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Home » Upcoming fire and life safety code changes
Upcoming fire and life safety code changes
An overview of code changes included in the 2021 editions of NFPA 99 and NFPA 101
Jonathan Hart, PE, SASHE, CHC
Operational changes pertaining to fire alarms are included in the 2021 edition of NFPA 101.
Image courtesy of ASHE
The current focus within the health care field is primarily concentrated on how facilities can cope with the demands placed upon the system by COVID-19. Modern day emphasis on infection control in the physical environment is of the utmost concern, and rightfully so.
However, regardless of how long it takes to return to normal, this new, harrowing reality should not deter health care facilities professionals and other key decision makers from protecting patients and staff from equally important fire and other life safety issues now and into the future.
Research project studies fire doors
Two of the field's most important codes with critical requirements for optimizing building and life safety — the National Fire Protection Association's NFPA 99, Health Care Facilities Code, and NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code® — are set to have new editions released later this year.
The changes within these two essential documents will impact the health care physical environment for years to come. An overview of these changes includes the following:
NFPA 99. The 2021 edition of NFPA 99 continues to build upon the risk-based approach first introduced in the 2012 edition of the code and incrementally improved in the revision process ever since. While major technical changes may have been sparse in the 2015 and 2018 editions of NFPA 99, the proposed 2021 edition is slated to feature several significant technical changes that will impact the design and operation of health care facilities moving forward.
The upcoming edition of the code reflects more than 200 revisions, with the following being among the most noteworthy.
Microgrid technology has been growing in popularity and has now found its way into the code. This allows for facilities to utilize a variety of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that act as a single controllable entity. It permits systems that can switch between power sources in a manner that maximizes efficiency and, when designed correctly, can provide increased reliability and enhance a facility's resiliency capabilities. The language being added to NFPA 99 is not overly prescriptive — much will still be left to a qualified design professional — but the code does provide the performance criteria that must be met for these systems to be a source for an essential electrical system.
Another major change to electrical system requirements per the code is a new section related to providing a preventative electrical maintenance program. This detailed section provides specific criteria and intervals for inspection, testing and maintenance activities on equipment and distribution system components.
While NFPA 99 has long included criteria for power components such as generators, a new section ensures that all major components are maintained.
The code has long included criteria for components that are part of the emergency power supply system, such as generators and transfer switches, and also applies to receptacles and line isolation monitors, but this new section goes beyond that to ensure that all major components of the system are maintained.
Many facilities will already have programs in place that meet these requirements because it is considered a critical utility, but it is still recommended that facilities professionals review the criteria in full once it is available to ensure that documentation, record keeping and intervals all align with this new section of NFPA 99.
In the area of medical gas and vacuum systems, what may be the most significant update is the need for a facility to designate a "responsible facility authority." This individual will have primary responsibility for implementation of the piped medical gas and vacuum system requirements of the code. It is likely that for the majority of facilities this will be the individual currently responsible for the systems.
Sprinkler System Support Analysis
The code requirements will spell out specific qualifications needed for the individual, as well as a detailed list of specific responsibilities concerning the gas and vacuum systems. Among the stated responsibilities is the development and management of a permit-to-work strategy for gas and vacuum systems that is intended to ensure that any work performed on the systems is done in as safe a manner as possible.
Also in NFPA 99, another attempt was made to clarify the implementation and use of risk assessments. No major changes to the approach have been made in the new code; and it continues to remain an area of confusion, contention and, oftentimes, both.
For the 2021 edition, risk assessment content has been revised to state clearly that risk categories only need to be determined for new or altered systems and equipment. The document also now states directly that a higher risk category can be used. These may seem like minor adjustments, but when considered alongside the incremental improvements since the 2012 edition, it is important to note that the application of risk assessments is becoming clearer.
The prevention of fires in the operating room was another issue to see changes in NFPA 99.
Images courtesy of ASHE
The prevention of operating room (OR) fires was another topic to see some changes in this edition of NFPA 99. Requirements that solution-soaked materials be removed from the OR prior to surgery have been revised to reflect removal of the materials from the patient care vicinity.
The prior requirement to remove material from the OR altogether was seen as excessive and also had the potential to have negative impacts on infection control measures. Per the 2021 edition of the code, the flammable-liquid soaked materials that need to be removed from the patient care vicinity can now be placed in a standard trash receptacle.
Facilities have also been given some relief from dealing with discussions about signage and exact wording from the NFPA 99 code.
Code allowances have been added to permit existing signage in rooms containing stored medical gases — unless the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) determines that the existing signage constitutes a distinct hazard to life. The goal of this is to not just allow any signage but rather to bypass updating that signage when code requirements slightly revise language or when an older sign says a slightly different variation of "No Smoking."
Hospitals will need to designate a "responsible facility authority" for medical gas and vacuum systems.
NFPA 101. The 2021 edition of NFPA 101, which will also be released later this year, has several updates that should be on the radar of health care engineers well before the code becomes officially adopted. Oftentimes, high-impact changes come from the standards referenced within the code, but in this case the changes highlighted come directly from NFPA 101.
The first change will likely be seen as a positive improvement for those involved in the operation of health care facilities, and it's one that might put some old arguments to bed. It relates to occupant notification and now states that where private operating mode is used for a fire alarm system, alarm notification appliances are not required in patient care spaces where such alerts might adversely affect patient care.
This sounds similar to what was previously referenced in the code, but past editions allowed for visible alarm indicating devices in lieu of audible alarms for these spaces. This change allows for the omission of both audible and visual notification devices in these spaces and aligns with the requirements found in NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code®; NFPA 99; and NFPA 101.
The next change has some relation to this update and is something that has often been questioned regarding fire drills, the transmission of alarms and the activation of notification appliances.
The first part of this change is that the language requiring fire drills no longer includes the words "transmission of a fire alarm signal" and instead says that the drills need to include the simulation of emergency fire conditions and activation of the fire alarm systems notification appliances (with one exception discussed below).
This revision intends to clarify that the intention is not to confirm a signal being sent to emergency forces as some AHJs have enforced, but rather to drill the internal response. The system's ability to send signals to the correct location is confirmed in the routine testing activities detailed by NFPA 72.
The second part of the changes to fire drill requirements is a modification to the language for drills conducted between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m., which now allows for a coded announcement instead of activating the notification appliances.
The previous language allowed for the coded announcement instead of audible alarms, which often led to mixed interpretations over whether or not the visible appliances still needed to be activated.
The change makes it clear that for these overnight fire drills, a coded announcement is sufficient and the fire alarm notification appliances do not need to be activated.
Facilities professionals will benefit from code changes related to alcohol-based hand rub dispensers.
Another change that should be welcomed by those responsible for the daily operations of health care facilities is one that is related to alcohol-based hand rub dispensers.
This point was championed by the American Society for Health Care Engineering. A requirement in previous editions of NFPA 101 that required these dispensers to be tested in accordance with the manufacturer's care and use instructions each time that a new refill was installed has been removed from the code.
The intent of the removal is that the instructions for testing were vague and varied among manufacturers, and possibly generated some confusion. It was additionally argued that a simple functional test, after a refill, should be sufficient to mitigate the major concern — the emptying of the container and pooling of the alcohol-based hand rub.
Likewise, soiled linen and trash receptacle requirements are getting more relaxed in the 2021 edition of NFPA 101. Previous requirements for these receptacles were based on 32-gallon maximums, which has now been increased to 64 gallons, with allowances for even larger ones to be used. When not attended to, those with capacities greater than 64 gallons need to be located in a hazardous area. For those under 64 gallons, there is no requirement for them to be located in a hazardous location when not attended.
Additionally, previous density limitations have been removed. A task group contributed to this change and highlighted a number of supporting reasons for the change, including the size of many standard patient recycling containers in use, NFPA research and the fact that 64 gallons aligns with hazardous area requirements.
With summer fast approaching, the final change covered in this article may not register as a top-of-mind consideration, but there is a noteworthy revision in the code to the requirements for portable space heaters.
The limitations are largely the same, but when it comes to the specifics of the device, the space heaters will now need to be listed as freestanding, movable heaters in accordance with UL 1278.
This replaces the previous requirement that the heating element not exceed 212 F, which was one test of many for radiant heaters using ferrous metal elements; this reference did not address all heaters.
Using a listed or labeled device will set the acceptable device performance and will allow for enforcement without having to measure temperatures.
Changes coming
These are some of the changes that are coming in the 2021 editions of NFPA 99 and NFPA 101. With more than 200 changes to the 2021 codes, there are certainly many more with which facilities professionals must become acquainted.
Facilities professionals can access more information on NFPA 99 and on NFPA 101 online.
On any given day, any of these changes could be significant to health facilities professionals. While there is never a dull moment in the world of facilities management, keeping an eye on the future is paramount.
A forward-thinking and a strong consensus-building process ensures optimal safety for patients and staff, while being mindful of flexibility in the design and operation of health care facilities.
Jonathan R. Hart, PE, SASHE, CHC, is technical lead for fire protection engineering at the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Mass. He can be reached at jhart@nfpa.org.
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Chapter 166 – Subdivision Regulations
166.01 PURPOSE.
166.02 JURISDICTION.
166.03 DEFINITIONS.
166.04 APPROVAL PROCEDURE.
166.05 SUBDIVISION DESIGN STANDARDS.
166.06 STREET DESIGN STANDARDS.
166.07 BLOCK DESIGN STANDARDS.
166.08 LOT DESIGN STANDARDS.
166.09 REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS.
166.10 APPROVAL OF FINAL PLAT, AND FINAL ACCEPTANCE OF IMPROVEMENTS.
166.11 PRELIMINARY PLAT REQUIREMENTS.
166.12 FINAL PLAT REQUIREMENTS.
166.13 FEES.
166.14 VARIATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS.
166.15 CHANGES AND AMENDMENTS.
160.16 ENFORCEMENT.
It is deemed essential to establish minimum standards for the design and development of all new subdivisions so that existing developments will be protected and so that adequate provisions are made for public utilities and other public requirements and to improve the health, safety and general welfare.
In accordance with the provisions of Chapter 354 of the Code of Iowa, these regulations are adopted by the City governing the subdivision of all lands within the corporate limits of the City, and pursuant to Section 354.9, governing subdivisions of all lands within two miles of the corporate limits.
(Ord. 629 – May 07 Supp.)
For the purpose of this chapter, certain terms and words are herein defined:
"Block" means an area of land within a subdivision that is entirely bounded by streets, highways, or ways, except alleys; or by streets, highways or ways, except alleys and the exterior boundary or boundaries of the subdivision.
"Building lines" shall be shown on all lots intended for residential use of any character, and on commercial and industrial lots when required by ordinance. Such building lines shall not be less than required by the zoning regulations. Where the subdivided area is not under zoning control, the Commission shall require building lines in accordance with the needs of each addition.
"Commission" means the Planning and Zoning Commission of the City.
"Cul-de-sac" means a short, minor street, having one end open to motor traffic, the other end being permanently terminated by a vehicular turn-around.
"Easement" means a grant by the property owner of the use for a specific purpose, of a strip of land by the general public, a corporation, or a certain person or persons, and within the limits of which the owner of the fee shall not erect any permanent structures but shall have the right to make any other use of the land subject to such easement which is not inconsistent with the rights of the grantee. Public utilities shall have the right to trim or remove trees which interfere with the use of such easements.
"Engineer" means a registered engineer authorized to practice civil engineering, as defined by the Registration Act of the State of Iowa.
"Lot" means a portion of a subdivision or other parcel of land intended for the purpose, whether immediate or future, of transfer of ownership or for building development.
"Performance bond" means a surety bond or cash deposit made to the City in an amount equal to the full cost of the improvements which are required by this chapter, such cost being estimated by the City Engineer, and the surety bond or cash deposit being legally sufficient to secure to the City that the improvements will be constructed in accordance with this chapter.
"Plat" means a map, drawing or chart on which the subdivider's plan of the subdivision is presented and which the subdivider submits for approval and intends in final form to record.
"Roadway" means that portion of the street available for vehicular traffic, and where curbs are laid, the portion from back to back of curbs.
"Street, marginal access" means a street that is parallel to and adjacent to a major thoroughfare or highway; and which provides access to abutting properties and protection from through traffic.
"Street, minor" means a street used primarily for access to the abutting properties.
"Streets, collector" means those which carry traffic from minor streets to the major system of arterial streets and highways, including the principal entrance streets of a residential development and streets for circulation within such a development.
"Subdivision" means the division of land into three or more lots for the purpose, whether immediate or future, of transfer of ownership or building development; or any change in existing street lines or public easement. The term, when appropriate to the context, relates to the process of subdividing or to the land subdivided, or the resubdivision of land heretofore divided or platted into lots or other divisions of land, or if a new street is involved, any division of land.
"Surveyor" means a registered surveyor authorized to practice surveying, as defined by the Registration Act of the State of Iowa.
"Thoroughfare, major" means a street used primarily for fast, large-volume traffic.
Subdivision approval procedure is as follows:
Owner Responsibility to File Plat. Whenever the owner of any tract or parcel of land within the jurisdiction of this chapter wishes to subdivide or plat the same, said person shall cause to be prepared a preliminary plat of said subdivision, and shall submit three copies of said preliminary plat and other information to the Clerk. The preliminary plat shall contain such information and data as is outlined in Section 166.11.
City Engineer Review. The Clerk shall immediately refer copies of the preliminary plat to the Commission and to the City Engineer. The City Engineer shall carefully examine the plat as to its compliance with the ordinances of the City, the existing street system, and good engineering practices and shall, as soon as possible, submit his or her findings to the Commission.
Commission Review and Recommendation. After receiving the City Engineer's report, the Commission shall study the preliminary plat and other material for conformity to this chapter. The Commission may confer with the subdivider on changes deemed advisable and the kind and extent of such improvements to be made. The Commission shall approve or reject such plan within 45 days after the date of submission thereof to the Commission. If the Commission does not act within 45 days, the preliminary plat shall be deemed to be approved; provided, however, the subdivider may agree to an extension of the time for a period not to exceed 60 days. The approval of the preliminary plat by the Commission shall be null and void unless the final plat is presented to the Commission within 180 days after date of approval.
Public Hearing. Before approving or rejecting a preliminary plat, the Commission may, at its discretion, hold a public hearing on the proposed plat, notice of which shall be given by publication in a local newspaper of general distribution, or by posting notices on the tract, or by sending notices to affected property owners by mail. Such notice shall be given within seven days prior to the public hearing.
The standards and details of design herein contained are intended only as minimum requirements so that the general arrangement and layout of a subdivision may be adjusted to a wide variety of circumstances. However, in the design and development of a plat, the subdivider shall use standards consistent with the site conditions so as to assure an economical, pleasant and durable neighborhood.
Street design standards are as follows:
Comprehensive Plan. All proposed plats and subdivisions shall conform to the Comprehensive Plan of the City.
Continuation of Existing Streets. Proposed streets shall provide for continuation or completion of any existing streets (constructed or recorded) in adjoining property, at equal or greater width, but not less than 50 feet in width, and in similar alignment, unless variations are recommended by the Commission.
Circulation. The street pattern shall provide ease of circulation within the subdivision as well as convenient access to adjoining streets, thoroughfares or unsubdivided land, as may be required by the Commission. In a case where a street will eventually be extended beyond the plat, but is temporarily dead-ended, an interim turnaround may be required.
Street Intersections. Street intersections shall be as nearly at right angles as possible.
Cul-de-sac. Whenever a cul-de-sac is permitted, such street shall be no longer than 600 feet and shall be provided at the closed end with a turnaround having a street property line diameter of at least 105 feet in the case of residential subdivisions. The right-of-way width of the street leading to the turnaround shall be a minimum of 50 feet. The property line at the intersection of the turnaround and the lead-in portion of the street shall be rounded at a radius of not less than 25 feet. A turnaround diameter greater than 100 feet may be required by the Commission in the case of commercial or industrial subdivisions if it is deemed necessary.
Street Names. All newly platted streets shall be named in a manner conforming to the prevailing street naming system. A proposed street that is obviously in alignment with other existing streets, or with a street that may logically be extended although the various portions be at a considerable distance from each other, shall bear the same name. Names of new streets shall be subject to the approval of the Commission in order to avoid duplication or close similarity of names.
Physical and Cultural Features. In general, streets shall be platted with appropriate regard for topography, creeks, wooded areas, and other natural features which would lend themselves to attractive treatment.
Half Streets. Dedication of half streets will be discouraged. Where there exists a dedicated or platted half street or alley adjacent to the tract to be subdivided, the other half shall be platted if deemed necessary by the Commission.
Alleys. Alleys may be required in business areas and industrial districts for adequate access to block interiors and for off-street loading and parking purposes. Except where justified by unusual conditions, alleys will not be approved in residential districts. Dead-end alleys shall be provided with a means of turning around at the dead end thereof.
Easements. Easements for utilities shall be provided along rear or side lot lines or along alleys, if needed. Whenever any stream or important surface watercourse is located in an area that is being subdivided, the subdivider shall, at the subdivider's own expense, make adequate provision for widening the channel so that it will properly carry the surface water, and shall provide and dedicate to the City an easement along each side of the stream, which easement shall be for the purpose of widening, improving, or protecting the stream. The width of such easement shall not be less than 20 feet and the total width of the easement shall be adequate to provide for any necessary channel relocation or straightening.
Neighborhood Plan. If any overall plan has been made by the Commission for the neighborhood in which the proposed subdivision is located, the street system of the latter shall conform in general thereto.
Land Not Platted. Where the plat to be submitted includes only part of the tract owned by the subdivider, the Commission may require topography and a sketch of a tentative future street system of the unsubdivided portion.
Major Thoroughfares. Where a new subdivision, except where justified by limiting conditions, involves frontage on a heavy trafficway, limited access way, freeway or parkway, the street layout shall provide motor access to such frontage by one of the following means:
A parallel street, supplying frontage for lots backing onto the trafficway;
A series of cul-de-sacs or short loops entered from and planned at right angles to such a parallel street, with their terminal lots backing onto the highway;
An access drive separated by a planting strip from the highway to which a motor access from the drive is provided at points suitably spaced;
A service drive or alley at the rear of the lots.
Where any one of the above-mentioned arrangements is used, deed covenants or other means should prevent any private residential driveways from having direct access to the trafficway.
Dedication. A deed to the City shall be given for all streets before the same will be accepted for City maintenance.
Railroads. If a railroad is involved, the subdivision plat should:
Be so arranged as to permit, where necessary, future grade separations at highway crossings of the railroads;
Border the railroad with a parallel street at a sufficient distance from it to permit deep lots to go back onto the railroad; or form a buffer strip for park, commercial or industrial use;
Provide cul-de-sacs at right angles to the railroad so as to permit lots to back thereonto.
Street Widths. Streets shall be of such a width and cross-section as shall be approved by the Council, and said streets shall be suitable for the type of street involved.
Street Grades. Streets and alleys shall be completed to grades which have been officially determined or approved by the City Engineer. All streets shall be graded to the full width of the right-of-way and adjacent side slopes graded to blend with the natural ground level. The maximum grade shall not exceed six percent (6%) for main and secondary thoroughfares, or ten percent (10%) for minor or local service streets. All changes in grades on major roads or highways shall be connected by vertical curves of a minimum length in feet equivalent to 20 times the algebraic difference between the rates of grades, expressed in feet per hundred, or greater, if deemed necessary to the City Engineer; for secondary and minor streets, 15 times. The grade alignment and resultant visibility, especially at intersections, shall be worked out in detail to meet the approval of the City Engineer.
Block design standards are as follows:
Length. No block shall be longer than 1,320 feet.
Block Corner Radius. At street intersections, block corners shall be rounded with a radius of not less than 15 feet; unless at any one intersection a curve radius has been previously established, then such radius shall be used as standard.
Lot design standards are as follows:
Corner Lot Widths. Except in districts requiring a greater width, corner lots shall have a minimum width of 75 feet in order to permit adequate building setbacks on both front and side streets.
Double Frontage Lots Prohibited. Double frontage lots, other than corner lots, shall be prohibited except where such lots back on to a major street or highway or except in the case of large commercial or industrial lots.
Lot Size. For the purpose of complying with minimum health standards, the following minimum lot sizes shall be observed:
Lots which cannot be reasonably served by an existing public sanitary sewer system and public water mains shall have a minimum width of 100 feet, measured at the building line, and an area of not less than 20,000 square feet.
Lots which are not within a reasonable distance of a public sanitary sewer system but are connected to a public water supply main shall have a minimum width of 80 feet and an area of 10,000 square feet, except where greater lot sizes are specified by the Zoning Regulations.
Side Lot Lines. Side lot lines shall be approximately at right angles to the street or radial to curved streets. On large size lots and except when indicated by topography, lot lines shall be straight.
The subdivider shall install and construct all improvements required by this chapter. All required improvements shall be installed and constructed in accordance with approved specifications and under the supervision of the Council and to its satisfaction.
Grades. All streets, alleys and sidewalks within the platted area which are dedicated for public use shall be brought to the grade approved by the Council after receiving the report and recommendations of the City Engineer.
Street Surfacing. Surfacing shall be crushed limestone or other suitable material and shall be constructed in accordance with designs and specifications approved by the Council and the grades established by the City Engineer and shall be of such a depth as specified by the Council.
Water, Sewer, Gas and Electric Distribution. Water mains, sanitary sewer lines, gas mains and storm sewers and their appurtenances shall be constructed and installed in accordance with the plans and specifications adopted by the Council. The Council may enter into an agreement for the construction of said facilities with the owner or developer on any basis determined by the Council to be just, equitable and fair. Water, sewer, gas and electric service shall be made accessible to each lot. The developer may request the Council to provide the materials necessary for the installation of water, sanitary sewer, gas, electric and storm sewer systems within the subdivision to be developed.
Provisions for the final approval and acceptance of the final plat and improvements are as follows:
Construction of Improvement or Posting of Bond. Before the Council approves the final plat, all of the improvements required in Section 166.09 shall be constructed and accepted by formal resolution of the Council. Before passage of a resolution of acceptance, the City Engineer shall report that the improvements meet all City specifications and ordinances or other requirements, and all agreements between the subdivider and the City.
Waiver. The requirements for the construction of all improvements may be waived if the subdivider will post a performance bond or certified check with the Council guaranteeing that the improvements will be constructed within a period of one year from final acceptance of the plat. However, if a performance bond is posted, final acceptance of the plat will not constitute final acceptance by the City of any improvements to be constructed. Improvements will be accepted only after all construction has been completed, all in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. No maintenance work will be done by the City and no public funds will be expended in the subdivision until such improvements have been completed and accepted by the City.
The preliminary plat of a subdivision is not intended to serve as a recorded plat. Its purpose is to show on a map all facts needed to enable the Commission to determine whether the proposed layout of the land in question is satisfactory from the standpoint of the public interest. The subdivider, or his or her representative, may call at the office of the Commission in advance of submitting the preliminary plat in order to discuss the proposed subdivision and in order to obtain information as to the requirements necessary for approval of the plat. †
Number of Copies and Scale. Three copies of the preliminary plat shall be submitted as prescribed for review. The scale of the map shall be one inch equals fifty feet (1″ = 50′) on small subdivisions and one inch equals one hundred feet (1″ = 100′) on large subdivisions, unless otherwise approved by the Commission.
Contents of Preliminary Plat. The preliminary plat shall include the following:
Name of subdivision, date, point of compass, scale, and official description of the property being platted.
Name and address of recorded owner and of developer.
Name and address of engineer.
Existing buildings, railroads, underground utilities and other rights-of-way.
Location, names and widths of all existing and proposed roads, alleys, streets and highways in or adjoining the area being subdivided.
Location and names of adjoining subdivisions, and the names of the owners of adjoining subdivisions, and the names of the owners of adjoining acreage parcels.
Proposed lot lines with approximate dimensions and the square foot area of non-rectangular lots.
Areas dedicated for public use, such as schools, parks and playgrounds.
Contour lines at intervals of not more than five feet.
Building setback lines.
Boundaries of the proposed subdivision shall be indicated by a heavy line.
Zoning classification of the area.
Proposed utility service:
Source of water supply.
Provision for sewage disposal and drainage.
A vicinity sketch at a legible scale showing the relationship of the plat to its general surroundings.
Accompanying Material. The following accompanying material shall be included:
An attorney's opinion in duplicate showing that the fee title to the subdivision land is in the owner as shown on the plat and showing any encumbrances that may exist against said land.
Any plat that cannot reasonably be served by public sewer shall show results of soil percolation tests made by the engineer preparing the plat. Such tests shall be made in accordance with specifications approved by the City Engineer.
Final plat requirements are as follows: †
Number of Copies and Scale. When and if the preliminary plat is approved, the subdivider shall submit six copies of the final plat for review by the Commission. The scale of the map shall be one inch equals fifty feet (1″ = 50′) on small subdivisions and one inch equals one hundred feet (1″ = 100′) on large subdivisions, unless otherwise approved by the Commission.
Contents of Final Plat. The final plat shall include the following:
Name of subdivision.
Scale.
Compass point.
Curve data including delta angle, length of arc, degree of curve, tangent.
Boundary lines of subdivided area with accurate distances, bearings and boundary angles.
Exact name, location, width, lot designation and centerline of all streets within the subdivision.
Easements for public utilities showing width and use intended.
Building setback lines with dimensions.
Official legal description of the property being subdivided.
Certification of registered engineer and/or land surveyor.
Description and location of all permanent monuments set in the subdivision, including ties to original government corners.
Accompanying Material. The following material shall accompany the final plat:
Plans and profiles of all streets and alleys at a 50-foot horizontal scale and 5-foot vertical scale. Profiles shall show location, size and grade of all conduits, sewers, pipelines, etc., to be placed under the streets and alleys. Profiles of east and west streets shall be drawn so that the west end of the profile shall be at the left side of the drawing. Profiles of north and south streets shall be drawn so that the south end of the profile shall be at the left side of the drawing.
Any protective covenants or restrictions to be imposed upon the plat shall be submitted for approval.
A deed to the City, properly executed, for all streets intended as public streets, and for any other property intended for public use.
The following documents:
A certificate by the owner and spouse, if any, that the subdivision is with their free consent and is in accordance with the desire of the owner and spouse. This certificate must be signed and acknowledged by the owner and spouse before some officer authorized to take the acknowledgments of deeds.
Performance bond, if any.
A statement from the mortgage holders or lienholders, if any, that the plat is prepared with their free consent and in accordance with their desire, signed and acknowledged before an officer authorized to take the acknowledgment of deeds. An affidavit and bond as provided for in Section 354.12 of the Code of Iowa may be recorded in lieu of the consent of the mortgage or lienholder. When a mortgage or lien holder consents to the subdivision, a release of mortgage or lien shall be recorded for any areas conveyed to the City or dedicated to the public.
An opinion by an attorney-at-law who has examined the abstract of title of the land being platted. The opinion shall state the names of the proprietors and holders of mortgages, liens or other encumbrances on the land being platted and shall note the encumbrances, along with any bonds securing the encumbrances.
A certificate of the County Treasurer that the land is free from certified taxes and certified special assessments or that the land is free from certified taxes and that the certified special assessments are secured by bond in compliance with Section 354.12 of the Code of Iowa.
A resolution and certificate for approval by the Council and for signatures of the Mayor and Clerk.
Before a preliminary plat may be considered by the Commission, the subdivider or his or her agent shall deposit with the Treasurer a fee of fifty dollars ($50.00), to be credited to the General Fund of the City.
Whenever the tract proposed to be subdivided is of such unusual topography, size or shape, or is surrounded by such development or unusual conditions that the strict application of the requirements contained in this chapter would result in substantial hardships or injustices, the Council, upon recommendation of the Commission, may vary or modify such requirements so that the subdivider is allowed to develop the property in a reasonable manner; but so, at the same time, the public welfare and interest of the City and surrounding area are protected and the general intent and spirit of these regulations are preserved.
Any provision of this chapter may be changed and amended from time to time by the Council; provided, however, such changes and amendments shall not become effective until after study and report by the Commission and until after a public hearing has been held, public notice of which shall be given in a newspaper of general circulation at least fifteen (15) days prior to the hearing.
No plat or subdivision shall be recorded in the County Recorder's office or have any validity until it has been approved in the manner prescribed herein. The Council shall not permit any public improvements over which it has control to be made from City funds, or any City money expended for improvements or maintenance on any street in any area that has been subdivided unless such subdivision and streets have been approved in accordance with the provisions contained in this chapter, and accepted by the Council as a public street.
† EDITOR'S NOTE: An example of a preliminary plat is on file in the City Clerk's office.
† EDITOR'S NOTE: See example of final plat on file in the City Clerk's office.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Morton's neuroma usually develops between the third and fourth toes. Less commonly, it develops between the second and third toes. Other locations are rare. It also is rare for a Morton's neuroma to develop in both feet at the same time. The condition is much more common in women than men, probably as a result of wearing high-heeled, narrow-toed shoes. This style of shoe tends to shift the bones of the feet into an abnormal position, which increases the risk that a neuroma will form. Being overweight also increases the risk of a Morton's neuroma.
Precisely What Can Result In Tendon Pain In The Achilles ?
Achilles tendonitis is an overuse injury. Too much too soon is the common cause of overuse injuries, however other factors can contribute to developing the condition. An increase in activity, either distance, speed or a sudden change to running up hills. As a rule of thumb distance runners should increase their mileage by no more than 10% per week. A change of footwear or training surface for example suddenly running on soft sand can cause the heel to drop lower than normal making the tendon stretch further than it is used to. Weak calf muscles can tighten or go into partial spasm which again increases the strain on the achilles tendon by shortening the muscle. Running up hills – the achilles tendon has to stretch more than normal on every stride. This is fine for a while but will mean the tendon will fatigue sooner than normal. Overpronation or feet which roll in when running can place an increased strain on the achilles tendon. As the foot rolls in (flattens) the lower leg also rotates inwards which places twisting stresses on the tendon. Wearing high heels constantly shortens the tendon and calf muscles. When exercising in flat running shoes, the tendon is stretched beyond its normal range which places an abnormal strain on the tendon.
Achilles tendinitis can typically be treated at home by following the R.I.C.E. treatment method. Rest. Rest the tendon by avoiding activities that irritate the tendon or increase swelling. However, this does not mean you should be completely inactive for long periods of time, as this can cause stiffness in your joints. It?s still important to stretch in order to maintain strength and flexibility and partake in activities that don?t put direct pressure on the tendon, such as bicycling. Ice. Apply ice to the affected area for 20-minutes at a time, every couple hours, as needed, to reduce swelling and pain. Compression. Use compression bandages to help reduce swelling. Elevation. Elevate your ankle above the level of your heart to help reduce swelling. It is particularly important to do this at night while you sleep. Simply place a pillow or two under your ankle to keep it elevated. Once the tendon has healed, be sure to gradually return to more strenuous activities. If flattened arches contributed to the injury, wear shoes with appropriate support or inserts to prevent the condition from progressing or recurring. If these non-surgical treatments have not been able to provide relief of symptoms after several months, surgery may be performed to remove inflamed tissue. However, this is not usually recommended unless all other options have been exhausted. Consult your doctor for more information about surgical treatment options.
Toe pain can be caused by medical conditions that involve the toe either directly or indirectly. For instance, a bunion is a condition that affects the big toe joint, whereas tarsal tunnel syndrome involves the tarsal tunnel that is located near the ankle bone. Pain in the toes is a symptom that is common for both these conditions. Apart from carpal tunnel syndrome, ingrown toenail, and bunion, toe pain at night could be a symptom of gout, peripheral neuropathy, hallux rigidus and Morton's neuroma. The underlying causes may vary from one person to another.
These are just some of the tips for you to get rid of your unpleasantly looking hammer toes. After following them, in no time, you can already have the perfectly shaped toes that you have been wanting for so long. Most of the time, you're going to find that you may have to consult with a Doctor to get it surgically removed. If this is the case, you may find that you will want to talk with your insurance company to ensure that they will cover it. By doing so, you will find that there are many alternatives.
A hammertoe caused by inappropriate footwear can be corrected by wearing properly fitting shoes. If a high arch caused the condition, wearing toe pads or insoles in your shoes can help. These pads work by shifting your toe's position, which relieves pain and corrects the appearance of your toe. You can usually use over-the-counter cushions, pads, or medications to treat bunions and corns. However, if they are painful or if they have caused your toes to become deformed, your doctor may opt to surgically remove them. 17.Get a regular massage. Massage can really help with delayed muscle soreness and fatigue from the abnormal stress from high heeled shoes.
What wasn't so simple, though, was making up for the money Duffy's had lost. It was only closed for three weeks after the tornado, but the tourists who normally thronged into Utica on summer days on their way to Starved Rock were taking other routes. They'd heard about the disaster and, according to what Lisle Elsbury was picking up here and there, they figured Utica was still in disarray. That exasperated him, but what could he do? Some afternoons Bimm would drive out to the site of her new house and just stand in the yard, taking it all in, while the wind fingered its way through the trees.
The earlier a hammertoe is diagnosed, the better the prognosis and treatment options. Your doctor will be able to diagnose your hammertoe with a simple examination of the foot and your footwear. He or she may take an x-ray to check the severity of the condition. You may also be asked about your symptoms, your normal daily activities, and your medical and family history. It is possible that simply changing footwear is the remedy, however, if your case is more severe and you have pain when you walk, the fix may require surgery. Talk to your doctor to see what the right course of action is for you.
My feet have always been labor intensive. When I first learned to walk, our family doctor advised my mother that my high arches were a problem. This led to many years of tears over black patent leather Mary Janes and later penny loafers. Instead of these pretty and popular shoes, my feet were forced into leather lace up shoes with design features appealing only to women over 90 who were legally blind to boot. Thus, shoes were a source of shame and humiliation long before my feet ever started bothering me.
People with high, stiff arches are probably more susceptible to bony injuries on the outside of their foot, ankle, and leg, while people with flat and flexible arches are more likely to get soft tissue injuries and problems on the inside of their lower body. While low-arched runners seem to get a better bargain, don't forget that Achilles injuries , muscle strains, or other soft tissue problems can be just as disruptive as a stress fracture or stress reaction Hope this makes sense but does anybody have any ideas? Going to a foot doctor isnt an option right now. College funds wont permit it for a few months.
Feet come in all shapes and sizes. Long or short, chubby or skinny, pointy or flat. When it comes to runners, the arch is one of the key parts about the feet to be aware of. Both high and low arches can be problematic for runners, but high arches pose a special risk of causing problems elsewhere in the body. Of course, your foot is just one part of t he complex ballet of motions that is running. For a truly complete analysis of your gait , contact our friends at the iRun store in Miami.
Treatment for the high arch foot depends on what is going on. With muscle weakness or balance issues a person really needs to see a podiatrist. If it is generalized foot pain they seek relief for a soft orthotic or change in shoes can be helpful. If calluses are present it is usually due to too much pressure in the area. Lotion, callus trimming and a good arch support are worth a try. What to expect at Dr's Office If you are seeking a business opportunity in Singapore that will give you attractive profit margins, happy customers and high job satisfaction, call us now to find out more.
Women's Shoes – Wearing high heels with a narrow toe box causes deformities like corns and hammer toes, knee pain, bunions, and lower back pain. An ideal women's shoe is one that has a square, wide toe box with a heel that is lower than two inches. If you must wear higher heels, choose a shoe with a platform under the toe box to decrease the overall stress on the foot pad. Midsole – The material that sits between the top area of the shoe and the outer sole is the midsole. Soft material should be used for the midsole to provide shock absorption.
High arch shoes are those with a significant cushioning and flexibility. Shoes for under pronators need to have a soft mid sole, which can absorb shock. High arch support shoes should have at least a medial or arch side support. For runners who are under pronators, the high arch shoes are necessary to rectify the pronation and help them run fast and efficiently and with minimum injuries. A very important thing while choosing high arch running shoes required to be flexible is that the forefeet of people having arched feet are rigid. The shoe's flexibility makes up for the rigidness of the foot.
People, who are on their feet for extended periods of time , such as teachers or nurses , are at higher risks for Plantar Fasciitis because of the hard surface s that they stand on all day. Exercises like strenuous dancing or running over long distances may put unnecessary stress on the heel s of the feet Injury risk increases when these exercises are performed without proper stretching before and after. Vamp – This section covers the top of the foot and may be closed with snaps, laces, or fabric. The vamp should be snug to hold the foot firmly in place but loose enough to avoid pain and numbness.
The symptoms of this type of foot can vary and are hard to predict. Depending on what type of shoe gear someone wears will also predict their symptoms. Symptoms can include pain in the metatarsal region, constant ankle sprains with weak ankles, Achilles tendonitis, difficulty with shoe fitting, stress fracture, and knee pain, just to name a few. Formation on of hammertoes is a common side effect of a long lasting cavus foot type. If subluxation or dislocation of the joint has occurred at the ball of the foot then additional repair of what's called the plantar plate is required as additional repair to the toe.
As a runner, you need to make sure your feet are taken care of. Any damage to your feet should be avoided at all costs. It's really only a matter of wearing the right model of running shoes and taking the time to determine your foot type is a small price to pay. Your feet are well worth the investment. Never engage in cardio activity unless you are pain-free. Cycling is great because it eliminates heel impact, and promotes a calf and arch stretch. Be patient. PF is by nature a stubborn condition that must run its course. It may take up to one year to resolve.
The symptoms of a high arch foot will vary depending on how severe the condition is and the activity levels of the person with it. Most will have no pain or any other symptoms. Symptoms may vary from a mild problem with shoe fitting to significant disability An accurate diagnosis is important because the underlying cause of cavus foot largely determines its future course. If the high arch is due to a neurologic disorder or other medical condition, it is likely to progressively worsen. On the other hand, cases of cavus foot that do not result from neurologic disorders usually do not change in appearance.
Physical therapy may also be prescribed to stretch and strengthen the muscles of the lower leg. Tight calf muscles and weak muscles along the outside of the lower leg (peroneal muscles) are often present in pes cavus. While therapy cannot change the shape of the foot, it may be able to help with pain control and function. Because the foot is usually rolled inward along with the high arch, the individual is susceptible to chronic ankle sprains and some reactive muscle strengthening may be beneficial, along with ankle bracing. The high arched feet in these paintings demonstrate a similar pattern to the pediagraph imprint of a pes cavus foot.
The researchers found increased BMI to be strongly associated with non-specific foot pain in the general population, and with chronic plantar heel pain in a non-athletic population. Inconclusive evidence was found for the association between BMI and hallux valgus, tendonitis, osteoarthritis, and flat foot. Two studies were found that reported a reduction in foot symptoms following weight-loss surgery. A combination of any or all of these elements can also be seen in a 'combined' type of pes cavus that may be further categorized as flexible or rigid. 9 Well there it is girls! Accept the challenge and have fun. Follow these guidelines and you'll be "Dancing with the Stars".
Tight calf muscles can contribute to plantar fasciitis. Keeping these muscles flexible can help relieve and avoid plantar fascia pain. Stand with your hands against a wall, with the leg you are wishing to stretch behind the other leg. The heel of the back leg should remain planted on the ground throughout the entirety of the stretch. Lean slowly forward while bending the front leg. A slight stretch should be felt in the middle of the calf of the back leg. The stretch should be repeated six to eight times and held for 15 to 20 seconds each time.
During my yoga teacher training program , we have been learning a lot about anatomy. We are studying not only muscles and bones but we are looking at the whole body and its fascial and myofascial linkages – the dense, tough tissue that surrounds all of your muscles and bones, in effect connecting them in a big web. Basically, we're not just looking at what muscle do individually but also how muscles influence (and are influenced) by other muscles and structures to which it is connected to through myofascial linkages. While you are waiting for the stretching to take effect, this product can make walking a whole lot more pleasant.
Barefoot, stand as tall as you can on your toes. Balance for a moment and then begin walking forward with slow, small steps (take one step every one to two seconds, with each step being about 10 to 12 inches in length). As you do this, maintain a tall, balanced posture. Be sure to dorsiflex the ankle and toes of the free (moving-ahead) leg upward as high as you can with each step, while maintaining your balance on the toes and ball of the support foot. Walk a distance of 20 metres for a total of three sets, with a short break in between sets.
It has two air cells joined by a tube, one under the heel, one behind the Achilles. The bottom air cell acts as a pillow when you walk on it, slowly letting the air move to the other cell to cushion the impact. When you swing your leg forward through the air, the pressure from the Achilles pushes the air back, ready for the foot to land again. Recently, the pain began. It started with just a little soreness in his right heal after a long day of work. He didn't mention it to me right away, but after a couple of weeks, the pain started to really become severe.
A night splint holds the foot at 90 degrees during your sleep. The aim of the splints is to keep your foot and calf muscles stretched during the night. Normally during rest the plantar fascia and calves tend to tighten and shorten. So when you wake up in the morning and take your first steps, the fascia are being pulled all of a sudden, causing the sharp pain in the heel. Slowly lean your body towards the wall while keeping in mind that your feet must remain flat on the floor. Hold your position for 20 seconds and straighten up to relax. Repeat this process for ten times.
heelspurs.com (this web site) was ranked by visitors as the most beneficial "treatment", indicating visitors believe information is a key to getting better. Visitors are frequently very thankful for heelspurs.com because it shows them they are not alone or crazy as is often implied by friends, family, co-workers, and doctors. Purchasing plantar fasciitis shoes is not that difficult. However, if you are confused about buying them, you can consult with plantar fasciitis consultants who would conduct exhaustive testing of your feet and recommend the appropriate type of shoes. Choosing and wearing the right pair of shoes will certainly lead to pain relief in the feet.
Do not resume training where you left off. Depending on how much time you missed, you may need to start at 25% – 50% of your usual program and increase 10% or so a week from there or as instructed by your physical therapist, doctor or coach. Replace worn shoes and consider a replacement insole in ALL of your shoes for optimal support and cushion. Unlike a typical fracture where bone breaks from a physical force, a stress fracture results from the overuse or overstressing of normal bone which eventually damages the bone itself. This usually occurs with over-exercising or certain anatomic problems which make one susceptible to the problem.
You can get plantar fasciitis running shoes that are designed to protect your feet while running. These shoes are built with more durability than normal plantar fasciitis shoes because they have to handle the stress of your running. Running puts a lot of pressure on your heels and can greatly irritate plantar fasciitis. The best plantar fasciitis running shoes will prevent this. For people who need to dress out, dress shoes are important. There are special dress shoes for plantar fasciitis out there that you can look at getting. So you can be assured your feet are being protected even as you look your best.
The major benefit of these shoes comes in the form of prevention. Plantar Fasciitis shoes do more than help to fix the Plantar Fasciitis that has already occurred. The shoes work to keep the foot in a position that will keep it from becoming irritated once again. If you suffer from Plantar Fasciitis regularly you should seriously consider Plantar Fasciitis shoes. These shoes will offer the support that you need to keep your feet from being irritated. With less tension on the plantar fascia, the damage to ligament can be reversed. The tissue is allowed to heal faster and repair the micro-tearing, which has occurred at the heel bone attachment.


Wouldn't it be great if more of our fantastic women scientists, innovators and inventors were as recognised as reality TV celebrities or sports stars?
It's an exciting time for women in STEM - all Australians were inspired by the naming of Quantum Physicist, Professor Michelle Simmons as our 2018 Australian of the Year.
More women will now have the opportunity to become role models in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields thanks to an expansion of the popular Superstars of STEM program announced today.
The Government will double the number of women participating in the Superstars of STEM from 30 to 60 and extend the program for another four years.
Operated by Science & Technology Australia, the program addresses a key national challenge: how to inspire more girls and women to pursue STEM studies and careers, and make the best use of their knowledge and skills as researchers, engineers, innovators and entrepreneurs.
In 2016, the program provided media training, mentoring and networking for 30 STEM professionals from around the country.
The Superstars are regular guests on local and national media and have been the keynote speakers at major national and international events – inspiring many young women to follow in their footsteps.
Organisations involved in Superstars of STEM have also made commitments to improving gender equity across the board and taken steps including expanding carers leave and changing recruitment and promotion processes.
Minister for Jobs and Innovation, Michaelia Cash said the visibility of the Superstars had been key to the program's success.
"Visible role models are absolutely vital in overcoming the gender gap in the STEM fields," Minister Cash said.
"We are proud to support the Superstars of STEM program which is showcasing the incredible range of exciting careers in STEM – in research, education, industry, government and the wider community.


If you're in the market for a luxury pet friendly Boca Raton condo, 200 East may be the place you've been looking for; especially if your pooch fits into the 50 pound pet variety.
Currently, this pet friendly Boca condo has units for sale that are sized from 1707 up to 2889 sq ft, and priced from $650,000 up to $2,395,000. Over the last year, eleven of these 2 and 3 bedroom condos have sold at prices between $650,000 and $2,100,000.
200 East in Boca is not only pet friendly, it's also resident friendly. The amenities at 200 East in Boca Raton condo include a concierge, valet parking, business center, heated swimming pool, and a fully equipped gym and fitness center. In addition there are more than 25,000 square feet of retail stores and restaurants right in the building.
Among the 115 units there are 19 varied configurations of floor plan. Their sweeping panoramas vary from the sparkling Intracoastal, to the Boca Raton Resort's lush golf greens, to expansive city views.
Each residence in this luxury, pet friendly Boca Raton condo also includes light, bright impact windows, advanced fire protection electronics, generous walk-in closets, comfortable, private balconies, and numerous other amenities usually found only in exclusive resorts.
Not only is this luxury pet friendly Boca condo less than a mile from the white sand beaches of the Atlantic, it's just a short walk to the shops and restaurants of Mizner Park and Royal Palm Place. And for golfers, the Boca Raton resort, with its 3 championship courses, is a just a short walk (or shorter golf cart ride) away.
But if you don't feel like going anywhere, pet friendly 200 east provides all the comforts of home, plus all the comforts of the kinds of places you usually have to leave home to get to.
Thinking about buying a luxury pet friendly Boca Raton Condo? Thinking about selling a pet friendly Boca Raton Condo? Please call us at 561-213-6139.