Speckled with metallic silver mineral deposits, black pearl granite is a striking grey and black stone that is usually quarried in India. This type of granite is a mid-range countertop option, for a 3cm thick slab of black pearl granite costs roughly $16 per square foot, and a 2cm thick costs roughly $13 per square foot.
Also, keep in mind that this does not include the installation price which roughly costs $25 per square foot.
The installation fee varies, depending on the intricacy of your counter, but of course, if you are looking to shave some of the cost check out our granite countertops installation guide.
Aside from the traditional Indian granite, Chinese granite have also penetrated the market, usually offered in lower prices. One can determine the difference between the Indian and Chinese granite by looking into the density of the building material. This granite looks black or dark grey in color from afar. No large patterns or mineral deposits can be evidently seen, making it relatively uniform. The stunning combination of minerals can be deciphered with closer inspection. Also, the bedrock consists 10% to 30% of the slab, making it hardly visible from the surface area. The mineral deposits are tiny individually, and covers roughly 60% to 80% of the surface area. Depending on the room's lighting conditions, black pearl granite's look varies from one setting to another. You can play with your stone work with different lighting options, aside from changing your cabinets' finish or walls. This granite is also known for its durability and hardness, black pearl granite does not stain or scratch easily. However, it is known for leaving watermarks and fingerprints.
Absolute black granite is the deepest shade of black granite available. Unlike black pearl granite, absolute black does not have any mineral deposits on its surface area, making it more uniform and solid compared to the other. Since both types are black and just playing on the metallic silver deposits, you can pair up the countertops with your existing cabinets, picking what works best with their current color/finish.
Black Pearl Granite works best with what?
The contrasting colors of white and black works fittingly, coming off with its complementary vibe. It is then made as a strong, dominating feature in the room. Pairing black with white is one of the most popular choices in the industry. Your flooring options are widely available, for the two pair well with any flooring, be it hardwood oak, walnut, or tiles, among others. Aside from the clean, sleek white cabinets, ivory and cream-colored furnishings do also work well with black pearl granite.
Oak and black pearl, once combined, scream classy. With the fancy and sleek finish of the hardwood oak cabinet paired with the strong feature of the stone work, one cannot not take into account the perfection that it brings into the room. Add recess lighting and an island and your kitchen is sure to be the highlight of your house.
Matching black pearl granite with white speaks modern, and with oak classy. But pairing the stone work with dark cabinets scream sophisticated. Dark on dark is a great combination, although you have to be mindful with the balance of the colors to neutralize the mood in the room. For example, if your cabinets have a dark finish and you would like to pair it with black pearl granite countertop, you might want to invest on clear and luminous lighting fixtures, or maybe white or tan accessories. Another way to keep the room balanced wood to have a lot of natural light, adding some skylights when possible is certainly one route you can go. That way, the mood will be lifted up, avoiding the dreary vibe a predominately dark kitchen could create.


SAN JOSE — Yahoo Inc. and TiVo Inc. are teaming up to blend some of their services, a move that further fades the lines between offices and living rooms, TVs and PCs.
Under a partnership announced Monday, the two will collaborate to offer Yahoo's Internet-based content and services through TiVo's digital video recording devices.
Users of Yahoo's TV page will be able to click on a record-to-TiVo button directly from a television program listing to remotely schedule recordings.
And in the coming months, possibly before the end of the year, Yahoo's traffic and weather content, as well as its users' photos will be viewable on televisions via TiVo's broadband service and easy-to-use screen menu.
Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but Edward Lichty, TiVo's vice president of corporate strategy, said TiVo hopes the collaboration will set the foundation for a long-term relationship.
TiVo subscribers already have the ability to remotely schedule recordings from the TiVo Web site, but this will give the DVR pioneer a way to potentially tap Yahoo's large user base and gain some much-needed new customers.
The Alviso-based company has about 3.6 million subscribers but it accrued fewer new customers in its last fiscal second quarter than it did the previous year, according to the company's financial report released in August. And though the company posted its first profit in its eight-year history during that quarter, some analysts question whether the company can continue to grow as satellite and cable companies develop their own DVR technology that offer lower subscription fees.
Meanwhile, Sunnyvale-based Yahoo, the leading destination on the Web, is seeing tremendous growth as more people turn to the Internet for news, entertainment, communication, and other services.
But the Internet giant is also under constantpressure from rivals Google Inc. and Microsoft Corp. to expand its own offerings.
For both companies, TiVo in particular, the ability to let its subscribers access Yahoo's content from their televisions marks a significant development in the company's year-old campaign to expand beyond basic digital video recording services to becoming more of an entertainment hub, Lichty said.
Bringing Internet access to the TV screen is nothing new. Most previous efforts — notably WebTV — were dismal failures. But Lichty thinks the Yahoo-TiVo offering will be different.
"It's not about having a Web browser on your TV and having a keyboard on your lap. It'll still be focused on the TV experience and navigating with the remote control," Lichty said.


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We are English, Japanese and Chinese. Over 20 years of tea travels have enabled us to introduce two key concepts to tea: provenance and small tea. We pioneered provenance back in 2008 when we became the first tea company in the world to put the maker's name and location on all our 60 teas including the blends. More recently we introduced the idea of small tea which is tea from small producers who farm less than 15 acres. We work with farms that produce small tea in 6 countries across Asia because we believe small producers of less than 15 acres are better for people, places, and planet than the larger producers who supply 99% of all the tea sold in the West including the teas sold as rare, fairly traded or beneficial to the environment. As with provenance, we are the first tea company in the world to sell tea exclusively from small farms.
Most of us want the best tea not only in terms of taste but also the best for the people who make our tea. We believe only small tea can deliver this.
The very best teas in China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam are produced on very small family farms many only 1 or 2 acres in size. It is these tiny farms that produce teas like authentic Xihu Long Jing, Wuyi Oolongs, the most sought after Taiwanese teas, and many of Japan's greatest green teas. And if you take the price paid to the producers as an indicator of a tea's quality, then these small producers' teas are definitely better than the plantations'. In China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan small producers can receive hundreds sometimes thousands of dollars a kilo for their best teas whereas you can pick up a mediocre copy of a famous tea produced by a plantation or garden for a fraction of these prices. Even in tea countries like India where the industry is dominated by plantations we are starting to see small grower and producers' teas that equal or even better the very best estates' produce.
When you buy tea from a small farm where there is ideally no hired help, you know that a much larger percentage of your money is going directly to the people who made the tea. Many tea companies particularly specialist tea companies who sell very expensive teas talk about their direct trade credentials but if they are buying from producers over 15 acres then it is usually only the owners who are benefiting financially not the people who actually make the tea. War on Want estimates that a tea picker on a tea estate often sees just 1p out of a £1.60 pack of tea. The pay levels on tea plantations around the world are absurdly low, often below the World Bank Extreme Poverty Level of $2 a day. In 2013, an Oxfam report surprised many outside the tea industry when it found that it made no difference if the tea plantation was certified by one of the many the well-known international ethical, sustainable, or fair trade organizations as all plantations, estates, or gardens paid similarly low wages because organic and fair trade marks only guarantee the local legal minimum wage no matter how low it is. Many plantations may have welfare issues which may date back to many tea plantations' establishment in colonial times. Just this year the Head of the Indian Tea Board MGVK Bhanu felt the need to say to tell Indian tea producers that "The industry can no longer treat the labour force as they did a hundred years ago and all necessary steps should be taken for their welfare".
Visiting tea growing areas across Asia from India to Japan, we have been struck by the problems of tea communities struggling to preserve their local economy and culture. Buying small tea is again a possible solution. Unlike large-scale plantations and gardens with low-paid laborers, which are often owned by companies based elsewhere in the country and sometimes even abroad for tax purposes, small locally owned farms are better placed to enrich the local economy. The extra money that these small farms can contribute also goes towards creating jobs in non-agricultural sectors encouraging more young people to stay in their communities and maintain their traditional way of life if they so choose. More farms also means more choice of teas, more entrepreneurship, and more democracy as there is less concentration of power and wealth.
In Asia, the most populous continent on the planet, small farms under 5 acres produce the majority of the region's tea and food. Nearly all the small tea farms we know and work with farm without unsustainable oil based agrochemicals. Many small tea producers also have a form of polyculture, growing a diversity of crops and fruits for themselves to eat as well as to sell. This is important as this plant diversity encourages more biodiversity including the animals that feed on the tea plant's pests so it can boost the farm's yield and quality without resorting to pesticide use. In comparisons of yield per acre, small farms that grow different crops have been shown to have higher yields per acre than large scale plantations with monocultures like those found on larger tea estates and gardens. The writer Michael Pollan believes that "monoculture is at the root of virtually every problem that bedevils the modern farmer". The ISTAAD report set up by the World Bank and several UN bodies recommended against adopting further larger-scale agrochemical farming because of the "increasingly intolerable price, paid by small-scale farmers, workers, rural communities and the environment". Olivier De Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur for Food added "We won't solve hunger and stop climate change with industrial farming on large plantations. The solution lies in supporting small-scale farmers' knowledge and experimentation, and in raising incomes of smallholders."
Teas sourced or blended by us have been sold at Dean & Deluca, Selfridges, Liberty and Harrods and served at many great restaurants and cafes including The River Café, Balthazar, Umu, Quo Vadis, Café Oto, The Delaunay, Dock Kitchen, Fernandez & Wells, The Espresso Room, Taylor Street Baristas, Poilâne's Cuisine de Bar and Prufrock Coffee. Tim has written a book in Japanese on tea brewing (究極の紅茶) and he and the rest of the team are currently working on two new books on tea. In 2012, tea cups designed by Tim and Peter Ting to enhance the enjoyment of different teas for the company 1660London won Best New Product at the World Tea Expo and were chosen for the permanent collection of London's V&A Museum. The company has worked with the BBC, NHK, and Fuji television on documentaries about tea. More recently Lu had a leading role in introducing Victoria Wood to Chinese tea in the first part of her documentary A Nice Cup of Tea.
Timothy d'Offay
Over 20 years ago while living in Japan's ancient capital Kyoto, Tim became fascinated by tea culture and the tea growing areas around the city. Using Japan as a base, he soon started to explore the tea traditions of Taiwan, Korea, and Hong Kong as well. These experiences led him to start importing tea in the late 1990s from the people and places he had visited and in 2000 he co-founded East Teas at Borough Market with the tea expert Alex Fraser. Since then he has travelled extensively across Asia to many of the famous tea producing areas in India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and China.
Asako d'Offay
Asako comes from a Shizuoka family with a long tea tradition. Her great-grandfather was a pioneering tea farmer who established tea fields in the Mount Fuji area. He was succeeded by his son who produced teas for the Emperor of Japan and who made one of the country's first black teas. Asako continues the tea tradition by working with farms across Japan and also by studying tea ceremony with her aunt, an Omote Senke Tea School instructor.
Zhou Lu
Zhou Lu is the Creative Director of Postcard Teas. She was born and raised in Beijing where she studied at the famous Central Academy of Fine Arts. Lu later won a scholarship to the University of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm before again being chosen to receive a special post graduate scholarship program in Ceramics at the Royal College of Art. Through her love of ceramics, she came to be interested in the special relationship between tea and ceramics. For the past ten years, Lu has been working with some of China's finest tea makers and ceramicists to bring tea and teaware of a quality rarely seen in the West since the 18th century.
Jonathan Nunn
Jonathan has been working closely with Tim for the last five years. Originally he was a customer of Postcard Teas and it was a cup of a single tree dancong tasted at the shop that convinced him that he wanted to work professionally in tea. Of both English and Indian ancestry, he made his first visit to Asia in 2013 when he went to see the small farms of Sahyadri co-operative in Kerala. Jonathan currently manages the shop and website, and is studying Mandarin to further his appreciation of Chinese and Taiwanese tea culture.
Alex Simpson
Alex came to Postcard Teas after working in speciality coffee and has been working closely with Tim since 2012. Amazed by the huge variety of flavor, style and culture that tea has to offer, he has quickly developed an understanding of the teas we import and is now in charge of blending, grinding and roasting all our teas. In 2017 he made his first visit to Daintree Estate in Australia to learn more about tea processing.
Marie Berne
Marie is the French element to Postcard Teas. She holds a Ph.D in Comparative Literature, writes, lived in Hong Hong for five years and worked in the wine industry for a little while. Her journey with Postcard Teas started when she discovered that a tea could last for hours in her palate after having had a cup and when she realized that tea was also made by a real person taking care of his trees, just like good wine. Marie is now responsible for the sourcing of all of our tisanes and has been working with small farms in France and Morocco since 2016.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Murietta Falls Is One of the Most Challenging Hikes. Do You Have What It Takes?
A change of scenery is one of the many reasons you might be yearning for a getaway. Some regions have the ocean and others have mountains. The San Francisco Bay Area, specifically Livermore Valley, has rolling, green hills, and endless blue skies. That's what you can find on the hike to Murietta Falls! This 11.8-mile trail is located within the Ohlone Wilderness Trail. This trail is the second most challenging in our area, right behind the trek to Rose Peak. While Murietta Falls is a popular hike, it's also one of the most physically-intense.
Prepare for the hike to Murietta Falls with the information below, then prepare for your trip to Livermore with our complimentary Vacation Guide!
Discover Livermore Valley
What You Need to Know About the Hike to Murietta Falls
The Best Conditions for the Hike
At first glance, you might think that the ideal conditions leading up to your hike would be sunny skies. This isn't the case for the hike to Murietta Falls, though! Due to the usually dry conditions in this area, this 100-foot waterfall is more of a trickling unless it has rained in the days prior. The good news is that this trail doesn't get too muddy! Just be sure to watch out for slippery rocks.
Terrain — It's An Uphill Battle
You can expect a clear, dirt road path for most of the hike to Murietta Falls. Watch as your surroundings change from forests to woodlands to grasslands along the way. Though the path is mostly clear, it's anything but easy! The trail starts climbing almost as soon as it begins. The highest point, at Schlieper Rock, clocks in at nearly 3,600 feet. It's an uphill battle, but once you get the highest point, you begin descending into a grotto where you find Murietta Falls.
What You Can See at Murietta Falls
Once you arrive at Murietta Falls, you can expect to find a 100-foot tall rock formation with a narrow waterfall. When the weather has been exceptionally dry (which isn't unusual for this area of California) you might not see a waterfall. However, the views of this massive rock formation are just good!
Be sure to take photos in front of the falls to show your friends and family that you hiked the second most challenging trail in the Bay Area! Once you've mastered one of the toughest hikes, these other hiking trails in Livermore will feel like a piece of cake!
More at Del Valle Regional Park
The Murietta Falls Hike begins near Lake Del Valle. The first portion of the hike winds through Lake Del Valle Regional Park's thick woodlands. Check out other great outdoor exploration at Lake Del Valle while you're in the area!
Relax Your Muscles at The Purple Orchid
https://www.purpleorchid.com/accommodations/double-eagle-king-suite/
Reward yourself for completing the hike to Murietta Falls with a massage at The Purple Orchid! Our state-of-the-art spa offers first-class services for your needs. Try a 50 or 80-minute Sports Massage. This service kneads the tension out of your muscles and leaves you feeling limber and ready to take on another summit!
You're sure to be tired after your trek to Murietta Falls. Consider staying the night at our Livermore, CA, hotel! The Double Eagle — King Suite offers a plush king-size bed, soaking tub for two, and a private patio.
Check availability for all of our Livermore, CA, accommodations to see which you might relax in after your hike to Murietta Falls!
Quarry Lakes Regional Recreation Area Is the Best Place to Train
Where are the best places to hike in Livermore?
4 of the Best Things to Do when Visiting Lake Del Valle Regional Park
Here's Why You Need to Take a Trip to Fenestra Winery — Have an Experience Like No Other When You Visit the Singing Winemaker


The Stihl BGA 56 battery powered leaf blower is part of the NEW STIHL AK Series, and their lithium-ion battery system. The BGA 56 battery-powered handheld blower is a great choice for suburban homeowners who demand great power, durability and run time. The BGA 56 bundle comes standard with the AK 20 battery and AL 101 battery charger. It is lightweight at only 7.3 lbs. (including battery) and features an adjustable blower tube and enough power to clear a sidewalk, seven football fields long, on a single charge.
Switch or upgrade to this battery powered leaf blower and stop messing with gas and oil, eliminate noise and stinky emission fumes. All battery powered equipment is noise compliant with local ordinances.
Kit includes: BGA 56 blower, AK 20 battery and AL 101 battery charger.
Part of the STIHL AK Series, the BGA 56 battery-powered handheld blower is a great choice for suburban homeowners who demand great power, durability and run time. The BG 56 bundle comes standard with the AK 20 battery and AL 101 battery charger. It is lightweight at only 7.3 lbs. (including battery) and features an adjustable blower tube and enough power to clear a sidewalk, seven football fields long, on a single charge.
Click the button below to add the Stihl BGA 56 Battery Powered Blower Kit (In-Store Pick-up) to your wish list.


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Shop Nationals Gear
Yahoo MLB Podcast
Why the next 10 days 'are important' for Major League Baseball
Tim BrownMLB columnist
February 2, 2018, 1:08 AM UTC
LOS ANGELES – First off, it seems important to say, this is not how the world ends, on the sword of baseball games being decided on this side or the other side of 10 p.m.
But, you know how these things go, so somebody or a lot of somebodies are going to be mad eventually. It's our nature, and 10 minutes is 10 minutes, and we all apparently have someplace to be. Ten minutes ago.
That leads us to a room on the second floor of the Four Seasons hotel early Thursday afternoon, where Major League Baseball commissioner Rob Manfred, representing the 30 team owners, expressed again his hopes/intentions to shorten baseball games by, as of last season, about 10 minutes. He also seemed somewhat flummoxed by the players union's resistance to either the idea of shortening games or the strategies on the table to shorten the games. Either way, it would appear, there will be mechanisms in place – perhaps a pitch clock, perhaps a limit on mound visits, perhaps shorter inning breaks – for the 2018 regular season, an outcome Manfred is within his power to implement unilaterally, which he said is not his preferred method. Spring training sites begin to fill in about 10 days. Any changes would almost certainly have to be in place by then or shortly thereafter.
"The next 10 days," Manfred said, "are important."
Players generally prefer a quicker game or, better framed, a game played apace. They are not inclined to accept an outcome that would reward a batter with a better pitch count because the game required some deeper thought, or otherwise impact the game inorganically. There's also a broader subject of the current relationship between player and management, player and ownership, player and marketplace, none of which is rosy. Asked specifically about pace-of-play proposals Thursday, union chief Tony Clark responded in text message, "As we sit here today, the first week of February, our focus is on the 100+ Free Agents still available. Players and the PA remain committed to the competitive integrity of the game on all fronts, including on-field rules."
They are not happy. For whatever reasons the offseason has been a free-agent slog, and you've heard most of them – soft cap, tank mentality, market correction, strains of collusion, etc. – the players seem of the mind to focus first on jobs, then on whether they have 20 seconds or 22 to throw a pitch.
Major League Baseball commissioner Rob Manfred speaks during a news conference at the baseball owners meetings in the Four Seasons Hotel, Thursday, Feb. 1, 2018, in Los Angeles. (AP)
Where that leaves everyone is on the verge of change.
In 2015, the average time of a nine-inning baseball game was 2 hours, 56 minutes. Folks on Park Avenue seemed very happy. Then, in 2016, the average time of game rose to 3:00. Last season, the number was 3:05. And so the game that is romanticized in part through its freedom from time was on the clock, because an average of 3:05 meant lots of games of well more than 3:05 (as well as less than, but those aren't the issue, assuming you believe there's an issue.) Manfred's goal is to have games average about 2:55. In his most recent three-year proposal to Clark, Manfred said, mound visits would be limited, but there would be no pitch clock. If games shortened to 2:55, then there would be no clock in 2019 either. Basically, Manfred said, if the players believed games could be compressed without artificially hurrying pitchers and catchers and batters, and if they proved it by paring those 10 flabby minutes with a little stay-in-the-box, hustle-in, hustle-out awareness, then he was good with that.
"The players seemed to be saying that pace of game was a problem, it's a problem that needs to be addressed, but we don't like clocks," Manfred said. "Our proposal then was, 'Let's see how year one goes.' If in fact we get a reduction in our game time … there would be no clock in the second year of the agreement either. What we tried to explain in the process of making the proposal was, we were trying to put control over whether or not a clock went on the field in the hands of the players.
"We are waiting for a response to that proposal. We remain 100 percent committed to the idea that we need to make changes, to address the pace of game, and that the best way to address pace of game for us, for the players, and most importantly for our fans, is to get an agreement with the players. That was our goal when we started 2017 and it remains our goal today. The owners were fully supportive today. I'm fully authorized to go forward and make an agreement or to proceed as we may have to … in the event we can't reach an agreement."
• Why the Eagles are what the NFL needs right now
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• Baseball legend rants about steroid users
• Pete Thamel: Meet the most unlikely Super Bowl starter


If no accountable plan is in place, amounts paid to the employee count as taxable wages. In the past, the employee could potentially deduct the expenses, but only if the employee itemizes deductions rather than claims the standard deduction. Under the new tax law, this deduction is no longer available–so the employee will include the reimbursement in income, but would not be entitled to a deduction.
Your small business does many things. It supports the community by providing goods and services. It supports the local government by paying taxes and fees. And it supports your employees by providing their livelihoods.
Your business provides for you, too. But don't count on this to continue. You need a plan for using your business to create personal wealth.
Contributing to a retirement plan is generally a great way to convert money from your business into a personal benefit. Over time, you may be able to accumulate a substantial amount, especially if you contribute the maximum amount. If you don't have a retirement plan, your financial professional can give you information about the options best suited for small businesses.
A potentially more lucrative way to convert business wealth into personal wealth is to sell your company. This is a big step and it could take longer than you think, so allow plenty of time. Make sure you have a business valuation done early in the process. That way, if the value isn't as high as you want (need) it to be, you have time to make necessary changes.
If you don't have a formal succession plan, create one. If you do have one, make sure it's kept up to date. A succession plan shows potential buyers that you are committed to having the business survive without you. A buy-sell agreement is a popular way to provide for the transfer of a business. Such agreements are legal contracts that establish who can buy an interest in a company and under what conditions they may do so.
Life insurance is a popular way to fund buy-sell agreements. If you'd like to learn more about the role insurance can play in your — and your company's — future, call your financial professional. Don't have one? We have recommendations.


Thursday, March 14, 2019. UMY Government Science Master's Program Study in collaboration with Pleret Village, Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency successfully held a selection of Village Devices. The selection process was conducted at Pleret Village Hall with a total of 14 participants. The event was opened by Kusman as Chair of the Selection Committee and Dr. Dian Eka Rahmawati, M. Si as Cha irperson of MIP UMY Study Program. The event was attended by government elements from the Panjatan Subdistrict, Panjatan Koramil, Pleret Bhabinkamtibmas, Panjatan District Police, and Pleret BPD.
The Head of Pleret Village, R. Widayaka witnessed the opening of the question sheets which were still sealed before being distributed to the selection participants. The value calculation process is carried out transparently and witnessed by all the selection participants along with the Committee and Witness Team from the Panjatan District. This shows that the principle of transparency and accountability in the implementation of village device selection has been done well by the Implementation Team, namely the MIP UMY Study Program. The purpose of the selection is to get the best candidates for one position. Through this selection process, all stakeholders involved hope that whoever is elected will provide the best service and commitment to rural development as well as to the people of Desa Pleret in general.


R.E. Warner & Associates provided complete site-civil engineering, surveying, and construction services as part of the Veterans Development, LLC Team for the new $120 Million expansion for the Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center at University Circle.
The project is located on the west side of East 105th between Wade Park Avenue and East Boulevard across from the Main Hospital Complex. The new VA development will include a six-story, 175,000 square-foot Office Building and Data Center, nine-story 3,181-car Parking Garage, and three-story, 122-bed veterans residence on the six acre site. The project also includes space for future retail and commercial developments on the northwest corner of the site.
R.E. Warner's services included all site-civil engineering for the new storm, sanitary, and watermain systems, 150,000 gallon underground detention system, new access roadway, building gas service, bio-retention system, minor retaining walls, stairs, ramps, site grading and building services/maintenance facilities.
The project was funded by a combination of bonds issued through the Cleveland-Cuyahoga Port Authority and Tax Incremental Financing (TIF).


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Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft
Special Issue on Characterizing Astrology in the Pre-Modern Islamic World
Guest editors Shandra Lamaute and Elizabeth Sartell
A peer-reviewed scholarly journal, Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft draws from a broad spectrum of perspectives, methods, and disciplines, offering the widest possible geographical scope and chronological range, from prehistory to the modern era and from the Old World to the New. In addition to original research, the journal includes book reviews, editorials, and lists of newly published work.
Claire Fanger
Raquel Romberg
Michael Bailey
Richard Kieckhefer
Book Review Editors
Jade Hagan
Ben Mayo
Adam Ashforth, University of Michigan
Ana Mariella Bacigalupo, The University at Buffalo
Gideon Bohak, Tel Aviv University
Elias Bongmba, Rice University
Krzysztof Bracha, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce
James Brennan, University of Illinois, Urbana
Nils Bubant, University of Aarhus
Nancy Caciola, University of California, San Diego
Stuart Clark, University of Wales Swansea
Brian P. Copenhaver, University of California, Los Angeles
Owen Davies, University of Hertfordshire
Johannes Dillinger, Oxford Brookes University
Peter Geschiere, University of Amsterdam
Richard Godbeer, Virginia Commonwealth University
Richard Golden, University of North Texas
Anthony Grafton, Princeton University
David Allen Harvey, New College of Florida
Laurel Kendall, American Museum of Natural History
Frank Klaassen, University of Saskatchewan
Gabor Klaniczay, Central European University
Brian Levack, University of Texas
Laura A. Lewis, University of Southampton
P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, University of St Andrews
H. C. Erik Midelfort, University of Virginia
Amira Mittermaier, University of Toronto
Lynn Mollenauer, University of North Carolina at Wilmington
John Monroe, Iowa State University
Ann E. Moyer, University of Pennsylvania
Isak Niehaus, Brunel University London
Lea Olsan, University of Louisiana at Monroe
Michael Puett, Harvard University
Kate Ramsey, University of Miami
Todd Sanders, University of Toronto
Emilie Savage-Smith, Oxford University
Walter Stephens, The Johns Hopkins University
Paul Stoller, West Chester University
Peter Struck, University of Pennsylvania
Randall Styers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Emma Varley, Brandon University
Volume 11, Number 2, Winter 2016
The University of Pennsylvania Press


← Celeste Yarnall and Dennis Mason ~ After the Show Video!
Vegans and vegetarians need to be aware of the breaking news stories that bloggers are having a field day with, about specific ingredients from animal sources in vaccines. Be sure to do some serious research before allowing certain vaccines to be administered to you or your children.
The first I learned of the 'cultured in dog kidney cells' issue with the new Medi-Mumps vaccine was from an article posted in Vactruth.com http://vactruth.com/2012/05/25/vaccine-dog-cells-allergy and then a bit later NaturalNews http://www.naturalnews.com/036099_vaccines_dog_kidneys_mumps.html broke the story and it has taken off from there. In case you are one of those people who don't feel these publications or anyones blog on these issues holds up to scrutiny then that is your decision and read no further, however there may be many of you, especially vegans and vegetarians, who will want to know about this if you have missed these controversial articles and blogs.
I think being forewarned is particularly important with regard to the subject of vaccines so that those who question them can act accordingly and have the knowledge necessary to pick and choose between them and/or avoid them and make an informed decision with regard to whatever is suggested to you to injected into your children's bodies. The topic of vaccination is a very controversial topic because every time I or anyone else advise caution it seems like we start a fire storm on the subject. That aside, here in my blog I think it is important to share news with you that I feel relevant and let you make your own decisions.
This is what I have learned recently. There is according to the sources listed in the vactruth.com post that, an unlicensed vaccine is entering the U.K. via the Czech Republic. The controversy is this: The Medi-Mumps vaccine may be linked to severe allergic reactions because this particular vaccine, is a single mumps vaccine which is made from cultured dog kidney cells, and it is being offered as an alternative to the current but controversial, combination measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. The main question being raised is whether or not its source could cause or exacerbate existing canine allergies. I'll get to the ethical issues, please read on.
Christina England from VacTruth.com reports that Medi-Mumps will be available in private U.K. health clinics as of right now, June 2012 . This vaccine is intended for children who are allergic to eggs. Many vaccines are produced using eggs cultures but this one is also being offered for children whose parents are opposed to the current controversial MMR jab. Though not officially approved for use, Medi-Mumps will be an option for parents who request it as part of a single vaccine regimen of immunization.
If you or your child has dog allergies currently you might want to explore with your doctor other alternatives to the Medi-Mumps vaccine if an when it enter the US, and decide if the risk of the same type of allergic reactions that a typical egg-cultured vaccine sometimes prompts in children who are allergic to eggs. Many people believe that egg-cultured vaccines' cause some children to become allergic to eggs and could potentially cause new egg allergies. You will need to be vigilant regarding a dog-based vaccine if animal products are on your list of ingredients to avoid in food. The question to be considered is what about having them injected directly into your childs blood stream. If you don't even eat eggs let alone dog or any living things kidneys right now the issue is worth review.
It's hard for any of us let alone, animal wellness activists or animal rights activists to not be offended by the creation of vaccines from dog kidneys and furthermore, that it is even considered a valid medical practice by anyone. Besides being morally offensive, the safety issues must be considered before subjecting yourself or your children to this jab if it is offered to you anywhere on the planet. If you have been ok with chicken eggs being used to culture vaccines, then that is and has been your decision, and one could also rationalize as the previous offers suggest that using eggs has not caused the death of an animal. But, would it not be necessary to research the possibility that dogs would have to be or if they are NOW currently being specifically bred for the purpose of their use in vaccines and then killed in order to have their kidneys harvested for the creation of the Medi-Mumps vaccines? Let's hope someone does this research and shares it with us so our decisions can be made according to our own belief systems.
Please watch this ABC news report by Diane Sawyer exposing how the way your doctor stores those vaccines he jabs into you and your children (how about veterinary vaccines as well) and how ineffective this may have made this risky procedure. Are any of them ever worth risk? That is for you to decide.
Please read the following article carefully as it is the source for both the Natural News article and this blog post, as well.
Hello, Lou..you are suppressing your symptoms but not curing the problem and long term this palliation idea is not a healthy choice. I would suggest you take a look at the natural alternative which for me after vetting this product for years now is MOXXOR as I suggested in this post on vaccine dangers. You get a 90 day money back guarantee here at my website. which is http://wwww.MoxxArt.com. I would suggest two Moxxor in the am at least and 2 in the afternoon….sometimes I suggest more for acute situations. Moxxor is very safe to take and has no fishy burp since it is not fish oil.
I did look at your page and agree with you about the benefits of the real cinnamon. It is not easy to find the real thing! Also do take a look at the distribution option for both MOXXOR at my MOXXART website as well as Protandim and we are building a wonderful team right now!


Ryan Murphy is on the cover of this week's Entertainment Weekly, and the unbelievably productive TV mogul says he's got no shortage of American Horror Story material. While this season's oft-teased mysterious theme wasn't revealed until premiere night, there's an even sneakier arc in the wings for the anthology series—one that might shake up the whole format.
"It's my secret season," Murphy says in an excerpt on EW's site. "I've been working with a writer on a season that only he and I know. It's like a two-year project that we'll continue to work on the sly and not tell anybody." Just one writer is penning the entire arc, which has worked wonders for shows like Fargo and True Detective.
American Horror Story's seasons so far have been subtitled Murder House, Asylum, Coven, Freak Show, Hotel and Roanoke. Murphy already has Season 7's theme planned, but for the secret batch, he and his team might just "get them done and shoot them on the sly and drop it."
"I don't know when it will [air]," he said, "but it's also an experiment. It's a different way of doing it. I don't know if it's going to work but it's like, well, let's try that. We might."


Abstract: The service lifetime of an ion source is enhanced or prolonged by the source having provisions for in-situ etch cleaning of the ion source and of an extraction electrode, using reactive halogen gases (F or Cl), and by having features that extend the service duration between cleanings. The latter include accurate vapor flow control, accurate focusing of the ion beam optics, and thermal control of the extraction electrode that prevents formation of deposits or prevents electrode destruction. An apparatus comprised of an ion source for generating dopant ions for semiconductor wafer processing is coupled to a remote plasma source which delivers F or Cl ions to the first ion source for the purpose of cleaning deposits in the first ion source and the extraction electrode. These methods and apparatus enable long equipment uptime when running condensable feed gases such as sublimated vapor sources, and are particularly applicable for use with so-called cold ion sources. Methods and apparatus are described which enable long equipment uptime when decaborane and octadecarborane are used as feed materials, as well as when vaporized elemental arsenic and phosphorus are used, and which serve to enhance beam stability during ion implantation.


text:
Q: Mechanism for including header files in C main body For a large software developed by C, we first declare all the self-defined functions in a separate header file (e.g. myfun.h). After that, once we write a code (e.g. main.c) that uses the functions listed in myfun.h, we have to #include "myfun.h". I'm wondering how it works, because even if I include the function names declared in header file before the main body, the code cannot see the function details in main.c. I guess it will search the library to get the function details...Am I right?

A: When you say "it will search the library for the function details" you're not far off, but that isn't quite right. A function declaration, i.e.. a function prototype only contains enough information for the compiler to do two things:

*

*First, the compiler will register the function as a known identifier so that it knows what you're taking about when you call it, as opposed to a random string of letters with parentheses (to the compiler, they are essentially the same thing without a function prototype for either - an error).

*Second, the compiler uses the function prototype for checking code correctness. Correctness in this sense means that a function call will match the prototype in both arity and type. In other words a function call to int square(int a, int b); will have two arguments, both integers.
The program doesn't "search the library," though. Function names without parentheses are not function calls but rather function's address. Therefore, when you call a function, the processor jumps to the memory location of the function. (This assumes the function has not been inlined.)
Where is this function located though? It depends. If you wrote the function in the same module, i.e... a .c file that got compiled into an object linked with the main.c file into a single executable, then the location of the function will be somewhere in the .TEXT section of the executable. In other words, it's just a slight offset from the main function's entry point. In a huge project this offset won't be so slight, but it will be shorter than the offset of separate objects.
Having said that, if you compiled this hypothetical function into a DLL which you call from your main program, then the function's address will be determined in one of two ways:

*

*Either you will have generated a .lib/.a? (depending on whether you're on Windows or Linux) file containing the function declaration's and addresses, or:

*You will use run-time linking where the main program will calculate the function addresses when it loads the .dll/.so into its address space. First, it will determine where to load it. You can set DLL's to have preferred offsets to optimize load time. Otherwise, libraries will start loading from the first segment available and any additional libraries will need their function address recalculated using this new address, hampering initial load times. Once they are loaded into the program's memory though, there shouldn't be any performance hits thereafter.

Going back to the preprocessor, it's important to note two things. First, it runs before any compilation takes place. This is important. Since the program is not really being "compiled" when the preprocessor is doing its thing, macros are not type-safe. (Insert Haskell joke about C "type safety") This is why you don't -or shouldn't- see macros in C++. Anything that can be accomplished with macros in C can be accomplished by const and inline functions in C++, with the added benefit of type safety.
Second, the preprocessor is almost just a search and replace engine. For example, in the following code, nothing happens because the preprocessor if statement evaluates to false, since I never defined anything. The preprocessor removes the code in this section. Remember that since the compiler has not run in earnest yet, this removed code will not be compiled. This fact is usually utilized to implement functions for debugging or logging in debug builds. In release builds the preprocessor definition is then manipulated such that the debug code is not included.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    #if TRUE
    printf("Hello, World!");
    #endif

return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

In fact, the EXIT_SUCCESS macro I used is defined in stdlib.h, and replaced by 0. (EXIT_FAILURE =1).
Back in the day, the preprocessor was used as duct tape, basically, to compensate for faults in C.
For example, since const values can't be used as array sizes, macros were used instead, like this:
// Not valid C89, possibly even C99
const int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 128;
char user_input[DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];

// Legal since the dawn of time
#define DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE 128
char user_input[DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];

Another significant use of the preprocessor was for code portability, for example:
#ifdef WIN32
// Do windows things
#elif
// Handle other OS
#endif

One trick was to define a generic function and set it to the appropriate OS-dependent one (Remember that functions without the parentheses represent the function's address, not an actual function call), like this:
void RequestSomeKernelAction();

#ifdef WIN32
RequestSomeKernelAction = WindowsVersion;
#else
RequestSomeKernelAction = OtherOSFunction;
#endif

This is all to say that the code you see in header files follows these same rules. If I have the following header file:
#ifndef SRC_INCLUDES_TEST_H
#define SRC_INCLUDES_TEST_H

int square(int a);

#endif /** SRC_INCLUDES_TEST_H */

And I have this main.c file:
#define SRC_INCLUDES_TEST_H
#include "test.h"

int main()
{
    int n = square(4);
}

This program will not compile. The square function will not be known to main.c because while I did include the header file where square is declared, my #define SRC_INCLUDES_TEST_H statement tells the preprocessor to copy all the header file contents over to main except those in the block where SRC_INCLUDES_TEST_H is defined, i.e... nothing.
These preprocessor commands can be nested, and there are several, which I highly recommend you look up, if only for historical or pedagogical reasons.
The last point I will make is that while the C preprocessor has its faults, it was a powerful tool in the right hands, and in fact, the first C++ compiler Bjarne Stroustroup wrote was essentially just a  preprocessor.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #14021453). Please send me more information regarding 398 Briar Oaks Drive, Azle, TX, 76020. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 398 Briar Oaks Drive, Azle, TX, 76020 (MLS® #14021453). Thank you!


As we age and our spinal discs begin to dry out, shrink, and become less stable, they can herniate, lose their covering, press on a nerve, and cause all manner of trouble. A herniated disc is an extrusion of a piece of nucleus (the gel-like center) through a tear in the annulus (the tough, leatherlike outer cover). Most disc ruptures occur between ages thirty and forty; the discs still contain a normal amount of gel, but the annulus is beginning to wear out. If the gel remains inside the cover, it is a disc protrusion. If it escapes through a torn annulus, it is a disc extrusion. Extruded pieces of disc may move up or down the spinal canal a quarter to a half-inch or so from the area of herniation. Discs may protrude to the front, the sides, or to the back.
Most disc herniations occur in areas where the spine is maximally bent forward. The forward bending of these segments results in the vertebral bodies coming closer together toward the spinal canal than in the front of the spine. This places more stress on that part of the annulus and disc facing the spinal canal. The lower neck and the lowermost lumbar spine cause the most problems. Lumbar discs are herniated several times more frequently that their cervical counterparts. Presumably, this is because of greater weight on the lumbar spine. Thoracic herniations are rare; those causing problems are even less frequent. Disc herniations may be preceded by a history of intermittent episodes of back or neck pain, possibly with twinges in the leg or arm. This is from the annulus;s being stretched and under tension. After the disc fully herniates, the pain increases and is usually accompanied by pain radiating down the leg or arm, depending on which root or roots are irritated.
If a herniated disc does compress a nerve root, it can cause not only pain but also possible weakness, numbness, and loss of normal reflexes in the area supplied by the root. Cervical or thoracic-herniated discs can compress the spinal cord, and the large lumbar discs can significantly compress the cauda equina. These herniations can result in arm or leg weakness, numbness below the area of the cord or cauda equina compressed by the disc, and bowel and bladder disturbance. Significant compression of the cauda equina usually also causes severe pain in both legs. Depending on the extent of deficit caused by this type of herniation, emergency neurosurgical decompression my be required to minimise the damage to the nervous system and prevent the creation of permanent nerve damage.
Disc herniations are common; 70 percent to 80 percent improve with time and care. Some herniate and heal, then herniate and heal again. Too often, however, people rush to have unnecessary surgery. They then may spend the rest of their lives repairing the repair.
Cervical-disc herniations are less common than lumbar disc herniations even though you move your neck more often than you do your lower back. There is substantially less weight in the neck than in the lumbar area. Nevertheless, because the cervical spine has a smaller internal diameter – canal – and smaller foramen than other parts of the spine, small herniations are more likely to impinge on a spinal root and cause pain to radiate down the arm. Numbing and tingling may occur a far down as the fingertips. The pain is usually most severe when the disc first herniates and compresses the root. A cervical-disc herniation into the canal can also damage the spinal cord.
Herniation of the C4-5 disc can affect the C5 nerve root. This causes pain in the neck and over to the side of the shoulder and weakness in the other shoulder muscles and in the muscle that bends the elbow. The biceps reflex may be reduced. Sensory changes, such as numbness and tingling, may also occur in the deltoid area, on the side of the shoulder.
Herniation of the C5-6 disc affects the C6 root. This can cause pain running from the neck down the arm and hand to the thumb and forefinger. Weakness of some shoulder muscles, the biceps, and the wrist muscles that bend the wrists down and to the inside may exist. Sensory changes, along with pain, may extend to the lower arm and the thumb side of the hand. The biceps reflex may be reduced. This is one of the most common results of a cerivcal disc herniation.
Herniation of C6-7 disc affects the C7 root. Like the previous level, this is also a common site of disc herniation. Pain may radiate down to deep in the forearm and into the middle finger, and sensory changes may occur in the same area. Damage to this root causes weakness in the muscle that bends the wrist down and inward, other muscles that bend the wrist downward, and those that bend the finger, the triceps, and the muscles that raise the wrist inward, and some muscles that straighten the fingers. The triceps reflex may be reduced.
Herniation of the C7-T1 disc affects the C8 root. Pain may radiate down along the small-finger side of the arm and terminate in the little finger. Sensory changes may occur in the same area. Damage to this root causes weakness in the triceps, the muscles that raise and bend the wrist and fingers, and those that allow you to spread apart and bring together your fingers. The triceps reflex may be reduced.
These are typical but not absolute pain patterns. The same applies to the lumbar roots described below. Some people are wired a little differently.
Arm pain from a herniated cervical disc is common, usually occurring in thirty- to fifty-year-olds. Unlike lumbar discs, which usually herniate from lifting, carrying, or excessive bending, cervical discs are often herniated while we sleep.
Turning the head from side to side or sleeping on the stomach with the head turned to the side is a good position to herniate an already weakened cervical disc. This change in position in bed often occurs as we enter and leave the state of dream sleep. So we may awaken with a crick in our neck, which travels down an arm. Cervical-disc herniations may produce worse pain when a person carries or lifts on the side of the herniation, turns the head to the side, or strains ot bears down through lifting a heavy load, coughing, sneezing, or having a bowel movement.
Bearing down makes all disc herniation pain at any spinal level worse because the pressure within the chest and abdomen increases during this type of effort and is transmitted to the inside of the discs. Any weakness within the annulus allows more disc material to herniate during increased pressure within the disc. In turn, more pressure may be exerted on a compromised spinal root, causing more pain.
Pain from cervical and lumbar herniations is typically reduced when you bend forward, thus opening the spinal canal and the foramina and thereby relieving the pressure on the root. Pain is worse when you bend forward, thus opening the spinal canal and the foramina and thereby relieving the pressure on the root. Pain is worse when you bend backward. In any disc herniation causing root compression, you may experience throbbing pain like a toothache, pins and needles, or burning sensation. The pain may be so severe that your back is locked in spasm, or it may be just a dull ache that increases with movement.
The thoracic spine, behind the chest, is relatively safe from disc herniation because it hardly moves and is curved slightly backward, thus placing more pressure on the front of the discs. When these discs herniate, it is due to the weight on the thoracic spine from the body above the level of herniation or from a trauma, such as falling. A thoracic-disc herniation may cause pain radiating under the ribs, in the chest, upper abdomen, or around the thoracic spine and shoulder blades in the back of the body. Symptoms vary from a band of chest pain , deep, dull pain behind the breastplate or stomach, or pain between the shoulder blades. Disc herniations of this type are not easily recognised by nonspecialists unfamiliar with this problem.
Any lumbar disc can rupture. The ones at the bottom of the spine herniate most frequently because they carry a greater proportion of the body's weight. Herniated lumbar discs can often be identified by the pattern of pain and nerve loss in the leg. The spinal cord does not extend below L1-2. However, disc herniation in the lumbar spine that primarily affects the foramen – herniating off to the side of the spine – usually damages the exiting root at that level. Those that herniate centrally into the canal may damage the root that exits the spine one level below. This depends on the size of the canal in relation to the disc and the location of the herniation and the roots exiting the dural sac.
At the L3-4 level, a disc herniation may result in damage to the L3 root exiting the spine, on the side of the disc, in the foramen, or the L4 root off to one side in the canal. The same pattern applies to the other lumbar discs. The following patterns of pain, weakness, numbness, and reflex loss exist for various lumbar roots likely to be affected by disc herniations.
Damage to the L3 root results in pain to the front of the thigh to the inner part of the knee. Sensory changes, such as numbness and tingling, may occur in this area. Weakness may occur in the quadriceps and the muscle that raises the thigh with the knee bent and the foot on the ground. There may be reduction of the knee reflex.
If the L4 root is damaged, it may result in pain along the nerve root that runs down the leg to the front of the ankle. Sensory changes may occur in the same area. Weakness of the quadriceps and reduction of the knee reflex may exist.
The L5 root, if damaged, results in pain that radiates down the leg, over the outside of the calf, and over the arch of the foot to the big toe. Muscles controlled by this root raise the foot and curl the big toe upward. Sensory changes may occur in the same area. There is no reflex loss with damage to this root.
The S1 nerve root can also be damaged, usually from a disc herniation at L5-S1. This causes pain that radiates down the leg into the back of the calf and the outside of the foot. This root, if damaged, causes weakness of the muscle that allows you to stand on your toes. Sensation may be altered in the same area as the pain. The ankle reflex may be reduced.
Sciatica is a term used to describe pain radiating along the route of the sciatic nerve. Sciatica from disc herniations occurs most commonly from a lumbar disc pressing on the L4, L5, and S1 roots, all of which when compressed may radiate pain to the lower leg and foot. The sciatic nerve consists of the L5, S1, and S2 roots.
Generally, leg pain from lumbar-disc herniations is worse when sitting and possibly standing and walking and less when lying in bed on the back with a pillow under the knees or, possibly, on the side.
An MRI can obtain images from inside the spinal canal and is the most sensitive test for identifying the location of a disc herniation and nerve compression.
If you cannot have an MRI because of metal implant in your body, a CT scan can be done.
Most people with herniated disc recover with rest and pain medications.
Anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants or NSAIDs to reduce the inflammation around the root.
Epidurals are corticosteroids, combined with local anaesthetics, that are injected into the epidural space. It can help to reduce pain from root compression from disc herniations.
Most of the time, the pain from a herniated cervical disc can be controlled with medication and nonsurgical treatment. Wearing a soft cervical support collar for several weeks day and night helps rest your neck. However, wearing too long may weaken your neck muscles. Seek medical advice about long-term use.
Physiotherapy can help open up the cervical foramen where the nerve root exits the spinal canal.
Relief from pain caused by lumbar-disc herniation calls for conservative treatment, such as medications and physiotherapy. You should get out of bed and ambulate as well as you can. Strict bed rest is not beneficial.
Discectomy, in the neck, antterior decompression are all operations may be used to treat problems from a disc's pressing a nerve root.
Surgery is sometimes indicated to decompress a root pressed between a disc and a piece of bone or ligament or to remove the portion of the disc that is pressing on the nerve.
Certain types of muscle weakness may lead to early surgery. If your foot is in a dropped position and cannot be raised off the floor, early surgical intervention must be considered.
Surgery does help to eliminate the symptoms of sciatica more quickly than conservative – nonsurgical – treatment.
Most disc herniations occur at spinal segments that are maximally bent foward: the lower neck and lumbar spine.
A lower lumbar-disc herniation may cause true nerve root pain, called sciatica.
An MRI can obtain images from inside the spinal canal and foramen and is the most sensitive test for identifying the location of a disc herniation and nerve compression.
Most people with herninated disc recover with rest, pain medications, and, sometimes physiotherapy or epidural injections.
Progressive or sudden onset of neurological problems or bowel or bladder problems may require surgical intervention.
Call +65 64712674 for an appointment to treat Disc Herniation today. Same day appointment.


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Pls. get yr stories a "Twitter" icon so ppl can automatically Tweet them. Makes it much easier to get your info out there. There are huge followings that need it.
We use wordpress.com and I just figured out how to add a "tweet this" button to each post by using GetSocial (wordpress.com doesn't take java script for security reasons). Just added it, so you should be able to click and tweet!


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text:
Hot Space Shuttle Images
NASA researchers capture thermal images of the shuttle's reentry to design better heat shields.
Brittany Sauser archive page
Researchers at NASA are using a novel thermal-imaging system on board a Navy aircraft to capture images of heat patterns that light up the surface of the space shuttle as it returns through the Earth's atmosphere. The researchers have thus far imaged three shuttle missions and are processing the data to create 3-D surface-temperature maps. The data will enable engineers to design systems to protect future spacecraft from the searing heat–up to 5,500 degrees Celsius–seen during reentry.
Hot body: These thermal images were taken of space shuttle Discovery on September 11. Temperature data was used to make the color images (middle and bottom), blue being the lowest temperatures and red the highest.
"We want to understand peak temperatures, when they happen and where, because that determines the type of material for, and size of, a protection system," says Thomas Horvath, principal investigator of the project, called Hypersonic Thermodynamic InfraRed Measurements (HYTHIRM), at Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA.
NASA has become more concerned with safety and developing tools for inspecting and protecting the shuttle since the 2003 space shuttle Columbia disaster, when damage to the shuttle's wing compromised its heat-resistant shield, causing it to lose structural integrity and break apart during reentry, killing all seven astronauts aboard. Horvath, also a support team member of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), says the HYTHIRM project was developed in response to the Columbia accident.
"I certainly think [the researchers] can learn something about what causes the heating," says Douglas Osheroff, a professor of physics and applied physics at Stanford University, and a member of the CAIB. He adds that the thermal images could also be used as a diagnostic tool to check the integrity of the shuttles tiles during reentry. Currently engineers must manually inspect the tiles upon the shuttle's return.
To image the shuttle, the researchers used a novel optical system called Cast Glance on board a Navy P-3 Orion aircraft. The system is used mostly by the Department of Defense for missile defense missions and so had to be slightly modified for the NASA project. The Navy researchers added a high-resolution, off-the-shelf video camera and adjusted it to filter infrared light. They then calibrated Cast Glance's optical sensors so that, by measuring the infrared radiation from the shuttle, they could calculate the surface temperatures.
The Navy aircraft flies to within 37 kilometers of the space shuttle when the latter is traveling at speeds of between two and three miles per second, acquiring eight uninterrupted minutes of data: approximately 10,000 to 15,000 images for each mission.
The researchers' focus was the underbelly of the shuttle, which is covered by about 10,000 thermal protective tiles. The highest heating areas, near the nose and along the leading edge of each wing, are made of a material called reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC). As the shuttle pushes air molecules out of the way, says Deborah Tomek, project manager of HYTHIRM, a boundary layer or protective region, similar to insulation, forms around the shuttle where temperatures are between 1,093 and 1,649 degrees Celsius. Just outside that boundary layer temperatures can rise to a sweltering 5,500 degrees.
Any damage to the tiles, or a protrusion or bump on the underbelly of the shuttle, can cause a break in the boundary layer and allow in extreme heat. Of particular concern are the gap fillers, pieces of ceramic-coated fabric the thickness of a sheet of paper that fit between the tiles to provide cushion, which have been known to protrude. (NASA, however, says the fillers do not impose a safety concern.)
The Langley researchers imaged three shuttle missions: Discovery on March 28 (STS-119); Atlantis on May 24 (STS-125); and Discovery again on September 11 (STS-128). They also conducted two small flight-research experiments. "We added a tiny bump to Discovery's wing, approximately a quarter of an inch, to better understand what is called a boundary layer transition or trip in the flow fields," says Tomek. The researchers also coated two of the tiles with a material that is being developed for the heat shield of the Orion crew exploration vehicle.
The researchers are just beginning to process all the collected data into 3-D surface temperature maps, which they will compare with measurements from thermal sensors on the shuttle's underbelly and with computational fluid dynamic models. Horvath says they will present their results at a conference in January 2010.
However, the researchers have already seen some unexpected results. A small imperfection, possibly as small as a tenth of an inch, on the opposite side from the bump purposely placed on Discovery's wing, created high temperatures in a much larger area than what you normally see, says Horvath.
Osheroff says he is interested to see if the analysis finds different results for different orbiters. For example, Columbia was the first shuttle built and is 20,000 pounds heavier than the other orbiters. "Heating patterns depend on the attitude or orientation of the orbiter during reentry, so it would be beneficial to conduct tests for at least two flights of each orbiter."
There are only six remaining space shuttle flights before the orbiters are scheduled to retire. Horvath says the researchers hope they can continue to image the remaining missions, but final approval is still pending. "Our ability to accurately predict thermal data will have a profound impact on designs for new vehicles," he says.
Brittany Sauser


text:
Microdoses
How to Live in the Future (Part One)
Michael Garfield
|  August 22, 2016
I'm going to spoil it for you: how to live in the future is by being present, here and now. But then, it's not that simple.
What we call "the future" isn't something out there to be held. It's an idea that varies drastically between us, and between each one of us one moment to the next. A better way of thinking of the future than as though it's some approaching comet is to think of it as our horizon to the "West" of now, a moving point of reference that everyone sees differently, depending on where we are standing. Consequently, most of what we call "the future" tells us more about where we are now than where we're headed. Things are never all that clear from far away, and there's no guarantee we're moving toward that point and not some other.
So when the futurists, the real ones, speak of "futures," what they mean is that there are a myriad of points along that far horizon, and that it makes better sense to talk about the future as a spectrum of potentials than as if it were the preordained and manifested destiny the corporations and the prophets want us to believe.
I have this thing about imagining the landscape of experience in geographic metaphor (example: I just caught myself describing the lump sum of everything we know in life as "landscape"). Our human memories grew out of neural networks that help orient an animal to landmarks (ironically, originally "watermarks," as this was going down in ancient oceans) – so it's no surprise that math explores the n-dimensional, or that most human cultures think of "future" as a thing in front and "past" as something back behind us. We don't visualize time the way we visualize space, unless you're with me in the radical perspective that time and space are somewhat meaninglessly differentiated, time is space and space is time, and calendars are close-to-accurate reflections of the way time spreads invisibly across the warp and woof of hyperspace.
(I recently discovered that I'm one of 1-in-50 people that has "time-space synesthesia" and reflexively, habitually sees the year in some consistent pattern in my mind's eye. I am always standing on a giant ring, December/January at the 12 o'clock divide, July and August there at 6 o'clock, and as I write this now I'm moving counterclockwise through the year somewhere around 1:30, since it's 17 November. This 3D projection doesn't handle multiverses, parallel dimensions, linear progression, any of that – it's an idiosyncratic system, opposite of how I learned to read a clock, but totally persistent. This is how I store my recollections: looking up or down the ring, the annum, not exactly a mnemonic "memory palace" but nonetheless a spatial system for organizing and referencing experience. I was not at all surprised to learn the hippocampus grew from some fish proto-GPS.)
When I attempt to visualize "the future" as I learned to think of it in childhood, I see the image of a silvery, metallic, shifting sphere – presumably, the boundary of some 4D portal casting shadows into the mere three dimensions that my pitiable primate eyes can see. Whether this is my enculturated mind presenting something physics experts tell me is the probable appearance of a window into other times; or whether it's a genuine prophetic third-eye vision of the portal through which we can gaze at all of our innumerable futures; or it's allegory and the image represents the Noöspheric nanotech that wraps our planet in a skin of thinking mercury; or I am actually observing my own body from the point of view of someone living in the future, someone who has cybernetic eyes and sees the spherical magnetic field projected by my heart, I do not know. Perhaps it's all of these.
Perhaps that is the point: that our above/below and inner/outer dyads do not serve us in "the future" and the meaning of this image is that time tends toward holistic, holographic, fractal, and recursive incarnations. That the evolutionary arc defined by entropy assembling organisms as a means for moving energy effectively through space results in Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's "Omega Point," indeed, but that it is already so, the One Thing That We All Already Are just organizing its internal organs to present an ever-clearer and more luminous arrangement on one side, and that's why New Jerusalem appears in revelations of the "end of time" and our Big Bang mythology so closely imitates the scene of Hell. That all of this is happening at once (that's what the current state of science seems to tell us, anyhow) and all the psychonautic maps of glass chrysanthemums and god's-eyes, portals and glass onions, are the intuitions of this universal truth: that we are wound up hyperspherically, precipitating in a giant goldfish bowl with all the other stars and interstellar dust, which we observe as if it were a string of pearls, one moment to the next, but really it's the whole damn thing at once, a party more precisely than a great parade.
This is why I think that "future equals East, past equals West" when I imagine time along the spinning axis of a shape I only dimly grasp, which simultaneously is the world outside and also me, my eyes the fire projecting shadows of imagination on the cave walls of my unborn and undying consciousness.
The nature of infinity is this: That everything has its own vortex, and when once a traveler through Eternity has pass'd that Vortex, he perceives it roll backward behind his path, into a globe itself unfolding like a sun…"
– William Blake
Read Part Two
Filed Under: Microdoses, Philosophy (Eteolegeme) Tagged With: Teilhard de Chardin, time
Michael Garfield is an evolutionary biologist by training, visionary artist and musician by profession. This article's an excerpt of his debut book-in-progress, How To Live in the Future. Learn more about his many projects and support them at his Patre …
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text:
What can we learn from The Apprentice?
By Jackie on May 23, 2008 in Good, bad and ugly ads
This week, the contestants were challenged to come up with a brand identity for a new range of antibiotic tissues, and make a 30-second TV ad and poster.
Team 1 designed a subtle green box with hearts on it, named "I love my tissues" ('love' was a heart shape), and made an arty ad about 'building relationships' that starred Sian Lloyd and some cute school-kids.
They lost because:
- they picked an unrealistic brand name
- their pack design wouldn't stand out on the shop shelf
- there was no pack shot in the ad
- they didn't mention the main USP (antibacterial)
- their choice of celebrity made no sense (Sian is known as a weather-girl, and for being the ex of politician Lembit Opek who's engaged to marry a Cheeky Girl) and most of her scenes were cut
Anyway, who has a relationship with their tissues? (Don't answer that!)
I meet designers like those all the time. Designers who are keener to have something pretty to put in their portfolio, or to win awards, rather than something that does the job it's intended to do. Form over function.
Team 2 came up with a great name 'Atishu', that works at many levels. Their box was a hideous orange. And their ad was corny but hard-hitting, with two mentions of the USP and two close-up pack shots. Function over form.
So what would I have done differently?
First, I would have gone to the supermarket and analysed existing tissue box designs. Then I would have studied the antibacterial products, to see what techniques they use to communicate their message e.g medical symbols, cartoon bacteria. I would have combined the standard elements from both for my new brand idea.
If I'd thought of the Team 2 name, I'd have written a slogan to match e.g. 'Can I have Atishu?' or 'Atishu? Bless you!' Or maybe I'd call the tissues 'Anti-B' and promote them with 'Ant & Bee' characters from the children's books. In the pitch presentation, I might even suggest stretching the brand to include 'Ask Anti-B' with Kind Dog (or was it Friendly Dog?) as an agony aunt, answering questions about hygiene and health!
Next, I'd write a storyboard for the ad, knowing the maximum number of words that can fit per second, and that with film you can have pictures without words but not words without pictures. I'd consider a range of situations where tissues are used – perhaps blotting lipstick, mopping tears at a weepy film, fluttering from a lady's handbag and being caught and returned to her by a romantic hero (as handkerchiefs used to be), beside the bed (!), wiping a snotty kid's nose. And if I wanted a celebrity endorsement, I'd write the script to suit them (if it was a comedian, I'd probably pay them to write their own lines).
Finally, I'd play 'devil's advocate', by getting the team to think of all the possible criticisms of the solution, and then fix them.
That's a process that makes sense to me. But then, it seems common sense is not very common for the Apprentice candidates!
I have a theory about hyphens.
Voice of an angel


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FOCUS ON: ALTRINCHAM
By Gerry Prewett
On Saturday Bristol Rovers meet an Altrincham side who are in a fine run of form.
They have won four and drawn one of their last six games. That draw was in their last game at home to Forest Green Rovers. The 2-2 result belied the position of the two teams, with Forest Green in 5th spot and Alty in 15th place.
Jon Parkin's 21st goal for the season gave the away team the lead ith the 7th minute. unstoppable shot from outside the area, his ninth goal in seven games, gave Rovers an early lead. Alty keeper Stuart Coburn made a hash of an attempted punch and presented the ball to the big striker, who smashed the ball high into the net
The lead lasted only two minutes, and this time Forest Green were unconvincing at the back as they failed to deal with Nicky Clee's long throw and the home team's Kyle Perry pounced on a loose ball to level moments later, before Damian Reeves's 15th of the season put Altrincham ahead at the break, Lawrie's low attempt cannoning fortuitously off a defender into the path of Reeves for a poacher's finish.
The Forest Green leveller came somewhat out of the blue and owed a fair bit to fortune, Parkin's attempted cross-field pass ricocheting into the path of James Marwood for a low cross that was turned home by the bearded Rob Sinclair, brother of Rovers Scott.
In the 73rd minute former Gas player Danny Coles, already carrying a first-half caution, tugged back Perry and was shown his second yellow card by referee Robert Jones.
Speaking after the game Forest Green Boss Ady Pennock said, "I thought we were the second best team for a good hour, I thought they played really well."
"I was pleased to go in at 2-1 down, because they were on the front foot today. There are some games where you're on top and others where you're not and I'd like to give them a lot of credit because they deserve it."
Alty Boss Lee Sinnott said, "I thought the opening seven or eight minutes were like the first half at Macclesfield, but the remaining 38 were like the second half there, with us very much on the offensive. Forest Green are a dangerous animal, though, and even when they were down to 10 men, you still sensed they could punish any mistakes we made."
"That's why I was a little concerned by a couple of instances of defenders going a bit gung-ho in the last few minutes, trying to chase a win. Sometimes you can lose out doing that, so I was a bit annoyed to see it. But overall I can't fault the players for what they are doing."
"If I were to be hyper-critical, I thought we had opportunities where we might have been a bit more clinical. We do get into good positions and create chances, so maybe it just needs a bit more quality in that regard. Certainly, we had the better opportunities in this game. 'If' is a great word, but if our percentage level of converting chances was higher, we would have more points and be in an even better position in the table. Some of our approach work has been so good, and I can't take the players to task for that."
Much has been spoken about Rovers' early season defeat at Altrincham on 16th August. It capped a horror opening to Rovers debut in the Conference and after one draw and two defeats it appeared the only way was up!
Damian Reeves put the hosts ahead early on when he fired a low shot past Steve Mildenhall. In the 64th minute the home team went 2-0 up when Reeves' wayward cross was deflected into his own net by Mark McChrystal. Lee Mansell nodded Rovers a consolation but they had Stuart Sinclair dismissed in added time for a professional foul.
Darrell Clarke was furious after the game, "We orchestrated our own downfall. We gave goals away again and we could have given away even more. It's not good enough and there's no hiding place. We've now got to all stand up and be counted and I've got to front that up. The fans are disappointed and rightly so. I expect a lot better."
Altrincham has a long history as a club, when they were actually founded remains a question. The Altrincham AFC came into place in 1903. In 1891 Rigby Memorial Club, formed from a local Sunday school. They went on to merge with another local club know as the "Grapplers" to form Broadheath F.C. and become founder members of the Manchester League in 1893. Prior to 1903 the club played on a variety of fields in Broadheath, West Timperley and Altrincham before acquiring a new home at Pollitt's Field and, at the same time, changing their name to Altrincham AFC
In 1968–69 Altrincham joined The Northern Premier League (NPL) as founder members and remained there for 11 seasons until they joined the Alliance Premier League (now the Football Conference) as founder members at the beginning of the 1979–80 season, going on to win the league in its first two seasons. Despite their success Altrincham failed to gain election to the Football League on both occasions due to the voting system in place at the time. In 1980, Altrincham fell short of election to the Football League by the narrowest of margins.
It wasn't until 1987 that automatic promotion was awarded to the league; since then Altrincham have only challenged for promotion in the 1990–91 season, eventually finishing 3rd behind Barnet and Colchester United.
Altrincham never regained their success of the 1970s and 1980s and in 1997 they were relegated from the top flight of non-league football to the Northern Premier League for the first time in their history. They won that the NPL title two years later, only to go back down again after just one season in the Conference. It was five years before they gained promotion again, in 2005 as winners of the Conference North/Conference South playoffs beating Eastbourne Borough of Conference South at The Britannia Stadium in the final match.
Altrincham were uniquely reprieved from relegation for three successive seasons (2005–06, 2006–07 and 2007–08) as a result of other clubs' issues. The 2008–09 season proved to be a much better campaign for Altrincham, with the club spending much of the season in mid-table, and they eventually achieved safety from relegation with two games to spare. Altrincham did even better in 2009–10, challenging for a play-off spot early in the campaign and finishing in a relatively safe 14th place.
The club had a poor start to the 2010–11 season, earning only one point from their first eight games, which resulted in the sacking of long-time manager Graham Heathcoate in September. Ken McKenna replaced Heathcoate and the team's form gradually improved as the season went on, but their awful start cost them in the end and they were relegated in 22nd place on the final day of the season.
Former Farsley Celtic and Port Vale manager Lee Sinnott became the club's new manager for the Conference North Campaign and guided them to promotion last season. Recently Sinnott has added his son, former Huddersfield Town midfielder Jordan, to his squad.
The 21-year-old was released by the Terriers on 2 February after making just five appearances for the Championship side. Sinnott had a loan spell at Altrincham during the 2012-13 season and scored once in 10 outings for League Two side Bury last term.
Sinnott Senior said, 'We've got a small squad, and when you consider the positions Jordan can play, he will bring some adaptability, which is important. He is comfortable in central midfield or on the right, and that's just in a 4-4-2."
"He can fill different roles in other systems as well, and a bi-product of that is that having that extra option can help preserve Simon Richman's energy, which is so important to us. We haven't got mega-bucks to throw around, but he's with us to the end of the season, and it's good to have a bit more strength in depth. He has been here before, so, just as we know him, he knows the club and the level of football, albeit it a division higher than last time. Given that, and the versatility he brings, it ticks the right boxes.'"
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Q: Copy MySQL table values to duplicate table using specific column names I'm trying to copy the values of a table accross to a new one so that I can make ALTER statements without locking the table for days on end.
However, I also want to make some changes to the table column structure. So I don't want to use *
Instead I want to be able to specify the columns like an ordinary insert statement. But for some reason it doesn't like this syntax?
INSERT INTO earnings_new
(earning_account_id, earning_link_id, earning_ticket_id, earning_referral_id,
earning_referral_type, earning_ad_id, earning_verified, earning_paid, earning_amount, earning_country,
earning_country_id, earning_ip, earning_hour, earning_day, earning_month, earning_year, earning_created, earning_updated)
VALUES
(
SELECT
earning_account_id, earning_link_id, earning_ticket_id, earning_referral_id,
earning_referral_type, earning_ad_id, earning_verified, earning_paid, earning_amount, earning_country,
earning_country_id, earning_ip, earning_hour, earning_day, earning_month, earning_year, earning_created, earning_updated
FROM earnings
WHERE earning_month = 2 AND earning_day = 12 AND earning_hour = 13
GROUP BY earning_id
ORDER BY earning_created DESC
)

A: Try omitting the VALUES keyword.
INSERT INTO earnings_new
(earning_account_id, earning_link_id, earning_ticket_id, earning_referral_id,
earning_referral_type, earning_ad_id, earning_verified, earning_paid, earning_amount, earning_country,
earning_country_id, earning_ip, earning_hour, earning_day, earning_month, earning_year, earning_created, earning_updated)

(
SELECT
earning_account_id, earning_link_id, earning_ticket_id, earning_referral_id,
earning_referral_type, earning_ad_id, earning_verified, earning_paid, earning_amount, earning_country,
earning_country_id, earning_ip, earning_hour, earning_day, earning_month, earning_year, earning_created, earning_updated
FROM earnings
WHERE earning_month = 2 AND earning_day = 12 AND earning_hour = 13
GROUP BY earning_id
ORDER BY earning_created DESC
)

Reference

A: remove the VALUES word. its not needed in MySql
   INSERT INTO earnings_new
(earning_account_id, earning_link_id, earning_ticket_id, earning_referral_id,
earning_referral_type, earning_ad_id, earning_verified, earning_paid, earning_amount, earning_country,
earning_country_id, earning_ip, earning_hour, earning_day, earning_month, earning_year, earning_created, earning_updated)

SELECT
earning_account_id, earning_link_id, earning_ticket_id, earning_referral_id,
earning_referral_type, earning_ad_id, earning_verified, earning_paid, earning_amount, earning_country,
earning_country_id, earning_ip, earning_hour, earning_day, earning_month, earning_year, earning_created, earning_updated
FROM earnings
WHERE earning_month = 2 AND earning_day = 12 AND earning_hour = 13
GROUP BY earning_id
ORDER BY earning_created DESC