Heather Goodall (abridged as HG) is Professor Emerita of History, at the University of Technology, Sydney. Her projects using Oral History include those on Indigenous histories and environmental history in Australia and on 20th century decolonisation in the eastern Indian Ocean. She has worked closely in many collaborative projects with Indigenous people, particularly with women. She is researching the connections between Indian and Australian women in the 1940s and 50s with Associate Professor Devleena Ghosh.
Heather Goodall is the author of Invasion to Embassy: Land in Aboriginal Politics in NSW (1996) and Beyond Borders: Indonesian Independence in the eyes of the region (Forthcoming), the co-author with Allison Cadzow of Rivers and Resilience: Aboriginal people on Sydney's Georges River (2009); and co-author in collaborative biographies with Isabel Flick on The Many Lives of an extraordinary Aboriginal woman (2004) and with Kevin Cook on Making Change Happen: Black and white activists talk to Kevin Cook on Aboriginal, Liberation and Union politics (2013). Heather is co-editor of a number of books bringing together oral history and environmental history, including Echoes from the Poisoned Well (2006), Water, Sovereignty and Borders (2009), and most recently, Telling Environmental Histories, (forthcoming).
In this written interview, Rindon Kundu (abridged as RK) explores various theoretical underpinnings of Oral History and the complexity in its practice as well as the changing face of Oral History in the age of Digital Humanities. The interview starts with asking the fundamental question of what Oral History is and the definition of Digital Humanities.
Rindon Kundu: As I have told you that the guest editor of this issue of Café Dissensus, Intaj Ali, has asked me to request you to give an interview for the upcoming issue titled, "Digital Archiving in the 21st Century: Issues and Challenges". I am very happy that you have agreed to give an interview on this topic.
Heather Goodall: Thank you Rindon for this opportunity. I would love to do it.
RK: First of all, if you could please tell us how you will define the category of Oral History in the context of the newly emerging discipline of Digital Humanities. Is digital approach towards humanities impacting upon and re-qualifying the terms that we use in oral history?
HG: Both Oral History and Digital Humanities can be seen to have a number of dimensions so I'll go through them one by one. Both have strengths but also limits and problems. I'll address the problems at the end.
a) The very simple answer is that Oral History for me is the spoken expression of the memory of personal experience of events and feelings from the past. I usually record this (now with a digital audio recorder but others use video or film – again usually digital today) but sometimes if it's not appropriate to record I might take notes at the time or soon afterwards. And I'll take down notes anyway immediately afterwards to record my impressions of body language, hesitations, emotions, and interactions with myself as interviewer and others present for all or part of the interview. BUT this of course opens up many questions.
b) Firstly, if what is spoken has been learned or experienced in a performative mode which has been transmitted or performed across many generations it is more helpful to think of it as 'Oral Tradition' which in societies which do not use writing is the way to record events, philosophy, genealogy, etc, etc. The key defining issue here is cross-generational transmission BUT again, Oral Tradition has many forms – from the form learned by rote because it saves lives, e.g. over-the-horizon navigation stories which allow safe travel in the desert or ocean – to the form of limericks or farce – these forms invite improvisation and creativity each time they are performed. There will always be different versions of things like genealogies too – even though they are supposed to be identical – but different lines of families will have slightly different versions. These come in handy if one line dies out or if there is dynastic conflict!
c) Interviews for Oral History might be individual (as they often are in the west and in controlled media conditions) but in the field and in many community settings, interviews will be recorded with a group of people present. So here the questions around influences and authority come into play, with sometimes enrichment as many people offer memories which expand and enhance the narrative, but also sometimes the silencing of dissenting or divergent views, because one member of the group feels they do not have the authority to tell a story OR because they feel their viewpoint will be ridiculed or criticized.
d) Thirdly, as above, this whole field of 'Oral Tradition' is like literature – it has many genres and some are more fixed than others, some are more innovative and improvised than others, etc. (see my comments about 'narrative' in response to a later question!). And WITHIN each interview, in my experience there are often small narratives – in the sense of stories which have a beginning, move to a climax and have a resolution – which will be shaped by the ways in which narrative forms operate in that culture. So particular types of heroes, particular types of tragedies, which are well-known across communities (perhaps incorporated into stories told in childhood or into big ceremonial events in adult life) which be drawn on to shape an individual's interpretation of the fragments they hold in their mind/memory. This helps each of us as we remember things to make sense to ourselves of what we remember. So I have often tried, in editing, to look for these small stories and try to keep them intact as they help us to understand how the speaker sees or interprets their memories – i.e., it shows us what the story means to them.
e) Fourth, there is 'community' or 'collective' memory – see (a) above. This can occur even when an individual is recounting their memories in an individual setting. It might be of events in living memory and/or experience but rather than emerging from one person's consciousness, it will have been talked over or absorbed from others in the immediate or wider community. Sometimes it will be influenced by films, radio and/or books or by the most authoritative or popular line. For example, in South Africa, it is very hard for Africans to admit they were passive under apartheid because the big celebrated narratives are about the freedom fighters. Most people however were not in that category – they were just trying to keep themselves and their families alive. So the ways people tell their story may have many influences.
f) Fifth, there is the question, which has over the years become of great importance to historians, of what 'memory' itself is. How does memory work? The answers include consideration of biology as well as of 'standpoint' – that is the political and cultural positioning of the observer/rememberer – which will shape their recalled memories and their interpretations of the images or sounds or other sensations which make up what they call their memories.
e) Finally – – although I'm sure it is not 'finally' – there is the question of audience – and to whom the teller wants to direct their story. The 'narrator' or 'teller' or 'informant' (depending on your discipline) will be making decisions as they speak – who do they want to hear this? How do they want themselves to be remembered and by whom? So they might withhold some things from close relations but on the other hand they might ONLY tell some things to close relations. They might be prepared to share some things with total strangers more comfortably than with close relations, etc. and/or they might not want things to be revealed in public for a long time or even never.
All this means we need to think of interactions between ACTIVE people – the interviewer exerts influences in their choices of questions or supportive silences, the teller is active in their interpretations and in their decisions about what to tell, and ultimately, audiences will make sense of stories in their own way – believing some people and not others according to their own positions or 'standpoints'.
a) The capacity of digital technologies are firstly in allowing easier recording in either audio or video.
b) Internet or web sites can allow readier accessibility to either the whole digital recording, to edited sections of it or to transcriptions. One limit is that you have to have receiving equipment to get that accessibility! Another is that unedited audio/video is not searchable by digital means (YET) which relies on text. However, there are good programs now which allow access to segments of the audio and transcript together, so if a digital audio/video has been worked on (e.g., key words inserted into metadata etc) then searching is much more possible. This technology is improving all the time so you probably know of things which work even better!!
c) Web presentation of digital audio/video can allow access to the many dimensions of expression of memory – the ORALITY of oral history lies in its performative nature and its expression not only through words but with body language and emotional tones, hesitations, tears, etc. Whether it is a deliberate (enacted) performance or simple human communication, it is far more than transcribed audio can ever convey. So there are many people who feel that access via digital and internet capacity allows a better understanding of the many dimensions of human communication and therefore of memory and 'oral history'.
d) For me the great significance of digital technologies in internet expressions – i.e., web sites, etc. – is LINKING – so that along with (c ) above, the stories people tell with words and gestures can be linked with images and with archival text sources like official records, diaries and newspapers/radio and with other stories (by that person or by other people). This capacity to LINK allows a far larger body of contextual or interpretive resources to be brought to bear on the expression of memory.
a) Oral History – problems are that memories often elicit strong emotions – interviewers need to be aware of this and prepared for it.
b) problems of web presentation of recordings – it is hard to protect them from either direct theft or from unauthorized quotation – so people who offer the story might feel their trust has been betrayed. Many Indigenous people in Australia, for example, have been ignored or refused access to the recognition of their stories so they are very defensive of losing control over them.
c) Nowadays there is a very real threat of 'identity theft' and some people like the renowned Oral History analyst Alex Freund in Canada are warning that we as interviewers need to protect the people we record from this emerging threat.
d) People will change their views about what might be allowable to be public as they get older. Some people change jobs and their employers start trawling the web and asking uncomfortable questions about material which in the past has not been of any concern. So Sherna Berger Gluck, the equally renowned US feminist oral historian, is now very cautious in making sure that people have the complete right to pull down their oral history recordings, either as audio/video or transcript, at any time – i.e., not just the once when they get the 'consent' or 'release' form. So websites have to be flexible and be prepared to have people withdraw their orally collected material from them even if they have previously give consent.
RK: Is oral history equally important in this digitally advanced era? How can it contribute towards history writing/preserving in today's world?
HG: Oral History IS and WILL REMAIN very important because it is a way for people whose voices have NOT been included in the official or nationalist histories to have their views heard. Like its parent 'social history', oral history has been about seeking out the voices and views of marginalized and ignored people, either individuals or communities.
And Oral History is a product of human experience and analysis and communication. It cannot be replaced by the technologies of communication or the new possibilities of linked analysis which Digital Humanities offers.
RK: Do you think that there is a difference between these two terms – 'public history' and 'community history'? Are they getting re-defined in the context of digital humanities?
HG: 'Public History' refers to any deliberate act, event, product or display which is in the public domain, with the intention of fostering or awakening a sense of the past and of the changes which have occurred over time. So 'Public History' could refer to a historical film, a historical novel or play, a historical exhibition, a procession or talk or performance which is intended to have this effect.
'Community history' may not be conscious or intended – I would consider the stories which circulate among and between community members to be 'community history'. When these are deliberately displayed or exposed, then it might be called 'public history' or even 'public community history'. The quality being pointed to would be the collective, shared character of the knowledge and interpretation of events of the past rather than an individual or idiosyncratic viewpoint.
RK: Would you please explain the legal and ethical issues in the context of documenting Oral History? How are these changing in this era of digital humanities?
HG: The major legal and ethical issue for oral history is that the creation of the 'oral history' is the joint property of the informant/storyteller/narrator and the interviewer – it is the interaction which generates the recorded or noted text. Oral History practitioners – unlike journalists – go BACK to interviewees to seek their advice and modifications where they choose of the recording's transcription (or notes taken). So there is a 'Consent' or 'Release' form which indicates that the interviewee knows the purpose and intended use of the recording and transcript and agrees to those purposes and – in that document – the interviewee makes a decision about whether or not they want to be identified as the narrator. BUT for ethical purposes, it's important to seek approval AFTER the recording and transcription so that people really do give INFORMED CONSENT for the uses of the recorded memories. Then people might want to make a difference between the textual version and the recorded/audio version – they might for example be happy to have the text used but not the audio.
This is far different when a web use is envisaged. There are very grave and real fears about the use of either the information or the actual recording for purposes of identity theft so there is a growing reluctance to approve this type of use. There is also a common occurrence of people's views changing over time about what information is private and what might be circulated publically. As they grow older, as their children or nieces/nephews grow older or as their employers start searching the internet for information about them, people may well want earlier approved materials removed from the web.
'Slowing Down to Listen in the Digital Age: How New Technology Is Changing Oral History Practice' by Anna Sheftel and Stacey Zembrzycki in Oral History Review, 2017, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 94–112.
RK: Your essay titled, "Writing a Life with Isabel Flick: An Exploration in Cross-cultural Collaboration", published in The Public Historian, Vol. 27, No. 4, begins with the line: "Writing a life story with Aboriginal community activist Isabel Flick opened up many questions for me as a non-Aboriginal history worker." The same question is applicable in Indian context when a non-Dalit writes/translates a life story of a Dalit persona or community. What is your take on this entire issue? What according to you should be the ethics of the historian in cases like this?
HG: As historians, just like novelists and playwrights, we are often creatively thinking ourselves into the experiences of others whose life we have not shared. I think it is necessary to recognize – and to honest about – the quality of creative imagination which we bring to interpreting source materials.
I think we always have to present our work as a contribution to an ongoing conversation. We will make it our best interpretation of what this event/experience/process was like – its meaning and its relation to other events/processes – but there will never be a definitive version of these events. My interpretations are limited in the cases of the Aboriginal subjects like Isabel about whom I might write, by my life as a non-Aboriginal woman which has given me very different experiences. However, I have been as open as possible about both these types of limits on my interpretation and on the source materials I use (that's part of being a good historian!) so that other people can pull what I have done apart. If they pay attention to it in order to do that, it will have made a useful contribution.
In Australia, there are simply too few Aboriginal people to tell all the stories that need to be told, so if non-Aboriginal people do not have a go at these stories, they will never even begin to be known. We can at least stimulate an awareness that there is an important story here to be understood. So I think recognizing our work as a contribution to a bigger conversation and expecting that it will be critiqued are important dimensions of good history work.
I think 'communities' are always 'imagined' – either from the inside or the outside! And in any case, a group of people all identified as similar by biology, class/occupation, gender, etc. are in reality NOT always homogenous in their views or attitudes or abilities, whether they are imagined to be a community among themselves or by outsiders.
I suppose I would say that a 'community' might be any group of people who IMAGINE they have common interests. AND a shared knowledge and/or interpretation of events of the past often contributes to that imagined commonality.
In relation to redefinition – I do not think it is 'digital' history which has had the biggest effect – I think it is radio and most especially cinema (which of course is now digital). The persuasive power of moving images and strong acting and emotional narratives can make what might in the past have been an individual interpretation of the past into a far more widely shared account which many people make take on as their own – it is the filmic images they recall when they think they are expressing personal memory. This can happen with textual and other types of record, particularly when the stories are retold through word of mouth, but the power of film is I think its effectiveness in being internalized into what people come to believe is their own memory of experience.
So overall, I would say that historians are always working from 'outside the community' but if we are humble enough to recognize that our work is no more than a contribution to an ongoing conversation AND if we are honest about the limitations we have, then I think it is important to start our work and open up these conversations.
RK: Please tell us about your ruminations on the shift of Oral History from pre-Digital to Digital Age. How do you think your understanding of Oral History might have altered over the years?
HG: The biggest impact for me has undoubtedly been digital recording. Having begun my work with audio-cassettes, the capacity to have digital recordings is a huge advantage in terms of conservation, flexibility, return to narrator, transcription, and finally accessibility for all or sections of the interview. That said, I have questions – as my previous answers suggest.
Then, full loading of audio onto the internet – even after careful consultation and fully informed consent – makes the interviewee/narrator very vulnerable to theft or harassment of all sorts. I do realize that this is being done by many archives – where they have the funds to support what is a fairly expensive process – but in my view it is problematic on these grounds alone.
Apart from vulnerability, my problem with loading audio onto the web is that it is (as yet) hard to search unless it has been edited and coded extensively. Listening to the spoken word is very time consuming even though it preserves the 'orality' of the narration. Video would allow gestures and body language to be recognised as well, all of which are important parts of oral performances of memory. Michael Frisch is very strong on the importance of the whole performative nature of retelling, but for my purposes, being able to make links in real time is very important too. I can then go to the audio/video if I want to pursue further. But my first goal is usually to see how widely a theme or event has been observed or recalled and then how was the observing or the recalling done. All this is more possible with digital transcript than with digital audio/video.
Digital transcript of interviews however can be made searchable very easily on the web and this can allow very effective research as I have already found out in a number of projects. It allows researchers to locate and link themes in many different people's recollections and this linking can open new ways to see the themes/events being considered.
My understanding of oral history is that it is about the two elements of memory and retelling, both of which involve many questions of their own. These are human capacities. So digital tools may make recordings of interviews more readily available and searchable – but they do not alter the human source of the memory or retelling. So my understanding of 'oral history' itself has probably not altered much, but my ideas about how I go about gathering it and researching with it have now developed far more than was possible to imagine when only analogue recording was available.
RK: What are the basic things one should remember while curating for an Oral History project?
'Slowing Down to Listen in the Digital Age: How New Technology Is Changing Oral History Practice' by Anna Sheftel and Stacey Zembrzycki, In Oral History Review, 2017, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 94–112.
RK: Since you are associated with lots of research projects in and around India, how do you see the future of Oral History as an academic discipline in India? Do you think that in a country where the interdisciplinary studies struggle hard to carve a niche for themselves, oral history can emerge as an institution/independent discipline? Do you think that Indian academia is encouraging multidisciplinary fields?
HG: I don't think of 'oral history' as a discipline – I think it is an element in 'history' generally – it involves some tools which are now digital but it also involves fundamentally considering how memory works and how people decide who they want to be their audience or how they want to retell their memories to make some things visible but others hidden. That is, history making is an interactive process – there are many ways to undertake it and these can all be offered into the conversations about the past.
In my experience, historians have to learn to be thoughtful about all 'sources' – to think about how they reveal some things but conceal others. These 'sources' could be government archives or newspapers or films or objects or people's narratives. Each of these needs to have questions asked of them – none of them can be taken at face value. That is what makes the historian's job as analyst different from the job of a publisher, who polishes up someone's story to make it accessible to an audience but it remains, in theory at least, the intellectual property of the teller. Historians create another thing – the analysis – which relates to but is not the same as the many sources which the historian has considered in developing that analysis.
So I do advocate working in cross-disciplinary teams. It's unfortunate that India has not been welcoming in the last hundred years or so to multi-disciplinary studies. But neither is Australia or the UK and elsewhere – they all have a rhetoric of fostering interdisciplinary work but in fact reward people who work within the narrow silos of closed disciplines. So I think each of us has to make a decision about how we work. Or perhaps we can work strategically, offering some things to the 'disciplinary' market place but doing other work in the real world, where real people live their lives in ways which need many skills to understand.
Working as an environmental historian is a good way to learn this lesson – the environmental problems we consider can never be solved by any one set of skills (or one discipline) alone.
Finally, I think Indian researchers HAVE done enormous amounts of work interviewing people – because the written archives have always been created by elites or colonisers (and often they are both). However, much of this work has been considered as evidence of collective 'cultures' or 'communities' or 'classes' – it has been done, in other words, by anthropologists or sociologists or political scientists, etc. What I have suggested in that 'Telling Environmental Histories' Introduction, is that much of this wonderful work can be considered in a new light by thinking about what we know about memory and how it works for individuals and social groups. This involves first recognizing how much terrific work HAS already been done in India but then asking how it can be deepened and extended by considering how memory might be at work in individual or collective remembering.
RK: What is the global scenario of Oral History as a discipline?
HG: I don't think we need to think of it as a separate discipline but rather as a collection of tools for both research and analysis that all historians need to understand and to use when appropriate. It is valuable to talk with each other about how we do our work and what we understand it to be – that way I think we recognize the diversity of this work and the great value of working across disciplines.
RK: Thank you very much. I am really overwhelmed that you have put in such an effort and I am sure that the students of Oral History will learn a lot from this interview.
HG: I'm not sure how useful they are but they are the best I can do. Great questions I must say! I'm doing lots of thinking!! Your questions are fascinating and really do need long answers. Do have a look at that Introduction to the Telling Environmental Histories book (edited with Katie Holmes and forthcoming, Palgrave) – I spent quite a lot of time in that pointing out all the great work in interviewing done in India. But I also suggested some recent work where Indian analysts – in a number of disciplines – are considering memory and the body of ideas that have emerged in 'oral history'.
Good luck with all your great work!
Rindon Kundu is presently working at the Department of Comparative Literature, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, as a UGC Senior Research Fellow and also pursuing PhD from the same. He worked as a Research Assistant for Professor Heather Goodall and Associate Professor Devleena Ghosh, University of Technology, Sydney under an Australian Research Council funded project titled Countering the Cold War: interactions between Australia and India, 1945 – 1975, through the lens of the women's movements.


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text:
Home/Austria/Six-time Jackpot again on "6 of 45"
Six-time Jackpot again on "6 of 45"
Austria NewsDesk November 14, 2018 22:45
After a six-time jackpot in September, there are even more chances for a million-strong win on Sunday: no players have typed six correct numbers in the "6 of 45" lottery on Wednesday. That's about ten million euros.
None of the Austrian Lotteries's 8.4 million weekly draw tips found the right combination of numbers "12, 21, 23, 34, 38 and 44". That left around 7.4 million euros in the pot. Austrian lotteries expect 11.3 million tips for the next draw on Sunday.
The current lottery number
12 21 23 34 38 44 / additional number 24
Loto Plus numbers:
Current replacement number:
All information without warranty
In the data centers of Austrian lotteries, in the last two hours before the final date on Wednesday, there was still real happening, with a maximum of 220 transactions per second recorded. Many players obviously tried it before they even guessed they were there, and grabbed a five-fold jackpot. Each had five wildcats around 65,000, and LottoPlus six.
The highest solo victory is possible
This is the second six-jackpot, and the third in the history of the lottery – the first was on Christmas Eve 2017. At the time, it was 12.7 million euros. On Sunday, the winner could be the biggest win in the 32-year history of Lotto's "6 of 45". In 2015, Vienna smashed five times the jackpot and won more than 9.6 million euros. Six times jackpots were previously shared by two players.
The chance to win a lottery card does not change with the amount of potential winnings – that's about eight million. Even the choice of a bet sheet does not essentially affect the likelihood of entering the "six real" ones. However, the winners at the top of 20 lotteries – ranging from 5.6 million to 9.6 million euros – reached disproportionately frequent Quicktipp: 13 of the top 20 wins a computer.
Highest avalanche warning level in East Tyrol – winner newspaper online
Does the Queen celebrate Christmas without William and Kate?
Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak has a new company
Hope for minus degrees: Men's RTL in Santa Caterina on Monday
Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines 2: Release in the first half of 2021 is very unlikely
Blood group 0 protects against Covid 19 disease
By Austria NewsDesk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home >> Houses / Villas >> Sea view villa for sale in Crete.
This villa truly in a league of its own, it spreads in a total plot of 4.000m², providing you with built area of 256m², while it is only 12 years old. While entering the first floor you are firstly led to this wide, air conditioned open plan space, fitted with a fireplace. This prestigious room is also fitted with big glass doors that are inviting you to step outside to the covered by a pergola balcony, which is provided with extraordinary panoramic views of the majestic ocean, and yet again the glorious mountains, making it almost impossible to not daydream while enjoying your coffee, or great times with family and friends.
The first floor, is also armed with the sitting area and the dining area, again broad, along with the contemporary, tasteful kitchen, fitted with beautiful built in appliances, as well as a washing machine, while the whole design of it with the island counter right in the middle gives you space and makes it practical to move around when hosting your tasty creations. That same floor consists of an extra storage area, just to make it even more convenient.
Moving on, you are led to the master bedroom, which has as well been provided with big glass doors that give the room the exceptional characteristic of being able to enjoy the unbelievable views even when you are laying down. And that along with the very thought out design and decor of the whole villa, and the great green landscape surrounding it is what boosts the feeling and the atmosphere of being on an exotic island. There is also a bathroom fitted with a sauna and most importantly a great walk in closet.
On the right of the main entrance, you can find another bedroom, air-condition too, which also its own bathroom has fitted with a bathtub. An indoor staircase, is the one that shows you the way to the ground floor, which could be used as a guest house, or even become an independent apartment, since it is fully equipped, with its own sitting area , as well as a bedroom and a bathroom fitted with a shower. There is also a small parking area that has access to the house and a small storage room.
The whole plot is fully walled and fenced and has an irrigation system, to allow you to have your privacy, a beautiful green garden, with plenty of different trees including palm trees with tiered levels. While on the outside veranda a gazebo has been made, covered with a pergola and armed with a bbq and a small outdoor kitchen, ready to host family and friends to gather and eat together. But most importantly a solar powered boiler central heating, which is armed with an underfloor heating also and internet connection.
Almyrida is in the Apokoronas area, at the entrance to Souda Bay, about 2 km after Κalyves. Almyrida is a seaside resort extending about 2 kilometres along the coast. The resort itself is quite small and touristy, with many hotels and apartments for rent. Almyrida has been very built up in recent years, due to strong Northern European interest in buying land and houses there.
Almyrida is located at the exit of the Gulf of Souda, approximately 20 km from the city center of Chania. The region attracts many tourists and it has many cafes, taverns and hotels along the coast. The beach is arranged over two main coves in which you have several options between sandy and pebbly spots. The most popular feature of Almyrida is Karga, a rocky islet to which you can swim and is located 300 m off the coast. Almyrida is, among others, the perfect destination for families with children, as the water is shallow, there is plenty of quiet to relax and there are all sorts of amenities that will allow you to spend the day here.
Apokoronas is a municipality and a former province in Chania regional unit, north-west Crete, Greece. It is situated on the north coast of Crete, to the east of Chania itself. The seat of the municipality is the village Vryses. The municipality has an area of 315.478 km2 (121.807 sq mi).
The Apokoronas extends from the foothills of the White Mountains north to the coast, in a wide plain with rolling hills. To the east, Cape Drapanon rises above the plain and extends out into the Sea of Crete. The area is very green and fertile, unusual for rocky Crete. The Kiliaris river, known in antiquity as 'Pyknos', runs through the region. Robert Pashley suggested that the name 'Apokoronas' came from the ancient city of Ippokoronas or Ippokoronion, also cited by Strabo.
This city may have been located near modern Nipos, or on the site of the Venetian fortress, Castel Apicorono, on an outcrop between Kalyves and Almyrida.
Gavalohori is among the more popular villages for foreign buyers, with a large amount of often low-quality building taking place.


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Q: How to tell astyle to bracket one line for and while loops? astyle allows bracketing one line conditional statements using the option j. So, the code:
// test.cpp
if (x == 0) break;

can be formatted using the command:
astyle -j test.cpp
to format test.cpp as:
if (x == 0)
{
  break;
}

Suppose, I need the fragment:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) if (x == 5) break;

to be formatted as:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
  if (x == 5)
  {
     break;
  }
}

how do I accomplish it using astyle? And, similarly for while() loop?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package hudson;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import java.net.Proxy;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;

public class ProxyConfigurationTest {

    @Test
    public void noProxyHost() {
        String noProxyHost = "*.example.com|192.168.*";
        assertEquals(Proxy.Type.HTTP, ProxyConfiguration.createProxy("test.example.co.jp", "proxy.example.com", 8080, noProxyHost).type());
        assertEquals(Proxy.Type.DIRECT, ProxyConfiguration.createProxy("test.example.com", "proxy.example.com", 8080, noProxyHost).type());
        assertEquals(Proxy.Type.HTTP, ProxyConfiguration.createProxy("test.example.com.test.example.co.jp", "proxy.example.com", 8080, noProxyHost).type());
        assertEquals(Proxy.Type.DIRECT, ProxyConfiguration.createProxy("test.test.example.com", "proxy.example.com", 8080, noProxyHost).type());
        assertEquals(Proxy.Type.DIRECT, ProxyConfiguration.createProxy("192.168.10.10", "proxy.example.com", 8080, noProxyHost).type());
        assertEquals(Proxy.Type.HTTP, ProxyConfiguration.createProxy("192.169.10.10", "proxy.example.com", 8080, noProxyHost).type());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home Countries Australia Haddin nears Australian record
Haddin nears Australian record
The veteran Brad Haddin will secure the most dismissals by an Australian wicketkeeper in a series, if he clinches four catches or stumpings during the fifth and final Ashes Test, which will get underway at The Oval in London on Wednesday.
Haddin has taken 25 catches in the series so far, with three more required to surpass the 27 achieved by the stalwart Ian Healy in 1997 and four more to better the 28 accrued by the experienced Rod Marsh in 1983.
"I wasn't aware of that record at all. I'd take that back for a win. You don't play for them. When they come along it's a nice achievement but I'd take a few wins over that," said Haddin.
"When you tick those milestones off on the way it's obviously flattering, but it's also pretty hollow if you don't win any cricket games. From that point of view I'd love to win this one moving forward to Australia."
<iframe width="400" height="360" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="http://vds.rightster.com/v/01z0rvpqx2qs6f?target=iframe&autoplay=1" allowtransparency="true" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
The 35-year-old Haddin has been preferred to the left-handed Matthew Wade recently, justifying his selection with a string of consistency behind the stumps. The right-hander's role in the batting order, too, has brought 176 runs in seven innings against the English.
"You've still got to perform, you've still got to challenge yourself to get better. My batting feels in a good place. I feel comfortable with where my 'keeping is at, it's felt especially good the last couple of games," he added.
"It wasn't where I wanted it to be after Lord's. I think I've still got a lot of cricket left in me now and to the 2015 World Cup. So I'm keen to play there. We will see how it goes in the end."
Australia latest-news


text:
Heartland CSO Instills Novel Culture That Promotes Proactive and Open Responsiveness to IT Security Risks
Transcript of a BriefingsDirect podcast on the need to recognize the inevitability of a security threat and devise ways to respond quickly and openly.
Listen to the podcast. Find it on iTunes. Download the transcript. Sponsor: HP.
Dana Gardner: Hello, and welcome to the next edition of the HP Discover Performance Podcast Series. I'm Dana Gardner, Principal Analyst at Interarbor Solutions, your moderator for this ongoing discussion of IT innovation and how it's making an impact on people's lives.
Dana Gardner
Once again, we're focusing on how IT leaders are improving performance of their services to deliver better experiences and payoffs for businesses and end-users alike.
I'm now joined by our co-host for this sponsored podcast, Raf Los, who is the Chief Security Evangelist at HP Software. Welcome, Raf. [Disclosure: HP is a sponsor of BriefingsDirect podcasts.]
Raf Los: Hey, Dana. Good to be back.
Gardner: Where are you calling in from today?
Los: Well, we are in beautiful Nashville, Tennessee, the birth place -- and currently on the birthday -- of Mr. Jack Daniel.
Gardner: Well, we have a fascinating show today, because we're joined by a gentleman from Heartland Payment Systems, where they're building better security-as-a-culture into their operations and business strategy. With that, I'd like to introduce our guest, John South, Chief Security Officer at Heartland Payment Systems, based in Princeton, New Jersey. Welcome, John.
John South: How are you doing, Dana?
Gardner: I'm doing great. Prior to joining Heartland in September of 2009, John held leadership roles in information security at Convergys and in Alcatel-Lucent. He has also spent several years in Belgium and Paris, leading Alcatel European information security operations.
Furthermore, John is an adjunct professor at the University of Dallas, where he teaches digital forensics; and with Dr. John Nugent, he has co-founded the university's Information Assurance Program. That program, incidentally, has been designated as a National Security Agency (NSA) Center for Excellence since it began in 2002.
What's more, John has been an active member of the US Secret Service North Texas Electronic Crimes Task Force since its inception in 2003. And he's the founding president of the FBI's North Texas InfraGard Program.
Let's talk a little bit about your tenure, John. You've been at Heartland Payment Systems for several years now. You're talking about changing culture and instilling security, but you got there at a pretty tough time. Why don't you tell us a little about what was going on at Heartland when you arrived?
South: Dana, certainly 2009, when I joined, was one of turmoil and anxiety, because they had just gone through a breach. The forensics had been completed. We understood how the breach had taken place, and we entered a period of how to not only remediate and contain that and future breaches, but also how to make that security consistent and reliable in the future.
Cultural problem
It was not only a technical problem, but it became very quickly a business and a cultural problem that we also had to solve. As we took the elements of the breach and broke it down, we were able to figure out technically the kinds of controls that we could put in place that would assist in shortening the gap between the time we would see a future breach and the time we were able to respond.
John South
More importantly, as you pointed out, it was developing that culture of security. Certainly, the people who made it through the breach understood the impact of the breach, but we wanted to make sure that we had sustainability built it into the process, so that people would continue to use security as the foundation.
Whether they were developing programs, or whatever their aspect in their business, security would be the core of what they looked at, before they got too far into their projects. So, it's been an interesting couple of years for Heartland.
Gardner: Just for background for our listeners, in early 2009, something on the order of 94 million credit card records were stolen due to a SQL injection inserted into your data-processing network. I'd also like to hear more about Heartland Payment Systems, again for those of our listeners who might not know. I believe you're one of a handful of the largest credit card processors in the U.S., if not the world.
South: We are. Right now, we're number six in the US, and with consolidation and other aspects, that number floats around a bit. We're basically the pipeline between merchants and the banking system. We bring in payments from credit cards and debit cards. We handle payroll, micro payments and a number of other types of payroll channel or payment channels that we can then move from whatever that source, the merchant, to the appropriate bank that needs to handle that payment.
It's a very engaging process for us, because we're dealing with card brands on one side, banks on another, and the merchants and their customers. But the focus for Heartland has always been that our merchants are number one for our company.
The way they handled the breach was just an extension of the way they always thought about our merchants and our customers themselves.
That's the approach we took to the breach itself, as you may know. We've been very open with the way we work with our merchants. In fact, we established what we call The Merchants Bill of Rights. That was part of the culture, part of the way that our executive team thought all along. So, the way they handled the breach was just an extension of the way they always thought about our merchants and our customers themselves.
Gardner: Raf Los, we've seen a variety of different ways companies have reacted to breaches of this magnitude, and even for things smaller and everything in between. Most of the time, the reaction is to put up more barriers, walls, or a perimeter, not only around the systems, but around the discussion of what happens to their systems when security can become an issue. So, why is Heartland's case different, and why do you think it's interesting and perhaps beneficial in how they've handled it?
Los: Dana, first, there are two ways that you can take a monumental impact like this to your business. You can either be negative about it, and in some cases, try to minimize it, keep the media from it, keep your customers from getting the full information, and try to sweep it under the rug.
In some cases, that even works. Maybe the world forgets about it, and you get a chance to move on. But, that's one of those karmic things that comes back to bite you. I fully believe that.
Phoenix transformation
What Heartland did is the poster child for the phoenix transformation. John touched on an interesting point earlier. For them, it was a focus on the merchants, or their customers. The most important thing wasn't the fact that they had a data breach, but it was the fact that a lot of their merchants were impacted. The people they did business with were impacted. Their reputation was impacted.
Their executives took a stand and said, "Look, we can do this the easy way, try to get out of it and scoot, and pretend it didn't happen. Or, we can take responsibility for it, step up, and take the big kick in the pants in the short run. But in the long term, we'll both earn the industry's respect, the respect of our customers, and come out of it with a transformation of the business into a culture where, from the people that lead the company down to the technologist, security is pervasive." That's gutsy, and now we know that it works, because they did it.
Gardner: It's my understanding that it only took them a couple of months after this breach to issue a statement about being in compliance with payment card industry data security standard (PCI DSS) and returning to Visa's list of validated service providers. So you had a fairly quick response to the major issues.
I'd like to hear more, John, about how the culture has changed since that time, so that others might learn from it, not only the openness benefits, but how the culture of security itself has changed?
South: Dana, you made a very good point that going back to becoming compliant under the eyes of PCI and the card brands took six weeks. I have to plug the guys in the company for this, because that was six weeks of some people working 20-22 hours a day to bring that about.
There was a huge effort, because it was important for us and important for our customers to be able to have the reliance that we could stem this thing quickly. So, there was a lot of work in that period of time to bring that together.
There was a huge effort, because it was important for us and important for our customers to be able to have the reliance that we could stem this thing quickly.
That also helped build that culture that we're talking about. If you look at the two parameters that Raf had put out there, one being we could have obfuscated, just hid the fact, tried to run from the press, and been very evasive in our wording. That may have worked. And it may not have worked. But, for us, it wasn't an option, and it wasn't an option at all in the process.
For us, it was part of the executive culture to be very open and the people who participated in the breach understood that. They knew the risk and they knew that it was a time of great distress for them to be able to handle the breach and handle the pressure of having been breached.
What that did for our customers is build a strong reliance upon the fact that we took this very seriously. If we had taken this as "let's hide the fact, let's go ahead and fix the problem and see what we can get away with," it would have been the wrong message to carry to our people to begin with. It would have said to our people that it's okay if we go ahead and fix the problem, but it's just a fix. Fix it and walk away from it.
For us, it became more that this is something we need to take responsibility for. We took that responsibility. As we say, we put on the big-boy pants, and even though we had the financial hit in the short run, the benefits have been wonderful from there. For instance, during the course of the breach, our attrition was very, very low. Our customers realized by our being that open that we were seriously involved in that process.
Honesty and openness
Los: John, that speaks perfectly to the fact that honesty and openness in the face of a failure like that, a big issue, is the thing to do. If I found that something like that happened and the first thing you told me was, "It's no big deal. Don't worry about it," I'd get suspicious. But if you told me, "Look, we screwed up. This is our fault. We're working to make it better. Give us some time, and it will be better," as a customer, I'm absolutely more apt to give you that benefit of the doubt.
Raf Los
In fact, if you deliver on that promise long-term, now you've got a really good relationship. I hope by now we've realized, most people have realized, that security is never going to reach that magical utopian end state. There is no secure.
We provide the best effort to the alignment of the business and sometimes, yes, bad things happen. It's the response and recovery that's absolutely critical. I don't want to beat a dead horse, but you guys did a fantastic job there.
South: Thank you, Raf, and you hit a really important point. Security is not that magic pill. We can't just wave a security wand and keep people out of our networks. If someone is motivated enough to get into your network, they're going to get into your network. They have the resources, the time, the money, and, in many cases, nation-state protection.
So they have the advantage in almost every case. This goes back into the concept of asymmetric warfare, where the enemy has a great deal more power to execute their mission than you may have to defend against it. For us, it's a message that we have to carry forward to our people and to our customers -- that our effort is to try to minimize the time from when we see an attempt at a compromise to the time we can react to it.
Real control on this kind of sprawl is virtually impossible.
Los: I took that note earlier, because you said that a couple times now and I'm intrigued by "mean time to discovery" (MTTD). I think that's very meaningful, and I don't know how many organizations really and truly know what their MTTD is, whether it's in applications, and how long it takes to find a bug now in the wild, once it's made it past your relief cycle, or how long it takes to discover an intrusion.
That's extremely important, because it speaks to the active defenses and the way we monitor and audit, because audit isn't just a dirty word that says somebody walks through, checks a couple of boxes, and walks out.
I mean audit in the true sense. Someone goes through and looks at systems, does some critical thinking, and does some deep analysis. Because, at the end of the day, John, I think will probably be the first to say this, systems have gotten so complex right now to maintain. Real control on this kind of sprawl is virtually impossible. Forget how much budget you can have. Forget how many staff you can hire. It's just not possible with the way the business moves and the way technology speeds along.
The rational way to look at that is to have a team that, every so often, takes a look at a system, looking to fully audit on this. Let's figure out what's going, what's really going on, in this platform.
South: That's one of the cultural changes that we've made in the company. I have the internal IT audit function also, which is very nontraditional for a company to do. A lot of times, the audit function is buried up in an internal audit group that is external to the operation. That makes it a more difficult for them to do a truly effective audit of IT security.
Separate and independent
I have an audit group that stands separate and independent of IT, but yet is close enough with IT that we can go in and effectively conduct the audits. We do a large number of them a year.
What's important about that audit function and what positively influences the effectiveness of an audit is that you go into the meeting with, say, a technical group or a development group that you want to audit, with a positive, reinforcing attitude -- an attitude of not only finding the issues, but also of a willingness to help the group work out its solutions. If you go into the audit with the attitude that "I am the auditor. I'm here to see what you are doing," you're going to evoke a negative reaction.
Los: It's adversarial.
South: It's adversarial. My auditors go in with a completely different attitude. "I'm here to help you understand where your risks are." That whole concept of both moving from an adversarial to a proactive response to auditing, as well as having a very proactive engagement with security, is what's really made a big cultural shift in our company.
Los: Yeah, that's fantastic. That's the way to put it.
Gardner: In listening to you both, I am hearing shifts in perceptions that are having very powerful impacts on your businesses and perhaps the industry. First, of course, was to recognize that being open about a security breach allows you to deal with it more directly.
Even on a personal psychology level, if you have secrets in a family setting, it's hard to address them. The same thing probably pertains to security. Changing that perception of this as being open allows you to address it more directly.
Our executive team realized that one of the fundamental things that was important for security of our company as a whole was that security had to be baked into everything that we did.
Then, it's also looking at that MTTD, recognizing that you're not necessarily going to prevent types of intrusions that can be damaging. The sooner you know about them, the more you can contain them and limit the damage. There's also the shift in perception more toward directness of being real about what the risks are.
Lastly, there's the shift in perception about moving from an adversarial position on what your weaknesses are to looking at that as the very fundamental step to remediation and getting to that level of containment. It all sounds very powerful.
Help me better understand how we get companies, for those who are listening, to shift perceptions about security.
South: That's always a strong question that has to be put to your executive team. How do we shift the understanding and the culture of security? In our case, our executive team realized that one of the fundamental things that was important for security of our company as a whole was that security had to be baked into everything that we did.
So we've taken that shift. The message that I take out to my people, and certainly to the people who are listening to this podcast, is that when you want to improve that security culture, make security the core of everything that takes place in a company. So whether you're developing an application or working in HR, whether you're the receptionist, it doesn't matter. Security has to be the central principle around which everything is built.
Core principle
If you make security the adjunct to your operation, like many companies do, where security is buried several layers down in the IT department, then you don't have the capability of making it the fundamental and core principle of your company. Again, it doesn't matter who you are in a company, you have some aspect of security that is important to the company itself.
For us, the message that we're trying to get out to people is to wrap everything you do around the security core. This is really big, particularly in the application world. If you look at many other traditional ways that people do application development, they'll develop a certain amount of the code and then they'll say, "Okay, security, go check it."
And of course, security runs their static and dynamic code analysis and they come back with a long list of things that need to be fixed, and then that little adversarial relationship starts to develop.
Los: John, as you're talking about this, I think back. Everybody's been there in their career and made mistakes. I'll readily admit that this is exactly what I was doing about 12 or 13 years ago in my software security role.
I was a security analyst. The application would be ready to go live. I'd run a scan, do a little bit of testing and some analysis on it, and generate a massive PDF report. Now you either walk it over to somebody's cube, drop it off, walk away, and tell them to go fix their stuff, or I email it, or virtually lob it over the wall.
It's always better to lead by example, and hold those who do a good job in higher esteem.
There was no relationship. It's like, "I can't believe you're making these mistakes over and over. Now go fix these things." They'd give me that "I am so confused. I don't know what you're talking about look." Does it ever get fixed? Of course, not.
South: And, Raf, the days of finishing a project on Thursday, turning it over to security, saying, "This is going live on Friday," are long gone. If you're still doing that, you're putting your company at risk.
Los: Agreed.
Gardner: Perhaps, Raf, for those of us who are in the social media space, where we're doing observations and we're being evangelists, that there is a necessary shift, too, on how we react to these security breaches in the media.
Rather than have a scoreboard about who screwed up, perhaps it's a better approach to say who took what problems they had and found a quick fix and limited the damage best. Is there a need for a perception shift in terms of how security issues in IT and in business in general are reported on and exposed?
Los: I absolutely believe that rather than a shamed look, it's always better to lead by example, and hold those who do a good job in higher esteem, because then people will want to aspire to be better. I fundamentally believe that human beings want to be better. It's just we don't always have the right motivations. And if your motivation is, "I don't want to be on that crap list," for lack of a better term, or "I don't want to be on that worst list," then you'll do the bare minimum to not be on that worst list.
People will respond
If there's a list of top performing security companies or top performing companies that have the best security culture, whatever you want to call it, however you want to call that out, I firmly believe people will respond. By nature, people and companies are competitive.
What if we had an industry banquet and we invited everybody from all the heads of different industries and said, "Nominees for best security in an industry are, finance, health care, whatever?" It would be a show like that, or something.
It wouldn't have to be glitzy, but if we had some way of demonstrating to people that your customers in the world genuinely care about you doing a good job -- here are the people who really do a good job; let's hold them up at high esteem rather than shame the bad ones -- I think people will aspire to be better. This is always going to work going forward. The other way just hasn't worked. I don't see anything changing.
South: I think that's the right direction, Raf. We still have some effort to go in that direction. I know of one very, very large company, and one of their competitors had been breached just recently. So I called a contact I had in their security group and passed on the malware. I said you might want to check to see if this is in your organization.
He said, thanks and I called him up a couple of days later and I asked, "How did it go?" He said, "Upper management kind of panicked for a little bit, but I think everything settled down now." This was code for "they didn't do much."
The more these people see successful examples of how you can deal with security issues, the more it's going to drive that cultural change for them.
We have some progress still to make in that direction, but I think you're absolutely correct that the more these people see successful examples of how you can deal with security issues, the more it's going to drive that cultural change for them. Too often they see the reverse of that and they say, "Thank God that wasn't us."
Gardner: We need to start to close out, but another interesting issue here is that you can't look at just technology without considering the culture, and you can't consider the culture without the issues around the technology.
What's changing on the technology side that either of you think will lead to perhaps an improvement on the culture? Is there something that comes together between what's new and interesting about the technologies that are being deployed to improve posture around security and that might aid and abet this movement toward openness and the ability to be direct, and therefore more effective in security challenges?
Los: We're looking at each other for a good answer to that, but one of the keys is the pace of change in technology. That technology, for a number years, in our personal lives, used to lead technology in the business world.
So a laptop or desktop you had at home was usually in the order of magnitude greater than what was sitting on your desktop at the office and your corporate phone would be an ancient clamshell, while you have your smartphone in your pocket for home use.
Fewer devices
What's starting to happen is people are getting annoyed with that, and they want to carry fewer devices. They want to be able to interact more and organizations want maximum productivity.
So those worlds are colliding, and technology adoption is starting to become the big key in organizations to figure out what the direction is going to be like, what is the technology trend going to be. Then, how do we adapt to it and then how do we apply technology as a measure of control to make that workable? So understand technology, understand direction, apply policy, use technology to enforce that policy.
South: And it's finding what elements of technology are relevant to what you're doing. You see a large push today on bring your own device (BYOD), and the technologies that are making almost a commodity of the ability to handle information inside your company.
The biggest challenge that we are facing today is being able to make relevant technology decisions, as well as to effectively apply that new technology to our organizations. It's very simple, for instance, put a product like an iPad onto your network and start using it, but is it effectively protected and have you thought about all of the risks and how to manage those risks by putting that device out there?
Technology is advancing, as it always does, at a very high clip, and business has to take a more measured response to that, but yet be able to effectively provide something for its employees, as well its costumers, to be able to take advantage of the new technologies in today's world.
That's what you're seeing a lot in our customer base and the payments space in mobile technologies, because that's the direction that a lot of the payment streams are going to go in the future, whether it be contact or contactless Europay, Mastercard, and Visa (EMV) cards or phones that have near field communication (NFC) on them. Whatever that direction might be, you need to be responsive enough to be able to be in that market.
As you said, it's technology that's driving something of the business itself, as well as the business and the culture in the company being able to find ways to effectively use that technology.
Los: It's kind of funny, because just as every technology is innovative, it helps us, whether it's perform commerce faster, be safer, do something better. Every one of those comes with risk, whether it's NFC, web applications, mobile, card, whether it's whatever you name today. There are limitations in security types of issues with everything, and it comes down to what we're willing to deal with, what controls can we put around it to mitigate it, and what's the outcome at the end of the day.
South: Exactly. And if things go wrong.
Los: Then what?
South: How do we detect it, how do we resolve, how do we contain it, and how do we respond to it?
Los: Yup.
Gardner: Maybe even better than saying if things go wrong, have the attitude of when they go wrong.
There are limitations in security types of issues with everything, and it comes down to what we're willing to deal with.
Los: Absolutely.
South: That has to be your attitude today, because it's no longer a question of if I put the right trenches and walls in place, can I hold these guys off, because even if I didn't have a connection to the Internet, people can still get to my information and take it away. It has to be an attitude of we'll work from the assumption of breach and build our defenses from there. So it goes back to Raf's concept of MTTD, which of course assumes that you have detected it.
Los: Right, that it is an assumption.
South: And measure it from there, but that's the only approach you can take, because if people take an approach that I can keep it away from me, we call those people targets.
Gardner: I'm afraid we will have to leave it there. Please me join me in thanking our co-host, Raf Los. He is the Chief Security Evangelist at HP Software. Thank you so much, Raf.
Los: It's always a pleasure to be here.
Gardner: I'd like also like to thank our supporter for this series, HP Software and remind our audience to carry on the dialog with Raf on his own blog and through the Discover Performance Group on LinkedIn.
I'll also like to extend a huge thank you to our special guest, John South, Chief Security Officer at a Heartland Payment Systems. Thank you, sir.
South: Thank you, Dana. I appreciate it.
Gardner: And you can gain more insights and information on the best of IT Performance Management at http://www.hp.com/go/discoverperformance.
And you can also always access this and other episodes in our HP Discover Performance Podcast Series on iTunes under BriefingsDirect.
I'm Dana Gardner, Principal Analyst at Interarbor Solutions, your co-host and moderator for this ongoing discussion of IT innovation and how it's making an impact on people's lives. Thanks again for listening, and come back next time.
Transcript of a BriefingsDirect podcast on the need to recognize the inevitability of a security threat and devise ways to respond quickly and openly. Copyright Interarbor Solutions, LLC, 2005-2012. All rights reserved.
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Look at the motor in this. Actually, that whole bike for £2349 looks pretty good. That battery alone must be worth nearly that!
It can be a s-pedelec in country's that allow. Looks like a standard bicycle bottom bracket.
I TOLD you not to buy a German Bike, they always fall to pieces.
I still prefer the Zero despite it costing 5 times the price. It goes faster and has twice the range (in standard configuration, much more with battery options which make it cost 6x as much...).
Its a motorcycle.. "price includes DVLA Registration fee £55..OLEV motorcycle grant" +insurance +..
Pedalling it with that wide a Q-factor might leave one a bit bow-legged and "foot pegs" appear to foul pedal cranks?
Batteries seem mounted unnecessarily high, bad for balance?
Only 25 mile range, or is it?
DD wheel 'hub' is so large, better just form motor around the inner side of the rim and leave a 5-spoke spider hub in the centre of 16in scooter wheel.
Reform all that useless plastic into a wind & rain shield at the front!
"Carbon steel mainframe, aluminum rear frame", not chrome moly!
Upside down hydraulic front shocks , air sprung?
My version would be styled like a Honda Ruckus, hehe.
A low c of g is better for low speed trickling, but makes a bike harder to turn during normal riding. You need the c of g to be in the right place, which is approximately half the wheelbase distance from the ground.
Range is quoted as 40 miles, which sounds about right. The minimum range by using full power continuously would be about 28 miles.
I really like the style of this but would rather it was powered with a 50cc engine.
It would then be able to keep up with the traffic flow and have no range worries.
Nearly all mopeds are boring scooter style and I've not seen anything like this since the Suzuki FreeGo concept bike a few years ago.
A low c of g is better for low speed trickling, but makes a bike harder to turn during normal riding. You need the c of g to be in the right place, which is approximately half the wheelbase distance from the ground..
Ah right d8veh, i was forgetting about dynamic balance. Of course the c of g depends most on the riders weight and position.
Does the value of the parts really outweigh the price of bike? Cheap for 60v 26ah batt, kw+ motor, etc?
Honda 50cc scooter is €2500 in Ireland due to VRT, 50% 'vehicle registration tax', on top of VAT (value assassination tax!).
Style it like an Italjet Dragster w hub centre steering and space frame maybe? https://www.scooterlab.uk/2017-oracle-italjet-dragster-returns-editorial/ haven't seen it or electric version advertised tho.
I did some maths some time back re electric scooters/mopeds. It was still better to buy a brand new Honda CBR125 (which is frugal by any standards) and have something which can be used anytime and still do 70mph when you need it to. Granted, you may have to consider the relevant licence but the upshot is that an electric 'moped' is only really worth considering if your commute is very short, doesnt require the use of motorways and you cannot achieve the exact same result with a regular ebike which as many of us know can cost far less than the SOCO. Dont get me wrong, I am very pro for any electric transport but I believe this bike can only fit an extremely niche market.
I have yet to buy the CBR, but only because my present car (Aygo) does not cost significantly more to run and gives me comfort in the winter on my 14 mile commute (each way via motorway). From memory, the CBR would pay for itself in 3 years which is a ruddy good deal IMO but its just handy to have an extra car in the household and the winter convienience. I did look at small electric city cars but reluctantly had to discount them as the purchase cost/depreciation was horrendous when compared to the Aygo which cost me £3k over 3 years ago and will quite likely go for another 3 years without any major issues.
There's other more powerful electric motorbikes that would compete with a 125cc petrol one. The Soco is in the moped class, so you have to compare it with 50cc motorbikes, which are also limited to 30 mph. People with 50cc ones don't normally do long journeys, so range is not really an issue.
There's other more powerful electric motorbikes that would compete with a 125cc petrol one.
I agree bud, but at what price..?
Go into anything even approaching 'motorbike' territory and the price of electric alternatives rockets exponentially. Unless I have missed something, as the tech is advancing just as quickly.
In any event, whilst the SOCO is relatively cheap for a 'moped', I maintain that it doesnt offer much between say a new oxydrive kit fitted to a decent albeit used mtb (circa £1000 total) and a 125cc I/C motorbike. Hell, if I am being too generic and you would prefer I compare apples, I would say you are better off simply buying an I/C moped instead of the SOCO. Its a good find mate dont get me wrong, but as always with all things electric, people need to do the math and compare price/usability against the alternatives. All too often folks dont, and end up losing big sums of money simply because 'it uses electricity, it must be cheaper'. Hybrid cars are an excellent example of this lemming mentality.


text:
package com.azure.resourcemanager.securitydevops.generated;

import com.azure.core.util.BinaryData;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.securitydevops.models.AzureDevOpsConnectorStatsProperties;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.securitydevops.models.ProvisioningState;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

public final class AzureDevOpsConnectorStatsPropertiesTests {
    @Test
    public void testDeserialize() {
        AzureDevOpsConnectorStatsProperties model =
            BinaryData
                .fromString(
                    "{\"provisioningState\":\"Canceled\",\"orgsCount\":3878609364909572691,\"projectsCount\":313278106119438402,\"reposCount\":7863810899973495328}")
                .toObject(AzureDevOpsConnectorStatsProperties.class);
        Assertions.assertEquals(ProvisioningState.CANCELED, model.provisioningState());
        Assertions.assertEquals(3878609364909572691L, model.orgsCount());
        Assertions.assertEquals(313278106119438402L, model.projectsCount());
        Assertions.assertEquals(7863810899973495328L, model.reposCount());
    }

    @Test
    public void testSerialize() {
        AzureDevOpsConnectorStatsProperties model =
            new AzureDevOpsConnectorStatsProperties()
                .withProvisioningState(ProvisioningState.CANCELED)
                .withOrgsCount(3878609364909572691L)
                .withProjectsCount(313278106119438402L)
                .withReposCount(7863810899973495328L);
        model = BinaryData.fromObject(model).toObject(AzureDevOpsConnectorStatsProperties.class);
        Assertions.assertEquals(ProvisioningState.CANCELED, model.provisioningState());
        Assertions.assertEquals(3878609364909572691L, model.orgsCount());
        Assertions.assertEquals(313278106119438402L, model.projectsCount());
        Assertions.assertEquals(7863810899973495328L, model.reposCount());
    }
}


The First World War delayed the start of work on Stocks Reservoir. At the end of the war there were still difficulties in obtaining plant, machinery and material required for construction. In addition, the shortage of manpower caused by the terrible loss of life in the war meant that wage rates were prohibitively high. Coupled with high interest rates on borrowed capital, these difficulties made initial progress rather slow, and it was not until 1922 that the main works on the Stocks Reservoir were begun, though large amounts of preparatory work had been done.
This preparatory work included the building of main-line sidings on the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company's line at Long Preston near Hellifield.
Responsibility for five miles of the Long Preston to Slaidburn road was taken over from Settle Rural District Council and this was reconstructed to carry heavy traffic. The road between Long Preston and the Tosside depot was reportedly axle deep with ruts due to the use of a Fowler traction engine and trailer and a Foden steam lorry to bring supplies required for the works including steel girders, timber, cement, sleepers and coal . Stone was quarried locally to repair the road. The traction engine was also used to bring the locomotives required for the narrow gauge light railways around the dam works.
A depot and railhead at Tosside was built, and five miles of 3ft. narrow gauge railway was constructed between Tosside and the site of the dam.


Lunch is served Wednesday through Sunday. Thursday evenings we serve a great family night buffet and Friday promise some of the best steaks in town for you and your friends. The club always welcomes meetings and private luncheons, dinners and receptions.
Our golf course reflects the Southern style and charm of our community. We cater to lovers of the great game of golf by offering one of the most challenging and scenic layouts around. Lush fairways and well-bunkered greens. Thick woods with lots of water, thanks to famous Black Creek. Built in 1926, this varied-terrain course features Bermuda turf fairways and Bermuda greens. We have a knowledgeable and experienced PGA Professional staff that will gladly take care of your needs.
The club also offers four tennis courts, (two hard courts and two clay) adjacent to the clubhouse and equipped with lights for night play. Our swimming pool and baby pool provide a safe and pleasant environment for our families each summer.
Throughout the year, we have a number of social events for all ages as well as clinics in golf, tennis, and swimming for juniors and ladies. Our golf professionals, tennis coordinator and swimming instructor are also available for private lessons.


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text:
Below are syllabi that may be of interest to APLA members and anyone else teaching courses in political or legal anthropology.
Speaking Justice to Power ebooks
Speaking Justice to Power I
APLA / PoLAR Respond to the Trump Executive Order on Immigration
SJP I
Speaking Justice to Power II
Emergency for Turkish Democracy
APLA / PoLAR Respond to the Constitutional Referendum
SJP II
General Political/Legal Anthropology
Contemporary Issues in Law and Society
Professor Susan Coutin, Criminology, Law and Society/Anthropology, UC Irvine
Ethnic and National Identity
Professor Jean Jackson, Anthropology, MIT
Legal Anthropology
Professor John Comaroff, University of Chicago
Ethnographic Writing, Post-War Vietnam
Professor Erik Harms, Yale University
Anthropology of Human Rights
Dr. Jennifer Curtis, University of Edinburgh
Feminism, Courts and Law
Dr. Srimati Basu, University of Kentucky
Trials of the Holocaust
Professor Frank Tuerkheimer, University of Wisconsin Law School
Also, for related articles, check out the Directions Section of Volume 31:2 (2008) of PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review.
Anthropology of Crime
Professor Ellen Moodie, Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Criminal Justice: Cross-Cultural Studies
Dr. Stephanie Kane, University of Indiana, Bloomington
The Twenty-First Century, Law and Disorder
Professors Jean and John Comaroff, University of Chicago
Law and Order in Latin America
Dr. Ieva Jusionyte, University of Florida
Middle Eastern and Islamic Law
Law in Middle East Societies
Professor George E. Bisharat, Hastings College of Law
Islamic Law
Women's Rights and Politics in Muslim Societies
Professor Arzoo Osanloo, University of Washington
Indigeneity in the United States
Conditions of Indigeneity
Dr. Jessica Cattelino, Anthropology, UCLA
The Ethnohistory of Native Americans Since 1851
Dr. William Bauer, History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas


Ready in time for the cold weather which is on its way!!
Recent install to a renovation project in the Dordogne, South West France of a Broseley Snowdon 26 wood boiler stove linked to a AKVAterm 1000 ltr EK+K accumulator tank. This boiler will provide 10 kW of heat to the room and 16 kW to the water to provide domestic hot water and central heating , also installed by Enershop.


text:
IndyCar: Huertas, Wilson unable to get Houston sweep for Dale Coyne Racing
By Chris EstradaJun 29, 2014, 8:55 PM EDT
Dale Coyne Racing pulled the upset in Saturday's first race of the Shell/Pennzoil Grand Prix of Houston. But problems for both Race 1 winner Carlos Huertas and Justin Wilson in today's Race 2 kept them from earning a Space City sweep.
After claiming his first Verizon IndyCar Series win less than 24 hours before, Huertas was the first to bow out of today's event.
The Colombian started 12th, but on Lap 3, he suddenly slowed on track and took his No. 18 Cafe de Colombia Honda off-course.
Race strategist Darren Crouser told NBCSN that the car simply "shut off" and Huertas himself didn't have an exact reason for the failure.
"I feel really good for yesterday and today is disappointing, but it is impossible to finish every race without having at least one problem," said Huertas, who suffered the first DNF of his rookie season.
"Hopefully, we don't have any more. It was strange because the car just shut off completely. It must have been an electrical failure or something but we don't know right now. All in all, I am proud of our accomplishments this weekend."
That left Wilson to carry the DCR banner and despite having problems on restarts, he was able to put his No. 19 Boy Scouts of America Honda in the Top 5.
But shortly after a restart with 24 laps to go, Marco Andretti made slight contact with Wilson while racing for fifth. It sent Wilson into the tire barrier at Turn 9 to trigger another yellow.
IndyCar chose to take no action regarding the incident. Wilson was able to keep going but finished one lap down in 12th.
"We struggled a bit on restarts, so guys were all over the back of me," Wilson said of his day. "I knew that if I could hang on for a couple of laps I would get going and be quick again.
"Marco tried to come down the inside and it wasn't really going to happen. He tried to get out of it and he just tapped me into the wall. He came down and apologized and said 'I didn't mean to do that.' It is just racing.
"I know it was just a mistake and it is a shame but we kept going on when we were a lap down and we were trying to salvage any points we can."
Andretti also tweeted apologies to Wilson following the race.
https://twitter.com/MarcoAndretti/status/483379736542867456
Follow @estradawriting


text:
"A Pall Is Cast over the Classroom": Legislating Academic Freedom
By Stephen Rohde
AMERICAN HISTORY IS STAINED by recurring periods when our founding ideals — of an open society that upholds the free marketplace of ideas and diverse political viewpoints — have been sacrificed to fear and hysteria: reactions to threats, foreign and domestic, real and imagined. During these dark chapters, cherished democratic institutions such as the Supreme Court, Congress, and state legislatures, as well as the press and civic organizations, instead of standing up for the rights and liberties enshrined in the Constitution, often proved weak and spineless, encouraging and at times even leading many of the worst violations.
One of these tragic periods reached its heights during the 1940s and 1950s, popularly known as McCarthyism, when fear of communism prompted excessive public and private efforts to punish unorthodox ideas and advocacy. In Priests of Our Democracy: The Supreme Court, Academic Freedom, and the Anti-Communist Purge, Marjorie Heins juxtaposes her compelling and distressing account of the anticommunist purges that reached into the ivory towers of our colleges and universities with a chilling cautionary tale that asks whether history is repeating itself through the repressive reactions to 9/11. Have the earlier witch hunts that targeted alleged communists (with a disturbing and disproportionate focus on Jews) been replaced with an obsessive targeting of alleged terrorists (with a disturbing and disproportionate focus on Muslims)? Have we learned anything from the excesses of McCarthyism, or are we condemned to repeat them?
Heins, the founding director of the Free Expression Policy Project, engagingly addresses these and other urgent questions by deftly telling the stories of professors and teachers victimized by academic purges, while she deftly navigates more than 50 years of legal battles and constitutional controversies.
In 1951, George Kennan, a keen observer of the Cold War, warned — in words as relevant today as then — that the blinding fear of communism posed a danger that Americans would become
rather like the representatives of that very power we are trying to combat: intolerant, secretive, suspicious, cruel, and terrified of internal dissension because we have lost our own belief in ourselves and in the power of our ideals.
Heins places her account within the context of anticommunist hysteria at the national level, including President Harry Truman's 1947 executive order that created a program of sweeping loyalty investigations (of employees in every federal agency), the attorney general's list of "subversive organizations," and, at the state level, the infamous Rapp-Coudert investigations in New York, in which more than 500 professors, teachers, staff members, and students were interrogated, over 80 of whom were fired, resigned, or did not have their contracts renewed.
The heart of the book is Hein's comprehensive and accessible analysis of the fate of academic freedom from the Supreme Court's 1952 decision in Adler v. Board of Education to its 1967 decision in Keyishian v. Board of Regents. Both cases dealt with New York's Feinberg Law, which created a complex system of procedures to investigate the "loyalty" of every public school teacher and which authorized the removal of anyone who engaged in "treasonable or seditious acts or utterances" or who joined an organization that advocated the overthrow of the government by "force, violence, or any unlawful means."
In Adler, the Court found no First Amendment problem with the Feinberg Law, since teachers had no "right" to their jobs and were working "in a sensitive area" where they shaped young minds. The 6–3 majority opinion was written by Justice Sherman Minton, whom Heins calls "the most anti-civil-liberties of the justices." According to Minton, while the First Amendment assured everyone the right to "assemble, speak, think and believe as they will," when it came to "a sensitive area in a schoolroom," "[o]ne's associates, past and present, as well as one's conduct, may properly be considered in determining fitness and loyalty."
Justice William O. Douglas wrote a fiery dissent saying the Feinberg Law "proceeds on a principle repugnant to our society — guilt by association" that "turns the school system into a spying project" and would "raise havoc with academic freedom." According to Heins, with that, Douglas introduced the term "academic freedom" into the Supreme Court's lexicon. Douglas warned that with this decision, "a pall is cast over the classroom." He urged that "the guilt of the teacher should turn on overt acts. So long as she is a law-abiding citizen, so long as her performance within the public school system meets professional standards, her private life, her political philosophy, her social creed should not be the cause for reprisals against her."
Douglas was not alone. In his separate dissent, Justice Hugo Black warned that the Feinberg Law:
is another of those rapidly multiplying legislative enactments which make it dangerous — this time for schoolteachers — to think or say anything except what a transient majority happen to approve at the moment.
Within less than a year, the dissents in Adler began to influence the direction of the court. In Wieman v. Updegraff (1952), the court unanimously struck down an Oklahoma loyalty program that included a test oath for public employees, including state college faculty. In a memorable concurring opinion, Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote:
To regard teachers — in our entire educational system, from the primary grades to the university — as the priests of our democracy is not to indulge in hyperbole. It is the special task of teachers to foster those habits of open-mindedness and critical inquiry which alone make for responsible citizens.
By 1967, not only had McCarthyism been exposed and discredited as the country began to come to its senses, but the Supreme Court lineup had also changed dramatically. Only one of the justices in the majority in Adler, Tom Clark, was still on the court. New justices Earl Warren, William Brennan, and Abe Fortas joined Douglas and Black to overturn Adler and replace it with the groundbreaking decision in Keyishian.
In Keyishian, Brennan essentially transformed Douglas's dissent in Adler into the majority opinion of the court. As Heins puts it, Brennan "rejected wholesale the idea that restrictions on expression, ideas, and political associations are permissible under the First Amendment as conditions of public employment." Reversing Adler and striking down the Feinberg Law, Brennan wrote:
Our Nation is deeply committed to safeguarding academic freedom, which is of transcendent value to all of us and not merely to the teachers concerned. That freedom is therefore a special concern of the First Amendment, which does not tolerate laws that cast a pall of orthodoxy over the classroom.
In the three years after Keyishian, courts in Texas, Kansas, New Hampshire, Illinois, Nebraska, California, Mississippi, Florida, and the District of Columbia invalidated public employee loyalty laws. The California Supreme Court struck down an anticommunist oath, and attorneys general in Vermont, New Jersey, Oregon, New Hampshire, Hawaii, and Oklahoma pronounced their loyalty laws unconstitutional.
But the promise of Keyishian and its progeny, and the robust First Amendment protections for which they stood, fell victim to a post-9/11 willingness to sacrifice civil liberties in the name of fighting terrorism. In 2010, President George W. Bush's appointment as chief justice, John Roberts, wrote the majority opinion in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, upholding the federal law that made it a crime to provide "material support" to any "foreign terrorist organization" to cover peaceful, lawful, and constitutionally protected activity, such as training radical groups to pursue nonviolent means of conflict resolution, or lawyers' filing friend-of-the-court briefs in support of such groups.
Justice Stephen Breyer, joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sonia Sotomayor, wrote a trenchant dissent that argued that the First Amendment does not permit the government to prosecute people for teaching and advocacy with lawful aims, even if it is coordinated with a group branded as "terrorist." David Cole, a Georgetown law professor and the counsel for the Humanitarian Law Project, pointed out that had this interpretation of the material support law been on the books in the 1980s, the thousands of Americans who donated to Nelson Mandela's African National Congress would have been criminals.
Heins is deeply concerned about the future of academic freedom, in particular, and the First Amendment in general. She writes that the "American political system is all too vulnerable to political repression and to demonizing the dissenter, both on campus and off." Her important and compelling book makes a powerful case for renewing our fundamental commitment to the principle Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. articulated almost 85 years ago: that freedom of speech does not protect "free thought for those who agree with us, but freedom for the thought that we hate."
As Heins puts it, the cost of repressing "bad" ideas is too high:
[T]he people in power will inevitably try to squelch the ideas they think dangerous to their hegemony; yet these may be the very ideas needed for progress and social justice. Academic freedom is a "special concern of the First Amendment" because genuine education is not only liberating in itself; it is the basis of a successful democracy.
Priests of Our Democracy
The Supreme Court, Academic Freedom, and the Anti-Communist Purge
By Marjorie Heins
Published 2013-02-04 00:00:00
New York University Press
Amazon.com IndieBound
Is a Taco a Sandwich?: Interpreting the Law
Beyond the Ivy Islands
By Steven Brint
Supreme Hubris: Theories of Judicial Activism
By Don Franzen
By Jon Wiener
Antielitism Left and Right: An Interview with Catherine Liu
By Tom Lutz
The Educational Lottery


text:
"Skechers" is a song by American YouTuber DripReport. The track was self-released on January 12, 2020, before being re-released by Arista Records, and was produced by Ouhboy. The track is DripReport's debut single, and is also his first charting single.

On May 27, 2020, Skechers launched a Skechers Million Mask Giveaway Dance Challenge in which Skechers donated 10 face masks to United Way of Greater Los Angeles for every dance video uploaded of the song on TikTok with hashtag #danceformasks or #MillionMaskChallenge, with @Skechers tagged in its caption. The maximum giveaway was of one million masks. The challenge ended on June 17, 2020.

Background
Most of the song's success can be attributed to social media app TikTok, where over 10 million videos have been made with the song, with a total of more than 5 billion views. The first official music video has 136 million views on YouTube, while the second music video has 6 million views.

Composition
"Skechers" is a short song, with a duration of 1 minute and 46 seconds. The track is written from the perspective of a man who's attempting to entice his romantic interest into a relationship. He's particularly fixated on the girl in question's "light-up Skechers", which inspires the title of the song itself. The lyrics are sung in a stereotypical Indian accent. It was written by DripReport and Ouhboy, the latter also producing the song. Official remixes of the song featuring American rapper Tyga and Indian rapper Badshah were later released.

The song is written in the key of A-flat minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute.

Commercial performance
"Skechers" charted in countries including New Zealand, Norway, UK, Australia, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany and Canada.

Charts

Certifications

References

2020 singles
2020 songs
American hip hop songs
Trap music songs
Arista Records singles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia