Determinism is the view which states that every event, thought, action, or choice has been caused (thus rendering free will as either quite limited or nonexistent). There are compatibilist determinists (who believe one may retain a measure of free will in the face of causal determinism) and there are incompatibilist determinists (who believe one does not have free will in the face of causal determinism [both determinists and those who reject determinism may be incompatibilists]). There are also physical determinists and theological determinists. The former believe we simply act the way we do as some function of the processes of the universe. The latter believe God causes us to act the way we do. Here is an argument against determinism and an accompanying explanation.
1. If determinism is true, then its affirmation is determined.
2. If an affirmation is determined, then it has not been reasoned or rationally affirmed.
3. All acts, choices, and thoughts are determined (determinist premise).
8. But some things (namely, determinism) are rationally affirmed.
This is your basic reductio ad absurdum type of argument, where we end up with conflicting conclusions. Only one part of these is sound. We presumed (3) was true in the argument without a rational argument. Notice what happens if you do give a rational argument for (3). If you do, you admit the truth of (8). But if you admit the truth of (8), then (9-10) follow as a necessary entailment! It's also important to note that when we mean "rationally affirmed," we don't mean we necessarily agree with the person. We mean he or she is using their rational faculties and attempting to reason and actually make inferece. So the determinist here, in order to avoid this, must instead deny one of the other premises. He may bite the bullet, and deny (8). In this case, however, we would literally have no reason to think determinism is true (and personally, if I don't have any reason to think something is true, I won't). He can't really deny (1) without denying (3), and then I'd really like to see some evidence or sound reasoning for either's denial that doesn't end up making determinism more plausibly false than true. Finally, he may choose to deny (2). But this just seems quite natural. If every thought is determined, in what way is actual inference being done? Your successive thoughts are no more performing a function of reasoning than are a successive line of falling dominoes! He cannot deny any of the other premises, since they're all entailed conclusions.
So I said all that to say this: if determinism is considered false, it's false. If we consider it true, it seems false. Determinism could be true, but it can never be rationally affirmed. I prefer to rationally affirm things!
What do you mean by affirmation here? Are you speaking of some utterance which contains a true statement about determinism or are you referring to coming to the conclusion that determinism is true through some investigation? Or perhaps neither.
Hi Mike! I would say affirmation is simply holding something as true or agreement with something as true (whether through investigation or not).
Ok, so then with (1) you are saying that if determinism is true, then it is determined you will hold it as true (if you indeed do). Then, with (2), if you hold determinism as true (and it was determined you will do so), then it has not been rationally affirmed. I guess my issue is with (2). I'm not clear why a causal relationship that forces you to come to a conclusion means that you couldn't have come to it rationally.
So, if the causal forces make you look at certain evidences and propositions and come to a valid conclusion, then how does that affect your conclusion and your thought process? It would not seem to make the conclusion invalid; as I have defined it, the conclusion is valid. It would also not necessarily make your process to reach that conclusion irrational. If determinism forces me to look at -- All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal -- and conclude it is true, did I not come to the conclusion rationally?
To say that because a causally determined process lead to our affirmation, then that means our affirmation is not rational might commit the genetic fallacy, but I would have to know more to say for sure.
Hi Mike! The genetic fallacy only is a fallacy if there is no other reason but the origin itself for rejecting a view; however, as with all informal fallacies, there are times when it is not a fallacy. For instance, if determinism entails not making rational inference, then the fact that determinism is the origin of a lack of inference is incidental.
In your question, I would say inference is not actually being done, any more than the ball thrown in the air "jumped." Even though the process and result is the same, the cause of the ball is not its jumping, but whatever physical force which throws the ball. A jump is only done upon certain intentional physical states. In the same way, you may go through a syllogism, but the subject which is determined doesn't actually infer anything from one premise to the next.
Suppose I wish you to understand "If X is a human, X has two legs. X is a human. Therefore, X has two legs." (Forgive that the first premise is false, please) I cause you to make all three statements. Then I cause you to understand the pattern behind the statement. I then cause you to understand the pattern is valid. In fact, suppose I cause everything about the reasoning process for you. Have you done any of the reasoning? The answer is no!
I don't share your intuitions here. Whether the ball jumped or was thrown seems irrelevant. That's merely the catalyst. The reasoning in question would be analagous to flying in the air toward its destination, and that would be the same in both scenarios.
In your second example, I think the answer is "yes.". Again, the cause doesn't mean I didn't do the reasoning. You said I went through the statements, understood why they follow, etc. That is precisely like free will reasoning except for the causal aspect. And, as I've said, that doesn't seem problematic to me.
Hi Mike! I can appreciate that, but clearly there is a difference between saying the ball is doing the action and the action was done for the ball!
The point of the second example is to show that I was actually doing all of these things, not you. It helps to disambiguate cause not merely as an explanation (such as "the water is boiling because I put it in the pan on the stove") but in terms of actually bringing about the effect. But if the cause brings about the effect using a means, how did the means perform the action? The man who pushes a rock with a stick uses the stick as a secondary cause or means, but it is the man who is pushing the stick. It's not as if the stick is a sufficient cause of the rock's moving. It is only true of secondary causes that they perform the action as it relates to the truth that the primary cause did the entire action. There is a difference between going through the process of reasoning and actually reasoning. If determinism is true, you didn't independently come to that conclusion; you were determined to come to that conclusion!
But the ball is doing the action. The ball is flying through the air. You can pick out molecules, gravity, etc. and point to how they act on the ball, but it's the same in either case. Once the ball is in the air, what do you see as the difference?
In your second example, I was doing the things, though. I don't see why you think you were doing them, and not me. It would seem like both of us is the answer. You cause me to think x, and you cause me to understand x. You cause me to actually do those things. Again, catalyst seems irrelevant here.
In your stick example, all you can say is that the stick didn't freely push the rock. But the stick did actually push the rock. Consider a maze that someone successfully navigates without ever making wrong turn. Now let's wall off the possible wrong turns and send a second person through the maze. They both follow the same path. To say that under determinism we can't reason about something seems like saying the second person didn't navigate the maze. It doesn't seem important that they couldn't make a wrong turn.
What is the difference between going through the process of reasoning and actually reasoning? What on earth is reasoning if it is not going through the process? It seems like it hinges for you on free choice, but then you're merely hiding a vital assumption for your conclusion within your premises. Free will seems to be the only difference in all these cases.
Hi Mike! In these examples, the cause is the very heart of the matter! If one is not causally sufficient, how is it that he is causally responsible? You cannot respond that the stick (or ball, or person going through the process of reasoning) is a sufficient cause, for in each case without a primary cause the object does nothing.
To me, it seems obvious that there is a difference between going through a process of reasoning and reasoning itself. If a three-year-old repeats a logically-valid syllogism, I don't suppose that child is actually reasoning. Now, a response can be made that says the if the child understand why each follows, that he has done reasoning. However, determinism not only posits the act of reasoning, but every thought also (including the thoughts about the reasoning itself). However, if one is not the sufficient cause of even these thoughts, one is not actually doing reasoning.
The difference is actually mind-dependence. That is, most people recognize intuitively that reasoning with one's mind is done. That it results in determinism's being false is just a matter of deduction.
Hi Randy. Perhaps you can clarify something. When you say reasoning is done in the mind and it is mind-dependent, are you referring specifically to a dualist view or could you also say brain-dependent? I'm trying to see where our disagreement lies.
I think you are trying to force something into the definition of reasoning other than simply the acts that make up reasoning. Causes should not matter, in my opinion. I looked up a variety of definitions of reasoning, and this doesn't seem to be a problem for any of those general understandings of the term.
In your ball example, I would not claim that the ball jumped, and I wouldn't need to; rather, I'm saying the ball is moving through the air either way and that's the part of the analogy that is "reasoning."
In your child example, I would say the same thing. If the child understands why the premises follow, etc., then I don't need to say he is causally responsible. In fact, throughout this whole argument I have admitted there is no causal responsibility. What I want to know is why is that required?
Imagine two mazes - one poorly designed and the other well designed. The first is unimaginative and only has one path right through the middle. The person in the maze has no choice but to cross that way. the other is a normal, complex maze. Both people would do the act of going through the maze. The only difference would be the possibilities. But I don't think you've made it at all clear why having other possibilities is required for reasoning or why the cause should be so important.
My point is simply this: if one is not causally responsible, then he is not the one performing the act. Just as the GI Joe is not responsible for moving across the floor, or the domino is not responsible for falling. I do not require alternative possibilities, but rather that in order to be responsible, then originator of the action must be the party itself.
Computers can make inferences and reasoning could easily be a mechanical process. (2) is false. I agree with Gage. Thanks for allowing us to read your conversation.
-just some internetizen who stumbled in.
I normally don't allow fully-anonymous concepts, but I think that assertion has to be defended! Why think computers "make inferences"? They can act according to whatever logic has been placed in them, but *they* aren't doing the reasoning; it's merely the function of a code. Whatever *our* reasoning is, if it is to be actual reasoning, it cannot be this. If it were this, it wouldn't differ from the person who merely repeats a set of rules.
I agree with Randy. Simply put.. I believe in determinism because I have no choice in what I believe to be true.
Once this is acknowledged there is absolutely no starting point for any discussion - even this one.
This puts us in quite a predicament.


Consult the pandit and get the list of items you need to perform the puja and then open the online portal and order whatever you need. The best quality and fresh products will be right there at your doorstep.
All you need to do is to make the puja arrangement perfectly. The online store is there to bear the rest of the burden. What are you still thinking? Diwali is in a few days. Make the list and order for the samagris now to get at discounted prices.


text:
Marisela Norte is an American writer, poet and artist living in Los Angeles. She is known for her poetry that explores the unseen city. Her book Peeping Peeping Tom Tom Girl was published by City Works Press in 2008, and her work can be found in numerous anthologies including Microphone Fiends, Bordered Sexualities: Bodies on the Verge of  a Nation, The Geography of Home: California's Poetry of Place, Bear Flag Republic, American Studies in a Time of Danger, Rara Avis, American Quarterly, and Rolling Stone's Women of Rock. She has also written for ChismeArte, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Metro Transit Authority.

References

External links

Living people
21st-century American poets
Artists from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Hispanic and Latino American women in the arts
Poets from California
Hispanic and Latino American poets
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women writers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


CRTEŽ BRODA NA ZIDU SPLITSKE KATEDRALE - City of Split Heritage Journal, No.32 December 2005.
CRTEŽ BRODA NA ZIDU SPLITSKE KATEDRALE - City of Split Heritage Journal, No.32 December 2005. - Download this document for free, or read online. Document in PDF available to download.


A new report ranking 183 countries by how corrupt their governments are seen to be gave top marks to the likes of New Zealand, Denmark and Finland – while the worst-performing nations included North Korea, Somalia and Afghanistan.
The annual corruption index by watchdog group Transparency International found Greece and Italy – both now playing a prime role in the European debt crisis – have some of the worst public officials in the region. The Financial Times reports that "Greece is seen as more corrupt than Gambia while Italy is the lowest-scoring member of the Group of Seven developed nations," largely due their dismal records at curbing bribery and tax cheats.
A number of Arab Spring countries saw their rankings slip from last year: Egypt was 112th (down from 98th), Libya clocked in at 168th (down from 146th), and both Syria and Yemen also fell in the rankings. Transparency International officials attributed the changes to greater public demand and anti-corruption activism within the countries.
The United States ranked 24th, sandwiched between Qatar and France.
For a full list of country rankings, take a look at Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index 2011.
Call it a case of vigilante justice. Or perhaps just two Indian citizens fed up with a corrupt system and looking to, um, take a bite out of crime.
Two farmers from the village of Narharpur in northern India released around 40 snakes this week at a tax office in Basti after being repeatedly hit up for bribes.
The Guardian reports the two men allegedly "dumped three sacks filled with snakes on the floor" – including at least four poisonous cobras. The resulting pandemonium resulted in hundreds scrambling for the door. Ultimately no one was bitten.
The farmers apparently only wanted to get tax records for their land – but were told by local officials they couldn't see the documents until they paid bribes. The farmers kept trying for weeks. No dice. Without greasing some palms, the records would remain locked up in the office, they were told. So this week they returned, and one of the men – a part-time snake charmer – brought a few dozen of his friends.
Protests against corruption have been growing in India recently, as the problem continues to plague countless citizens who generally can't get even basic services from their public officials without ponying up a bribe.
The growing scandal at Italy's largest defense contractor led to the resignation Thursday of its chairman. Pier Francesco Guarguaglini resigned as chairman of Finmeccanica, the state-controlled company under increasing public scrutiny as it falters under the weight of corruption probes related to its executives.
A big slide, indeed – the company has lost about two-thirds of its value this year. Finmeccanica employs about 75,000 people worldwide, including about 43,000 in Italy itself and 12,000 in the United States.


Ready to party with Woody, Buzz and all the rest of your favorites from Pixar's "Toy Story"? Well you're in luck, as H2O Glow Nights will return to Disney's Typhoon Lagoon Water Park!
These evening beach parties happen Thursdays and Saturdays from May 30th through August 17th, transforming the water park into a new nighttime experience through special music, lighting and food. Come party with friends from Pixar's "Toy Story" films during the 30th anniversary summer of Typhoon Lagoon!
With minimum wait times for attractions, specialty food and drinks and character meet and greets, you'll be sure to have a great time. We checked it out last year and reviewed it, and if this looks like your type of party, then be sure to check it out for yourself!
I went this past summer and it was amazing! No summer sun, no lines–definitely going again.
Do you know if you have to have a regular admission ticket to the water park in addition to the special ticket for this event? Or can you just buy the event ticket to get in when it starts?
Do you know when tickets will go on sales for this?
PHOTOS: Disney Character Warehouse Outlet – December Merch!
DREAMFINDERS: Bruce Broughton on Composing Music for Disney Attractions!


text:
Q: Missing Directory API Client Library for Java, Directory API samples and Directory API client libraries Do you happen to know of an alternative way to get the Directory API Client Library for Java, this page: http://goo.gl/4aB2d shows the link to Download the latest version of the library but it does not work.
Moreover, the Directory API samples and Directory API client libraries don't seem to work either for Java, http://goo.gl/zBTlL

A: This seems to be a mistake on the developer site. The team is aware of it and working on fixing the links. In the mean time you can find the download URLs here -
https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/download/admin/directory_v1/java
https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/download/admin/reports_v1/java

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Police received reports of theft, assault, drug abuse, criminal endangering and domestic violence.
•A 65-year-old man reported that more than $700 was stolen from the Marion Food Mart on East Center Street.
•A 14-year-old boy and a 15-year-old boy were arrested on suspicion of assaulting another 14-year-old boy in the 400 block of Mount Vermon Avenue.
•A 23-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of committing domestic violence and assault in the 300 block of North Prospect Street. The victims were listed as a 23-year-old woman and a 29-year-old woman.
•A 43-year-old man that two ATVs were stolen in the 500 block of Thompson Street.
•A 48-year-old man was issued a court summons on suspicion of criminal damaging after a 56-year-old man reported that the bed of his truck had been dented in the 100 block of Executive Drive.
•A 33-year-old was arrested on suspicion of being a fugitive from justice in the 600 block of North Main Street after it was discovered that he had a warrant for sexual battery in Michigan.
•A 23-year-old was arrested on suspicion of committing domestic violence in the 300 block of Libby Lane. The victim was listed as 25-year-old woman.
•A 29-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of committing dug abuse and disorderly conduct in the 500 block of Davids Street.
•A 40-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of obstructing official business, resisting arrest, and violating his parole in the 300 block of Senate Street.
•A 26-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of committing domestic violence and obstructing official business in the 500 block of East Farming Street. The victim was listed as a 25-year-old woman.


Welcome! From this page you can easily search all available Milano Terrace condominiums in Scottsdale for sale from the Arizona MLS. Our real estate listings are updated daily!
Capri - 1 bedroom, 1 bath, 614 sq. ft.
Firenze - 1 bedroom, 1 bath, 627 sq. ft.
Napoli - 2 bedroom, 2 bath, 835 sq. ft.
Verona - 2 bedroom, 2 bath, 995 sq. ft.
Tuscany - 2 bedroom, 2 1/2 bath, 1080 sq. ft.
Milano Terrace borders the Stonecreek Golf Club to the east, which is a nice and reasonably priced course. Other golf courses in the immediate area include the Kierland Golf Club , Orangetree Golf Resort and Paradise Valley Country Club.
Milano Terrace is a wonderful option for those looking for a condo or townhome in the Shea Corridor. Milano Terrace is one of the few subdivisions in the area that offer an attached one-car garage. Although covered carports or underground parking isn't often times a deal breaker for buyers, a private garage is a very nice feature to have for parking and additional storage.
A few additional desirable features are Milano Terrace is gated, has two resort-style pool & spa's, fitness room, and units come on the market fairly often with views of the Stonecreek Golf Course.
If you're sensitive to traffic noise, avoid the units on the south side of the complex that back to Shea Blvd. Also, exiting left out of the main gate can be a challenge at times due to traffic. We recommend exiting through the back gate, and using 50th street which has a stop light.
Get to know Milano Terrace in 58 seconds with our community tour uploaded to YouTube in HD.


Updated for 2019: Our lightest double-walled solo tent. Learn more.
The double-walled Carbon Reflex™1 tent offers the full protection, durability and simple setup of a tent while weighing as little as a tarp, and it packs down incredibly small, almost to water-bottle size. Carbon fiber poles, lightweight fabrics and a zipper-free vestibule make it ideal for ultralight backpacking at .66 kg (1 lb 7 oz), and its spacious interior and full-featured livability enhance any 3-season adventure you're ready to take on—from bike touring through Central America to minimalist weekends. Sturdy and livable, the non-freestanding Carbon Reflex™ 1 tent proves our philosophy that traveling ultralight doesn't mean sacrificing the other qualities you care about.


text:
Q: How to split jQuery variables to be processed with .on() in paralell? At the beginning, I tried to merge similar variables, to be simultaneously (in paralell) processed with a bunch of similar jQuery methods. Used .merge([ ]) as a try, and got unwanted sequential execution.
The code:
var $title = $('[id^=title-]');
var $postmeta = $('[id^=meta-]');
$([$title, $postmeta]).each(function(){
    $(this).html($(this).text().replace(/./g, "$&").replace(/\s/g, " "))
    .on('inview', function(event, isInView) {
    if (isInView) {
        // do inbound things
    }
    else {
        // do outbound things
    }
  });
});

note: I took a piece of jQuery from here (that code is similar, but this question is more precise).
Now I need to split the output, in order each variable was passed to .on() in paralell, but with previously granted attributes.
Edit: added snippet.

/*
 CSS Reset
*/
   html,body,div,span,applet,object,iframe,audio,video,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7,p,blockquote,pre,a,abbr,acronym,address,big,cite,code,del,dfn,em,img,ins,kbd,q,s,samp,small,strike,strong,sub,sup,tt,var,b,u,i,center,dl,dt,dd,ol,ul,li,fieldset,form,label,legend,table,caption,tbody,tfoot,thead,tr,th,td,article,aside,canvas,details,embed,figure,figcaption,footer,header,hgroup,menu,nav,output,ruby,section,summary,time,mark {
 vertical-align: baseline;
}
#title-, #meta- {
    position: relative;
}
#title- span, #meta- span  {
 position: relative;
 display:inline-block;
 -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>

This is title 1

This is title 2

To start animation, click Run.

Then click here, or resize the height of this window (simulate 'inview' event).


text:
Q: Installed 'Microsoft VS code' in custom directory now I can't use Go support I've installed Microsoft VS Code in another partition (Drive D) on my Windows 10 system. I prefer to keep Microsoft VS Code in another partition away from Windows.
My goal is to install the GO extension from Microsoft. The link to the extension is here.
Click here to visit the source of the repository to the go extension.
The following error occurs when I attempt to install the GO extension through the Extension dialog in the Microsoft VS Code application.
The Error:

Failed to run "go env" to find GOPATH as the "go" binary cannot be
found in either GOROOT(undefined) or PATH (
C:\Windows\system32;
C:\Windows;
C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;
C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0;
C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH;
a gfx card driver directory here;
a gfx card driver directory here;
C:\Users\ My username left out
\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;
)

I suspect that the cause is the fact that I installed Microsoft VS Code in another partition. I've also mentioned this at the beginning of my question. I've explained the steps that I took to find the solution below:
First I examined the location of the go resource. It seems that my resource is placed in the right folder (the folder of my installation.

D:\Program Files\Microsoft VS Code\resources\app\extensions\go

Than I tried a simple command through the commands by pressing ctrl+shift+p and then typing go:Current GOPATH. the error message

command go.goroot not found

Then I thought of testing out if I can run a basic go file. I searched for a simple example and came across this site.. So, I've created a project folder and added the file Hello.go in the folder D:\VS_Projects\GO_Helloworld Then I placed the hello world program in it. The program is shown below
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    fmt.Println("hello world")
}

In the microsoft vs code powershell terminal I check if the terminal is in the right folder. It shows 'PS D:\VS_Projects\GO_Helloworld>' so that should be right. I run the following command:
go run Hello.go

The following error is shown in the terminal:

on, script file, or operable program. Check the spelling of the name
, or if a path was included, verify that the path is correct and try
again.
At line:1 char:1

*

*go run Hello.go

*~~

*

*CategoryInfo          : ObjectNotFound: (go:String) [], Comma      ndNotFoundException

*FullyQualifiedErrorId : CommandNotFoundException

I'm currently thinking of steps to take as described by 'ramya-rao-a' and 'AndreiD' on this github thread in the powershell terminal.
My first thought was posting my question here first.

Edit: Since I posted this thread, I've updated this question because it was marked as 'off-topic' Due to a mispronounciation of 'Microsoft VS Code'. I mistakenly use 'Microsoft' and that's a very broad term obviously.
I disclose the private feedback here.
"We don't allow questions about general computing hardware and software
on Stack Overflow. You can edit the question so it's on-topic for
Stack Overflow or post a new one on Super User".
I've posted this question on super user. I'll leave this post here so that other users see my post as an almost off-topic example.

Let me know if you have an answer to my problem on super user. Best regards!

A: The answer can be found on superuser. Also, I like to clearify why my post was originally closed according to the guidelines of stackoverflow. I Quote:

Questions about general computing hardware and software are off-topic
  for Stack Overflow unless they directly involve tools used primarily
  for programming.

I'm not sure to why the user who spotted the mistake removed his comment.

He said: What do you mean by 'Microsoft'?

It was helpful though. Anyway, I'll close this post now.


text:
Directors Announced for YYJ Prosperity
Tuesday, February 09, 2016 — Nine individuals with business expertise from across the south Vancouver Island region have been selected by the Founding Members of the YYJ Prosperity Association (YYJ Prosperity) to become Directors of the new economic development organization that is uniting the region behind a new model of collaboration to strengthen and diversify local economies for the greater good of everyone. Dozens of citizens from across the region came forward to volunteer their time and expertise to help guide the YYJ Prosperity initiative as a Director.
"We are very humbled and inspired by the tremendous interest received from across the region," said Dan Dagg, who has served as the interim Chair of a group of dedicated volunteer champions overseeing the critical start-up phase of this new organization. "Choosing Directors was difficult as the caliber of candidates was extremely strong. Our goal was to ensure that we could amass skill sets appropriate to sector development strategies, and expertise that touched on the entire south island region. We are extremely grateful and excited to welcome these business leaders as Directors, and we are hopeful that those who were not selected will join us on the strategy development teams and consider serving going forward." The YYJ Prosperity Board will have staggered terms that will allow for new people to serve as Directors in the coming years.
Accepting their nominations to lead YYJ Prosperity include:
· Ms. Jayne Bradbury: Owner and operator of Fort Properties Ltd.;
· Mr. Bill Bergen: recently retired after 33 years in the technology sector;
· Ms. Jill Doucette: Founder and owner of Synergy (green economy specialization)
· Dr. Pedro G. Márquez: Professor of Strategic Management and International Business and Vice President, Global, Marketing and Business Development at Royal Roads University;
· Ms. Christina Clarke: Executive Director for Songhees Nation;
· Mr. Craig Norris: Business consultant with expertise in Community Development, Marine Development, Resort Development, Oil and Gas, and Mining;
· Mr. Paul Nursey: President and CEO of Tourism Victoria and national tourism leader;
· Mr. Bob Skene: Chartered accountant and distinguished business leader;
· Mr. Ken Taylor: Owner and Operator of six McDonald's Restaurants on South Vancouver Island.
The announcement of the new volunteer Board of Directors coincided with the welcoming of the Songhees Nation as a Founding Member of YYJ Prosperity. The Songhees Nation is the first Aboriginal community to join YYJ Prosperity as equal partners aligning themselves with a group of twenty four determined leaders from business, municipal governments and post-secondary institutions from across the region who are the Founding Members and funders of the organization.
Working together, under the guidance of the new Board of Directors, YYJ Prosperity will identify opportunities, and pursue federal and provincial funding and international investment in key economic sectors for projects that reflect local values and deliver family sustaining jobs. YYJ Prosperity's focus is on collaboration combining resources, energy and talents for the benefit of the region.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


58cm to 60cm or up to a 23" diameter head. Known by many names and used by many different cultures (Dutch, Greek, German, etc) across Europe, this Fisherman cap will be sure to please the tastes of those who appreciate this classic style or make a great gift.
Measuring for your head size is both an art and a science. You can use a tape measure (or a length of string that you will have to hold up to a tape measure) to determine the length. Place the string or tape around your head about 1/8" above your ear, across the mid-forehead, completely circling your head. Hold the tape firmly, but not too tightly. Basically you need to measure your head exactly where the hat will sit. If your measurement falls between sizes, choose the next largest size.
Dutch Ball Cap / hat "Living with a Dutchman Builds Character"


text:
Q: Почему не срабатывает length на массиве? Должно выдать 2

let arr = [];
arr['name'] = 'Имя';
arr['price'] = '1200';

console.log(arr.name);
console.log(arr.price);

console.log((arr).length);

A:

let arr = [];
arr['name'] = 'Имя';
arr['price'] = '1200';

console.log(arr.name);
console.log(arr.price);

console.log(Object.keys(arr).length);


text:
Kitchen (Paperback)
By Banana Yoshimoto, Megan Backus (Translator)
(Fiction)
If you're looking for something to remind you of the beauty in the world, read this! The first time I read Kitchen was after a good friend recommended it with, "this is the perfect thing to read if you're going through any sort of big change," and it truly was. This sweet little book (it's actually two novellas) follows a young woman, Mikage, and the mother and son she stays with after her grandmother passes away. Yoshimoto captures a grief that is serenely beautiful, and adds a gentle quirkiness that will settle itself comfortably inside you. This is a truly special book, definitely the best recommendation I've ever gotten.
"Ms. Yoshimoto's writing is lucid, earnest and disarming. ... It] seizes hold of the reader's sympathy and refuses to let go." -Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times
With the publication of Kitchen, the dazzling English-language debut that is still her best-loved book, the literary world realized that Yoshimoto was a young writer of enduring talent whose work has quickly earned a place among the best of contemporary Japanese literature. Kitchen is an enchantingly original book that juxtaposes two tales about mothers, love, tragedy, and the power of the kitchen and home in the lives of a pair of free-spirited young women in contemporary Japan. Mikage, the heroine, is an orphan raised by her grandmother, who has passed away. Grieving, Mikage is taken in by her friend Yoichi and his mother (who is really his cross-dressing father) Eriko. As the three of them form an improvised family that soon weathers its own tragic losses, Yoshimoto spins a lovely, evocative tale with the kitchen and the comforts of home at its heart.
In a whimsical style that recalls the early Marguerite Duras, "Kitchen" and its companion story, "Moonlight Shadow," are elegant tales whose seeming simplicity is the ruse of a very special writer whose voice echoes in the mind and the soul.
Ms. Yoshimoto's writing is lucid, earnest and disarming . . . [It] seizes hold of the reader's sympathy and refuses to let go." Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times
Banana Yoshimoto is a master storyteller. . . . The sensuality is subtle, masked, and extraordinarily powerful. The language is deceptively simple." Chicago Tribune
Yoshimoto shouldn't be shy about basking in her celebrity. Her achievements are already legend."The Boston Globe
A meditation on the transience of beauty and loveMelancholy and lovely." The Washington Post Book World
MP3 CD (September 8th, 2015): $14.99


The Redding Sportsman's Expo would like to thank Kyncy Guide Service for being a part of the April 7th & 8th, 2018 Redding Sportsman's Expo!
Kyncy Guide Service is a Fishing and Hunting Guide Service located in Northern California. We fish for Rainbow Trout, Steelhead and Salmon. In addition, we hunt for Wild Turkey and Black Bear. For the sportsman it doesn't get any better than this!


I love doing dramatic looks once and awhile especially to showcase how you can still achieve really pigmented looks using only natural and organic makeup products!
I didn't need to use many products to achieve this glamorous look. All of the colors used on my eyes are from one eyeshadow palette. I love the combination of brown shadows and red lips. I feel like this look would be appropriate for day or night!
I started out with a BB Cream to give my skin a flawless and glowing finish and added a little bit of a coral/pink blush on my cheeks. For my eyes I primed them using an eyeshadow primer so that my shadows would last longer and appear more pigmented. I applied a light brown eyeshadow color to my crease and blended it with a darker brown color to add more definition and depth to the outer crease. I then applied a golden bronze color on my lid, a matte white color to my brow bone and applied the tiniest bit of a shimmery white color to the inner corners of my eyes. For the last finishes I applied black eyeliner, two coats of mascara and my absolute favorite red lipstick!
What do you think of this look? would you wear this and do you prefer this type of look for day or night? Please share your thoughts in the comments!
My goodness, you look stunning! This whole look is just gorgeous and you wear it well! I can't stop looking at those bronzes!
haha oh I hear you, I add so many products to my wishlist due to beauty blogs!!! the list is never ending! This lipstick is a must though. Seriously.
Hey lovely 🙂 I am so happy you like the look!!
You look gorgeous Britanie! I am not someone who can rock a red lip, so my hats off to you:) I have not tried any Gabriel or Benecos products, but you have me interested now.
Thank you so much. I believe anyone can rock a red lip!!! I think it depends on the color you use and the rest of the makeup you are wearing. I love both Gabriel and Benecos – they are wonderful brands!
So pretty! That color lipstick looks amazing on you!
Has anyone ever told you, that you look like Lana Del Ray?
This is gorgeous! I've never thought of pairing a brown smoky eye with red lips.


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text:
Estimating the spatial risk of tuberculosis distribution in Gurage zone, southern Ethiopia: a geostatistical kriging approach
Sebsibe Tadesse1,
Fikre Enqueselassie2 &
Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus2
In low-income countries it is difficult to obtain complete data that show spatial heterogeneity in the risk of tuberculosis within-and-between smaller administrative units. This may contribute to the partial effectiveness of tuberculosis control programs. The aim of this study was to estimate the spatial risk of tuberculosis distribution in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia using limited spatial datasets.
A total of 1601 patient data that were retrieved from unit tuberculosis registers were included in the final analyses. The population and geo-location data were obtained from the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia. Altitude data were extracted from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2. Aggregated datasets from sample of 169(40%), 254(60%) and 338(80%) kebeles were used to estimate the spatial risk of TB distribution in the Gurage Zone by using a geostatistical kriging approach. The best set of input parameters were decided based on the lowest prediction error criteria of the cross-validation technique. ArcGIS 10.2 was used for the spatial data analyses.
The best semivariogram models were the Pentaspherical, Rational Quadratic, and K-Bessel for the 40, 60 and 80% spatial datasets, respectively. The predictive accuracies of the models have improved with the true anisotropy, altitude and latitude covariates, the change in detrending pattern from local to global, and the increase in size of spatial dataset. The risk of tuberculosis was estimated to be higher at western, northwest, southwest and southeast parts of the study area, and crossed between high and low at west-central parts.
This study has underlined that the geostatistical kriging approach can be applied to estimate the spatial risk of tuberculosis distribution in data limited settings. The estimation results may help local public health authorities measure burden of the disease at all locations, identify geographical areas that require more attention, and evaluate the impacts of intervention programs.
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to place an extraordinary public health, financial and social burden on those afflicted by the disease and their families, and on government. In 2016, there were an estimated 10.4 million incident cases and 1.7 million deaths worldwide [1]. The global distribution of the disease is skewed heavily toward low-and-middle income countries, which accounted for about 87% of all estimated incident cases. Ethiopia is a low-income country in east Africa that remains highly afflicted by TB and is ranked among the list of 14 countries with high burden of TB, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated TB (TB/HIV) and Drug Resistant TB (DR-TB) [1].
It is difficult to obtain spatially complete data on TB in Ethiopia [1, 2]. About 36% of the estimated TB cases were not notified to the national TB program in 2016. The national TB prevalence surveys were conducted through sampling a limited number of locations due to logistical and financial limitations [3, 4]. Moreover, other regional reports did also not show continuous spatial distribution and burden of the disease within-and-between smaller geographical locations [5, 6]. This presents a substantial obstacle to measure burden of the disease, identify high-risk geographical locations, evaluate the impacts of intervention programs and allocate public health resources.
Spatial interpolation is the process of estimating values for a variable of interest at unmeasured locations using data from the surrounding locations [7]. All the spatial interpolation models share a common underlying assumption of the closer values are more related than the distant ones [8]. These models are divided into two categories, deterministic and geostatistical models [9]. The deterministic models estimate between measured values using mathematical formulas that vary the smoothness of the estimated surface. The spatial correlation of the data is not considered in the estimation. Consequently, deterministic models do not estimate the uncertainty of predictions. Conversely, geostatistical models consider the spatial correlation of the dataset. Rather than giving interpolation weights based on arbitrary formulas, the semivariogram models are used to found out weights from the observed data [10]. The weights dictate how each measured value contributes to the interpolated value at unmeasured location. Geostatistical models produce prediction estimates and associated prediction errors at all unmeasured locations. Kriging is the most robust and widely used geostatistical method of interpolation in many fields of science [11]. It is known as the optimal interpolation method because it minimizes the mean square error of predictions and is statistically unbiased (i.e., estimated values and measured values agree on average) [12]. Recently, there have been several applications of kriging in the area of public health for estimating the predicted risk surface of infectious diseases, such as TB [3], malaria [11], cholera [13], helminths [14] and schistosomiasis [15].
The aim of this study was to estimate the spatial risk of TB distribution in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Three geostatistical kriging models were fitted with 40, 60 and 80% of spatially aggregated TB dataset co-impacted by geographical factors. The estimated risk map may help local authorities as a guide for planning, budgeting and resource mobilization. The graphical demonstration may be a good tool for advocacy since stakeholders can easily identify the spatial structure of the disease by watching over the map and may be interested to implement geographically targeted interventions. Furthermore, the study findings may also contribute for the growing body of geostatistical research on TB.
This study was conducted in the Gurage Zone in southern Ethiopia, which is located between 7°76′ and 8°45' N latitude and 37°46′ and 38°71′ E longitude (Fig. 1). The zone has 13 districts and two town administrations (at Butajira and Wolkitie). It covers an area of about 5932 km2. There are 403 rural and 20 urban kebeles (the smallest administrative units with a population of 5000 on average) in the zone. There were a total of 1,542,131 populations in 2016, about 84% of which live in the rural areas [16].
Map of the study area (Gurage Zone). Source: Tadesse et al., 2018 [17]
There are a total of 6 hospitals, 70 health centers, 414 health posts and 92 clinics in the zone that provide TB prevention and control services [16]. The clinics and the health posts provide community education, identify and refer presumptive TB cases to health facilities for further investigation, give Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, contact locating and screening, trace and link lost to follow up cases, and support treatment adherence through female health extension workers. The health centers carry out all activities as health posts and clinics, and additionally provide intensified case finding, sputum microscopy services, provide isoniazid preventive therapy for eligible persons, diagnose and manage adverse drug reactions and other complications, carry out TB/HIV collaborative activities, refer smear negative presumptive TB, extra-pulmonary TB and DR-TB patients to higher level facilities, provide support to health post staff, keep patient records and manage medicines stocks, plan and implement TB infection control. Health centers additionally provide Directly Observed Treatment-Short courses (DOTS) services for patients with DR-TB referred by treatment initiation centers. The hospitals carry out activities as health centers, and additionally provide referral services and admission care for seriously ill TB patients. Selected hospitals provide diagnosis and treatment for DR-TB patients, including inpatient care. The GeneXpert machines are installed at hospital laboratories. Private health facilities are also engaged in TB diagnosis, treatment and/or referral of presumptive TB and DR-TB cases depending on their capacity [17].
The list of health facilities providing DOTS services were obtained from the Health Department database of Gurage Zone. All TB patients who were residents of the zone and registered at the health facilities during January to December, 2016 were included in the study. The patient data were retrieved from the unit TB registers from June to September, 2017. The patients' addresses were checked for duplication and linked to their true geo-locations. The data on geo-location and population of each kebele in the zone were accessed from the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA). Altitude of each kebele was extracted from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V2 [18].
TB diagnosis and case definition
The diagnostic criteria of the national TB diagnosis guideline of Ethiopia were used to diagnose the TB cases [19].
Smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB+): is diagnosed when at least 2 initial sputum smear examinations are positive for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) or 1 smear-positive result for AFB and culture-positive result for M. tuberculosis or 1 smear-positive result for AFB and radiographic abnormalities indicative of active TB, in addition to a clinician's judgment. The regional laboratory carries out external quality assurance on all slides, and provides a feedback to the health facility providing DOTS services.
Smear-negative pulmonary TB (PTB-): is diagnosed when there are symptoms evocative of TB, at least 3 smear-negative initial results for AFB, lack of response to antibiotics, smear-negative and radiological abnormalities indicative of pulmonary TB, and judgment of a clinician.
Extra-pulmonary TB (ETB): is diagnosed when a specimen from an extra-pulmonary site is culture positive or histo-pathological abnormality from a biopsy, and strong clinical evidence indicative of active ETB. However, because of insufficient laboratories for histo-pathological or culture examinations, most of the health facilities diagnose ETB based on a clinician's judgment.
Newly diagnosed case of TB: is a patient who has never taken anti-TB drugs or taken for less than a month.
Retreatment TB case: is a patient who has previous treatment failure, or relapse or default.
Data quality control
Supervisors and data collectors were trained on the field methods, data extraction and record keeping. The data completeness and consistency was checked page-by-page by health facilities, kebele, and district against unit TB registers.
Data management and processing
Data were entered, validated, cleaned, and coded using MS Excel (MicroSoft, Redmond, WA, USA). The patients' data were linked to their true address using CSA codes, and aggregated at kebele level. The aggregated dataset from a total of 423(100%) kebeles were used to examine the actual spatial risk of TB distribution. Then, the aggregated TB datasets co-impacted by geographic factors from sample of 169(40%), 254(60%) and 338(80%) kebeles were used to estimate the spatial risk of TB distribution and associated standard error by using a geostatistical kriging approach (Additional file 1). A simple random sampling technique was used to select the spatial sample kebeles. Geographically weighted central locations were represented by the kebele centroids as coordinates. A table containing the number of TB cases, the population, the coordinates and the prevalence rates (the number of TB cases divided by the population of a given year and multiplied by 100,000) were prepared, and were joined to ArcGIS 10.2.
Spatial smoothing
Spatial Empirical Bayes Smoothing (SEBS) method was employed in Geographic Data analysis tool (GeoDa) in order to overcome small areas variance instability, which is due to variations in population size as well as few cases of TB in some areas [20]. The population for each kebele was used as a base variable and number of TB cases was used as an event. A queen weights matrix that defines the neighboring kebeles as those with either a shared border or vertex was used for spatial weights [20]. The SEBS method was not applied for the datasets that were used for spatial prediction since the geostatistical kriging would result smoothed estimates by using a weighted linear combination of the known measured values.
Ordinary kriging
Varieties of kriging have been developed, such as ordinary, universal, simple and indicator. Ordinary kriging was preferred to other types of kriging because it predicts an estimate for unsampled kebele by assuming a constant mean in the local neighborhood of each estimation kebele, which is a characteristic of focal diseases like TB. Besides, it is a good geostatistical method to model data that exhibit spatial trend [21]. It uses a semivariogram model to measure spatial autocorrelation between pairs of prevalence rates as follows [10]:
$$ \upgamma \left(\mathrm{h}\right)=\frac{1}{2\mathrm{n}}{\sum}_{\mathrm{i}=1}^{\mathrm{n}}{\left(\mathrm{Z}\left(\mathrm{x}\right)-\mathrm{Z}\left(\mathrm{x}+\mathrm{h}\right)\right)}^2 $$
where n is the total number of pairs of sample kebeles, Z(x) and Z(x + h) are the prevalence rates at any two kebeles x and x + h separated by distance h. Calculations of γ(h) are repeated for 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, ..., kh. The models of spatial autocorrelation commonly exhibit similar characteristics, which are called the sill, range, and nugget. The sill is the maximum variability between pairs of prevalence rates. The separation distance at which the sill is reached is termed the range and represents the maximum distance beyond which prevalence rates are spatially independent. The nugget effect refers to the situation in which the difference between prevalence rates taken at sampling kebeles that are close together is not zero. It represents spatial sources of variation at distances smaller than the sampling interval (i.e. spatial variations of prevalence rates at village level, which is a spatial subset of kebele) or measurement error (e.g. passive case detection).
As described in detail previously [12], an unknown prevalence rate \( {\widehat{Z}}_u\kern0.5em \)at kebele u is estimated as a weighted-linear combination of n known samples as follows:
$$ {\widehat{Z}}_u={\sum}_{\mathrm{i}=1}^{\mathrm{n}}{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{Z}}_{\mathrm{i}}\kern0.5em $$
$$ {\sum}_{\mathrm{i}=1}^{\mathrm{n}}{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{i}}=1 $$
The optimal weights which produce the minimum estimation error in eq. (2) can be determined by using the following simultaneous equations:
$$ {\displaystyle \begin{array}{cccccc}{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{i}}\upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{1,1}\right)& +\cdots & +{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{n}}\upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{1,\mathrm{n}}\right)& +& \uplambda =& \upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{1,\mathrm{u}}\right)\\ {}\vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ {}{\mathrm{W}}_1\upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{n},1}\right)& +\cdots & +{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{n}}\upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{n}}\right)& +& \uplambda =& \upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{n}.\mathrm{u}}\right)\\ {}{\mathrm{W}}_1& +\cdots & +{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{n}}& & =& \upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{n}.\mathrm{u}}\right)\end{array}} $$
where γ(hi, j) is a semivariogram model which is a function of distance hi, j between prevalence rates i and j, and λ is the Lagrange Multiplier to minimize the kriging error. The correlation between prevalence rates i and j is expected to decrease as their separation distance hi, j increases. The optimal weights in eq. (2) are calculated as follows:
$$ \left[\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{W}}_1\\ {}\vdots \\ {}{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{n}}\\ {}\uplambda \end{array}\right]={\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{1,1}\right)& \cdots & \upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{1,\mathrm{n}}\right)& 1\\ {}\vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ {}\gamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{n},1}\right)& \cdots & \upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{n}}\right)& 1\\ {}1& \cdots & 1& 0\end{array}\right]}^{-1}\left[\begin{array}{c}\upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{1,\mathrm{u}}\right)\\ {}\vdots \\ {}\upgamma \left({\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{u}}\right)\\ {}1\end{array}\right] $$
Therefore, ordinary kriging produces an unbiased estimate with minimum variance.
Ordinary cokriging
Ordinary cokriging is an extension of ordinary kriging method that uses both the spatial autocorrelation for prevalence rate (i.e. the main variable of interest) and the spatial cross-correlations between prevalence rate and geographic variables (i.e. altitude, latitude and longitude) to make estimations of the prevalence rates at unsampled kebeles. The development of the ordinary cokriging system is identical to the development of ordinary kriging system. The mathematical formulation of ordinary cokriging has been described in detail by Yalcin [22].
In this study both ordinary kriging and ordinary cokriging models were tested for the three categories of datasets, and ordinary cokriging models were selected as the best-fitted ones.
In this study the effects of the different types of semivariogram models (i.e., stable, spherical, circular, tetraspherical, pentaspherical, Gaussian, exponential, rational quadratic, K-Bessel, hole effect and J-Bessel), detrending (i.e., neighborhood, global and local), anisotropy (i.e., false and true) and geographic covariates (i.e., longitude, latitude and altitude) on the predictive performance of kriging were checked by using a cross-validation technique. The technique leaves and adds each sample points in the dataset turn by turn to provide pairs of predicted and measured values that can be compared to evaluate the model's performance. A total of 528 geostatistical kriging models were generated for each category of spatial dataset (i.e., 40, 60 and 80%) (Additional file 2). The final models for each category of the spatial dataset were decided based on the lowest total error, obtained by sorting values of Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), absolute value of Mean-Standardized Error (MSE), Root-Mean-Square-Standardized Error (RMSSE) and absolute value of the difference of Average-Standard Error (ASE) from RMSE in ascending order, and then ranking and summing up the ranks. All these errors are expressed by eqs. (5)-(8) below [23]:
$$ RMSE=\kern0.5em \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}{\sum}_{i=1}^n{\left[{Z}^{\ast}\left({x}_i\right)-Z\left({x}_i\right)\right]}^2} $$
$$ \mathrm{MSE}=\kern0.5em \frac{1}{n}{\sum}_{i=1}^n\left[\frac{Z^{\ast}\left({x}_i\right)-Z\left({x}_i\right)}{\sigma^2\left({x}_i\right)}\right] $$
$$ RMSSE\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}{\sum}_{i=1}^n{\left[\frac{Z^{\ast}\left({x}_i\right)-Z\left({x}_i\right)}{\sigma^2\left({x}_i\right)}\right]}^2} $$
$$ ASE\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}{\sum}_{i=1}^n{\sigma}^2\left({x}_i\right)} $$
where σ2(x i ) is the kriging variance for location x i , and Z∗(x i ) and Z(x i ) are the predicted and the sampled values at the location x i , respectively.
Sensitivity analyses
The Semivariogram Sensitivity tool, which is found under the Geostatistical Analyst toolbox of ArcGIS 10.2, was used to perform sensitivity analyses on the predicted values and associated Standard Errors (SE) by varying the nugget and range within a percentage of the original values. The outputs of the analyses were a table indicating which parameter values were used and what the resulting predicted and standard error values were. Small fluctuations in the output with small changes in the input parameter values indicate more confident predictions which can be used to make decisions.
Risk measurement
The prevalence rate was used as a proxy variable to estimate the risk of TB in the study area. The estimated risk surface was categorized as a low risk area where the prevalence rate was below and equal to 100 cases per 100,000 population, and a high risk area where the prevalence rate was above 100 cases per 100,000 population [20].
Patient characteristics
A total of 1626 TB cases were diagnosed during January to December, 2016. Only 1.6% of them were excluded from the final analyses because of incomplete addresses or being outside of the study area. Out of 1601 cases included in this study 57.5% were males and 42.5% were women, yielding a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. The mean age with a standard deviation was 36 ± 17 years for all cases, 34 ± 16 years for males and 38 ± 17 years for females. The majority, 89.6%, of the cases were newly diagnosed, while 10.4% were retreatment cases. Of the cases 41.2% were PTB+, 31.9% PTB- and 26.9% ETB. Residentially, 86.6% were from rural areas.
The actual spatial risk of TB distribution
The risk distribution of TB varied from 59 to 173 cases per 100,000 population across districts of the Gurage Zone (Fig. 2). Moreover, the smoothed rates of TB varied from zero to 634 cases per 100,000 population across kebeles of the zone. High risk of TB was observed at northwest, western, southwest and southeast parts. The risk distribution crossed between high and low at west-central parts (Fig. 3).
TB prevalence rates by districts in Gurage Zone
The SEBS rates of TB in Gurage Zone. Source: Authors own data
The best-fitted models
The best geostatistical kriging models were decided to be: 1) Pentaspherical semivariogram, local detrending, true anisotropy and altitude and latitude covariates for modeling with 40% of spatial dataset, 2) Rational Quadratic semivariogram, local detrending, true anisotropy and altitude and latitude covariates for modeling with 60% of spatial dataset, and 3) K-Bessel semivariogram, global detrending, true anisotropy and altitude and latitude covariates for modeling with 80% of spatial dataset. The detrending pattern of the models changed from local to global as the size of spatial dataset increased. Moreover, the models predictive accuracies also improved as the size of spatial dataset increased, which was indicated by 0 MSE, 1 RMSSE, and ASE approached RMSE (i.e., the variability in prediction is correctly assessed) (Table 1).
Table 1 Comparison of cross-validation statistics for TB spatial datasets in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2017
Sensitivity analyses outputs
The parameter values for nugget and range from the input geostatistical model sources were 8123.85 and 72,891.45 for the model with 40% spatial dataset, 7178.77 and 78,808.04 for the model with 60% spatial dataset, and 7210.46 and 78,767.27 for the model with 80% spatial dataset, respectively. Five random nugget and range values that were found within 10% of the input models' nugget and range values were calculated for each dataset and used as input parameters. There were only small fluctuations in the prediction outputs for the corresponding input parameters, indicating more accurate predictive performance of the models (Table 2).
Table 2 The semivariogram sensitivity analyses results for TB spatial datasets in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2017
The estimated spatial risk of TB distribution
The ordinary cokriging models with 40, 60 and 80% of the spatial datasets estimated high risk of TB at northwest, western, southwest and southeast parts of the Gurage Zone. The risk distribution crossed between high and low at west-central parts. Moreover, the models estimated high uncertainties of prediction at border areas of the zone, the magnitude of which decreased as the spatial dataset increased (Fig. 4).
The prediction risk maps of TB and associated standard error maps in Gurage Zone. Source: Authors own data
Comparison between estimated and actual spatial risk of TB distribution
The three estimation models identified areas for high risk of TB at locations that were closely similar to the actual high-risk areas, with reasonable predictive accuracies. These locations included northwest, western, southwest and southeast parts of the Gurage Zone. The risk distribution crossed between high and low at west-central parts (see Figs 3 and 4 above).
This study has underscored that the geostatistical kriging approach can be applied to estimate the spatial risk of TB distribution in settings where spatially limited data are available. The estimation models indicated that there was spatial heterogeneity in the risk of TB distribution in the Gurage Zone, indicating the disease did not affect all of the communities in the area with the same severity. The risk was higher in northwest, western, southwest and southeast parts of the zone. However, the risk distribution interlocked between high and low at west-central parts. Evidences have revealed that differences in underlying socioeconomic, climatic and geographic conditions, and uneven allocation of public health resources could contribute for the spatial heterogeneity in the risk of TB distribution [3, 24, 25]. Moreover, the cross-border population movements from the neighboring border areas could also facilitate the high transmission of TB, especially at border areas of the zone [26,27,28,29,30]. Therefore, the estimated risk map of TB may help local public health authorities prioritize locations that required immediate interventions.
This study revealed that cokriging with altitude and latitude were the best geostatistical models, which suggested that including these covariables improved the predictive accuracies of the models. This reflects that geographical factors can affect the risk distribution of TB in the Gurage Zone. Previous studies have highlighted that the geographical factors had explicit impacts on the risk distribution of TB [3, 24, 25, 31, 32]. Thus, impacts of geographical factors on TB prevention and control should be evaluated, and interventions should be formulated based on geographical features.
In the present study the prediction standard error values were relatively higher in the western, northwest, southwest and southeast parts than in the others. This could be due to the fact that the spatial distribution of TB risk was higher in the western, northwest, southwest and southeast parts of the study area and kriging method underestimated the higher values [3]. The other reason could be that the majority of the spatial sample points were sparser in areas with higher prediction standard error [3]. The lack of data point beyond the borders of the study area could also explain the higher prediction standard error [12]. Therefore, it would be better to take sample data points with better spatial distribution beyond or on the boundaries of these locations in order to obtain more accurate and stable kriging surface estimates.
This study has also practical implications to TB prevention and control programs in low-income countries, where obtaining spatially complete TB data is difficult. The recent advancements in geostatistical modeling techniques and increasing availability of public health data from the national prevalence surveys, demographic and health system surveys and health facilities will be the good opportunities for epidemiologists working in such settings to predict the spatial risk of TB distribution and associated prediction uncertainty at non-surveyed locations [3, 8, 11]. The resulting prediction risk map may allow them measure burden of the disease at all locations, identify high-risk geographical areas for targeted interventions, and evaluate the impacts of intervention programs. This will be useful for optimal utilization of the scarce public health resource.
This study has some limitations. The estimated risk of TB might be underestimated in some areas because the study did not include those patients who would remain undiagnosed for the disease, and those diagnosed and treated at health facilities outside the study area. The modifiable areal unit problem might arise due to the spatial unit of data aggregation. However, the spatial unit of analysis used in this study was the finest resolution available, kebele, which was also the spatial unit used for healthcare planning in the study area. The denominator population numbers could be affected by uneven population growth across the study area since the numbers were projected from the 2007 census [33].
Acid Fast Bacilli
ASE:
Average Standard Errors
CSA:
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia
DOTS:
Directly Observed Treatment-Short courses
DR-TB:
Drug Resistant TB
ETB:
Extra-pulmonary TB
MSE:
Mean Standardized Error
PTB-:
Smear-negative pulmonary TB
RMSE:
Root-Mean-Square Error
RMSSE:
Root-Mean-Square Standardized Error
TB:
TB/HIV:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated TB
PTB +:
Smear-positive pulmonary TB.
SEBS:
Spatial Empirical Bayes Smoothing
Standard Errors
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Piazza AD, Conti FL, Viola F, Eccel E, Noto LV. Comparative analysis of spatial interpolation methods in the Mediterranean area: application to temperature in Sicily. Water. 2015;7:1866–88.
Luo W, Taylor MC, Parker SR. A comparison of spatial interpolation methods to estimate continuous wind speed surfaces using irregularly distributed data from England and Wales. Int J Climatol. 2008;28:947–59.
Gething P, Atkinson P, Noor A, Gikandi P, Hay S, Nixon M. A local space-time kriging approach applied to a national outpatient malaria dataset. Comput Geosci. 2007;33(10):1337–50.
Konak A. A kriging approach to predicting coverage in wireless networks. Int J Mobile Network Design and Innovation. 2009;3:2.
Ali M, Goovaerts P, Nazia N, Haq MZ, Yunus M, Emch M. Application of poisson kriging to the mapping of cholera and dysentery incidence in an endemic area of Bangladesh. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:45.
Sturrock HJW, Gething PW, Clements ACA, Brooker S. Optimal survey designs for targeting chemotherapy against soil-transmitted helminths: effect of spatial heterogeneity and cost-efficiency of sampling. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(6):1079–87.
Guimaraes RJ, Freitas CC, Dutra LV, Felgueiras CA, Drummond SC, Tibirica SH, Oliveira G, Carvalho OS. Use of indicator kriging to investigate schistosomiasis in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. J Tropical Med. 2012;2012:837428.
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Regional State Health Department. The 2016 health report. Awassa, Ethiopia; 2017.
Tadesse S, Enqueselassie F, Hagos S. Spatial and space-time clustering of tuberculosis in Gurage zone, southern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198353.
Federal Ministry of Health. Revised national strategic plan: Tuberculosis, TB/HIV, DR-TB, and leprosy prevention and control 2013/14-2020. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal Ministry of Health; 2017.
USEROS. ASTER global digital elevation model version 2. Sioux Falls, SD: Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Science Center; 2017.
Federal Ministry of Health. Guidelines for clinical and programmatic management of tuberculosis, leprosy and TB/HIV in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal Ministry of Health; 2012.
Dangisso MH, Datiko DG, Lindtjorn B. Spatio-temporal analysis of smear-positive tuberculosis in the Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0126369.
Kim SY, Yi SJ, Eum YS, Choi HJ, Shin H, Ryou HG, Kim H. Ordinary kriging approach to predicting long-term particulate matter concentrations in seven major Korean cities. Environ Health Toxicol 2014;29:e2014012.
Yalcin E. Cokriging and its effect on the estimation precision. J South African Inst Mining and Metallurgy. 2005;105:223-28.
Aretouyap Z, Nouck PN, Nouayou R, Kemgang FEG, Toko ADP, Asfahani J. Lessening the adverse effect of the semivariogram model selection on an interpolative survey using kriging technique. SpringerPlus 2016;5:549.
Li XX, Wang LX, Zhang J, Liu YX, Zhang H, Jiang SW, Chen JX, Zhou XN. Exploration of ecological factors related to the spatial heterogeneity of tuberculosis prevalence in P. R. China. Glob Health Action. 2014; 7:23620.
Dangisso MH, Datiko DG, Lindtjorn B. Accessibility to tuberculosis control services and tuberculosis programme performance in southern Ethiopia. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:29443.
Regassa N, Yusufe A. Gender Differentials in Migration Impacts in Southern Ethiopia. Anthropologist 2009;11(2):129-37.
Carter B, Rohwerder B. Rapid fragility and migration assessment for Ethiopia: Rapid literature review. Birmingham: GSDRC, University of Birmingham; 2016.
Kozinska M, Zientek J, Augustynowicz-Kopec E, Zwolska Z, Kozielski J. Transmission of tuberculosis among people living in the border areas of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2016;126(1-2):32-40.
Hanson K, Jack W. Incentives could induce Ethiopian doctors and nurses to work in rural settings. Health Affairs 2010; 29(8):1452-60.
Boru CG, Shimels T, Bilal AI. Factors contributing to non-adherence with treatment among TB patients in Sodo Woreda, Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A qualitative study. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:527-33.
Sun W, Gong J, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Tan J, Ibrahim AN, Zhou Y. A spatial, social and environmental study of tuberculosis in China using statistical and GIS technology. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:1425-48.
Central Statistical Agency. The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Statistical Report for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Central Statistical Agency; 2007. Available at: http://www.csa.gov.et/census-report/complete-report/census-2007.html?start=10. Accessed Apr 2017.
Authors would like to thank the Gurage Zone Department of Health, the data collectors and the personnel at the health facilities in the study area.
Funding for this study was provided by the University of Gondar and the Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
The datasets for the current study are included within the article and its additional files.
Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Sebsibe Tadesse
School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Fikre Enqueselassie & Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus
Fikre Enqueselassie
Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus
ST conceived the study, collected, analyzed and prepared the draft manuscript. FE, as a primary advisor for ST, advised and supervised the conception, the conduct as well as the analysis and the write-up of the manuscript. SH advised and supervised the conception, the analysis and the write-up of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Sebsibe Tadesse.
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of the School of Public Health, and the Institutional Review Board of the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University. Because of the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent from patients was not required. A letter of support was obtained from the Gurage Zone Department of Health to obtain information from all districts and health facilities. Personal identifiers of the cases were coded prior to analysis, and medical records were kept in a secure place to help maintain the confidentiality of the clinical information of cases.
The aggregated datasets for the study. (XLSX 68 kb)
The geostatistical kriging models. (XLSX 232 kb)
Tadesse, S., Enqueselassie, F. & Gebreyesus, S.H. Estimating the spatial risk of tuberculosis distribution in Gurage zone, southern Ethiopia: a geostatistical kriging approach. BMC Public Health 18, 783 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5711-3
Geostatistical kriging
Risk of tuberculosis
Semivariogram model
Biostatistics and methods


When I spend time creating bulletin boards for my classroom, I want to make sure that they are connected to my teaching and that my students use the information to push their thinking. I can spend hours creating beautiful bulletin boards, but if they are not meaningful or if they do not serve a real purpose for my students, I find they do nothing more than take up important space on my walls.
Each month I choose a picture book for my students to review. As each student reads the book, they move their picture below the "Thumbs Up" sign or below the "Thumbs Down" sign according to their personal evaluation of the book. I also use a separate basket to hold the multiple copies of the chosen book so that students can easily acquire the book when copies become available. It is fun for students to observe the display throughout the month as they keep track of their classmates' votes for thumbs up or thumbs down.
Students suggest books for their classmates to read by posting their favorite books on our book recommendation board. When students want to recommend a book to a specific person they think would enjoy the book, they use the Peer Recommendation board. I find that these boards generate excitement about books in my classroom and help to strengthen my reading community.
When students are involved in reading partnerships, they must write "thick questions" to bring to their meetings. To help students practice writing thick questions, I also include them in my daily read-aloud. Each day after I read a chapter aloud from a class novel, I invite my students to write a thick question on an index card and add it to the card holder on our "Thick Questions" bulletin board. I pick one thick question to ask the class before I begin reading from the novel the following day and lead a brief class discussion.
At the beginning of the year, I ask all students to bring in a baby picture of themselves. I create a bulletin board that features all of the baby pictures with a number next to each picture. Students spend a week studying the pictures before trying to match their classmates with the correct baby picture. This is fun for students and helps build community at the beginning of the school year.
Since my class studies the regions of the United States, we play a Mystery Photo game each week. I print out a picture on photo paper of a certain landmark in a city we will visit and cut it into puzzle pieces. Each day, I add a new piece of the puzzle and a new clue. On Friday, students guess the identity of the Mystery Photo.
View a slideshow of Beth's bulletin boards.


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text:
Некроморфы (от  — «смерть» и  — «форма») — вымышленный тип формы жизни в серии компьютерных игр Dead Space, а также основанных на играх, комиксах и анимационных фильмах. По материалам журнала «Игромания», заняли первое место в списке самых страшных чудовищ в компьютерных играх.

Их конкретное происхождение неизвестно, но появились они благодаря артефакту «Обелиск», в котором записана ДНК данной формы жизни. Для «размножения» некроморфам требуются трупы других существ, поэтому они крайне агрессивны по отношению ко всем другим видам. Превращение захваченного тела в некроморфа происходит приблизительно за 10 секунд. Сами они обладают высокой выносливостью и способны переносить практически любые ранения, даже полное расчленение не убивает их, а лишь нейтрализует. Ключом к подавлению вируса, приводящему к превращению в некроморфа, является сам «Обелиск».

Некроморфы ассоциируются и с вторжением в психику персонажа — в том числе с галлюцинациями, в которых размываются границы между жизнью, смертью, прошлым и настоящим. Они сами соединяют в себе инопланетный разум и части человеческих тел, нарушая границу как между человеческим и нечеловеческим, так и между отдельными человеческими существами — тела некроморфов могут быть собраны из расчленённых трупов, принадлежавших разным людям. По словам продюсера Dead Space Глена Шофилда, при создании этих монстров разработчики игры изучили множество фотографий реальных изувеченных трупов — жертв автомобильных катастроф, военных конфликтов и тому подобного. Художник Кристофер Шай, работавший над графическими новеллами по играм, для создания образов некроморфов изучал медицинские статьи об опухолях и онкологических заболеваниях; с его точки зрения, некроморфы должны вести себя подобным образом — «одна клеточная масса атакует другую».

Некоторые некроморфы относительно человекоподобны, тогда как другие соединяют в себе элементы человеческой внешности и черты паукообразных. У некоторых некроморфов есть человеческие лица, застывшие в крике или гримасах, выражающих крайние степени эмоций или боли. Отдельные некроморфы отличаются сверхъестественной подвижностью, другие медленно ковыляют или пошатываются при ходьбе, третьи прикреплены к стенам космического корабля. Некроморфы издают разнообразные звуки — рёв, стоны, вздохи; некоторые существа могут лопаться, выпуская наружу меньших тварей, извергать наружу ядовитые жидкости или пары. Если некроморфам удаётся добраться до любого живого существа, они расправляются с ним разнообразными способами — протыкают, разрывают на куски и так далее. Некроморфы, в отличие, например, от хищников, не обладают моралью или неким кодексом чести, они не задумываясь убивают даже маленьких детей, хотя сказать, что они полностью лишены ума, нельзя.

Существуют продвинутые версии кровожадных пришельцев — они более тёмные и опасные, так как обладают повышенными уроном и стойкостью.

Финальной стадией эволюции некроморфов являются Братские Луны, созданные посредством убийства и инфицирования каждого живого существа на отдельно взятой планете. Конечная задача некроморфов — аккумуляция определённой массы мёртвых биологических тканей, которая затем будет собрана воедино Обелисками в ходе Схождения — масштабного события, ведущего к рождению новой Луны.

Некроморфами желают стать члены секты юнитологов, которые верят, что Обелиск, из-за которого, по их мнению, зародилась жизнь на Земле, способен через это превращение приобщить их к высшей форме бытия и наделить бессмертием. Данная организация фигурирует во всех частях серии, а в третьей является одним из врагов главных героев.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Playground — DOX — Описание некроморфов
 Некроморфы — Dead Space Wiki

Вымышленные паразиты
Вымышленные мутанты
Персонажи-нежить
Персонажи-инопланетяне


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50 Galaxy Quotes for Those Who Wonder
Max Cordova
Published on March 23, 2020 7:00 AM EST
These galaxy quotes will make you understand how seemingly insignificant we are in this universe.
When you look up at the night sky, you may find yourself wondering what's beyond. For thousands of years, people have studied the stars and the galaxy to understand everything from agriculture, to building cities, to navigating the oceans, and even finding "matches made in heaven."
Despite all the advancements we've made in technology and science, there's still so much we don't understand about the sky above us. We still have many questions about the galaxy, some that we may never get the answers to. But having a sense of wonder is good for any human being, and these galaxy quotes are a reminder of how small we really are in this vast universe
Don't forget to also read these universe quotes celebrating our place in the cosmos.
Galaxy quotes that will elevate your mind
1. "Is it not careless to become too local when there are four hundred billion stars in our galaxy alone." — A. R. Ammons
2. "How can you look at the galaxy and not feel insignificant?" — Ridley Scott
3. "Never apologize for burning too brightly or collapsing into yourself every night. That is how galaxies are made." — Tyler Kent White
4. "Look at the sky. We are not alone. The whole universe is friendly to us and conspires only to give the best to those who dream and work." — A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
5. "There are at least as many galaxies in our observable universe as there are stars in our galaxy." — Martin Rees
6. "However alert we are, antiquity remains an unknown, unanticipated galaxy." — Donald Hall
7. "Those freckles make you seem like a galaxy of stars, just waiting to be explored and loved." — Nikita Gill
8. "The dancing Sun the dancing moon the dancing stars and the dancing galaxies are the direct expression of our divine Self." — Amit Ray
9. "Our galaxy's pretty ordinary, garden-variety. So if we believe our galaxy has a super massive black hole, that tells us that most, if not all, galaxies host such a black hole at their centers." — Andrea M. Ghez
10. "Look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see, and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious." — Stephen Hawking
Galaxy quotes that will change the way you think
11. "Far out in the uncharted backwaters of the unfashionable end of the western spiral arm of the Galaxy lies a small unregarded yellow sun. Orbiting this at a distance of roughly ninety-two million miles is an utterly insignificant little blue green planet whose ape-descended life forms are so amazingly primitive that they still think digital watches are a pretty neat idea." ― Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
12. "Everybody has a little bit of the sun and moon in them. Everybody has a little bit of man, woman, and animal in them. Darks and lights in them. Everyone is part of a connected cosmic system. Part earth and sea, wind and fire, with some salt and dust swimming in them. We have a universe within ourselves that mimics the universe outside. None of us are just black or white, or never wrong and always right. No one. No one exists without polarities. Everybody has good and bad forces working with them, against them, and within them. ― Suzy Kassem, Rise Up and Salute the Sun: The Writings of Suzy Kassem
13. "I can wait for the galaxy outside to get a little kinder." ― Becky Chambers, The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet
14. "Look at the stars. It won't fix the economy. It won't stop wars. It won't give you flat abs, or even help you figure out your relationship. But it's important. It helps you to remember that you and your problems are both infinitesimally small and conversely, that you are a piece of an amazing and vast universe." ― Kate Bartolotta
15. "The near side of a galaxy is tens of thousands of light-years closer to us than the far side; thus we see the front as it was tens of thousands of years before the back. But typical events in galactic dynamics occupy tens of millions of years, so the error in thinking of an image of a galaxy as frozen in one moment of time is small." ― Carl Sagan, Cosmos
16. "People will seek the ends of the galaxy to avoid that which they need most." ― Criss Jami, Healology
17. "I believe, if there is some sort of higher power, the universe is it. Whenever religious people ask me where the universe came from, I tell them that it has always been here, and was never created. The Big Bang theory is based on the fact that the universe is expanding right now. And if you rewind the tape, the universe appears to be shrinking. If you rewind the tape far enough, eventually the universe must be just one singular point. Or so the theory goes. But what if the universe has not always been expanding? What if it's pulsating, and one pulse takes trillions of years, and right now the universe is inhaling, and before that, trillions of years ago, it was exhaling?" ― Oliver Gaspirtz
18. "Entering a cell, penetrating deep as a flying saucer to find a new galaxy would be an honorable task for a new scientist interested more in the inner state of the soul than in outer space." ― Dejan Stojanovic
19. "At every level in our inventory, nothing seems special about our Earth, our Sun, our Galaxy, our Local Group. Evidently, mediocrity reigns throughout. Such is our niche in the Universe." ― Eric Chaisson, Epic of Evolution: Seven Ages of the Cosmos
20. "She wasn't a constellation. She was a galaxy." ― Nitya Prakash
Also read these incredible wrestling quotes for fans of the sport.
Galaxy quotes to motivate you
21. "Even today, more than eighty years after Oort's bold guess, we still don't have a clue what this dark matter is made of. We know it exists. We know where it is. We have maps of its presence within and around galaxies throughout the universe. We even have stringent constraints on what it is not, but we have no clue what it is. And yes, its presence is overwhelming: for every one kilogram of ordinary matter made out of neutrons and protons and electrons, there are five kilograms of dark matter, made out of who-knows-what." ― Christophe Galfard, The Universe in Your Hand: A Journey Through Space, Time, and Beyond
22. "How many chances are there that in one or few of those unknown worlds, some mighty civilizations had contrived the ways to see through the past time and billions of light-years?" ― Sahara Sanders, INDIGO DIARIES: A Series of Novels
23. "Who of us, humans, at least once a lifetime, didn't deeply fall into contemplation, standing in the darkness of such eventides beneath the constellations that are hiding different wyes and planets still hardly visible or reachable for our eyes and minds?" ― Sahara Sanders, The ADVENTURES of Emily Smith & Billy Fifer
24. "Who are we people, in all that global greatness of the space? …Considering things in the ecumenical measure, we are the microbes of the Universe." ― Sahara Sanders, The Adventures of Emily Smith & Billy Fifer
25. "Next morning, Emma had more of unusual impressions, from the nightdream she saw before the moment she woke up: The girl flew inside some darkness, feeling really tired; soon, she decided to have a nap laying onto… some Galaxy! She was herself as big as the Universe… Or was it she the part of that macrocosm?" ― Sahara Sanders, INDIGO DIARIES: A Series of Novels
26. "If this is the case, they'd also be able to descry the stories happening on the Earth… like the one narrated in this novel." ― Sahara Sanders, Gods' Food
27. "What's the point of racing around the galaxy if you aren't going to have fun?" ― Zoraida Córdova, A Crash of Fate
28. "For us ambitious galactic travelers, exploration of other galaxies in person will forever be a dream." ― Rajesh`, Random Cosmos
29. "We must remember that the sun is a star, but not all the stars are the sun" ― Munia Khan
30. "I live on the planet Crazy in the solar system of Delusion in the galaxy of Insanity." ― Steven Magee
Galaxy quotes to boost your creativity
31. "Humanity is about to face the final great filter, the great filter of devastating war. Either we will emerge as a peaceful and powerful race ready the conquer the Galaxy, or we will perish and extinct, leaving the earth a dead rock in the vast endless space." ― Ahmed Salah Al Mahdi
32. "Where in the world would a star be without the love of the sky?" ― Munia Khan
33. "The sky is but a looking glass into a pool of airless oceans, cast off into a dance of light and energy, leaving only a facet of guidance to navigate. Such an existence lays but within the mind man." ― Indiana Lang
34. "They will say that the Universe has no purpose and no plan, that since a hundred suns explode every year in our Galaxy, at this very moment some race is dying in the depths of space. Whether that race has done good or evil during its lifetime will make no difference in the end: there is no divine justice, for there is no God." ― Arthur C. Clarke, The Star
35. "I look at the wonders of the sky and see myself among the stars." ― Cailah H
36. "Sometimes it seemed that one of the stars came loose from the firmament and sailed off with dizzying speed to a far corner of the night. In the dark hours before sunrise, constellations came apart and reformed and fell in burning streaks." ― Joe Hill, The Fireman
37. "I am a star. […] I am a galaxy." ― C.J. Redwine, The Traitor Prince
38. "Waking up in the same place in which you dozed off has never happened either to you or to anyone else. Ever. Earth does not stop moving when you sleep. Every hour that passes, Earth travels a little more than 800,000 kilometres around the centre of our galaxy. And so do you. That's the equivalent of about twenty trips around the planet. Every hour. No one minds, though, as long as their bed stays still beneath their body." ― Christophe Galfard, The Universe in Your Hand: A Journey Through Space, Time, and Beyond
39. "According to Thoth, because of the placement of the Great Pyramid on the Earth connecting into the Earth's huge geometrical field – specifically the octahedral field of the Earth, which is equivalent to our own fields – and because of the pyramid's mass and the geometries used in it, the white-light energy field spirals upward and becomes extremely strong, stretching all the way out to the center of the galaxy. The dark-light energy comes in from above, spirals through zero point and connects with the center of the Earth. In this way the Great Pyramid connects the center of the Earth to the center of our galaxy." ― Drunvalo Melchizedek, The Ancient Secret of the Flower of Life: Volume 2
40. "It goes on forever and forever, and perhaps something made it. But how you can believe that something has a special interest in us and our miserable little world—that just beats me." ― Arthur C. Clarke, The Star
More galaxy quotes to inspire you
41. "I don't think I'm from this galaxy at all. I believe I came from the Andromeda galaxy, not so far, but far enough. Maybe that's why I'm an outcast.' He drew the spiral of Andromeda close to the Milky Way, almost touching. Then he pointed to Andromeda in the night sky above us. 'Maybe that's where I'm from too,' my father said. We could still see the stars." ― Hannah Lillith Assadi, Sonora
42. "There may be aliens in our Milky Way galaxy, and there are billions of other galaxies. The probability is almost certain that there is life somewhere in space." ― Buzz Aldrin
43. "The human race may be the only intelligent beings in the galaxy." ― Stephen Hawking
44. "When you look at the stars and the galaxy, you feel that you are not just from any particular piece of land, but from the solar system." ― Kalpana Chawla
45. "Believing takes practice." ― Madeleine L'Engle, A Wrinkle in Time
46. "To infinity and beyond!" ― Buzz Lightyear, Toy Story
47. "Everything dies, from the smallest blade of grass to the biggest galaxy." ― Stephen R. Donaldson
48. "I like the night. Without the dark, we'd never see the stars." ― Stephenie Meyer, Twilight
49. "There's as many atoms in a single molecule of your DNA as there are stars in the typical galaxy. We are, each of us, a little universe." ― Neil deGrasse Tyson, Cosmos
50. "You hold the universe in you. You hold the galaxies. Dig deeper. Find them."― Twinkle Sharma
Which of these galaxy quotes is your favorite?
There is a lot that we can learn from looking at the night sky. Even if we don't rely on the stars as much as ancient civilizations before us did, we can still gain something just by marveling at the world above us. And you don't need a telescope to see the stars to understand how seemingly insignifcant we are in this galaxy and in this universe.
Sometimes, when the daily stresses of life become too much for us, it's a good idea to disconnect from everything, go outside, and just look up. Seeing how large the galaxy is and reading these galaxy quotes can teach us not to sweat the small stuff and to be grateful for what we do have. If life ever gets too rough, just look up.
Did you enjoy these galaxy quotes and sayings? Which of the quotes is your favorite? Let us know in the comment section below.
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Sweet-smelling mimosa trees in Sonoma Valley, February 2018.
Céline Spring 2018 look book photographed by Juergen Teller.
Mimosa is blooming in California. I dream of a Celiné sundress and wear a yellow shirt.
The color yellow is often associated with optimism, happiness and laughter. Of all colors, it is closest to divine light, and architect Luis Barragán used it as a reference to spirituality.
In large doses, yellow can be too stimulating and evoke feelings of irritation and frustration.
But to me lately, it feels warm and inviting. The next best thing to the sun.