13.
//
//

#pragma once
#include "ofxFBX.h"

#include <fbxsdk.h>

/*
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    #include <fbxsdk.h>
#else
	#include "fbxsdk.h"
#endif
*/

class ofxFBXManager : public ofNode {
public:
    ofxFBXManager();

    void setup( ofxFBXScene* aScene );
    void update();
    void lateUpdate();

    void draw();
    void drawMeshes();
    void drawMeshNormals( float aLen = 4.f, bool aBFaceNormals = true );
    void drawSkeletons( float aLen = 10.f );

    vector< ofMesh >& getMeshes();
    ofxFBXScene* getFbxScene();

    int getNumAnimations();
    int getCurrentAnimationIndex();
    ofxFBXAnimation& getCurrentAnimation();
    ofxFBXAnimation& getAnimation( int aIndex );
    void setAnimation( int aIndex );
    void enableAnimations();
    void disableAnimations();
    void toggleAnimationsEnabled();
    bool areAnimationsEnabled();
    bool hasAnimations();

    vector< shared_ptr<ofxFBXSkeleton> >& getSkeletons();
    void resetSkeletons();
    bool hasBones();
    int getNumSkeletons();
    int getNumBones();
    ofxFBXBone* getBone( string aBoneName, int aSkeletonIndex=0 );
    string getSkeletonInfo();

    bool hasPoses();
    bool arePosesEnabled();
    void enablePoses();
    void disablePoses();
    void togglePosesEnabled();
    int getNumPoses();
    void setPoseIndex( int aIndex );
    shared_ptr< ofxFBXPose > getCurrentPose();
    vector< shared_ptr< ofxFBXPose > > getPoses();

    vector<ofNode> meshTransforms;

protected:
    vector< shared_ptr<ofxFBXSkeleton> > skeletons;
    vector<ofMesh> meshes;
    vector< shared_ptr<ofxFBXPose> > poses;

    vector<ofxFBXAnimation> animations;
    vector< vector<ofxFBXCachedSkeletonAnimation> > cachedSkeletonAnimations;

    FbxAnimLayer* currentFbxAnimationLayer;
    ofxFBXScene* fbxScene;

    int animationIndex;
    bool bAnimationsEnabled;
    bool bSkeletonsDirty;
    int poseIndex;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
You are here: Home / HockeyBlog / Mike Richards confused by Bettman's request for two week recess
Mike Richards confused by Bettman's request for two week recess
After last week's charity hockey game at the Kings training facility, forward Jarret Stoll told us he was 'depressed' following a phone call earlier that day with the NHLPA. Today, his Stanley Cup winning teammate, Mike Richards used words like 'frustrating' and 'confusing when talking with NHL Network Radio host Gord Stellick about Commissioner Gary Bettman's request to halt CBA talks for the next two weeks…
"I was frustrated when I first heard that," Richards began. "I'm on some of the conference calls and I talk to Kevin Westgarth regularly, who's been in the meetings and has overseen a lot of it with the NHLPA and Don (Fehr). When I heard the two-week break that Gary wanted to take I was kind of confused by it and not really sure how you can get a deal done when you take two weeks off. It's frustrating at times, as a player you obviously want to play. I know you hear that a lot, but it can't be any closer to the truth. Everybody wants to play. For me, I think it's frustrating to hear what's going on in the meetings, the negotiations that are happening and somewhat closing in (towards a deal being reached) – and all the things that the players are giving up towards making a deal. Then, to have Gary take two weeks off, I think that's the most frustrating part. But, obviously Don's working hard at trying to get together with Gary and to get a deal done. So, hopefully we can get this done soon."
Richards also explained why he's decided to stay away from the game right now, rather than join a team in Europe…
"I've played a lot of hockey over the last number of years. I've had some good successes on the ice, but I've also had some bad luck with injuries. I've had a couple shoulder surgeries, my groins done, my hands done and a couple of concussions along the way too. So, I think it's just time to sit back and let the body heal, especially after the run we had this year with LA. I thought it was time to give my body some rest and use it as much as possible to work out and try to enjoy some family time and some friend-time back home because it is a long season and you do get banged up. So, it's always nice to spend time relaxing and to just let the body heal a bit."
Wrapping things up, Richards shared a few of his favorite memories from the Kings' Stanley Cup run…
"There were a lot, going through it with Jeff (Carter) again and getting the opportunity to do that because we did have a tough loss together in Philadelphia, in not winning it. So, there was sort of some unfinished business together. With Johnny (Stevens), obviously we had some (previous) success – we won the Calder Cup and we've been through a lot together…I think just the way that we came together (as a team) in the playoffs, with our back against the wall going down the stretch and finally figuring out a way to get it. That was kind of our mindset once we got in. I think everybody thought that we could really do some damage if we just played our game and played the way that we were capable of."
If you missed Richards and Jets' captain Andrew Ladd skating in an outdoor ball hockey game with some fans in Winnipeg a few days ago, click here to see pictures and watch the video highlights.
Filed Under: HockeyBlog, Interview, Kings, NHL, NHL Players, Spotlight Story Tagged With: Carter, CBA, comments, hockey, interview, Kings, lockout, Los Angeles, Mayor, MayorsManor, NHL, NHLPA, Playoffs, quote, Radio, Richards, Stanley Cup, Westgarth
KingsFan on EastCoastTime says
So more totally pointless posturing… when does Bettman want to start his mystical clock? isn't one of those weeks almost over?
PHT Morning Skate: Can Bettman be impeached? | ProHockeyTalk says:
[…] Mike Richards was baffled by that two-week moratorium thing, so he's probably pleased that it was only really an eight-day one. (Mayor's Manor) […]


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Wolf Pack Ninja Website
Wolf Pack Ninja Tour
Event Update as of 8/29/22: This event has been postponed. A new date is TBA.
Wolf Pack Ninja events are high-energy, interactive experiences in arenas throughout the country. The weekend-long event will include activities that allow Ninja fans of all ages to participate, interact, and watch top ninjas compete at the highest level. The weekend ends in a bracket-style competition of the top-16 men and women who will race head-to-head for a chance to win $25,000 in front of a live audience. The finals will feature the best of the best, including well-known Ninjas warriors that you see on tv, giving fans a great opportunity to see a one-of-a-kind event.
Come to the Show:
The top 16 men and women that qualify on Saturday will compete in front of a live audience on Sunday. Tickets to watch the head-to-head competition on Sunday, September 18 at 1 PM start at $34.
Click here to purchase tickets
Join a Kids Class:
Kids classes are available all day on Saturday and provide your child an opportunity to have a coaching session on the course with top ninjas. All kids classes also include tickets to watch the Ninjas compete on Sunday. Kids classes are for ages 4-11 on Saturday, September 17 from 8 AM - 6 PM. Tickets are priced at $150.
Click here to learn more about the kids classes
Become A Vip:
VIP Tickets include a Friday night dinner meet and greet event at 7 PM, 1 kids class pass, 1 fun run pass, and TWO (2) premiere seats to the show on Sunday to watch the best ninjas compete head-to-head. VIP Packages are $500.
VIP Package includes:
Friday - 2 tickets to the VIP event which includes a first preview of the course, food and beverage, meet and greets, autographs, and photos with top ninjas.
Saturday - 1 Kids Class ticket.
Sunday - 2 priority seats for Sunday's final with floor access, interactive opportunities, and a swag bag.
Qualify for the Finals:
Pro Qualifying Runs - $125.
Includes: Three (3) runs for time in hopes of qualifying for Sunday's finals. Also includes One (1) Sunday Finals spectator ticket. Spectator tickets will be available for pick up at the Box Office day of the event.
Do you think you have what it takes to go head-to-head with the pro Ninjas for a chance to win Sunday's prize pool? The pro-qualifying runs bundle gives competitors three (3) chances during Saturday's pro qualifying sessions to obtain their best time on the course in hopes of moving on to Sunday's Finals.
The top 16 times for men and the top 16 times for women will advance to Sunday.
You must be 10 years of age or older. There is no height limit for the qualifying runs in either division. There will be a time limit for each qualifying run. It is anticipated to be around one minute but will ultimately be set based on course testing.
Check-in for the Qualifying Runs starts 1 hour prior to your time slot. The first time slot begins at 10 am on Saturday.
All competitors must select a ONE-time slot in which they will have the opportunity to run the course THREE times. Competitors are allowed to enter the building any time after 9 am on Saturday if they want to see the course and warm-up but must check in one hour before their selected time slot.
Choose One (1) of these run options:
BLOCK 1: 10am - 12pm
BLOCK 2: 12pm - 2pm
BLOCK 3: 2pm - 4pm
Fun Run:
Do you want to try the course for fun? Come on out on Saturday and take your shot at racing on the professional ninja course for fun! Run times will not count as a qualifier for the finals. Fun run passes are $50 and include 1 fun run-pass and 1 spectator ticket for the Sunday finals. Tickets are on sale now.
Does your ninja gym, camp, kids class, or company want to host an outing at the Ninja Tour? Contact our Group Sales Department by phone at (860) 548-2000 or by email at GroupSales@XLCenter.com. For more information about group opportunities, visit our Group Sales page.
For questions, please contact NinjaTour@Gfsportsandentertainment.com.
Support provided by:
Health & Safety:
Masks are not required but encouraged for all. It is also recommended that patrons wash and/or sanitize their hands as often as possible to prevent the spread of viruses. For more info visit the Health & Safety page on our website.
*Please note this is not affiliated with the Hartford Wolf Pack.
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PHILIP Pullman, Bill Bryson and Lauren Laverne are among the headline names at the North-East's biggest book festival this October.
The line-up for the Durham Book Festival, announced today (Wednesday, August 12) also includes 'Queen of Shops' Mary Portas, former Business Secretary Vince Cable, poet Sean O'Brien, feminist campaigner Caroline Criado-Perez and North-East novelist Pat Barker.
The festival, run by Durham County Council, produced by New Writing North and supported by Durham University and Arts Council England, runs from October 6 to 17 at venues across County Durham, including a schools day at Durham Johnston on Tuesday, October 6 featuring picture book authors Simon Bartram and Pip Jones and the Costa award-winning Kate Saunders.
Bill Bryson, formerly Durham University Chancellor, will speak about his new book The Road to Little Dribbling, a follow up to the hugely popular Notes from a Small Island.
Philip Pulman will discuss his phenomenally successful His Dark Materials trilogy and 3,000 free copies of Northern Lights will be given away to schools, libraries, leisure centres, hospitals, community centres and Durham University.
Now out of Parliament, Vince Cable will discuss his career and new book After The Storm; broadcaster and journalist Lauren Laverne will explore the Yves Saint Laurent exhibition Style is Eternal at The Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle; and Mary Portas will discuss her memoir Shop Girl.
The winner of the Gordon Burn Prize will be announced at Durham Town Hall on Friday, October 9. The shortlist is: Dan Davies for In Plain Sight: The Life and Lies of Jimmy Savile; Honor Gavin for Midland; Romesh Guneskera for Noon Tide Toll; Richard King for Original Rockers; and Peter Pomerantsev for Nothing if True and Everything is Possible.
The festival has commissioned a new song cycle by Sean O'Brien and Agustin Fernandez and this will get its premiere at the Gala Theatre on Thursday, October 15, performed by the Royal Northern Sinfonia and Voices of Hope.
Claire Malcolm, chief executive of New Writing North and Durham Book Festival, said: "We are delighted to announce this year's Durham Book Festival programme, which may just be our strongest yet.
"From prominent writers and thinkers to exciting new artists, we think there is a great balance of inspiring and entertaining events to suit all ages.
Full details will be available at durhambookfestival.com from 10am today (Wednesday), when bookings will open.