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0851005343 intrepidusstageschool@outlook.ie
Little Rascals
Chipmunks /Starlets/Seniors
Class Uniforms
Welcome to Intrepidus Stage School
One of Ireland's best and well-known Stage School's.
We specialise in training for Dance, Drama and Singing. Our main aim is to introduce students to the workings of a staged theatre production from start to finish and what happens behind the scenes in TV /Radio. We pride ourselves for our fun, friendly, non-competitive environment.
Intrepidus Stage School opened its doors with one school in 2014 by Olwyn Boyle, which has been growing from strength to strength since. With now over 14 classes in 3 premises, catering for children, teens and even adult fitness fun dance classes.
Olwyn Boyle is the Founder and Managing Director of Intrepidus Stage School.
She is a familiar face on both the small and big screen, featuring on many RTE programmes and in short/feature films. Olwyn also has performed in many musical productions both in her hometown of Clonmel Co. Tipperary and Dublin. Olwyn loves to spread her talent, enthusiastic and fun personality to the many children through her teaching at the school and also in primary/secondary schools, with Down Syndrome Dublin, along with her work as a Clown Doctor and at children's parties/events.
Although Intrepidus Stage school aims to be a non-competitive stage school many opportunities do come in for both stage and screen and if your child is interested and suited to the role they can be put forward. As Olwyn still actively works in the industry many exciting opportunities do arise.
All classes are taught by fully trained and established teachers who all work towards the same goals. We develop your children's dance, acting and musical talents while also developing students socially, emotionally, cognitively, and physically.
It's truly amazing to watch student's confidence, communication and ability in all the arts grow, just look at some of the testimonials.
FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR OF INTREPIDUS
MEET OLWYN
Olwyn is a native of Clonmel, Co. Tipperary. Where from a very young age she was a member of every creative group;
The late Mary Cummins School of Speech and Drama
On Your Toes Dance Academy, Banna Chluain Meala
Mary's Choral Society.
While living in Clonmel, Olwyn was part of a number of staged productions and never shied away from the local talent contests. To which she would like to point out, she never left without a prize.
At the ripe age of 18, Olwyn took the leap to move to the bright lights of Dublin, where she pursued theatre studies followed by presenting skills for radio/ TV and Media Production. During this time Olwyn became involved with young people's programming in RTE and also began working as Dr.D.Licious, a clown doctor bringing laughter and smiles to sick children in Crumlin and Temple Street hospitals. This job took Olwyn on a year's travelling adventure around the world working as a Clown Doctor in Australia and visiting orphanages in Cambodia.
After traveling the world and having a love for both acting and working with young people, on return Olwyn went back into education to study Counselling Skills and Youth and Community Development. Working in many youth clubs as a Drama Teacher dealing with current issues for young people, Olwyn also worked for a number of years in a stage school and is still teaching for another stage school just outside Dublin.
In recent years Olwyn has been seen back on the stage and on both the big and small screens. Working on RTE's Elev8 as Ms. Snarky and other characters. She is also an active actor under Julian Benson Management and recently starred alongside Sean Maguire, Patrick Bergin and other outstanding actors in the feature film "Songs for Amy".
She is involved in many different Musical Societies affiliated with AIMS, which put on outstanding stage productions and was chairperson of Stillorgan Musical Society which recently produced an amazing production of The Wizard of OZ in The Mill Theatre Dublin.
Olwyn is extremely excited about this new venture in her life and can't wait to share this experience with all the new young people and their families who come through the doors of INTREPIDUS STAGE SCHOOL- "Fear nothing challenge everything through Drama, Song and Dance".
TERM FEES
Little Rascal Fees
Chipmunks, Starlets, Seniors Fees
Term One €105 €180
Term Two (uniform included - reduced price - personalised to each student) €155 €230
Term Three €105 €180
Term Four (includes end of year show fee) €105 €180
Little Rascal Fees Buy Now
Chipmunks, Starlets, Seniors Fees Buy Now
"Intrepidus Stage School has helped me so much with my confidence and now I can talk in public and in front of my class which I couldn't do before without freaking out and panicking! Olwyn and all the teachers are so supportive, and they make everyone smile."
Poppy. Age 11
"The reason why Intrepidus is so amazing is because it's a safe, happy and caring place where everyone can express themselves and no one will judge them for it! Also, the end-of-year shows are really hard work but soooo much fun! I can't wait to join the Seniors class in September!"
"My daughter Leila joined the wonderful intrepidus stage school with Olwyn and her team and to say it has brought her out of her shy shell is an understatement. she's only four but she just loves her class and her teachers. To see her going into class with a smile on her face and coming out with an even bigger smile says it all!!"
'My 12 year old has loved her first year at Intrepidus Stage School. Olwyn Boyle and her team of teachers have been so enthusiastic and encouraging; my daughter has learnt so much across all three areas of drama, dance and singing. They work very hard each Wednesday evening and I can see my daughter's confidence grow and grow. She took part in the HairGel show this Spring and we could not believe the transformation that took place as she went into 'character'!
Claire Reilly
"The atmosphere in Intrepidus is warm and welcoming and new students seem to connect in with the existing groups easily, included from the start. Intrepidus Stage School has challenged my daughter to learn and to attempt new things, her fitness and confidence and ability have grown! We highly recommend Olwyn Boyle and her team."
"Thanks for the last 4 years, Ella has grown in confidence under your care. It's something that you have given her that she will always rely on and reference. Wishing you every success for the future as Intrepidus goes from strength to strength."
"I would highly recommend Intrepidus Stage School my son Charlie started with Olwyn when he was four years old. From the day he started I could see his confidence soar. Olwyn and her team are great with kids and make all the kids feel really special and like they belong. They all partake in a production at the end of term, this year was " Hairgel " the excitement was unreal! How she got them all to do what they did was incredible. Olwyn is one in a million! Thank you for all you do. "
Sophie Doyle
"My daughter looks forward to her Intrepidus class on Wednesday evening every week, and has not missed one since she started two years ago. She had attended a number of other stage schools but felt there wasn't enough emphasis on performing, and after her first class with Intrepidus she told me 'this is the one'!"
Fiona Fewer
"Olwyn has created a fun and relaxed environment where the students get to sing, dance and act, encouraging their individual talents. There are a number of shows each year when everyone gets a chance to perform on stage in front of a real audience. The yearly musical is always a fantastic production with professional sets and costumes, giving the students a real taste of life in the limelight!! It's a lovely inclusive group and the kids treat the teachers like friends which is a very positive sign for me as a parent, in fact Intrepidus is like a little family, well big family actually!! We're looking forward to many more years of fun and learning with Olwyn and the gang."
"My daughter, Ava, has been attending Intrepidis Stage School for the past 2 years and she thoroughly enjoys it. She is 4 years old and I believe that attending Intrepidis Stage School has developed not just her musical talents but also her confidence and independence. She looks forward to attending every Monday and loves all her friends and teachers in Intrepidis Stage School. The highlights of the year are the Christmas show and the annual musical, which are always fantastic!
I would thoroughly recommend Intrepidis Stage School to anyone!"
"Going to Intrepidus Stage School is the highlight of Eve's week. She has a great all-round exposure to performing arts, and her confidence has grown since starting, especially when working towards performing on stage. Olwyn and her staff have created a friendly, welcoming environment where all children can achieve their full potential, and, more importantly, have a lot of fun doing it!"
Eve Griffin
intrepidusstageschool@outlook.ie
Intrepidus Stage School © 2019


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French authorities rescind ban on Israeli flag during Strasbourg soccer game
After protests, officials lift restrictions on Maccabi Haifa fans which they said were due to risk of anti-Semitic incidents; game ends with 3-1 loss for Israeli team
By Cnaan Liphshiz	26 July 2019, 5:45 pm Edit
Maccabi Haifa fans celebrate a goal during the UEFA Europa League preliminary round football match between Strasbourg and Maccabi Haifa at the Meinau stadium in Strasbourg on July 25, 2019 (Screen grab via sport1.co.il)
JTA — Following protests, authorities in eastern France rescinded a ban they had issued forbidding soccer fans from Israel to come to the center of Strasbourg and fly their country's flag.
The prohibitions, which are unusual and provoked vociferous criticism, came in a four-page order Thursday from the head of the Bas-Rhin district office prior to Thursday's game in a Strasbourg stadium between Maccabi Haifa and the Strasbourg Racing Club.
Hours before the game, the office said it was lifting the ban.
The decree, which cited the risk of anti-Semitic incidents, followed an incident on Wednesday night in which three Israeli soccer fans in town for the game got into an altercation with locals that turned violent. The Israelis escaped without serious injury.
Maccabi Haifa's Ukrainian midfielder Maxim Plakushchenko (C) celebrates with teammates after scoring a goal during the UEFA Europa League preliminary round football match between Strasbourg and Maccabi Haifa at the Meinau stadium in Strasbourg, on July 25, 2019. (PATRICK HERTZOG / AFP)
Aliza Binoun, Israel's ambassador to France, complained to the French government over the ban, she said on Twitter. Israeli Culture and Sports Minister Miri Regev called it "unbelievable."
The office then said the ban on flags only applied to the stadium.
On July 11, an Algerian team's victory in a major game in France resulted in riots across French cities that ended with hundreds of arrests on violent offenses, including injuries to several police officers. Algerian flags were not banned during that game.
Critics of the original ban, including the lawmaker Meyer Habib, decried it as hypocritical and discriminatory.
The Europa League game ended without incident, with a 3-1 loss for Maccabi Haifa.
Maccabi Haifa
Israel-France relations
Israeli soccer
anti-Semitism in France
Israeli flags
Germany puts Syrian doctor on trial for crimes against humanity
Man survives suspected criminal car bombing in central city

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Imago Design brings a highly innovative and artistic approach to outdoor spaces. At the foundation of the design is a comprehensive understanding of the property, the needs of the client and of the space. Contributing to the landscape design is a knowledge of Horticulture and experience with a wide range of plant materials for the site location, climate, and environmental needs, along with hardscape elements and design, cooking structures, water elements, fireplace and lighting design.


Located just an hour south of Minneapolis, Traxler's is conveniently located for a quick afternoon or weekend hunt.
Traxler's is hunting – we cater to any sportsman or women looking to hunt pheasant – chukar or duck. Check events throughout the year.
After your hunt or stop by for a quick bite during the week. From burgers and brats to wild game feed, we are sure to test your appetite.
Established in 1987 Traxler's Hunting Preserve has become a large part of the community. Submerge yourself in the peaceful surroundings and fun atmosphere with the best staff and most unforgettable experiences. Whether it is your first time, or you've been here a multiple times, you will not be disappointed. The food is always amazing, the hunt is a little different each time, and your day in the GOOD OL' OUTDOORS of Southern Minnesota will not be beat.
Our preserve is for members only. Members get exclusive access to our hunts, events and wild game feeds. Interested, learn more about our memberships by contacting us.
From continental shoots and chukar competitions to wild game feeds we have plenty of events upcoming each season for our members to take advantage of.
We have to wonderful lodging opportunities for those who are looking to get away for the weekend. Each lodge has its own little slice of paradise. Lodging is offered year round.
Memorial Day is a 1993 war film, starring James Cromwell (Grandpa Bud), Jonathan Bennett (Kyle), and John Cromwell (what's his name in movie?). 13-year old, Kyle Vogel, discovers the World War II footlocker and pleads his grandfather, Bud, to tell him more. They strike a deal that Grandpa Bud will tell the stories behind any three objects picked from the footlocker. The movie begins the flashbacks to Bud's combat experience with the 82nd Airborne Division in WWll, while also flashing forward to Kyle's future with the 34th Infantry Division, "Red Bulls", in Iraq.
Take a gander of Traxler's Hunting Preserve from above. The video will show you the vast amount of habitat we have here that is available to our members to hunt. From chasing chukars and pheasants through out the grassland and food plots, to the shooting of waterfowl as they make their way back to our ponds. We have plenty of opportunities for sportsman and women – no matter their skill set!
Check back frequently for updates and event photos. We love to see our clients expereinces here at Traxler's. If you have any photos that would like to share, please feel free to send them in!


Those who think a collapsing currency is a sure-fire way to increase exports need to rethink their beliefs.
Despite a falling Yen, Japan Posts Largest-Ever Trade Deficit.
The gap between the value of Japan's exports and that of its imports grew by more than two-thirds in the 12 months through March, to Y13.7tn ($134bn), according to government data released on Monday. It was the third consecutive fiscal year of deficits, the longest streak since comparable records began in the 1970s.
Toyota, Hitachi and other large Japanese companies have enjoyed soaring profits as a result of the weaker yen, which has fallen by a fifth against other major currencies since November 2012.
But the improvement has come less from increased exports than from flattered exchange rates on overseas sales. Japanese export volumes have barely risen and the yen value of goods shipped to foreign markets has increased much more slowly than the value of imports.
Exports actually declined slightly by volume in January-March compared with the previous quarter, by 0.2 per cent on a seasonally adjusted basis, according to calculations by Credit Suisse, even as imports grew by 4.5 per cent.
A steady outflow of Japanese manufacturing jobs to lower-cost countries and declining competitiveness in some sectors, such as consumer electronics, has limited the power of a cheap yen to lift exports.
Overall Japanese exports increased 0.6 per cent by volume last fiscal year, Monday's data showed, leading to a 10.8 per cent rise by value in light of the weaker yen. Imports rose 2.4 per cent by volume and 17.3 per cent by value.
A falling Yen and rising energy imports, coupled with a slowdown in China and tax hikes in Japan suggest Abenomics is going to be a dismal failure unless the goal is to goose stock prices rather than goose the economy.


Is lead harmful to my health?
What can I do to reduce the risk of exposure to lead?
How can I find out if I have been exposed to high amounts of lead?
How can lead get into my drinking water?
What is the safe limit for lead in drinking water?
What is the level of lead in St. John's drinking water at point of origin?
How can I tell if there may be lead in my water pipes?
What are my obligations regarding my service line?
How can I minimize exposure to lead in my older home?
What about bathing, swimming, and washing dishes or clothes in water that contains lead?
How do I get my water tested for lead levels?
What is the City doing to reduce the risk of exposure to lead?
Who do I call if I have questions or concerns about water quality?
How do I deal with lead-based paint within my home?
How do I protect myself and my family during renovations?
Is there lead in the soil in St. John's?
How can I reduce my exposure to lead while gardening?
How can I minimize my children's exposure to lead in soil?
Lead is a soft, heavy, inexpensive metal, which makes it useful in the manufacture of many consumer products such as pipes, sheeting, and as filler in the automobile body industry. In Canada, the major use of lead is in the manufacture of (lead-acid) batteries used in automobiles. It is also used in ammunition, fishing weights, and solder. Lead pigments are added to glass to prevent radiation exposure from television and computer screens, to storage containers for nuclear waste and to x-ray shielding aprons. Lead-acid batteries account for the most significant proportion of global lead consumption.
Lead has also been used in consumer products such as leaded gasoline, paint and pipes. Lead can be found in water, soil and dust as it is naturally occurring in nature and also because of its previous commercial uses.
Infants, children and unborn children are most at risk to health effects from exposure to lead. Lead is present in many sources including food, dust, soil, some paint products and drinking water. Drinking water's contribution to total lead exposure is very low.
Lead can affect how the brain and nervous system grows and has the most impact on the fetus, infants and children under six years old. If young children have too much lead in their body, it can be harder for them to learn new things, sit still and get along with other children. Adults and children over six years old are not likely to be affected by the amount of lead in drinking water.
Do not use ceramic cookware from foreign countries to heat water or store food unless you're sure that they are lead-free.
Do not store beverages in lead crystal containers.
If you work around lead, shower and change clothing and shoes at work. Wash work clothes separately.
Be aware that some hobby activities like furniture refinishing, model building and working with metals or stained glass can be sources of lead.
Do not use exterior paints indoors since they may contain lead.
Vacuum carpets and upholstery at least once per week.
Damp-mop (dusting with a damp cloth rather than a dry cloth, which disperses the dust but does not remove it) floors and other hard surfaces.
Carefully dispose of vacuum cleaner bags and dust cloths.
Wash hands after cleaning and before eating.
Keep play areas or surfaces clean by using a wet or damp mop or rag to clean floors or surfaces.
Wash bottles, pacifiers, toys and stuffed animals regularly.
Eat nutritious, low-fat meals high in iron and calcium, such as spinach and dairy products. These nutrients will lessen the amount of lead absorbed in the body.
If you are concerned that you or a family member has been exposed to high amounts of lead, your doctor can order tests to measure the blood lead level.
Lead is a soft metal that was used to make many consumer products.
One of the main ways that lead can get into your drinking water is when the water pipe that goes to your home from the underground water main is made of lead. This pipe is called the "service line". The longer water sits unused in a service line, the greater the amount of lead which might be present in the water. If you live in a house built before the mid-1950s, your service line could be made of lead. If you live in an apartment building of any age, your service line would not be made of lead - lead service lines were not used for large buildings.
Smaller amounts of lead may have been used as the "solder" or seam of service lines in any home (including apartment buildings) built before the late 1980s. As well, you may find lead inside a home's plumbing system.
Health Canada has established a maximum acceptable concentration for lead in drinking water of 10 ppb (parts per billion)(this number can also be referred to as 10 micrograms/litre or 0.010 milligrams/litre) in a free flowing sample of water. This drinking water guideline has been developed to protect the population most at risk, namely infants and young children.
Health Canada has stated that consuming water over the course of a lifetime (i.e. 70 years) with lead levels at or near the guideline value is considered to be protective of human health.
The lead level at the City's source water has been routinely measured to be below detectable levels.
The St. John's source water supplies are tested on average twice a year by both the municipality and provincial government for a number of parameters. As a result of their most recent testing in 2010, the Provincial Department of Environment and Conservation has given both of St. John's' water supplies a Drinking Water Quality Index of "Excellent". A rating of "Excellent" on the Drinking Water Quality Index scale is only given to systems where "water quality is protected with a virtual absence of impairment; conditions are very close to pristine levels."
Find out if you live in a house built before the mid-1950s. If you own your house, you can determine the age of your home by looking at the legal papers from when you bought it. If you rent, ask the owner.
Both lead and copper piping were used until the mid-1950s when copper water service lines became the standard in the plumbing industry. Lead-based solder was used in some instances for plumbing until prohibited in 1990 by the National Plumbing Code.
If it is possible, look at where the water service line enters your home. If it is grey, scratches easily and does not sound hollow when you tap it, it may be lead.
A licensed plumber can determine if a home contains lead solder, lead pipes or pipe fittings that contain lead. The presence of these materials does not mean lead is in the water, but that the potential for lead in the water exists.
According to the City of St. John's Act responsibility for the installation of service lines and all connections and all costs related thereto lies with the owner of the building. Further, all maintenance and renewals of service lines and all costs related thereto are the responsibility of the owner of the building. City water mains are not made of lead.
Do not drink water that has been standing in your household water pipes for more than six hours. To rid your plumbing system of standing water, let the water run for approximately five minutes. You can use the flushed water for other purposes such as plant watering or household cleaning.
Flushing the toilet and washing your hands, or taking a shower is more than sufficient to flush standing water from your pipes each morning.
Always use cold, fresh water for drinking, cooking, making baby formula and preparing beverages. Do not use hot water as it may contain higher levels of lead.
Every three months or so, remove the aerator from the faucet of any taps from which drinking water is frequently taken for drinking or food preparation purposes. Clean the aerator by removing any visible particles and rinsing water through it. Take a moment to immerse the aerator in a bleach solution, and then re-install.
If you are making plumbing changes, be sure to select low-lead or no-lead fixtures.
What about bathing, swimming and washing dishes or clothes in water that contains lead?
These activities will not cause significant exposure to lead. Lead in water is not easily absorbed through the skin or eyes.
Can in-home water treatment systems reduce lead levels?
Some in-home water treatment equipment such as lead removing filters, reverse osmosis systems, and distillation units remove lead dissolved in water. There are inexpensive filter systems in the marketplace that remove lead from water. It is important to ensure systems are properly maintained as per manufacturer's instructions.
For an evaluation of lead levels in the pipes inside the home, residents will have to arrange for testing by a private laboratory. The City recommends that residents arrange water testing by an accredited, licensed laboratory. You can't see, smell or taste lead in your water. Testing at the tap is the only way to measure the lead levels in your home or workplace.
The City of St. John's' water treatment processes include pH and alkalinity adjustments, which reduce the potential for corrosion of water pipes and minimize the amount of lead that can dissolve into drinking water.
Extensive testing of City of St. John's drinking water is also carried out to ensure that water delivered to residents' homes meets the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality.
Who do I contact if I have questions or concerns about water quality?
Paint manufactured before 1980 contained lead. When old lead paint is chipped, peeled or sanded it can still release particles of lead into household dust and soil. Areas with a lot of abrasion, such as window sashes, doors and rails, are prone to creating dust. Homes built before 1950 are particularly likely to contain lead, as paints used then often contained a very high amount of lead.
When renovating or repairing a house built before 1980 people need to take special precautions to avoid being exposed to high amounts of lead. It is also important to make sure that painted surfaces in older homes are well maintained, as children may eat lead paint chips or put their mouths on window sills.
Get the advice of a qualified contractor on how to safely deal with old painted surfaces that require renovation or repair.
Keep painted surfaces in good repair and wipe up any paint chips immediately with a damp cloth.
Pay special attention to dust control during renovations. Regularly clean up house dust by wet mopping and carefully disposing of vacuum cleaner bags and dust cloths.
Do not use heat stripping to remove lead paint as it releases lead into the air and is dangerous.
Keep pregnant women and children out of renovated spaces until the work is finished and well cleaned.
A previous study shows that areas within the City of St. John's have high levels of lead in its soil, especially in the downtown area. This is common in older urban areas.
Coal combustion products (mostly prior to 1950s).
Leaded gasoline exhaust (prior to 1990).
The City's Parks Division follows recommendations whereby if it must expose soil it is covered as soon as work is concluded either by resodding the area or covering the area in fresh soil.
Add organic matter (such as compost) to your soil.
Add fertilizer to soil and keep it well aerated.
Keep soil moist to control dust.
Do not drink, smoke or eat while gardening.
Use gloves and something to kneel on if you are wearing shorts.
Remove all soil from produce before bringing it inside your home.
Designate certain clothing for gardening only, and wash them separately from other laundry.
Remove gardening footwear before entering the home.
Store all gardening tools and supplies outside the home.
Limit your pet's exposure to soil and remove soil from pets before they come into the house.
Thoroughly wash garden-grown fruits and vegetables with soap and water before eating or cooking.
Plant food gardens away from foundation of the house if paint is peeling from the outside of the building (exterior paint may contain lead).
Wash children's hands often, especially before meals and before sleeping.
Ensure children wash their feet after playing barefoot outdoors.
Do not let children eat soil.
Children should play in areas covered in grass.


Dogs and mailmen don't have a reputation for being the best of friends, but when it comes down to the individuals on the ground every day, that's not always true.
His daughter shared it, and the internet can't handle the feelings.
I want a new mailman, honestly.
And I wish I could have gotten a good boop from Gretchen, too.
It's a happy-sad story. If you ask me, those are the very best kind.


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text:
Items France, 1650-1678. Louis XIV.
France, 1650-1678. Louis XIV.
General Research Division
Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus
The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms
Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus (Collector)
Place: Amsterdam
Shelf locator: 8-MMEH (Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms)
Military uniforms -- History
Universal Unique Identifier (UUID): 66f59850-c534-012f-f1b4-58d385a7bc34
General Research Division, The New York Public Library. "France, 1650-1678. Louis XIV." The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1910. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-af1a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
General Research Division, The New York Public Library. "France, 1650-1678. Louis XIV." New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed January 17, 2022. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-af1a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
General Research Division, The New York Public Library. (1910). France, 1650-1678. Louis XIV. Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-af1a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
<ref name=NYPL>{{cite web | url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-af1a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 | title= (still image) France, 1650-1678. Louis XIV., (1910)|author=Digital Collections, The New York Public Library |accessdate=January 17, 2022 |publisher=The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}</ref>


text:
Electrician Schools
Train to Become an Electrician
Tag Archives: Electrician Certificate Programs Near Me in Clanton AL 35045
Find Electrician Schools Near Me in Clanton AL 35045
How to Become an Electrician in Clanton Alabama
The first step to becoming an electrical tradesman or contractor is finding an electrician trade school near Clanton AL. But with so many vocational schools to select from, just how do you undertake making certain that you enroll in the ideal one? Particularly because there are so many factors to consider. For instance, many potential students will start by searching for schools that are nearby their home. After they have located several that are within driving distance, they will select the one with the lowest tuition. Although location and cost are of importance, they are not the only things that must be examined. Also critical are the reputations of the schools, their accreditation, as well as their graduation and job placement rates. These and other qualifiers should contribute toward your ultimate decision when selecting an electrician trade school. We will cover that checklist in greater detail later in this article. But first, let's review a little bit about being an electrician and the educational choices that are accessible.
Electrician Diploma, Certificate and Degree Options near Clanton AL
There are three general ways to obtain electrician instruction in a trade or technical school near Clanton AL. You can choose a certificate or diploma program, or obtain an Associate Degree. Bachelor's Degrees are offered at a few schools, but are not as common as the first three alternatives. Often these programs are offered in conjunction with an apprenticeship, which are mandated by the majority of states in order to become licensed or if you want to become certified. Following are short descriptions of the 3 most common programs offered.
Certificate and Diploma Programs are generally provided by Alabama technical and trade schools and take about a year to finish. They furnish a good foundation and are aimed towards students who wish to enter an apprenticeship more quickly as a journeyman electrician.
Associate Degree Programs involve 2 years to complete and are offered by Alabama junior or community colleges, commonly as an Associate Degree in Electrical Technology. They provide a more well-rounded education while providing the foundation that readies students to join their apprenticeship program.
As earlier mentioned, Bachelor's Degrees are accessible at certain Alabama institutions, but are less popular at four years than the other shorter programs. Most states require that an apprenticeship of no less than 2 years and more typically four years be completed prior to licensing. For that reason, the majority of students are eager to start their paid apprenticeship, particularly if it's not part of their academic program.
Electrician License and Certification Requirements
Electricians in Clanton AL can carry out a vast array of functions, such as installing, replacing and testing electrical systems, and making sure that the wiring in houses and buildings are up to code standards. After concluding an apprenticeship, journeyman electricians are mandated to be licensed in the majority of municipalities and states. The duration of apprenticeship differs by state, but typically about four to five years of practical experience is needed in order to take the licensing examination. The exams typically test electrical theory and general knowledge, in addition to knowledge of the National Electrical Code (NEC). Obtaining certification is also a voluntary means for an electrician to differentiate him or herself as a experienced and skilled professional. The certifications offered differ by state and may be obtained in numerous specialties, including cable splicing as an example. The certification procedure in most cases involves three levels of proficiency:
An experience requirement
Passing a written exam
Passing a practical exam
Examples of certifying agencies include the National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (NJATC) along with the National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies (NICET). It's imperative that the electrician vocational school that you select not only provides a solid academic foundation, but also helps prep you for passing any certification and licensing examinations that you might be required to take in the future.
Enrolling in Electrician Schools Online in Clanton AL
A possibility that you may have considered is choosing an online electrician school to earn a certificate or degree. Even though online training programs have become more prevalent as a way of attending class without needing to travel, in this situation they are not entirely internet based. Just about all electrician training programs require partial attendance on campus to receive hands-on practical training. But since the balance of the classes may be accessed online, distance learning may be a more convenient option for students that have minimal time for education. And as a bonus many online training programs have a lower tuition cost compared to their on-campus counterparts. Commuting expenses from Clanton AL are also minimized and some of the study materials may be accessed on line also. Each of these benefits can make online electrician vocational schools more affordable and accessible. And many are fully accredited, which we will address in our questions to ask checklist.
Points to Ask Electrician Training Schools
Now that you have made a decision to obtain a certificate, diploma or degree, you can begin to refine your training options. Considering that there are numerous electrician vocational and trade schools in the Clanton AL region, it's imperative to have a checklist of criteria that each school must meet. The initial two that we discussed were location and tuition expense. If you are interested in earning an degree online, then that needs to be an option that your final school offers. And even though all three qualifiers may be critical when making your determination, there are other variables that need to be taken into account also. Below is a checklist of those additional qualifiers that you will need to analyze before choosing an electrical vocational school.
Accreditation. A large number of electrician technical programs have acquired either a regional or a national accreditation. They may receive Institutional Accreditation, which focuses on the school's programs as a whole, or Programmatic Accreditation, which relates to a specific program, for example electrical technology. Verify that the Clanton AL school is accredited by a U.S. Department of Education approved accrediting organization, such as the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology. In addition to helping guarantee that you acquire a superior education, it can help in acquiring financial assistance or student loans, which are in many cases not available for non-accredited programs. Also, some states require that the electrician training course be accredited for it to qualify for licensing.
High Completion and Placement Rates. Ask the electrician schools you are looking at what their completion rates are. The completion rate is the percentage of students who enroll in and finish the course. A lower completion rate might indicate that students were disappointed with the course and dropped out. It may also indicate that the teachers were not competent to instruct the students. It's similarly important that the schools have higher job placement rates. Older and/or more reputable schools may have a more extensive list of alumni, which may mean more contacts for the school to use for their apprenticeship and job placement programs. A high job placement rate can not only confirm that the school has an excellent reputation within the industry, but additionally that it has the network of contacts to help Clanton AL graduates acquire apprenticeships or jobs.
Apprenticeship Programs. Most electrician technical programs are taught along with an apprenticeship or an internship program. Those participating trade and technical schools will help place you in an apprenticeship program inside their network of electrician companies or trade unions. Check if the schools you are comparing have working relationships with Clanton AL area electricians or electrical specialists. An apprenticeship not only offers a valuable experience by supplying practical training, but it also furnishes job opportunities and helps to establish relationships in the regional electrician professional community.
Modern Facilities. Confirm that the campus facilities and the tools that you will be instructed on are up-to-date and what you will be working with on the job. If you are currently in an internship or an apprenticeship, consult with the electrical specialist you are working with regarding what you should be expecting. If not, ask a local Clanton AL electrical company if they can provide some tips. Additionally bear in mind that unless you are willing to relocate, the school must be within commuting distance of your Clanton home. Take note that if you decide to enroll in an out-of-state school, in addition to moving costs there might be increased tuition charges compared to in-state residents.
Smaller Classes. It's important that you receive as much one-on-one training as possible, which can be challenging in bigger classes. Ask if you can sit in on a couple of the classes so that you can see how big they are and witness first hand the interaction between instructors and students. Talk to a few of the students and get their comments relating to class sizes and instruction. Last, talk to a few of the instructors and learn what their level of expertise is and what certifications or degrees they have earned.
Flexible Scheduling. Make sure that the class schedules for the schools you are evaluating are flexible enough to handle your needs. If you can only go to classes in the evening or on weekends near Clanton AL, verify that the schools you are reviewing provide those choices. If you can only attend part-time, make sure that the school you select allows part-time enrollment. Additionally, find out what the policy is to make-up classes should you miss any because of work, sickness or family issues.
Considering Attending an Electrician School near Clanton AL?
Following is a little bit of background information about the Clanton AL area.
Clanton, Alabama
Clanton is a city in Chilton County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Birmingham–Hoover–Cullman Combined Statistical Area. At the 2010 census the population was 8,619.[4] The city is the county seat of Chilton County. Clanton is near the site of the geographic center of the U.S state of Alabama.
The town was founded by Alfred Baker in 1868, when Chilton County was formed. Prior to establishment in 1868, the Town of Clanton was known as the community of "Goose Pond". Baker County was renamed to Chilton County and the community of "Goose Pond" became the Town of Clanton.[5] Clanton was named in honor of General James H. Clanton, a brigadier in the Confederate States Army, and was incorporated on April 23, 1873. Baker was also elected first mayor of the town.[1]
Nearby Lay Lake Dam and Mitchell Dam became Alabama Power's first two dams in the state, bringing economic improvements to the area. Immigrants played a part in starting the county's peach industry more than a century ago. Today, the peach industry is the number one industry in Chilton County, not only bringing fame to the county, but also millions of dollars to the local economy. The city of Clanton constructed a water tower in the form of a peach in 1993, becoming a landmark for travelers along Interstate 65.[6]
Enroll in the Right Electrical Trade School near Clanton AL
Picking the ideal electrician training program will probably be the most critical decision you will make to start your new trade. As we have discussed in this article, there are a number of factors that you will need to evaluate and compare between the training programs you are looking at. It's a prerequisite that any electrical tech school that you are examining includes a good deal of hands-on training. Classes need to be small in size and every student must have their own equipment to train with. Classroom teaching should offer a real-world frame of reference, and the course of study should be up-to-date and in-line with industry standards. Courses vary in duration and the type of credential provided, so you will have to decide what length of program and certificate or degree will best fulfill your needs. Each training program provides different possibilities for certification also. Probably The ideal approach to research your short list of schools is to visit each campus and speak with the students and faculty. Invest some time to monitor some classes. Tour the campus and facilities. Make sure that you are confident that the training program you pick is the ideal one for you. With the right training, effort and commitment, the final outcome will be a new career as a professional electrician in Clanton AL.
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This entry was posted in Alabama and tagged Electrician Certificate Programs Near Me in Clanton AL 35045, Electrician Classes Near Me in Clanton AL 35045, Electrician Courses Near Me in Clanton AL 35045, Electrician Schools Online in Clanton AL 35045, Electrician Trade Schools Near Me in Clanton AL 35045, Electrician Training Near Me in Clanton AL 35045, How to Become an Electrician in Clanton AL 35045 on December 6, 2018 by Joshua.
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"National Pick On Lesbians Day" man elected to school board in MN; superintendent resigns
From a a high school classmate of mine comes this article concerning the resignation of Tom Westerhaus, the schools superintendent of Prior Lake, Minnesota, following the election to the school board there of a disciplined former employee, Chris Lind:
In June, with Westerhaus' recommendation, the Prior Lake-Savage school board fired Lind, who worked as a campus supervisor at Prior Lake High School. Lind, a devout Christian, had been at the high school for four years. In that time, he had developed a reputation among students as an adult willing to befriend them and mentor them in their faith.
The district said it fired Lind for "job performance and insubordination" after receiving complaints about his talking to students on campus about their sexual orientation and telling a student that the day was "National Pick On Lesbians Day." The district also warned him about maintaining appropriate boundaries with students and the need to separate the role of supervisor of students from the role of friend.
Additional perspective via a conservative Christian blog.
Further reporting here provides additional background.
It seems to me that Mr. Lind almost certainly behaved in an unprofessional or immature manner in his previous position. Apparently it has been argued (not not confirmed perhaps) that Mr. Lind was offered direction on appropriate boundaries. Boundaries between students and staff (or employees and managers for that matter) are vital to a proper learning (or work) environment. I think the comments of the local minister in support of Mr. Lind are ill-considered at best. Being a "nice guy" to some students (probably not to gay ones) and being willing to "mentor" students in their faith--activities that have a time and a place that are not public school time or a public school campus--hardly seem like an over-arching reasons for Mr. Lind to have been retained, as his supporters seem to imply that they were. Being a nice guy to those who seem willing to share his opinions--in a school board where many voters clearly do--has helped him get elected, no doubt. It does not change that simple fact that he demonstrated a lack of wisdom at best--insubordination at worst. What is more, the voters decided that that was okay. I don't see that Lind has much of a legal case at all--he was an employee at will; it was not a "right to work" situation, given the evidence at hand. However, he may be vindicative enough to sue anyway, just to cost others money.
It seems to me that all of this could have been avoided if Lind had done his politicking and proselytizing with students in the private sphere: grab a root beer at McDonald's after school and talk about it there, or invite a student to church.
Clearly many voters of this district care more about ideological purity and religious matter than professionalism, even in the public sphere, even in the realms of public administration and education.
Karl Marx would be very comfortable with that.
November 19, 2007 in Education, schools | Permalink


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Konami celebrates the 15th anniversary of the Quiz Magic Academy this year and releases a new game: Quiz Magic Academy MAXIVCORD. Besides the usual quiz game, a brand new card game is now available. In "Record Arena" mode, you can uses digital cards to battle against other opponents. The game features 3 game modes: "Tutorial" for beginners, "Character Battle" vs CPU characters and "Rank Match", online battle with other players. When you play Quiz Magic Academy MAXIVCORD, you can earn items for the mobile game Quiz Magic Academy Lost Fantarium.
Love Live! School Idol Festival ~ after school ACTIVITY ~ Next Stage announced
Square Enix announced location test dates for Love Live! School Idol Festival ~ after school ACTIVITY ~ Next Stage. Two location tests will be held from June 22 to 24 and June 29 to July 1st. 14 songs will be playable during the loctests, 4 songs will be new titles such as Energetic fully open DAY! DAY! DAY!, We know the future and Strawberry Trapper. The fist title of the series was released in December 2016. With this new game, Square Enix introduces new gameplay functions. There will be a new music notation "PLUS" and, in addition to the usual rhythm buttons, two new buttons named "decision button" and "cancel button" will be added. Futhermore, a new feature allows the player to go out in town with the band members after playing!
Pre-order opens for Zuntata Arcade Classics Volume Three
Zuntata Arcade Classics Volume Three vinyl is available for pre-order at Ship to Shore Phono Co. It contains musical themes from Bubble Bobble (Tadashi Kimijima), Bubble Symphony (Yasuko Yamada), Pu-Li-Ru-La (Kazuko Umino), Gun Frontier (Hidetoshi Fukumori) and Rayforce (Tamayo Kawamoto). This transparent disc with blue and green splatter is presented in a gatefold sleeve that opens in two parts revealing Zuntata archive photos and liner notes by Jeremy Parish of the Retronauts podcast. Zuntata Arcade Classics Volume 3 is priced at $25.00, orders will be shipped in mid-May. Previous volumes of the Zuntata (Taito Sound Team) Arcade Classics series are still available in the Ship to Shore Phono Co. online store: Volume one featuring Night Striker, Metal Black and Elevator Action Returns and Volume two dedicated to Darius (a game released 31 years ago) and his innovative themes composed by Hisayoshi Ogura. Click Here to preorder Zuntata Arcade Classics Volume Three.
Rampage movie hits Belgian screens today
Rampage is released in Belgian cinemas today! This is obviously the adaptation of the Rampage arcade game released by Bally Midway in 1986. Everyone knows this game where players control three giant monsters (a gorilla, a wolf and a lizard) and destroy whole cities across the United States. This fun and humorous game got an arcade sequel in 1997 entitled Rampage World Tour. As its name suggests, our monstrous friends are conquering the world with ever so much humour and updated graphics. In 2009, Warner Bros. acquired Midway Games for $33 million, giving it access to intellectual properties such as Mortal Kombat, Spy Hunter, Joust and Rampage. Here is the first cinematic result of this acquisition with Rampage. For this adaptation, Warner Bros. has given itself the means of its ambitions by allocating a budget of $120 million to the production and by hiring wrestler and action star Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson for the leading role. Director Brad Peyton is in command, a wise choice because he previously directed the very good disaster film San Andreas, also starring Dwayne Johnson. In the United States, several premieres took place in the presence of the creators of the original games: Brian F. Colin and Jeff Neuman of Game Refuge Inc. As usual with this kind of adaptation, some liberties are taken with the original story since George, Ralph and Lizzie are here mutated animals and no longer humans. In addition, Lizzie is a crocodile in the film and not a lizard. The result is to be discovered in 3D on the silver screen now! It is interesting that Warner Bros. chose to adapt a game inspired by movies like King Kong and Godzilla to the cinema, we can say they have come full circle. What will be the next Midway game movie adaptation? We are still waiting for news of the Mortal Kombat reboot to be directed by Simon McQuoid...
Groove Coaster 4 Starlight Road
Groove Coaster 4 Starlight Road is out today. Taito introduces 20 new songs in this new version. To celebrate the game release, 2 events are proposed to the players. The first one is a collaboration with idol band Dempagumi.inc (でんぱ組.inc) that also starts today: players can win special avatars and titles and Mirin Furukawa as a navigator. Of course, Dempagumi.inc's new song Ψ発見伝! is playable. The second event is a collaboration with the smartphone rhythm game Lanota, this event will start tomorrow and will end at the end of April. During the event, a Groove Coaster song will be playable in Lanota and a Lanota song will be playable in Groove Coaster every week. Furthermore, on April 4, Groove Coaster ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK 2018 Vol.1"DREAM" will be released. It contains 28 tracks including songs from Groove Coaster 3 EX Dream Party and the theme song of Groove Coaster 4 Starlight Road.
Groove Coaster 4EX Infinity Highway
Groove Coaster 4EX Infinity Highway is out in Japan today. Taito starts a collaboration with DJMAX RESPECT and two new navigators are available.
Konami releases DANCERUSH STARDOM, a new musical game to celebrate DanceDanceRevolution's 20th anniversary. This new title allows players to enjoy Shuffle Dance simply by moving their body according to the screen instructions. Shuffle Dance is a dance style featuring steps that slip your feet according to EDM (Electronic Dance Music). There are 4 types of instructions appearing on the screen: step, long, jump and crouch. Each time the payer makes a step on the floor, the large sensor panel glows seven colors on the floor and the LEDs light up. Two players can play together on the same cabinet and 4 players can compete on 2 cabinets. In 2 players mode, the 1st player stands in front and plays with the orange notes and the 2nd players stands behind and plays with the blue notes. A camera records the players and they can upload the movie on Youtube. You can watch DANCERUSH STARDOM trailer here.
Taiko no Tatsujin: Blue Ver.
A new version of Taiko no Tatsujin is out today: Taiko no Tatsujin: Blue Ver. As its name implies the new design is blue themed based on the colour of the sky. There are 10 new songs already available today including anime songs such as Hope by Namie Amuro which is the current opening of One Piece, Pop Team Epic opening by Sumire Uesaka and also game musics such as a Splatoon 2 medley.
SEGA World Drivers Championship is released in Japan today. This racing game bears the official Super GT license and features 45 cars from both GT300 and GT500 classes (Toyota 86, Toyota Prius, Subaru BRZ,...). The game allows the player to become a member of a racing team where he aims to win the championship. He gets advice and cheering from the team between races and he can also listen to the team radio by pressing the red button on the steering wheel while driving. A driver's skill gauge is displayed on the screen while driving. It increases depending on how well the player drives. A LED indicator is installed over the steering wheel: it displays speed, gear, tachometer, specified speed information for each corner. SEGA World Drivers Championship uses the same cabinet as Initial D Arcade Stage Zero with a AIME card reader and a 6-speed speed shifter. Only the topper and the steering wheel are different: speeds can be changed on the steering wheel. Up to 10 players can compete online. The game uses Unreal Engine 4 to faithfully reproduce the Super GT cars.
Télévideogames 3
Gamers are generous! It's a fact! And it's time to show it again with the third edition of Telévideogames! This year, Les Players du Dimanche set the bar even higher with a 75-hour broadcast, live from Quai 10 in Charleroi. The goal is of course to earn a lot of money for the Télévie in order to fund research against cancer. During these 75 hours, many guests will appear on the show including Frédéric Zolfanelli (Sparadrap in n00b web-series) and many Youtubers such as Benzaie, Chef Otaku, Math se fait des films, Jojol 67, LucassTV, EXVSK, Beanie, DB Times, Gonzaroo, The Kairi 78, Kenny, Lucasha and Anthox Colaboy. Your generosity is rewarded because each donation will allow you to win many prizes including consoles, games and accessories. For the first time, Arcade Belgium joins the cause and will bring many arcade machines set on freeplay at Quai 10 for the duration of the show. Do not hesitate to come and play! The live broadcast will air on Twitch, Facebook and Youtube. It will start on March 15 at 6:00pm and wll end on March 18 at 9:00pm. You will find all the information on Telévideogames website.


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Q: Iterate through list of dictionories and compare with other dictionories I have the following dictionaries
dic1 = { 'T1': "HI , china" , 'T2': "HI , finland" ,'T3': "HI , germany"}

dic2 = { 'T1': ['INC1','INC2','INC3'] , 'T2': ['INC2','INC4','INC5'],'T3': ['INC2','INC5']}

dic3 = { 'INC1': {'location':'china'} , 'INC2': {'location':'germany'},'INC3': {'location':'germany'},'INC4': {'location':'finland'}}

I need to remove the values in dic2 based on the dic1,dic3
example :

*

*I have to iterate through dic2 first and check the T1 and its INC values.

*If the corresponding T1 key value in the Dic1 matches with the corresponding INC values in the dic3 the keep the value in dic2 otherwise pop the value.

Detaileded explanation given in the picture. And I am expecting the following output.
dic2 = { 'T1': ['INC1'] , 'T2': ['INC4'],'T3': ['INC2']}

example code :
for k, v in dic2.items():
for k1, v1 in dic1.items():
    if k is k1:
        print k
        for k2 in v:
            for k3 in dic3.items():

I am new to python. I have tried the above pieces of code and I got struck down.Could you please help me out.

A: Can be done in a one-liner:
>>> {k: [i for i in v if dic3.get(i, {}).get('location', '#') in dic1[k]] for k, v in dic2.items()}
{'T1': ['INC1'], 'T2': ['INC4'], 'T3': ['INC2']}

[i for i in v if dic3.get(i, {}).get('location', '#') is the list comprehension to pick only the values from dic2's lists if dic3[i]['location'] is inside dic1[k], where i is the key in dict d3 and k is the key from dict d2 as well as dict d1.
I used dic3.get(i, {}).get('location', '#') (rather than dic3[i]['location'], you get KeyError for key INC5 which is not in dic3) to avoid the issue of key i not being in dic3 (would return an empty dict for my next .get) and in the second .get, again I use it to return the location key's corresponding value if it exists and check if that returned string lies inside the values of dict d1.
I return # (can be any string/char) if I know that the key i doesn't exist in dic3 (i not existing will essentially give {}.get('location', '#') which in turn will give #, this is sure to fail the membership in d1, hence it's Ok).
Toned down for-loop version:
>>> ans = {}
>>> for k, v in dic2.items():
...     temp = []
...     for i in v:
...             if i in dic3 and dic3[i]['location'] in dic1[k]:
...                     temp.append(i)
...     ans[k] = temp
...
>>> ans
{'T1': ['INC1'], 'T2': ['INC4'], 'T3': ['INC2']}

A: From my understanding, you are supposed to modify the original dic2 dictionary rather than creating a new one for your answer, this is what I got:
delete = []

for key, value in dic2.items():
    loc = dic1[key][5:]
    for inc in value:
        if inc not in dic3:
            delete.append(inc)
        else:
            if loc != dic3.get(inc)['location']:
                delete.append(inc)

    for item in delete:
        value.remove(item)
    delete = []

print(dic2)

>>> {'T1': ['INC1'], 'T2': ['INC4'], 'T3': ['INC2']}

The first for loop iterates through dic2 and sets the location required to the variable loc. The next one iterates through the lists (values) and adds them to a delete list.
At the end of each loop, it iterates through the delete list, removing each element from the value list, and then setting delete to an empty list.
I am also relatively new to python so I am sure there could be efficiency issues.

A: This is essentially the same as the other answers but as a one-liner, it may be more readable (maybe not, since it's subjective).
{k: [el] for k, v in dic2.items() for el in v if (el in dic3.keys() and dic3[el]['location'] in dic1[k])}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Transaxial positron emission tomography with fludeoxyglucose F 18 image (A) and coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance image (B) of patient 8, with left temporal hypometabolism (arrows) and normal hippocampal quantitative magnetic resonance imaging results.
Background The relationship between reduced glucose metabolism in positron emission tomography with fludeoxyglucose F 18 ([18F]FDG-PET) and hippocampal damage (HD) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is still unclear.
Objective To determine whether the presence and severity of HD verified by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (QMRI) and histopathological analysis affect the degree of hypometabolism.
Patients and Methods Sixteen patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy underwent [18F]FDG-PET and QMRI (hippocampal volumetry and T2 relaxometry) before surgery. Histopathological analysis of the hippocampus included measurements of neuronal loss, proliferation of glial cells, and mossy fiber sprouting. The asymmetry in glucose metabolism described the degree of hypometabolism.
Results Temporal hypometabolism was not related to severity of HD as measured by QMRI or histopathological analysis. The degree of hypometabolism did not differ in patients with mild, moderate, or severe HD. In addition, [18F]FDG-PET revealed significant temporal hypometabolism even though hippocampal QMRI findings were normal or showed only mild HD. Thus, glucose consumption was reduced over and above the histopathological changes.
Conclusions [18F]FDG-PET is sensitive for localizing the epileptogenic region in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. However, it is insensitive to reflect the severity of HD.
Reduced HCV in QMRI has been shown to be related to histopathologically verified neuronal loss, whereas prolonged HCT2 is assumed to reflect the increased proliferation of glial cells in the hippocampus.11,12 However, the pathophysiological basis of the reduced glucose metabolism is still unclear. At least the severity of HCV loss in QMRI has been assumed to be unrelated to the temporal hypometabolism.13 Furthermore, a few studies have found no correlation between the histopathologically verified HD and hypometabolism,14-17 although the results have been contradictory.13-19 Therefore, we wanted to find out whether the relationship exists and whether [18F]FDG-PET could lateralize the epileptogenic region in patients with TLE even when hippocampal QMRI shows normal findings or only mild HD.
Sixteen patients (5 women and 11 men), all of whom underwent surgery because of intractable TLE, were preoperatively investigated with [18F]FDG-PET in the Turku PET Centre, Turku, Finland. Their mean (SD) age was 32.8 (10.9) years (median, 31.0 years); mean (SD) age at the onset of epilepsy was 15.9 (11.8) years (range, 0.8-43.0 years; median, 14.0 years), and mean (SD) duration of TLE was 17.0 (14.0) years (median, 13.0 years). Clinical data are presented in Table 1.
The presurgical evaluation was performed by the Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland, epilepsy surgery team according to the method described previously.20,21 Fifteen of 16 operations were preoperatively evaluated as curative (unilateral TLE with a good outcome), and 1 was a palliative procedure (only a reduction in seizure frequency expected). The palliative operation was performed after careful patient counseling of the expected outcome and in agreement with the patient. The histopathological analyses of resected tissues were performed at the A.I. Virtanen Institute in Kuopio.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The ethics committees of Turku University Central Hospital and Kuopio University Hospital approved the clinical and imaging parts of the protocol. The National Board of Medical Legal Affairs approved the use of human tissue for histopathological analysis.
The PET study was carried out with an 8-ring whole-body PET scanner (ECAT 931/08-I2; Siemens/CTI, Knoxville, Tenn), and the [18F]FDG was prepared according to methods described previously.20-23 We used the values for the same healthy volunteers as in earlier studies.20,21 Elliptical regions of interest, with an average size of 0.5 × 2.0 cm, were placed individually in the lateral temporal neocortical gyri (superior, middle, and inferior temporal) and in the medial temporal lobe (covering the hippocampus and part of the amygdala) in addition to the regions shown in Table 2. The locations of regions of interest in different brain areas were defined using anatomical atlases and patients' MRI scans. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates (rCMRgluc in micromoles per milliliter per minute) were calculated according to the method of Patlak and Blasberg.24 The left-right asymmetry (asymmetry index [AI]) of rCMRgluc was measured for all pairs of homologous regions of the hemispheres using the widely used formula: AI = (L − R) × 100/([L + R]/2)%. The AI was used to indicate the region of hypometabolism and also to describe the degree of hypometabolism. Regions of interest with the greatest AIs showing the hypometabolic area ipsilaterally (ipsilateral referring to the side of the surgical lobe) in each of the 3 lateral temporal neocortical gyri and in the medial temporal lobe were selected when calculating comparisons between the results of hippocampal QMRI and histopathological analyses. Also the left-right ratio in glucose utilization in each temporal area was calculated, as the HCV ratio is usually determined in the same way. Data from controls were analyzed in the same manner by the investigator (S.L.) analyzing the patient data. When calculating the mean AIs, the absolute AI ( = |AI|) was used.
Results of histopathological analysis of resected hippocampus samples were available for 15 of 16 patients. Hippocampal tissue was histologically analyzed in patients and controls in the same manner as described previously.25-28 In each case, the sum score of the density of neurons and the severity of astrogliosis can vary between 0 and 15 (the density of neurons: sum score 1-5 indicates mild damage; 6-10, moderate damage; and 11-15, severe damage; and the severity of astrogliosis: sum score 1-5, mild gliosis; 6-10, moderate gliosis; and 11-15, severe gliosis). The density of mossy fiber sprouting was scored from 0 to 5.29 If the score was lower than 2, the severity of mossy fiber sprouting was considered mild; 2 to 3, moderate, and 4 to 5, severe.
Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the histopathological findings, counting the sum scores of neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and mossy fiber sprouting together. In patients with mild HD, the maximum total sum score was 11 (5 + 5 + 1 = 11); in patients with moderate HD, the minimum total sum score was 14 (6 + 6 + 2) and the maximum was 23 (10 + 10 + 3); and in patients with severe HD, the minimum total sum score was 26 (11 + 11 + 4).
Preoperative HCV and HCT2 were available for all patients. The method used to measure HCV and HCT2 has been described previously.12,30,31 Briefly, the individuals were scanned with a 1.5-T Magnetom SP63 (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a standard head coil and a tilted coronal 3-dimensional gradient-echo sequence (MP-RAGE: repetition time, 10 milliseconds; echo time, 4 milliseconds; inversion time, 250 milliseconds; flip angle, 12°; field of view, 250 mm; matrix, 256 × 192; and 1 acquisition). This gave 128 T1-weighted slices (thickness, 1.5-1.8 mm) oriented at right angles to the long axis of the hippocampus.
To evaluate the significance of the asymmetry, the confidence interval was calculated.20 Similar to earlier studies,3,20,32,33 [18F]FDG-PET results with metabolic asymmetries exceeding 15% in at least 2 adjacent image planes in any region of the brain were considered significant. In hippocampal QMRI, the reference range for all variables was defined as 2 SDs above and below the control mean (for normalized HCV [nHCV]: <2500 mm3 in the left side and <2717 mm3 in the right side; for HCT2: >109 milliseconds34). Statistical analysis was performed using Origin software (version 5.0; Microcal Software Inc, Northampton, Mass). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to determine the relationships between the results of [18F]FDG-PET, hippocampal QMRI, and histopathological analyses. The t test was used to determine when results of [18F]FDG-PET and hippocampal QMRI differed statistically from the values of the controls. The Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used when calculating the comparisons shown in Table 3. The level of significance was set at P<.05.
Electroencephalography with sphenoidal electrodes lateralized seizure onsets unilaterally in the lateral temporal neocortical areas, the medial temporal lobe, or both in 5 patients and with foramen ovale electrodes in the medial temporal lobe in 1 patient (patient 5). In electroencephalography with subdural electrodes, epileptiform activity originated from the lateral temporal neocortical areas and the medial temporal lobe in 5 patients, only from the medial temporal lobe in patient 2, and bitemporally in patient 4.
Mild HD (range of the total sum scores of the histopathological analysis, 7-11) was found in 3 patients (patients 2, 10, and 13), moderate HD (range, 14-21) in 4 patients (patients 1, 8, 11, and 15), and severe HD (range, 27-34) in 8 patients. The differences in the mean sum scores of the histopathological analyses between these groups were significant except the difference in the mean sum score of the severity of mossy fiber sprouting between patients with mild or moderate HD (Table 3).
Table 2 summarizes separately the mean rCMRgluc and AIs in all determined brain regions in patients and controls. In controls, there were no significant differences in the mean left and right rCMRgluc values in any temporal areas or in other brain areas. In patients, the mean rCMRgluc was reduced by 4% to 33% from the control mean in all brain regions. However, the mean AIs in brain regions other than the temporal areas did not differ from those of the controls (Table 2).
[18F]FDG-PET lateralized the epileptogenic zone in agreement with the surgical lobe in 88% (14/16) of the patients. Patient 10 had visually reduced uptake of [18F]FDG in the ipsilateral temporal area but, quantitatively, the AI (12%) did not reach the cutoff threshold of 15%. In patient 16, [18F]FDG-PET revealed a wide hypometabolic area covering all the right temporal areas and the right parietal lobe (Table 4).
In 3 patient groups with differing severity of HD, the mean AIs were significantly different from the control mean in all temporal areas except in the inferior temporal gyrus in patients with mild HD (P = .09) and in the superior temporal gyrus in patients with moderate HD (P = .12) (Table 3).
In 8 of 16 patients, the ipsilateral, and in 2 of the 8 patients also the contralateral, nHCV was reduced significantly. Patient 15 had contralaterally reduced nHCV. In 10 (62%) of 16 patients, the ipsilateral, and in 2 of these 10 the contralateral, HCT2 was also prolonged significantly (Table 4).
In 7 of 16 patients, the ipsilateral nHCV and HCT2 were at least 2 SDs from the control mean, whereas in 4 patients, either ipsilateral nHCV or HCT2 was normal, indicating only a mild HD according to QMRI. Thus, hippocampal QMRI was congruent with the surgical lobe in 69% (11/16) of the patients. In patient 2, HCT2 was prolonged, and a tumor was found in the medial temporal lobe. In addition to bilateral HD, patient 7 had focal cortical dysplasia in the lateral temporal neocortex. In 5 (31%) of 16 patients, nHCV and HCT2 were referred normal. One of these 5 patients (patient 13) had focal cortical dysplasia in the lateral temporal cortex (Table 4).
Three patients with histopathologically verified mild HD also had significantly milder changes in the mean nHCV and HCT2 than the 2 other groups (Table 3). The mean HCT2 in patients with moderate or severe HD and the mean nHCV in patients with severe HD differed significantly from the control means (P<.001 for HCT2 and nHCV in patients with severe HD; P<.01 for HCT2 in patients with moderate HD). The mean nHCV has been compared with the left HCV of controls (Table 3).
All patients with abnormal and 3 of 5 patients with normal hippocampal QMRI results had ipsilateral temporal hypometabolism. Figure 1 shows patient 8 with normal findings of QMRI but abnormal findings of [18F]FDG-PET.
The left-right ratio and AI in [18F]FDG-PET correlated significantly with the left-right ratio in nHCVs in all temporal areas except the superior temporal gyrus (Table 5). However, the AI in any temporal area was not significantly related to the ipsilateral nHCV even though the relation was studied only in the 11 patients with preoperatively well-established HD in QMRI (data not shown).
The left-right ratio and AI in [18F]FDG-PET and the left-right ratio in HCT2 were significantly inversely related in all temporal areas (Table 5). However, the AI in any temporal area was not associated with ipsilateral HCT2 even when the relation in patients with abnormal hippocampal QMRI findings was studied separately (data not shown).
In no patients was the AI in either lateral temporal neocortical gyri or the medial temporal lobe related significantly to any aspects of the histopathologically verified HD: severity of neuronal loss, proliferation of glial cells, or sprouting of mossy fiber (data not shown). In addition, AIs between patients with differing severity of HD did not differ significantly in any of the temporal areas (Table 3).
The surgical outcome after at least a 1-year follow-up was evaluated according to Engel.35 In patients with a preoperatively assumed good outcome, 12 of 15 became seizure free (9 patients were totally seizure free, class Ia, and 3 patients experienced auras only after surgery, class Ib). One patient was initially seizure free but now has rare seizures (class IIa, <3 seizures per year). The seizure reduction was worthwhile (class IIIa, at least 80% seizure reduction) in 2 patients (patients 4 and 11). Patient 16 had no worthwhile seizure reduction (class IVa) (Table 4).
Because of the bilateral seizure onsets in patient 4, surgery was considered to be palliative. The patient still benefited from surgery (class IIIa) (Table 4).
In this study, temporal hypometabolism even in the medial temporal lobe was shown not to reflect the severity of HD verified by QMRI (volumetry and T2 relaxometry) or histopathological analysis. However, [18F]FDG-PET was lateralizing, even when hippocampal QMRI findings were normal or showed only mild HD in patients with drug-resistant TLE.
The greatest utility of PET is in patients with normal or uncertain findings in QMRI. In the present study, 31% of patients had normally defined HCV or HCT2. However, [18F]FDG-PET lateralized the epileptogenic zone in 60% of these patients when the generally applied cutoff threshold (15%) in asymmetry was used, thus suggesting the usefulness of [18F]FDG-PET in these patients. In addition, 4 patients with only mild changes in hippocampal QMRI still showed clear reduction in glucose metabolism. An AI of more than 15% was chosen to avoid false-positive findings32 and to predict good surgical outcome.33 If based solely on the results of our controls, a cutoff threshold of 10% was used, 1 patient with normal hippocampal QMRI findings and visibly reduced uptake of [18F]FDG would also have had a quantitatively significant result.
There were some limitations to our study. The spatial resolution of our PET camera did not allow detection of the hippocampus as well as a scanner with better resolution would have done. The partial volume effect or spillover activity of surrounding tissues might have affected the values of glucose consumption, at least in the medial temporal lobe ipsilateral to the epileptic hippocampus with reduced volume. In addition, the PET studies were oriented in the orbitomeatal line, which might not be optimal for studying the medial temporal lobe. Patients also had diverse etiologies and electroencephalographic findings. However, the hippocampus was carefully analyzed after surgery. Because 2 patients with histopathologically moderate HD had normal hippocampal QMRI findings, the question of the ability of QMRI to detect mild to moderate damage is also raised.
Our study provides a detailed analysis of the presence and severity of HD and its relationship to the degree of hypometabolism in patients with TLE.
Accepted for publication December 4, 2000.
This study was financially supported by the Finnish Neurological Association, the Finnish Instrumentarium Foundation, the Turku University Foundation, the Research Foundation of Orion Corporation (Espoo, Finland), and the Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation (Helsinki, Finland).
We are grateful to Prof Asla Pitkänen for data on the histopathological analysis of resected tissue and to the staff of the Turku PET Centre for their assistance.
Corresponding author and reprints: Juha Rinne, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland (e-mail: juha.rinne@pet.tyks.fi).


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Homepage > Art News > Shanghai Minsheng Art Museum announces "Yang Jiechang: 3 Souls 7 Spirits" opening on Nov. 6
Shanghai Minsheng Art Museum announces "Yang Jiechang: 3 Souls 7 Spirits" opening on Nov. 6
Shanghai Minsheng Art Museum is honored to announce Yang Jiechang's large-scale solo exhibition 3 Souls 7 Spirits opening on November 6, 2019. The exhibition presents 20 groups of major works created over the last thirty years and puts the emphasis on Yang's oeuvre as a painter. Yet, next to 14 sets of paintings and calligraphies it includes also 2 installations and 3 videos. The exhibition is curated by Martina Koeppel-Yang.
Yang Jiecang, Stranger than Paradise - Red Grotto, 2009, ink and mineral colors on silk, mounted on canvas, 95.5 x 121.5 cm
3 Souls 7 Spirits is the title of Yang Jiechang's large-scale solo exhibition at Shanghai Minsheng Art Museum, and it is the name of one of his masterful calligraphies present in the exhibition, too. The motto originally describes the daoist concept of the essence of the human soul. As title of Yang's solo exhibition and as calligraphy, it hints to two fundamental elements in his oeuvre: the use of the calligraphic brush and the emphasis on spiritual values, which he appreciates for their universality. It is a kind of pragmatic spirituality, anchored in the here and now, similar to the one evident in Chinese literati culture, where contemplation and self- cultivation are as much an act of participation in worldly affairs as governing.
Yang Jiecang, I Still Remember,1997- 2019, calligraphy, ink on Xuan paper, 18 rolls, each roll 320 x 145 cm
Yang Jiechang's main tool to actively take part in our contemporary world is the Chinese brush. He has been using a variety of artistic media throughout his career, yet painting and calligraphy are at the centre of his creation. He however does not consider himself an ink painter or calligrapher but rather a contemporary literati and painting for him is an act of participation. After his emigration to Europe in 1988, Yang was quasi naturally attracted by romanticism, in particular German romanticism with its subjective quest for spirituality, its love for nature and the search for the obscure and unfinished. Both, Eastern spirituality and romanticism are present in his oeuvre on a conceptual and on an aesthetic level from very early on, for example in his Hundred Layers of Ink series (1989 – 1999).
The exhibition will open to public on November 7th, 2019 and run until February 9th, 2020.
Yang Jiechang was born in Foshan (Canton, China) in 1956. He grew up during the Cultural Revolution and the beginning of his artistic career coincided with China's political opening in the late 1970s and 1980s. His first appearance in Europe and trigger for his emigration was his participation in the exhibition Magiciens de la terre in the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris in 1989. Yang was trained in the techniques of paper mounting, calligraphy and traditional Chinese painting at the Fine Arts Academy Guangzhou (1978 -1982), where he taught until 1988. Living in Paris and Heidelberg (Germany) since 1989 he participated in numerous exhibitions around the globe:
Magiciens de la terre (Centre Pompidou, Paris, 1989), Chine demain pour hier (France 1990), Silent Energy (MoMA Oxford, 1993), Shenzhen International Ink Biennial (1998, 2000, 2002), Shanghai Biennale (Shanghai 1999/2015), Pause – Gwanju Biennial (Korea, 2002), Zone of Urgency – 50th Venice Biennial (2003), Guangzhou Triennal (Canton, China, 2003/2005), La Force de l'Art – 1st Paris Triennial (Paris, 2006), Liverpool Biennal (Liverpool, 2007), Istanbul Biennal (Istanbul, 2007), Lyon Biennale (Lyon, France, 2009), Moscow Biennial (Moscow, 2009), Ink Art, Past as Present in Contemporary China (Metropolitan Museum, New York, 2013), French May (Hong Kong 2001/2015), Carambolages (Grand Palais, Paris 2016), The Street,(MAXXI, Rome, 2018), Art and China after 1989: Theater of the World (Guggenheim Museum, New York/Bilbao/Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, 2017-2018).
Martina Koeppel-Yang is an independent scholar and curator. She works in the field of contemporary Chinese art since the mid-1980s and has written extensively on the subject. Her book Semiotic Warfare – The Chinese Avant-garde 1979 – 1989, a Semiotic Analysis (Hong Kong: timezone 8, 2003) is a reference book on the Chinese art of the 1980s.
Her exhibitions include: Leased Legacy – Hong Kong 1997 (Museum for Arts and Crafts, Frankfurt, Germany, 1997), Infiltration: Idylls and Visions (Guangdong Museum of Art, Guangzhou 2006), Surplus Value and Accumulation – Canton Express (Tang Contemporary, Beijing, 2006), Ink-Life-Taste the 5th Shenzhen International Ink Painting Biennale (Shenzhen, 2006), The Street is My Heart – Adel Abdessemed ( Libreria Borges, Guangzhou 2007) Onda Anomala part of Manifesta 7 (Trento, Italy 2008), Becoming Intense, Becoming Animal, Becoming …(Heidelberg University 2009), Advance through Retreat (Rockbund Museum of Art, Shanghai 2014), The Writings of Today are a Promise for Tomorrow – Yangjiang Group (Palazzo Morosini, Venice, 2015), 7+1 Luckily you are here (CIGE, Beijing 2015), Xiao Kaiyu – Inside and Outside the Window (Bonacon/ Guangzhou 2017), Heimat- The First Guang'an international Field Art Biennial (Guang'an 2018), Six Two Zen – Yang Jiechang (Tang Contemporary, Beijing 2018), I giardini possibili/The possible gardens – Tian Dexi (Cherimus, Sardinia, 2019), Images du Lingnan, (Centre Culture! de la Chine a Paris, 2019)
Opening: November 6th, 2019, 4pm
Duration: November 7th, 2019-February 9th, 2020(Closed every Monday)
Host: Shanghai Minsheng Art Museum
Address: Building 3, No.210, Wenshui Road Jingan District, Shanghai
Courtesy of the artist and Shanghai Minsheng Art Museum, for further information please visit www.minshengart.com.


Blockchain reputation systems have the potential to change how we think about our digital (and real) reputations. What would it mean to have a universal rating tied to our identity? Is it good or bad?
With smart contracts and multisig technologies, we now have the ingredients to make this a reality.
The main advantages (and potential disadvantage) of blockchains, is that the information inside them is almost impossible to alter, especially on larger ones like Bitcoins. So in terms of reputation systems, one of the main objections is that every bad decision or mistake you make throughout your life would be up there forever. Every stupid teenage choice or impulsive action could have far reaching consequences down the road. You could also argue that this may change peoples behaviour if they know it's in public view.
So, aside from recording every bad thing you've ever done, these systems also have the potential to catalogue all the positive actions too, balancing out your public character. For example, it'd be possible to use smart contracts to prove things like punctuality at a workplace, or donating to charities, paying bills on time, volunteering to good causes, successfully meeting deadlines etc - all things that are generally thought as positive markers for trustworthiness. You could even add a vouching system on top of it.
In a broader sense, this may shift what we think of as reputation, accepting that everyone makes mistakes and that singular errors generally don't define who we are.
One massive challenge will be key management. There'd need to be ways to keep your identity secure, so others cannot fraudulently manipulate your digital reputation. I could imagine it taking the shape of a hardware passport, that signs new transactions for you, and has multiple levels of authentication.
I haven't made my mind up whether this kind of system would be positive, or completely Orwellien. It seems that we are heading for digital identity and reputation systems regardless, so, if there was a decentralized, blockchain based system were each person owns the keys to their own identities, then maybe that'd be better than centralized alternatives? It could potentially add a new level of transparency and accountability, especially for those people and places that don't like such things.