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How to train a robot (using AI and supercomputers) Sonja Clemmons·Jan 19
(University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center) Computer scientists from UT Arlington developed a deep learning method to create realistic objects for virtual environments that can be used to train robots. The researchers used TACC's Maverick2 supercomputer to train the generative adversarial network. The network is the first that can produce colored point clouds with fine details at multiple resolutions. The team presented their results at the International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) in Nov. 2020.
University of Texas researcher recognized for pioneering work utilizing nanotechno David Harrison·Jan 13
(The Academy of Medicine, Engineering & Science of Texas) AUSTIN - Guihua Yu, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering in the Cockrell School of Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin, is the recipient of the 2021 Edith and Peter O'Donnell Award in Engineering from TAMEST (The Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas). He was chosen for his revolutionary use of nanotechnology and conductive polymer-hydrogels to provide solutions to two of society's biggest challenges: water sustainability and energy storage.
Researchers discover new insights into how water filter membranes work Paul Jennette·Jan 01
Scientists have known for years that membranes can do things such as act as a filter for saltwater. When salty ocean water is moved through a membrane, clean water comes out the other side that can be used for agriculture and drinking, among other things. While pushing water through a membrane is a simple enough process, the exact method that … Continue reading
Controlling the nanoscale structure of membranes is key for clean water, researchers find Robert Russo·Dec 31
(Penn State) A desalination membrane acts as a filter for salty water: push the water through the membrane, get clean water suitable for agriculture, energy production and even drinking. The process seems simple enough, but it contains complex intricacies that have baffled scientists for decades -- until now. Researchers from Penn State, The University of Texas at Austin, Iowa State University, Dow Chemical Company and DuPont Water Solutions published a key finding in understanding how membranes actually filter minerals from water, online today (Dec. 31) in Science.
Targeting the deadly coils of Ebola Ronnie Allen·Dec 21
(University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center) Computer simulations of the Ebola virus structure are helping to crack its defenses. Ebola virus nucleocapsid stability conferred by RNA electrostatic interactions. XSEDE EMPOWER undergraduate program, allocations on TACC Stampede2 and PSC Bridges systems supported research. Research by Perilla Lab of the University of Delaware opens door for possible druggable sites targeting stability of Ebola virus nucleocapsid.
Galactic archaeology Jeff Bautista·Oct 22
(University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center) Computational astrophysics study modeled for the first time faint supernovae of metal-free first stars, yielding carbon-enhanced abundance patterns for star formation. Study investigated formation of first stars and the origin of elements heavier than hydrogen, helium, lithium. XSEDE allocations on systems Stampede2 of TACC and Comet of SDSC; Georgia Tech PACE Hive cluster aided researchers explorations of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars.
Hidden states of the COVID-19 spike protein Charles Pete·Oct 21
(University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center) Computer modeling of the COVID-19 virus on supercomputers showed that the spike protein visits an intermediate state before it can dock to the receptor protein on the host cell membrane. This intermediate state can be useful for drug targeting to prevent the spike protein to initiate viral infection. The initial findings, which showed the existence of an intermediate semi-open state of the spike protein, was published in the Journal of Chemical Physics.
Predictive science research gets major boost thanks to the Department of Energy John Henderson·Oct 05
(University of Texas at Austin) The University of Texas at Austin's Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences has been selected by the Department of Energy (DOE) to establish a Multidisciplinary Simulation Center, with the mission to develop the next generation of exascale predictive simulation capabilities.
The right formula for scaling production of promising material to decontaminate water William Hill·Sep 21
(University of Texas at Austin) An international team of researchers have found a way to refine and reliably produce an unpredictable and hard-to-control material that could impact environmental conservation, energy and consumer electronics. The material, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2), holds tremendous potential for numerous applications in energy storage, water treatment, gas, chemical and light sensing.
NASA spots first possible 'survivor' planet hugging a white dwarf star Mark Alexander·Sep 17
NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the space agency's retired Spitzer Space Telescope have been used to spot the first possible 'survivor' planet hugging a white dwarf star.
Legacy high performance computing system seeds supercomputing excellence at UT Dallas Albert Hummel·Sep 16
(University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center) TACC's Stampede1 was one of the most powerful supercomputers in the U.S. for open science research from 2013 to 2017. In 2018, 20 racks were donated to UT Dallas through the UT Research Cyberinfrastructure initiative and became Ganymede, a resource for campus researchers. Through efforts by campus facilitators, the number of HPC users at UT Dallas grew from a few dozen to several hundred.
Antibody test developed for COVID-19 that is sensitive, specific and scalable Robert Carter·Sep 11
(University of Texas at Austin) An antibody test for the virus that causes COVID-19 is more accurate and can handle a much larger number of donor samples at lower overall cost than standard antibody tests currently in use. In the near term, the test can be used to accurately identify the best donors for convalescent plasma therapy and measure how well candidate vaccines and other therapies elicit an immune response.
Mysterious cellular droplets come into focus Glenn Vedder·Sep 09
(University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center) Researchers are shedding light on a type of membrane-less organelle, known as biological condensates, that play a role in DNA repair and aging. Using the Frontera supercomputer, biophysicists from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics of one particular biomolecular condensate -- fused in sarcoma (FUS). Writing in the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, they outlined a phase diagram showing the physical states of the condensate under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
Through enzyme testing, researchers sharpen CRISPR gene-editing tool James Farr·Sep 08
(University of Texas at Austin) One of the biggest scientific advances of the last decade is getting better thanks to researchers at The University of Texas at Austin; the University of California, Berkeley; and Korea University. The team has developed a new tool to help scientists choose the best available gene-editing option for a given job, making the technology called CRISPR safer, cheaper and more efficient. The tool is outlined in a new paper in Nature Biotechnology.
UT Austin selected as home of National AI Institute focused on machine learning Frances Hill·Aug 26
(University of Texas at Austin) The National Science Foundation has selected The University of Texas at Austin to lead the NSF AI Institute for Foundations of Machine Learning, one of five new national AI institutes.
Tech salaries in Texas revealed: How much IBM, Google, Microsoft, Oracle, Cisco, SAP, and Dell pay developers, engineers, consultants, and others Donald Herrera·Aug 22
Texas has long been a major tech hub, home to giants like Dell and known for a dynamic startup ecosystem that rivals Silicon Valley. Major technology companies, including Silicon Valley behemoths like Google, Cisco, IBM, SAP, Microsoft and Oracle have expanded their operations in Texas, including in cities like Austin. For example, Google hired a customer sales engineer with a salary of $114,000 to $214,000, while Oracle hired a senior developer with a salary of $129,000 to $225,000. Here's a survey of what Oracle, IBM, Dell, SAP, Cisco, Google, and Microsoft pay new hires in Texas, based on disclosure data for permanent and temporary workers filed with the US Office of Foreign Labor Certification in 2019. Click here for more BI Prime stories. Texas has long been seen as a major tech hub. It's the established home to tech giants like Dell, and has more recently earned a reputation for having a vibrant startup ecosystem that's coming to rival Silicon Valley. In fact, major technology companies, including Silicon Valley behemoths like Google, Cisco and Oracle have expanded their operations in Texas, particularly in and around cities like Austin and Dallas. The Texas tech industry has "evolved exponentially over the past five to six years just based on the companies we have planting roots here and the influx of tech companies coming in," Ashley Jennings, managing director of the Texas Innovation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, told Business Insider. Business Insider analyzed the US Office of Foreign Labor Certification's 2019 disclosure data for permanent and temporary foreign workers to find out what six major players in enterprise tech — Oracle, IBM, SAP, Cisco, Dell, Microsoft and Google — pay tech talent in key roles including engineers, developers and data scientists in Texas. Companies are required to disclose information, such as salary ranges, when they hire foreign workers under the H1-B visa program, giving insight into what these major companies are willing to shell out for talent. Here's how much these top enterprise technology companies paid employees hired in Texas in 2020:SEE ALSO: How much product managers are paid at enterprise giants like Oracle, Cisco, VMware, SAP, ServiceNow and Workday — and how the job is evolving SEE ALSO: Tech sales and marketing salaries revealed: How much enterprise giants IBM, Oracle, Dell, Cisco, and VMware pay sales reps, managers, and consultants SEE ALSO: Enterprise tech salaries revealed: How much Oracle, IBM, SAP, Cisco, Dell, VMware, ServiceNow and Workday pay engineers, developers, data scientists and others Google hired a customer sales engineer with a salary of $114,000 to $214,000. Google is the third-most dominant player in cloud computing, after Amazon and Microsoft. The Silicon Valley giant is building a $600 million massive data center in Midlothian, about 25 miles southwest of Dallas. Google had 6,497 visa applications approved this year, including 82 in Texas. Here are some of Google's recent hires in Texas and how much they're paid: Customer sales engineer: $114,000 to $214,000 Sales engineer: $167,000 Application engineer: $142,000 Business systems analyst: $130,000 Application engineer: $130,000 Software engineer: $110,000 Google Cloud, specialist sales engineer: $106,000 Google Cloud, inside sales engineer: $105,000 Network implementation engineer: $88,000 Google Cloud technical resident: $78,000 Microsoft hired a senior software development engineer with a salary of $159,000. Microsoft is the second-most dominant player in the cloud, after Amazon Web Services. The tech giant has seven locations in Texas, including in Austin, Houston, San Antonio and Dallas. Microsoft had 4,134 approved visa applications in 2020, including 103 in Texas. Here are some of Microsoft's recent hires in Texas and how much they're paid: Premier field engineer: $168,000 Senior software development engineer: $159,000 Product manager: $158,000 Cloud solution architect: $155,000 Senior data and applied scientist: $148,000 Support engineering manager: $148,000 Software engineer: $147,000 Program manager: $146,000 Escalation engineer: $136,000 Support engineer: $86,000 Oracle hired a senior developer with a salary of $129,000 to $225,000. Oracle, a dominant vendor in enterprise software, is pushing to become a bigger player in the cloud, where it is up against stronger rivals led by Amazon, Microsoft and Google. The Silicon Valley giant two years ago opened a massive campus in Austin as part of a major campaign to lure new talent, particularly college grads. Oracle had 452 approved visa applications this year, including 45 in Texas. Here are some of Oracle's recent hires in Texas and how much they're paid: Software developer: $129,000 to $225,000 Master principal sales consultant: $136,000 to $199,000 Systems analyst: $113,000 to $179,000 User experience developer: $124,000 to $179,000 Applications developer: $107,000 to $150,000 Senior sales consultant: $117,000 to $157,000 Financial analyst: $115,000 to $157,000 Credit and collections senior manager: $97,000 to $142,000 Software development consultant: $102,000 to $141,000 Staff sales consultant: $88,000 to $125,000 IBM hired a technical architect with a salary of $113,000 to $225,000. IBM is a traditional tech powerhouse which has long been a major player in the enterprise market. Big Blue has long had a strong presence in Texas where it runs a major research facility in Austin and client services centers in Houston, Iriving and Dallas. IBM had 1,876 approved visa applications this year, including 290 in Texas. Here are some of IBM's recent hires in Texas and how much they're paid: Chief technology officer, digital platforms: $232,000 Technical architect: $113,000 to $225,000 Senior architect: $132,000 to $217,000 Software developer: $128,000 to $196,000 Advisory engineer: $132,000 to $186,000 Advisory architect: $113,000 to $166,000 Project manager: $94,000 to $140,000 Application architect: $96,000 to $138,000 Data engineer: $97,000 to $132,000 Application programmer: $78,000 Dell hired a director for IT architecture with a salary of $180,000. Dell, which is based in Round Rock, just outside Austin, is a major tech and corporate institution in Texas. Ashley Jennings, managing director of the Texas Innovation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, calls company the "tech godfather of the city of Austin" which has "created more jobs" than any other tech company in the region. Dell had 472 approved visa applications this year, including 398 in Texas. Here are some of Dell's recent hires in Texas and how much they're paid: Senior director, material planning: $236,000 Senior director, quality engineering: $200,000 Director, IT architecture: $180,000 Software, senior principal engineer: $178,000 Technical staff, software engineer: $171,000 Firmware senior principal engineer: $160,000 Senior consultant, sales, planning and strategy: $159,000 Principal engineer, product security engineering: $153,000 Senior consultant, IT architecture: $151,000 Electrical senior engineer: $130,000 SAP hired a services architecture expert with a salary of $130,000 to $220,000. SAP is one of the biggest enterprise software vendors in the world. But like archrival Oracle, the German tech behemoth is pushing for a stronger position in the cloud. SAP has maintained a presence in Texas, including in Houston, Allen and Plano, where one of the tech giant's six US labs is located. SAP had 393 approved visa applications, including 23 in Texas. Here are some of SAP's recent hires in Texas and how much they're paid: Services architecture expert: $130,000 to $220,000 Expert support engineer: $200,000 Business senior manager, consulting: $196,000 Business processes, senior consultant: $175,000 Demo solutions architect: $153,000 Senior support engineer: $131,000 Senior developer: $131,000 Technical consultant: $126,000 Development senior consultant: $123,000 Support engineer: $82,000 Cisco hired a systems architect with a salary of $161,000 to $216,000. Cisco dominates the market for networking systems. The Silicon Valley company is also adapting to new trends in enterprise tech, including the rapid growth of the cloud and of networking that relies more heavily on software, rather than hardware. Cisco also has a strong presence in Texas, including in Houston, San Antonio, Dallas and Richardson. Cisco had 695 approved visa applications, including 71 in Texas. Here are some of Cisco's recent hires in Texas and how much they're paid: Systems architect: $161,000 to $216,000 Technical leader: $133,000 to $193,000 Customer delivery architect: $126,000 to $193,000 User experience designer: $102,000 to $185,000 Technical marketing engineer: $118,000 to $169,000 Software architect: $116,000 to $169,000 Technical consulting engineer: $113,000 to $168,000 Software engineer: $112,000 to $155,000 Software quality assurance engineer: $105,000 to $155,000 Network engineer: $80,000
Facebook's new 'embodied A.I' project aims to build a new breed of robots Lamont Shaw·Aug 21
Get ready for the next wave of A.I. assistants.
Deep learning will help future Mars rovers go farther, faster, and do more science Jerrod Fenton·Aug 19
(University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center) NASA JPL are developing autonomous capabilities that could allow future Mars rovers to go farther, faster and do more science. Training machine learning models on the Maverick2 supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, their team developed and optimized models for Drive-By Science and Energy-Optimal Autonomous Navigation. The team presented results of their work at the IEEE Aerospace Conference in March 2020. The project was a finalist for the NASA Software Award.
Here are 4 trends that will help you understand the new digital-healthcare normal John Applebaum·Aug 18
Recent users of telehealth tools span age groups and types of care. Major upsides that providers see are expanding access to rural areas and offloading time-consuming tasks that slow caregivers from seeing patients. Full autonomy is far into the future, according to the panelists on this recent digital healthcare panel. With telemedicine usage surging during COVID-19 shutdowns, health experts are beginning to question whether the trend will endure, and how much further digital health tools can automate while still maintaining the personal touch that is a hallmark of healthcare. To address these questions, Dell Technologies convened the recent panel, "Autonomy on call: The future of digital health." Read four main takeaways from the discussion below. The digital-health trust gap is closing. Pre-pandemic surveys showed only a small slice of Americans had telehealth services, though 66% of US consumers indicated they were willing to try them. The pendulum swung quickly, said Dr. Clay Johnston, an epidemiologist who is also dean of Dell Medical School and VP for Medical Affairs at the University of Texas, Austin. He reported three-quarters of patient visits have transitioned to telemedicine recently, even when much of the state remained open. John Roese, chief technology officer for Dell Technologies, suggested that adoption is increasing for the simple reason that societal pressures to dial back on face-to-face interactions made more people try telemedicine — and once they tried it, they became comfortable making it routine. Users are a more diverse group than you might think. Roese also pointed out that while millennials, as expected, are comfortable seeking some forms of medical care online, elderly populations are accessing these services as well — again, because necessity pushed them over the initial hump to sample the tools. Dr. Johnston reported even sensitive, conversation-based therapies like psychiatry and psychology showing surprising reliance on virtual sessions. The third panelist was Dr. Anthony Rudine, a neonatologist and director of neonatology research at St. David's Medical Center in Austin. He was asked whether he could imagine parents of newborns being satisfied with asking medical questions via chatbot. "If you would've asked me a year ago, I would've said no," he replied. "But I think COVID really has changed the way a lot of us think about things." In the case of neonatal units, new visitor restrictions can also restrict access by new parents to nurses and doctors that before might have been constant or on-demand. "I think that could be the perfect place for a bot to provide some empathy for a new parent who might have some fear or worry," he said. The trade-off in personal touch is expanded access to services. Rudine also pointed out that sub-specialties like neonatology can be difficult to access by patients living in rural areas. In a virtual-visit scenario, a specialist can "round" by observing and guiding a consultation from hundreds of miles away, with a rural community's nurse practitioner or pediatrician as the healthcare professional actually in the exam room with hands on the patient. The key to applying autonomy to healthcare is deciding what's best for machines and what should be left to humans. The entire panel agreed some use cases in healthcare are tailor-made for machines. Humans, even highly trained medical professionals, are incapable of processing the large data sets that healthcare delivery is increasingly reliant upon. As image-recognition technology improves, functions like evaluating x-rays will increasingly become automated. And there is some decision-making associated with our current climate that the panel could imagine being offloaded to AI. For example, if some patients are torn about visiting emergency rooms because they don't want to compound a health risk with potential coronavirus exposure, a chatbot-like exchange could help them make the right decision. Still, Roese believes full healthcare autonomy is just as far as off as fully self-driving vehicles. "One of the myths about things like autonomy and machine intelligence is that they're able to achieve full outcomes without a person in the loop," he cautioned. "If you believe you can go to an autonomous AI on a website, and it will give you the same intuition, the same clinical outcome as working with a physician, it just isn't the case yet. "Now I say 'yet,' because we will get there on certain tasks. But our belief is that the path towards full autonomy is a very long journey, but it's worth going on." To view the full discussion and explore other discussions in the series, visit the Technologies Keeping Humanity in Business hub. This post was created by Insider Studios with Dell Technologies. Join the conversation about this story »
This Cobalt-Free Battery Is Good for the Planet—and It Actually Works William Mcneely·Aug 17
Reducing the cobalt content in lithium-ion batteries is good for the environment, human rights, and maybe even the performance of the battery itself.


The image of the nuclear family is ubiquitous in modern Western culture: it has been captured in countless photographs, immortalized in books and electronic media, and hailed as the foundation of an ideal society. And while on one level we may recognize that not every family is neatly organized with parents, children, and perhaps a dog or cat thrown in for good measure, it is nevertheless common for us to think of "a family" as a closed unit composed of those specific kinds of relationships.
Increasing evidence confirms the importance of these family members. In fact, says Robert Milardo, researcher and author of The Forgotten Kin: Aunts and Uncles, "relationships among siblings are among the more resilient, long lasting, and intimate of family ties, and with the introduction of children, the roles of aunt and uncle are added to the mix of bonds linking siblings and their partners or spouses."
In a recent three-way interview, I had the privilege of speaking with both DePaulo and Milardo about many of the reasons why "collateral kin," such as aunts and uncles, warrant inclusion in our paradigms of family.
"The idea of a nuclear family doesn't seem to represent how families really live," Milardo remarked. "Many do, but many do not. I think public rhetoric says families are organized that way. We often talk about them as unique households, but we really often live across households."
Indeed, DePaulo and Milardo each note that the remarkable invisibility of aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and adult siblings in public life is inconsistent with their equally remarkable importance in the private lives of many families.
"To be sure," acknowledges Milardo, "not all families are in frequent communication, but then not all exist as isolated households. One need only recall travel patterns on major North American holidays to confirm this."
Those who are not fortunate enough to live near blood relatives may also burst the somewhat artificial boundaries of the nuclear family by cultivating relationships with "chosen" kin: close friends who for all practical purposes fulfill the roles of sisters, brothers, aunts, uncles or grandparents. Moreover, physically far-flung relatives may not actually be all that "distant" anymore, thanks to the advent of social networking sites like Facebook. Whatever the drawbacks may be of such technologies, they have nevertheless been found to foster those exchanges of the small details of daily life that help family members to feel connected to one another.
Research into the importance of collateral relatives (including chosen kin) still has a long way to go, but it is encouraging to see that DePaulo, Milardo, and others are well on the way to opening at least a small window into these too-often neglected family resources.


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Wright redux?
WRIGHT REDUX?…. Way back in March, John McCain appeared on Fox News, and Sean Hannity practically begged McCain to attack Barack Obama over Jeremiah Wright. It didn't work. After Hannity noted questions about the former pastor of Obama's former church, the Fox News personality asked "Would you go to a church like that?" McCain responded, "Obviously, that would not be my choice. But I do know Sen. Obama. He does not share those views."
That, in a way, should have effectively ended the story, but that obviously didn't happen. The "issue" lingers, and the Republican Smear Machine is chomping at the bit to start making Wright the single most important issue in the campaign. McCain, according to most media accounts, has said it's the one attack he won't make.
That is, that was what McCain said last week. Now, all of a sudden, Wright might be on the table again.
John McCain's campaign manager says he is reconsidering using Barack Obama's relationship with Reverend Jeremiah Wright as a campaign issue during the election's closing weeks.
In an appearance on conservative Hugh Hewitt's radio program, Davis said that circumstances had changed since John McCain initially and unilaterally took Obama's former pastor off the table. The Arizona Republican, Davis argued, had been jilted by the remarks of Rep. John Lewis, who compared recent GOP crowds to segregationist George Wallace's rallies. And, as such, the campaign was going to "rethink" what was in and out of political bounds.
"Look, John McCain has told us a long time ago before this campaign ever got started, back in May, I think, that from his perspective, he was not going to have his campaign actively involved in using Jeremiah Wright as a wedge in this campaign," he said late last week. "Now since then, I must say, when Congressman Lewis calls John McCain and Sarah Palin and his entire group of supporters, 50 million people strong around this country, that we're all racists and we should be compared to George Wallace and the kind of horrible segregation and evil and horrible politics that was played at that time, you know, that you've got to rethink all these things. And so I think we're in the process of looking at how we're going to close this campaign. We've got 19 days, and we're taking serious all these issues."
Rick Davis has said a lot of blisteringly stupid things over the course of the campaign, but this might top them all. Davis wants to put Wright on the table because McCain's losing, but he doesn't have the courage to say so. He has to rationalize his craven decisions by blaming John Lewis, which is just pathetic, even by Rick Davis' standards.
For what it's worth, I think if McCain reverses course on this now, it's likely to backfire. First, everyone in America has already heard all about Wright — voters who are going to base their vote on the former pastor of Obama's former church decided a long time ago not to support Obama.
Second, the more McCain tries to move the campaign away from the economy, the more he cedes the one issue most on the minds of voters.
And third, pivoting to Wright in the final two weeks would reek of desperation, reinforce the "erratic" meme, and shrink McCain's stature at the very moment he needs the opposite. I wouldn't be especially surprised if the Obama campaign hopes McCain does go this route.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Stirling (en escocés: Stirlin,  ) es una ciudad ubicada en la región central de Escocia, en el Reino Unido. Es un antiguo burgo, ubicado alrededor del Castillo de Stirling y del antiguo centro medieval. Es considerado un área industrial especializada en la industria eléctrica, comercial y de gobierno.

Antigua capital del Reino Escocés, Stirling fue conocida como Burgo Real hasta 2002, cuando, como parte del Golden Jubilee ("Aniversario Dorado", celebración que conmemora los 50 años de un monarca en el trono) de la Reina Isabel, se le otorgó el estatus de ciudad.

Historia
La ciudad de Stirling ha estado habitada desde la Edad de Piedra, pero pasó a ser estratégicamente importante con la invasión romana de Britania, en gran parte por su colina, que es fácil de defender, y su posición al lado del río Forth

La Iglesia de la Holy Rude (Santa Cruz), ubicada al lado del Castillo de Stirling, es una de las edificaciones de más importancia histórica en la ciudad. Dicha iglesia data de a finales del , es la única iglesia en el Reino Unido, aparte de la Abadía de Westminster, en haber celebrado una coronación. El 29 de julio de 1567, siendo apenas un bebé, el hijo de María, Reina de los Escoceses, fue coronado como Jaime VI de Escocia. Todavía se pueden apreciar las marcas de balas de las tropas de Oliver Cromwell en la torre y en el ábside.

Las fortificaciones continuaron siendo militarmente estratégicas durante las protestas Jacobitas en el . En 1715, el Duque de Mar falló en su intento de tomar control del castillo. En enero de 1746, el ejército de Carlos III de Inglaterra y Escocia tomó control de la aldea pero no pudo capturar el castillo. Durante la retirada hacia el norte, bombardearon la Iglesia St. Ninians, donde se almacenaban municiones; solo una torre sobrevivió al ataque y todavía se puede apreciar hoy en día.

Instituto
Económicamente, los puertos en el río Forth sostuvieron el comercio, incluyendo el intercambio de té con la India y madera con países Bálticos. La llegada del ferrocarril a la ciudad disminuyó el comercio fluvial, porque el puente construido para el paso de trenes resultaba un obstáculo para los barcos y la navegación resultaba más difícil. Para mediados del , el puerto dejó de funcionar.

Mitos de Stirling
Stirling también es famoso por sus muchos fantasmas, como la Dama Rosa del Castillo, quien ha sido vista por varios soldados, y el motel Settle Inn cerca del castillo, el cual es uno de los lugares fantasmales más famosos de Escocia. Otro de los grandes mitos que habita en Stirling es el del fantasma español que reside en el gran castillo y que solo es amigable con visitantes de su misma nacionalidad.

Atractivos turísticos
Los principales elementos turísticos de Stirling son el Castillo de Stirling, la iglesia de Holy Rude y el Monumento Nacional William Wallace, situado a las afueras del pueblo, sobre una colina.

Educación
Stirling alberga la Universidad de Stirling, además de numerosos centros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria.

Demografía

Localidades

Ciudades hermanadas
  Óbuda, Hungría
  Summerside, Canadá
  Villeneuve d'Ascq, Francia
  Dunedin, Estados Unidos

Véase también
 Batalla de Stirling

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web del Concejo de Stirling
 Castillo Stirling
 Stirling en línea
 Fotos de Stirling

Localidades de Stirling
Ciudades de Escocia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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St. Louis Cardinals News
Cardinals news and notes: All-Americans, Statcast, and the Nationals
Some stuff.
By John J. Fleming@johnjf125 Jul 3, 2017, 7:00am EDT
Share All sharing options for: Cardinals news and notes: All-Americans, Statcast, and the Nationals
Photo by Harry How/Getty Images
Hello, all. Today is a work holiday for some of you and not a work holiday for others (including myself) but tomorrow is the big feature. And I will use the backdrop of a patriotic American holiday to (once again) dig out one of my favorite pastimes—creating a dream Team USA baseball team.
I think I did this last year. I think I did it during the World Baseball Classic. It's silly that I keep doing this but I enjoy it so I'm going to do so. So here is my 25-man roster for a truly meaningful international tournament for the United States. Although players are not tied to nationality as strictly as in international soccer or hockey, I kept eligibility logical—I stuck with players born in the United States who have not played for another country in the WBC (hence players like Anthony Rizzo and Manny Machado are not a part of it) and I excluded players from Puerto Rico, as the territory has typically had its own national team in baseball and other sports. I assume that a designated hitter would be implemented here, but even if not, just assume the roster remains the same. Also I disregarded current injuries, though gave some consideration to how I predict those injuries will affect the players going forward. I largely consulted ZiPS and Steamer rest-of-season projections so if I missed somebody, blame them and do not hold me responsible for anything I ever do or say.
So here it goes:
Paul Goldschmidt, first base, Arizona Diamondbacks
Mike Trout, center field, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Josh Donaldson, third base, Toronto Blue Jays
Bryce Harper, left field, Washington Nationals
Kris Bryant, designated hitter, Chicago Cubs
Mookie Betts, right field, Boston Red Sox
Buster Posey, catcher, San Francisco Giants
Corey Seager, shortstop, Los Angeles Dodgers
Brian Dozier, second base, Minnesota Twins
Jonathan Lucroy, catcher, Texas Rangers
Trea Turner, second base/shortstop/center field, Washington Nationals
Lorenzo Cain, center field, Kansas City Royals
Aaron Judge, right field, New York Yankees
Starting Rotation
Clayton Kershaw, Los Angeles Dodgers
Chris Sale, Boston Red Sox
Max Scherzer, Washington Nationals
Corey Kluber, Cleveland Indians
Bullpen
Dellin Betances, New York Yankees
Wade Davis, Chicago Cubs
Craig Kimbrel, Boston Red Sox
Andrew Miller, Cleveland Indians
Additional Pitchers
Chris Archer, Tampa Bay Rays
Madison Bumgarner, San Francisco Giants
Stephen Strasburg, Washington Nationals
Noah Syndergaard, New York Mets
Anyway, here's the part where I actually do my job and tell you about the actual, relevant to the Cardinals VEB posts of the weekend.
Ben Markham wrote a terrifying piece about how Statcast is taking over the world and how we are all going to be overthrown by hyper-intelligent robots and such. Be sure to phrase it this way when discussing it at barbecues and firework displays over the next couple days.
The red baron wrote about the Cardinals are a team with solid options at most spots and therefore it will be difficult for the Cardinals to substantially improve their roster with a move or two.
The Cardinals played the Washington Nationals over the weekend. Saturday's game was a 2-1 victory recapped by IHeartBoog. Sunday brought us the highly anticipated match-up between aforementioned All-American Max Scherzer and Carlos Martinez, a game which was recapped by VanHicklestein.


A free workshop. Open to both TechInc members and the public.
Donna will be available between 19:00 and 22:00 in the TechInc space to show people how to use TAILS and to discuss anonymity and privacy.
You can look over the shoulder and listen, or bring your own laptop and a USB stick, and start working with TAILS straight away.
Most of my experience is with pc's, but am happy to look at TAILS on a Mac too.
Participants should feel comfortable on their computers, but it is not necessay to have a lot of ICT knowledge and experience.
The goal of using TAILS is to secure your own anonymity and privacy on the internet.
TAILS is a live operating system, ie you can start it on almost any computer from a DVD, USB stick, or SD card.
TAILS stands for "The Amnesic Incognito Live System".
TAILS sends its traffic through Tor.
Tor stands for "The Onion Route".
TAILS is Free Software and is built upon Debian.
A "Live OS" is a temporary operating system - all settings are lost at shutdown. The system is not installed on the computer. It is mobile, you can use the USB stick on different computers.
This page was last edited on 29 September 2014, at 14:20.


Welcome to akudankraf site! akudankraf is a "Craft & Party" brand; experts in providing "creative" and "chic" decors for parties, weddings and events. Our brand is a key resource for anyone planning for a small homemade events or anyone planning for a "Pinterest inspired" parties. Our product ranges from DIY (do-it-youself) kits, Party packs, party/event supplies to customised decorations such as cake toppers and 3D Guestbook. We also provide event stylings for weddings, parties or any occasional events.


Accessories, spares and parts are still available for your RoadMate 800.
Brought to you by the creators of Hertz NeverLost®, the Magellan RoadMate 800 has the latest in turn-by-turn GPS guidance, plus built-in MP3 player and photo viewer making it a navigation and multimedia marvel.
The 3.5-inch color touch screen shows your position with multiple views including a maneuver list. Simply select a destination and your Magellan RoadMate 800 GPS navigation system will guide you through every turn. It automatically calculates the most direct route and recalculates whenever you take a detour or make additional stops. Routing options enable you to choose the best routing option for you - shortest time, shortest distance, stay on or stay off the freeway. Customise every trip to easily avoid toll roads or exclude selected streets. SmartDetourT will automatically route around stopped motorway traffic.
With the integrated rechargeable battery you can use your Magellan RoadMate 800 even when you don't have access to power. Use it to view photos of your family and friends when you are away from home, listen to your favorite music with the built-in speaker or use the included headphones, or enter addresses and trips from wherever you are.
Built-in European detailed street maps and over 1 million pre-loaded points of interest make it easy to find the nearest restaurant, gas station, hotel, airport and more. It has never been easier or more fun to get around town or take long trips to distant locations. And if traveling abroad is in your plans, this GPS system comes pre-loaded with detailed maps of North America that can be unlocked for a fee.
The advance features of the Magellan RoadMate 800 provide easy, powerful and personalised GPS navigation, plus on-the-go multimedia.
The Magellan RoadMate 800 has been designed to be Plug & Play, and as such can be transferred from vehicle to vehicle with ease by the user. The Magellan RoadMate 800 is powered using a 12-24 volt adaptor cable in-car. The provided mains A/C power adaptor allows for use in the home or office, when configuring a route (cables included).
As the Magellan GPS RoadMate 800 features a preloaded 11GB micro hard drive with detailed maps of UK and mainland Europe; The RoadMate 800 is ready to use, right out of the box, since there is no need to download/install any maps.
Looking for accessories and spares for the Magellan RoadMate 800? We sell a very limited range of genuine accessories including travel carrying case, protective case, car charger and external GPS antenna.
Do you have a question about the Magellan RoadMate 800? Submit your question via our contact page.


Nola McKey is a writer and editor based in Austin, Texas.
A former senior editor at Texas Highways, Nola has written about spring wildflowers, small towns from Anson to Salado, and scores of other subjects. During her 18 years on staff at TH, she also edited Cooking with Texas Highways (University of Texas Press, 2005, 2007, 2014). In her new book, From Tea Cakes to Tamales: Third-Generation Texas Recipes, she focuses on three of her favorite topics—food, family, and the traditions that connect them.
Before working at Texas Highways, Nola was an assistant foods editor at Southern Living, edited a city magazine called Lubbock Lights, and wrote numerous freelance articles for publications including Southwest Airlines Magazine, The Dallas Morning News, Ultra, Progressive Farmer, The Cattleman, West Texas Business Journal, and Country Home.
Nola enjoys reading, writing, cooking, and gardening at her home in northwest Austin. Other interests include travel, sleuthing thrift stores for vintage finds, collecting Southwestern pottery, and spending time with friends and family.


text:
The Voice UK 2019 results: which acts are in the final?
Here are the acts that have been chosen by the coaches
By Kimberley Bond
With the blind auditions over, The Voice UK is heating up with performers now singing against each other to stay in the competition.
In order to be in with a chance of winning, the artists have to take to the stage in the show's infamous Battle Rounds, singing with another act on stage in the hope that their judge – either Jennifer Hudson, Olly Murs, Sir Tom Jones or will.i.am – will choose to keep them over their opponent.
Life after The Voice UK: past winners tell us what happened next
The Voice UK 2019: everything you need to know about the new series of the ITV singing show
The Voice UK's Tom Jones duets with pop star's son during blind auditions
Here are all the acts still left in the competition…
Team Olly Murs
Jimmy Balito
From: Sussex
After not getting a single coach to turn for him last year, Jimmy faced his fears by returning to the blind auditions.
And his bravery paid off: both JHud and Tom pressed their buttons for his cover of Higher Love by Steve Winwood during its last note.
Although Jimmy opted for Team Tom, he soon almost exited the competition, losing his Battle Round with Roger Samuels. Fortunately, both Olly and will.i.am both stepped in to steal the act, with Jimmy chosing Team Olly.
Molly Hocking
From: St Ives
Occupation: Works with her mother in a vintage shop
While Molly Hocking initially believed she would pick Tom Jones should he turn around for her, it was Olly Murs' passionate (or, arguably, desperate) pitch for her that saw her suddenly change her mind and go with The X Factor finalist for her coach.
Team Jennifer Hudson
All of Team J-Hud's acts have been eliminated from the contest.
Team will.i.am
The Black Eyed Peas frontman has no acts left in the competition.
Team Tom Jones
Bethzienna Williams
From: Barry, Wales
With her mother in tears on the sideline, Bethzienna belted out a groovy cover of Cry To Me by Solomon Burke. However, it was only after the song's final note that JHud welcomed her to her team. And although Tom Jones didn't turn, he did invite Bethzienna to a spectacular duet of the same song.
This performance must have stayed in Tom's mind, the coach stealing the singer to his team after Bethzienna lost her battle to Moya.
From: Liverpool
Sign up to the RadioTimes.com email newsletter
All about The Voice UK


16347 – [ldbl-128ibm] ldbl-128/e_lgammal_r.c may not be suitable.
Bug 16347 - [ldbl-128ibm] ldbl-128/e_lgammal_r.c may not be suitable.
Summary: [ldbl-128ibm] ldbl-128/e_lgammal_r.c may not be suitable.
that avoids the possible intermediate overflow.
(MAXLGM): Do not use diagnostic control macros.
instead of multiplying by log then subtracting.
* math/auto-libm-test-in: Add more tests of lgamma.


text:
package eu.euporias.api.repository;

import static eu.euporias.api.util.Encoder.decodeBase64ToFile;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Optional;

import javax.transaction.Transactional;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.data.rest.core.annotation.HandleBeforeCreate;
import org.springframework.data.rest.core.annotation.HandleBeforeDelete;
import org.springframework.data.rest.core.annotation.HandleBeforeSave;
import org.springframework.data.rest.core.annotation.RepositoryEventHandler;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import eu.euporias.api.model.Feedback;
import eu.euporias.api.service.StorageService;

@RepositoryEventHandler(Feedback.class)
@Transactional
@Component
public class FeedbackEventHandler {

	@HandleBeforeCreate
	public void handleFeedbackCreate(Feedback feedback) throws IOException {
		feedback.setLastModifiedDate(new Date());
		Optional<String> attachment = Optional.ofNullable(feedback.getAttachment()).filter(s -> !s.isEmpty());
		if(attachment.isPresent()){
			try {
				File f = storageService.storeFile(decodeBase64ToFile(attachment.get()));
				feedback.setAttachment(storageService.relativeFilePath(f));
			} catch (Exception e) {
				throw new RuntimeException(e);
			}
		}
	}

	@HandleBeforeSave
	public void handleFeedbackSave(Feedback feedback) throws IOException {
		feedback.setLastModifiedDate(new Date());
	}

	@HandleBeforeDelete
	public void handleFeedbackDelete(Feedback feedback) {
		Optional<String> attachment = Optional.ofNullable(feedback.getAttachment()).filter(s -> !s.isEmpty());
		if(attachment.isPresent()){
			File f = storageService.expandFilePath(attachment.get());
			LOGGER.info("Deleting file {} related to feedback #{}", f, feedback.getId());
			f.delete();
		}
	}

	@Autowired private StorageService storageService;

	private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FeedbackEventHandler.class);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


No one has to volunteer. No one has to give of their time, money or themselves to help make the world a better place – but thankfully there are those who do. This series of Q+A interviews is meant to 1) bring recognition to those who give back so generously, 2) learn about how they became so generous, and 3) what changes they would implement in our world to make it better tomorrow than it is today.


text:
Air-raid shelter
Air-raid shelter in Tateyama, Nagasaki, Nagasaki.
Kleines Berlin (Little Berlin in German) is the complex of underground air-raid tunnels dating to World War II, which still exists in Trieste, Italy.
Air-raid shelters, also known as bomb shelters, are structures for the protection of non-combatants as well as combatants against enemy attacks from the air. They are similar to bunkers in many regards, although they are not designed to defend against ground attack (but many have been successfully used as defensive structures in such situations).
Prior to World War II, in May 1924, an Air Raid Precautions Committee was set up in the United Kingdom. For years, little progress was made with shelters because of the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the need to send the public underground for shelter and the need to keep them above ground for protection against gas attacks. In February 1936 the Home Secretary appointed a technical Committee on Structural Precautions against Air Attack.
By November 1937, there had only been slow progress, because of a serious lack of data on which to base any design recommendations, and the Committee proposed that the Home Office should have its own department for research into structural precautions, rather than relying on research work done by the Bombing Test Committee to support the development of bomb design and strategy. This proposal was eventually implemented in January 1939.[1]
During the Munich crisis, local authorities dug trenches to provide shelter. After the crisis, the British Government decided to make these a permanent feature, with a standard design of precast concrete trench lining. Unfortunately these turned out to perform very poorly. They also decided to issue free to poorer households the Anderson shelter, and to provide steel props to create shelters in suitable basements.[2]
1 In World War II
1.1 Cellars
1.2 Hochbunker
1.3 United Kingdom
1.3.1 Cellars
1.3.2 Basements
1.3.3 Railway arches and subways (underpasses)
1.3.4 Underground (tube) stations
1.3.5 Other tunnels
1.3.6 Street communal shelter
1.3.7 Anderson shelter
1.3.8 Morrison shelter
1.3.9 Stanton shelters
1.4 Other construction
2 Air-raid shelters in modern times
2.1 Switzerland
2.3 Israel
2.4 Finland
2.5 Singapore
In World War II
Air raid shelters were built specifically to serve as protection against enemy air raids. However, pre-existing edifices designed for other functions, such as underground stations (tube or subway stations), tunnels, cellars in houses or basements in larger establishments, and railway arches,[3] above ground, were suitable for safeguarding people during air raids. A commonly used home shelter known as the Anderson shelter would be built in a garden and equipped with beds as a refuge from air raids.[4]
Single-person air raid shelter in Germany on display in an aviation museum
Cellars have always been much more important in Continental Europe than in the United Kingdom, and especially in Germany almost all houses and apartment blocks have been and still are built with cellars. For this reason, air-raid precautions during World War II in Germany could be much more readily implemented by the authorities than was possible in the UK. All that was necessary was to ascertain that cellars were being prepared to accommodate all the residents of a building; that all the cellar hatch and window protections were in place; that access to the cellars was safe in the event of an air raid; that once inside, the occupants were secure for any incidents other than direct hits during the air raid; and that means of escape in case of a real emergency were easily available.
However, the inadequacies of cellars and basements became apparent in the firestorms during the incendiary attacks on the larger German inner cities, especially Hamburg and Dresden. When burning buildings and apartment blocks above them collapsed in the raging winds (which could reach well over 800 °C), the occupants often became trapped in these basement shelters, which had also become overcrowded after the arrival of inhabitants from other buildings rendered unsafe in earlier attacks. Some occupants perished from heat stroke or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Hochbunker
The Hochbunker in Trier
Winkelturm in Wünsdorf, Brandenburg
Hochbunker(s), or "high-rise" bunkers or (blockhouses), were a peculiarly German type of construction, designed to relieve the pressure German authorities were facing to accommodate additional numbers of the population in high-density housing areas, as well as pedestrians on the streets during air raids. In contrast to other shelters, these buildings were considered completely bomb-proof. They also had the advantage of being built upward, which was much cheaper than downward excavation. There were no equivalents of hochbunkers in the cities of the Allied countries.
Hochbunkers usually consisted of large concrete blocks above ground with walls between 1 m and 1.5 m thick and with huge lintels above doorways and openings. They often had a constant interior temperature of 7 to 10 °C, which made them perfectly suitable for laboratories, both during and after the war. They were designated to protect people, administrative centres, important archives, and works of art.
Their structures took many forms: usually consisting of square blocks, or of low, long rectangular or triangular shapes; straight towers of a square plan rising to great heights, or round tower-like edifices, even pyramidal constructions. Some of the circular towers contained helical floors that gradually curved their way upward within the circular walls. Many of these structures may still be seen to this day. They have been converted into offices, storage space, and some have even been adapted for hotels, hospitals and schools, as well as many other peacetime purposes. In Schöneberg, a block of flats was built over the Pallasstrasse air-raid shelter after World War II. During the Cold War, NATO used the shelter for food storage.[5][6][7]
The cost of demolishing these edifices after the war would have been enormous, as the attempts at breaking up one of the six so-called Flak towers of Vienna proved. These towers had anti-aircraft batteries on platforms on their roofs. The attempted demolition caused no more than a crack in one of the walls of the tower, after which efforts were abandoned.
One particular variant of the Hochbunker was the Winkeltürme, named after its designer, Leo Winkel of Duisburg. Winkel patented his design in 1934, and from 1936 on, Germany built 98 Winkeltürme of five different types. The towers had a conical shape with walls that curved downward to a reinforced base. The dimensions of the towers varied. Diameters ranged between 8.4 and 10 meters and the height between 20 and 25 meters. The walls of the towers had a minimum thickness for reinforced concrete of 0.8 m and 1.5 m for ordinary concrete. The towers were able to shelter between 164 and 500 people, depending on the type. The intent with the Winkeltürme and the other hochbunkers was to protect workers in rail yards and industrial areas. Because of their shape, the towers became known colloquially as "cigar stubs" or "sugar beets".
The theory behind the Winkeltürme was that the curved walls would deflect any bomb hitting the tower, directing it down towards the base. The towers had a small footprint, which was probably a greater protection. A US bomb did hit one tower in Bremen in October 1944; the bomb exploded through the roof, killing five people inside.
Cellars in the UK, however, were mainly included only in larger houses, and in houses built up to the period of World War I, after which detached and semi-detached properties were constructed without cellars, usually to avoid the higher building costs entailed. Since house building had increased vastly between the wars, the lack of cellars in more recent housing was to become a major problem in the Air Raid Precautions (ARP) programmes in the UK during World War II.
Alternatives had to be found speedily once it became clear that Germany was contemplating air raids as a means of demoralising the population and disrupting supply lines in Britain. Initial recommendations were that householders should shelter under the stairs. Later, authorities supplied materials to households to construct communal street shelters and Morrison and Anderson shelters.
Basements also became available for the use of air raid shelters. Basements under factory premises, schools, hospitals, department stores and other businesses were utilised. However, these ad hoc shelters could bring additional dangers, as heavy machinery and materials or water storage facilities above the shelter, and insufficient support structures threatened to cause the collapse of basements.
When Wilkinson's Lemonade factory in North Shields received a direct hit on Saturday, 3 May 1941 during a German attack on the north-east coast of England, 107 occupants lost their lives when heavy machinery fell through the ceiling of the basement in which they were sheltering.[8][9]
Railway arches and subways (underpasses)
Railway arches and subways were also used in the UK for air raid protection at all times during World War II.
Railway arches were deep, curved structures of brick or concrete, set into the vertical sidewalls of railway lines, that had been intended originally for commercial depots, etc. The arches were covered usually with wooden or brick screen- or curtain walls, thus giving a considerable amount of protection against air raids – provided, of course, that railway lines were not the prime target of the attack at the particular time and so being more likely to suffer from direct hits. Each arch could accommodate anything from 60 to 150 or so persons. However, fewer people could find shelter at night as sleeping areas for the occupants took up more of the space available - a limitation applying to any other type of shelter as well. Subways were actual thoroughfares also in the shape of arches, normally allowing passage underneath railway lines.[10][11]
Underground (tube) stations
London Underground Air Raid Shelter Sign
Prior to the beginning of the war, shelter policy had been determined by Sir John Anderson, then Lord Privy Seal and, on the declaration of war, Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security. Anderson announced the policy to Parliament on 20 April 1939,[12] based on a report from a committee chaired by Lord Hailey. This reaffirmed a policy of dispersal and eschewed the use of deep shelters, including the use of tube stations and underground tunnels as public shelters. Reasons given were the spread of disease due to the lack of toilet facilities at many stations, the inherent danger of people falling onto the lines, and that people sheltering in the stations and tunnels might be tempted to stay in them day and night because they would feel safer there than outside the stations.
None of these concerns had been borne out by experience during the bombing raids of the First World War, when eighty specially adapted tube stations had been pressed into use, but in a highly controversial decision in January 1924, Anderson, then chairman of the Air Raid Precautions Committee of Imperial Defence and had ruled out the tube station shelter option in any future conflict.
Following the intensive bombing of London on 7 September 1940 and the overnight raids of 7/8 September, there was considerable pressure to change the policy but, even following a review on 17 September, the Government stood firm. On 19 September, William Mabane, parliamentary secretary to the Ministry of Home Security, urged the public not to leave their Anderson shelters for public shelters, saying it deprived others of shelter. "We're going to improve the amenities in existing shelters," he promised. "We're setting about providing better lighting and better accommodation for sleeping and better sanitary arrangements." The Ministries of Home Security and Transport jointly issued an "urgent appeal", telling the public "to refrain from using Tube stations as air-raid shelters except in the case of urgent necessity".
However, the Government was then confronted with an episode of mass disobedience. Over the night of 19/20 September, thousands of Londoners were taking matters in their own hands. They had flocked to the Tubes for shelter. At some stations, they began to arrive as early as 4pm, with bedding and bags of food to sustain them for the night. By the time the evening rush hour was in progress, they had already staked their "pitches" on the platforms. Police did not intervene. Some station managers, on their own initiatives, provided additional toilet facilities. Transport Minister John Reith, and the chairman of London Transport, Lord Ashfield, inspected Holborn station to see conditions for themselves.
The Government then realised that they could not contain this popular revolt. On 21 September, it abruptly changed policy, removing its objections to the use of tube stations. In what it called part of its "deep shelter extension policy", it decided to close the short section of line from Holborn to the Aldwych and turn the tunnel into an air raid shelter. The Aldwych branch of the Piccadilly line was closed to trains, tracks were concreted over, and reinforced floodgates were installed that could be closed instantly in case of burst river embankments due to bomb damage. Seventy-nine stations were fitted with bunks for 22,000 people, supplied with first aid facilities and equipped with chemical toilets. 124 canteens opened in all parts of the tube system. Shelter marshals were appointed, whose function it was to keep order, give first aid and assist in case of the flooding of the tunnels.
London Underground station in use as an air-raid shelter
Businesses (for example Plessey Ltd) were allowed to use the Underground stations and unopened tunnels, government offices were installed in others and the anti-aircraft centre for London used a station as its headquarters.
However, tube stations and tunnels were still vulnerable to a direct hit and several such incidents did occur:
On 16 September 1940, at Marble Arch tube station, 20 people were killed.
On 14 October 1940, a bomb penetrated the road and tunnel at Balham tube station, blew up the water mains and sewage pipes, and killed 68 people.
At Bank station a direct hit caused a crater of 120 ft by 100 ft on 11 January 1941, the road above the station collapsed and killed 56 occupants.
However, the highest death toll was caused during an accident at Bethnal Green tube station on 8 March 1943, when 1,500 people entered the station. The crowd suddenly panicked on hearing the sound of an unfamiliar explosion (in fact this was a top-secret anti-aircraft rocket). Someone stumbled on the stairs, and the crowd pushing on, were falling on top of one another, and 173 people were crushed to death in the disaster.
The extent of the disasters and the number of people killed was not disclosed until after the war.
Nevertheless, the London Underground system during the war was considered one of the safest means of protecting relatively many people in a high-density area of the capital. An estimated 170,000 people sheltered in the tunnels and stations during World War II. Although not a great number in comparison to the total number of the inhabitants of the capital, it almost certainly saved many lives of the people who probably would have had to find alternative, less secure means of protection.[13]
Artists and photographers such as Henry Moore and Bill Brandt[14] were employed as war artists to document life in London's shelters during the Second World War.
Other tunnels
Many other types of tunnels were adapted for shelters to protect the civil population, and the military and administrative establishment in the UK during the war. Some had been built many years before, some had been part of an ancient defence system, and some had belonged to commercial enterprises, such as coalmining.
The Victoria tunnels at Newcastle upon Tyne, for example, completed as long ago as 1842, and used for transporting coal from the collieries to the river Tyne, had been closed in 1860 and remained so until 1939. 12 m deep in places, the tunnels, stretching in parts beneath the city of Newcastle, were converted to air raid shelters with a capacity for 9,000 people. Furthermore, tunnels linked to landing stages built on the River Irwell in Manchester at the end of the 19th century were also used as air-raid shelters.
The large medieval labyrinth of tunnels beneath Dover Castle had been built originally as part of the defensive system of the approaches to England, extended over the centuries and further excavated and reinforced during World Wars I and II, until it was capable of accommodating large parts of the secret defence systems protecting the British Isles. On 26 May 1940 it became the headquarters under Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay of "Operation Dynamo", from where the rescue and evacuation of up to 338,000 troops from France was directed.
In Stockport, six miles south of Manchester, four sets of underground air raid shelter tunnels for civilian use were dug into the red sandstone on which the town centre stands. Preparation started in September 1938 and the first set of shelters was opened on 28 October 1939. (Stockport was not bombed until 11 October 1940.) The smallest of the tunnel shelters could accommodate 2,000 people and the largest 3,850 (subsequently expanded to take up to 6,500 people.) The largest of the Stockport Air Raid Shelters[15] are open to the public as part of the town's museum service.
In southeast London, residents made use of the Chislehurst Caves beneath Chislehurst, a 22-mile long network of underground caves which have existed since the Middle Ages for the minings of chalk and flint.
Street communal shelter
In the United Kingdom, it was being recognised early that public shelters in open spaces, especially near streets, were urgently needed for pedestrians, drivers and passengers in passing vehicles, etc. The programme of building street communal shelters commenced in March 1940, the government supplying the materials, and being the moving force behind the scheme, and private builders executing the work under the supervision of surveyors. These shelters consisted of 14-inch brick walls and 1-foot-thick (0.30 m) reinforced concrete roofs, similarly to, but much larger than, the private shelters in backyards and gardens being introduced slightly later. The communal shelters were usually intended to accommodate about fifty persons, and were divided into various sections by interior walls with openings connecting the different sections. Sections were normally furnished with six bunks.
The construction work then went on rapidly, until the resources of concrete and bricks began to be depleted due to the excessive demand placed on them so suddenly. Also, the performance of the early street shelters was a serious blow to public confidence. Their walls were shaken down either by earth shock or blast, and the concrete roofs then fell onto the helpless occupants, and this was there for all to see.[16] At around the same time rumours of accidents started to circulate, such as on one occasion people being drowned due to a burst main filling up the shelter with water. Although much improved designs were being introduced whose performance had been demonstrated in explosion trials, communal shelters became highly unpopular,and shortly afterwards householders were being encouraged to build or have built private shelters on their properties, or within their houses, with materials being supplied by the government.
Anderson shelter
Two Anderson shelters standing intact amid a scene of debris in Norwich.
An unburied Anderson Shelter in 2007; this shelter had seen use after the war as a shed
The Anderson shelter was designed in 1938 by William Paterson and Oscar Carl (Karl) Kerrison in response to a request from the Home Office. It was named after Sir John Anderson, then Lord Privy Seal with special responsibility for preparing air-raid precautions immediately prior to the outbreak of World War II, and it was he who then initiated the development of the shelter. After evaluation by Dr David Anderson, Bertram Lawrence Hurst, and Sir Henry Jupp, of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the design was released for production.
Anderson shelters were designed to accommodate up to six people. The main principle of protection was based on curved and straight galvanised corrugated steel panels. Six curved panels were bolted together at the top, so forming the main body of the shelter, three straight sheets on either side, and two more straight panels were fixed to each end, one containing the door—a total of fourteen panels. A small drainage sump was often incorporated in the floor to collect rainwater seeping into the shelter. The shelters were 6 feet (1.8 m) high, 4.5 feet (1.4 m) wide, and 6.5 feet (2.0 m) long. They were buried 4 ft (1.2 m) deep in the soil and then covered with a minimum of 15 inches (38 cm) of soil above the roof. The earth banks could be planted with vegetables and flowers, that at times could be quite an appealing sight and in this way would become the subject of competitions of the best-planted shelter among householders in the neighbourhood. The internal fitting out of the shelter was left to the owner and so there were wide variations in comfort.[4]
Anderson shelters were issued free to all householders who earned less than £5 a week (equivalent to £280 in 2015, when adjusted for inflation). Those with a higher income were charged £7 (£390 in 2015) for their shelter. One and a half million shelters of this type were distributed between February 1939 and the outbreak of war. During the war a further 2.1 million were erected.[17] Large numbers were manufactured at John Summers & Sons ironworks at Shotton on Deeside with production peaking at 50,000 units per week.[18]
The Anderson shelters performed well under blast and ground shock, because they had good connectivity and ductility, which meant that they could absorb a great deal of energy through plastic deformation without falling apart. (This was in marked contrast to other trench shelters which used concrete for the sides and roof, which were inherently unstable when disturbed by the effects of an explosion - if the roof slab lifted, the walls fell in under the static earth pressure; if the walls were pushed in, the roof would be unsupported at one edge and would fall.) However, when the pattern of all night alerts became established, it was realised that in winter Anderson shelters were cold damp holes in the ground and often flooded in wet weather, and so their occupancy factor would be poor. This led to the development of the indoor Morrison shelter.[19]
At the end of the war in Europe, households who had received an Anderson shelter were expected to remove their shelters and local authorities began the task of reclaiming the corrugated iron. Householders who wished to keep their Anderson shelter (or more likely the valuable metal) could pay a nominal fee.
Because of the large number made and their robustness, many Anderson shelters still survive. Many were dug up after the war and converted into storage sheds for use in gardens and allotments.[20]
Morrison shelter
Media related to Morrison shelter at Wikimedia Commons
A couple demonstrating the use of a Morrison shelter
A Morrison shelter containing a dummy, after the house it was in had been destroyed as a test
The Morrison shelter, officially termed Table (Morrison) Indoor Shelter, had a cage-like construction beneath it. It was designed by John Baker and named after Herbert Morrison, the Minister of Home Security at the time. It was the result of the realisation that due to the lack of house cellars it was necessary to develop an effective type of indoor shelter. The shelters came in assembly kits, to be bolted together inside the home. They were approximately 6 ft 6 in (2 m) long, 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and 2 ft 6 in (0.75 m) high, had a solid 1/8 in (3 mm) steel plate "table" top, welded wire mesh sides, and a metal lath "mattress"- type floor. Altogether it had 359 parts and had 3 tools supplied with the pack.
The shelter was provided free to households whose combined income was less than £400 per year (equivalent to £22,000 in 2015) .
When Head of the Engineering Department at Cambridge University, Professor Sir John Baker (latterly Baron Baker) presented an undergraduate lecture on the principles of design of the shelter, as an interesting introduction to his theory of plastic design of structures and it can be summarised as follows:
It was impractical to produce a design for mass production that could withstand a direct hit, and so it was a matter of selecting a suitable design target that would save lives in many cases of blast damage to bombed houses. Examination of bombed buildings indicated that in many instances, one end wall of a house was sucked or blown out by a nearby blast, and the floor of the first storey pivoted about its other end (supported by a largely intact wall) and killed the inhabitants. The Morrison shelter was therefore designed to be able to withstand the upper floor falling, of a typical two storey-house undergoing a partial collapse. The shelter was designed to absorb this energy by plastic deformation, since this can absorb two or three orders of magnitude more energy than elastic deformation.[21] Its design enabled the family to sleep under the shelter at night or during raids, and to use it as a dining table in the daytime, making it a practical item in the house.[22]
Half a million Morrison shelters had been distributed by the end of 1941, with a further 100,000 being added in 1943 to prepare the population for the expected German V-1 flying bomb (doodlebug) attacks.
In one examination of 44 severely damaged houses it was found that three people had been killed, 13 seriously injured, and 16 slightly injured out of a total of 136 people who had occupied Morrison shelters; thus 120 out of 136 escaped from severely bomb-damaged houses without serious injury. Furthermore, it was discovered that the fatalities had occurred in a house which had suffered a direct hit, and some of the severely injured were in shelters sited incorrectly within the houses.[23]
In July 1950 the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors made an award of £3,000 (£92,000) to Baker for his design of the Morrison shelter.[24]
Stanton shelters
Media related to Stanton shelter at Wikimedia Commons
An abandoned Stanton shelter at the disused airfield, RAF Beaulieu (2007)
A segment shelter manufactured by the Stanton Ironworks, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. The shop producing spun-concrete lighting columns ceased production and turned over to concrete air-raid shelters, of which 100,000 tons were manufactured, principally for the air ministry. Reinforced concrete proved an ideal material for air-raid shelters, being strong and resistant to shock with no deterioration with the passing of time. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low cost—any length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments. The segments were 20 inches wide; a pair of them formed an arch 7 feet high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment. Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by motor lorry was not possible. Partly buried in the ground, with a suitably screened entrance, this bolted shelter afforded safe protection against blast and splinters.[25][26]
Children outside air raid shelter in Gresford, 1939
Military air-raid shelters included blast pens at airfields for the security of aircrews and aircraft maintenance personnel away from the main airbase buildings.
Few shelters could survive a direct bomb-hit. The German authorities claimed that hochbunkers were totally bomb-proof, but none were targeted by any of the 41 10-ton Grand Slam earthquake bombs dropped by the RAF by the end of World War II. Two of these bombs were dropped on the U-Bootbunkerwerft Valentin submarine pens near Bremen and these penetrated 4 to 7 m (13 to 23 ft) of reinforced concrete, bringing down the roof.
More recently, the penetration by laser-guided "smart bombs" of the Amiriyah shelter during the 1991 Gulf War showed how vulnerable even reinforced concrete shelters are to direct hits from bunker-buster bombs. However, the air-raid shelters are built to protect the civilian population, so protection against a direct hit is of secondary value. The most important dangers are the blast and shrapnel. It is unlikely that any military enemy would intentionally target a civilian shelter, even if it were carpet bombing a city.[citation needed]
Air-raid shelters in modern times
A communal air raid shelter located in a public garden in Holon, Israel
Air-raid shelter in separatist-held Donetsk, eastern Ukraine, March 2015
Blast protection valves installed in a bomb shelter
Old air-raid shelters, such as the Anderson, can still be found in back gardens, in which they are commonly used as sheds, or (on the roof which is covered with earth) as vegetable patches. Some are left empty or are filled with debris.
Countries that have kept air-raid shelters intact and in ready condition include Switzerland, Spain and Finland.
Many Swiss houses and apartment blocks still have structurally reinforced, underground basements, often featuring a concrete door around 40 cm (16 in) thick. In more modern, post-war times, these shelters are often used as storage, with the footprint of the reinforced basement divided up into individual storage units according to the number of apartments in the house. The basement shelters are built to more stringent building codes, as the ceiling especially should protect shelter-seeking people from the house collapsing. Although most Swiss houses provide their own shelters, those that don't are required by law to post directions to the nearest shelter.
Air-raid Shelter 307 (Refugi 307) in Barcelona, was built during Spanish Civil War
Air-raid shelter built during the Spanish Civil War in Valencia.
Barcelona was severely bombed by Italian and German Air Forces during Spanish Civil War, particularly in 1937 and 1938. Underground tunnels were used as shelters at the same time that the population undertook the building of bomb shelters under the coordination of a committee for civil defense (Catalan: Junta de defensa passiva) providing planning and technical assistance. Hundreds of bomb shelters were built. Most of them are recorded, but only a few are well preserved. Among these stand out the Plaça del Diamant refuge as well as air-shelter 307 (Refugi 307), today one of the Barcelona City History Museum heritage sites.[27]
Other cities with extant bomb shelters from the Spanish Civil War include Madrid, Guadalajara, Alcalá de Henares, Santander, Jaén, and Cartagena.
Entrance to a public bomb shelter in Sderot, Israel.
An example of a bomb shelter at a playground in Israel.
The inside of an Israeli bomb shelter in 2012.
The State of Israel required all buildings to have access to air-raid shelters from 1951, and all new flats possess access to Merkhav Mugan. All medical and educational facilities are prepared for CRBN attacks (as of 2010) (as an example each surgery room is built to withstand a direct missile hit); some are built with closed-cycle air systems and are capable of being resistant to chemical agents for short periods of time; in addition all must include chemical air filtering systems. The public air-raid shelters are commonly employed as game rooms in peacetime so that the children will be comfortable to enter them at a time of need, and will not be frightened.[28][29][30][31][32]
A normal Finnish S1-shelter steel door. S is short for suoja (protection, shelter).
Finland has over 40,000 air-raid shelters which can house 3.8 million people (71% of the population). Private homes rarely have them, but houses over 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) are obliged to build them.[33] Fire inspectors check the shelters every ten years and flaws have to be repaired or corrected as soon as possible. The law requires that inhabitants of apartment blocks must clear the shelters and put them into action in less than 72 hours. Half of the air-raid shelter has to be ready to use in two hours. The types of shelters are:
K, a small shelter for a small apartment house.
S1, a usual shelter for apartment house.
S3, lightweight shelter in solid rock or heavyweight shelter of ferroconcrete.
S6, large shelters in solid rock that must be able to withstand a 6 bar pressure wave.
All shelters must have:
an electric and hand-operated air-conditioning system, that can protect from biological and chemical weapons and radioactive particles.
a radiometer
dry toilets
a fixed-line interface
a spare exit
Since 1998, Singapore has required all new houses and flats to have a shelter built to certain specifications. The Singapore Civil Defence Force rationalizes building such shelters in high-rise buildings by noting that weapon effects tend to be localized, and are unlikely to cause an entire building to collapse.[34]
Air raid precautions
Blast shelter
Underground living
Merkhav Mugan
↑ Baker 1978, p. [page needed].
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↑ Ladd 2004, p. 393.
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↑ "HOLNET - London at War 1939-1945 - Shelter". Lgfl.net. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-24. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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↑ Atlkinson, Keith, John Summers & Sons <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Development of the Anderson shelter". Richmond.edu. Retrieved March 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Paul Robertson. "The Baker experiment with a Morrison shelter model". G.eng.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-24. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "The Morrison shelter design". Fortunecity.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-24. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Examination of effectiveness of Morrison shelter". learningcurve.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-24. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ The Stanton Ironworks Co. Stanton at War 1939-45. The story of the part played by Stanton Ironworks with reference to making of the concrete sections for the Stanton Air Raid Shelter, page 40. Book online Stanton at War Archived March 15, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
↑ "Stanton shelter at Ashdown camp". Ashdowncamp.webs.com. Retrieved March 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Bomb shelter 307 in Barcelona". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "In the bomb shelter: The brighter side of war". Broad Street Review. Retrieved 2010-06-24. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Home front command,תקנות מוסדות בריאות [[:Category:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]],2010, p4 section 280 subsection ב [3][dead link]
↑ Home front command,תקנות מוסדות בריאות [[:Category:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]],2010,[4][dead link]
↑ "Google Drive Viewer". Docs.google.com. Retrieved March 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Home front command,תקנות למוסדות חינוך[[:Category:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]],2010,[5][dead link]
↑ "Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition - Home". Hs.fi. Retrieved 2010-06-24. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Singapore Civil Defence Force. "FAQ on CD Shelters". Scdf.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-24. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[dead link]
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Photographs from English WW2 Public Shelters
Underground Bomb Shelter Website
Clifford Road Air Raid Shelter Museum, Ipswich, UK
Archives of the German military manuals
German WW2 Airraid Shelters
Interview with writer/researcher of Bethnal Green Tube shelter tragedy, largest civilian losses in WW2 London
A short history of Anderson shelters, plus information about shelters still in existence
Battle of the Beams
Baedeker Blitz
Evacuation of civilians
Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom
Anti-Aircraft Command
American Ambulance Great Britain
Civil Defence Service
National Fire Service
Women's Voluntary Service
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Subterranea (geography)
Home front during World War II
Air-raid shelters
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