text:
La Chapelle-d'Angillon ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern () in der zentralfranzösischen Landschaft Berry, im Département Cher in der Region Centre-Val de Loire. Der Ort ist Hauptort des gleichnamigen Kanton Aubigny-sur-Nère und Geburtsort des Schriftstellers Henri-Alban Fournier, der unter dem Namen Alain-Fournier mit dem Roman Der große Meaulnes berühmt wurde.

Lage
Der kleine Ort am Schnittpunkt dreier Landstraßen liegt ca. 190 Kilometer südlich von Paris, in der Nähe von Bourges (32 km) und Vierzon (35 km) an der Petite Sauldre.

Geschichte

Die Anfänge des Ortes gehen auf einen griechischen Eremiten zurück, der sich an der Petite Sauldre niederließ und dort eine Kapelle (fr: chapelle) errichtete. Der als Jacques l'ermite bzw. Jacques de Saxeau bezeichnete Mann starb im Jahr 865 und wurde in seiner Kapelle bestattet. Gläubige begaben sich foran dorthin, um an seinem Grab zu beten.

Mönche der Abtei Saint-Sulpice in Bourges errichteten dort das Priorat Chapelle Saint Jacques, wo sie sich dauerhaft niederließen, um die Pilger zu empfangen. Dies befand sich auf dem Gebiet des Gilon de Sully, einem Nachfahren der Wikinger. Die über die Loire, die Sauldre und die Petite Sauldre gekommenen Wikinger hatten das Gebiet im 10. Jahrhundert in Besitz genommen. Im Juli 1064 schenkte Gilon den entstandenen Weiler La Chapelle den Mönchen mit dem Recht, in den Wäldern Holz für den Bau eines neuen Priorats zu schlagen. Dazu erhielten sie Ländereien und Fischgründe sowie das Recht, Steuern zu erheben. Im selben Jahr begann Gilon am Südrand des Ortes mit dem Bau eines steinernen Wehrturms, der der ganzen Gegend Schutz bieten sollte. Dieser Donjon wurde zur Keimzelle der Burg von La Chapelle (heute: Schloss Béthune). Sie war von einer sechs Meter hohen und zwei Meter dicken Mauer umgeben, die kleine Türme, vier Tore und eine den Fluss überspannende Zugbrücke aufwies. Der Ort selbst wuchs längs des Ufers der Petite Sauldre.

Das der Familie der Sully (auch: Seuly) gehörende Fürstentum Boisbelle war jahrhundertelang unabhängig. 1605 erwarb es der protestantische Maximilian von Béthune, 1766 wurde es an das Königreich Frankreich abgetreten.

Am 3. Oktober 1886 wurde der Schriftsteller Alain-Fournier in La Chapelle-d'Angillon geboren. Die Handlung seines Romans Le Grand Meaulnes ist in der Region angesiedelt. Alain-Fournier kam als französischer Soldat im Ersten Weltkrieg bei Verdun ums Leben.

Im Zuge der Besetzung Frankreichs im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde der Ort am 18. Juni 1940 von ca. 30 Flugzeugen der deutschen Luftwaffe angegriffen. Die Bomben töteten gegen 19 Uhr auf dem Festplatz, wo sich zahlreiche Flüchtlinge für die Nacht niedergelassen hatten, innerhalb weniger Minuten zahlreiche Menschen. Im Ort selbst wurden etwa 30 Gebäude ganz oder teilweise zerstört. Von den 104 bestatteten Opfern konnten nur 53, darunter fünf Einwohner von La Chapelle-d'Angillon, identifiziert werden.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Name
Der Name entstand aus den Komponenten "chapelle" und "Gilon" (de Sully). Zunächst nur als (La) Chapelle bezeichnet, wurde der Ort 1205 als Capella Gilonis erwähnt. 1405 hieß er La Chapelle Dam Gilon, woraus sich später der heutige Ortsname entwickelte.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in La Chapelle-d'Angillon
 Schloss Béthune mit Donjon aus dem 11. Jahrhundert (Denkmalschutz seit 1963)
 Geburtshaus Alain-Fourniers
 Alain-Fournier-Museum (Musée Alain-Fournier)
 Musée Frasheri, eine Sammlung albanischer Ausstellungsstücke aus dem 17. bis 19. Jahrhundert
 Kirche Saint-Jacques

Verkehr
La Chapelle-d'Angillon hatte eine Bahnstation an der Bahnstrecke Sully-sur-Loire–Bourges, die heute stillgelegt ist. Der Ort liegt an der ehemaligen Nationalstraße 140 von Gien nach Bourges, die zur Departementsstraße D 940 herabgestuft wurde.

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes du Cher. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-84234-088-4, S. 229–234.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Centre-Val de Loire
Weinbauort in Frankreich
Ersterwähnung 1075

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Gleam of Fire($3.99) is the first mobile game for developer Su Min Kim, who is obviously someone who knows how to make a spectacular entrance. If you have any questions about the game head over to our forums where the developer is happy to answer and listen to your feedback- Always something we love seeing. The premise of the game is simple, its nothing more than an adventure platformer, but that's ok because it is a very good platformer and doesn't need any fancy gimmick to draw the player in. You move through each level lighting torches with your arrow. Game play is easy to pick up, you walk horizontally in any direction and jump or drop down vertically to move from layer to layer. You have a normal attack, special attack and dodge, helping you move through obstacles and monsters. The game itself however, is not so easy, be warned, you are going to die, a lot.
Every death sees you starting the current level from the beginning and doing the whole thing again, which can become a little frustrating, especially if you could see the end of the level before you died. You have no choice but to keep trying and ′git gud′. A lot of the game play relies very heavily on timing, one moments delay, one movement too early, and you will be taking damage. The only real issue within Gleam of Fire is for a game which relies so heavily on the timing, the movement of the hero can be a little awkward.
The right touch controls work well, you can jump attack and dodge with no issues at all. On the other hand (its a subtle pun, don't miss it) the left touch control for movement has a very poor ergonomic feel. It feels somewhat cramped in the left corner and I needed to hold my thumb in an odd position. As well as the cramped feel to control the vertical movement, your avatar has no acceleration or deceleration, you simply move or stay still. Personally the speed of movement is less of an issue for me than the cumbersome positioning of my left thumb. Your milage may vary on this though, particularly depending on your normal posture when holding your device while playing a game with virtual controls.
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You play an avatar best described as an ageing Batman with a radioactive potbelly (which reminds me of a Gotham based burlesque show I recently attended where the finale was a beer bellied Batman in platform boots). You move through the world with your, one speed, Not-Batman, looking for the portal to the next level and lighting torches along the way. There are three torches hidden in each stage, each one giving you one star on level completion. You can finish the stage with out finding them all, it just means you just will be missing a star, or two for that level.
There are three worlds to get through, each with ten levels and a boss fight. Even making it through the first world is difficult, but after giving it a go every day, I made my way to that first boss fight. I′ll mention again here it isn't an easy game. If you are finding a level particularly difficult try upgrading Not-Batman. Unless I missed some obvious directions when I started my first play-through the upgrade button can be a little difficult to find. You will find it on the top of the menu screen and you use the stars, and the little light orbs you collect through each level for upgrades. The options are very simple, health, mana, normal attack and each of your special attacks can be increased.
The levels do get progressively harder, so it is a good idea to check in and upgrade your avatar often. Just when you get use to the type of monsters you are dealing with POW, BAM, Not-Batman runs straight into something new. The awesome thing is you can run, the monsters do not track or chase you. They also do not change positions when you die and restart the level, which means eventually, you will know where things are and be able to avoid or prepare as required.
The App Store description had me squealing with excitement, clapping and cheering for a metroidvania game. It certainly had that look, had that feel, however, Gleam of Fire is missing two key components of the true metroidvania style. The first missing element is worlds do not appear to interconnect becoming one huge world you move back and forth through. The second, and in my opinion, most important ingredient missing is the ability to backtrack to previously unreachable places as you pick up new abilities and skills.
It does tick the metroidvania boxes of side view 2D graphics and rewarded exploration with hidden rooms and obstacles to find. These components combine with the visual aesthetics to make a great and highly enjoyable game, even with the two omissions from the highly sought after genre. Gleam of Fire is an awesome and challenging adventure, one I am very happy to be taking and urge you to embark upon yourself. If you are a fan of 2D platformers, challenging game-play, and the (admittedly lightly linked) metroidvania genre, you definitely want to give it a go. I guarantee, if you download it you will not be disappointed, and honestly Not-Batman could use your help, I keep getting him killed.


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48    3,   2,     2, 2366|         very heart of that mutual giving, as its fruit and fulfillment.
49    3,   2,     2, 2370|     language, namely, that of not giving oneself totally to the other.


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text:
Justia Regulation Tracker Department Of Commerce National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration Fisheries of the South Atlantic; Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review (SEDAR); Public Meetings, 52096 [2020-18483]
Fisheries of the South Atlantic; Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review (SEDAR); Public Meetings, 52096 [2020-18483]
Download as PDF 52096 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 164 / Monday, August 24, 2020 / Notices Profiles (ESPs), the Economic Stock assessment and Fishery Evaluation (SAFE), Essential Fish Habitat (EFH), VAST applications, survey loss uncertainty and survey prioritization. Notice of scheduled SEDAR 73 South Atlantic Red Snapper Data Webinar. ACTION: Wednesday, September 9, 2020 The BSAI Groundfish Plan Team will review stock assessment updates and reports on EBS pollock, BSAI Pacific cod and the Northern Bering Sea Pacific cod tagging project, Blackspotted/ Rougheye rockfish, Northern rock sole, and Yellowfin sole. Thursday, September 10, 2020 The GOA Groundfish Plan Team will review stock assessment updates and reports on GOA pollock, Pacific cod, Pacific Ocean perch, and survey optimization. The agenda is subject to change, and the latest version will be posted at https://meetings.npfmc.org/ Meeting/Details/1563 prior to the meeting, along with meeting materials. Connection Information You can attend the meeting online using a computer, tablet, or smart phone; or by phone only. Connection information will be posted online at: https://meetings.npfmc.org/Meeting/ Details/1563. Public Comment Public comment letters should be submitted electronically to https:// meetings.npfmc.org/Meeting/Details/ 1563. Special Accommodations These meetings are physically accessible to people with disabilities. Requests should be directed to Shannon Gleason at (907) 903–3107 at least 7 working days prior to the meeting date. Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq. Dated: August 18, 2020. Tracey L. Thompson, Acting Deputy Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service. [FR Doc. 2020–18485 Filed 8–21–20; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3510–22–P DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with NOTICES [RTID 0648–XA369] Fisheries of the South Atlantic; Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review (SEDAR); Public Meetings National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. AGENCY: VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:31 Aug 21, 2020 Jkt 250001 The SEDAR 73 assessment of the South Atlantic stock of Red Snapper will consist of a Data webinar, an inperson workshop, and a series of assessment webinars. DATES: The SEDAR 73 South Atlantic Red Snapper Data Webinar has been scheduled for Wednesday September 9, 2020, from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. EDT. ADDRESSES: Meeting address: The meeting will be held via webinar. The webinar is open to members of the public. Registration is available online at: https:// attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/ 3996526164054126862. SEDAR address: South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 4055 Faber Place Drive, Suite 201, N. Charleston, SC 29405; www.sedarweb.org. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kathleen Howington, SEDAR Coordinator, 4055 Faber Place Drive, Suite 201, North Charleston, SC 29405; phone: (843) 573–4373; email: Kathleen.Howington@safmc.net. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Gulf of Mexico, South Atlantic, and Caribbean Fishery Management Councils, in conjunction with NOAA Fisheries and the Atlantic and Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commissions, have implemented the Southeast Data, Assessment and Review (SEDAR) process, a multi-step method for determining the status of fish stocks in the Southeast Region. SEDAR is a threestep process including: (1) Data Workshop; (2) Assessment Process utilizing webinars; and (3) Review Workshop. The product of the Data Workshop is a data report which compiles and evaluates potential datasets and recommends which datasets are appropriate for assessment analyses. The product of the Assessment Process is a stock assessment report which describes the fisheries, evaluates the status of the stock, estimates biological benchmarks, projects future population conditions, and recommends research and monitoring needs. The assessment is independently peer reviewed at the Review Workshop. The product of the Review Workshop is a Summary documenting panel opinions regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the stock assessment and input data. Participants for SEDAR Workshops are appointed by the Gulf of Mexico, South Atlantic, and Caribbean Fishery Management Councils and NOAA Fisheries Southeast Regional Office, SUMMARY: PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 Highly Migratory Species Management Division, and Southeast Fisheries Science Center. Participants include: Data collectors and database managers; stock assessment scientists, biologists, and researchers; constituency representatives including fishermen, environmentalists, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); international experts; and staff of Councils, Commissions, and state and federal agencies. The items of discussion at the SEDAR 73 South Atlantic Red Snapper Data Webinar are as follows: • Identify and discuss data issues Although non-emergency issues not contained in this agenda may come before this group for discussion, those issues may not be the subject of formal action during this meeting. Action will be restricted to those issues specifically identified in this notice and any issues arising after publication of this notice that require emergency action under section 305(c) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, provided the public has been notified of the intent to take final action to address the emergency. Special Accommodations This meeting is accessible to people with disabilities. Requests for auxiliary aids should be directed to the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council office (see ADDRESSES) at least 5 business days prior to the meeting. Note: The times and sequence specified in this agenda are subject to change. Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq. Dated: August 18, 2020. Tracey L. Thompson, Acting Deputy Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service. [FR Doc. 2020–18483 Filed 8–21–20; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3510–22–P CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION [Docket No. CPSC–2006–0057] Notice of Availability: Revisions to the Plan Documented in NIST Technical Note 2048: Simulation and Analysis Plan To Evaluate the Impact of CO Mitigation Requirements for Portable Generators Consumer Product Safety Commission. ACTION: Notice of availability. AGENCY: In July 2019, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) announced the availability of, and SUMMARY: E:\FR\FM\24AUN1.SGM 24AUN1
[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 164 (Monday, August 24, 2020)]
[RTID 0648-XA369]
Fisheries of the South Atlantic; Southeast Data, Assessment, and
Review (SEDAR); Public Meetings
ACTION: Notice of scheduled SEDAR 73 South Atlantic Red Snapper Data
SUMMARY: The SEDAR 73 assessment of the South Atlantic stock of Red
Snapper will consist of a Data webinar, an in-person workshop, and a
series of assessment webinars.
DATES: The SEDAR 73 South Atlantic Red Snapper Data Webinar has been
scheduled for Wednesday September 9, 2020, from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. EDT.
Meeting address: The meeting will be held via webinar. The webinar
is open to members of the public. Registration is available online at:
https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/3996526164054126862.
SEDAR address: South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 4055
Faber Place Drive, Suite 201, N. Charleston, SC 29405;
www.sedarweb.org.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kathleen Howington, SEDAR Coordinator,
4055 Faber Place Drive, Suite 201, North Charleston, SC 29405; phone:
(843) 573-4373; email: [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Gulf of Mexico, South Atlantic, and
Caribbean Fishery Management Councils, in conjunction with NOAA
Fisheries and the Atlantic and Gulf States Marine Fisheries
Commissions, have implemented the Southeast Data, Assessment and Review
(SEDAR) process, a multi-step method for determining the status of fish
stocks in the Southeast Region. SEDAR is a three-step process
including: (1) Data Workshop; (2) Assessment Process utilizing
webinars; and (3) Review Workshop. The product of the Data Workshop is
a data report which compiles and evaluates potential datasets and
recommends which datasets are appropriate for assessment analyses. The
product of the Assessment Process is a stock assessment report which
describes the fisheries, evaluates the status of the stock, estimates
biological benchmarks, projects future population conditions, and
recommends research and monitoring needs. The assessment is
independently peer reviewed at the Review Workshop. The product of the
Review Workshop is a Summary documenting panel opinions regarding the
strengths and weaknesses of the stock assessment and input data.
Participants for SEDAR Workshops are appointed by the Gulf of Mexico,
South Atlantic, and Caribbean Fishery Management Councils and NOAA
Fisheries Southeast Regional Office, Highly Migratory Species
Management Division, and Southeast Fisheries Science Center.
Participants include: Data collectors and database managers; stock
assessment scientists, biologists, and researchers; constituency
representatives including fishermen, environmentalists, and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs); international experts; and staff of
Councils, Commissions, and state and federal agencies.
The items of discussion at the SEDAR 73 South Atlantic Red Snapper
Data Webinar are as follows:
Identify and discuss data issues
Although non-emergency issues not contained in this agenda may come
before this group for discussion, those issues may not be the subject
of formal action during this meeting. Action will be restricted to
those issues specifically identified in this notice and any issues
arising after publication of this notice that require emergency action
under section 305(c) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and
Management Act, provided the public has been notified of the intent to
take final action to address the emergency.
This meeting is accessible to people with disabilities. Requests
for auxiliary aids should be directed to the South Atlantic Fishery
Management Council office (see ADDRESSES) at least 5 business days
prior to the meeting.
Note: The times and sequence specified in this agenda are
Dated: August 18, 2020.
Tracey L. Thompson,
Acting Deputy Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National
Marine Fisheries Service.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
HomeOpportunitiesFests, MUNs and Other Competitions
GNLU-CMC-Bridge Mediation Introductory Course in Mediation and Negotiation [Feb 1-2, Gandhinagar]: Register by Jan 20
By Aprajita Karki Fests, MUNs and Other Competitions, Opportunities 0 Comments
About GNLU
The Gujarat National Law University is a National Law University established under the Gujarat National Law University Act, 2003 in the state of Gujarat. The university is located at Gandhinagar, which is the capital of Gujarat and is located 23 kilometres north of the city of Ahmedabad.
About Trainer
Mr. Anuroop Omkar
Mr. Omkar is a practicing commercial lawyer and ADR neutral. Post his graduation from Gujarat National Law University in 2012, he underwent rigorous training and evaluation for mediation in USA, Europe and from Thailand Arbitration Center (THAC). Mr. Omkar finds his mention in almost every panel pertaining to mediation in India. He is empanelled as a Mediator with the World Bank, Office of the Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) of the International Financial Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA); NCLT and NCLAT under the Companies Act, 2013; ICADR, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India; Delhi Dispute Resolution Society of the Ministry of Law and Justice; Centre for Mediation and Conciliation of the Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry among others.
He has been instrumental in assisting various Ministries of Government of India to bring about behavioural change pertaining to acceptance of mediation as an appropriate mechanism of dispute resolution. He has been involved with the drafting of Section 442 of the Companies Act, 2013; Chapter V of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. In addition to this, He has been invited as an expert member by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) for conflict resolution on how mediation can be included disputes revolving around tax and insolvency disputes respectively.
He has been inducted as an Expert Contributor for NCLT & NCLAT Member Induction Training Programme (Mergers and Acquisitions and Alternate Dispute Resolution). Mr. Omkar was a nominee of Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India on World Bank Insolvency Policy Colloquium/Delegation on the Insolvency Regime of England & Wales at London, United Kingdom. He has conducted various commercial transactions including Private Equity, Joint Ventures, Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) and carried out more than 600 mediations covering various topics. He is also the co-author along with Ms. Kritika Krishnamurthy of 'The Art of Negotiation and Mediation – Wishbone, Funnybone & a Backbone' published by LexisNexis.
About the Certificate Course
The GNLU ADR Cell, established in the year 2015 is organising the certificate course in collaboration with Bridge Mediation, New Delhi and the Centre for Mediation and Conciliation (CMC), Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Mumbai. This 2-day course on Mediation will provide students with an opportunity to delve and explore the domain of mediation and how to use it efficiently.
Further, keeping in mind the increasing number of mediation and negotiation competitions, it is important that students are sufficiently prepared for the same. The purpose of this course is to provide the students with different dynamics of conflict and the various approaches to resolve them. The course shall aim at developing an outlook towards dispute resolution through different approaches to understand various dispute resolution processes.
Duration: February 1 – 2, 2020
Teaching Methodology: Lecture-based and Practical Training through Mock Mediation and in-class activities
Mock Mediation: 50 marks
Multiple Choice Question: 50 marks
Graduate and Post-Graduate students of Law from any University/Institute/College.
Fees (Includes Food and Course Material)
GNLU Students: Rs. 5,000
Other Students: Rs. 7,000
Note: Accommodation may be available subject to additional charges.
Payment link: CLICK HERE
Click on the link above and select State: "Gujarat" and Type of Institution: "Educational".
Under Institute Name Select "Gujarat National Law University".
Choose the relevant course under Payment Category.
Fill in the required details and pay through the portal.
Last Date for Registration: January 20, 2020
Mr. Smeet Anklesaria, Secretary, GNLU ADR Cell (+91 99247 50616 or at adrcell[at]gnlu.ac.in)
For full details, click here.
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#MarchMadness ALERT: (7) UConn and (8) Kentucky tip off next on CBS. Watch @HoopsonCBS online: cbsprt.co/TitleGame.
New NCAA title-game attendance record: 79,238 here at AT&T Stadium.
Aaron Harrison three for the Cats' first lead misses. So far UK just can't punch through.
OK, Shabazz. I see you.
Finally for Napier. I don't want to poo-poo the hometown kid, but he was lagging until that shot.
Connecticut splashes consecutive threes, now leads 54-49, 5:30 to go with the ball.
They beat me to it. Napier looks tired.
Cats missing valuable opportunities. Get it back after Randle missed FT, turnover. Steal, miss front of one-and-one. Down four.
James Young throws it down!
Poythress with another freak play. Skying slam off Randle miss. And the foul. UK down four and FT coming, 3:47 to go.
UK 52, UC 56 (3:47 2nd): Pts - Young, 18; Rebs - Young, 7; Assts - An. Harrison, 5.
#MarchMadness ALERT: (7) UConn leads (8) Kentucky 56-52 with 3:47 left. Watch the ending on CBS or online: cbsprt.co/TitleGame.


text:
Q: Testing non public routes results in KeyError i am new to Crystal and Amber and i have an Issue with testing non public routes. I used the Amber authentication generator and afterwards geneated a scaffold for a Job entity and added related routes to routes :auth block.
When i open up a browser and try to go directly to a job route everything works as expected and i get redirected to the sign in page.
But when i execute the generated tests for JobsController i get the following error:
1) JobControllerTest renders job index template
       Missing hash key: :auth (KeyError)
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/hash.cr:1030:9 in '[]'
         from lib/amber/src/amber/pipes/pipeline.cr:19:15 in 'call'
         from lib/garnet_spec/src/garnet_spec/controller/test.cr:25:7 in 'process_request'
         from spec/controllers/job_controller_spec.cr:20:1 in 'get'
         from spec/controllers/job_controller_spec.cr:39:5 in '->'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/primitives.cr:255:3 in 'internal_run'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/spec/example.cr:33:16 in 'run'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/spec/context.cr:18:23 in 'internal_run'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/spec/context.cr:330:7 in 'run'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/spec/context.cr:18:23 in 'internal_run'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/spec/context.cr:147:7 in 'run'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/spec/dsl.cr:270:7 in '->'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/primitives.cr:255:3 in 'run'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/crystal/main.cr:45:14 in 'main'
         from ../../.asdf/installs/crystal/0.35.1/src/crystal/main.cr:114:3 in 'main'

routes.cr
routes :auth do
 ...
 resources "jobs", JobController
end

JobControllerTest.cr
...
class JobControllerTest < GarnetSpec::Controller::Test
  getter handler : Amber::Pipe::Pipeline

  def initialize
    @handler = Amber::Pipe::Pipeline.new
    @handler.build :web do
      plug Amber::Pipe::Error.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Session.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Flash.new
    end
    @handler.prepare_pipelines
  end
end

describe JobControllerTest do
  subject = JobControllerTest.new

  it "renders job index template" do
    Job.clear
    response = subject.get "/jobs" # -> line 39 where the error happens
    response.status_code.should eq(302)
    response.body.should contain("jobs")
  end
end
...

I didn't find any information in Ambers documentation and neither on Google. My questions are the following:

*

*How am i supposed to provide the auth data? And why do i have at all since the application redirects when logged out?

*For controller specs Is there any test helper that signs user in so that it is possible to
test with authenticated users?

A: Do you need to include the auth handler in the initialize function?
@handler.build :auth do
    plug Authenticate.new
end

[Update] Added pointers to add login tests.
To test authenticated routes, you can use System tests as documented here in https://docs.amberframework.org/amber/guides/testing/system-tests
I don't see much documentation for all the available API calls to do the system tests. But from this code I understand once page loads you can fill in login and password and simulate the click event. https://github.com/amberframework/garnet-spec/blob/master/src/garnet_spec/system_test.cr
fill(:class_name, "login", "test_username")
fill(:class_name, "password", "test_pass")
click(:class_name, "login-button")

I have not tested the code, updated the comment here based on the docs available.

A: For your second question, if you are using the basic Auth that comes with Amber I added the following to my spec_helper.cr and was able to do controller tests with authenticated users by inheriting from the class.  It does require the crystagiri shard so that you are able to get the csrf_token.
require "../spec_helper"
require "crystagiri"

def login_params(csrf_token)
  params = [] of String
  params << "email=admin@example.com"
  params << "password=password"
  params << "_csrf=#{csrf_token}"
  params.join("&")
end

def create_user
    user = User.new(email: "admin@example.com", first_name:"Test", last_name:"User")
    user.password = "password"
    user.save
    user
end

def get_csrf_token(response_body)
  html = Crystagiri::HTML.new response_body
  csrf_token = String.new
  html.where_tag("input") do |back|
    csrf_token = back.node.attributes[2].content
    break
  end

  csrf_token
end

class ApplicationControllerTest < GarnetSpec::Controller::Test
  getter handler : Amber::Pipe::Pipeline
  getter current_user = User.new
  getter csrf_token = String.new
  setter current_user

  def initialize
    @handler = Amber::Pipe::Pipeline.new

    @handler.build :web do
      plug Citrine::I18n::Handler.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Error.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Logger.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Session.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Flash.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::CSRF.new

      plug CurrentUser.new
    end

    @handler.build :auth do
      plug Citrine::I18n::Handler.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Error.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Logger.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Session.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::Flash.new
      plug Amber::Pipe::CSRF.new

      plug CurrentUser.new
      plug Authenticate.new
    end

    @handler.prepare_pipelines
    @current_user = create_user
  end

  def login_user
    response = get "/signin"
    @csrf_token = get_csrf_token(response.body)
    post "/session", body: login_params(csrf_token), headers: HTTP::Headers{"Cookie" => response.headers["Set-Cookie"]}
  end
end

And then in your class_controller_spec.cr you would have something like the following for when you need the user to be logged in before making a request
class AccountControllerTest < ApplicationControllerTest

end

describe AccountControllerTest do
  subject = AccountControllerTest.new

  it "renders account index template" do
    subject.current_user = create_user
    response_headers = subject.login_user.headers
    response = subject.get "/accounts", headers: HTTP::Headers{"Cookie" => response_headers["Set-Cookie"]}

    response.status_code.should eq(200)
    response.body.should contain("accounts")
  end
end

Hope that helps if you are still looking for a solution!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Your Web applications and infrastructure need a secure environment so that your services can be offered around the clock.
For our cloud customers, we offer an upstream firewall cloud. The Web application firewalls filter, log, and backup the incoming and outgoing traffic to the Web servers in the cloud. The high-performance firewalls are spread across two data centers and are designed with redundant HA (high availability). This guarantees trouble-free operation and allows to carry out maintenance work on the firewalls without system interruption. The firewalls protect the underlying Web server with modern filters and check the traffic in real time on malicious code. Cookie signing, form hardening, URL hardening, SQL injection, cross-site scripting protection and real time virus scan for uploads and downloads are only some functions.


The State Liberals are demanding that all candidates at the March State Election support their policy to cap council rates following the latest example of wasted ratepayer money.
Yesterday it was reported that the Mayor of Port Pirie Regional Council visited his girlfriend while on ratepayer funded trips to the Philippines on at least two occasions.
"Any candidate who does not support our plan to cap council rates is basically saying that South Australian ratepayers should help subsidise these outrageous expenses," said Shadow Minister for Local Government David Pisoni.
"South Australian ratepayers have been forced to subsidise golf memberships, luxury cars, trips to the Australian Open and now we've found out that a Mayor has been visiting his girlfriend on ratepayer funded overseas trips.
"We've also seen councils spend $40 million of ratepayers' money on lawyers over the last four years.
"Enough is enough – any candidate who does not support the Liberals' rate capping policy is sentencing South Australians to higher rates, higher bills and more financial pressure on the family budget.
"Nick Xenophon is choosing to side with the Weatherill Labor Government and the councils instead of protecting households and businesses from massive rate hikes.
"Nick Xenophon has backflipped on his previous position and now does not support council rate capping – he can't be trusted.
"The State Liberals don't accept that South Australians should have to cop the massive increases to council rates that we've seen in recent years.
"A Marshall Liberal Government has a plan to reduce cost of living pressures and that starts by capping council rates.


How do I choose the width of my net curtain panels?
On our site, you order the width of your net curtain laid flat, it's up to you to choose how many gathers you want.
Measure the rod where your curtain will hang, the general rule is to double the width for gathers. However, depending on your taste, you can always plan for a bit more, up to 3 times, or a bit less, one and a half times, if you want fewer gathers.
The width of net curtains with eyelets to choose are predefined, they are calculated in order to have a curtain with an even number of eyelets for an impeccable presentation of your curtain.
How do I choose the height of my net curtains?
Just measure the height from your rod or hanging system down to the ground. Generally, curtains fall a few centimeters from the ground, but you can stop your curtain where you want to.
The height ordered will be produced from the first upper seam on the curtain tape or your rod pocket down to the bottom of your curtain. For net curtains with eyelets, the height will be from the top of the eyelet to the bottom of the curtain, which corresponds to the top of your rod to wherever you want your curtain to stop at the bottom.
What do I use to hang my net curtains?
All our curtains are made with a rod pocket, curtain tape, or eyelets, you need to make your choice when you place your order, using the scrollbar on the page concerned. Good to know: Finishings with rod pockets or curtain tape are more economical than the eyelet finishing.
The rod pocket is a pocket you can slide your curtain rod through. We make them 1.2 inches wide.
You can ask us to make a larger rod pocket, just send us an email with your order number to do so.
A gathering braid is used for attachments with a rail and small hooks. We place an "automatic" 2 inches wide gathering braid. Just pull on the strings on the sides to have regular, uniform gathers across the whole width of the curtain.
Unless you make a special request, we make a 1.2 inches head at the top of all our net curtains, which lets you hide the attachment system and gives a nice finish to the curtain. This head is not included in the height of the net curtain you select, it will be in addition to it. You can contact us for any special requests.
Round eyelets are used for attachment on the rod, and they have a diameter of 1.6 inches, which lets them adapt to most rods. They are mounted with a reinforcement band.
Eyelets are in matte plastic and are available in three colors: Gold, bronze, and Gunmetal.
What is the difference between a "net," "sandblasted," "Terylene" or "linen" curtain?
"Net" curtains are very light and transparent. They allow a maximum of light inside your house, but they still obscure the view into your house.
"Sandblasted" and "Terylene" curtains are a bit more opaque and a bit thicker than a traditional curtain, but they still let light pass through. These are the great classic curtains, it is an excellent compromise between illumination and protecting the privacy of your home.
Polyester and "linen" curtains are the most opaque of our curtains and the thickest. They are ideal if you want to maintain a maximum of privacy for your home.
How do I choose the dimensions of my looped curtains?
We recommend mutiplying the length of your rod by 1.5. Small windows don't need as many gathers as a net curtain panel, and what's more you will have an additional gather with the tightening of the tieback.
With regard to the height, measure the height of your window from your curtain rod to the bottom of the window, generally the finishing will stop at the windowframe.
Dimensions ordered will be the dimensions of your finished curtain, ready to hang, including tape.
What dimensions do I use for my small net curtains, brise-bise, and straight net curtains?
These small curtains, or "stright curtains" are generally hung directly on the window and require few gathers or are even flat. With regard to the heights of small curtains, generally we cover a window with a brise-bise that will dress the lower part of the window, either half or 2/3. You can also install a second short one, generally 30 cm, which will give the window a nice finish. However, keep in mind that there are no rules. The most important thing is to decorate your window according to your taste. You can install every height of curtain based on the landscape, or garden you want to see, or the part of the window you want to block in order to maintain the privacy of your home. There are no errors of taste.
What rods can I use for my small net and straight curtains?
All our brise-bise net curtains can accept a rod up to 1 to 2 cm in diameter, depending on the model. Generally, all rods sold in home supply stores will fit our curtains.
Selecting a looped curtain, right side or left?
Left side looped curtains correspond to a finishing braid made on the right side of your window, viewed from inside your home. Your tieback will therefore be hung on the left side of your window or your door.
Right side looped curtains correspond to a finishing braid made on the left side of your window, viewed from inside your home. Your tieback will therefore be hung on the right side of your window or your door.
Can you make a specific design?
Yes, for curtains and looped curtains, we can make your curtains with a custom head or rod pocket dimension. Don't hesitate to tell us when you place your order, a field has been placed on our site just for this purpose.
Are curtains sold in pairs or individually?
All our curtain models are sold individually except for looped curtains which are listed as "per pair."
Can I exchange my net curtains?
Net curtains made to order cannot be returned or exchanged unless we made a mistake. Don't hesitate to contact us by telephone in order to verify all your measurements. We can also send you netting samples.


text:
10 Future Home Innovations ... That Weren't
By: Shanna Freeman
Whatever happened to this circular kitchen design from the 1960s? Want to learn more? Check out these home design pictures!
Wesley/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
I tend to read a lot of publications that focus on advances in technology. Home technology is especially interesting since that's where most of us spend the bulk of our time. But I've read lots of articles about the latest and greatest in home innovations only to wonder a few years later -- hey, whatever happened to that? Sometimes, great ideas are ahead of their time. Other times, the person or company behind them just doesn't have the ability to get things rolling, or they turn out to be too cost-prohibitive or otherwise not practical to implement in everyday life.
A quick search online of future home innovations turns up some amazing videos, many sponsored by appliance or power companies. Many of the features are recognizable, but there are more than a few that never made it past the demonstration stage. Some are pretty laughable, but it's hard not to get caught up in the sunny enthusiasm and confidence of better living through man's innovation. In the post-World War II Atomic Age, anything seemed possible. But throughout the years, we've continued to have plenty of people who thought they had the "next big thing." Let's take a look at some future home innovations ... that actually weren't.
Home Nuclear Power Plant
Biospheres
Moon Colony
Flying Houses
Plastic Houses
Push-button Everything
Space Foods
Videophones
Domestic Robots
10: Underwater Cities
SEALAB III, launched in 1969, was the U.S. Navy's last undersea habitat built.
OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP); U.S. Navy
While NASA was working to put a man on the moon, we also started thinking more about the possibility of colonizing on our own planet. It might even be a good test-drive to find out how well we could live on the moon, plus we could test out living in an isolated environment and conduct research experiments.
The U.S. government has been involved in several underwater habitats. First the U.S. Navy built SEALAB I, an experimental underwater habitat, in 1964 and sunk it 192 feet (58 meters) below sea level. SEALAB II and III followed. Tektite, built by General Electric and funded by NASA, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Department of the Interior, was another research facility in the late 1960s.
There were totally private ventures, too. Famous marine explorer Jacques Cousteau built the Conshelf habitats in the mid-1960s (the deepest of which was about 336 feet or 102 meters). It didn't take long for innovators to think about longer-term living, though. At the 1964 World's Fair in New York, the Futurama II exhibit presented by General Motors included an undersea hotel. In 1971, a group of British investors created models promoting an entire city underwater, which would have been built in the Black Sea and called Pilkington Sea City.
There are still underwater research facilities, and a few underwater hotels, but no cities. Why not? One big issue is decompression sickness, or "the bends," a potentially fatal condition related to the fact that water exerts twice as much pressure on our bodies as air. Maintaining the right atmosphere, as well as the logistics of providing supplies, is complicated and expensive. That's probably why a night in the Jules' Undersea Lodge in Key Largo, Florida (a remodeled underwater research habitat built in the early 1970s) costs upwards of $500 and it's only about 30 feet below.
9: Home Nuclear Power Plant
If you visited Disneyland's Tomorrow land between 1957 and 1967, you might've seen Monsanto's House of the Future. Among many other amazing features contained within the model home, one that seems to be impossible to imagine today is something that visitors didn't even get to glimpse. While walking through the house and marveling at its wonders, a voiceover provided explanations. Near the end, the recording stated that "To keep inconvenience and power costs down, the entire house's electricity and its centralized heating are provided by a small nuclear power plant in the house's support pylon, completely shielded with plastic for complete safety."
Wait, what? A small nuclear power plant? There have been more than 50 accidents at nuclear power plants since Chernobyl in 1986, and while there are still hundreds of nuclear power plants in operation around the world (and many nuclear-powered ships and submarines), it's become a highly controversial topic for a bunch of reasons. Nobody wants to live near a nuclear power plant, much less consider the idea of one inside their home. But the very first commercial nuclear power plant was just up and running when the House of Tomorrow opened. This was the Atomic Age, when we thought that nuclear power would eventually be used to power airplanes and cars, as well as make using fossil fuels a thing of the past. Obviously it didn't turn out that way, and we need much more than plastic to shield us from nuclear radiation. Homes that are completely self-sufficient or "off the grid" exist, but it's certainly not the norm ... yet.
8: Biospheres
Biospheres like Biosphere-2, shown here, didn't pan out. Bummer, dude.
VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm/The Image Bank/Getty Images
In 1996, a movie starring Stephen Baldwin and Pauly Shore called "Bio-Dome" came out. They played characters that think they're finding a mall but discover that they're inside a biodome. A biodome, or biosphere, is a man-made, closed ecological system. This means that every waste produced by an organism have to be used by another organism within the biosphere. They've been used to conduct experiments with the idea that a closed system would be a necessary way of life for long-term space living. On the space station, for example, everything the astronauts and cosmonauts need has to be transported with them or delivered later. Initially we'd have to transport supplies to get a space colony going too, but that would be expensive to continue indefinitely. So a viable space colony would have to eventually be self-sufficient.
The first biosphere was built in Russia in the mid-1960s. It used chlorella algae to recycle the air breathed by its occupants. They also grew crops for food. BIOS-3 was used until 1984 and its longest occupied term was 180 days. It was never a fully closed system, however. Biosphere-2 (Earth is the original biosphere) was built in the United States in the late 1980s and had two main missions as well as some smaller experiments.
On its second mission, the biosphere not only contained not only crops for food, but other plants, as well as animals. It ended abruptly in September 1994, after 10 months. The mission was ultimately a failure. Animals died (although many insects flourished), oxygen levels dropped, people got hungry, but most significant of all, they fought and formed factions. The psychological component of being sealed in with your colleagues can't be denied. Ultimately Biosphere-2 is thought of by some as a "successful failure." It didn't achieve its mission, but we did learn a lot in the process. It doesn't look like any of us will be living in self-sufficient biospheres of our own anytime soon, though.
7: Moon Colony
This NASA artist's rendering of an inflatable lunar habitat from 1989 hasn't come to fruition yet, but will a moon colony eventually become a reality?
The United States took the lead in the Space Race with the Soviet Union when it became the first to put a man on the moon in 1969. It was an amazing feat -- President John F. Kennedy set a goal in 1961 of getting man to the moon and back, and it happened. The whole world was watching, and it's hard for me to comprehend the excitement of watching Neil Armstrong take those first steps. Science fiction authors and others had long been writing about living on the moon, but now that we'd been there, it seemed like a real possibility. Although NASA sent men back to the moon four more times, interest in exploring it died down. More than four decades after first setting foot on its surface, we're no closer to a colony.
That doesn't mean there hasn't been talk of it, though. Probes sent to the moon by NASA have returned varying reports about the potential of water (in the form of ice) on its surface. A source of water would be useful to a colony. In 2004, after U.S. President George W. Bush announced that we should have manned spaceflights to the moon again, NASA planned to have an outpost by 2020. But the program was scrapped. Other countries and space organizations have their own plans. China, India, Japan, Russia and the European Space Agency have all had recent plans to go to the moon, and some of them include either temporary outposts or permanent bases. There are still a lot of logistics to be worked out before colonizing the moon -- figuring out long-term sources of food, water, power and atmosphere are just a start. What about how to handle the low gravity or the political ramifications of colonization (who would own it)? Maybe I could visit the moon in my lifetime, but I don't see living on it.
6: Flying Houses
Unless you count really luxurious private planes, we don't have flying houses yet.
Peter Dazeley/Photographer's Choice/Getty Images
Once we could fly airplanes, was it so much of a leap to imagine flying your house from place to place instead of getting into a plane to take you there? It would be much more convenient to just take literally everything with you to visit family, instead of figuring out how you're going to cram everything into a suitcase. But we don't even have a flying car yet -- a vehicle capable of both driving on roads and taking to the sky -- and scientists have been working on one of those for nearly 100 years.
Nor does everyone have a personal aircraft for getting around. Several "home of the future" models from the 1950s and 1960s featured hangars or even landing pads, anticipating flying as being our primary mode of transportation in the future. It made sense at the time that the cost of personal aircraft would go down, and the public did not anticipate the cost of fuel or the difficulty in creating "skyways" across the country. But let's think about the practicalities of having a flying house. Does it mean literally getting a typical house, which isn't even remotely shaped for air flight, up in the air? What about the costs of the fuel required to boost and propel that much weight? We aren't even nearly there.
The closest you can come right now to a flying house is a luxury private or chartered jet. They can have huge, plush seats and comfy beds, wooden furniture, large spa-like bathrooms, and kitchens (some even equipped with private chefs). Not the same as traveling in your own home, but far better than squeezing into coach class on a red-eye flight. Unfortunately, those comfy, anytime-you-need-them jets come with a high price, so for now you'll need to keep booking those flights.
5: Plastic Houses
Yes, another reference to the House of the Future, but it's far from the only one in this category. The house proudly proclaimed that it was built almost entirely from plastics and other man-made materials. This included the house itself as well as the flooring and furniture. Of course that only made sense as Monsanto was a leader in the plastics manufacturing industry at the time. Plastic became cheaper and easier to make in the 1950s, and it seemed like the perfect material. Most kinds could be made in a wide variety of shapes, textures and colors. It was also impermeable and unbreakable, easy to clean, and could last forever. No worrying about termites, mold, or rot.
I'm typing this on a plastic keyboard and drinking water out of a plastic (reusable) bottle, so obviously plastic is pervasive. But nobody lives in a plastic house. We know a lot more about the environmental and health effects of certain kinds of plastics, for one thing, so we're more careful about the types of plastics that we use and how we use them. Even more than that, though, is that we're creatures of habit in so many ways. We love new technology and admire cutting-edge developments, but that doesn't mean that we necessarily want it to be in our face all of the time. When it comes to our home, we still want it to be primarily made of traditional, comfortable materials -- wood and fabric.
That hasn't stopped architects and designers from using plastics more in houses, though. While some of them are made from first-generation plastic, others are working on using recycled plastics in the framework or insulation of a home. These concepts are a far cry from the sleek and shiny plastic house concepts of the 1950s, though.
4: Push-button Everything
Model houses of the future from the 1950s and 1960s focused heavily on features in the kitchen. That makes sense, as living rooms and bedrooms have remained the same in a lot of ways in comparison, while kitchens especially are full of appliances and other gadgets all designed to make living easier. But apparently some designers thought that we didn't want kitchens that actually looked like kitchens, with the traditional stove, refrigerator and counters and cabinets full of various appliances. Instead, you'd be hard-pressed sometimes to figure out that the kitchens in these "future" homes were actually kitchens. They just look like rooms with a lot of panels on the walls and ceiling.
Push this button and a "cold zone" lowers out of a cabinet to keep your perishables at the right temperature. Another push of a panel reveals the microwave (which was supposedly going to replace the stove entirely). Pushing a different button makes a panel slide open to reveal a sink. Basically the entire kitchen was supposed to be hidden, to be revealed in stage at the appropriate times by a confident housewife while she cooked and cleaned. On the surface, it sounds and looks pretty cool. But then the practicality of having so many moving parts and having to push a button to get to, well, everything, would become annoying. An automated kitchen means that all of those mechanized parts have to be maintained (and can break down), and think of the waste of energy. What if you went into the kitchen just to get a cup of water, but the cabinet holding the cups wouldn't rise out of the counter? There are enough machines in the kitchen, so it looks like we're ok with just incorporating newer appliances like dishwashers and microwaves into the existing structure.
3: Space Foods
All future foods will be freeze-dried and dehydrated? Not so much.
Courtesy NASA Johnson Space Center
Freeze-drying has been around for ages -- indigenous people in Peru put potatoes out in the frost to freeze them and then let the intense sunlight dry them. It's an ingenious way to preserve food and other things too. During World War II, freeze-drying was used to send biomedical products like serum, which would otherwise need refrigeration. But eventually the idea turned back to preserving food, too. Once you freeze-dry food (often done with dry ice or nitrogen, then heated under a vacuum), you end up with flakes, cubes or bars of a porous, lightweight material. Then you can rehydrate it using cold or hot water, depending on the food and what temperature you wanted it to be. One issue is that rehydrated food never tastes or has the same texture as the original food.
That's just one way that food was preserved for astronauts and cosmonauts during space missions. They also ate pureed and concentrated foods out of toothpaste-like tubes. We were so excited about our space missions that we wanted to emulate the astronauts in their eating, too. Some of the future kitchen designs included special ways to rehydrate or otherwise cook with food concentrates. Really the only things that took were freeze-dried ones, though -- we still use plenty of freeze-dried products, like instant coffee. But they haven't replaced whole foods. You can find novelty items like astronaut ice cream and Space Food Sticks (a sort of precursor to energy bars) at museums and space-related sites today. The ironic thing is that the freeze-dried, Neapolitan-flavored ice cream only went up on one mission because it proved to be unpopular.
2: Videophones
Videophones aren't the norm yet, but that may change in the near future.
Colin Anderson/Photographer's Choice/Getty Images
"You may be thinking, "Wait a second. I have a videophone; I can Skype or use FaceTime via my smartphone or computer." While this is true, I'm talking about a videophone that you use all the time instead of a traditional, voice-based phone -- it's your dedicated phone. You may choose to use Skype or FaceTime to call someone who lives far away (especially if you still have a landline). But you're probably not pulling it up to order a pizza late at night, and you don't have the person on the other end on a huge screen when you call. People on "The Jetsons" were always camera-ready, but we're not!
A French illustrator named Villemard drew a "correspondence cinema" in 1910, which showed an image of the person on the other end projected on the wall. So we've been thinking about videophones before television.
For the most part, early videophones were a series of still images accompanying a traditional telephone call -- not actual streaming, real-time video. In 1936, there was even a public videophone system (covering just 100 miles) between the German cities of Berlin and Leipzig. Then in the 1960s, AT&T demonstrated a videophone that it called Picturephone at fairs and Disneyland. In 1964, AT&T installed some public Picturephones in a few cities around the country, but it was very expensive and unpopular.
While it's not expensive anymore, and video telephony via computer is growing in popularity, we're still OK with most phone calls being audio only. Is it because we don't want to have to look "nice" each time we make a call? Or maybe we'd rather have conversations face-to-face if we're going to have a visual. Video telephony is improving all the time, but depending on your Internet connection, it can still be jerky, causing frustration if the audio and video don't synch. Videophones have been wonderful for the deaf and for specialized uses, but we haven't yet reached the time of TV-sized calling screens.
1: Domestic Robots
Robotic servants are mostly still the stuff of science fiction.
James Porto/Photographer's Choice/Getty Images
It's impossible for me not to think about "The Jetsons" when I ponder homes of the future. Jane Jetson would often complain about the housework, while sitting in her chair, pushing buttons and watching their robot maid, Rosie, scurry around the apartment taking care of the chores. More than once I've thought to myself, "Where's my Rosie?" It was one of those things that was right around the corner, and yet never happened. You can buy a robot to vacuum, mop your floor or mow your lawn, and there are prototypes that fold laundry or iron clothes, but that's it. No cooking, no window-washing, no bathroom cleaning. Why not?
There are plenty of workhorse robots; car assembly lines are full of robots, and they're used to diffuse bombs and perform microsurgery. Robots in the home, though, are still mostly limited to entertainment purposes. An article by Bill Gates in Scientific American a few years ago mentions that one of the problems is a lack of standardization, both hardware and software. It's also really proving difficult to teach robots to do human-like things, such as telling the difference between a door and a window or understanding and responding accurately to speech.
Improvements in wireless technology and voice recognition, as well as decreasing costs of hardware, may mean that your robot maid will eventually take over the drudgery. In the meantime, you can check your e-mail on your refrigerator's WiFi-enabled LCD panel while you're cleaning the kitchen to help pass the time.
Author's Note: 10 Future Home Innovations … That Weren't
I remember seeing shorts and clips of various futuristic home models as a kid. They were set in the 1950s and full of sunny optimism. I knew then that a lot of the features would never come to pass, but they also showed things, like microwave ovens, that were sitting in my house at that very moment. I didn't realize then, though, that many of those shorts were supposed to be depicting the very time in which I was watching them. Crazy, huh? These days, I love watching those same films online. They're cute, quaint and sometimes outright laughable, but there's something fun about them, too. For every amazing new breakthrough, there are multiple missteps and failures, but it's all a learning process.
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Dismukes, Kim. "Space Food." NASA Human Spaceflight. Nov. 25, 2003. (June 16, 2012) http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/living/spacefood/
Flying Car Reviews (June 16, 2012) http://www.flyingcarreviews.com/uses-for-flying-cars/
Gates, Bill. "A Robot in Every Home." Scientific American. Dec. 16, 2006. (June 16, 2012) http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-robot-in-every-home
Globus, Al. "Closed Ecosystems." NASA Astrobiology. July 10, 2002. (June 15, 2012) http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/teacher/course/ecosys.html
Gray, Richard. "Top 10 'innovations' that should've changed the world...but didn't manage it." The Telegraph. March 16, 2008. (June 15, 2012) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/4985234/Top-10-innovations-that-should-have-changed-the-world-but-didnt-manage-it.html
Guizzo, Erico. "10 stats you should know about robots but never bothered Googling up." IEEE Spectrum. March 21, 2008. (June 15, 2012) http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-software/10_stats_you_should_know_about_robots
Jules' Undersea Lodge (June 15, 2012) http://www.jul.com/mediainfo.html
McGlaun, Shaun. "National Geographic makes real flying house from animated flick 'Up!'" Slashgear.com. March 7, 2011. (June 15, 2012) http://www.slashgear.com/national-geographic-makes-real-flying-house-from-animated-flick-up-07138256/
Milo, Paul. "100 Years of Failure: 10 Technologies We Were Promised But Never Got." Gizmodo. Dec. 10, 2009. (June 16, 2012) http://gizmodo.com/5423510/100-years-of-failure-10-technologies-we-were-promised-but-never-got
NASA. "NEEMO - NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations." (June 16, 2012) http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/index.html
National Park Service. "House of Tomorrow." 2012. (June 16, 2012) http://www.nps.gov/indu/historyculture/house-of-tomorrow.htm
National Public Radio. "Beyond Tang: Food in Space." June 7, 2007. (June 16, 2012) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10792763
Nissan. "Dressman, the ironing robot." May 26, 2004. (June 15, 2012) http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/process_engineering/report-29650.html
Office of Naval Research. "People Under the Sea: Habitats -- SEALAB." (June 16, 2012) http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/blowballast/people/habitats2.htm
Pescovitz, David. "French Art from 1910 Depicting 2000." Boing Boing. Sept. 12, 2007. (June 16, 2012) http://boingboing.net/2007/09/12/french-art-from-1910.html
Scanlon, Lisa. "The House of the Future That Wasn't." MIT Technology Review. January 2005. (June 15, 2012) http://www.technologyreview.com/mitnews/403523/the-house-of-the-future-that-wasnt/
Sovacool, Benjamin. "Second Thoughts About Nuclear Power." National Unversity of Singapore. 2011. (June 15, 2012) http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/policy-briefs/201101_RSU_PolicyBrief_1-2nd_Thought_Nuclear-Sovacool.pdf
Stabile, Matt. "Whatever happened to Biosphere-2?" The Expeditioner. April 26, 2011. (June 16, 2012) http://www.theexpeditioner.com/2011/04/26/what-ever-happened-to-biosphere-2/
Szondy, David. "Tales of Future Past." (June 16, 2012) http://davidszondy.com/future/futurepast.htm
Tate, Austin. "Sea City." University of Edinburgh. (June 16, 2012) http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~bat/sea-city.html
Valhouli, Christina. "5 spots for undersea luxury." CNN Money. 2012. (June 15, 2012) http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/news/0710/gallery.underwaterwonders/index.html
Shanna Freeman "10 Future Home Innovations ... That Weren't" 11 July 2012.
HowStuffWorks.com. <https://home.howstuffworks.com/10-future-home-innovations-that-failed.htm> 29 January 2023


Last night Jesa made this delicious rice noodles for our dinner. She made this so yummy, this was easy to make, not too much oil as i told her that using a lot of oil will only make you fat. This kind of meal is very easy to make, you don't really need the exact ingredients of this, but if you are a good cook and you know what kind of taste you like. The making a rice noodles is a piece of cake. My husband said, with two of us here in the house cooking so good, they are very spoiled hahhahah.


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Juno solves lightning mystery, gets mission extension
Joe Latrell
Juno arrived in orbit above Jupiter on July 4, 2016. Since that time, the spacecraft has revolutionized humanity's knowledge of the gas giant. Image Credit: James Vaughan / SpaceFlight Insider
NASA's Juno probe, which has been in orbit around Jupiter since July, 2016 has provided scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) opportunities for research. One such research paper, recently published in Nature, helps explain the nature of Jupiter's polar lightning.
Until now, all science instruments that have traveled to Jupiter (Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Galileo and Cassini) have only looked at the Jovian lightning in the visible spectrum. Juno, however carries onboard the Microwave Radiometer Instrument (MWR). This device records a wide range of frequencies allowing scientists to have a better understanding of what is happening at Jupiter.
"No matter what planet you're on, lightning bolts act like radio transmitters — sending out radio waves when they flash across a sky. But until Juno, all the lightning signals recorded by spacecraft (Voyagers 1 and 2, Galileo, Cassini) were limited to either visual detections or from the kilohertz range of the radio spectrum, despite a search for signals in the megahertz range. Many theories were offered up to explain it, but no one theory could ever get traction as the answer," said Shannon Brown of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena via a company-issued release.
Brown, a Juno scientist and the lead author of the paper, went on, noting that, "In the data from our first eight flybys, Juno's MWR detected 377 lightning discharges. They were recorded in the megahertz as well as gigahertz range, which is what you can find with terrestrial lightning emissions. We think the reason we are the only ones who can see it is because Juno is flying closer to the lighting than ever before, and we are searching at a radio frequency that passes easily through Jupiter's ionosphere."
Artist impression of lightning in Jupiter's northern hemisphere. Information from the Juno spacecraft suggest a majority of the lightning activity on the gas giant is near its poles.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam
Lighting on Jupiter is analogous to the lighting of Earth. Both are generated by heat. At Jupiter, the light reaching the planet is 25 times dimmer than what we see here on Earth. Earth has a lot of atmospheric convection at the equator courtesy of the Sun. That churning creates the instability in the atmosphere that results in lighting. Unlike Earth, Jupiter gets most of its heat convection from the planet itself. The Sun provides just enough heat to help stabilize the Jovian equator. This moves the churning effects to the poles of Jupiter where lightning is most prevalent.
"These findings could help to improve our understanding of the composition, circulation and energy flows on Jupiter," said Brown. But another question looms, she said. "Even though we see lightning near both poles, why is it mostly recorded at Jupiter's north pole?"
In addition to Brown's work, another paper from Ivana Kolmašová of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, and colleagues published in Nature Astronomy presents the largest database to date of whistlers, lightning-generated low-frequency radio emissions around Jupiter. The data set is almost 10 times the size of that collected during the Voyager 1 flyby. A peak rate of four lighting strikes per second is six times higher than the peak values detected by Voyager 1. This is similar to the rate seen here on Earth.
"These discoveries could only happen with Juno," said Scott Bolton, principal investigator of Juno from the Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio. "Our unique orbit allows our spacecraft to fly closer to Jupiter than any other spacecraft in history, so the signal strength of what the planet is radiating out is a thousand times stronger. Also, our microwave and plasma wave instruments are state-of-the-art, allowing us to pick out even weak lightning signals from the cacophony of radio emissions from Jupiter. "
More data about Jupiter's lightning is scheduled to be collected during the thirteenth science flyby slated to take place on July 16.
The Juno program continued to receive good news as NASA announced the mission would be extended through 2022. The spacecraft's primary mission should draw to a close in 2021. However, data collection and mission closeout should continue into the 2022 time frame. This extends the spacecraft's time on orbit to an additional 41 months.
"With these funds, not only can the Juno team continue to answer long-standing questions about Jupiter that first fueled this exciting mission, but they'll also investigate new scientific puzzles motivated by their discoveries thus far," said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. "With every additional orbit, both scientists and citizen scientists will help unveil new surprises about this distant world."
"This is great news for planetary exploration as well as for the Juno team," said Scott Bolton, "These updated plans for Juno will allow it to complete its primary science goals. As a bonus, the larger orbits allow us to further explore the far reaches of the Jovian magnetosphere — the region of space dominated by Jupiter's magnetic field — including the far magnetotail, the southern magnetosphere, and the magnetospheric boundary region called the magnetopause. We have also found Jupiter's radiation environment in this orbit to be less extreme than expected, which has been beneficial to not only our spacecraft, but our instruments and the continued quality of science data collected."
Currently the Juno spacecraft is in a 53 day orbit as opposed the the planned 14 day orbital period. Concerns about Juno's fuel system, namely valve operation, led to the change in the spacecraft's primary orbit. While this change has slowed the gathering of scientific data, it does not appear to have had a major impact on the mission overall.
Juno is part of NASA's New Frontiers Program, which is managed out of the space angecy's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for NASA's Science Mission Directorate. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Scott Bolton, of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.
Tagged: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Juno Jupiter The Range
Joe Latrell is a life-long avid space enthusiast having created his own rocket company in Roswell, NM in addition to other consumer space endeavors. He continues to design, build and launch his own rockets and has a passion to see the next generation excited about the opportunities of space exploration. Joe lends his experiences from the corporate and small business arenas to organizations such as Teachers In Space, Inc. He is also actively engaged in his church investing his many skills to assist this and other non-profit endeavors.


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Emil von Höegh (* 10. Mai 1865 in Löwenberg, Provinz Schlesien; † 29. Januar 1915 in Goslar) war ein deutscher Optiker, der für die Berechnung eines photographischen Objektives mit der Bezeichnung Dagor bekannt ist. Der Doppelanastigmat wurde 1892 von von Höegh patentiert. Im gleichen Jahr bewarb er sich bei der Optischen Anstalt C. P. Goerz, die ihn als Mitarbeiter einstellte und Produktion und internationalen Vertrieb des Objektivs übernahm. Es wurde auch mit Lizenz in London produziert. Emil von Höegh entwickelte danach weitere Objektive, z. B. den nach ihm benannten Höegh'schen Meniskus (konkavkonvexe Linse mit zwei gleichen Flächenkrümmungen) und im Jahr 1900 ein 135-Grad-Weitwinkel-Objektiv. 1902 ging er in den Ruhestand. Ihm zu Ehren ist der Mount Hoegh in der Antarktis benannt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Optiker
Person (Schlesien)
Geboren 1865
Gestorben 1915
Mann


It features three bedrooms, each with its own bathroom and marsh views.
This beautiful duplex as been completely redecorated and it's the perfect beach rental.
Guests love its open concept living, dining and kitchen areas.
The living room opens to a private deck that's the perfect viewing platform for sunset views and for enjoying Mermaid Morning Bliss coffee time.
Marsh Mermaid is a duplex and it is extremely private and sound proof.
There's a large front yard, as well as small fenced-in area in the back. This location benefits from the quiet area of the island, yet it's close to the beach. This home is ideal for guests looking for a "Mermaid Cottage Experience" that's not an older cottage.
Marsh Mermaid is a newer home and it's a show stopper.
Come and experience this beautiful property with exceptional marsh views from every bedroom.
Click on the Media tab for a wonderful interactive floor plan and for more photos of this great property.
Marsh Mermaid is a great option for your spring or summer vacation as properties are getting scarce. Be sure to check our Specials tab for our very attractive rates for seniors, educators, the military, federal and state employees and for Last Minute Mermaid Getaways.
Reserve it now right on our website or contact the Mermaid-on-Duty for assistance at 912.704.4618 or email visitmermaid@gmail.com, as well. Hope to see you soon!
Minimum Night Stay Requirements will apply throughout the year including holidays, spring break and our summer season. Please check with our Mermaid Reservations Team at 912-704-4618 or visitmermaid@gmail.com for the dates you are considering. Click on the Media Tab for this property to view a great interactive floor plan and additional photos.


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Q: Python Bar plot y axis display percentage I have plotted a bar plot. I want the yaxis display values in percentage.
My code:
import matplotlib.ticker as mtick

df =
     name    qty
0    Aple    200
1    Bana    67
2    Oran    10
3    Mang    8

ax=plt.bar(df['name'],df['qty'])
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(mtick.PercentFormatter())
plt.show()

Present output:
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(mtick.PercentFormatter())

AttributeError: 'BarContainer' object has no attribute 'yaxis'

A: plt.bar does not return the axis instance. I think you mean:
ax = df.plot.bar(x='name',y='qty')
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(mtick.PercentFormatter())

Or
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.bar(df['name'],df['qty'])
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(mtick.PercentFormatter())

Output:

However, guessing from you trying to plot percentage, I think you want:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

# note the division here
ax.bar(df['name'],df['qty']/df['qty'].sum())
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(mtick.PercentFormatter())

Output:


The cartoons published in Danish papers a few months ago caricaturing the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has once again taken world of Islam by storm. There are demonstrations throughout Islamic world – some violent, some peaceful and in some cases like Afghanistan several people have been killed in very violent demonstrations. The Danish Government initially took stand that it is matter of freedom of press and it cannot stop any paper from publishing such cartoons, as it cannot interfere with the freedom of press. When protests began some European papers also published these cartoons sending message that freedom of press is above everything else, even above religious sensibilities.
When Salman Rushdie had published his novel Satanic Verses that time too there were violent protests in many Muslim countries and Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa to kill Rushdie and even declared an award on his head. That time too, the European nations had invoked human rights and freedom of opinion to defend Salman Rushdie for his insulting remarks against Islam and the Prophet and his wives.
Is it really matter of freedom of opinion or something else, which is not spelt out? If one examines things closely it will become obvious that there is much more than freedom of press or even freedom of conscience. It is a multi layered and multi-causal phenomenon. It would be really simplistic to reduce it to freedom of press though it might appear to be so. We would like to throw some light on this.
One cannot deny that throughout western world there is tension between westerners and Muslims. In every European country Muslims are seen as not only outsiders but also as a menace, a threat, to their values and their culture. In many countries this tension is quite palpable and in some countries it remains subdued. The fact is that for Western world pluralism is a very new phenomenon and they are finding it very hard to digest it. Their democracy has been monolingual, mono-religious and mono-cultural.
As far as political democracy is concerned it is well established but freedom of opinion and differences of opinion are confined merely to political sphere and within the frame- work of mono-religious and mono-cultural situation. For Asians, on the other hand, pluralism has been the way of life. They have lived and co-existed with different religions harmoniously. Even in the absence of political democracy tolerance towards other religions and cultures has been their way of life. We do not find bloodshed in Asian countries between followers of different religions throughout medieval ages.
In the West, on the other hand, though there has been political democracy and tolerance for political differences, its record on religious and cultural tolerance has not been very glorious. Since political democracy demands tolerance and freedom of opinion, they tried to apply it to religious and cultural field too but I am afraid, not with very great success. Below the skin they remain mono-religious and mono-cultural.
There is one more dimension to this problem. West has never been very comfortable with Islam and Muslims. It was always seen as a religion of the alien, and hostile alien, at that. France with all its democratic and secular values interpreted secularism within a very narrow French framework it became very uncomfortable with hijab worn by school girls and at last the Central Government banned it. How the hijab worn by schoolgirls could be a threat to French secularism, we fail to understand.
In fact hijab was only a symbol. Behind it they saw Islam as a threat. In all European countries, Muslims are recent migrants and are perceived as double threat – as migrant and as Muslim. All migrants make natives uncomfortable and more so if they belong to a religion or culture perceived to be hostile. Prof. Huntington of Harvard had given vent to the western feelings when he wrote Clash of Civilizations.
Western countries were compelled to allow Asian and African migrants as they were experiencing acute shortage of human-power after Second World War but once migration reached saturation point and economic downturn began tensions began to surface and in many countries racial riots broke out.
There is yet another factor: these Asian and African migrants soon realised they are condemned to remain on margins of western society. They do not get opportunities for better and well paid jobs and their children, out of frustration, take to drug or crime or to violence further reinforcing the images of violent outsider. The rejection becomes more intense leading to more tensions. Recent disturbances in France, which continued for several months between the police and young Africans, proves the point.
Since there is so much hostility between Western Christians and migrant Muslims, it erupts in different ways. The recent cartoons and caricature of the Prophet should also be seen in this light. The events of 9/11 have only aggravated the whole situation. Be it Salman Rushdie affair or the cartoons published in the Newspaper of Denmark, it is part of same phenomenon. Deep prejudices against Islam and Muslims spring up in different forms and are defended in the name of press freedom.
Many Western leaders like Bush and Kofi Annan have admitted that one cannot disregard religious sensibilities in the name of freedom of opinion. I need not say that freedom of opinion cannot be absolute as many Westerners maintain. One cannot defend right to abuse others or caricature founders of religion in the name of freedom of press or freedom of opinion.
One can concede that west is much more secularised and Muslim world is not. Let us not forget that West has taken more than three centuries to secularise and this process of modernisation and secularisation has begun only in last few decades. Cultural differences are there but these differences should not be depicted as hostile resulting in clashes. Muslim world is still far behind in the field of science and technology. As pointed out above when west with all its progress has not been able to shed its prejudices and hostile perceptions, how can one expect it from the Islamic world??
The Muslim intelligentsia also needs to cultivate more tolerance. Well one has right to protest but right to protest should also be exercised peacefully. As there are some limitations to right to freedom of press, there are certain well-defined limitations to right to protest in democracy. The Muslim intelligentsia and leaders should reflect deeply as to why their demonstrations tend to be violent? Are they not playing in the hands of those leaders who have their political agenda?
If Islam is religion of peace and it indeed is, why Muslims tend to be so violent? Let us realise that no one can live in this multi-religious world on ones own terms. It was not becoming for Muslims to tear flags of Denmark or set to fire their embassies or become so violent while demonstrating that police be compelled to fire and kill demonstrators. This leads to more fury and more violence.
A silent and peaceful demonstration is far more telling than a violent one. Since these demonstrations are on religious issue the demonstrations should also be with religious dignity and religious values. Violence serves the purpose either of some anti social elements or of some politicians who want cheap publicity. Some politicians may be wanting to seize this opportunity to have show down with western countries but common Muslims should exercise restraint and dignity.
Now it is for us to decide whether we follow some political leaders or hooligans or the Qur'an, which again and again emphasises wisdom and restraint, tolerance and understanding? It is for us to come out of stigma of intolerance and violence. Modern world values education, understanding, tolerance and coexistence. We were given these virtues by Qur'an more than 1400 years ago. But we never studied Qur'an and when we studied we did so to fight our sectarian battles against each other. For us sectarian dogmas became central rather than the Qur'anic ethics. These sectarian dogmas led to complete intolerance of others and we are still not making serious efforts to come out of that.
Let us make serious efforts to make Qur'anic ethics central and these dogmas peripheral. It requires tremendous courage and commitment to truth and without such commitment we can be anything but religious. A mumin (true believer) was supposed to be a new human being, a model of virtues and morality. We need to revisit Qur'an and reflect upon its ethical teachings far more seriously. It is not our dogmas, which will make us acceptable in the world; it is Qur'anic ethic which will. Now it is for Muslims to decide – acceptability or narrow mindedness and intolerant sectarianism? The world will judge us not by our dogmas but by our morality and ethics.


Will SCPs have certain animations that play at different times, such as if you get caught by a 939, will there be an animation where you get pounced on and bitten? or will they just chase and nip at your heels until you fall over dead? Basically is there going to be kill animations for most physical SCPs? Even if lets say the person caught by 939 doesn't see the animation, as he is probably dead, but any onlookers can see? thanks.


Spotify's web player is one of its best features, but it also opens the door to a significant problem: Ad blockers. If you have a free account on Spotify, you can circumvent the banner ads and commercial breaks by installing an ad blocker on your browser, cutting off the service's only means of making money off of you.
Spotify has been putting up with this activity for years, but the free ride appears to be coming to an end. This week, the company began sending out emails to users informing them that its user guidelines have been updated to "[make] it clear that all types of ad blockers, bots, and fraudulent streaming activities are not permitted." Starting March 1st, if you are caught using an ad blocker, you could be suspended or banned immediately.
This development was a long time coming, as Spotify revealed last March that two million free users were using third-party tools to get around ads. Spotify even had to adjust its monthly active user count from 159 million to 157 million ahead of its public offering, as those two million users were providing no value.
With that in mind, you can understand why the company's user guidelines now say that "circumventing or blocking advertisements in the Spotify Service, or creating or distributing tools designed to block advertisements in the Spotify Service" is not permitted. If you break this rule (or any of the user guidelines), it "may result in immediate termination or suspension of your Spotify account." You could even lose your username.
Needless to say, if you use an ad blocker or any other third-party software to circumvent ads, but don't want to get suspended or banned from Spotify, be sure to turn it off or whitelist the site before March 1st.


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National Minimum & National Living Wage
The National Minimum Wage Regulations became law on the 1st April 1999 to enforce a statutory minimum wage making it illegal for employers to pay less. The Regulations apply to employers in the UK, regardless of the size of the business, subject to the exceptions listed below. The National Living Wage was incorporated from 1st April 2016 onwards.
Below are the current rates for the year from 1st April 2021
The National Living Wage Rate
1. The National Living Wage of £8.91 per hour for workers aged 23 and over.
The National Minimum Wage Rates
1. Workers aged 21-22 - £8.36 per hour.
4. Apprentice rate (for apprentices under 19 or 19 and over, but in the first year of apprenticeship) £4.30 per hour.
If over 19 and you have completed your first year, you will be paid according to your age range, as stated above.
Previous Rate April 2020
25+ 21-24 18-20 Under 18 Apprentice
October 2016 - March 2017
25 + 21-24 18-20 Under 18 Apprentice
April 2016 - September 2016
Hourly Rates Table 2010 - 2015
Year 21+ 18-20 Under 18 Apprentice
2015 £6.70 £5.30 £3.87 £3.30
Fair Piece Rates
For piece work, the employer must find out how many pieces or tasks an average worker can complete in an hour. The "fair" piece rate is 1.2 times the rate which lets a worker of average speed earn the National Minimum Wage in an hour.
This allows workers whose speed may be a bit below average the chance to earn the National Minimum Wage regardless.
The employer must give written notice before the start of the first pay reference period. (If the terms of the notice change then a new notice should be provided before the start of the next pay reference period.)
The notice must explain how the employer has calculated the "fair" piece rate and must:
1. Treat workers as working for a certain period of time when doing their job of producing pieces or performing tasks.
2. Conduct a test or estimate the average speed at which their workers work when doing the same job or task.
3. State what the "mean hourly output rate" for the piece or task is (the number of pieces or tasks the average worker can complete in any given hour).
4. State the rate or sum to be paid for producing the piece or performing the task.
5. Provide the telephone number of the Pay and Work Rights Helpline: (0800 917 2368).
If the notice from the employer does not contain all of this information the worker will be entitled to the National Minimum Wage for every hour worked as a default.
Workers Covered by the Regulations
The following workers are covered by:
Full-time workers.
Part-time workers.
Casual workers.
Home workers.
Freelance workers.
Temporary & agency workers.
Those of retirement age or pensioners, if they are working.
Piece workers, who must be paid the minimum wage for every hour worked.
(Detailed information regarding Piece workers is provided in the National Minimum Wage Regulations).
Workers Not Covered
The Regulations do however allow for exceptions; the following workers are not covered:
Members of the armed forces.
Share fishermen.
Volunteer workers.
Prisoners employed during their sentence.
The self-employed.
Au pairs and nannies.
Employers will not be able to avoid paying less than the minimum wage by making current employees self-employed. There are strict tests under employment law regarding who is judged self-employed and who is counted as an employee.
Enforcement of the Regulations
The Regulations are enforced by HMRC.
An employer can be served with an Enforcement Notice by HMRC instructing them to comply with the law within a set time period; this includes paying all the underpayment due to their workers. The employer can also be fined an additional amount equal to 50% of the total underpayment, up to a maximum of £20,000.
There is also a criminal fine for the following situations:
Refusing to comply with the Regulations.
Failing to keep proper wage records or keeping false records.
Obstructing an official from HMRC.
ACAS Helpline
Employees can also contact the ACAS Helpline on 0300 123 1100; this is a free and confidential service funded by the government.
An employee cannot agree orally, or in writing to be paid less than the minimum wage, this will still be an offence committed by the employer.
The Living Wage Foundation
The government set Living Wage should not be confused with the rate set by the Living Wage Foundation. The government effectively appropriated the Living Wage terminology when it set a lower rate. The Living Wage Foundation is a charity that educates and encourage employers to pay the Living Wage set by the Foundation - this currently stands at £9.90 per hour nationally, £11.05 for workers in London. Currently, 9,000 employers are accredited by the Living Wage Foundation.
Government online calculator: www.gov.uk/am-i-getting-minimum-wage
The Living Wage Foundation: www.livingwage.org.uk
National Living Wage set to increase to £9.50 per hour - BBC News
Labour pledges £10 minimum wage - The Guardian
Ocado driver wage rises to cost up to £5m - BBC News
The real Living Wage rises - The Guardian
Living & Minimum Wage rises, but so do bills - BBC News