In this, my last speech to all of you, I would like to share some very personal thoughts about the direction in which I have tried to take the University and the reasons why I chose to do so. This is not a simple task, for Harvard is hardly a simple institution. It is not merely a university but a universe of many separate galaxies and solar systems – a vast collection of stars and planets, some growing hotter and more luminous, others giving off a paler glow, some shining only with reflected light, and a few, like meteors, bursting across the heavens in an incandescent moment of glory.
To find in this great cosmos a single pattern or theme requires a desperate oversimplification. But since I have no choice, I thought that I would spend these last few minutes pondering a question that has worried me throughout these past two decades. What social purpose can an American university claim to have at the end of the twentieth century? What contributions can we make to society that will justify the benefits we receive and inspire the students who come with us here to learn?
Forty years ago, when I first came to Cambridge to study here in the Law School, the answer was obvious. America and its universities were united in a common resolve to build a system of scientific research preeminent in the world and to expand our colleges to embrace our returning veterans. In less than two decades, we achieved these goals, and we created the strongest universities of any country on the face of this earth.
Meanwhile, government officials and the general public had little patience with the violence and intolerance on university campuses. After the demise of the Great Society, after the misadventures of the Best and the Brightest, many Americans even lost confidence in advanced knowledge as a key to progress or in experts as guides to help resolve our problems. In this demoralized environment, the social purposes of the University seemed very much in doubt.
As I end my term of office, the campuses are quieter. The angry tumult of the late 1960s is all but forgotten. But even so, the bonds of understanding between our universities and the nation have not grown stronger. While universities are as dependent as they've ever been on public support, neither educators nor community leaders share a clear and compelling view of what universities can do for our society. Instead of common efforts toward common goals, there is a buzzing of confusion and complaints over tuition, over financial aid practices, over reading lists, over affirmative action, even over modern literary theory. Although these are all legitimate issues, the fact that they should dominate the debate about American higher education only shows how muddled we have become about why universities truly matter to society.
It is no longer clear what civic significance still inspires our work and justifies the subsidies, benefits, and protections that society grants us to help us carry on our labors.
And yet, we have to face some hard truths. Admiring the ablest students in America is a noble practice, but in today's society, children from working-class families, from urban ghettos, from country villages, are much too often handicapped by poor schools, by broken homes, by troubled neighborhoods, to fare well in the stiff competition to enter Harvard College. Despite the thirty million dollars in undergraduate scholarships that we award each year, the fact is that we enroll fewer students from farm communities or blue-collar families than we did 75 or even one hundred years ago.
We must also ask ourselves whether it is enough to offer a Harvard education to the brightest applicants without asking how their talents will be used. A Harvard education must serve a larger social purpose if it is to justify our existence and inspirit our students.
During my twenty years in office, conditions have actually grown worse for many of our citizens. One need not stray very far from Harvard Yard to witness sights I never saw as a student in the 1950s. [Yet] an eerie indifference hangs over the land. It is the peculiar misfortune of our age that those who are most fortunately placed in our society often seem the least exposed to the suffering around them and the least inclined to help. Instead of a popular outcry to end the urban violence, the poverty, the homelessness, the hunger of children, the loudest clamor we hear from the public today is No New Taxes – and this in a country where the tax burden – state, local and federal – is lower than in any industrial country in the world.
The traditional view has been that great universities should promote discovery and the growth of knowledge, not by trying to solve the world's problems, but by encouraging scholars to pursue the truth wherever their curiosity leads them.
That view remains extraordinarily important. We must always do our best to attract the most creative, powerful minds to Harvard and give them the freedom and support they need to make their profound and lasting contributions. The scholars who succeed most grandly in this enterprise are the brightest stars in our firmament. If their achievements do not solve immediate problems, they endure nonetheless as monuments of our civilization to enlarge our understanding of our culture, our past, our environment, and, not least, ourselves.
But contributions of this stature are not the only work of a great university. Much of our research, especially in our professional schools, has a more practical thrust, so much so that universities have become the nation's principal resource for helping our society to comprehend its problems. University investigators [who] do such work can also claim a respected place in our firmament.
The contributions we need to pursue our social mission come from every part of the scholarly universe – from academic disciplines and from professional schools, from the humanities as well as from the sciences. If any single thread connects many of the initiatives I have tried to take at Harvard, it is the effort to strengthen our work along these lines. It is our social mission that animates much of the Core Curriculum and the emphasis placed on moral reasoning, ethics, and community service in the College and professional schools. It was this mission that inspired the building of a Kennedy School that could attract able people to public service and train them to govern wisely. It was this mission that spurred our efforts to strengthen the schools of Education, of Public Health, of Divinity – each of the faculties weak in material resources but strong in their orientation toward serving human needs. And it was this mission, finally, that led to the creation of active centers of research to work on poverty, arms control, Third World development, AIDS, housing, public education, delivery of health care, and soon, I hope, the environment as well.
I know all too well that no social problem will ever be solved by universities alone. [But] lawmakers and officials will never solve [the world's] problems without the new discoveries, the specialized knowledge, the highly educated people that universities can uniquely supply. That is why universities are already so essential to our society. As time goes on, and as our problems grow increasingly complex, our data increasingly cumbersome and voluminous, the role of these institutions can only become more critical.
Unless society appreciates the contributions of its universities, it will continue to reduce them to the status of another interest group by gradually stripping away the protections and support they need to stay preeminent in the world. Unless universities take their social responsibilities seriously, they will never inspire their students with a purpose large enough to fill their lives with meaning. And more important still, unless universities discharge their duties to the society fully, they will fail to do everything they can to make this troubled planet a better, happier place.
Because of its good fortune, Harvard has a special obligation to give generously of its abilities and imagination to the society that sustains it. I am more grateful than words can say for all that so many of my colleagues have done to carry out this responsibility vigorously and well. Because of these efforts, I can leave you now, secure in the faith that at a critical time in our nation's history, Harvard will do its best to lend its talents to the cause of justice, compassion, and enlightenment in a world in urgent need of those blessings.


text:
Idea for why potential aliens would have no reason to interact with us
By ALine,
June 8, 2022 in Speculations
48 minutes ago, Markus Hanke said:
Put yourself in their shoes. We're intelligent, but also largely still driven by ancient instincts that were designed to give us a survival advantage in a largely hostile environment. Most people's thought patterns are overwhelmingly ego-centric, along the lines of "what can I get out of this?". People spend their entire lives chasing sense pleasure and running away from discomfort, putting them at the mercy of external circumstance. Our societies institutionalise greed (economic systems), hatred (militarism and nationalism), and mass delusion (corporate media). At any given time there are at least half a dozen active war zones around the world; we can't even get along with our own species, and our own natural environment - never even mind with aliens. All these things were indispensable survival tools in the distant past, but now our technology has outpaced our ethical and psychological evolution - a very dangerous situation. We're animals waving thermonuclear warheads around. Would you really want to get involved with such a species? I sure wouldn't - I'd recognise their potential, and perhaps would watch from a distance, but otherwise would choose to wait until they've outgrown their first set of teeth at least. And as a species we're nowhere even near that point, IMHO.
Besides, if there are several spacefaring species in our galaxy competing for finite resources, then there's quite a lot to be said for remaining silent and invisible, as a general rule ('Dark Forest Theory'):
https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/the-dark-forest-theory-a-terrifying-explanation-of-why-we-havent-heard-from-aliens-yet/
Apologies for being dark and pessimistic. Personally I see a lot of beauty and potential in Homo sapiens sapiens, but for now I see us as being little better than animals with a knack for technology. So I'm not in the least surprised that no one else has made contact.
All valid points, all valid points
Created Jun 8
Last Reply Jun 14
swansont 13 posts
Moontanman 9 posts
dimreepr 10 posts
ALine 10 posts
Bufofrog
Because we both are intelligent and we have a common language, mathematics.
Markus Hanke
Put yourself in their shoes. We're intelligent, but also largely still driven by ancient instincts that were designed to give us a survival advantage in a largely hostile environment. Most people's th
Moontanman
I wasn't aware i was required to give a detailed engineering analysis of everything i post, no one seems to be required to do that, I can attempt to do so but I don't think I'm really qualified. I am
Danijel Gorupec
I would say it is naive to think that only one thing happens when two civilizations make a contact. All possible things happen instead. There are various fractions and interest groups, 'freedom fighters', smugglers, opposition groups, shady business persons etc. I guess, at least some of them would try to make a contact with us... It is difficult to me to imagine a monolithic civilization (if I imagine aliens as a product of evolution).
So, I would say, lack of contact is not due to their rational decision, but must be due to 'technical' difficulties.
For the 'technical' difficulties... obviously, distances and limited light speed do not help. But there must also be something else - there must be one more prohibitive rule that I cannot figure out.
Alex_Krycek
3 hours ago, Markus Hanke said:
Agreed. The list of likely outcomes if they did attempt communication would be rather discouraging:
Immediate Death
Imprisoned in a cage
Studied and Dissected
Paraded around and gawked at by the unwashed masses
It seems more logical that they would be primarily interested in the planet, not necessarily human beings. Human beings only inhabit 10% of the planet. We only account for .01% of the life on Earth.
Humans are a side show to the main attraction.
Edited June 9, 2022 by Alex_Krycek
swansont
Evil Liar (or so I'm told)
6 hours ago, ALine said:
Assumption 1: Aliens Exist
Assumption 2: They can travel to different areas at will
Assumption 3 : They are what we consider to be intelligent based on our limited knowledge and understanding.
Assumption 4: They can be considered like a "higher form of intelligence" verses us. So if humans had the chance to "grow" so to speak.
2 kinda requires 3 and 4, and 2 is a bad assumption, given the physics we know.
1 hour ago, swansont said:
Lets assume then that there exists some unknown rule or law that allows for assumption 2 for this thought experiment. Also are assumptions supposed to go in order? Like is assumption 3 supposed to rely on assumption 2? Or are you just saying that a relationship exists between 3,4 and 2? I genuinely have no idea and want ta know.
dimreepr
SuperNerd
58 minutes ago, ALine said:
What's the point of science, if you assume you know the answers?
Lets assume then that there exists some unknown rule or law that allows for assumption 2 for this thought experiment.
That's science fiction. You can cite e.g. Star Trek all you want, but don't pretend it's science.
Also are assumptions supposed to go in order? Like is assumption 3 supposed to rely on assumption 2? Or are you just saying that a relationship exists between 3,4 and 2? I genuinely have no idea and want ta know.
It's your list. You numbered them and I referred to the numbers. I think such lists generally build on previously stated assumptions because if there is a dependence it's less confusing that way; there's a logical order. You can have 3 or 4 without 2. Once you've stated 2, there is no need for 3 or 4, since that's already implied, unless you are invoking magic.
But to go further, 3 and 4 do not guarantee 2
5 hours ago, swansont said:
You keep saying that aliens cannot or would not visit us, can you defend that statement?
StringJunky
2 hours ago, Moontanman said:
He's already said why in that same post: physics.
I am not pretending its science, of course it is not real. Hence why I started this conversation in speculation. Because it would not make sense to call this anything else than what it is. Pure science fiction. It's a thought experiment in which looks at a given idea from the perspective of if an alien species were to be able to meet with humans directly, or indirectly in this case. In order to do so the understanding of this imaginary technology is used only as a means of facilitating this idea. Like how you would assume a spherical cow. Its not going to exist, however it makes understanding something if it did easier. This can then be applied to "if", and that is a big "if", we were to encounter some given" extraterrretrial species one day. It most likely will never happen due to the constraints which the laws of the universe provide as you have previously mentioned.
Ok got ya, moving forward when creating assumptions I will try and better define them in a sort of "current depends on previous assumptions" kind of lay out in order to make linear and better interpretable. Thanks ya.
Ok then, I retract assumptions 3 and 4 and maintain assumption 2.
Assumption 2: They can travel to different parts of the universe at will.
What, again? Why do my previous posts not suffice?
I am not pretending its science, of course it is not real. Hence why I started this conversation in speculation.
Speculation does not absolve you from basing things on science.
https://www.scienceforums.net/topic/86720-guidelines-for-participating-in-speculations-discussions/
this is a science forum, and speculations are still to be discussed in that context. If it doesn't fit as a science discussion, or you refuse to discuss the idea as such, the thread will be closed down.
Pure science fiction. It's a thought experiment
It can't be both.
If you want to discuss a framework for sci-fi, you need to make that clear.
Ok, that's my bad. that one's on me. should have read the rules. it right there clear as day.
How about this then.
"Let's assume that a generations ship ....actually scratch that. An "automated drone" has been traveling for millions of years which was sent out by an intelligent civilization known as the Lax in order to "do something" because they detected a star forming a solar system which has the potential to form a planet which could have life one day based on their existing knowledge. Which we can assume they can have due to their intelligence, replacing assumption 2 with 3 and 4. Let us also assume that no matter what the actions that the Lax will do they will always preserve their existence. So they can last millions of years and preform projects such as this. After the probe does what it does it will return back to the Lax. Now lets say this probe can do anything, "within the realms of science." The question then becomes. What will that drone do? In terms of what the Lax want it to do?
I believe that this thought experiment removes the need for sci fi tech, or FM technology and falls into our currently known science.
The reason I say this is because
1) It is known from human societies that they will have a tendency to preserve that said society, we are just extending this outward to millions of years for this thought experiment.
2) the idea for a drone which can be developed and sent out into space falls into the realm of the possible. Now will it survive, lets assume that there is a chance that it breaks down due to interactions. However because we are also assuming the Lax are extremely intelligent, based on our understanding of intelligence, we can assume that the chance is very low because of there knowledge of space stuff and they have plotted a specific path for the drone to take to and from the forming object.
3) We at this current time can predict the formation of different astronomical bodies based on learned rules. So it would not be a stretch to say that the Lax would be able to do the same with just more knowledge from millions of years of observation.
Let's also assume that they are very similar to human society in terms of its development and behaviors seeing as that it the only example of intelligence that we know of which is complex enough to build a technology such as a drone to do different things.
Review of Assumptions:
1) Aliens exist: The Lax
2) The Lax will not wipe itself out due to their tendency to always attempt to survive. So even if there is one left they have developed methods and ways to prevent the species from ending. We can see this behavior in things such as us storing sperm and egg samples and also storing food and such in very durable places.
3) They are what we consider to be intelligent based on our limited knowledge and understanding of what intelligence is. Preserving knowledge and such.
4) They can be considered like a "higher form of intelligence" verses us. So if humans had the chance to "grow" so to speak. Meaning they are similar to us, they just have millions of years to develop there knowledge.
It would actually be billions and not millions. me bad
Edited June 10, 2022 by ALine
changed order of assumptions
"Let's assume that a generations ship ....actually scratch that. An "automated drone" has been traveling for millions of years which was sent out by an intelligent civilization known as the Lax in order to "do something" because they detected a star forming a solar system which has the potential to form a planet which could have life one day based on their existing knowledge
How fast is this drone traveling? i.e. how far away are the Lax? A few thousand LY? (~0.001c)
What made the earth stand out among all the systems within that radius, that they sent a drone, expecting to communicate? The earth would not be forming, with only a potential for life, if the time span is only a few million years. But earth would have no technology beyond crude stone tools.
They could be sending drones to all "goldilocks" planets, of course.
How fast is this drone traveling? i.e. how far away are the Lax? A few thousand LY? (~0.001c
As fast as it could go based on known technological methods. Need ta do the math. Yeah sure. Or how about 1000 LY potential bubble. And anything in the range of 3LY out to 1000 LY out could be a potential planet for the Lax because proxim centari is around 3 LY out.
Nothing, they could have sent out millions of drones over the years given there technology to millions of potential areas within there "reach" so to speak. At the end I changed the number to billions.
Ye. No separation between any forming l planets that "could" harbor life that grew and evolved. So they would not really have any knowledge of humans, like at all. Only the vague notion that something "could" exist.
Huh, this is pretty fun actually, phrasing it in the realm of the possible and trying to see the result from it.
This a good science framing @swansont?
On 6/8/2022 at 2:29 PM, Bufofrog said:
What if their symbol + actually meant - etc... how common could the languge be?
I can communicate, basically, with a Chinese person (from 10 thousand years ago) because we both get hungry and sate it in the same way, so my symbol for eating, hand to mouth, me chewing and then rubbing my tummy and making a satisfied face, is the same as his symbol for eating when hungry.
The results from a probe that 'we' won't receive???
55 minutes ago, dimreepr said:
Then if they send a message saying 2-2=4 then we would deduce that their '-' sign is our '+' sign. It really would be relatively easy for us to communicate mathematical ideas. It certainly would take a long time especially if they are like 40 ly away but it would be amazing.
4 minutes ago, Bufofrog said:
Then if they send a message saying 2-2=4 then we would deduce that their '-' sign is our '+' sign. It really would be relatively easy for us to communicate mathematical ideas.
I can't believe I have to explain further, what would you deduce from >< % x?
What number does a knot in a string mean to an ancient South American?
1 minute ago, dimreepr said:
I can't believe you think it would be so difficult. So I guess we will just have to disagree.
1 minute ago, Bufofrog said:
So I guess we will just have to disagree.
And we speak the same language... 😉
On 6/9/2022 at 10:11 AM, Markus Hanke said:
I read this theory; it's pretty terrifying - not least because it makes perfect sense. Another point it raises is the responsibility of the government. If you work in the national security apparatus of a competent nation state and there is not a serious program to defend against extraterrestrials, then that government is derelict in its duty. Why? Because we simply don't know what could be coming our way, we don't know what vessel might show up on our sandy white beaches some day and ruin our little island paradise. The only responsible course of action is to assume and prepare for the worst. I suppose this sentiment should be applied to the NEO threat as well.
22 hours ago, StringJunky said:
That is not an answer, I could say the same thing when asked could they visit us.
17 hours ago, swansont said:
No they do not, physics is a non answer, it begs the question "why do physics prevent or allow" what ever the question is.
geordief
48 minutes ago, Moontanman said:
You could start a thread on that in philosophy.
TheVat
I can't get behind the Dark Forest conjecture. Too many assumptions. Assumes that advanced starfaring races are greedy consumerists. Assumes that scarce resources are worth the enormous energy expenditures of traversing vast interstellar distances and decades-long or centuries-long haulage. Assumes our solar system has something that's rare elsewhere, which doesn't seem to fit with current research on exoplanets. Assumes aliens are racist dickheads* who have no moral restraint about running roughshod on us.
No, I think WE are our own Dark Forest.
* being aliens, I guess that could potentially be literal
56 minutes ago, TheVat said:
It's classic game theory.
Option 1 >> assume benign or no intervention from aliens >> create no defensive contingencies >> in the event of no hostile alien visitation continue existing
Option 2>>assume benign or no intervention from aliens >> create no defensive contingencies >> in the event of hostile alien visitation potentially go extinct
Option 3>> assume hostile intervention from aliens despite no precedent >> create defensive contingencies >> in the event of hostile alien visitation increase odds of species survival commensurate to contingencies prepared for
In this set of options one can only logically choose Option 3, regardless of one's preexisting beliefs, since the consequences of extinction resulting from option 2 are so grave.
7 hours ago, dimreepr said:
Can you elaborate on this?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Vernal pool restoration is increasing due in part to their contribution of critical habitat for amphibians. Discerning spatial patterns of amphibian use of these landscapes is critical to successful restoration. Individual-level habitat selection of a vernal pool facultative species, green frogs (Rana clamitans), was investigated in an experimental forest consisting of thirty-nine constructed pools. Movement parameters and habitat selection were measured using local translocations (n=146) across different types and scales of habitat and tracking movements using fluorescent powder. Pools are arranged in clusters of one, three, or nine. At each density, translocations were performed at three spatial scales: pool (avg = 13 m), intra-cluster (avg = 57 m), and inter-cluster (avg = 344 m). Translocation scale was found to influence movement parameters (step lengths and turning angles) but not the spatial setting of selected pools. This suggests that design of pool networks should consider species dispersal characteristics for how animals might encounter pools, but that specific design criteria for increasing or decreasing selection of pools in particular spatial settings may be difficult to obtain. This work has implications for how vernal pool networks are designed and managed; it helps guide an explicit spatial focus and can recommend pool spatial arrangements and associations with existing source populations.
May 20, 2013 | 10:11 p.m.
I like your approach to quantify dispersal distance. Do you know if there is a fitness component associated with dispersal distance. In other words, is ti possible that long distance dispersal results in a good habitat but has a high energy course that lowers reproduction?
May 21, 2013 | 11:48 a.m.
That's a good question, and if we are to accurately use dispersal information to make predictions about metapopulation dynamics, fitness must be included. Because dispersal costs are high, reproductive success at a new site must actually exceed that of the original site in order to be advantageous. These costs are probably offset by more fit individuals (larger body size) being the ones that disperse longer distances (there is definitely a relationship between size at metamorphosis and survival). For most species, there is a distribution in how long individuals will wait before dispersal, and some may exhibit staged dispersal consisting of multiple intermediate movements.
Long-distance dispersal, despite the costs, may be advantageous by ensuring avoidance of suboptimal habitat which can act as ecological traps; higher reproduction in nearby, suboptimal sites may still have long-term disadvantages to the population (e.g. poor offspring survival, genetic effects related to inbreeding).
Related, very few species use long-distance acoustic calls to facilitate conspecific dispersal because of the high energy costs of such calls. Those species that do use them tend to have higher dispersal rates overall because they favor early-successional habitat which is less predictable in location.
May 21, 2013 | 01:33 p.m.
Is anything known about the genetic basis of dispersal distance in different frog species? Can you choose frog populations that are more or less mobile when designing the vernal pool system in a given habitat?
May 22, 2013 | 11:55 a.m.
Thanks for these questions that are provoking me to think a lot! To my knowledge, little is known about the genetic components of dispersal in amphibians. There is a good amount of information available describing dispersal rates and distances for many species, but for any particular species I don't think there is much genetic guidance for dispersal variation. So, predictions of dispersal within a pool system can be made based on different target species, but I think your question was asking: for a given species, can we preferentially target a genetic subset with known dispersal characteristics to promote the desired amount of dispersal?
What may be a more tractable way to get at that is to determine what environmental settings elicit the desired dispersal patterns, which is what I see more current research doing. Because dispersal is influenced by landscape factors (e.g. fragmentation) and population factors (e.g. density-dependence), designing pool networks that account for these influences may be able to produce dispersal that matches the population management goals. Also, research is trying to differentiate metapopulation structure from a "ponds-as-patches" structure, where pond clusters function as a single independent population. This may be mediated by spatial organization (proximity, pool density), which pool designs can vary in order to manage the population as desired. Identifying genetic traits which could be targeted to achieve desired dispersal rates is a good way to attack the problem from a different angle, but may be equally difficult.
May 21, 2013 | 08:47 p.m.
You've done a nice job of demonstrating significant differences in step length and turn angle among differing translocation scales. But there are some subtle assumptions one must make when assessing the biological relevance of individual steps and turns. Most interestingly (to me) is the question of whether your specimens are searching out new habitats/pools in a deliberate or sentient manner. On this note, have you tried comparing complete trails (I noticed you showed one on the poster) with some "null models" of animal movement, such as Levy flight paths? You might have alluded to this in "Future Research", but I'm not quite sure. . .
May 22, 2013 | 12:37 p.m.
Thanks, good observation about the necessary biological assumptions. First off, we are trying to make inferences about dispersal from post-translocation movements, which may or may not be biologically equivalent to dispersal. Translocations are an effective method because of the ability to standardize motivations for moving, but dispersal itself is a complex behavior which may manifest itself differently under natural conditions. Indeed, some of the next analysis stages will examine how the movement paths relate to other models of movement or dispersal.
Most of the movement paths recorded here have strong directionality (like the truncated example in the figure), suggesting dispersal as opposed to foraging movements often associated with Levy flights/random walks. The step-lengths appear to fit a log-normal distribution (but perhaps a Levy distribution better?). It will be interesting to see if the parameters are distinct for particular portions of the movement path, i.e. is there a marked change in path structure as they perceive, assess, and ultimately select the new habitat, and is this affected by the translocation scale? I also plan to incorporate analyses of tortuosity and fractal dimension of the movement paths to further investigate how the animals are searching the landscape and how they might respond at different scales.
May 23, 2013 | 09:40 a.m.
Pretty on-point response, Michael! I'll keep my eyes peeled for some of your results in the literature. . .
May 21, 2013 | 10:27 p.m.
Great way to tackle the pesky problem of dispersal distances and directions! Regarding the restoration though, ultimately, this is something that I assume land managers and land owners would be tasked with / invited to do? Is that right? I am curious if you have partners in your work that can introduce those perspectives, inform your work, and help spread the word?
May 22, 2013 | 01:08 p.m.
I'm glad you brought up this aspect of the work! Successful wetland restoration will certainly require sound science with tangible applications, dissemination of the knowledge, and willing partners/landowners. Restoration will ultimately hinge on project goals and human values. Luckily, I think recent years have seen more fruitful relationships between on-the-ground managers and agencies striving to offer expert knowledge. For instance, there is a trend toward project prioritizations based on functional significance and public outreach about what ecological services are being provided on people's land. The topics my research tackles can be incorporated into these planning frameworks.
For this project, my collaborators at SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry partnered with a regional network of county soil and water conservation districts, the Upper Susquehanna Coalition. USC implements coordinated project planning amongst the public and agencies to enhance natural resources in the region, such as creating and restoring vernal pools. By partnering with a research university, USC is taking an important step to link the research with the action. I think my colleagues at ESF can speak more to the partnership with USC and what it affords both parties.
May 22, 2013 | 01:57 a.m.
This poster clearly illustrates that amphibian research is interdisciplinary and high tech! Photographs,diagrams, and graphics make each point clear visually and /or verbally. Fluorescent tags and dye powder allow specimens to be tracked in time and space. How did you control for depth and size of the ponds(both factors controlled at the start), as the season progressed? Very professional poster!
Thanks for your interest and compliments, Dr. Anderson! The pool areas in early summer are 39 ± 18 m2 (mean ± SD) and certainly change differently throughout the season. Water depth is continuously recorded and can be used as a covariate in multivariate models of pool selection. I might investigate if and how selection is influenced by the size/depth of an individual's original pool and/or the pools available during the selection process.
Although I don't know if I can answer it with my project, it would also be interesting to see if dispersal and habitat selection change during different times of the year in response to changing water depth, or between years based on climate differences. Future work might also experimentally control water depths to simulate dispersal under predicted climate scenarios.
May 22, 2013 | 07:34 p.m.
Thanks and let me say that your video was such a great "advanced organizer". It allowed me to be prepared for and engaged in each aspect of the poster!
May 20, 2013 | 08:37 a.m.
I really enjoyed the video, and the poster was quite interesting, but I didn't quite understand the first research question. What does it mean for a cluster of pools to "function as habitat patches"? Do you mean the cluster, or the individual pools? Is there something about the clustering that presents a different kind of patch than regarding the individual pools as habitat patches (which is how I imagine species see the landscape)?
May 20, 2013 | 11:54 p.m.
Thanks, Dr. Drayton. The question is trying to elucidate the scale of a breeding habitat patch for this species – a single pool or a cluster of multiple pools. As animals assess and select habitat, they do so at various scales (e.g. home range, microhabitat). We want to know if these frogs differentiate between particular pools when they select breeding habitat, or if they select for an entire cluster. You are right that that the frogs can perceive individual pools and recognize them as discrete breeding locations, so the question is whether or not they perceive the cluster of pools as a single patch, and the particular pools within are simply sub-patches that are not themselves selected for. This can be answered by evaluating the pool fidelity of frogs within a cluster. So far, our results suggest there is a lack of fidelity to particular pools and that habitat may be selected at the cluster scale. Additionally, we see that the dispersal characteristics (movement parameters) of the frogs tend to vary based on the scale of movement, suggesting that they are responding to entire clusters differently than to pools within a cluster.
Thanks for your interest, I'd be pleased to discuss more if desired!
May 22, 2013 | 10:18 a.m.
So what is known about how frogs decide between pool A and nearby pool B? Is there an "evaluation phase" when a frog reaches a candidate pool? I'd assume that if there's already folks in the pool, a new arrival might take this as evidence of suitability. Actually, here I reveal more ignorance: Who does the foraging for pools? That is, it it males (sort of like with birds), or females, or at random?
May 22, 2013 | 05:18 p.m.
Green frogs could be considered habitat generalists, but they still will evaluate breeding habitat based on a number of things, such as vegetative cover, water depth, and yes presence of conspecifics (either attractiveness, or deterrence due to frog density and intra-specific competition). Males tend to arrive at the pools first during the breeding season and stay longer than females. I hope that my data will be able to reveal signs of the evaluation phase by showing changes in the movement path when pool selection occurs. But your questions bring up a good issue that the current study doesn't test directly: when and why might an individual reject or leave the pool? My work really only looks at part of the entire dispersal process; it leaves out the reasons for emigration from a pool because the translocations control this. A related drawback is that my measure of pool selection does not provide direct evidence of residency and breeding at that pool, only that the frog chose to immigrate there. In fact, some frogs were found to enter a pool and subsequently leave it, evidenced by either the fluorescent trail exiting again right away, or a recapture of the same individual at a different pool later in the season. So, there is a very real question about what constitutes the evaluation phase and how dispersal behaviors relate to the overall habitat selection process.
May 22, 2013 | 01:46 p.m.
Congrats !!! an excellent study and video !! I just want to know if the frog (Rana clamitans) is consider an endangered species.
I'll jump in here…no, R. clamitans is fairly common through much of the eastern US.
I do have a question for Michael. In your study, you translocated frogs between pool clusters at distances over 300m. Did you look at the genetic structure of the frogs before translocating? Is there a chance that you're breaking up locally adapted subpopulations?
This fact makes it conducive to manipulative experiments such as mine. We would hope to be able to extend the inferences made here to similar, threatened species, though that can sometimes be problematic. At any rate, non-endangered amphibian species still provide important ecosystem functions and are frequently at risk of habitat loss and population collapses due to infectious diseases (e.g. ranavirus and chytrid fungus). Additionally, green frogs interact directly with less common amphibian species which are vernal pool specialists, so our understanding of their use of these habitats can be used to manage for the other target species.
May 22, 2013 | 05:46 p.m.
Yes, thanks Carole I did not see your post at first… Great question. No, there has been no work done on the genetic structure of the population. It's possible that there are some genetic differences at that scale, but I would not expect it to reflect localized adaptations. All of these pools are new habitat (constructed in 2010), so the frogs present have colonized from the handful of source populations located throughout. I would suspect that the original colonization included a good amount of genetic mixing to begin with. It's a very interesting question though that could be investigated within populations across larger scales, or those that have been stable over longer time scales.
This is timely work, given the number of restoration and management efforts in floodplains around the country. Great video and poster!
May 23, 2013 | 04:04 p.m.
Thanks Stacey! I hope to expand on this current work with more research down the line on floodplain wetlands and temporal connectivity.
May 23, 2013 | 03:36 p.m.
May 23, 2013 | 04:05 p.m.
Thanks Philomena! If only I could have drummed up as much action and enthusiasm as your video…!
May 23, 2013 | 05:45 p.m.


Great app, with thorough features.
"Find the good stuff" suggests there needs to be better regulation of marijuana so that there is no good or bad stuff. The marijuana from different sources should be bioequivalent.
I do like the site as long as they fix the glitches that seem to plague the mobile app. Important also that the dispensaries make sure their menus are kept up to date. I know this sounds somewhat negative, but I want to keep things real. When the app is working properly, it's great. Keep working on the bugs please.


for $117,900. The lot size is 60X118X230X142.
PRIME Homesite located in the Prestigious, Ted Robinson Sr. Signature Los Lagos Golf Club. Build your custom, dream home on this extra spacious 18, 036 sq. ft. lot with AMAZING views. This homesite backs to hole 13, providing views of the greens and surrounding mountains. Lot located at the end of a cul-de-sac street. No designated build time, buy for the future.


I CAN Play Soccer is a unique soccer and ball skills program for children with autism and their siblings. It is open to children and youth ages 6 to 15. Registration is required. Limit of 16 participants.
Visit www.canucksautism.ca to register, and further information.


Welcome to our Spotlight Client of the Month — Prana Touch!
We then set about creating and developing the website and social media presence to provide an internet footprint and voice to share with the audience.
printed and produced labels and cards for the 7 Chakra scents. Cutting the cards to size took us back to the days of cutting boards, exacto knives and straight edges we used so frequently. It was great rolling up our sleeves and getting our hands dirty again.
We continue to support Prana Touch as they grow their business. If you have acute or chronic pain, check out Prana Touch or follow them on Facebook to see if there's a remedy for you.
Prana Touch was created to help those who suffer from chronic and acute pain. Constant daily stress and physical exertion can dramatically affect your overall physical well being. Our posture and mobility becomes compromised by crouching at a desk for long periods at a time. Texting throughout the day on our mobile devices, also known as Text neck, not only causes eye strain, but puts a tremendous amount of tension on our necks. Throw in day to day stressors and it's no wonder we feel like knotted balls with exposed nerve endings.
Obtaining a massage therapy license at Palm Beach State College in 2015, Prana Touch visionary Gina DiStefano focuses on Swedish Massage, Deep Tissue, Reflexology, Trigger Point, Myofacia Release, Reiki and Stretching. By working with great energy and intent on each client, Gina's knowledge goes beyond human physiology and anatomy to help relieve ailing bodies and minds. She incorporates chakra alignment and aromatherapy in conjunction with massage, as well as creating unique aromatherapy blends for inhalation.
Successful massage therapy consists of more than simple rubbing and pressure; it requires precise technique, exhaustive practice, and extreme discipline. If you are suffering from back pain, neck pain, or other types of muscle pain. Deep tissue massage incorporates intense, focused pressure and can sometimes involve a little pain to evoke lasting relaxation. My ultimate goal is to alleviate tense muscles. Many times, pain will present in a part of the body that is in fact not tense at all.
Reflexology, also known as zone therapy, is an alternative medicine involving application of pressure to the feet and hands with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques can be applied with or without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on a system of zones and reflex areas that purportedly reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands, with the premise that such work effects a physical change to the body. The study and application of reflexology is paramount in the treatment of al types of aches and pains.
Aromatherapy uses plant materials and aromatic plant oils, including essential oils, and other aroma compounds for the purpose of altering one's mood, cognitive, psychological or physical well-being. It can be offered as a complementary therapy alongside standard treatment. Aromatherapists, who specialize in the practice of aromatherapy, utilize blends of therapeutic essential oils that can be issued through topical application, massage, inhalation or water immersion to stimulate a desired response.
We pleased to announce that we now offer custom aromatherapy inhalers.


Beautifully surreal color scheme and setting. I also like the reflected alien plants in the water below them.
I like the colours and the surrealism.
down right trippy. love the colors.
Colorful, nice work...like the bg against ice.


The BTC Teen Board of Directors (TBOD) is comprised of 12-18 high school aged members ranging from freshman to seniors. Since the BTC was founded on the principles of teen leadership, it is critical that teens continue to provide the vision for its future. The TBOD meets every other Tuesday with the Executive Director and takes leadership in the areas of programming, fundraising and marketing. TBOD members receive community service for every hour they are present.


02 Aug	This entry was published on August 2, 2014 at 3:44 PM. It's filed under Uncategorized and tagged alone, Artist, Comfort, Photography, Rain, Sleep, Studio.	Bookmark the permalink.	Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post.


text:
Canton in Wayne County, Michigan — The American Midwest (Great Lakes)
A Ford Village Industry
in Cherry Hill Village
By Joel Seewald, November 10, 2016
1. A Ford Village Industry in Cherry Hill Village Marker
A Ford Village Industry. in Cherry Hill Village . At Cherry Hill Village, Henry Ford did something different. . In front of you, at the southwest corner of Cherry Hill and Ridge Roads, was one of his "village industries," small factory sites which produced Ford parts with special local workers. Starting in the early 1940s, this plant employed disabled World War II veterans to make car locks. Over time, Ford hired more than 12,000 disabled people to work in the village industries throughout the region. . . Mr. Ford made other changes here. . He renovated the nearby creamery, to the south of the factory, into a dormitory to house many of the disabled workers. He also bought and operated the one-room Cherry Hill Shool, behind you.
. You Auto Know . Henry Ford visited this Cherry Hill Village factory regularly and ate breakfast with the veterans. . This historical marker was erected by Motorcities National Heritage Area, National Park Service. It is in Canton in Wayne County Michigan
At Cherry Hill Village, Henry Ford did something different.
In front of you, at the southwest corner of Cherry Hill and Ridge Roads, was one of his "village industries," small factory sites which produced Ford parts with special local workers. Starting in the early 1940s, this plant employed disabled World War II veterans to make car locks. Over time, Ford hired more than 12,000 disabled people to work in the village industries throughout the region.
Mr. Ford made other changes here.
He renovated the nearby creamery, to the south of the factory, into a dormitory to house many of the disabled workers. He also bought and operated the one-room Cherry Hill Shool, behind you.
You Auto Know
Henry Ford visited this Cherry Hill Village factory regularly and ate breakfast with the veterans.
Erected by Motorcities National Heritage Area, National Park Service.
Marker series. This marker is included in the MotorCities National Heritage Area marker series.
Location. 42° 18.375′
2. Upper left image
From Shell-Shock to Production: At the Cherry Hill factory, disabled war veterans could learn job skills, socialize in the dining hall and dormitory, and count on eventual employment at another Ford factory. Photo from the collection of The Henry Ford.
N, 83° 32.22′ W. Marker is in Canton, Michigan, in Wayne County. Marker is at the intersection of Cherry Hill Road and School House Road, on the right when traveling west on Cherry Hill Road. Touch for map. Marker is at or near this postal address: 50530 Cherry Hill Road, Canton MI 48187, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Cherry Hill School (within shouting distance of this marker); Cherry Hill Village (within shouting distance of this marker); Cherry Hill Inn (within shouting distance of this marker); Cherry Hill Cemetery (about 500 feet away, measured in a direct line); a different marker also named Cherry Hill Cemetery (about 500 feet away); Cherry Hill United Methodist Church (approx. 0.2 miles away); Palmer Shed (approx. 0.2 miles away); Farming in Canton (approx. 0.2 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Canton.
Also see . . . Ford's veterans-only factory slated for restoration. Article in Hemmings Daily (The World's Leading Classic Car News Source). (Submitted on March 10, 2017, by Joel Seewald of Madison Heights, Michigan.)
Categories. • Industry & Commerce •
3. Lower left image
Henry Ford moved this creamery in 1943, and renovated it into the dormitory for disabled veterans working at the Cherry Hill factory.
4. Lower right image
Henry Ford operated the Cherry Hill School from 1943 through 1946. Presently, in front of the school is an historical marker that describes the building's history. Photo from the collection of The Henry Ford.
View looking west. On the right is the former Cherry Hill Hotel. Village industries buildings are to the right of that.
View looking east at the back of the marker with the former Cherry Hill School behind it.
7. Old Cherry Hill Village Industries Buildings
More. Search the internet for A Ford Village Industry.
Credits. This page was last revised on March 10, 2017. This page originally submitted on November 12, 2016, by Joel Seewald of Madison Heights, Michigan. This page has been viewed 292 times since then and 72 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. submitted on November 12, 2016, by Joel Seewald of Madison Heights, Michigan.


Background: With the expected increase in the numbers of persons with dementia, providing timely, adequate, and affordable care and support is challenging. Assistive and health technologies may be a valuable contribution in dementia care, but new challenges may emerge. Objective: The aim of our study was to review the state of the art of technologies for persons with dementia regarding issues on development, usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, deployment, and ethics in 3 fields of application of technologies: (1) support with managing everyday life, (2) support with participating in pleasurable and meaningful activities, and (3) support with dementia health and social care provision. The study also aimed to identify gaps in the evidence and challenges for future research. Methods: Reviews of literature and expert opinions were used in our study. Literature searches were conducted on usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and ethics using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases with no time limit. Selection criteria in our selected technology fields were reviews in English for community-dwelling persons with dementia. Regarding deployment issues, searches were done in Health Technology Assessment databases. Results: According to our results, persons with dementia want to be included in the development of technologies; there is little research on the usability of assistive technologies; various benefits are reported but are mainly based on low-quality studies; barriers to deployment of technologies in dementia care were identified, and ethical issues were raised by researchers but often not studied. Many challenges remain such as including the target group more often in development, performing more high-quality studies on usability and effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, creating and having access to high-quality datasets on existing technologies to enable adequate deployment of technologies in dementia care, and ensuring that ethical issues are considered an important topic for researchers to include in their evaluation of assistive technologies. Conclusions: Based on these findings, various actions are recommended for development, usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, deployment, and ethics of assistive and health technologies across Europe. These include avoiding replication of technology development that is unhelpful or ineffective and focusing on how technologies succeed in addressing individual needs of persons with dementia. Furthermore, it is suggested to include these recommendations in national and international calls for funding and assistive technology research programs. Finally, practitioners, policy makers, care insurers, and care providers should work together with technology enterprises and researchers to prepare strategies for the implementation of assistive technologies in different care settings. This may help future generations of persons with dementia to utilize available and affordable technologies and, ultimately, to benefit from them.


text:
declare interface $npm$mocha$SetupOptions {
  slow?: number;
  timeout?: number;
  ui?: string;
  globals?: Array<any>;
  reporter?: any;
  bail?: boolean;
  ignoreLeaks?: boolean;
  grep?: any;
}

declare type $npm$mocha$done = (error?: any) => any;

// declare interface $npm$mocha$SuiteCallbackContext {
//   timeout(ms: number): void;
//   retries(n: number): void;
//   slow(ms: number): void;
// }

// declare interface $npm$mocha$TestCallbackContext {
//   skip(): void;
//   timeout(ms: number): void;
//   retries(n: number): void;
//   slow(ms: number): void;
//   [index: string]: any;
// }

declare interface $npm$mocha$Suite {
  parent: $npm$mocha$Suite;
  title: string;
  fullTitle(): string;
}

declare type $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition = {|
  (description: string, callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$SuiteCallbackContext */) => void): $npm$mocha$Suite;
  only(description: string, callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$SuiteCallbackContext */) => void): $npm$mocha$Suite;
  skip(description: string, callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$SuiteCallbackContext */) => void): void;
  timeout(ms: number): void;
|}

declare type $npm$mocha$TestDefinition = {|
  (expectation: string, callback?: (/* this: $npm$mocha$TestCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed): $npm$mocha$Test;
  only(expectation: string, callback?: (/* this: $npm$mocha$TestCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed): $npm$mocha$Test;
  skip(expectation: string, callback?: (/* this: $npm$mocha$TestCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed): void;
  timeout(ms: number): void;
  state: 'failed' | 'passed';
|}

declare interface $npm$mocha$Runner {}

declare class $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {
  stats: {
    suites: number,
    tests: number,
    passes: number,
    pending: number,
    failures: number,
    ...
  };

  constructor(runner: $npm$mocha$Runner): $npm$mocha$BaseReporter;
}

declare class $npm$mocha$DocReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$DotReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$HTMLReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$HTMLCovReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$JSONReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$JSONCovReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$JSONStreamReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$LandingReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$ListReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$MarkdownReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$MinReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$NyanReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$ProgressReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {
  constructor(runner: $npm$mocha$Runner, options?: {
    open?: string,
    complete?: string,
    incomplete?: string,
    close?: string,
    ...
  }): $npm$mocha$ProgressReporter;
}
declare class $npm$mocha$SpecReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$TAPReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {}
declare class $npm$mocha$XUnitReporter extends $npm$mocha$BaseReporter {
  constructor(runner: $npm$mocha$Runner, options?: any): $npm$mocha$XUnitReporter;
}

declare class $npm$mocha$Mocha {
  currentTest: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
  constructor(options?: {
    grep?: RegExp,
    ui?: string,
    reporter?: string,
    timeout?: number,
    reporterOptions?: any,
    slow?: number,
    bail?: boolean,
    ...
  }): $npm$mocha$Mocha;
  setup(options: $npm$mocha$SetupOptions): this;
  bail(value?: boolean): this;
  addFile(file: string): this;
  reporter(name: string): this;
  reporter(reporter: (runner: $npm$mocha$Runner, options: any) => any): this;
  ui(value: string): this;
  grep(value: string): this;
  grep(value: RegExp): this;
  invert(): this;
  ignoreLeaks(value: boolean): this;
  checkLeaks(): this;
  throwError(error: Error): void;
  growl(): this;
  globals(value: string): this;
  globals(values: Array<string>): this;
  useColors(value: boolean): this;
  useInlineDiffs(value: boolean): this;
  timeout(value: number): this;
  slow(value: number): this;
  enableTimeouts(value: boolean): this;
  asyncOnly(value: boolean): this;
  noHighlighting(value: boolean): this;
  run(onComplete?: (failures: number) => void): $npm$mocha$Runner;

  static reporters: {
    Doc: $npm$mocha$DocReporter,
    Dot: $npm$mocha$DotReporter,
    HTML: $npm$mocha$HTMLReporter,
    HTMLCov: $npm$mocha$HTMLCovReporter,
    JSON: $npm$mocha$JSONReporter,
    JSONCov: $npm$mocha$JSONCovReporter,
    JSONStream: $npm$mocha$JSONStreamReporter,
    Landing: $npm$mocha$LandingReporter,
    List: $npm$mocha$ListReporter,
    Markdown: $npm$mocha$MarkdownReporter,
    Min: $npm$mocha$MinReporter,
    Nyan: $npm$mocha$NyanReporter,
    Progress: $npm$mocha$ProgressReporter,
    ...
  };
}

// declare interface $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext {
//   skip(): void;
//   timeout(ms: number): void;
//   [index: string]: any;
// }

declare interface $npm$mocha$Runnable {
  title: string;
  fn: Function;
  async: boolean;
  sync: boolean;
  timedOut: boolean;
}

declare interface $npm$mocha$Test extends $npm$mocha$Runnable {
  parent: $npm$mocha$Suite;
  pending: boolean;
  state: 'failed' | 'passed' | void;
  fullTitle(): string;
}

// declare interface $npm$mocha$BeforeAndAfterContext extends $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext {
//   currentTest: $npm$mocha$Test;
// }

declare var mocha: $npm$mocha$Mocha;
declare var describe: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
declare var xdescribe: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
declare var context: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
declare var suite: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
declare var it: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
declare var xit: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
declare var test: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
declare var specify: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;

type Run = () => void;

declare var run: Run;

type Setup = (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$BeforeAndAfterContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;
type Teardown = (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$BeforeAndAfterContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;
type SuiteSetup = (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;
type SuiteTeardown = (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;
type Before =
  | (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void
  | (description: string, callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;
type After =
  | (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void
  | (description: string, callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$HookCallbackContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;
type BeforeEach =
  | (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$BeforeAndAfterContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void
  | (description: string, callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$BeforeAndAfterContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;
type AfterEach =
  | (callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$BeforeAndAfterContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void
  | (description: string, callback: (/* this: $npm$mocha$BeforeAndAfterContext, */ done: $npm$mocha$done) => mixed) => void;

declare var setup: Setup;
declare var teardown: Teardown;
declare var suiteSetup: SuiteSetup;
declare var suiteTeardown: SuiteTeardown;
declare var before: Before
declare var after: After;
declare var beforeEach: BeforeEach;
declare var afterEach: AfterEach;

declare module "mocha" {
  declare export var mocha: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
  declare export var describe: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
  declare export var xdescribe: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
  declare export var context: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
  declare export var suite: $npm$mocha$ContextDefinition;
  declare export var it: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
  declare export var xit: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
  declare export var test: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;
  declare export var specify: $npm$mocha$TestDefinition;

  declare export var run: Run;

  declare export var setup: Setup;
  declare export var teardown: Teardown;
  declare export var suiteSetup: SuiteSetup;
  declare export var suiteTeardown: SuiteTeardown;
  declare export var before: Before;
  declare export var after: After;
  declare export var beforeEach: BeforeEach;
  declare export var afterEach: AfterEach;

  declare export default $npm$mocha$Mocha;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home/Sports/The WWE Road To WrestleMania
EventsSports
The WWE Road To WrestleMania
titarobDecember 24, 2021
The WWE Road To WrestleMania is a pre-show for the upcoming WrestleMania event. The PPL Center in Pittsburgh is the site for the PPV. The live show is expected to include the World Wrestling Championship match between Big E and Seth Rollins and an all-star match between Bianca Belair and Liv Morgan for the RAW Women's Championship.
This pre-show for the WrestleMania event lasts throughout the week and works around the televised shows. While the televised event is the main event, the Road to WrestleMania events are free and give fans many chances to catch live wrestling. These special shows will feature superstars that rotate throughout the week. The WWE Road To WrestleMania will feature Roman Reigns, Daniel Bryan, AJ Styles, and Seth Rollins.
The Road To WrestleMania is a series of smaller live shows throughout the week. The events revolve around the televised shows, giving fans a chance to catch the action as it happens. Several superstars rotate through these events, including Seth Rollins, AJ Styles, and Daniel Bryan. The upcoming Live – Road to WrestleMania is expected to feature Roman Reigns, Daniel Bryan, and other top stars.
The Road to WrestleMania is a popular show for both men and women. The biggest stars in the WWE compete for the title. A major advantage of the Roadshow is that you can enjoy the show with the whole family. There are multiple levels of seating at the event, so you can choose the most comfortable one for you. A few of the more famous superstars may appear in different venues. This means that you can get WWE Road to WrestleMania Tickets for both events simultaneously.
Big Names Return in The Road to WrestleMania:
The Road to WrestleMania includes several big-name returns. In recent years, the WWE Roadshow has featured the return of the WWE's top superstars, including Triple H. However, it is still a "playoff" and is not a real playoff. Instead, it is a series of shows across the country before WrestleMania. The events are often held on weekends, with matches taking place in different cities throughout the country.
A WWE Roadshow is not a real playoff. Instead, it is a traveling showcase all over the country in the months leading up to WrestleMania. The Roadshow features the greatest superstars in the WWE, and you can even find a few of your favorite wrestlers here! In addition, the WWE Roadshow is more than just a showcase. It's a way to show off the biggest stars in the world.
The Road to WrestleMania isn't a playoff. It's a touring show of the biggest superstars in WWE. The superstars compete for the title and the WWE championship, while a WWE Roadshow will feature different events. The WWE Roadshow will be an annual event, so there will be no real post-WrestleMania.
WWE Roadshow:
You can also watch the Roadshow, which is not a playoff, but a traveling showcase of the biggest stars in the WWE. The WWE Roadshow takes place all over the country, and you can watch the superstars compete for the championship at different events. The event will feature a different star each night, but the goal is to win the championship. If you're looking for a WWE roadshow, you'll have to be patient. Just make sure to find a good time.
The WWE Road to WrestleMania is a big event that draws many fans each year. WrestleMania is the premier wrestling event in the U.S. and is essentially the "Super Bowl" of professional wrestling. Vince McMahon's dream of putting together a WrestleMania rivalry is not a fantasy. The Road to WrestleMania is merely a showcase of the biggest stars in the industry.
The Road to WrestleMania is a game mode that allows players to pick a superstar and follow them to WrestleMania. The player chooses a superstar in the original version and follows that person to the WrestleMania show. It is also available in the WWE '12 and WWE '13 games. In the latter, you can also choose between two different storylines.
AJ Styles Daniel Bryan Road to WrestleMania 2022 Roman Reigns Seth Rollins The Road to WrestleMania WWE Road to WrestleMania Tickets
Different menstrual products and the freedom of choice- Are the whispers heard?
Locksmith Services in JLT
Best Games To Play At School To Improve Their Physical Development
5 Trending Parties in the USA You Need to Check Out
Trendy exhibitions stand for design elements and ideas in Berlin


text:
Positive Infinity
Sailing the Last Voyage with Newton and Pascal
Posted on February 9, 2014 by Don Warrington
America in Blue Suede Shoes: Obama vs. the Work Ethic
Our strange government is at it again:
It began when the head of the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office reported that the interplay of taxes and subsidies in the law "creates a disincentive for people to work." The report predicted the mix would lead to fewer hours worked, costing the equivalent of nearly 2.5 million jobs.
In response, President Obama's spokesman pleaded guilty — with pride and pleasure.
"Opportunity created by affordable, quality health insurance allows families in America to make a decision about how they will work, or if they will work," Jay Carney said. Harry Reid and Nancy Pelosi applauded the law for freeing people from "job-lock."
Traditionally in this country the idea is that people come here, work hard and get ahead. (One group didn't come here for that reason, as we saw recently.) Also traditional in this country is health care coverage tied to work. There's no doubt that many continue to work to keep their coverage. Both of these are going out the window. One end result wrought by Obamacare is that people have the option of leaving the work force and continuing to have health coverage, presumably by lowering their income to the point where they go on Medicaid.
This is another hippie dream come true for this administration. That hippie dream is best expressed, IMHO, by Kevin Ayers' "Stranger in Blue Suede Shoes":
That was the message of the 1960's: we worked too hard. We forgot about it in the 1980's, but it's back with a vengeance.
Darwinian as it may sound (yes, I'll use that term) running down the American work ethic is going to have some unpleasant consequences. The most serious of those are our inability to either keep up our standard of living (another hippie dream was to pitch that too) or to pay our debts, public and private. Failure to do so, as many have found out the hard way during this economic downturn, will put the country in a "death cycle", as too few productive people will be unable to carry the load. Having that kind of conflict in a society is destabilising as well.
The usual response to this criticism is to point to Europe. They have generous welfare systems and yet their people work, don't they? That's the crux of the tug of war going on between the efficient Germans and everyone else to the south. I'd remind Americans that the two greatest "mediterranean seas" are the original one that separates the EU from Africa and the Middle East and the Gulf of Mexico that separates the US from Latin America. What's happening around one can easily be repeated around the other if the circumstances are right (and we're already seeing that by the expansion of the disability system).
As much as we'd all like life to be sweeter, hippie dreams have a way of crashing after the party's over and the bongs are gone, and that's where we're headed.
CategoriesSocial and Political Pieces
Previous PostPrevious Granville Sewell on the Weaknesses of Darwinism
Next PostNext The Best Selling Aggie Author: A Controversial Christian
Subscribe to Positive Infinity via Email
DOS and Windows Downloads
Java Applets, JavaScripts and PHP Script
Macintosh Downloads
Music Pages
Other Christian Items
1662 Book of Common Prayer
Anglican Calendar Script
Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church: The Unauthorised Tour
Born to be Alive: A Pentecostal Layman Looks at the Second Chapter of Acts
My Lord and My God: A Layman Looks at the Deity of Christ and the Nature of the Godhead
My Odyssey, and Why I Blog About the Anglican/Episcopal World
Positive Infinity New Testament, with Bible Companion and Other Bible Software
The Bossuet Project
Think Before You Convert
Terms and Conditions of this Website, Privacy Policy and Information About Endorsements
The Island Chronicles
At the Inlet: Overview, Table of Contents and Resources
Claudian Immigration and the Lodge in Verecunda
Education in Old Beran and Its Successors
History of the Island, with Interactive Map
The Church of Serelia (Anglican)
The Sensual Societies
Verecundan Holidays
The Ten Weeks: "Anyone can blow your mind, only you can open it"
The Ten Weeks, 18 January, When the Government Makes You an Offer You Can't Refuse
The Ten Weeks, 17 January,:"You don't do what you're told, you get hung from the palace gate."
The Ten Weeks, 15 January, A Little Influence Goes a Long Way
The Ten Weeks, 14 January, The Bureaucrats Are Caught Flat-Footed
The Ten Weeks, 12 January (Part II), One Miracle Leads to Another
Underscoring the Dangers of Mao Tai (and Vodka) – Positive Infinity on Some Clients' Products Shouldn't be Consumed During Work
The Ten Weeks, Meet the Characters Through Their Music – Positive Infinity on Kevin Ayers: May I?
The Ten Weeks, Meet the Characters Through Their Music – Positive Infinity on Rolling Stones: You Can't Always Get What You Want
Mike Huckabee's Ice Storm – Positive Infinity on Delayed for My Appointment
A Place in Church – Positive Infinity on Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church: The Unauthorised Tour
Anglican Corner
Bossuet Project
Evangelical and Pentecostal Stuff
General Postings
Month of Sundays
Science, Engineering and Technology
Social and Political Pieces
The Orthodox Faith
The Palm Beach Experience
Unusual Stuff
Copyright © 1997-2021 Don C. Warrington. All rights reserved. Use subject to the terms and conditions of this website.
Terms and Conditions of this Website, Privacy Policy and Information About Endorsements	Proudly powered by WordPress


text:
Picard v. Zoning Board of Appeals of Westminster, et al. (Lwyers Weekly No. 10-085-16)
SJC-11991
MAURICE PICARD, personal representative,[1] vs. ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS OF WESTMINSTER & another.[2]
Worcester. February 9, 2016. – June 17, 2016.
Present: Gants, C.J., Spina, Cordy, Botsford, Duffly, Lenk, & Hines, JJ.
Zoning, Person aggrieved. Practice, Civil, Standing. Easement. Real Property, Easement, Beach. Beach.
Civil action commenced in the Superior Court Department on August 23, 2011.
The case was heard by Robert B. Gordon, J.
After review by the Appeals Court, the Supreme Judicial Court granted leave to obtain further appellate review.
Thomas M. Bovenzi for 3333, Inc.
Peter A. CampoBasso for the plaintiff.
CORDY, J. Is a claimed injury to a private easement right sufficient to confer standing to challenge a zoning determination made by a zoning board of appeals? In the circumstances of this case, we conclude that it is not. Maurice Picard, as the personal representative of his wife's estate, commenced this action in the Superior Court after the zoning board of appeals of Westminster (zoning board) upheld the building commissioner's determination that property abutting his, owned by the defendant, 3333, Inc., enjoyed grandfathered status under the Westminster zoning by-law. After a bench trial, a judge in the Superior Court dismissed Picard's complaint for lack of standing. The Appeals Court, in an unpublished decision pursuant to its rule 1:28, reversed the judgment as to standing and concluded that the property in question did not enjoy grandfathered status under the Westminster zoning by-law. Picard v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Westminster, 87 Mass. App. Ct. 1125 (2015). We granted further appellate review, limited to the standing issue. We affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
Background. The trial judge found the following facts, which we occasionally supplement with undisputed facts from the record. See Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers of N.Y., Inc. v. Board of Appeal of Billerica, 454 Mass. 374, 383 (2009) (on appellate review, judge's factual findings will not be set aside unless clearly erroneous or unless there is no evidence to support them). Picard is the owner and occupant of certain property on Laurie Lane in Westminster (town). Picard's property is identified as lots 34 and 43 on a plan referred to by the judge as the "Laurie Lane Plan." The deed that conveyed the property to Picard's late spouse also contained within it "the right to use in common with others a certain area located on Laurie Lane and designated as beach areas [sic] on [the Laurie Lane Plan]." The judge specifically found that the right to use the "beach areas" was intended to afford residents of the neighborhood passage to Wyman Pond.[3]
3333, Inc., owns the parcel of land identified on the Laurie Lane Plan as the "beach area" (locus).[4] The locus has 32,500 square feet of area and 101.51 feet of frontage on Laurie Lane. Under the Westminster zoning by-law, which was adopted in 1974 and amended in 1978, the minimum buildable area is 50,000 feet and the minimum frontage is 150 feet. The locus is heavily wooded[5] and slopes downhill from the road about twenty-five feet to the water but provides the intended access to Wyman Pond. Picard's property abuts the locus across Laurie Lane, but Picard is unable to view the beach from his house. In connection with the right of access granted in his deed, Picard and his family have occasionally used the locus for purposes such as picnicking, ice skating, and boating.
Peter Normandin, the president of 3333, Inc., plans to build a residence on the locus. At trial, he testified that he did not wish to impair access to the pond and that he planned to clear some of the land and move the beach to a different location on the locus. This location would provide a larger beach and afford better access to Wyman Pond. The trial judge credited this testimony.
In order to construct the residence, Normandin applied for a building permit. The town building commissioner determined that the locus had grandfathered status as a nonconforming lot under G. L. c. 40A, § 6.[6] Picard's decedent applied for a hearing before the zoning board. The zoning board held a public hearing, after which it upheld the building commissioner's determination.[7] This action for judicial review pursuant to G. L. c. 40A, § 17, ensued. The trial judge determined that Picard had not demonstrated that the construction proposed by 3333, Inc., would cause him any injury within the scope of concern of the Zoning Act and that he therefore lacked standing.[8]
Discussion. The fundamental legal principles governing the jurisdictional requirement of standing in zoning appeals are well established:
"Under the Zoning Act, G. L. c. 40A, only a 'person aggrieved' has standing to challenge a decision of a zoning board of appeals. G. L. c. 40A, § 17. See Barvenik v. Aldermen of Newton, 33 Mass. App. Ct. 129, 131 (1992) (status as 'person aggrieved' is jurisdictional prerequisite to maintaining action under G. L. c. 40A, § 17). See generally M. Bobrowski, Massachusetts Land Use and Planning Law § 11.03[A], at 343-353 (3d ed. 2011). A 'person aggrieved' is one who 'suffers some infringement of his legal rights.' [Marashlian v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Newburyport, 421 Mass. 719, 721 (1996)], citing Circle Lounge & Grille, Inc. v. Board of Appeal of Boston, 324 Mass. 427, 430 (1949). Of particular importance, the right or interest asserted by a plaintiff claiming aggrievement must be one that the Zoning Act is intended to protect, either explicitly or implicitly. See Kenner v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Chatham, 459 Mass. 115, 120 (2011) . . . ; [Standerwick v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Andover, 447 Mass. 20, 27-28 (2006)]. . . . . We do not define aggrievement narrowly, see Marashlian, supra, but we have stated that '[a]ggrievement requires a showing of more than minimal or slightly appreciable harm.' Kenner, supra at 121, and cases cited." (Footnote omitted.)
81 Spooner Road, LLC v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Brookline, 461 Mass. 692, 700 (2012). "The adverse effect on a plaintiff must be substantial enough to constitute actual aggrievement such that there can be no question that the plaintiff should be afforded the opportunity to seek a remedy. . . . Put slightly differently, the analysis is whether the plaintiffs have put forth credible evidence to show that they will be injured or harmed by proposed changes to an abutting property, not whether they simply will be 'impacted' by such changes." Kenner v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Chatham, 459 Mass. 115, 122 (2011).
A plaintiff who is an abutter to the property in question enjoys a presumption that he or she is a "person aggrieved." 81 Spooner Road, LLC, 461 Mass. at 700. The defendant, however, can rebut the presumption "by showing that, as a matter of law, the claims of aggrievement raised by an abutter, either in the complaint or during discovery, are not interests that the Zoning Act is intended to protect." Id. at 702. Alternatively, the defendant can rebut the presumption "by coming forward with credible affirmative evidence that refutes the presumption," that is, evidence that "'warrant[s] a finding contrary to the presumed fact' of aggrievement," or by showing that the plaintiff has no reasonable expectation of proving a cognizable harm. Id., quoting Marinelli v. Board of Appeals of Stoughton, 440 Mass. 255, 258 (2003). Once the presumption is rebutted, the plaintiff "must prove standing by putting forth credible evidence to substantiate the allegations." 81 Spooner Road, LLC, supra at 701, and cases cited. The plaintiff must "establish — by direct facts and not by speculative personal opinion — that his injury is special and different from the concerns of the rest of the community" (citation omitted). Standerwick v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Andover, 447 Mass. 20, 33 (2006). "At that juncture, the jurisdictional issue of standing will be decided on the basis of all the evidence, with no benefit to the plaintiff from the presumption of aggrievement. . . . 'Standing essentially becomes a question of fact for the judge.'" 81 Spooner Road, LLC, supra, quoting Kenner, 459 Mass. at 119. "The judge's ultimate findings on this issue will not be overturned unless shown to be clearly erroneous." Kenner, supra.
The parties agree that Picard, as an abutter to the locus, is presumed to be a "person aggrieved." However, 3333, Inc., successfully rebutted this presumption by showing that Picard's claims of aggrievement are not within the interests protected by the applicable zoning scheme. "The primary purpose of zoning with reference to land use is the preservation in the public interest of certain neighborhoods against uses which are believed to be deleterious to such neighborhoods." Circle Lounge & Grille, Inc. v. Board of Appeal of Boston, 324 Mass. 427, 431 (1949). Picard did not claim that constructing a residence on the locus would be deleterious in any respect related to typical zoning concerns, for example, density, traffic, parking availability, or noise. Cf. Marashlian v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Newburyport, 421 Mass. 719, 722 (1996); Bedford v. Trustees of Boston Univ., 25 Mass. App. Ct. 372, 377 (1988). Nor did he claim standing based on any injury related to the merits of his zoning challenge, that is, the locus's status as a grandfathered nonconforming lot or its insufficient area or frontage. Rather, Picard claimed that the proposed construction would interfere with his use of the locus for access to the pond. The evidence showed that the deed conveying Picard's property to his decedent also conveyed the right to use the locus, in common with others, while title to the locus itself remained in another private party. That is, the deed conveyed an easement in the locus. See, e.g., Commercial Wharf East Condominium Ass'n v. Waterfront Parking Corp., 407 Mass. 123, 133 (1990) ("An easement is an interest in land which grants to one person the right to use or enjoy land owned by another").
Although the easement is not expressly limited to using the locus for any particular purpose, Picard testified that he did in fact use the locus to access the pond for recreation.[9] He also testified to his belief that the proposed construction would interfere with his access to the pond and that it would lead to conflict between people living on the locus and people trying to use the pond. As the judge found, these injuries to Picard's private easement rights are not within the scope of concern of the Zoning Act.
Moreover, the judge found that Picard's concerns that the construction would interfere with his access to the pond were speculative and unsubstantiated. The record supports this finding. Picard offered only his own opinion that a building would block access to the pond. This was unsupported by any specific construction plans or other evidence, and the trial judge permissibly regarded it as conjecture, personal opinion, and hypothesis. See, e.g., New England Canteen Serv. v. Ashley, 372 Mass. 671, 675 (1977) ("it is the trial judge who, by virtue of his firsthand view of the presentation of evidence, is in the best position to judge the weight and credibility of the evidence"). In addition, Normandin testified, without contradiction, that he did not intend to interfere with access to the pond, but rather to improve access to it. The judge was entitled to, and did, credit this testimony. Thus, even if the claimed injury to Picard's access to the pond were within the scope of concern of the Zoning Act, Picard failed to demonstrate by credible evidence that he would suffer "more than minimal or slightly appreciable harm." Kenner, 459 Mass. at 121. On this record, the judge properly concluded that Picard was not a "person aggrieved" and that he lacked standing to bring this zoning challenge.[10]
The judgment of the Superior Court dismissing the plaintiff's complaint for lack of standing is affirmed.
[1] Of the estate of Colleen N. Picard.
[2] 3333, Inc.
[3] We note, however, that the right to use the designated area is not expressly limited to access to the pond. Moreover, the plan itself suggests that the "beach area" is the entire locus, not merely a portion of it close to the pond.
[4] The parties do not dispute that the "beach area" identified on the plan and the "beach areas" mentioned in the deed are one and the same.
[5] There was unchallenged testimony that a person could walk on only about ten per cent of the locus due to the heavy woods.
[6] It appears that the building commissioner did not in fact issue a building permit, but only determined that one could issue consistent with the zoning by-law.
[7] Two of the three members of the zoning board of appeals of Westminster voted to overturn the building commissioner's determination. This was insufficient because G. L. c. 40A, § 15, requires "[t]he concurring vote of all members of the board of appeals consisting of three members . . . to reverse any order or decision of any administrative official under this chapter."
[8] Despite ruling that Picard lacked standing, the trial judge went on to consider the merits of his claim that the locus was not entitled to grandfathered status under G. L. c. 40A, § 6, apparently to obviate the need for a new trial should the standing determination be reversed on appeal. Due to our disposition of the standing issue, we need not reach the merits.
[9] Picard points out that, under the terms of the deed, he was entitled to use the entire locus, that is, that his right to use the locus was not limited to accessing the pond. We assume that this is the case. Nonetheless, it appears that Picard actually used the locus only for pond access, as Picard did not testify that he used it in any other way. Some of the activities identified by Picard clearly entailed use of the pond, such as swimming, boating, and ice skating. Picard also testified that he and his family "occasionally had a picnic down there." The judge could reasonably infer that this referred to the beach, which is downhill from the heavily wooded area of the locus.
[10] Although Picard lacks standing under the Zoning Act, nothing we say here deprives him of his right to pursue a remedy at common law for any actual harm to his easement rights.
Posted by Massachusetts Legal Resources - June 17, 2016 at 5:45 pm
Categories: News Tags: 1008516, Appeals, Board, Lwyers, Picard, Weekly, Westminster, Zoning


Suppose the Canadians were to build a wall to keep Americans out of their country, making it clear that Americans are simply not decent, productive, peaceful people and therefore the fewer of them who enter Canada the better. Might Americans take justifiable offense at such treatment?
Why does anyone imagine that Mexicans feel any differently?
I spent more than a decade of my career largely engaged in studying the history and economics of U.S. racial differences and race relations. (See, for example, my book Competition and Coercion.) In the USA and its colonial precursors, racial oppression took many forms, including after the War Between the States a widespread state-enforced system of racial segregation in which the "separate but equal" public facilities provided for the use of blacks were almost invariably inferior. But the system also took many seemingly pointless forms, not of any evident value to any group of white rent-seekers or to whites in general. The "point" of these restrictions, however, was always simply to insult and humiliate black people, so that even the most "no account cracker" could see that he was superior, and recognized as such, even to the most polished and accomplished black. This institutionalized humiliation of people was always the part that, aside from the ongoing, unpunished assaults and murders, rubbed me the rawest about the system.
What sort of person seeks to humiliate an entire group of people simply on grounds of race or nationality? Well, at present, the sort of person who supports the wall between Mexico and the USA. Yes, it may give some groups of rent-seekers a feeling of enhanced security in the ability to accrue their ill-gotten gains. But above all, it gives the American yahoo class the feeling that they—the self-supposed better people—have shut out Mexicans in the most brutal possible fashion, by physically fencing them out as if they were dangerous wild animals.


Julie McCann tells Radio-Canada her father suffered broken bones and lacerations while her mother dislocated her shoulder and was concussed.
There is a report that four Quebecers were among 22 people injured in a recent boating crash in Puerto Rico.
Julie McCann tells Radio-Canada her father suffered broken bones and lacerations while her mother dislocated her shoulder and received a concussion after a motorboat struck the family as they were boarding a tour boat.
McCann was also vacationing with her partner and their two children and says one of the kids suffered from shock.
The crash occurred around 9:45 p.m. on July 25, as the family was boarding a boat to take part in a night tour around Isla Magueyes, in Puerto Rico.
She said the family waited 36 hours in hospital to see a doctor and that no one cleaned or tried to stitch her father's open wounds during that time.
The Quebec City family is considering suing the operator of the motorboat and the agency that organized the night tour.
McCann said her daughter has returned to Quebec but that the rest of the family is still in Puerto Rico because her father is waiting to be cleared by a doctor to travel.