A stalactite (UK: /ˈstæləktaɪt/, US: /stəˈlæktaɪt/; from the Greek stalasso, (σταλάσσω), "to drip", and meaning "that which drips") is a type of formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or manmade structures such as bridges and mines. Any material that is soluble, can be deposited as a colloid, or is in suspension, or is capable of being melted, may form a stalactite. Stalactites may be composed of lava, minerals, mud, peat, pitch, sand, sinter, and amberat (crystallized urine of pack rats). A stalactite is not necessarily a speleothem, though speleothems are the most common form of stalactite because of the abundance of limestone caves.
The corresponding formation on the floor of the cave is known as a stalagmite.
Demonstration of drip stone formation in a lab.
An average growth rate is 0.13 mm (0.0051 inches) a year. The quickest growing stalactites are those formed by a constant supply of slow dripping water rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which can grow at 3 mm (0.12 inches) per year. The drip rate must be slow enough to allow the CO2 to degas from the solution into the cave atmosphere, resulting in deposition of CaCO3 on the stalactite. Too fast a drip rate and the solution, still carrying most of the CaCO3, falls to the cave floor where degassing occurs and CaCO3 is deposited as a stalagmite.
All limestone stalactites begin with a single mineral-laden drop of water. When the drop falls, it deposits the thinnest ring of calcite. Each subsequent drop that forms and falls deposits another calcite ring. Eventually, these rings form a very narrow (≈4 to 5 mm diameter), hollow tube commonly known as a "soda straw" stalactite. Soda straws can grow quite long, but are very fragile. If they become plugged by debris, water begins flowing over the outside, depositing more calcite and creating the more familiar cone-shaped stalactite. The same water drops that fall from the tip of a stalactite deposit more calcite on the floor below, eventually resulting in a rounded or cone-shaped stalagmite. Unlike stalactites, stalagmites never start out as hollow "soda straws". Given enough time, these formations can meet and fuse to create pillars of calcium carbonate known as a "column".
Stalactite formation generally begins over a large area, with multiple paths for the mineral rich water to flow. As minerals are dissolved in one channel slightly more than other competing channels, the dominant channel begins to draw more and more of the available water, which speeds its growth, ultimately resulting in all other channels being choked off. This is one reason why formations tend to have minimum distances from one another. The larger the formation, the greater the interformation distance.
Another type of stalactite is formed in lava tubes while lava is still active inside. The mechanism of formation is the deposition of material on the ceilings of caves, however with lava stalactites formation happens very quickly in only a matter of hours, days, or weeks, whereas limestone stalactites may take up to thousands of years. A key difference with lava stalactites is that once the lava has ceased flowing, so too will the stalactites cease to grow. This means that if the stalactite were to be broken it would never grow back.
The generic term lavacicle has been applied to lava stalactites and stalagmites indiscriminately and evolved from the word icicle.
Like limestone stalactites, they can leave lava drips on the floor that turn into lava stalagmites and may eventually fuse with the corresponding stalactite to form a column.
Shark tooth stalactites The shark tooth stalactite is broad and tapering in appearance. It may begin as a small driblet of lava from a semi-solid ceiling, but then grows by accreting layers as successive flows of lava rise and fall in the lava tube, coating and recoating the stalactite with more material. They can vary from a few millimeters to over a meter in length.
Splash stalactites As lava flows through a tube, material will be splashed up on the ceiling and ooze back down, hardening into a stalactite. This type of formation results in a very irregularly shaped stalactite, looking somewhat like stretched taffy. Often they may be of a different color than the original lava that formed the cave.
Tubular lava stalactites When the roof of a lava tube is cooling, a skin will form that traps semi-molten material inside. Trapped gases force lava to extrude out through small openings that result in hollow, tubular stalactites analogous to the soda straws formed as depositional speleothems in solution caves, The longest known is almost 2 meters in length. These are common in Hawaiian lava tubes and are often associated with a drip stalagmite that forms below as material is carried through the tubular stalactite and piles up on the floor beneath. Sometimes the tubular form collapses near the distal end, most likely when the pressure of escaping gases decreased and still-molten portions of the stalactites deflated and cooled. Often these tubular stalactites will acquire a twisted, vermiform appearance as bits of lava crystallize and force the flow in different directions. These tubular lava helictites may also be influenced by air currents through a tube and point downwind.
A common stalactite found seasonally or year round in many caves is the ice stalactite, commonly referred to as icicles, especially on the surface. Water seepage from the surface will penetrate into a cave and if temperatures are below freezing the water will form stalactites. Creation may also be done by the freezing of water vapor. Similar to lava stalactites, ice stalactites form very quickly within hours or days. Unlike lava stalactites however, they may grow back as long as water and temperatures are suitable.
Ice stalactites can also form under sea ice when saline water is introduced to ocean water. These specific stalactites are referred to as brinicles.
Ice stalactites may also form corresponding stalagmites below them and given time may grow together to form an ice column.
Stalactites can also form on concrete, and on plumbing where there is a slow leak and calcium, magnesium or other ions in the water supply, although they form much more rapidly there than in the natural cave environment. These secondary deposits, such as stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone and others, which are derived from the lime, mortar or other calcareous material in concrete, outside of the "cave" environment, can not be classified as "speleothems" due to the definition of the term. The term "calthemite" is used to encompass the secondary deposits which mimic the shapes and forms of speleothems outside the cave environment.
Over time, any rainwater that penetrates cracks in set (hard) concrete will carry any free calcium hydroxide in solution to the edge of the concrete. Stalactites can form when the solution emerges on the underside of the concrete structure where it is suspended in the air, for example, on a ceiling or a beam. When the solution comes into contact with air on the underside of the concrete structure, another chemical reaction takes place. The solution reacts with carbon dioxide in the air and precipitates calcium carbonate.
saturated solution and the drip rate. A straw shaped stalactite which has formed under a concrete structure can grow as much as 2 mm per day in length, when the drip rate is approximately 11 minutes between drops. Changes in leachate solution pH can facilitate additional chemical reactions, which may also influence calthemite stalactite growth rates.
The White Chamber in the Jeita Grotto's upper cavern in Lebanon contains an 8.2 m (27 ft) limestone stalactite which is accessible to visitors and is claimed to be the longest stalactite in the world. Another such claim is made for a 20 m (66 ft) limestone stalactite that hangs in the Chamber of Rarities in the Gruta Rei do Mato (Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil). However, vertical cavers have often encountered longer stalactites while exploring. One of the longest stalactites viewable by the general public is in Pol an Ionain (Doolin Cave), County Clare, Ireland, in a karst region known as The Burren; what makes it more impressive is the fact that the stalactite is held on by a section of calcite less than 0.3 m2 (3.2 sq ft).
Stalactites are first mentioned (though not by name) by the Roman natural historian Pliny in a text which also mentions stalagmites and columns and refers to their creation by the dripping of water. The term "stalactite" was coined in the 17th century by the Danish Physician Ole Worm, who coined the Latin word from the Greek word σταλακτός (stalaktos, "dripping") and the Greek suffix -ίτης (-ites, connected with or belonging to).
Stalactites at the Puerto Princesa Underground River, Palawan, Philippines.
Mineralized water drop forming at bottom of stalactites.
Bottlebrush - Stalactite coated with pool spar.
^ a b c d Larson, Charles (1993). An Illustrated Glossary of Lava Tube Features, Bulletin 87, Western Speleological Survey. p. 56.
^ C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Calcium. eds. A.Jorgensen, C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.
^ Baird, A. K. (1982). "Basaltic "stalactite" mineralogy and chemistry, Kilauea". 4 (4). Geological Society of America Bulletin, abstracts with programs: 146–147.
^ a b c Bunnell, Dave (2008). Caves of Fire: Inside America's Lava Tubes. p. 124.
^ Lacelle, Denis (2009). "Formation of seasonal ice bodies and associated cryogenic carbonates in Cavene De L'Ours, Que' Bec, Canada: Kinetic isotope effects and pseudo-biogenic crystal structures" (PDF). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies. pp. 48–62. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
^ "Caves With The Longest Stalactite". Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Olao Worm, Museum Wormianum. ... (Amsterdam ("Amstelodami"), (the Netherlands): Louis & Daniel Elzevier, 1655), pages 50-52.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stalactite.
"Stalactites" by Enrique Zeleny, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Pitch is a name for any of a number of viscoelastic polymers. Pitch can be natural or manufactured, derived from petroleum, coal tar or plants, various forms of pitch may be called tar, bitumen or asphalt. Pitch produced from plants is known as resin. Some products made from plant resin are known as rosin, Pitch was traditionally used to help caulk the seams of wooden sailing vessels. Pitch may be used to waterproof wooden containers and in the making of torches, petroleum-derived pitch is black in colour, hence the adjectival phrase, pitch-black. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen, a type of pitch, is a viscoelastic polymer and this means that even though it seems to be solid at room temperature and can be shattered with a hard impact, it is actually fluid and will flow over time, but extremely slowly. The pitch drop experiment taking place at University of Queensland is an experiment which demonstrates the flow of a piece of pitch over many years. For the experiment, pitch was put in a glass funnel, since the pitch was allowed to start dripping in 1930, only nine drops have fallen.
It was calculated in the 1980s that the pitch in the experiment has a viscosity approximately 230 billion times that of water, the eighth drop fell on 28 November 2000, and the ninth drop fell on 17 April 2014. Another experiment was begun by a colleague of Nobel Prize winner Ernest Walton in the department of Trinity College in Ireland in 1944. Over the years, the pitch had produced several drops, on Thursday, July 11,2013 scientists at Trinity College caught pitch dripping from a funnel on camera for the first time. The viscoelastic properties of pitch make it the vehicle of choice for polishing high-quality optical lenses, in use the pitch is formed into a lap or polishing surface, which is charged with iron oxide or cerium oxide. The surface to be polished is pressed into the pitch, rubbed against the surface so formed, the ability of pitch to flow, albeit slowly, keeps it in constant uniform contact with the optical surface. The heating of wood tar and pitch to drip away from the wood.
A seep is a moist or wet place where water, usually groundwater, reaches the earths surface from an underground aquifer. Seeps are usually not of sufficient volume to be flowing beyond their above-ground location and they are part of the limnology-geomorphology system. Like a higher volume spring, the water is only from underground sources, seeps mostly occur in lower elevation areas because water runs downhill, but can happen higher up if the groundwater present is abundant enough. Along with natural seeps, man made seeps can occur by digging anywhere where there is wet ground and this method can be useful for survival purposes and helps the local wildlife by adding another water source to the area. Seeps often form a puddle, and are important for wildlife, bird. When they support mud-puddling many butterfly species can obtain nutrients such as salts and amino acids, seep is often used in environmental sciences to define an exfiltration zone where contaminated water, e. g. from waste dumps, leaves a waste system area.
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earths gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by absorbing solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention. By volume, dry air contains 78. 09% nitrogen,20. 95% oxygen,0. 93% argon,0. 04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air contains an amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level. The atmosphere has a mass of about 5. 15×1018 kg, the atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. The Kármán line, at 100 km, or 1. 57% of Earths radius, is used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km, several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition. The study of Earths atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science, early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann.
The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earths atmosphere, are nitrogen, water vapor accounts for roughly 0. 25% of the atmosphere by mass. The remaining gases are often referred to as gases, among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide. Filtered air includes trace amounts of other chemical compounds. Various industrial pollutants may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine, fluorine compounds, sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions. In this way, Earths atmosphere can be divided into five main layers, excluding the exosphere, Earth has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere and thermosphere. It extends from the exobase, which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km where it merges into the solar wind.
A lava tube is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava which moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow. Tubes can be actively draining lava from a volcano during an eruption, or can be extinct, meaning the flow has ceased. Lava tubes are a type of cave formed when an active low-viscosity lava flow develops a continuous and hard crust. Tubes form in one of two ways, by the crusting over of lava channels, and from pāhoehoe flows where the lava is moving under the surface, Lava usually leaves the point of eruption in channels. These channels tend to very hot as their surroundings cool. This means they slowly develop walls around them as the lava cools and/or as the channel melts its way deeper. These channels can get enough to crust over, forming an insulating tube that keeps the lava molten. These types of lava tubes tend to be closer to the eruption point. Farther away from the point, lava can flow in an unchanneled, fanlike manner as it leaves its source. Called pāhoehoe flows, these areas of surface-moving lava cool, forming either a smooth or rough, the lava continues to flow this way until it begins to block its source.
Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca2. It is a crystal or white powder and is obtained when calcium oxide is mixed. It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders lime, slack lime, Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation. Limewater is the name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide is insoluble in water, with a solubility product Ksp of 5.5 × 10−6.4. Calcium hydroxide solutions can cause chemical burns, at high pH value, its solubility drastically decreases. This behavior is relevant to cement pastes, Ca2 → CaO + H2O Calcium hydroxide adopts a polymeric structure, as do all metal hydroxides. The structure is identical to that of Mg2, i. e. the cadmium iodide motif, strong hydrogen bonds exist between the layers. Calcium hydroxide is produced commercially by treating lime with water, CaO + H2O → Ca2 In the laboratory it can be prepared by mixing solutions of calcium chloride.
The mineral form, portlandite, is rare but can be found in some volcanic, plutonic. It has known to arise in burning coal dumps. CaOH has been detected in the atmosphere of S-type stars, one significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant, in water and sewage treatment. It forms a fluffy charged solid that aids in the removal of particles from water. This application is enabled by the low cost and low toxicity of calcium hydroxide and this conversion is part of the causticizing step in the Kraft process for making pulp. In Spanish, calcium hydroxide is called cal, corn cooked with cal becomes hominy, which significantly increases the bioavailability of niacin, and it is considered tastier and easier to digest. In chewing coca leaves, calcium hydroxide is usually chewed alongside to keep the alkaloid stimulants chemically available for absorption by the body, Native Americans traditionally chewed tobacco leaves with calcium hydroxide derived from burnt mollusk shells to enhance the effects.
Deposition is the geological process in which sediments and rocks are added to a landform or land mass. Deposition can refer to the buildup of sediment from organically derived matter or chemical processes, for example, chalk is made up partly of the microscopic calcium carbonate skeletons of marine plankton, the deposition of which has induced chemical processes to deposit further calcium carbonate. Similarly, the formation of coal begins with deposition of material, mainly from plants. The null-point hypothesis explains how sediment is deposited throughout a shore profile according to its grain size and this is due to the influence of hydraulic energy, resulting in a seaward-fining of sediment particle size, or where fluid forcing equals gravity for each grain size. The concept can be explained as sediment of a particular size may move across the profile to a position where it is in equilibrium with the wave, figure 1 illustrates this relationship between sediment grain size and the depth of the marine environment.
The relatively strong onshore stroke of the forms a eddy or vortex on the lee side of the ripple, provided the onshore flow persists. Where there is symmetry in ripple shape the vortex is neutralised and this creates a cloudy water column which travels under tidal influence as the wave orbital motion is in equilibrium. R is the radius of the object, ρ is the mass density of the fluid, g is the gravitational acceleration, Cd is the drag coefficient. When the fluid becomes more viscous due to grain sizes or larger settling velocities, prediction is less straight forward. Cohesion of sediment occurs with the grain sizes associated with silts and clays. Akaroa Harbour is located on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand and this research shows conclusive evidence for the null point theory existing on tidal flats with differing hydrodynamic energy levels and on flats that are both erosional and accretional. Kirby R. Cheniers can be found at any level on the foreshore and this is because sediment grain size analysis throughout a profile allows inference into the erosion or accretion rates possible if shore dynamics are modified.
Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense water, it floats on the oceans surface. Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans. Much of the sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earths polar regions, the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean. Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent, a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology, due to the action of winds and temperature fluctuations, sea ice is very dynamic, leading to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean, depending on location, sea ice expanses may incorporate icebergs. Sea ice does not simply grow and melt, during its lifespan, it is very dynamic. Due to the action of winds, water temperature. Sea ice is classified according to whether or not it is able to drift, Sea ice can be classified according to whether or not it is attached to the shoreline.
If attached, it is called landfast ice, or more often and unlike fast ice, drift ice occurs further offshore in very wide areas, and encompasses ice that is free to move with currents and winds. The physical boundary between fast ice and drift ice is the fast ice boundary, the drift ice zone may be further divided into a shear zone, a marginal ice zone and a central pack. Drift ice consists of floes, individual pieces of sea ice 20 metres or more across, the term pack ice is used either as a synonym to drift ice, or to designate drift ice zone in which the floes are densely packed. The overall sea ice cover is termed the ice canopy from the perspective of submarine navigation, another classification used by scientists to describe sea ice is based on age, that is, on its development stages. These stages are, new ice, young ice, first-year, new ice is a general term used for recently frozen sea water that does not yet make up solid ice. It may consist of ice, slush, or shuga. Other terms, such as ice and pancake ice, are used for ice crystal accumulations under the action of wind.
Arg e Bam, One of The largest adobe and mud building in the world.
Straws (stalactite precursors) in Gardner's Gut.
Calthemite straw stalactite (right side) is bent due to direction of prevailing air movement during periods of its growth.
A bathtub faucet with built-up calcification from hard water in Southern Arizona.
A portion of the ancient Roman Eifel aqueduct in Germany. After being in service for about 180 years, the aqueduct had mineral deposits of up to 20 cm thick along the walls.


The installation procedure is replaced by a "plugin " only accessible by the administrator. The files are automatically modified or un-modified by Install or Uninstall button.
To use this new version, it is mandatory to first manually uninstall the mod if it was installed by the previous procedure.
The lang/your_language/mod_very_simple_antibot.php files are not modified from previous versions.


Lately I've been learning Go and this week I started a side project named kube-sherlock. The purpose of this small program is to list any pod that does not have the labels that your organization requires.
So what if you want to replace the default configuration?
Note: I'm using the name of the file as the key.


text:
Amaat Albrecht Felix Foncke, né le  à Landegem et y décédé le  fut un homme politique belge, membre du CVP.

Foncke fut fils d'agriculteurs; il dirigea une coopérative laitière (1929-1940) à Nevele et ensuite les mutualités chrétiennes et l'ACW de Nevele..

Il fut élu conseiller provincial de Flandre-Orientale (1954-63), remplaça Honoré Verhaest, décédé comme sénateur de l'arrondissement de Gand-Eeklo (1963-1965) et fut élu député de Gand-Eeklo (1965-1968).

Il fut décoré des palmes d'Or de l'ordre de la Couronne (1953).

Notes

Sources
Bio sur ODIS

Personnalité du Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams
Sénateur belge
Député belge
Naissance en novembre 1911
Naissance à Nevele
Décès en février 1981
Décès dans la province de Flandre-Orientale
Décès à 69 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag: USPTOTESS
A Deep Dive on the Relatedness of Goods and Services Factor
The relatedness of goods and services factor is very important in the likelihood of confusion analysis. Indeed, the fundamental inquiry mandated by Section 2(d) of the Trademark Act goes to the cumulative effect of differences in the essential characteristics of the goods and differences in the marks. The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board issued a decision on New Year's Eve that closely examined the essential characteristics of the goods because the marks at issue were identical.
Costa Farms, LLC applied to register the mark GROW WITH US (in standard characters) for "live flowers and living plants." The Trademark Office refused registration based on a prior registration for the identical GROW WITH US mark for "distributorship services in the field of wholesale horticulture supplies and accessories." Costa Farms eventually appealed the registration refusal to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board primarily arguing that live flowers and living plants are unrelated goods to distributorship services in the horticulture field.
The Trademark Office compares the goods and services set forth in an application and a registration to determine whether they are similar, commercially related, or travel in the same trade channels. Goods and services dealing with or related to those goods can be found to be related. Relatedness will not be found when the goods or services at issue only chare a relationship with a broad category of goods.
In the GROW WITH US case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board found that "live flowers and living plants" on the one hand and "distributorship services in the field of wholesale horticulture supplies and accessories" on the other hand share only a relationship with horticulture, which is insufficient to find the goods and services are related. Costa Farms argued and presented evidence that "horticultural supplies" are "hard-good inputs needed in horticultural endeavors" not live plants and flowers. However, Costa Farms' evidence also included that "horticultural endeavors" include growing live plants and flowers. It seems like hard-good inputs used to grow live plants and flowers have a commercial relationship with living plants and flowers, but apparently not according to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.
Posted on January 6, 2020 January 5, 2020 Categories Related Goods and ServicesTags relatedgoodsandservices, relatedgoodsmatter, trademarksearch, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on A Deep Dive on the Relatedness of Goods and Services Factor
Connotation is the Deciding Factor in Registration Refusal
The analysis of the similarity of the marks involves the consideration of three factors: (1) visual similarity; (2) sound similarity; and (3) similar connotation. Generally, the visual similarity of the marks factor trumps the other two factors. But for the second time in about three months, the connotation factor has been the dispositive factor.
Don't Run Out, Inc. applied to register the mark PUBLIC GOODS (in standard characters with GOODS disclaimed) for a variety of goods including "shampoos." The Trademark Office refused registration of the PUBLIC GOODS mark on the ground that it was likely to cause confusion with the prior registered mark PUBLIX also for "hair shampoo." With the goods legally identical and the descriptions unrestricted, the registration refusal turned on the similarity of the marks.
The Trademark Office argued that PUBLIX was the plural version of PUBLIC, and with GOODS disclaimed it was appropriate to compare the dominant portion of the marks. While more weight can be given to the dominant portions of the marks at issue, the final decision still needs to be made based on the marks in their entireties. In this case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board found that the addition of the term GOODS materially changed the commercial impression of the mark.
"The proper test is not a side-by-side comparison of the marks, but instead 'whether the marks are sufficiently similar in terms of their commercial impression' such that persons who encounter the marks would be likely to assume a connection between the parties." The words PUBLIC GOODS were taken together project the connotation and commercial impression that Don't Run Out personal care products are available to all consumers due to their affordability, and beneficial to the public because they are environmentally safe. By contrast, the PUBLIX mark has no well-recognized meaning. As a result, when confronted with both marks, prospective consumers are unlikely to assume the respective goods originate from the same source, despite use in part on identical and highly related goods.
Posted on November 14, 2019 November 14, 2019 Categories Similarity of the MarksTags marksimilarity, TESS, Trademark, trademarks, trademarksearch, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Connotation is the Deciding Factor in Registration Refusal
Do You Believe in Miracles … Trade Channels Decide TTAB Case
Before you get too excited about the headline, this most recent TTAB decision may be another curveball and something that will not become the norm. On the other hand, it could be the start of something so we will be watching to see if another trend develops. The trend that may be starting is whether the introduction of uncommon trade channels to the goods or services description can defeat goods or services descriptions that are unrestricted as to channels of trade.
Minibar North America, Inc. filed a trademark application to register the mark MINIBAR SMARTSNAX (in standard characters) for "packaged snack foods, namely, candies, nuts, pretzels, popcorn, and cookies." The Trademark Office refused registration of the MINIBAR SMARTSNAX mark on the ground that is was likely to cause confusion with two prior registered marks: SMART SNACKS (in standard characters) for "candy, caramels, chocolate and chewing gum" and THE SMART SNACK (in standard characters) for "dried fruits; dried fruit mixes; dried fruit snack foods; snack mix consisting primarily of processed fruit, processed nuts and/or raisins; shelled, roasted or otherwise processed nuts; candied nuts; raisins." None of the goods descriptions in any of the marks at issue identified trade channel or class of consumer restrictions.
We also see again a trademark owner attempting to register the broadest goods description as possible. This is another example supporting the trademark search theory that you need to start broad with your search descriptions. Starting with a narrow description will result in missed registrations.
In response to the Office Action, Minibar North America did the smart thing and voluntarily amended its goods description to include a trade channel limitation. Minibar North America amended the goods description in its MINIBAR SMARTSNAX application to: "packaged snack food, namely, candies, pretzels, popcorn, and cookies packaged for sale to hotels, motels, and temporary stay facilities for distribution through refrigerators and food storage cabinets having sensors to detect presence and removal of packages" in International Class 30 and "packaged snack food, namely, processed nuts packaged for sale to hotels, motels, and temporary stay facilities for distribution through refrigerators and food storage cabinets having sensors to detect presence and removal of packages" in International Class 29. The Trademark Office maintained the refusal and Minibar North America appealed.
Minibar North America did not take the next step to petition to partially cancel the SMART SNACKS and THE SMART SNACK registrations to exclude "sale to hotels, motels, and temporary stay facilities for distribution through refrigerators and food storage cabinets having sensors to detect presence and removal of packages." Ordinarily, the failure to obtain this corresponding amendment in the cited mark registrations would have been the final nail in the coffin for the MINIBAR SMARTSNAX application, but not this time.
The TTAB restated its settled precedent that unrestricted goods descriptions are presumed to travel through all usual channels of trade and are offered to all normal potential purchasers." The TTAB took the opportunity to conclude that distribution through refrigerators and food storage cabinets having sensors to detect presence and removal of packages was not a "usual" trade channel for candy, cookies, nuts, etc. Rather, vending machines, convenience stores, grocery stores, and the like were the usual trade channels for candy, cookies, nuts, etc.
The TTAB's analysis, which was correctly pointed out by the dissent, completely ignored the TTAB's precedent that the owner of an unrestricted trademark registration is entitled to change its trade channels at any time and that trademark owners often expand into new trade channels.
Moreover, because the amended description included "sale to hotels, motels, and temporary stay facilities," the TTAB inferred a sophisticated consumer. However, this analysis completely ignored the end consumer of the candy, cookies, nuts, etc. from the hotel, motel, or temporary stay facility. This is individual is not sophisticated like the snack food buyer at a hotel, motel, or temporary stay facility and this person needed to be taken into account by the TTAB. The applicable standard of care for a likelihood of confusion analysis is that of the least sophisticated consumer.
Posted on October 18, 2019 October 17, 2019 Categories Practical Trademark Search Tips, Trademark Application ExaminationTags tradechannels, Trademark, trademarklaw, trademarkregistration, trademarks, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Do You Believe in Miracles … Trade Channels Decide TTAB Case
Strength Argument Done the Right Way Wins at TTAB
Simpson Industries recently won an appeal before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board – one of the few reversals that occurred this year – by properly making the strength argument. Because it executed the strength argument well, Simpson Industries was able to narrow the scope of rights in the cited mark, which allowed the differences in the marks to determine the likelihood of confusion test. Here's how Simpson Industries executed the strength argument.
Simpson Industries applied to register the mark RAINFOREST NUTRITION (in standard characters, NUTRITION disclaimed) for "dietary and nutritional supplements." The Trademark Office refused registration of this mark on the ground that it was likely to cause confusion with the prior registered mark RAINFORST ANIMALZ (in standard characters) for "nutritional supplements." The goods were legally identical and did not contain any limitations; therefore, Simpson Industries' only path to success was to win the similarity of the marks likelihood of confusion factor.
Simpson Industries offered 11 third-party registrations for marks containing RAINFOREST, one registration over the 10 minimum. If there was one flaw in the strength argument it was that not all of the third-party registrations identify nutritional supplements and nothing in the decision addressed the relatedness of the food and beverage products and nutritional supplements. Nevertheless, in this case, the Board gave weight to all 11 third-party registrations.
Simpson Industries also offered evidence of third-party use of the term RAINFOREST on a variety of nutritional supplements. The use evidence included not only trademark use, but also descriptive use. The descriptive use was even more persuasive because of the prior position the owner of the cited mark took during the prosecution of its application. Generally, the Trademark Office takes the position that each application must stand on its own facts and rarely relies on statements made by trademark applicants in other applications.
The 11 third-party registrations, third-party trademark use, descriptive use, and prior statements of the owner of the cited lead to the conclusion that the RAINFORST term is conceptually and commercially weak for "nutritional supplements. Because of this weakness finding, the use of NUTRITION – even though it was disclaimed – was enough to distinguish Simpson Industries mark from the cited RAINFOREST ANIMALZ mark.
Posted on October 11, 2019 October 10, 2019 Categories Scope of Trademark Rights, Similarity of the MarksTags conceptualweakness, Trademark, trademarkregistration, trademarks, trademarksearch, trademarkstrength, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Strength Argument Done the Right Way Wins at TTAB
Where Font Stylization Stops and Design Begins
Trademark applications for words are generally filed with a standard character drawing. A trademark registration issued with a standard character drawing extends protection in the words to all forms of stylization, size, and color. A standard character drawing does not extend protection to all possible design elements in a mark. A recent Trademark Trial and Appeal Board decision did not help to determine when font stylization stops and design begins.
Anthony Fisher filed a trademark application for bumper stickers and clothing and submitted the following drawing of his trademark:
In his application, Mr. Fisher identified the letters "VF" as the literal element of the mark and described his mark as "two fish hooks connecting in the middle to form the stylized letters 'VF'." Mr. Fisher's trademark application sailed through examination by the Trademark Office and was published for opposition where it was promptly opposed by V.F. Corporation.
V.F. Corporation alleged that Mr. Fisher's stated "VF" stylized mark was likely to cause confusion with its prior registered VF marks, two of which are for standard character drawings. V.F. Corporation's registrations were for retail store services featuring apparel, backpacks, and outdoor gear and equipment. The Board found that Mr. Fisher's clothing was related to V.F. Corporation's retail store services, but not his bumper stickers. Nevertheless, the salient issue, in this case, was the similarity of the marks.
The Board gave no consideration to the words used by Mr. Fisher when preparing his trademark application. The Board said that it is not the description of the mark but the drawing that depicts the mark for which registration is sought. Against this backdrop, the Board proceeded to tell Mr. Fisher what his mark is. The Board said "we do not discern the letter 'F' and it is highly unlikely that prospective consumers would. In fact, consumers likely would not perceive any letters in [Mr. Fisher's] design mark, but instead may only perceive a stylized checkmark." As demonstrated by the Board, the question of whether something is stylization or design is subjective.
Under the circumstances, the Board telling Mr. Fisher what his mark is benefitted him, but it highlights a possibly troubling practice. The Board's precedent is settled that it should not substitute its judgement on confusion for those parties on the firing lines in the marketplace. This rationale should extend to trademark applicants as well. The descriptions offered by the trademark applicant should be given more weight than the treatment the description received in this case.
Posted on October 1, 2019 September 30, 2019 Categories Practical Trademark Search Tips, Similarity of the MarksTags trademarks, trademarksearch, trademarksimilarity, unitedstatespatentandtrademarkoffice, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Where Font Stylization Stops and Design Begins
Smith & Wesson House Mark Can't Distinguish Shared Terms
Years ago it was a successful strategy to avoid a likelihood of confusion by adding a house mark to a proposed mark regardless of whether the shared term was conceptual weak. However, times changed and what used to be a successful strategy now only works under certain circumstances.
According to the Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure, a house mark does not identify particular goods or services, rather a house mark identifies the provider of a wide variety of goods and services. The specific goods or services are often identified by a separate trademark or service mark. Because house marks appear on a wide variety of goods and services, they generally are afforded a broader scope of protection. The theory is that the more goods or services the mark appears on or in connection with, the more exposure consumers have to the mark, and the more recognizable the mark will become.
Smith & Wesson Corp. recently, unsuccessfully attempted to revive the old add the house mark strategy. Smith & Wesson filed an application to register the mark M&P SHIELD (in standard characters) for, among other goods, "knives." The Trademark Office refused registration of this mark on the ground that is was likely to cause confusion with the prior registered mark SHIELD also for "knives." Because the identifications of goods descriptions were identical, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board found that the channels of trade and classes of consumers overlapped.
When it came to the similarity of the marks, the Board stated that the addition of a house mark has been found sufficient to distinguish marks under circumstances where the appropriated matter is highly suggestive, merely descriptive, or has been frequently used or registered by others in the field for the same or related goods or services. The Board found that SHIELD is "slightly suggestive" for knives.
With respect to the frequent use or registration of the term SHIELD, the Board found that Smith & Wesson offered only one third-party registration that included the SHIELD term for a related good. This was far less than the 10 minimum the Board has required in other cases. Therefore, the Board concluded that Smith & Wesson's inclusion of the M&P house mark was incapable of distinguishing the SHIELD term.
Posted on September 10, 2019 September 9, 2019 Categories Practical Trademark Search Tips, Similarity of the MarksTags housemark, similarityofthemarks, similartrademarks, smithandwesson, smithwesson, Trademark, trademarklaw, trademarks, trademarksearch, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Smith & Wesson House Mark Can't Distinguish Shared Terms
Breathable, Waterproof Fabric is Related to Clothing
The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board recently found that breathable, waterproof fabric used to create clothing is related to clothing in general. A general rule for assessing whether goods are related is whether the goods are or can be used together. If the goods can be or are used to together like fabric and clothing, then the goods at issue are related.
Striker Brands LLC filed an application to register the mark HYDRAPORE (in standard characters) for "breathable waterproof fabric sold as an integral component of fishing and hunting apparel, namely, coats, jackets, [etc.]" The Trademark Office refused registration based on a prior registration for HYDRO PORE (in standard characters) in connection with "clothing, namely, tops, bottoms, jackets, headwear, and footwear."
To demonstrate the relatedness of the goods the Trademark Office offered 20 third-party registrations for marks that identify fabric as a component of clothing, and finished articles of clothing. These third-party registrations demonstrated that consumers expect fabric and finished clothing articles to emanate from the same source. Additionally, although not forcefully made in the opinion, the Board found that consumers could mistakenly believe that the HYDRO PORE clothing was made from the HYDRAPORE fabric.
Striker Brands made the classic mistake of leaving the identification of goods description in the HYDRO PORE mark undisturbed. It should have focused on narrowing the description to exclude a type of fabric along with the hunting and fishing channels of trade before pursuing the appeal.
When it came to the conceptual strength of the HYDRO PORE mark, Striker Brands offered 33 third-party registrations for HYDRO- formative marks in connection with various types of apparel or fabric. The Board noted that none of the third-party registrations contained a second term similar to PORE or for PORE. Moreover, Striker Brands did not offer any evidence of use for the 33 third-party registrations. Nevertheless, although the Board found that HYDRO PORE is a suggestive mark, it was entitled to a slightly narrower scope of protection because of the third-party registrations.
This conceptual strength analysis is similar to the Board's decision in HULA DELIGHTS, and is even more difficult to square with its decision in the LUNA CYCLE case. In the LUNA CYCLE case, 100 third-party registrations for marks displaying LUNA (like those displaying HYDRO in this case) were offered for some form of apparel (like the various clothing items and fabric in this case). The difference though is that the Board discounted all 100 third-party registrations because they were not for women's bicycle apparel.
Posted on September 5, 2019 September 4, 2019 Categories Practical Trademark Search Tips, Related Goods and ServicesTags relatedgoodsandservices, relatedgoodsmatter, TESS, Trademark, trademarklaw, trademarks, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Breathable, Waterproof Fabric is Related to Clothing
Mark Similarity Lesson from Recent TTAB Decision
Mark similarity is often found when a prior registered mark is incorporated in its entirety in a mark that is subject to a pending trademark application. This likelihood of confusion refusal is not always the case even when the goods at issue are identical, which is what we saw in a recent decision from the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board. This case highlights an important lesson for trademark searchers.
Hutchinson and Stengl applied to register the following mark with the USPTO for "beer":
The wording BREWING COMPANY GOLDEN, COLORADO was disclaimed. This meant that Hutchinson and Stengl voluntarily acknowledged that the dominant literal portion of its mark was CANNONBALL CREEK.
The Trademark Office refused registration of this mark on the ground that it was likely to cause confusion with the prior registered mark CANNONBALL DOUBLE IPA (in standard characters with DOUBLE IPA disclaimed) also for, among other goods, "beer." The goods were legally identical with no express limitations as to channels of trade or class of consumer. There was also no evidence of conceptual weakness for the CANNONBALL word when used with beer or related goods or services. Therefore, the only likelihood of confusion factor in dispute was the similarity of the marks.
The TTAB began its decision with the tried and true principles for assessing the similarity of the marks:
The similarity or dissimilarity of the marks is assessed in their entities as to appearance, sound, connotation, and commercial impression.
The similarity in any one of the elements in No. 1 may be sufficient to find the marks similar.
When the goods at issue are identical, the degree of similarity between the marks to find a likelihood of confusion need not be as great as where the goods are unrelated.
The proper test is not a side-by-side comparison of the marks, but whether they are similar enough that persons who encounter the marks would likely assume a connection between them.
While the ultimate conclusion of mark similarity must be based on the marks in their entireties, more or less weight can be given to a particular feature of the mark.
Greater weight is often given to the wording in a mark that contains a design element.
Less weight is often given to wording that is descriptive or generic.
The TTAB then critically analyzed Hutchinson and Stengl's mark. It found that the word CREEK was much larger than the word CANNONBALL, which rendered the term more prominent and dominant over of the word CANNONBALL. The combination of CANNONBALL CREEK also conveyed the name of a particular waterway or stream not the ordinary meaning of the "cannonball" word; namely, "a usually round solid missile made for firing from a cannon." And this meaning of a waterway or stream was reinforced by the wave design appearing below the word CREEK. Ultimately, the TTAB found that the dissimilarities outweighed the similarities between the marks.
The lesson from this case is that marks that appear to be unavailable may be available if strategic changes are made to the proposed name. This is where naming firms and trademark searchers that are not lawyers should recommend to their clients that they talk to an experienced trademark lawyer because this is where trademark lawyers add value.
Posted on August 14, 2019 August 14, 2019 Categories Practical Trademark Search Tips, Similarity of the MarksTags beer, cannonballcreek, Trademark, trademarklaw, trademarkregistration, trademarks, trademarksearch, trademarksimilarity, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Mark Similarity Lesson from Recent TTAB Decision
Number 1 Misconception When Searching Trademarks
We talk to a number of naming firms and serial entrepreneurs who conduct their own preliminary trademark searchers each year. And every year we observe the same misconception. Non-lawyers place far too much emphasis on International Class Numbers and ignore the relatedness of the goods. This is also the flaw in every trademark search tool available in the market, with the exception of BOB.
The reason this misconception exists is due to the lack of education on this issue because the legal precedent on this subject is legion. That's why we focus on the relatedness of goods factor in a significant number of our posts. Our hope is to spread the word and educate non-lawyers about this crucially important factor so that trademark searching becomes more effective. More effective trademark searching should lead to fewer trademark disputes.
The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board recently issued a decision highlighting again the importance of evaluating the relatedness of goods factor and not International Class Numbers. Ernest Everett James filed a trademark application to register the mark LIQUOR SLINGER DISTILLING (standard characters with LIQUOR and DISTILLING disclaimed) for "liquor" in International Class 33. The Trademark Office refused registration of Mr. James's mark on the ground that it was likely to cause confusion with the prior registered mark SLINGER for "drinking glasses; shot classes" in International Class 21.
The Board found there is an inherent, complementary relationship between the parties' goods: liquor is served in and drunk from drinking glasses and shot glasses. Indeed, a shot glass is defined as "[a] small glass used for serving liquor." The Trademark Office also offered Internet evidence showing it is common for distilleries to sell branded glassware. All of this evidence supported the Trademark Office's argument, which the Board agreed with, that liquor and glassware are related goods.
A person searching trademarks for a liquor brand that focused too heavily or entirely on International Class 33 where the product is classified is sure to a miss a problematic mark in another International Class because of the relatedness of goods factor.
Posted on August 5, 2019 August 4, 2019 Categories Practical Trademark Search Tips, Related Goods and ServicesTags relatedgoods, relatedgoodsandservices, relatedgoodsmatter, TESS, Trademark, trademarklaw, trademarks, trademarksearch, trademarksearching, trademarksearchtool, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Number 1 Misconception When Searching Trademarks
Lessons from a Rare Trademark Refusal Reversal
The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board issues a trademark refusal reversal only about 10% of the time. So when a trademark refusal reversal occurs it is worth spending some time figuring out what lead to the reversal.
Soletanche Freyssinet applied to register the mark CMC (in standard characters) for "non-metallic underground columns for land stabilization and reinforcement that are fabricated and installed on-site." The CMC application began with a broader goods description but was narrowed to the current description following a first Office Action. Two of the descriptions included in the original description were "reinforcement rods not of metal" and "non-metallic materials for building."
The Trademark Office refused registration of Soletanche Freyssinet's CMC mark based on a prior registered, identical mark CMC (in standard characters) for "full line of metals in sheet, rod, bar, angle, round, beam, castellated beam, cellular beam, flat beam, joist, strip, tube, plate, billet, square, and wire, form." There were no limitations in the cited CMC mark and Soletanche Freyssinet did not petition to partially cancel the cited CMC mark to have any limitations imposed on the prior registration.
Instead, Soletanche Freyssinet focused on narrowing its identification to the true nature of its goods. In doing so, it introduced a level technicality that would allow the Board to consider evidence instead of relying solely on the words in the description of the goods to decide the relatedness of goods factor. Soletanche Freyssinet offered the declaration of one of its executives who explained the nature of its goods and how they differed from those goods offered under the cited CMC mark.
The Trademark Office did not offer any evidence only argument and speculation. It appears that the Trademark Office continued to argue the descriptions that Soletanche Freyssinet deleted from its application and not the amended description. For example, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board quickly dismissed the argument the rods identified by the cited CMC mark could be used for stabilization just like Soletanche Freyssinet's non-metallic rods. In reality, the "columns" identified in Soletanche Freyssinet's application could have been made of non-metallic rods, but the Trademark Office did not offer evidence to establish this fact.
The Trademark Office offered evidence that in a general construction context, beams and columns are used to support other structures. But because Soletanche Freyssinet's description identified that its columns were "fabricated and installed on-site" the general construction context was irrelevant. The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board required the Trademark Office to offer evidence in the relevant context.
Starting broad is still a good filing strategy, but voluntarily narrowing the description if a registration refusal issues is important. When making the amendment, introducing where the goods are sold or services are performed can be helpful. Finally, support the amendment with evidence. The Board, in this case, seemed to look at the declaration from Soletanche Freyssinet to understand why the particular words were used in the amended description.
Posted on July 22, 2019 July 21, 2019 Categories Practical Trademark Search Tips, UncategorizedTags trademarklaw, trademarkregistration, trademarks, trademarksearch, TTAB, USPTO, USPTOTESSLeave a comment on Lessons from a Rare Trademark Refusal Reversal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Management Sciences for Health Welcomes Senate Bill to End Preventable Maternal, Newborn, and Child Deaths
The U.S. Senate yesterday reintroduced legislation that would help save the lives of women and children everywhere. Management Sciences for Health (MSH) welcomes the policy initiative and congratulates U.S. Senators Susan Collins (R-Maine) and Chris Coons (D-Del.) for championing steps toward the goal of ending preventable maternal, newborn, and child deaths by 2035.
MSH Saddened by the Passing of UNFPA Executive Director Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin
Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin speaking at the London Summit on Family PlanningPhoto credit: Russell Watkins/DFID
Management Sciences for Health (MSH) mourns the sudden passing of Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin, Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). "Dr. Osotimehin was a tireless advocate for women, girls, and youth. MSH was proud to collaborate with him in Nigeria - partnering when he was Minister of Health to strengthen the country's health system - and at UNPFA, standing beside him on the global stage advocating for the health, rights, and empowerment of women and girls," said Marian W. Wentworth, MSH President & CEO. "Dr.
Management Sciences for Health Welcomes Election of Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus as the Next Director-General of the World Health Organization
Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
Geneva, Switzerland – Management Sciences for Health (MSH), a global health organization strengthening health systems worldwide, welcomes the historic election of Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, as the new Director-General of the World Health Organization. Set to start in his new role on July 1st, Dr. Tedros is a recognized public health leader from Ethiopia who has worked tirelessly for the health and wellbeing of all people over a career that spans more than three decades.
Management Sciences for Health Vows to Keep Advocating for Global Health Despite the President's Proposed 2018 Budget
$2.2 billion – roughly 26% – overall cuts to global health programs Family planning and reproductive health assistance eliminated Development assistance zeroed out in 37 countries Cuts to Department of Health and Human Services that support global health, global health research and development, and global health security
Management Sciences for Health Decries Expansion of the Global Gag Rule
Photo credit: Chevenee Reavis/MSH
Arlington, VA — The U.S. State Department yesterday announced plans for implementing the current administration's expanded Global Gag Rule, renaming it "Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance." In its new form, this policy risks the lives, health, and resiliency of families, communities, nations, and economies. The Administration's unveiled expansion imposes restrictions to all global health assistance provided by the Department of State, USAID, and the Department of Defense, totaling over $8.8 billion dollars in more than 60 vulnerable countries.
Management Sciences for Health Welcomes Mark Andrew Green's Nomination for USAID Administrator
Arlington, VA -- Management Sciences for Health (MSH) is encouraged by the nomination of Mark Andrew Green to serve as the next Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Mr. Green serves as President of the International Republican Institute and is the former U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania, where he oversaw some of the U.S. Government's largest development programs. As a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Mr. Green championed legislation to promote global health.


In today's digital marketing age, it's common to hear statements like "direct mail is dead" or "let's focus our efforts on digital since it's quicker and cheaper." Beliefs like these have led to many businesses turning away from one of the most profitable ROIs when it comes to advertising – direct mail campaigns.
Let's start with some significant facts. 56% of consumers state that print marketing is more trustworthy than any other marketing channel. 73% of American consumers also prefer direct mail pieces from brands because they can read it at their leisure. One more fact – 48% of direct mail recipients hold on to mail for future reference.
So, what does this mean? People like direct mailers, trust mail campaigns, and hold on to the pieces far longer than emails. In fact, a USPS survey found that 40% of millennials read direct mail thoroughly simply because they enjoy receiving it. The USPS studies also indicate that 25% of millennials consider reading direct mail a leisure activity, and 38% prefer direct mail to electronic mail. These numbers suggest plenty of future growth for direct mail campaigns in the future.
Due to inbox clutter, the response rate for direct mail is also higher at 4.4% compared to .12%. Consumers receive unsolicited marketing emails in drones on the daily. A direct mail piece is delivered through a less cluttered medium and receives more attention as a result.
Direct mail also reaches consumers on a level that is more difficult for digital – the emotional level. 57% of direct mail respondents reported that postcard marketing makes them feel more valuable, engaged and establishes a more authentic relationship between them and the brand. Personalizing their mail pushes additional results. Including the recipient's name in full color on the piece increases the response rate a whopping 135%. Direct mail sends the message that consumers are important to a brand, and consumers are more inclined to spend time on brands that devote time to them.
So how about the ROI? Well, here are some more numbers! U.S. advertisers spend an average of $167 per person each year on direct mail advertising in return for $2,095 goods sold per recipient. That's a 1300% return! On top of that, 80-90% of direct mail is opened by recipients against 20-30% of marketing emails, and 44% of those recipients reported visiting the company's website after receiving the mail. Consumers not only prefer receiving direct mail, but they interact with the brand more, leading to increased engagement and sales.
So, what's a business owner to do? Invest in direct mail, or stay modernized with email marketing? Well, who says you can't do both?! Studies show that the best marketing campaigns utilize a combination of the two mediums with cross-media advertising tactics increasing response rates by 35% or more. And while direct mail offers increasingly positive ROI on investment, it still takes second place to one marketing outlet in specific – social media. It would be detrimental to a business' cause to ignore all digital media in favor or direct mail advertising, and vice versa.
A successful marketing campaign is going to utilize all the strengths associated with a medium's audience response rate. The real goal is to find ways to reach the niches within your target audience by reaching them through their preferred channels. Forming a cohesive cross-media campaign strategy is the best way to increase ROI while not abandoning your advertising outlets, and it will lead to increased success for your brand!


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Juan Pablo Sarmiento
Juan's Story
Juan joined Watsi on May 13th, 2014. Five years ago, Juan joined our Universal Fund, supporting life-changing treatments for a new Watsi patient every month. Juan's most recent donation traveled 8,500 miles to support Paulo, a joyful 7-year-old boy from Kenya, to fund a fracture repair procedure on his left leg.
Juan has funded healthcare for 57 patients in 11 countries.
All patients funded by Juan
Paulo is a happy 7-year-old child from Kitui County in Kenya. He is the fourth born in a family of five children. Paulo's father is a casual labourer who does welding in Rwaka, while his mother is a housewife in their rural home in Kitui. Paulo had an accident and fell from an avocado tree while he was playing. He was taken to a government health facility but did not receive any service as the health workers were on strike. Paulo's father then took him to a private hospital in Kiambu, where doctors conducted an x-ray revealing a fracture of his left femur. Paulo is not able to walk and is in constant pain. Fortunately, surgeons at our medical partner can help make sure Paulo has the surgery he needs. On January 7th, Paulo will undergo a fracture repair procedure, called an open reduction and internal fixation. This procedure will help him walk easily again. Now, our medical partner, African Mission Healthcare Foundation, is requesting $1,049 to fund this procedure. Paulo's father shared, "I had my reservations about Paulo having surgery, but I have had time to think about it, leading to my decision for him to have the surgery. I look forward to him being able to play and walk properly again."
Ivan is a three-year-old boy from Tanzania. He loves playing with his friends, and doesn't like staying indoors - sometimes, his mother has to force him to rest when he wants to play. Ivan is unable to use his right hand after being involved in a fire accident earlier this year in April. Ivan was outside playing with his friends, and his mother had put a pot of beans cooking on the stove. When it started raining, Ivan came back running into the house and slipped on the wet floor. His right hand went into the pot, burning him badly. Ivan's family took him to the hospital right away for treatment. It took time for his wounds to heal but eventually, they did. However, the burns healed with contractures, which make him unable to straighten his fingers and limit movement around his wrist. Ivan has been scheduled to have surgery, but his parents are unable to afford the treatment cost. Both of his parents have a small business of making and selling local soap, and they also make a living by selling fish. Their income is small, and they do not earn enough for Ivan's cost of care. They appeal for financial support. Fortunately, our medical partner, African Mission Healthcare Foundation, is helping Ivan receive treatment. On December 11th, surgeons at their care center will perform a burn contracture release surgery to allow Ivan to use his hand with ease. Once healed, he will be able to use his hand to care for himself, and learn to write when he starts school. Now, he needs help to fund this $874 procedure. Ivan's mother shared, "Please help my son to get this treatment so that he can be able to write when he starts school. I am not able to afford his needed treatment, please help us."
Alice is a 47-year-old woman from Kenya. Sheis a single mother of 2 children, and her children live with their grandmother in their home village. Alice was an active and healthy woman who was able to use her legs normally. However, in early November 2017, she was involved in a road traffic accident that rendered her immobile. Alice was rushed to the hospital to undergo treatment and surgery. Although she was discharged, her troubles with the leg continued, and she developed more pain and complications. After returning to the same facility for treatment and not showing signs of improvement, Alice visited Kijabe Hospital. There, she has since undergone several other surgeries, including post-open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) repair and debridement after the skin overlying the fracture site was compromised and infected. Alice's doctors have scheduled her for a sequestrectomy procedure and IM nail removal on November 12th. The sequestrectomy will remove any fragment of dead bone or other tissue that has separated from healthy tissue in her wound. Ultimately, they aim to prevent further infection of the hardware in her leg. Alice is currently ambulating in crutches and, if not treated, she might not be able to walk or properly use her leg in the future. Unfortunately, this procedure is costly for Alice and her family. Alice owns a small green grocery in Mukaa Town where she sells vegetables and tomatoes. Her total monthly profit is barely able to cover her basic needs, rent, and kids' needs; let alone pay for her necessary surgeries. She has depended on the National Hospital Insurance Fund and support from friends to help cover her several medical and surgical trips to different facilities. Alice is appealing for financial help so she can get the care she needs. Alice shared, "My problems never seem to come to an end after the accident. I have been through a lot of surgeries, and I still need more to be able to walk again. Thank you for your support."
Kupha is a 45-year-old woman from Kenya and has six children. In 2014, Kupha started experiencing some pain in her upper jaw. After some time, her jaw started to swell and the pain worsened. Both cold and hot food triggered pain that would last day and night. She went to a nearby facility in Kwale County to seek care, and was given some pain medication that worked for a while. She later returned for a surgery to remove the swollen tissue. Though she recovered well, the following year, Kupha started experiencing pain and swelling again. Upon returning to the same facility for a checkup, the doctor told her that no further treatment could be done. A few years later, Kupha heard about Kijabe Hospital and came for an examination in January 2020. The doctors diagnosed her with a benign maxillary mass and scheduled her for an excision surgery. During the surgery, they will put in a plate and screws to hold together her maxillar. However, Kupha and her family are not able to raise funds needed for the surgery. After the death of her husband a few years ago, Kupha has been struggling to provide for her six children. Her firstborn son is the main breadwinner of the family and also attends college, partially sponsored by the county government of Kwale. He does some casual jobs when he is not in class to feed the family, and also facilitates his mother's hospital visits. Kupha was able to raise some money for her treatment, but she does not have enough financial support and appeals for help. Our medical partner, African Mission Healthcare, is requesting $1,500 to cover the cost of Kupha's surgery. The procedure is scheduled to take place on October 15th and will be a ten hour long surgery. Hopefully, this treatment will alleviate her of further severe pain and swelling. Kupha shared, "With the pain that I have endured over the years, it has made it difficult for me to look for work and provide for my family. I will be happy when I receive the required treatment for my condition."
Rhoda was born at her home in 2012 and the next day she was taken to the clinic for vaccinations. The doctor examined her, and she was found to be healthy. She had all her required vaccines at the right time until she was five years. Rhoda has been healthy, and her family shares that she rarely got sick, only the common cold which did not require her to see the doctor. Rhoda started her schooling when she turned five and really enjoys being at school. Equally, she likes the company of her teachers and her agemates during class time and playtime. At the age of six her parents realized that Rhoda was always left behind to and from school. Her friends reported to the parents that Rhoda often falls and that's why they usually leave her behind. The parents observed Rhoda and realized that one of her legs was not okay. Rhoda twists her leg when she moves. Her ankle continued to worsen until Rhoda couldn't move far before she fell. She is an active and restless girl, but her twisting ankle keeps bringing her down. The problem has stressed her and affected her socialization with other children and friends. Often, she cries when she falls especially when she notices that people are observing and talking about her shorter leg. It is even saddening to hear other children give her bad names because of her limping. Her parents took her to various hospitals without success. Some health officers thought it was polio and thus there was nothing they could do. The family had difficulties accessing specialists due to their income. Rhoda's father is unemployed and her mother who is the only breadwinner who just got a teaching job. After hert mother got the job and got a National Health Insurance (NHIF) card they took Rhoda to Kikuyu Hospital. However, the NHIF card could not cover the cost for treating her there. It was after the unsuccessful attempt to seek medical care at other facilities that they heard about Watsi's Medical Partner Care Center Cure International Hospital. They visited, as they said, trusting God that their lovely daughter will receive treatment and grow up happily just as other children. Rhoda's family shared, "Any help to enable Rhoda to receive treatment will be greatly appreciated."
Zin Oo is a 36-year-old man who lives with his mother, younger sister, and his seven-year-old son in Mawlamyine, Burma. He is an assistant truck driver and he earns 4,000 kyat (approx. 4 USD) per day. Since the outbreak of CVOID-19, there is less work and he is only able to earn 64,000 kyat (approx. 64 USD) in a month. Zin Oo's son goes to primary school and his wife passed away last year. His mother goes house to house to see if anyone would hire her to wash their clothes. His younger sister lost her job at the factory after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Yangon. Since April, she looks after the household chores and she also works as a day laborer when she can find work. Zin Oo's combined household income of 124,000 kyat (approx. 150 USD) in a month is just enough for their daily expenses and they cannot afford to pay the costs of basic healthcare. On August 3rd, Zin Oo was cutting firewood with an axe. While cutting the logs, his aim was off and he hit his fingers on his right hand against the log. His fingers became swollen and red after the accident, especially his small and index fingers. Without enough money to go to the hospital, Zin Oo bought traditional medicine and applied it to his fingers. He felt like his middle and ring fingers healed but his small and index fingers became more swollen and painful. Eventually when he noticed pus on his fingers, he told his friend about his problem and his friend suggested he go to Mawlamyine Christian Leprosy Hospital (MCLH), where treatment often cost less than other hospitals. At MLCH, the doctor completed a detailed assessment of his right hand and diagnosed him with cellulitis, a serious bacterial skin infection. The doctor told him that because of poor blood supply, he would need to amputate his small finger and probably his index finger as well. When Zin Oo told the doctor that he does not have any money to pay for the surgery, the doctor referred him to Watsi's Medical Partner Burma Children Medical Fund (BCMF) for assistance accessing treatment. Currently, the fingers on Zin Oo's right hand are red, swollen, and warm to the touch. His fingers hurt a lot, especially his small and index finger. He cannot sleep at night without taking pain medication. He is not able to eat food with his right hand and he feels uncomfortable eating with his left hand since he is right-handed. Aside from this, Zin Oo feels stressed about his condition. He cannot work and his mother has to help look after him since he was admitted at the hospital. His mother then has no income while he receives treatment. They are worried that they will not have enough money for food and for Zin Oo's treatment. In the future, Zin Oo wants to work as a truck driver to earn money for his family. Once he has fully recovered, he will accept any work he can find as he looks for a job as a truck driver. Zin Oo's younger sister shared with us, "Now, I have to take care of my nephew while my mother accompanies my brother [Zin Oo] at the hospital. I cannot work and our family is worried about money. We owe our neighbor 50,000 kyat [approx. 50 USD] and we have to pay it back with 20% interest."
Susan is married and a mother of two who are still in school. Currently, she sells food to neighbors and drivers. Susan shared that the last five years have been very challenging because her husband has been serving jail time for something which he did not do. He was released in January of 2020 and was not able to find work before the COVID-19 lockdown. Over the last two years, Susan has been experiencing pain and fullness in her abdomen. At times the pain gets severe and causes vomiting. She has been diagnosed with gallstones. Her doctor adviser her that she needs a cholecystectomy. If Susan is not treated she will continue to experience pain, her vomiting may get worse, and she may also experience gall bladder inflammation. Fortunately our medical partner, African Mission Healthcare, can help. They are requesting $788 to help fund the cost of this surgery. Susan shared, "My husband is currently recovering from his time in jail and so I have no one to turn to. I pray that I may get help so that I am able to support my family and help my husband find a job. Then, we can support each other. I would appreciate Watsi's support."
Esther is a small-scale farmer from Kenya. She used to work in her small village farm for subsistence and her husband worked as a chef in a city restaurant. However, with the closure of businesses currently due to COVID, they have limited finances. Two years ago, Esther has been experiencing lower abdominal pain, back pain and fatigue. She has been diagnosed with a swollen abdominopelvic mass. She needs to undergo a hysterectomy, a procedure in which surgeons will remove her uterus. Our medical partner, African Mission Healthcare Foundation, is requesting $832 to fund Esther's surgery. On June 12th, she will undergo gynecological surgery at our medical partner's care center. Once recovered, Esther will be able to resume her daily activities free of pain. Esther shared hopefully, "My desire is to be treated and regain back my strength."
Jalen is a lively 6-month-old baby who was born with an anorectal malformation. Over the last six months, he has had three surgeries for his condition and now a PSARP surgery is needed as a final stage. The surgery will allow Jalen to be able to pass stool normally. Jalen's past three surgeries were funded by the national health insurance system (NHIF), but he has now exhausted the maximum surgical package the insurance offers. His parents are not able to meet the cost of surgery. Jalen's father is a peasant farmer while his mom a housewife. She recently completed college and is yet to secure a job. Jalen has a 7-year-old sibling and their family lives together in a rented house. Their reliance on seasonal farming limits their income level, leaving too little to meet the cost of surgery. Jalen's mother says, "My hope is to see Jalen recovering and leading a normal life like any other child."
Kruy is a 40-year-old rice and vegetable farmer from Cambodia. She has two sons and two daughters, and enjoys doing the housework and watching movies. Twenty years ago, Kruy had a serious ear infection. This infection caused the tympanic membrane, or the ear drum, in her left ear to perforate. For this reason, Kruy experiences discharge, tinnitus, and itchiness. She cannot hear clearly and has a difficult time communicating well with others. Kruy traveled to our medical partner's care center to receive treatment. On February 24th, she will undergo a myringoplasty procedure in her left ear. During this procedure, surgeons will close the perforation. Our medical partner, Children's Surgical Centre, is requesting $464 to fund this procedure. This covers medications, supplies, and inpatient care. "I hope that after surgery, my wife's ear infection will stop and she will no longer have any ear discharge and her hearing will improve." -Kruy's Husband
Poe is a five-year old boy who lives with his family in Shwe Koke Ko village of Karen State in Burma. In his free time, Poe likes to play with his friends and toys. He also likes to eat sweets. Poe does not go to school because of his condition. Poe's mother and father are divorced, and both are remarried. His father lives and works in Bangkok, Thailand and he contributes to Poe's financial wellbeing by giving the household 5000 baht (approx. $167 USD) per month. His mother does not provide the family with any extra income. Poe stays with his grandmother and great grandmother from his father's side. His grandmother works as a cleaner. The rest of the family does not currently have work. When Poe was eight months old, he got a severe fever and his family took him to the Wang Pha clinic near Mae Sot, Thailand, which is the same place where he was born. He was admitted at the clinic for three days, but his condition did not improve. Doctors at the clinic told his family to take him to Mae Sot Hospital (MSH) for further investigation. The family immediately took him to MSH and he was admitted for one week. At MSH, he received a blood test and was diagnosed with Thalassemia, a blood disorder. He received a blood transfusion and after the transfusion, Poe felt better, but only temporarily. His family went back for three follow-up appointments to MSH, where he had blood transfusions each time. When he was one year and five months old, the family could not afford going to MSH any longer, so they took Poe to Myawaddy Hospital. He received another blood transfusion and an IV line. He was admitted for three days at the hospital. Although he felt better after getting discharged in Myawaddy, since his condition is chronic, he needs regular blood transfusions to stay healthy. It became increasingly difficult for the family to pay for Poe's care, however, they decided to come to Mae Tao Clinic (MTC) for further help in 2016. Since then, he has received many blood transfusions at MTC, sometimes monthly and sometimes bi-monthly. With these treatments, he is able to survive. However, his condition also affects his spleen, the organ that filters blood. To prevent further problems, medics at MTC told his family that doctors need to remove Poe's spleen. Since it cannot be done at MTC, he needs to go back to MSH to undergo the operation. Currently, Poe has frequent bloody noses, coughs up blood, and has blood in his stool. He feels better after having a transfusion, but it wears off in the weeks following the procedure. When its nearing time for another transfusion, he feels weak and tired. When asked what he wants to do when he grows up, Poe was adamant that he wanted to be a medic. "I want to help people," he said. "When he sees people that are sick, he always tells me he feels sorry for them," added his great grandmother.
Mai is a 23-year-old woman from Burma. Lway lives with her parents and two sisters in Northern Shan State. Since she was three years old, Mai has suffered from an enlarged thyroid but her parents were able afford to take her to a clinic only when Mai was in grade seven. By then, the lump on Mai's throat has become noticeable. At the clinic, the doctor examined her neck and prescribed her medication. After a month, although Mai felt like her neck was still in the same size as before, the doctor told her that her goiter had been cured. Three years later, Mai's neck started to grow bigger. Having no money in hand, her parents did not take her any clinics although there was a tightness in her throat and it was uncomfortable for Mai to move her neck to the side. In 2018, Mai was selected to attend a training in Mae Sot. After her training, she was put in for an internship at Mae Tao Clinc (MTC). Through an advice from one of her trainers, Mai went to Mae Sot Hospital, where the doctor examined her and prescribe her medications. After three months of taking the medications, the doctor finally told her that she needed a surgery. Mai looks forward to receiving surgery soon. She plans to go back to her native town and work as an assistant health worker, after she has completed her treatment. Mai said, "When I told my parents that BCMF would provide support for my surgery, they're very happy. They have been worried for me for a long time already. I would like to say a big thank you to BCMF for supporting my surgery. I'm very excited to be freed from this condition. I have suffered from this goiter for a long time!"


Apr 8, 2014. Because they act specifically on serotonin, SSRIs have fewer side effects than older antidepressants, which have more widespread effects in.
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Bunkers right across the fairway will cause longer hitters to wind back from use of the driver. An oak tree in the fairway has to be avoided but for better players the best line is long and left, well away from the bunkers that will cost a shot in most cases.
The green presents the toughest approach so far. It is two tiered and both tiers are quite small. The green is also offset to the right. This is the most demanding approach so far. The green is also well protected on both sides and anything long presents a tricky chip. A tough hole.


text:
CenturyLink $45 12 - 80 Mbps DSL 77%
Hanson Communications, Inc. - - Fiber-optic 33%
Hanson Communications, Inc. - - Cable 21%
Hanson Communications, Inc. - - DSL 16%
Buckland Telephone Co. - - Fiber-optic 1.398%
Buckland Telephone Co. - - DSL 1.398%
Benton Ridge Telephone Company - - Wireless 100%
MetaLINK Technologies - - Wireless 12%
New Knoxville Telephone Company/GoldStar Communications, LLC - - Wireless 2.097%
Speedwavz LLP - - Wireless 1.398%
Provider: New Knoxville Telephone Company/GoldStar Communications, LLC
At 99%, broadband coverage in the 45806 ZIP code is comparable to the rest of Ohio - 99%, and comparable to broadband coverage across the U.S. - 95%.
There are 10 internet providers serving the 45806 area, and 95.38% of households will have internet options from more than one provider. Among 10 internet providers in 45806, prices start at $44.99 and available download speeds reach up to 300 Mbps.
Cable internet from Spectrum is available to nearly all in the 45806 ZIP code, covering 95% of households. Many will also have the option of DSL from CenturyLink, which covers 77% of the area. Lima's third most-available internet provider, HughesNet, offers satellite to around 100% of residents in the 45806 ZIP code.
Internet prices for Spectrum start at $44.99/mo.*, which is lower than the average starting price for internet in Lima, $50.00.
Spectrum customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 60 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $0.75 per Mbps, lower than the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Lima, $1.85.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, Spectrum offers download speeds up to 100 Mbps and upload speeds up to 10 Mbps in 45806 ZIP code. These download speeds are available to 95% of the area, and are slightly faster than the average max speeds from all Lima's providers, 54 Mbps.
DSL from CenturyLink offers broadband to most households in the 45806 ZIP code, covering 77% of the area.
Internet prices for CenturyLink start at $45/mo.*, which is lower than the average starting price for internet in Lima, $50.00.
CenturyLink customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 12 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $3.75 per Mbps, higher than the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Lima, $1.85.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, CenturyLink offers download speeds up to 80 Mbps and upload speeds up to 40 Mbps in 45806 ZIP code. These download speeds are available to 77% of the area, and are about the same as the average max speeds from all Lima's providers, 54 Mbps.
Internet prices for HughesNet start at $59.99/mo.*, which is higher than the average starting price for internet in Lima, $50.00.
HughesNet customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 25 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $2.40 per Mbps, about the same as the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Lima, $1.85.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, HughesNet offers download speeds up to 25 Mbps and upload speeds up to 3 Mbps in 45806 ZIP code. These download speeds are available to 100% of the area, and are about the same as the average max speeds from all Lima's providers, 54 Mbps.
New Knoxville Telephone Company/GoldStar Communications, LLC is the fastest internet provider in the 45806 ZIP code with download speeds up to 300 Mbps. These speeds are available to 2.097% of households in 45806. The next fastest internet provider in the 45806 ZIP code is Spectrum, offering download speeds up to 100 Mbps to 95% of the area.
Spectrum offers the cheapest internet in the 45806 ZIP with service starting at $44.99/mo. This is slightly less than the average starting price for internet in Lima, $50.00.
Hanson Communications, Inc. is the largest fiber-optic internet service provider serving the 45806 ZIP code, covering 33% of the city. Buckland Telephone Co. also offers fiber internet in 45806 and is available to 1.398% of households.
How much speed do I need for streaming?
Each video streaming service has varying recommended speeds, but speeds up to 10 Mbps will often handle streaming on one device. For HD and 4K streaming, consider faster speeds of at least 25 Mbps to reduce buffering and maintain optimal picture quality.
Do I need a phone line for broadband?
The only broadband internet type that requires a phone line is DSL and dial-up, which use phone lines to deliver service. Other internet types, such as cable, fiber-optic and satellite, require no phone line for broadband service.
Home page Ohio Lima 45806


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we really are is The People.
Richard Paul is a novelist, dramatist, and poet who has lived in Toronto, Boston, and Colombo, Sri Lanka. Among his credits are Poets Online and Fantastique.
We will post pieces we couldn't keep to ourselves here.
These web-exclusive works of art, fiction, nonfiction, and poetry stuck with us in a way we couldn't deny; we hope you feel the same.
Work will appear in chronological order according to when it was written.


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The Sacred Heart of Jesus is a giant statue of Jesus Christ in Roxas City in the Philippines. The  monument, said to be the tallest of its kind in the Philippines, was built in 2015 within the Pueblo de Panay mixed-use development.

Physical characteristics

Maximum height  = 102 ft / 31 m (heel to the tip of the highest finger)
 Chin to cranium = 3.80 m
 Head thickness = 2.50 m  (temple to temple)
 Distance between the eye  = 0.55 m
 Width of eye  = 0.14 m
 Length of eye = 0.49 m
 Eyebrow bridge to cranium = 1.20 m
 Height of nose = 1.20 m
 Base of nose to chin  = 1.40 m
 Length of mouth = 0.75 m
 Core wall to the elbow = 5.0 m
 Estimated weight of the head= 6.5 to 7.0 tons  (cement used on the head - 50 pcs. 40 kg. bags)

History
The construction of the statue began on the last quarter of 2011 and was completed on January 5, 2015. The construction of the statue was done by a seven-man core team led by a Pilipino sculptor John A. Alaban from Roxas City and the foreman Jose Clarito. As of the date of completion, the giant statue of The Sacred Heart of Jesus of Roxas City is considered the largest life like statue of Jesus Christ in the Philippines.

It took a little more than three years for a seven-man core team to complete the construction but since the work runs on and off, the actual work span could be summed up to only about two years and 8 months more or less. The statue has a maximum height of 102 ft. / 31 m and mounted on a 9m / 30 ft high base making the total height  . It is supported by a 0.40 m thick  by  elevator shaft style reinforced concrete core post. Every level of 3 meters high (equivalent to one standard building floor height) is separated by a horizontal slab. Inside the hollow statue is an access steel stair up to the 8th level. The stairs is for the use of the authorize crew only and is off limits to the public. Since one of the concepts of the construction is the so-called "built to last", some forms or aesthetics have been deliberately compromised to give way to the stability of the structural design for the safety of the general public.

Gallery

See also
 List of statues of Jesus

References

Colossal statues of Jesus
2015 sculptures
Buildings and structures in Roxas, Capiz
Religious buildings and structures completed in 2015
Monuments and memorials in the Philippines
2015 establishments in the Philippines
Tourist attractions in Capiz