The council voted 6-3 to approve a regulatory framework for marijuana production facilities, which will be capped at 40 businesses. Councilmembers Zapf, Cate and Sherman were the dissenting votes.
A rally was held before the meeting with advocates for these types of businesses demanding regulations that are fair, create a supply chain and serve the needs of pot users.
Police Chief Shelley Zimmerman at first asked the council for a total ban on marijuana businesses.
"With the legal dispensaries we have now there have been over 270 calls to service," said Chief Zimmerman at the council meeting.
She has since expressed support for testing facilities within city limits.
Cannabis companies depend on testing to determine how much THC is in their products. They can also test for pesticides and harmful chemicals in pot.
Dozens of people spoke for and against the two options that the city had to decide between.
Option 1 creates a new land use with testing labs.
Option 2 creates two new uses, testing labs and marijuana production facilities, which includes agricultural raising, harvesting, and processing of marijuana, wholesale distributing and storing of pot and marijuana products and producing from cannabis and cannabis products.
Under the current industrial zone requirements of the city, these businesses would have to be 1,000 feet from parks, day cares, libraries, schools, and churches.
Advocates for pot delivery services were also at the rally Monday asking the city council to revisit permits for these types of businesses. Right now, hundreds might have to shut their doors.
"It's very important to me to provide members of the community with a safe product," said Councilmember Barbara Bry. "I look forward to broad participation from the community as we move forward in regulating this industry.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Certain locksmiths specialize in home-based lock systems. For any of your home-based requirement of locksmith services, whether it is the entrance locking system, or locking system for the garage or internal locks like locks for cabinets, residential locksmith services can be of assistance. We might require maintenance, and not just installation help for our home based locks. Keeping the locks serviced and in good condition can be a good practice and can prevent emergency situations in later stages. Bryant WA Locksmith Store provides all these services to its customers in . Most of these services can be planned in advance.
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The 12th tallest statue in the U.S. is the Keeper of the Plains in the Wichita.
Before planes could cross the country without stopping, Wichita had one of the busiest airports in the US.
The Sedgwick County Zoo is one of the largest in the nation and has more than 2,500 animals.


text:
Why Did Colin Whitehurst Put A Real Railroad In The Underground Railroad?
What is the Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead about?
Colson Whitehead's 'Underground Railroad' Is A Literal Train To Freedom Whitehead was recently awarded the National Book Award for his novel about a young slave who has escaped a Georgia plantation and is heading north. Originally broadcast Aug. 8, 2016.
Was Fort Jefferson built by slaves?
Enslaved African Americans played a key role in the construction of Fort Jefferson. Typically 20% of the workforce was comprised of African Americans, hired from owners in Key West.
Who built Fort Jefferson?
Construction of Fort Jefferson (named after the third U.S. President, Thomas Jefferson) was finally begun on Garden Key in December 1846, under the supervision of 2nd Lt. Horatio Wright, after plans drawn up by Lt. Montgomery C. Meigs were approved in November.
How many bricks does Fort Jefferson have?
Construction for the fort began in 1846 and although it is composed of more than 16 million bricks, Fort Jefferson is still considered to be an unfinished fortress.
Is Fort Jefferson sinking?
Unfortunately, while Fort Jefferson, one of the largest masonry structures ever built in North America sinks slowly into the sea, the most vital and alive part of the park teeters forward on life-support.
Does anyone live on Loggerhead Key?
Loggerhead Key is technically uninhabited, though I believe a couple scientists or national park rangers live there on rotation.
How long was Dr Mudd imprisoned?
Mudd ended up serving only four years of his life sentence thanks to his skills as a physician, which made him a hero at the fort during an outbreak of yellow fever. Fort Jefferson at Dry Tortugas National Park.
Where was Dr Samuel Mudd imprisoned?
Mudd's." Samuel Mudd was sentenced to life imprisonment for his association with the assassins and was imprisoned at Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas off the Florida coast, but was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in 1869.
Why is it called Dry Tortugas?
Discovered by Ponce de Leon in 1513, the Dry Tortugas were named after the large population of sea turtles living in the island's surrounding waters. "Tortugas" means turtles in Spanish, and Ponce de Leon himself caught over 100 sea turtles during his time on the island.
How deep is the water around Fort Jefferson?
The submerged portion of the platform extends to water depths of about 300 feet (90 meters).
How did Fort Jefferson get water?
During its peak over 1,700 men were stationed at the Fort but it was plagued with construction problems and Yellow Fever epidemics. It crumbled under its own weight, cracking the rain-water cisterns and allowing salt water to penetrate into the precious drinking supply.
How thick are the walls at Fort Jefferson?
The fort's walls are eight feet thick and 45 feet tall. The fort's barracks – which were destroyed in a fire in 1912 – were constructed to accommodate 1,000 and were more than 300 yards long. The fort was used primarily as a prison.
Where is Dry Tortugas Florida?
Dry Tortugas National Park is a national park in the United States about 68 miles (109 km) west of Key West in the Gulf of Mexico. The park preserves Fort Jefferson and the seven Dry Tortugas islands, the westernmost and most isolated of the Florida Keys.
How much does it cost to go from Key West to the Dry Tortugas?
Dry Tortugas Ferry Cost (updated for 2021) How much is the ferry for a day trip from Key West to the Dry Tortugas? The cost for an adult is $190. There is a $10 discount for active duty members of the military, seniors ages 62 or higher, and full-time students (age 17+). Children ages 4 to 16 are $135 each.
Are there sharks in Dry Tortugas?
Pratt said they have been able to tag 268 sharks over the past 27 years. Of the 268 sharks, 77 have been re-sighted or recaptured. Based on their research, Dr. Pratt also noted that 65 percent of female nurse sharks and 76 percent of male nurse sharks have returned to Dry Tortugas.
Colson Whitehead tells the story behind the 'Underground Railroad'
While in fourth grade, Colson Whitehead heard about the Underground Railroad, an initiative to assist slaves in the nineteenth century in their journey from slavery to freedom through a network of people, routes, and houses. Whitehead was under the impression that the railroad was a real railroad, with trains surreptitiously running on rails in subterranean tunnels to transport slaves to freedom, which was not the case. His teacher corrected him, but the image of the incident remained in his memory.
According to him, the plot would have a protagonist who would go north on a true subterranean train, stopping in each state along the route and encountering some fresh adventure.
Although the concept intrigued him, he was terrified by it and didn't feel he was ready to explore it in a novel, either from a technical or emotional aspect.
Each time, he came to the conclusion that he was not yet prepared to do honor to the subject.
When he began thinking about his next novel three years ago, he finally had the courage to share his thoughts with people.
The answer was overwhelmingly positive and convincing: it was time to start writing the manuscript.
Among many other distinctions, the book was named the winner of the 2016 National Book Award for Fiction and the Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence from the American Library Association, as well as a pick for Oprah Winfrey's elite book club.
The lecture took place at the Lecture Hall of the James Branch Cabell Library.
An actual railroad, underground
It is the story of Cora, a teenage slave who escapes from her Georgia plantation with her companion, Caesar, and travels north via an underground railway system composed of tracks and tunnels, as told by Whitehead in his novel The Underground Railroad. Cora and Caesar are pursued by a merciless slave-catcher throughout their journey, and they must overcome a lot of obstacles and hazards. Whitehead employs a huge cast of people and alternates between a selection of them in order to convey their viewpoints and inner lives, while never losing sight of Cora's horrific escape from the house.
Jones' "The Known World," and Charles Johnson's "Middle Passage" before entering into his own work.
Toni Morrison is "an extraordinary intellect," he stated, adding that he "can't really compete with that." "It doesn't matter what you're writing about; all that matters is that you have something unique to say about the subject," he said.
During the course of writing the novel, Whitehead discovered that he became increasingly obsessed with making a work that was sufficient to approximate the experiences that his ancestors and other slaves had gone through.
As a result of the subject matter, the book is cruel, although Whitehead maintains that it represents "just a ten-millionth of one percent of what they truly went through." "I knew that this was something my family had to go through," Whitehead added.
I have no idea what they were working on, how they lived, or how they suffered.
I did everything I could to testify on their behalf and on behalf of other persons who had been subjected to slavery. The bigger concern was the combination of the fear of losing my influence and the fear of attempting to portray the actual reality and severity of what my family went through."
'In some ways, we haven't come far'
Whitehead claims that if he had written the work when he was younger, the outcome would have been drastically different. For example, the fanciful aspects would have been larger and displayed more prominently in the front if the changes had been made. He said that one of the states was initially intended to take place in the future. The spectacular was instead turned down from "a Spinal Tappian 11 down to 1," as he put it. The train has shifted from being the focal point of the plot to becoming a vital instrument for transporting Cora from one state to another.
In fact, "the final 20 pages are the greatest writing I've ever done," says the author.
His observations of the parallels have grown stronger since then, and he has begun to recognize certain justifications that slaveowners and slavecatchers used for their harsh, heavy-handed practices — even when dealing with freed blacks — in the language that is used today to justify race-based discriminatory practices.
Early forays into writing
He believes that if he had written the work when he was younger, the outcome would have been very different. Examples include increasing in size and prominence of the fantastical components, as well as placing them more prominently in the foreground. It was initially planned that one of the states would take place in the future, according to him. The spectacular was reduced from "a Spinal Tappian 11 all the way down to 1," he decided. The train has shifted from being the focal point of the plot to being a necessary method for transporting Cora from one state to another.
Even more so, "the final 20 pages are the greatest stuff I've ever done," says the author.
Whitehead has stated that he did not create his work with the intention of drawing parallels with modern events and culture.
The president said that "in certain areas, we haven't progressed very far."
'I got back to work'
Following graduation from college, Whitehead worked for five years at the Village Voice, a New York-based alternative newspaper. Growing Pains" and "Who's the Boss?" were the seasons finales of two television sitcoms that he wrote about for his first published piece of writing. He feels certain that his essay was "the definitive piece" on those two occurrences, and he expressed his confidence in his article. Eventually, Whitehead found the courage to return to writing fiction. His debut novel, "I'm Movin' In," was the narrative of a "Gary Coleman-esque" kid star of a successful sitcom, which was based on a true story.
They all declined to participate.
According to Whitehead, "you are a microbe in the buttocks of an elephant, simply trying to get the elephant's attention." As he reviewed the mountain of rejection letters he had received, Whitehead reflected about his future as a writer.
See also: Underground Railroad How Old Is Cora? (Solved)
He then went on to create a scenario in which being a writer for him could be traced back to the first Neanderthal who wondered "hunting and collecting, gathering and hunting." It was a hilarious detour that Whitehead used to illustrate his point.
Are these the whole total of my experiences in this life?" The fact that no one approved of what I was doing didn't matter." "I didn't have a choice," Whitehead said. "As a result, I returned to work. "And the second time around, everything went better."
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If you want to know what this country is all about, I always say, you have to ride the rails," the train's conductor tells Cora, the fictitious protagonist of Colson Whitehead's 2016 novelThe Underground Railroad, as she walks into a boxcar destined for the North. As you race through, take a look about you to see the genuine face of America." Cora's vision is limited to "just blackness, mile after mile," according to Whitehead, as she peers through the carriage's slats. In the course of her traumatic escape from servitude, the adolescent eventually understands that the conductor's remark was "a joke.
Cora and Caesar, a young man enslaved on the same Georgia plantation as her, are on their way to liberation when they encounter a dark other world in which they use the railroad to go to freedom.
" The Underground Railroad," a ten-part limited series premiering this week on Amazon Prime Video, is directed by Moonlight filmmaker Barry Jenkins and is based on the renowned novel by Alfred North Whitehead.
When it comes to portraying slavery, Jenkins takes a similar approach to Whitehead's in the series' source material.
"And as a result, I believe their individuality has been preserved," Jenkins says Felix.
The consequences of their actions are being inflicted upon them." Here's all you need to know about the historical backdrop that informs both the novel and the streaming adaptation of "The Underground Railroad," which will premiere on May 14th. (There will be spoilers for the novel ahead.)
"The reality of things," in Whitehead's own words, is what he aims to portray in his work, not "the facts." His characters are entirely made up, and the story of the book, while based on historical facts, is told in an episodic style, as is the case with most episodic fiction. This book traces Cora's trek to freedom, describing her lengthy trip from Georgia to the Carolinas, Tennessee and Indiana.) Each step of the journey presents a fresh set of hazards that are beyond Cora's control, and many of the people she meets suffer horrible ends.) What distinguishes The Underground Railroad from previous works on the subject is its presentation of the titular network as a physical rather than a figurative transportation mechanism.
According to Whitehead, who spoke to NPR in 2016, this alteration was prompted by his "childhood belief" that the Underground Railroad was a "literal tunnel beneath the earth"—a misperception that is surprisingly widespread.
Webber Public domain image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons While the Underground Railroad was composed of "local networks of anti-slavery people," both Black and white, according to Pulitzer Prize–winning historianEric Foner, the Underground Railroad actually consisted of "local networks of anti-slavery people, both Black and white, who assisted fugitives in various ways," from raising funds for the abolitionist cause to taking cases to court to concealing runaways in safe houses.
Although the actual origins of the name are unknown, it was in widespread usage by the early 1840s.
Manisha Sinha, author of The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition, argues that the Underground Railroad should be referred to as the "Abolitionist Underground" rather than the "Underground Railroad" because the people who ran it "were not just ordinary, well-meaning Northern white citizens, activists, particularly in the free Black community," she says.
As Foner points out, however, "the majority of the initiative, and the most of the danger, fell on the shoulders of African-Americans who were fleeing." a portrait taken in 1894 of Harriet Jacobs, who managed to hide in an attic for nearly seven years after fleeing from slavery.
Public domain image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons "Recognizable historical events and patterns," according to Foner, are used by Whitehead in a way that is akin to that of the late Toni Morrison.
According to Sinha, these effects may be seen throughout Cora's journey.
According to Foner, author of the 2015 bookGateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad, "the more you know about this history, the more you can appreciate what Whitehead is doing in fusing the past and the present, or perhaps fusing the history of slavery with what happened after the end of slavery."
"The reality of things," in Whitehead's own words, is what he aims to portray in his work, not just the facts. On addition, while the story is anchored in historical facts, all of his characters are made up, and the book is written in episodic style, just like the book's characters. (The book recounts Cora's flight to freedom, describing her lengthy trek from Georgia via the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Indiana. ) Each step of the journey presents its own set of hazards that are out of Cora's control, and many of the people she meets suffer horrific ends.
According to Whitehead, who spoke to NPR in 2016, this alteration was prompted by his "childhood belief" that the Underground Railroad was a "real tunnel beneath the earth," which is a fairly frequent mistake about the Underground Railroad today.
Webber, completed in 1893.
While the Underground Railroad was composed of "local networks of anti-slavery people," both Black and white, according to Pulitzer Prize–winning historianEric Foner, the Underground Railroad actually consisted of "local networks of anti-slavery people, both Black and white, who assisted fugitives in various ways," from raising funds for the abolitionist cause to taking cases to court to hiding runaways in safe houses.
No one knows where the name came from, but it was widely used by the early 1840s, according to historical records.
Manisha Sinha, author of The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition, argues that the Underground Railroad should be referred to as the "Abolitionist Underground" rather than the "Underground Railroad" because the people who ran it "were not just ordinary, well-meaning Northern white citizens, activists, particularly in the free Black community." They assisted runaways, particularly in the northern states, where railroad activity was at its peak.
As Foner points out, however, "the majority of the initiative, and the most of the danger, fell on the shoulders of African-Americans who were fleeing" an image of Harriet Jacobs taken in 1894, after she escaped slavery and took refuge in an attic for over seven years By way of Wikimedia Commons, this picture is in the public domain.
By way of Wikimedia Commons, this picture is in the public domain.
Before writing his novel, the author conducted extensive research, drawing on oral histories provided by survivors of slavery in the 1930s, runaway ads published in antebellum newspapers, and accounts written by successful escapees such as Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass, as well as contemporary sources.
While Douglass managed to make his way north by leaping on a moving train and pretending to be a free man, Jacobs spent almost seven years hiding in an attic; Cora manages to escape enslavement by hiding on a railroad track and spending many months in the attic of an abolitionist.
According to Whitehead's own words, his work tries to depict "the reality of things, not the facts." His characters are completely made up, and the storyline of the novel, while based on historical facts, is also invented in episodic style. (The book recounts Cora's quest to escape, describing her lengthy trek from Georgia to the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Indiana. Each stage of the journey presents its own set of hazards that are beyond Cora's control, and many of the people she meets suffer horrific ends.) The Underground Railroad's most significant divergence from historical reality is its representation of the titular network as a literal rather than a metaphorical transportation system, as was the case in real life.
The Underground Railroad, seen in an 1893 painting by Charles T.
In reality, according to Pulitzer Prize–winning historianEric Foner, the Underground Railroad was comprised of "local networks of anti-slavery people, both Black and white, who assisted fugitives in various ways," ranging from raising funds for the abolitionist cause to taking cases to court to hiding runaways in safe houses.
For decades, academic historians downplayed the significance of the Underground Railroad, with some questioning its existence while others placed white males at the forefront of the movement.
Wikimedia Commons has made this image available to the public.
"Recognizable historical events and patterns," according to Foner, are built upon by Whitehead in a way akin to that of the late Toni Morrison.
According to Sinha, these effects may be seen throughout Cora's path.
According to Foner, author of the 2015 bookGateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad, "the more you know about this history, the more you can appreciate what Whitehead is doing in merging the past and the present, or perhaps merging the history of slavery with what happened after slavery was abolished."
According to Whitehead's own words, his work aspires to depict "the reality of things, not the facts." His characters are completely made up, and the storyline of the novel, while based on historical facts, is invented in an episodic fashion. (The book recounts Cora's flight to freedom, describing her long trek from Georgia via the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Indiana. Each stage of the journey presents a distinct set of hazards that are beyond Cora's control, and many of the people she meets suffer terrible ends.) The Underground Railroad's most significant deviation from historical accuracy is its representation of the namesake network as a physical rather than figurative transportation mechanism.
See also: What Is The Route Of The Underground Railroad? (Perfect answer)
The Underground Railroad, as seen in an 1893 artwork by Charles T.
In reality, according to Pulitzer Prize–winning historianEric Foner, the Underground Railroad was comprised of "local networks of anti-slavery people, both Black and white, who assisted fugitives in various ways," from raising funds for the abolitionist cause to taking cases to court to hiding runaways in safe houses.
For decades, academic historians disregarded the significance of the Underground Railroad, with some questioning its existence and others placing white males at the core of the movement.
However, as Foner points out, "the majority of the initiative, and the most of the danger, fell on the shoulders of the Black individuals who were fleeing." An 1894 image of Harriet Jacobs, who hid in an attic for nearly seven years after fleeing servitude.
Abolitionist Frederick Douglass, approximately 1847–1852.
Foner claims that Whitehead's work is based on "recognizably historical events and patterns" in a way akin to that of the late Toni Morrison.
According to Sinha, these effects are visible throughout Cora's journey.
"The more you know about this history, the more you can appreciate what Whitehead is doing in merging the past and the present, or perhaps merging the history of slavery with what happened after the end of slavery," says Foner, who wrote the 2015 bookGateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad.
Imagining the Underground Railroad as an actual train system
JEFFREY BROWN: I'd want to thank you for your time. Allow me to ask you to give a brief overview of what you have accomplished here. Although it is a fiction, however — but. Colson Whitehead, author of "The Underground Railroad," discusses the history of the railroad. Initially, it is presented as a classic, realistic portrayal of slavery. Cora is the name of the main character in our story. She is 16 or 17 years old and lives on a cotton plantation. And when the situation worsens, she is persuaded to go north via the Underground Railroad, which she does.
COLSON WHITEHEAD: The subject is enormous, to put it lightly.
How do you take people you care about, your characters, and place them in a dreadful system while still creating a realistic story?
As a result, I believe that my experience would have been very different if I had tried it 16 years earlier.
And I understand what it's like to consider having your mother sold in front of you, having your children sold, watching your siblings, your friends tormented, abused, or otherwise victimized.
COLSON WHITEHEAD: It's a delicate situation.
You know, the truth of the matter is that white people in positions of authority have been abusing the black body for hundreds of years.
In the 1850s, before the establishment of any sort of police force in the South, the slave patroller served as the chief of police.
And if you didn't have your documents or an acceptable reason for being away from the plantation, you would be beaten, imprisoned, and eventually returned to your master.
In my younger, more threatening-looking days, I would be stopped and searched by police officers.
As a result, I'm dealing with issues that have existed since the founding of the country.
On Whitehead's The Underground Railroad : On Whitehead's The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad is a novel by Colson Whitehead that follows the narrative of Cora, a fugitive slave who travels from state to state on railroad cars that are physically buried beneath the ground of the American South. A fellow slave called Caesar persuades Cora to flee the Georgia farm where she was born and journey north aboard the boxcar of a hidden subterranean railroad, which she discovers along the way. Ridgeway, the slave catcher, is on her trail, all the more desperate to get her because he was unsuccessful in apprehending her mother when she fled away years before.
Cora travels alone to North Carolina, where she hides in an attic for several months before being discovered and apprehended by the authorities.
Colson Whitehead is the author of this piece.
Fiction set during the antebellum period Published for the first time in 2016 Georgia is the major setting.
Topics covered include: freedom; the causes of violence; the difficulties of categorizing individuals as "good" or "evil; how the past shapes our present; and subtle kinds of racial injustice.
Among the most crucial features of the Underground Railroad are the following: In the first place, The Underground Railroad is unusual due to the realistic combination of historical fiction and fantasy that is included in it.
None of the characters ever explains where these tunnels may have come from or how they could have remained hidden for such a long period of time without being noticed.
While other sections of the novel are terribly genuine and accurate to history, other parts of the story are a satire on both.
The heinous cruelty exhibited against escaping slaves was based on actual events (and the Civil War did not put an end to this kind of racial violence).
The combination of fantasy and history pushes readers to reflect more deeply on the heinous acts that have occurred—and those that continue to occur—in the history of racial relations in the United States.
For example, many people believe that slavery is not such a horrible institution because of the less brutal version of slavery that Caesar experienced in Virginia.
Ethel believes herself honorable and caring since she aspired to be a missionary in Africa and because she reads the Bible to Cora, two of her younger sisters.
These and other instances throughout the book indicate that people who believe they are just "doing the right thing" and are not responsible for the ills of slavery are frequently nevertheless complicit in the continuance of slavery.
As Ridgeway points out to Cora, she has committed the murder of a white kid, so establishing her as a "murderer" in the eyes of the predominantly white town.
Ridgeway asserts that he is motivated by the same survival instinct as Cora is motivated by hers.
Ridgeway's rationale, of course, does not stand up, as Cora points out: Ridgeway kills for money or convenience as well as for survival, as Cora points out.
Ridgeway does not appear to be totally wicked, and Cora does not believe herself to be purely nice either.
In the story, all of the characters are compelled to make moral decisions within the confines of a system that restricts their alternatives, a system that can occasionally render ethics and survival incompatible with one another.
The true story behind The Underground Railroad
When author Colson Whitehead writes the novel The Underground Railroad, he ingeniously makes literal the metaphorical network of the Underground Railroad, the 19th century network of clandestine channels and safe houses established by abolitionists to assist enslaved people fleeing the Deep South and seeking refuge in the free states of the Northern United States. With an underground platform accessible by a trapdoor, a decaying box car being carried through subterranean tracks by a steam engine, and the presence of a semi-mythic conductor on board, Whitehead's figurative, fantasy railroad is a work of art in its own right.
Following the epic journey of resilient heroine Cora (portrayed by Thuso Mbedu), a young enslaved girl who escapes from a plantation and discovers the underground railway, stopping off on the steam locomotive at various dangerous Southern States in a desperate bid for freedom, the story is told in flashback.
The film follows Cora as she travels across the United States.
Ridgeway, portrayed by Joel Edgerton, is a persistent slave catcher who is determined to bring Cora back to the plantation from which she fled.
Amazon In spite of the fact that the first episode of The Underground Railroadfeatures depictions of torture and punishment that are graphic and violent, Jenkins is said to have softened Whitehead's pages, which are soaked in trauma and brutality, in order to avoid creating something exploitative or triggering for viewers.
I'm hoping that it will help to re-contextualize rather than perpetuate prejudices about my ancestors that have been permitted to endure over the years of research."
The true story of the Underground Railroad
When author Colson Whitehead writes the novel The Underground Railroad, he ingeniously makes literal the metaphorical network of the Underground Railroad, the 19th century network of clandestine channels and safe houses established by abolitionists to assist enslaved people fleeing the Deep South and escaping to the free states of the Northern United States. With an underground platform accessible by a trapdoor, a decaying box car being carried through subterranean tracks by a steam engine, and the presence of a semi-mythic conductor on board, Whitehead's metaphorical, fantastical train is a visual treat.
While following the epic journey of tenacious heroine Cora (played by Thuso Mbedu), the story is set in the South, where she escapes from a plantation and discovers an underground railway system, stopping off on the steam locomotive at various dangerous Southern states in a desperate bid for freedom.
Cora travels across South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Indiana, arriving in one state that appears to be easing Black people into their community while discreetly mutilating some of the previously enslaved women, and discovering that in another area, only white people are permitted to dwell.
Ridgeway is portrayed by Joel Edgerton.
In a recent interview with The Observer, Jenkins stated that the material was "the most triggering thing I've ever had to deal with." "A great deal of responsibility is attached to this opportunity.
Rather than reinforcing misconceptions about my forebears that have been allowed to remain through the years, I believe it can help re-contextualize them."
The Fugitive Slave Act
It was initially passed in the Deep South in 1793 and gave local governments the authority to "apprehend and extradite recapture and return escapees from inside the limits of free states back to their point of origin" (History). Those who sought to assist their escape were subjected to severe punishment by their masters. Bounty hunters who converted to slave catchers, such as the vicious Ridgeway in Whitehead's novel, made a lucrative profession out of capturing Cora and returning her to a plantation in Georgia as a result of this conduct.
See also: In The Underground Railroad What Happened? (TOP 5 Tips)
Originally passed in 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was intended to strengthen the existing legislation, which citizens in the southern states believed was not being effectively enforced.
Some Underground Railroad conductors migrated to Canada in order to greet and assist the fugitives in their new home.
After the Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, it was announced that "all individuals kept as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforth shall be free." This was approximately the time that the subterranean railroad had ceased operations, and the results of its labor were brought to light as a visible aspect of the Union fight against the Confederacy.
Tubman played a crucial part in the rescue of the newly freed enslaved people as she directed intelligence operations and served as a commanding officer in Union Army operations – becoming the first woman in US history to do so – and became the first woman to command a military expedition (The National Geographic).
In Jenkins' words, "slavery is a historical fact that we don't want to face because of the shame and trauma associated with it." "It's almost like it's something America tries to hide, and this program gives us a chance to see individuals for who they really are." This endeavor took place during a period in which the phrase "Make America Great Again" was popular.
The show's creators believe that "there has to be some kind of vacuum or void" because "if you can say 'Make America Great Again,' you have plainly failed to accept what America was and has been for centuries." On Friday, May 14th, The Underground Railroadwill be available for streaming on Amazon Prime Video.
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Colson Whitehead's 'Underground Railroad' Is A Literal Train To Freedom
Published on August 8, 2016 at 3:01 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. Because he learned about the Underground Railroad as a youngster, novelist Colson Whitehead conjured up images of a subway system beneath the earth on which fugitive slaves might go to freedom. He tells Terry Gross of Fresh Air that when he discovered that it was not a genuine train, he became "a little disturbed." Now, in his latest novel, The Underground Railroad, Whitehead returns to his boyhood vision of a real train that transports fugitive slaves via tunnels, a vision that he first had as a youngster.
Each station represents a different response to slavery.
As Whitehead describes it, "it's a little like Gulliver's Travels in that the book is rebooting every time the individual travels through a different condition." Whitehead had the idea for the book 16 years before it was published.
According to Whitehead, "I saw an excellent chance to convey, in a way that has never been done before, a hopefully truthful picture of plantation life." "It was wonderful for me as an artist to discover a corner that had not previously been explored in this specific manner."
Interview Highlight
I didn't look into the slave catcher's point of view when doing research for the novel, as I should have. I believe that the slave catcher's point of view is probably the default option when it comes to understanding American history. I believe that the dominators — the slave hunters and slave masters — are the ones who write the history of 17th- and 18th-century America. So I thought I had it figured out. My primary source of information was slave tales. The well-known ones — Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs — as well as the ones gathered by the United States government in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration.
There are tens of thousands of these kind of accounts.
It was a fantastic resource for writers merely to get a feel for the lingo and to get a concept of the diversity of experiences that may be had on a plantation.
But there were other things as well.
The fact that there are plantations with two slaves and plantations with 80 slaves encouraged me to feel less anxious about establishing my own plantation because there were so many various combinations available to me to consider.
In terms of the remake of Roots and some of the novels that are now being published that are about slavery, I can say that by the time I finished the book, I was completely exhausted with the subject of slavery.
It was necessary for me to become completely immersed in the material in order to provide a true representation of Cora and everyone else on the estate.
Because of this proximity and distance, you are able to perform your duty as an artist as effectively as possible.
In order to address the issue of slavery, they have declared all black people to be illegal.
As a result, it is a white separatist supremacist state, much in the same manner as communities in Oregon were established on the basis of a white separatist supremacist ideal when they were first established.
Slave patrollers in the nineteenth century They served as the de facto police force in the South during the early 1800s.
This allowed them to hold any black person, demand to see their papers, and, if you didn't have a license to roam around freely, you were beaten, returned to your master, arrested, and it was a precursor to today's stop and frisk practices.
Growing up in the city, I'm all too familiar with stop and frisk, getting pulled over by police, being detained, and being questioned while going about my daily business.
The practice has a new name: "stop and frisk," but it has been around for 200 years under the moniker "law and order." Fresh Air has the copyright until the year 2021. For further information, please check Fresh Air.
The Underground Railroad in Art and History: A Review of Colson Whitehead's Novel
I didn't look into the slave catcher's point of view when doing research for the novel, as he did. When it comes to American history, I believe that the slave catcher's point of view is most likely the default option. I believe that the dominators — the slave hunters and slave masters — are the ones who create the history of 17th- and 18th-century American history. Thus, I considered myself to be an expert on the subject. Reading slave tales served as the foundation of my study. The well-known ones — Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs — as well as those gathered by the United States government in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration.
The number of such accounts is in the thousands.
Even merely to gain a sense of the lingo and get a notion of the diversity of experiences available on a plantation, it was a fantastic resource for me as a writer!
In Georgia, after the cotton boom began in the early 1800s, it was another story entirely.
As a result of writingThe Underground Railroad and limiting his own exposure to slavery in movies, television, and other books, he says, "I wrote 100 pages and thought I had a good thing going, and then I decided to see12 Years a Slave, which I hadn't seen yet, and while I was able to put all the stuff on the page, seeing the movie made me really upset, and I could only get through half of it." "I wrote 100 pages and thought I had a good thing Putting my characters through the realities of slavery was one thing.
Seeing actual humans, even if they were actors, go through some of the horrors I was writing about was quite another, and it became too much for me.
Before I watch theRootsreboot, I'm going to take some time apart from the source material.
To be able to mould the material in an aesthetic manner, I also needed some space.
What he says about how some of the locations on his imaginary Underground Railroad represent the extremes of American history As it turns out, North Carolina does not put on a charade to conceal its genuine intentions in international affairs.
Consequently, if you have dark complexion and you are discovered in North Carolina, you might be lynched or killed.
In other words, it is taking elements of American history and pushing them to their logical conclusion.
They served as the de facto police force in the South during the early 1800s.
This allowed them to hold any black person, demand to see their papers, and, if you didn't have a license to roam around freely, you were beaten, returned to your master, arrested, and it was a precursor to today's stop and frisk policies.
We call it "stop and frisk" now, but it was known as "law and order" more than 200 years ago. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Fresh Air has further information.
Manisha Sinha
Manisha Sinha is a professor of American history at the University of Connecticut, where she holds the James L. and Shirley A. Draper Chair in American History. In addition to American history, Sinha's research interests include the transnational histories of slavery and abolition, the history of the American Civil War and Reconstruction, and the history of the American Revolution. In 2016, Yale University Press released her award-winning book, The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition, which won the National Book Award.
What Was Underground Railroad By Yona Zeldis? (Suits you)
Who Told Harrlet About The Underground Railroad?

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Obserwatorium Astronomiczne Królowej Jadwigi – prywatne obserwatorium astronomiczne, usytuowane w Rzepienniku Biskupim w województwie małopolskim. Patronką obserwatorium jest królowa Polski, Jadwiga Andegaweńska.

Działalność
Właścicielami obserwatorium są Magdalena i Bogdan Wszołkowie, małżeństwo astronomów. Budowa obserwatorium rozpoczęła się w 1998 roku, otwarcie nastąpiło 8 czerwca 2015 r. Obserwatorium poświęcił bp Stanisław Salaterski, a gośćmi specjalnymi byli kosmonauta gen. Mirosław Hermaszewski, astronomka prof. Virginia Trimble oraz kosmolog ks. prof. Michał Heller. Obserwatorium Astronomiczne Królowej Jadwigi według planów ma prowadzić działalność edukacyjną, naukową, wydawniczą i organizować konferencje, dysponuje także bazą noclegową. Patronuje mu Obserwatorium Astronomiczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i Stowarzyszenie Astronomia Nova.

Wyposażenie
Obserwatorium dysponuje radioteleskopem RT-9 o średnicy czaszy 9 m, sprowadzonym ze zlikwidowanego Centrum Usług Satelitarnych w miejscowości Psary-Kąty w pobliżu Kielc. Znajduje się w nim także 5,4-metrowa antena amerykańskiego systemu wojskowego, którą wykorzystywało wcześniej Satelitarne Centrum Operacji Regionalnych w Komorowie pod Ostrowią Mazowiecką. Prócz tego obserwatorium posiada dwa teleskopy optyczne, zorganizowana została także ścieżka dydaktyczna. W planach jest budowa laboratorium kosmicznego wyposażonego m.in. w wirówkę przeciążeniową i wieżę spadku swobodnego.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
  – strona główna

Obserwatoria astronomiczne w Polsce
Rzepiennik Biskupi
Obiekty upamiętniające Jadwigę Andegaweńską

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So I've decided to re-do my blog… again.
I've moved from Florida all the way to Maryland for a new opportunity, and since moving here, I've experienced a world of crazy. Now a disclaimer: These stories are my own and totally true. I cannot make this up. With that being said, names have been changed to protect the privacy of the people I write about.
I hope you enjoy what I have to say, and if not, move on. I never said I was a role model.


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You are here: Home / BRIEFS / Vålerenga's new stadium didn't help men's football club
Vålerenga's new stadium didn't help men's football club
After weeks of hype and a huge investment, Oslo's Vålerenga athletics association VIF opened its new stadium with great if soggy fanfare over the weekend. Fans and players alike braved rain showers both Saturday and Sunday, but the long-awaited new sports facility didn't help the men's football club. They lost their debut match on new home turf to Sarpsborg 08, by a score of 2-1.
Newspaper Aftenposten reported on Monday that the players were depressed, their coach was furious and fans went home disappointed. For fans of the spirited eastside club known for its singing "klan," it was a major downturn.
The new stadium itself, which can seat 17,000, won rave reviews. The football team that can call the stadium its new home just didn't seem to qualify for their surroundings, according to newspaper Dagsavisen. "We see how serious this is, all together," said their celebrity coach Ronny Deila when he finally emerged publicly on Monday after the loss on Sunday night. "And we're working every day to improve. We have the human resources we need, but we need to stir them up."
Meanwhile their new home, which features Norway's largest section of the grandstands devoted to fans who stand through an entire match, was described by sports commentators as nothing short of "fantastic;" open, large yet intimate at the same time. Opening festivities ran all weekend and the Vålerenga's women's football team did a lot better than the men on Saturday, beating Kolbotn 2-0.
Filed Under: BRIEFS, Sports Tagged With: football


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I have never written before, however I do read Low End Mac daily. Lately I have noticed the users have become a little upset that Leopard doesn't support older hardware; I do agree. It saddens me that Apple has cut out so many older Macs, some of which are less than 5 years old. However, I have no intention of running out to my local Apple Store to pick up a new Mac anytime soon just to run Leopard.
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I realized since that was no longer working I would have to get a new Mac. I only use my Mac for light video and photo editing, typing reports and presentations, surfing the Web, and sending email - oh and of course playing Jedi Knight. I figured the G3 was fine for all these things, so I bought a used Rev. 2 450 MHZ B & W G3, which was the Mac that got me to switch. When I first encountered it with OS 8.6 in Biology, I immediately fell in love with Mac OS and was hooked. I have always wanted a B&W and was even happier to realize the one I bought was actually a G3 Server with SCSI. Over the last few weeks I have upgraded the video card to a 64 MB Radeon 7000, the processor to a 1.1 GHz G3, replaced the ancient SCSI hard drive with a 120 GB 7200 RPM Seagate Barracuda, and added the original 40 GB Maxtor 5400 RPM hard drive, although I will be adding a newer SCSI drive as a boot drive because the SCSI drive booted quicker into 10.4 even at close to 8 years old.
This Mac is my most powerful and upgraded Mac. With the Quartz Extreme hack I enabled Quartz Extreme acceleration, and the 1.1 GHZ G3 is fantastic. I would recommend it to any normal computer user that doesn't need Altivec.
I just finally upgraded from 10.3 to 10.4 right before Leopard came out, and I don't think I will be leaving Tiger for a while; it's a wonderful OS. The G3 has been and still is a wonderful processor for the rest of us, and I still consider it relevant today. I recently found out about the shim fix for my iBook, and it worked; I now have my iBook back and running 10.4.
And as for my iMac, it has always run OS X wonderfully without complaint, but I have always loved OS 9 and have tons of classic software, so I have turned my iMac into a dedicated classic Mac to run all my programs. I have to say it's nice to have my iMac smiling at me again. Your site was a wonderful resource in helping me get the most out of my G3s. I appreciate all of your hard work, and so do my Macs.
Computing away into the next decade with three G3s and loving every minute of it.
Thanks for writing. Part of the reason I wrote the "Age of Leopard" articles was to remind people that (1) Leopard may not be the best OS for older Macs and (2) Mac OS X 10.3 still has legs and 10.4 is going to have fully modern apps for quite a while yet.
One of our fundamental beliefs is that no Mac will ever be less capable than the day it was made. New software and newer operating systems may give it more capabilities, and upgrades can improve performance, but as long as it works it will never be able to do less than the day you bought it whether it can run the latest Mac OS or not.
As far as Time Machine, it's a no go. Doesn't work. Front Row works fine. I am having a problem with it connecting to an iTunes Mac. Not sure if it's a bad install. Will investigate and check back. Haven't tried VLC yet. I also, in order to get WiFi, Installed a Lucent WaveLAN Silver (which I flashed to gold some time ago) into the front slot. It sticks the DVD drive tray down a bit, but that's fine. Might pull an AirPort from an iMac G3.
I have upgraded the RAM from 128 (stock) to 640 by adding a 512 MB DIMM (PC133) The hard drive has been upgraded with an 80 GB ATA/100 HDD It runs at 7200 RPM and has 8 MB Cache. Hard drive is older, but even under Tiger, it did make a definite improvement.
Everything works, and despite people having problems with the GeForce cards, I have had no problem. It supports Core Image in software, but it does Quartz Extreme in hardware. I have turned off dashboard and Spotlight. That frees up quite a bit of RAM, and gave it more breathing room. DVD Player works fine.
Congratulations, you're the first to report success installing Leopard on an unsupported eMac. I'll be sure to note the issues with the GeForce2 video.
I also have it running on a 800 MHz with 768 MB, both of them installed through firewire mode. They all run smooth. All 3 eMacs run great.
Leopard running successfully on 700 MHz and 1 GHz eMacs.
Thanks for your report. You're the first I've heard from who has installed it on different eMac models. How well does the 700 MHz eMac handle Leopard with only 384 MB of RAM?
Which installation method did you use, a modified installer or installing from a supported Mac? Installed from a supported Mac.
Thanks - yours is the first unsupported G4 iMac report I've received.
Leopard runs fine on my 667 MHz PowerBook with 512 MB RAM. DVD Player runs fine with no choppy video. No Core Image in hardware but it reports Core Image: Software. Whatever that means.
I installed via an external hard drive I backed up the internal drive to. I used my G4 MMD, dual 1.25MHz, to install Leopard. Then tested that it worked on the MMD. Then booted the PowerBook from the external FireWire drive just to make sure. After doing all that, I used Carbon Copy Cloner to copy the external drive to the internal drive.
I'm still testing on the MMD. I installed on an otherwise blank hard drive and not on my main drive.
I bought the Family License, so I'm legally installing on multiple Macintoshes.
Thanks for your report. I plan on buying the family pack as well, as I have at least 3 Mac I'll want to install Leopard on.
Which 667 MHz PowerBook G4 do you have, the one with VGA video, 4x Mobility Radeon graphics, and an 1152 x 768 display or the newer model with DVI video, Mobility 7500 graphics, and a 1280 x 854 screen?
It's the older 667 MHz VGA model. BTW, I still have the CC Cloned Tiger version of the PowerBook's hard drive just in case something goes wrong later.
I put the new Parental Controls to good use right away.
I have installed Leopard on a fresh partition on my iMac G4/700 with a 4200 rpm hard drive, 320 mb of RAM. I am impressed, to say the least. Leopard runs about as fast on that machine as my upgrade install of Leopard on my powerbook G4/1.33 GHz with 512 MB RAM and 5400 rpm harddrive. Even Front Row works. I don't have the fancy transparancy, but wow, it runs great. Front Row and Time Machine both work, and it feels about the same as Tiger.
I'll be trying this on my tibook next!
Thanks for the report. You're the second with a 700 MHz iMac to report success.
I just read your article on running Leopard on unsupported machines.
I just wanted to let you know that I am currently running Leopard on an 800 Mhz iBook G4 with 640 MB RAM. I used the "hack the installer" method, using an iPod instead of a burned CD.
Thanks, you're the first to report Leopard running on an 800 MHz G4 iBook. We were pretty confident that would work well.
What doesn't work? Especially check out Time Machine (which requires a second hard drive at least as big as your main one), DVD Player, Front Row, and VLC.
I set the 450 up as the network backup drive (a 200 GB RAID) for the laptop, it seems to work well as the recipient of Time Machine. I haven't tried it as the source of a Time Machine backup. The 450 is headless, and ShareScreen works very well to access the Finder, etc. Quite useable. I have not tested the DVD capability, etc., as that is not the use I have for the machine, and running that through ShareScreen is unlikely to produce a great deal of useful information.
How does performance compare with Tiger subjectively and objectively?
Subjectively not much different in its intended use as a backup machine. The networking improvements in Leopard certainly provide subjective improvements in terms of things like server disconnection.
Thanks for the data on your install. Except for some issues with older graphics cards, it looks like every G4 Mac can successfuly run Leopard.
I have a question about Leopard performance and graphics chips. I can't seem to find any information searching Google. Basically I have a 12" Powerbook G4 867Mhz. It meets all the requirements for Leopard except one. It has the GeForce 4 420 Go chipset. I've read that this is the one before the earliest supported by Core Animation. How badly will this affect performance in Leopard? Would I be better off just sticking with Tiger?
Thank you for any infomation you can give me.
At this point I haven't heard from anyone running Leopard on a 12" 867 MHz PowerBook G4, but I have heard from people with 700 MHz eMacs, which have the older GeForce2 graphics chip. They report being happy with performance and consider it an overall improvement over Tiger.
Considering that people with 400 MHz G4 Power Macs and stock video are content with Leopard on their hardware, I think you'll find it a good overall experience on your newer, faster PowerBook.


text:
Justia Patents US Patent for Surgical replacement of ligaments Patent (Patent # 4,775,380)
Surgical replacement of ligaments
A prosthetic ligament for implantation between at least two bones and which takes the form of a tubular body made of woven flexible material through which tissue ingrowth can take place after implantation. A cord is attached to one end of the ligament to thread and to pull the ligament through channels formed in the bones, and a protective detachable sheath is attached to the ligament in order to facilitate the implantation of the ligament as it is pulled through the channels, the sheath immediately thereafter being detached. A bone plug introducer is used to insert a bone plug into one end of the ligament within the bone tunnel, which thereby secures the ligament end in position.
The present invention relates to improvements in an implantable device, a method and surgical instrument for the surgical replacement of a ligament, and in particular in a method for inserting a prosthetic ligament into the body.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
European Patent Application No. 85300931.4 (publication No. 0153831A) of the applicants describes a surgical method with reference to the replacement of an anterior cruciate ligament in the knee. The method involves the use of an artificial ligament of woven polyester yarn in the form of a tube having a longitudinal slit at each end of the ligament. One of the slits extends to one end of the ligament, and at the other end of the ligament, at the end of that slit which is remote from the centre of the ligament, is a closure which seals off the tube, thus providing a pouch structure for accommodating a bone plug.
The method also involves the use of a set of surgical tools to enable the ligament to be inserted into the knee. These comprise a clamp for guiding a cylindrical reaming tool along a predetermined axis to form a replacable bone plug from a host bone, a cylindrical reaming tool adapted to sever the base of the plug from the host bone, a push rod to aid removal of the plug from the reaming tool and to aid reinsertion of the bone plug into the host bone and a cylindrical drill bit guide for allowing a reduced diameter bore to be drilled from the base of the socket from which the bone plug has been removed, to the other side of the bone.
The method comprises locating the guide clamp on one side of a first bone, for example a femur, removing a cylindrical bone plug from the femur, and drilling a reduced diameter bore from the base of the socket to the other side of the femur. The same process is then repeated on the tibia.
The ligament, which has a threading cord attached to the pouch end, is then threaded through the channels formed by the sockets and bores in the tibia and femur until the pouch is exposed. The bone plug previously removed from the femur is then placed in the pouch. Once the plug is located within the pouch, the ligament is pulled back in the opposite direction, and this results in the bone plug being forced against the shoulder between the socket and the bore in the femur. The bone plug from the tibia is then pushed into the other slit at the other end of the ligament with the aid of the push rod, so that the ligament is secured by bone plugs within both the femur and the tibia.
One of the problems with this method is that distortions of the relatively loose structure of the ligament can occur as it is drawn through the channels in the tibia and the femur due to snagging of the woven material on the rough inner surface of the bone channels. In addition, the ligament may tend to drag bone fragments along the tunnels and into the intra-articular section, which is a disadvantage in this section where soft tissue only is required. The distortion of the ligament as it is drawn through the tunnels, is also inconvenient to the surgeon.
Also, it is sometimes difficult to replace the tibial bone plug since it can snag against the loose structure of the ligament. Since the plug is introduced into the tibial tunnel in a direction opposite to that of the tension along the ligament, the latter might be slack within the joint at the end of the surgical procedure. The absence of adequate tension along the ligament within the joint makes it redundant.
It is therefore the purpose of the present invention to provide an improved ligament and a tool which attempts to overcome these disadvantages.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a prosthetic ligament which comprises a flexible elongate body adapted for implantation between at least two bones, pulling means attached to one end of the body for threading and for pulling the ligament through channels formed in the bones, and a detachable sheath of flexible material extending substantially along the whole of the length of the body of the ligament, said sheath being attached initially to the ligament for joint movement with the ligament through the channels in the bones and thereafter being detachable from the ligament to allow the sheath to be removed.
Thus, the sheathed ligament can be pulled easily through the channels in two bones, such as a tibia and femur without snagging, and the ligament is protected from damage and deformation.
Conveniently the pulling means comprises a cord which is attached to one end of the ligament.
Preferably the sheath extends a little way beyond the point of attachment of the cord to the ligament body and the cord is knotted in a first knot within the sheath.
In addition, the cord may be knotted around the sheath at a second knot, further away from the point of attachment of the cord than the first knot, the function of the second knot being to hold the sheath secure and prevent it slipping around the ligament as it is pulled through the channels.
Other means may be adopted to secure the cord to the sheath such as, for example, application of a metal crimp around the cord and the sheath.
The sheath may extend a little way beyond the other end of the ligament to provide a grip portion.
The sheath may be in the form of a tube (preferably made of polyethylene), but alternatively it may be more than one separate piece of material, for example strips of material covering each side of the ligament.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is further provided a method of implanting a prosthetic ligament between at least two bones, the ligament having a flexible elongate body and means attached to one end of the body of the ligament whereby it may be threaded and subsequently pulled through channels in the bones, the method comprising surrounding the ligament prior to implantation with a sheath of flexible material extending substantially along the whole of the length of the body of the ligament, securing the sheath to the ligament at one end thereof, to prevent relative movement between the sheath and the ligament, forming channels in each of the bones as described above, threading and subsequently pulling the sheathed ligament through the channels, cutting the sheath at a position adjacent the point of attachment of the threading means to the ligament body so that the sheath is free to slide relative to the ligament, relatively withdrawing the sheath from the ligament, and then replacing the bone plugs as described above.
In carrying out the above method, it is advantageous for the sheath and the cord to be cut just above the first knot.
FIG. 1 shows the closed end of one embodiment of ligament with a sheath secured thereto;
FIG. 2 shows the open end of the ligament surrounded by the sheath;
FIG. 3 shows the sheathed ligament being threaded through the channels in the tibia and femur;
FIG. 4 shows the sheath and cord being cut;
FIG. 5 shows the ligament being pulled taut and the sheath being withdrawn from the ligament;
FIG. 6 shows the bone plug being placed within the pouch of the ligament;
FIG. 7 shows the ligament being pulled to secure the femoral bone plug in place in the femur;
FIG. 8 shows the implanted ligament with the sheath completely withdrawn;
FIG. 9 shows the bone plug introducer with the plunger in its extended position;
FIG. 10 shows the bone plug introducer with its plunger in a partially retracted position;
FIG. 11 shows the bone plug introducer being inserted into the open end of the ligament;
FIG. 12 shows the bone plug introducer being pushed to the bottom of the socket in the bone;
FIG. 13 shows the plunger withdrawn to accommodate the bone plug;
FIG. 14 shows the bone plug introducer with the bone plug inside it;
FIG. 15 shows the plunger being pushed to insert the bone plug within the socket in the host bone; and,
FIG. 16 shows the bone plug introducer being withdrawn leaving the plug in the correct position.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, a ligament 1 of the present invention takes the form of an elongate strip of open weave polyester yarn which is formed into a tube. One example of a possible construction of the ligament 1 is shown in more detail in published European specification No. 0153831A which takes the form of a perforated tube open at one end, and having a pouch at its opposite end.
The ligament 1 is provided with sheath 2 in the form of a tube made from polyethylene sheet. The sheath 2 completely surrounds the ligament 1 along all of its length, and is secured at the closed end of the ligament by means of a knot 3 in the cord 3a which is attached to the closed end of the ligament. The knot 3 is knotted around the outside of the sheath 2 to secure it in place and prevent sliding of the sheath 2 with respect to the ligament 1. The cord 3a is also knotted within the sheath in a knot 4.
Referring to FIG. 2, the opposite end of the sheath is open and extends a little way beyond the open end of the ligament.
Referring to FIG. 3, after the surgical operation of removing bone plugs from the femur 5 and the tibia 6 and drilling holes extending from the base of each of the sockets to the opposite side of the respective bone, the sheathed ligament is threaded through the channels, first through the tibia and then through the femur by means of pulling on the cord 3a. The sheath 2 serves to protect the ligament 1 as it is pulled through the channels in the bones, and also allows easy passage of the ligament through the bones without snagging of the ligament material.
Referring now to FIG. 4, once the ligament has been threaded through the bones, the sheath 2 and the cord 3a are cut just above the knot 4. This allows the sheath to side freely with respect to the ligament.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the ligament is pulled taut by holding the cord 3a and at the same time pulling on the sheath 2 at the open end of the ligament.
Referring to FIG. 6, the sheath is partly withdrawn from the ligament, exposing the pouch, and the femoral bone plug is placed into the pouch 7 at the closed end of the ligament.
Referring to FIG. 7, the ligament is then pulled at the open end causing the bone plug in the pouch to be pulled into place within the pouch in the femoral socket.
FIG. 8 shows the ligament having had the sheath completely withdrawn from it and the femoral bone plug in place.
Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, a bone plug introducer of the present invention comprises a hollow cylindrical body 8 within which is located a plunger 12. The body 8 comprises a thin walled section 9 having an open end, and a thicker walled section at the opposite end, a space 11 being defined between these two sections 9 and 10 to allow a bone plug to be inserted within the hollow body. The plunger 12 has two end portions 13 and 14, and at the end 13 there may be provided a threaded portion 15 for engagement within a corresponding threaded portion in the thick wall section 10 of the cylindrical body. The bone plug introducer may be made from metal, or alternatively from disposable plastics material.
Referring to FIG. 11, the bone plug introducer is placed in position within the open end of the ligament, the plunger being in its extended position.
Referring to FIG. 12 the thin wall section 9 is pressed against the socket in the tibia whilst keeping the ligament under tension.
Referring to FIG. 13, the plunger is then retracted to define a space within which the tibial bone plug is then placed. Referring to FIG. 14, the plunger is then pushed in towards the tibial socket, and the bone plug is ejected from the body into the socket.
Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, once the bone plug is in place in the tibia, the ligament is retained in the tension whilst the bone plug introducer is withdrawn, keeping the plunger pushed in. Thus, with a bone plug introducer of the present invention, the tibial bone plug may be replaced in the tibial socket without causing distortion in the ligament, by snagging against it, whilst retaining adequate tension in the ligament.
1. A prosthetic ligament which comprises a flexible elongate body adapted for implantation between at least two bones, a cord attached to one end of the body for threading through channels formed in the bones, and a detachable sheath of flexible material extending substantially along the whole of the length of the body of the ligament, said sheath extending beyond the attachment of the cord to the ligament body and being attached initially to the ligament for joint movement through the channels in the bones and thereafter being detachable from the ligament to allow the sheath to be removed immediately after implantation of the ligament, and the cord being knotted in a first knot within the sheath.
2. A prosthetic ligament according to claim 1, in which the cord is connected to the sheath by means of a second knot, said second knot being located further away from the point of attachment of the cord to the ligament body than the first knot.
3. A prosthetic ligament according to claim 1, in which the sheath is in the form of a tube.
4. A prosthetic ligament according to claim 1, in which the sheath is made from polyethylene.
5. A prosthetic ligament which comprises a flexible elongate body adapted for implantation between at least two bones, elongate pulling means attached to one end of the body for threading through channels formed in the bones, and a detachable sheath of flexible material extending substantially along the whole of the length of the body of the ligament, said sheath extending in one direction beyond the attachment of the elongate pulling means to the ligament body and in an opposite direction beyond the opposite end of the ligament body to provide a gripping portion, and said sheath being attached initially to the ligament for joint movement through the channels in the bones and thereafter being detachable from the ligament by pulling said gripping portion to allow the sheath to be removed immediately after implantation of the ligament.
6. A prosthetic ligament according to claim 5, in which the elongate pulling means comprises a cord.
7. A method of implanting a prosthetic ligament between at least two bones wherein the ligament comprises a flexible elongated body, elongate pulling means attached to one end of the body for threading through channels formed in the bones, and a detachable sheath of flexible material extending substantially along the whole of the length of the body of the ligament and in one direction beyond the attachment of the elongate pulling means to the body and in an opposite direction beyond the opposite end of the body to provide a gripping portion, said method comprising the steps of surrounding the ligament with said sheath prior to implantation, securing the sheath to the ligament at one end thereof to prevent relative movement between the sheath and the ligament, extracting plugs of bone and forming channels in each of the bones, threading and subsequently pulling the sheathed ligament through the channels in the bones by means of said elongate pulling means, cutting the sheath at a position adjacent to the point of attachment of the elongate pulling means to the ligament body so that the sheath is free to slide relative to the ligament, withdrawing the sheath from the ligament by pulling said gripping portion and then introducing the bone plugs into the bone channels.
8. A method according to claim 7, in which one of the bone plugs is inserted into a pouch formed in the ligament, and is introduced into the mouth of a respective bone channel as the ligament is pulled through the channels.
9. A method according to claim 8, in which the other bone plug is introduced into the mouth of the other bone channel by means of a bone plug introducer.
3545008 December 1970 Bader, Jr.
3842441 October 1974 Kaiser
4455690 June 26, 1984 Homsy
4605414 August 12, 1986 Czajka
126520 November 1984 EPX
0153831 February 1985 EPX
2747568 April 1979 DEX
1178441 September 1985 SUX
8404669 December 1984 WOX
Artificial Tendons Early Development and Application, article by James Hunter, American Journal of Surgery, vol. 109, pp. 325-338, (3-1965).
Inventors: Bahaa B. Seedhom (Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS16 7SL), Kyosuke Fujikawa (Tokyo)
Primary Examiner: Richard J. Apley
Assistant Examiner: David J. Bender
Law Firm: Mason, Kolehmainen, Rathburn & Wyss
Current U.S. Class: 623/12; 623/13; 623/18; 128/334R
International Classification: A61F 100;


text:
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
namespace Mnemosyne2Reborn.BotState
{
    public class FlatBotState : IBotState
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a dictionary the exact same as the new format from the old format
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="file">File to old format for the original bot</param>
        /// <returns>New dictionary</returns>
        static Dictionary<string, string> ReadReplyTrackingFile(string file)
        {
            Dictionary<string, string> replyDict = new Dictionary<string, string>();
            string[] elements = File.ReadAllText(file).Split(new char[] { ':', ',' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
            for (int i = 0; i < elements.Length; i += 2)
            {
                string postID = elements[i];
                string botCommentID = elements[i + 1];
                replyDict.Add(postID, botCommentID);
            }
            return replyDict;
        }
        private string DataDir;
        /// <summary>
        /// Main constructor, creates all data files used within this class
        /// </summary>
        public FlatBotState(string dataDir = "./Data/")
        {
            if (!Directory.Exists(dataDir))
            {
                Directory.CreateDirectory(dataDir);
            }
            DataDir = dataDir;
            if (File.Exists(dataDir + "ReplyTracker.txt"))
            { // takes the old reply checking file and updates it to the new format
                CommentDictionary = ReadReplyTrackingFile(dataDir + "ReplyTracker.txt");
                File.Delete(dataDir + "ReplyTracker.txt");
            }
            else
            { //Dictonary of replies
                if (!File.Exists(dataDir + "Dictionary.json"))
                {
                    CommentDictionary = new Dictionary<string, string>();
                    File.Create(dataDir + "Dictionary.json").Dispose();
                }
                else
                {
                    CommentDictionary = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Dictionary<string, string>>(File.ReadAllText(dataDir + "Dictionary.json")) ?? new Dictionary<string, string>();
                }
            }
            if (!File.Exists(dataDir + "CheckedComments.json"))
            {
                CheckedComments = new List<string>();
                File.Create(dataDir + "CheckedComments.json").Dispose();
            }
            else
            {
                CheckedComments = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<string>>(File.ReadAllText(dataDir + "CheckedComments.json")) ?? new List<string>();
            }
            if (!File.Exists(dataDir + "CheckedPosts.json"))
            {
                CheckedPosts = new List<string>();
                File.Create(dataDir + "CheckedPosts.json").Dispose();
            }
            else
            {
                CheckedPosts = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<string>>(File.ReadAllText(dataDir + "CheckedPosts.json")) ?? new List<string>();
            }
        }
        private enum DictionaryEnum
        {
            Dictionary,
            Comments,
            Posts,
            All
        }
        private void DumpDictionary(DictionaryEnum en)
        {
            switch (en)
            {
                case DictionaryEnum.All:
                    File.WriteAllText(DataDir + "Dictionary.json", JsonConvert.SerializeObject(CommentDictionary));
                    File.WriteAllText(DataDir + "CheckedComments.json", JsonConvert.SerializeObject(CheckedComments));
                    File.WriteAllText(DataDir + "CheckedPosts.json", JsonConvert.SerializeObject(CheckedPosts));
                    break;
                case DictionaryEnum.Comments:
                    File.WriteAllText(DataDir + "CheckedComments.json", JsonConvert.SerializeObject(CheckedComments));
                    break;
                case DictionaryEnum.Posts:
                    File.WriteAllText(DataDir + "CheckedPosts.json", JsonConvert.SerializeObject(CheckedPosts));
                    break;
                case DictionaryEnum.Dictionary:
                    File.WriteAllText(DataDir + "Dictionary.json", JsonConvert.SerializeObject(CommentDictionary));
                    break;
            }
        }
        [JsonProperty("CheckedComments")]
        List<string> CheckedComments;
        [JsonProperty("CommentDictionary")]
        Dictionary<string, string> CommentDictionary;
        [JsonProperty("CheckedPosts")]
        List<string> CheckedPosts;
        /// <inheritdoc />
        public void AddBotComment(string postID, string commentID)
        {
            CommentDictionary.Add(postID, commentID);
            DumpDictionary(DictionaryEnum.Dictionary);
        }
        /// <inheritdoc />
        public void UpdateBotComment(string postID, string commentID)
        {
            CommentDictionary[postID] = commentID;
            DumpDictionary(DictionaryEnum.Dictionary);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Adds a comment to the checked list
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commentID">Comment Id to add <see cref="RedditSharp.Things.Thing.Id"/></param>
        public void AddCheckedComment(string commentID)
        {
            CheckedComments.Add(commentID);
            DumpDictionary(DictionaryEnum.Comments);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// COMMENT EXISTING FOR POST
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="postID"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool DoesCommentExist(string postID) => CommentDictionary.ContainsKey(postID);
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the comment for post
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="postID">Post that you replied to <seealso cref="RedditSharp.Things.Comment.LinkId"/></param>
        /// <returns>A comment ID <seealso cref="RedditSharp.Things.Thing.Id"/></returns>
        public string GetCommentForPost(string postID) => CommentDictionary[postID];
        /// <summary>
        /// Checks if the comment is checked
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="CommentID">Comment ID of comment to check</param>
        /// <returns>If the comment exists in the checked comments dictionary</returns>
        public bool HasCommentBeenChecked(string CommentID) => CheckedComments.Contains(CommentID);

        /// <summary>
        /// Adds a post to the checked list
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="postId">Post ID to add to checked list</param>
        public void AddCheckedPost(string postId)
        {
            CheckedPosts.Add(postId);
            DumpDictionary(DictionaryEnum.Posts);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Checks if a post has been checked
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="postId">Post ID to check</param>
        /// <returns>If the post has been checked</returns>
        public bool HasPostBeenChecked(string postId) => CheckedPosts.Contains(postId);
        /// <summary>
        /// Checks if it has been archived after 24 hours
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="postID">A post ID to add to the thing</param>
        /// <returns>A boolean stating whether it has been archived or not</returns>
        /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">Currently unimplemented</exception>
        public bool Is24HourArchived(string postId) => throw new NotImplementedException();
        public void Archive24Hours(string postId) => throw new NotImplementedException();
        #region IDisposable Support
        private bool disposedValue = false; // To detect redundant calls
        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (!disposedValue)
            {
                if (disposing)
                {
                    DumpDictionary(DictionaryEnum.All);
                    // TODO: dispose managed state (managed objects).
                }

                // TODO: free unmanaged resources (unmanaged objects) and override a finalizer below.
                // TODO: set large fields to null.

                disposedValue = true;
            }
        }

        // TODO: override a finalizer only if Dispose(bool disposing) above has code to free unmanaged resources.
        // ~FlatBotState() {
        //   // Do not change this code. Put cleanup code in Dispose(bool disposing) above.
        //   Dispose(false);
        // }

        // This code added to correctly implement the disposable pattern.
        public void Dispose()
        {
            // Do not change this code. Put cleanup code in Dispose(bool disposing) above.
            Dispose(true);
            // TODO: uncomment the following line if the finalizer is overridden above.
            // GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
        }
        #endregion
    }
}