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Le Purificateur ou L'Ordre au Québec () est un film américano-germanique réalisé par Brian Helgeland et sorti en 2003.

Synopsis
Alex Bernier est membre d'un ordre ésotérique de prêtres connu sous le nom de Caroliniens. Après une série de meurtres inexpliqués dont celui du chef de cet ordre secret, Alex est envoyé à Rome afin d'enquêter sur les circonstances énigmatiques de ces assassinats. Le corps du prêtre porte des marques étranges sur le torse qui pourraient être la signature d'un expiateur de péchés, William Eden, un renégat qui offre l'absolution et les rituels ultimes, pratiques religieuses non reconnues par l'Église. Alex se trouve alors précipité dans une spirale mortelle. Ses investigations le conduiront au Purificateur, un être diabolique, figure mythique de l'ordre secret.

Fiche technique

 Titre français : Le Purificateur
 Titre québécois : L'Ordre
 Titre original :
 Titre de travail :
 Réalisateur et scénario : Brian Helgeland
 Photographie : Nicola Pecorini
 Musique : David Torn
 Montage : Kevin Stitt
 Production : Craig Baumgarten et Brian Helgeland
Production exécutive : Thomas M. Hammel et Michael Kuhn
 Société de distribution : 20th Century Fox, Baumgarten Merims Productions et N1 European Film Produktions GmbH & Co. KG
 Distribution : 20th Century Fox (États-Unis), UGC Fox Distribution (France)
 Budget :
 Pays d'origine : ,
 Langues originales : anglais, italien, syriaque et araméen
 Format : Couleurs - 1,85:1 - Dolby - 35 mm
 Genre : thriller, horreur
 Durée : 102 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis :
 France :
 Public : interdit en salles aux moins de 12 ans

Distribution
 Heath Ledger (VF : Damien Boisseau) : Alex Bernier
 Shannyn Sossamon (VF : Julie Dumas) : Mara Sinclair
 Benno Fürmann (VF : Xavier Béja) : William Eden
 Mark Addy (VF : Sylvain Lemarie) : Thomas Garrett
 Peter Weller (VF : Georges Claisse) : Driscoll
 Francesco Carnelutti (VF : Robert Darmel) : Dominique
 Richard Bremmer (VF : Michel Favory) : propriétaire de la librairie
 Cristina Maccà : Sœur Franca
 Paola Emilia Villa : Sœur Marie

Production

Genèse et développement
Environ sept ans avant la sortie du film, Brian Helgeland découvre le terme de sin-eater  qui désigne des purificateurs. Ces personnes étaient jadis chargées d'écouter et d'assumer les péchés des mourants pour ensuite les absoudre. Leur rituel consistait à placer du pain et du sel sur la poitrine de la personne mourante, à lancer une incantation et enfin à consommer le sel et le pain pour ainsi ingérer toutes les mauvaises actions commises par le pécheur. Le réalisateur-scénariste Brian Helgeland est très séduit par cette idée. Pour étoffer son scénario, il se rend notamment à Rome, pour se renseigner sur le rôle du purificateur et s'entretient avec l'exorciste principal du Vatican.

Distribution des rôles
Le réalisateur-scénariste Brian Helgeland retrouve ici trois acteurs de son film précédent Chevalier (2001) : Heath Ledger, Shannyn Sossamon et Mark Addy. Le rôle principal devait cependant initialement être tenu par Antonio Banderas. Cependant, la production avait été mise en pause par la Fox, qui voulait réduire le budget et engager un acteur moins couteux qu'Antonio Banderas.

Vincent Cassel est initialement engagé pour tenir le rôle de William Eden. Cependant, en raison de divergences artistiques avec le réalisateur, il quitte le film peu avant le début du tournage. Son agent déclare . Le rôle revient alors à l'Allemand Benno Fürmann.

Selon Brian Helgeland, Peter Weller s'est fortement impliqué dans son rôle et a fait de nombreuses recherches.

Tournage
Le tournage a lieu majoritairement en Italie. À Rome, l'équipe tourne notamment aux studios Cinecittà, au Palazzo Taverna et la Villa Aldobrandini ou encore dans l'imposante Villa d'Hadrien à Tivoli non loin de Rome. Le tournage a également lieu à Naples (et son palais royal) pendant une semaine et dans la ville voisine de Caserte (et son palais royal. Quelques prises de vues ont lieu à New York et Paris.

Sur le tournage, les acteurs sont entourés de divers conseillers techniques qui les initient aux rites religieux, à donner la messe en latin, à bien porter les habits, à respecter les coutumes du Vatican et même à mener des exorcismes.

Accueil

Critique

Le film reçoit des critiques globalement négatives. Sur l'agrégateur américain Rotten Tomatoes, il récolte 8% d'opinions favorables pour 60 critiques et une note moyenne de . Le consenus du site est . Sur Metacritic, il obtient une note moyenne de  pour 17 critiques.

En France, le film obtient une note moyenne de  sur le site AlloCiné, qui recense 8 titres de presse. Les critiques recensées par le site sont donc mitigées, comme celle de Matthieu Darras de Positif qui écrit notamment :  Dans Première, Christian Jauberty écrit quant à lui . Pour Jacques Morice de Télérama .

Box-office
Le film est un échec au box-office avec seulement 17 millions récoltés, pour un budget de production estimé à 38 millions.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2003
Thriller (film) américain
Film d'horreur américain
Catholicisme au cinéma
Ésotérisme
Film tourné aux studios de Cinecittà
Film tourné à New York
Film tourné à Paris
Film tourné à Rome
Film se déroulant à Rome
Film en araméen


Today's Pixel Love game is brought to you with a light warning as you may come across the odd swear word here and there!
Todays Pixel Love game is Uirdz!
Uirdz is a game created by Eric Rosenzweig that involves the clever usage of instructional messages on the game screen.
The messages are both clues to help you figure out ways in completing levels AND platforms that you can place down for actually solving them! Sometimes the words can even take on special properties (e.g. "UP" becomes a moving platform).
We are really taken by this unique idea and thought we'd feature it as today's Pixel Love game.


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R.S.C., 1985, c. T-13
Marginal note:Appeal
56 (1) An appeal lies to the Federal Court from any decision of the Registrar under this Act within two months from the date on which notice of the decision was dispatched by the Registrar or within such further time as the Court may allow, either before or after the expiration of the two months.
(2) An appeal under subsection (1) shall be made by way of notice of appeal filed with the Registrar and in the Federal Court.
Marginal note:Notice to owner
(3) The appellant shall, within the time limited or allowed by subsection (1), send a copy of the notice by registered mail to the registered owner of any trade-mark that has been referred to by the Registrar in the decision complained of and to every other person who was entitled to notice of the decision.
Marginal note:Public notice
(4) The Federal Court may direct that public notice of the hearing of an appeal under subsection (1) and of the matters at issue therein be given in such manner as it deems proper.
Marginal note:Additional evidence
(5) On an appeal under subsection (1), evidence in addition to that adduced before the Registrar may be adduced and the Federal Court may exercise any discretion vested in the Registrar.
R.S., c. T-10, s. 56
R.S., c. 10(2nd Supp.), s. 64

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


External interest resulted in live performances, and labels became aware of the project. The first release on vinyl followed quickly. Since 1995 more than a dozen releases were published on vinyl, CD, and digital download formats. Also, Klangstabil played more than 100 successful live concerts in Germany, eastern and western Europe, Russia, Canada, and the U.S.A. Since 1998 Boris and Maurizio also run their own label MHz Records, featuring not only their own releases but also those of artists such as Goran Besov, Comfort Fit, Sensory Gate and Lara Bandilla.


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Sale 679: Art & Illustration - Fine Books (#679) 07/25/2019 11:00 AM PDT CLOSED!
View full catalog for Sale 679: Art & Illustration - Fine Books
Lot 191 of 443:
Ryback's Jewish Fields of the Ukraina
Lot closed - Sold For (Includes Buyers Premium):$625
On the Jewish Fields of Ukraina
Ryback, Issachar Ber
16, [1] pp. 21 plates from drawings by the author, the frontispiece in color, the remainder being phototypes in monochrome; printed tissue guards. (Folio) 38x28 cm (15x11") original full suede-like cloth. No. 325 of 300 copies on Japan paper, from a total edition of 350. First Edition.
Rather poignant look at the Jewish farmers of the Ukraine, whose numbers would be decimated first by the pogroms and collectivization policies of the Soviet Union, and then by the brutal genocide of the Nazi occupation during World War II.
The Jewish Encyclopedia describes Issachar Ryback (1897–1935), "Russian-French artist. Ryback was born in the Ukrainian town of Elisavetgrad (now Kirovo) and studied at the Academy in Kiev. After the Revolution of 1917, the central committee of the Jewish Cultural League in Kiev appointed him as drawing teacher. Ryback visited the Jewish farm colonies that had sprung up in the Ukraine under the new regime. The fruit of this journey was a portfolio, On the Jewish Fields of the Ukraine (1926), with reproductions of drawings and paintings. He showed strong sunburned men and women as opposed to the pale and wan Jews he had known in Kirovo. In 1926 he went to Paris, where he became a success, and in 1935, Wildenstein, the art dealer, planned a large retrospective exhibition of his work. On the eve of the opening Ryback died suddenly."
Covers quite worn, lettering worn off, spine strip chipped; internally very good, though some of the tissue guards are creased.
Italy, A Poem and Poems
Rolling with the Stones
Thirty promotional posters for art, music, and literary events, many from The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art


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MURDER AND THE AUSTRALIAN DREAM
2017-12-03T23:18:50Z (GMT) by Noel William Turner
This thesis critically examines the mythology of the Australian Dream and way of life "prescribed" by the Australian Dream in the post-World War II period in Australian social history. It does so through the lenses of four iconic murder cases where the victims were murdered in their homes. The main argument developed in the thesis is that the archetypal version of the Australian Dream myth became progressively less and less applicable to real social conditions in Australian society, a realisation "brought to light" as it were, via careful and detailed analyses of the four murders chosen as "test" samples. A secondary argument developed throughout the thesis is that the persistence of the Australian Dream myth was aided by commodified media representations of the murders "sampled" in the following analysis. The thesis also contends that the analysis of murder in the Australian home can be a productive historiographical method through which socio-historical phenomena can be disclosed. The myth of the Australian Dream was infused with the mostly conservative values of family life and the material, emotional and psychological attachment to home and its suburban locale. Yet, as this thesis contends, the values associated with home and family – and as idealised in the Australian Dream – are challenged when a murder occurs within the home, especially the murder of women (and children). Based on an analysis of four selected murder cases drawn from the latter post-World War II period in and around Melbourne, Victoria, this thesis proposes that the archetype of the Australian Dream, as espoused from the 1950s and 1960s, for example, as part of the Menzies' government's official social ideology, and strongly buttressed by many sections of the media, would become less and less relevant to actually existing social conditions in Australia. The thesis argues that the construct of the Australian Dream could not encompass the manifold social changes that occurred in Australia, particularly from the late 1960s until the early 2000s, and which continue to the present day. A number of questions are posed in this thesis. For example, how and why have these changes occurred and what might be the consequences of such a disjuncture between the continued idealisation of an "outdated" Australian Dream and the actual conditions of an ever-evolving Australian social reality? An ancillary important focus of the thesis is the role of the media in such processes. For example, I investigate how murder in the home, the "heart" of the Australian Dream, was usually commodified by the media and used to reinforce the conservative moral and cultural values associated with home and family, as entrenched in the archetype of the Australian Dream. The four murder cases selected for this study occurred between 1970 and 2005. This thesis is based on analysis of archival documents associated with each case, including court and inquest records, private papers and contemporary media articles. These sources inform the thesis by opening "windows" into both the particular murder cases and the contemporary conditions of the social "topography" where they occurred. I suggest that my analysis establishes how aspects of these crimes challenged perceived notions of the Australian Dream, its worthiness and relevance, within a context of quite dramatic and ongoing social change.
MURDER VICTORIA HOMICIDE HOME AUSTRALIAN DREAM FAMILY MARRIAGE SOCIAL CHANGE


CPU usage 100% whilst on this forum ?
Have checked the CPU usage on different sites and none of them come close to 100%, you may get the odd spike whilst the page is loading but that's it.
So for some reason this forum has suddenly became CPU hungry . . . is something wrong with the advertising on this site that is causing CPU usage?
Anyone else noticed this or care to comment?
Good spot, I can't see any reason for it but it's interesting to know. I'll start looking at different sites now but the ones I have looked at are only round the 3% mark.
Hi jj9. I also noticed a recent change whilst using this forum. I have Malwarebytes security software installed on my PC and it reports (and blocks) attempts to connect to a webisite called coinhive.com. If you have a look at their website it explains how it utilises user's PC power for moneytary gain. Whether this is a deliberate stance taken by berlingoforum.com or something more malicious, I don't know. I've pm'd Andre about it but haven't had a reply yet.
(03-10-2017, 09:02 AM)ffrenchie Wrote: Good spot, I can't see any reason for it but it's interesting to know. I'll start looking at different sites now but the ones I have looked at are only round the 3% mark.
I closed all other programs and web pages and only had this forum open then checked the CPU usage with task manager and it was 100%, that's not right and shouldn't happen, there's something up.
(03-10-2017, 09:25 AM)MarkT Wrote: Hi jj9. I also noticed a recent change whilst using this forum. I have Malwarebytes security software installed on my PC and it reports (and blocks) attempts to connect to a webisite called coinhive.com. If you have a look at their website it explains how it utilises user's PC power for moneytary gain. Whether this is a deliberate stance taken by berlingoforum.com or something more malicious, I don't know. I've pm'd Andre about it but haven't had a reply yet.
Thanks for that info, very interesting.
Depending on peoples teccy ability, if you're running a Windows PC, you can edit the Hosts file to permanently disable access to coinhive.com.
It would be nice to know if the forum admin are aware of this or has the forum been hacked with this software?
Hope the site gets back to normal as you shouldn't have to alter settings to view a forum.
I sent an e-mail to the admin, but have not heard anything back.


There is a large selection of nursing tops providing different types of access for breastfeeding. Here's a quick tour of the different styles available at BumbleWee Nursing Wear.
This type of top has a button down neck that pulls across to the side of the breast. May come with or without a discreet under layer that keeps breast covered, exposing only the area required for nursing.
Our tank tops generally have either V-neck cross-over that pulls across to the side of the breast or the neck pulls underneath the breast. May have discreet under layer that keep breast covered, exposing only the area required for nursing.
These tops pull up from underneath the breast exposing only the area required for nursing.
Neck pulls down under the breast or a V-neck cross-over that pulls across to the side of the breast. Has a discreet under layer that keep breast covered, exposing only the area required for nursing.
Pleated center that opens to reveal access to the breast.
Pleated center or sides that open to reveal access to the breast.


please stop by and join us! as we explore the latest development of 1:1 please remove shoes.
happening at 112 West 44th St, on September 29, 30 and October 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
this installation runs 5:45-7:45 pm. please feel free to stay for any length of time.
1:1 please remove shoes is an interactive, multi-media performance installation that conjures the visual, the kinetic and while sourcing the experiential- It is conceived as a self sourcing environment where the dance is informed by the space and its inhabitants- spectators influence performers-a self referencing loop inviting the spectator to engage.
This month, a s we remember and memorialize the events of September 11, 2001, this performance is intended to shift our focus from the clashing of our differences to our interrelatedness, shedding light on the joys and surprises of trusting one another.
cast: Cecilia Fontanesi, Bianca Falco, Danika Holoviak, Storme Sundberg,Emily Peck, Yina Ng, Josh Bisker, Despina Stamos and special guest artists TBA.
this event is free for the public!
1:1 please remove shoes is made possible by in part with public funds from the Manhattan Community Arts Fund, supported by New York City Department of Cultural Affairs and administered by Lower Manhattan Cultural Council. We are also receiving support from Chashama and donors like you!
Categories: art, dance performance, installation/intervention, street performance, dance market research, public art, dance installation | Permalink.


The Day County Conservation District is proud to announce that our nomination for the "Excellence in Range Management " award, Eugene and Kathy Ausland, (Andover) has been selected as the co-winner from Area 1. This award is sponsored by the Society for Range Management (SRM) SD section. The Awards banquet, to recognize Gene and Kathy,will be held Thursday evening in conjunction with the South Dakota Section of SRM's annual meeting September 20-22, 2007 in Brookings. During the course of the last several years Ð Gene has added several miles of crossfence and a pipeline watering system to create a 14 pasture rotational grazing system. The improvements Gene has made allow him the ability to manage his grazing to provide optimum results. The number of paddocks is an essential component to the high level of grazing management. Gene's grazing system includes appropriate rest periods (30-45 days) and short grazing periods (2 -7 days) for each pasture. His stock density level provides for a more even grazing level across the entire pasture. This high level of management maintains plant diversity and wildlife habitat while increasing grazing harvest efficiency and total forage grown. If you are interested in grazing management and pasture rotation, or want to learn more about the award contact Day County Conservation District at 605-345-4661 or your local NRCS office.


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Rosten hits 1,000 point achievement in Boro victory
Thursday, January 31st, 2019 at 4:47 PM
As the Edinboro Fighting Scots women's basketball team made their way onto the court after halftime, graduate student Ciara Rosten was first out. Making her way to the bench at Clarion University, a voice rang out over the loud speakers. It was here that they recognized the standout for her 1,000th career point, achieved earlier in the first half.
The Fighting Scots led every second of the 92-45 victory, on Wednesday Jan 23, immediately jumping out to a near double-digit advantage.
By the end of the first, following a near buzzer-beating layup by Michaela Barnes, Edinboro was up by 13. She had 15 points on the night.
Jontay Walton opened scoring in the second quarter, pushing the Fighting Scots ahead 25-10. Walton had 21 points to lead the team.
With 2:49 on the clock in the half, a foul on Clarion's Jordan Bekelja resulted in Rosten standing at the line for two shots.
After Rosten made the first, she stood at the line with her career point total at 999 points. When her second shot went through the net and hit the floor, Rosten became Edinboro's third active 1,000th career point scorer.
In the last three minutes of the half, Barnes (2) and Rosten (4) collect the last points of the half. The Scots led 48-21.
"It feels good hitting this milestone in my career and being able to hit it in my three years at Edinboro, and I think it put me in a good position," Rosten stated in a postgame interview. "I'm just now getting healthy off my injury so it gives me a little motivation for the rest of the season."
As the game resumed in the third quarter, Walton again opened scoring, hitting a 3-pointer less than 10 seconds in. Edinboro would put up 28 points in the quarter, eventually pushing the lead to 44.
Walton again opened scoring for the last quarter, with a 3-pointer less than one minute in. With less than eight minutes left on the clock, Edinboro swapped four of their five out on the court. The Fighting Scots brought in freshmen Monica Brown and Macy Tarrant, and sophomores Abbey Antolic and Sarah Fischer.
Head coach Callie Wheeler commented she thinks "It's extremely important," getting those younger individuals experience is, in a post-game interview.
Nine of Edinboro's 22 bench points came from this quarter as Antolic (2), Brown (2) and Tarrant (5) all put up points. The Fighting Scots would eventually win by 47.
The Fighting Scots shot 51 percent from the field, 50 percent from long range and perfect from the free-throw line.
"It's great!" exclaimed Walton about the team's depth. "It's great knowing that we can rely on other people coming off the bench to have a great game and to step up." She also talked about how it could help when players are in foul trouble.
"Every single person that came off the bench stepped up, they hit big shots, played defense, got rebounds, did what they needed to do and everybody played real well so that was amazing," concluded Walton. She also added how proud she was of friend and teammate Rosten on her achievement of reaching 1,000 points, adding an enthusiastic yell for all to hear.
After the game, the Fighting Scots all gathered for a group photo in which Rosten held up a homemade poster that read "Rosten 1,000," in which the zeros were replaced with basketballs. Rosten is now one of the three active Fighting Scots to have reached the milestone. Walton recently reaching the achievement over winter break and senior Michelle Jahn reached the achievement in the 2017-2018 season.
"It's a great feeling, it really is. It's a heck of an accomplishment for all three of those girls," said Wheeler. She also mentioned another player who is "one or two games away" from reaching the achievement, Barnes.
"I think that's a great accomplishment and that that's a testament to Coach Swank and how he built this program up, and the great players that we attract here at Edinboro," she said.
"It's a great feeling and I'm really proud of all of those girls; they're great teammates and they're great players and great people. [All of] which makes it more special."
Edinboro's 92-45 win over Clarion pushed them to 11-5 overall (7-4 in the PSAC).
Madi Gross | sports.spectator@gmail.com
Tags: 1000th point, ciara rosten, edinboro , womens basketball team, fighting scots
Lipinski's bat keeps softball playoff hopes alive
By Chris Rosato Jr.
Roni Lipinski saw five pitches in Wednesday's game two, five-inning victory to complete the sweep over visiting Mercyhurst.
30th Softball season a special one for family
For the Gierlaks, Edinboro softball has always been a family tradition. Sports editor, Christopher Rosato Jr., tells the Gierlak's story in this week's sports section.
Scots sink Ship in Senior Day battle
The Edinboro women's lacrosse team earned a winning streak for the first time this season with a 12-9 win over the Shippensburg Raiders Saturday while celebrating Senior Day.
The List: Things to do this summer
This week's list is a complied summer bucket list for those summers that you're working two or more jobs to save up all the money you can in a three-month span.


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College Spotlight: Princeton University
The Tiger that roars — hail, Princeton! One of the oldest universities in the United States, Princeton University predates the Declaration of Independence by twenty years. But don't let its storied history fool you — one of the smaller members of the Ivy League, Princeton's undergraduate program, with its unique requirements for independent study and a student-led project, remains cutting-edge and thoroughly modern.
Princeton: The Basics
Affiliation: Secular (nonreligious)
The Location (Princeton, New Jersey):
The township of Princeton, New Jersey, is small but mighty. Known for its beautiful fall foliage, delicious Italian restaurants, and picturesque public squares, Princeton is pretty as a picture — even before you take the university's historic campus into account! For a taste of city life, New York City is an easy bus or train ride away.
Admission Rate
Average High School GPA
Preferred Standardized Test
Average SAT Score
740-800 Math, 710-770 ERW
Accepts ACT Superscore?
Accepts Common App?
Tuition (Annual)
4,635 undergraduates
You'd Make a Great Tiger If:
You have a healthy appetite! Rather than fraternities and sororities, Princeton is home to "eating clubs," which are typically co-ed and provide a variety of extracurricular and social opportunities for their members.
You respect tradition. Princeton students partake in a variety of on-campus traditions, including those at the annual reunions, where students and alumni take part in parades and cheers, some of which date back to the 1890s.
You want to graduate debt-free. Princeton eliminated student loans from its financial aid packages in 2001, replacing them with grants, and earning them a reputation as one of the best value-for-money options in American higher education.
Fun Fact(s):
Did you know that Princeton has been at war for over a century? A Cannon War, that is! Since the nineteenth century, Princeton students have had a feud with students at nearby Rutgers University over the ownership of two Revolutionary War cannons. The cannons were eventually ceded by Rutgers to Princeton, but watch out! Rutgers students have been known to sneak onto Princeton's campus to paint them the Rutgers school colors in the dead of night.
Famous Alumni:
James Madison:
F. Scott Fitzgerald:
Brooke Shields:
Michelle Obama:
First Lady of the US
Planning college applications? Sign up for a free consultation with one of our expert advisors!


Not much of anything. This is a time for watching and waiting. The biggest crap shoot is in the United States. Currently it seems wisest to bet the nickel on Hillary, and a dime or even a quarter that the stay-at-homes will have more votes than any candidate.
If the bet on Hillary wins, we can assume more of the same from the government she will be leading. If Donald wins, all bets are off. Picking his direction defies the odds-makers.
There is a lot going on elsewhere. The Israeli government and its security services should continue investing in intelligence, and snaring the bad guys and girls they identify, but probably not gearing up to anything more active.
The arenas attracting the most attention are busy internally, with the nasties killing one another.
The Islamic State and its wannabees recruits worldwide, and directs the faithful to wreck havoc where they can. In these cases, the reliance on individual actions, linked only vicariously, means that the best defense for individuals is not to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. In other words, luck.
European governments are talking about closer monitoring of mosques. The Americans haven't gotten their president to express the I(slam) word in connection with the violence, so Americans may have to be more lucky than the rest of us.
Even monitoring mosques may have limited payoff, given the importance of Internet sites in spreading the evil.
Israel may be the most pro-active in dealing with Islamic violence, and coping with the criticism received as a result. Along with the criticism, it also hosts visiting politicians and security professionals, who want to know how Israel does it. Israeli as well as European authorities have confined local Muslims known to be on their way to join Islamic State forces elsewhere, or who have returned home after serving.
Here the idea of a Palestinian State seems to be dead, while it is still among the favorite mantras of diplomats and politicians in the U.S., France, and a few other places.
Realities are murky. The leadership of the Palestinian National Authority has little support in the West Bank, and less in Gaza. It is possible to find those who want to pre-empt, clean out the West Bank and/or Gaza, and end once and for all the Iranian nuclear threat.
It's easier to attack than to deal with the unintended consequences.
A small country like Israel has some advantage in maneuverability. Moreover, it's been enhanced with conflict among Muslims. Israel deals with the U.S., European powers, Russia, China, India, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and who knows who else?
Israel's recent headlines have dealt more with the Olympics (two bronze medals for judo), and several cases of tainted food than anything more violent. The companies found at fault, allowing tainted products to enter the markets and not quick in admitting the need to withdraw them, are some of the most prominent, with a local subsidiary of the international giant Unilever among them.
Competing with the Olympics and tainted food is a police investigation into the prime minister. Reports are that it involves his use of funds collected by the American branch of Likud. One can doubt that many Americans are aware that such an organization exists. And those of us who follow allegations about campaign finance violations are hard pressed to express more than a yawn. We're yet to hear that police inquiries into Netanyahu approach the level of taking bribes in exchange for allowing anything in the league of large scale and ugly property developments, of the kind that ended the career of Ehud Olmert.
The mini-Intifada that began in September, and was marked by individual knife attacks, using cars as weapons against people at bus stops, and some drive-by shootings has pretty much disappeared. But there are always signs of fervent Palestinians. Last week a young Palestinian man used a screwdriver to stab a young ultra-Orthodox Jew in the area of the Mount of Olives. Israel cooperates with Palestinian security forces against opponents of the Palestinian political establishment inclined to violence against the wrong kind of Palestinians as well as Jews. We often hear gunshots while having our evening meal on the balcony, or later when on the way to sleep.
Relaxation is relative. You have to know where and when to do it, recognizing that no place is completely safe.
That goes for small towns in America and Europe as well as anywhere in Israel.
Yet it could be a lot worse.
For Jews it has been worse. Our religious friends fasted yesterday in commemoration of the 9th of Av.


text:
Q: Error while adding user to SharePoint group using CSOM I'm facing error while trying to add users into the SharePoint groups using CSOM.
When I try to add user by passing user name as "domain\V*****" (all users start with "v" character), it through error as "\v" is hexadecimal value which can't pass.
Also I tried again by adding escape character like @domain\v******, but no luck..
But I tried the code with some test users like "domain\user1" which is working fine.
Any help would be appreciated..

A: I use the code bellow, but like Mike said maybe the key is to provide the string like "domain\user":
UserCreationInformation uci = new UserCreationInformation();
uci.Title = "John Lennon";
uci.Email = "jlennon@thebeatles.com";
uci.LoginName = "thebeatles\\jlennon";

Web web = ctx.Web;
GroupCollection groupcoll = web.SiteGroups;
string grouptitle = "My Group";
ctx.Load(web, w => w.SiteGroups);
ctx.Load(groupcoll, grps => grps.Include(g => g.Title).Where(g => g.Title == grouptitle));
ctx.ExecuteQuery();
Group group = null;

User member = web.EnsureUser(uci.Email);
ctx.Load(member, m => m.LoginName, m => m.Title);
ctx.ExecuteQuery();

uci.Title = member.Title;
uci.LoginName = member.LoginName;

if (groupcoll.Count > 0)
{
    group = groupcoll.FirstOrDefault();
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Identifying and managing concerns about GPs in England: an interview study and case-series analysis
Abigail Tazzyman, Marie Bryce, Kieran Walshe and Alan Boyd
British Journal of General Practice 2019; 69 (684): e499-e506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X703733
Abigail Tazzyman
Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester.
Marie Bryce
Plymouth University, Plymouth.
Kieran Walshe
Alan Boyd
Background Underperforming doctors have been the focus of sustained interest from the media, policymakers, and researchers. GPs are more likely to be the subject of a complaint than any other type of doctor in the UK, and the management of concerns in primary care needs improvement, yet more is known about how concerns are managed in secondary care.
Aim Although formal policies for NHS England's management of concerns are clear, little is known about how these are put into practice. This study explores how concerns are identified, investigated, and managed at a regional level.
Design and setting A qualitative study of the management of concerns in primary care across eight area teams.
Method The study comprised two main strands: in-depth interviews with NHS England staff; and the analysis of case file data.
Results The process for raising concerns was identified as inconsistent and disparate, with potential weaknesses to address. The concerns process was flexible. A trade-off between adaptability and consistency was evident, but the correct balance of the two is difficult to establish. Performance concerns were most common, followed by behaviour. Conduct was the next most frequently raised concern, and a small number of health cases were identified. Outcomes of cases appeared to be dependent on the doctor's engagement and response rather than necessarily the nature of a concern or the consequences of a doctor's actions.
Conclusion The way practices handle complaints and concerns remains unexamined, even though they are a key route for patient complaints.
managing concerns
Underperforming doctors have been the focus of sustained interest from the media, policymakers, and researchers alike.1–3 This interest has been in part due to high-profile scandals, such as those of Harold Shipman, Daniel Ubani, and Gosport War Memorial Hospital.4–7 Such extreme cases are, however, atypical of most concerns raised about doctors. Understanding how concerns are identified and managed is important for quality of care and patient safety.
GPs in the UK are more likely to be the subject of a complaint than any other type of doctor.8 The management of concerns in primary care needs improvement,9 yet more is known about concerns and how they are managed in secondary care.10 This article therefore aims to contribute to our understanding by analysing the experiences of NHS England (NHSE) area team staff involved in managing concerns in primary care, and reviewing case records to identify patterns and variation in the process.
Complaints and concerns about doctors in primary care in England are received and managed at national, regional, and practice level. At a national level, the General Medical Council (GMC) reports that GPs are more likely to be the subject of a complaint than any other type of doctor. From 2012 to 2016 the GMC received almost 70 000 complaints, of which 42% were made against GPs.8 In total, 17% of GPs were the subject of at least one complaint between 2012 and 2016; of these GPs, 5.3% were investigated and 0.7% received a sanction or warning.8
However, much of the identification, management, and resolution of concerns happens outside the national regulatory framework, either locally by GP practices, or regionally by area teams in NHSE's five regions. NHSE is responsible for the commissioning of NHS services in England. It directly commissions GP, pharmacy, dental, and specialised services, and supports local clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) to commission other health services. Every GP must be registered on a performers list by NHSE. The key guidance on managing these cases of concerns locally is the Framework for Managing Performer Concerns.10 Box 1 sets out how, within this structure, concerns about doctors working in primary care in England are managed by area teams.11 But complaints about GPs can be made direct to their practice, and little is known about the numbers of these concerns, or how they are managed. Practices can escalate a concern to the NHSE area team. Similarly, area teams may further escalate a complaint to the GMC if necessary, while the GMC will always inform area teams of any regulatory cases relating to doctors within their area.
Area team becomes aware of concern.
Initial risk rating and information gathering by case reviewer where the risk to patients and likelihood of the concern reoccurring are assessed.
Initial risk rating taken to a PAG to determine whether an initial investigation is to be carried out or if the case can be closed.
If action is needed, the case is referred to the performers list decision making panel, which can put restriction on a doctor's practice, give out conditions to be fulfilled, such as learning, and also remove a doctor from the performers list.
Case closed by PAG.
↵a Adapted from NHS England guidance.11 PAG = Performance advisory group.
Box 1.
How NHS England manages concerns about GPsa
Although the formal policies for NHSE's management of concerns are clear, very little is known about how these are put into practice and how they work. This article explores how concerns are identified, investigated, and managed at the regional level.
How this fits in
GPs are more likely to be the subject of a complaint than any other type of doctor in the UK. Although formal policies for NHS England's management of concerns are clear, little is known about how these are put into practice and far more is known about secondary care. Understanding how concerns are identified and managed is important for quality of care and patient safety. This article explores how concerns are identified, investigated, and managed at a regional level.
The study comprised two main strands: in-depth interviews with NHSE staff; and the analysis of case file data. Data collection took place between 2015 and 2017.
Thirty-six semi-structured interviews were conducted with clinical and non-clinical staff from eight NHSE teams spread across different regions. The first set of interviews took place in 2015. This consisted of 13 interviews within two area teams, as part of a larger study on revalidation. A second interview schedule was developed to explore the management of concerns in more depth, and was used in eight further interviews within these two area teams during 2016. Fifteen staff from across six more area teams were then interviewed in 2017. Interviews were conducted either in person or by telephone, according to the interviewees' preference, and were digitally recorded and transcribed for analysis.12 Informed consent was given by all interviewees. Interviews were conducted by four health service researchers, who had a wide experience of studying professional and organisational regulatory processes in health care.
Data about individual cases of concern were collected from records held by five of the six area teams interviewed in 2017. A data extraction template was developed to standardise the data collected. Anonymised information for approximately 20 of the most recently closed cases from each team was extracted, giving data for 102 cases in total. Two cases involved more than one doctor; data relating to all doctors involved were extracted. Data collected included details about the source and nature of the concern, a timeline of the case's development, actions, and outcomes.
A coding framework was developed and tested on a sample of interview data. Coding was structured around the major areas of the concerns management process and themes were then identified within these through a process of discussion among the research team.13,14
The cases of concern data were reviewed by the research team, with individual case progress and patterns across the dataset considered. From this review, a list of 'case characteristics' was developed. This included key events within cases, actions by NHSE case management teams, doctors' responses, any involvement from other agencies, and how cases were resolved.
These categorisations were tested on a sub-sample of data, allowing the development of an analysis framework able to capture chronological development by recording multiple events or actions. The framework was then applied to all the collected data.15
Descriptive statistics were produced, identifying trends within the data. In addition to these insights, qualitative descriptions of cases were developed to illustrate the main features of the cases.
The results focus on four main areas: the identification of concerns, the nature of concerns, managing concerns, and the outcome of concern cases.
Identifying concerns
Across the area teams, concerns had arisen from a range of sources. The most prominent routes were: patient complaints (n = 46); the GMC (n = 18); and colleague complaints (both doctors and other healthcare staff) (n = 11). A mix of other external routes (such as safeguarding or police) (n = 22) and internal routes (that is, within the NHS: self-reporting, pharmacist, or CCG) (n = 14) also occurred. This variety of sources of information highlights the number of potential entry points into the system: 'We get some through the complaints route ... work colleagues or CCG colleagues … occasionally from the CQC [Care Quality Commission] in their inspections; and sometimes we get information from the GMC either that it doesn't meet their threshold or that they've got something that they're investigating that we would also look at locally.' (Associate medical director; NHSE area team F)
Once received by NHSE, concerns were directed to and managed by complaints teams. This provided a formal pathway for outside organisations or patients to direct their concerns. These arrangements were not, however, guaranteed to be used. Patients often complained directly to their GP practice and, unless a practice forwarded these complaints to NHSE, they were outside NHSE's remit: 'It's only when they get escalated to NHS England that we're able to manage that information … we don't tend to get involved with issues unless the practice specifically flags it up as a concern.' (Senior project officer for revalidation; NHSE area team B)
It was evident that some concerns could be missed or unreported, because investigations when a concern was raised sometimes identified other prior or unrelated concerns: 'We're actually doing an end-to-end review of this one because there were some really serious patient safety concerns here relating to clinical practice and it hasn't been flagged by anybody in the system … There's had to be patient recalls because they've not had the clinical care and treatment that they should have had. How has the system enabled that to happen?' (Head of inspection, CQC; NHSE area team B)
Once a concern was raised, other separate or unrelated issues were found in 14 cases. Interviewees also reported that investigations uncovered other problems, sometimes going back substantial periods of time. When doctors moved between practices or areas, this could also lead to concerns being missed: 'We try to link up with the other area teams as either people move around or are working in different localities. I think in [this region] we do that quite well, probably more tricky with other regions … it feels a little bit counter-intuitive for us not to be sharing it.' (Associate medical director; NHSE area team F)
How and, indeed, whether a concern was identified was quite variable but inconsistent.
Nature of concerns
Concerns identified were categorised by the research team into four broad categories: health, performance, conduct, and behaviour (Table 1).
The nature and frequency of concerns about GPs
Concerns about doctors' clinical performance were most common. Within this category, the most frequently raised concerns were diagnostic errors and delays to referrals (n = 30), or prescribing errors (n = 13). For example, one case featured a misdiagnosis of type 1 diabetes in a child who was subsequently admitted to hospital with potentially serious complications. Cases of prescribing error included oversupplying vulnerable patients with potentially dangerous medication and the prescription of contraindicated medications. Other cases involved patients seeking alternative medications or disagreeing with doctors' prescribing decisions as well as poor record keeping.
Concerns about doctors' behaviour were the second most common category; and often related to communication skills (n = 20). These concerns usually came from patient complaints, and were often secondary to a performance concern. Complaints referred to 'curt' or 'abrupt' behaviour by doctors towards patients and other staff members.
Other behaviour issues concerned avoiding responsibility or not fulfilling workload obligations (n = 5). There were allegations of doctors avoiding obligations under the Quality and Outcomes Framework and others more directly relating to patient care, such as a doctor falling asleep in consultations. These cases were usually reported by GP colleagues or in one instance a CQC adviser. Lack of engagement with appraisal (n = 2) also appeared, demonstrating that failure to comply with revalidation requirements can result in doctors coming to the attention of NHSE's performance management teams. Multifactorial cases, involving issues from two or more of the four broad categories, most typically included concerns about performance and behaviour (n = 18).
Conduct cases included allegations of domestic violence (n = 4) and sexual abuse, sexual harassment (n = 5), and using a work computer to view pornography (n = 1).
In only a few (n = 4) of the cases was the concern related to the health of the doctor, with all of these involving mental health issues. The relatively small number might be a result of selecting only closed cases for the sample or the NHSE processes for dealing with health concerns not always generating a formal record as a concern.
The way in which cases of concern were managed centred on the processes set out by NHSE in the Framework for Managing Performer Concerns.10
Most cases were dealt with by local performance advisory group (PAG) and case management staff. A smaller number of cases went through the GMC. The GMC notified NHSE in 18 of the 102 cases reviewed. In these instances, NHSE's actions and outcomes were largely guided by GMC processes and outcome decisions. The PAG's approach in such cases was typically to open its own case but then to monitor the situation and await the GMC outcome.
In three cases, the patient concerns were simply passed to the deputy medical director for review, who closed the cases with no further action. These complaints related to patients disagreeing with prescribing decisions or were about the practice at which the doctor worked, and were open between 2 and 6 weeks. Most cases were reviewed at one or more PAG meetings. Of all the cases, only seven were escalated to the local performers list decision making panel (PLDP), all involving dishonesty or non-compliance.
Actions taken included clinical reviews, audits, seeking information from doctors, and meetings between NHSE local case management staff and doctors. Meetings between case management staff and the doctors concerned occurred in 17 cases. NHSE teams proactively organised all meetings bar one in order to gather more information and seek the doctor's perspective: 'We write out and you start to build that relationship up … [in] 80, 90% of [cases], there isn't that much to the case. There are the 10% that are of a concern and we try to proportion the time that we have and not make anything too onerous for the practitioner ... By engaging with the practitioner, giving them that opportunity we feel we're in a better place to take forward the salient points of a case so that the PAG can make an informed decision.' (Programme manager; NHSE area team G)
Clinical reviews were carried out in 28 cases, all but one of which involved performance concerns, including eight that also featured concerns about communication skills. Sixteen cases involved record audits. All these cases involved potential performance concerns relating to diagnoses, prescribing, and/or record-keeping. Risk rating, typically using a red–amber–green matrix, was used in 20 cases in the sample, all from the same NHSE area team, suggesting a difference either in the way this tool is applied in case management between teams or in the way the information is recorded.
Across the area teams, supporting doctors subject to concerns appeared high on the agenda. In particular, organisations were keen to limit the stress and burden of concern cases on doctors, and to use remediation to ensure workforce retention and quality improvement, rather than taking a predominantly punitive approach: 'The majority of our time we spend on remediation, so it would depend on the particular concern that the doctor's raised. So we would routinely offer occupational health, we would routinely offer access to GP counselling helplines, the new national GP system for doctors who are in health difficulties. We also have, unusually, access to GP tutors and not all areas have them … we use the appraisers as well to be able to help them to develop personal development plans to address any potential deficiencies.' (Deputy director revalidation; NHSE area team G)
In addition to informal approaches, organisations also actively sought to provide support. The nature and extent of this support varied and was largely determined by available resources. Typically, support was not provided by area teams themselves but was rather signposted. Services frequently signposted included occupational health services, National Clinical Assessment Service (NCAS) for practices supporting doctors, royal colleges, training courses, local medical committee representatives, and the GP health service: 'GP health service, we have referrals to occupational health as well, and we also do sort of informal support of talking to either appraisal leads ... And we link really closely with the LMC [local medical committee] and CCGs around it as well.' (Associate medical director; NHSE area team F)
Providing support was stated to be important for two main reasons: the acknowledged stress and burden concern cases cause doctors, which was seen to increase with case length, and current workforce difficulties in primary care, including shortages and recruitment and retention challenges. Area teams were therefore keen to ensure doctors stayed within the profession.
Outcomes of concerns cases
The predominant factor determining case outcomes was the response of the doctor involved. Compliance was crucial. In particular, reflection, demonstration of insight, proactive behaviour, uptake of necessary training, and adherence to action plans were the forms of compliance valued by interviewees and documented in the cases of concern reviewed: 'It's about the level of insight ... people without insight are just so difficult, occupy masses of time. Whereas the people with insight, our biggest worry is that they go too far the other way, blame themselves too much. It's the balance ... sometimes people are very defensive to start with but can accept it, but other times people are just very defensive and just put a wall up as though there's nothing wrong ... The first thing we do is tell them to talk to their defence body because they can often talk some sense into them about engaging with us.' (Associate medical director; NHSE area team F)
The speed of case completion was overwhelmingly dependent on doctor engagement and the response of other involved bodies rather than on the nature of a concern. The average case length was 205 days, but there was huge variety, with the longest case taking 1362 days and the shortest 1 day. Cases in which NCAS or the GMC were involved tended to take longer to reach completion: 'There aren't nationally described timescales. There's no nationally described key performance indicators. Some timescales are really difficult. Just recently we lost a case of over 12 months, which is not what you'd want because the stress on an individual going through a concern is really high, so we wouldn't want cases that are going beyond that point … long- standing cases … tend to be ones where you've already had involvement of police and regulators and they're outside of our control.' (Deputy director revalidation; NHSE area team G)
Overall, the most common outcomes were no further action or informal actions. Of the 102 cases reviewed, 46 were resolved with no further action. Reasons for this included: the PAG finding the doctor not at fault; issues been satisfactorily addressed; or the doctor relinquishing their licence to practise or retiring. In a further 46 cases outcomes were 'informal', meaning that the doctor was required to take actions but was not sanctioned. Typically, such conditions required doctors to reflect on the concern at their next appraisal. With enhanced annual appraisal now compulsory because of revalidation, using appraisal as a means of following up on concerns has become commonplace, even when no further action was taken.
Requirements for education and further training were implemented relatively frequently, with 27 cases including this as a condition for case closure: 'We would monitor the cases, and if the doctors have been asked to do remedial action, either CPD [continuing professional development] or other things then the case manager will monitor that and take it back to the relevant panel, either PAG or PLDP to close it off if the action has been done and done satisfactorily to the panel, to the standard the panels require, and if not then obviously we go to performance regulations with regulatory action.' (Joint programme manager revalidation and appraisal, and programme manager professional performance and revalidation; NHSE area team C)
In two further cases, doctors were offered advice about practice, and in three others, the PAG agreed a monitored action plan to be followed until it was satisfied. Only seven cases reached PLDP, and in only five of these did the PLDP enforce performer conditions. Such escalation was strongly linked to a lack of engagement and refusal to comply with more informal attempts to address concerns and ensure patient safety.
This article has explored how concerns about doctors are identified and managed in primary care in England. Key trends were identified in regards to the identification, nature, and outcomes of concerns in primary care by NHSE and in doing so made visible areas requiring further research.
The process for raising concerns was identified as inconsistent and disparate, with potential weaknesses to address. Examples of new cases unearthing previously unreported concerns made apparent the possibility of missed and unaddressed concerns within primary care.
The concerns process was flexible, enabling the application of informal discipline and remediation as well as formal sanctions, proving capacity for support as well as judgement. This helped to ensure the approach taken by NHSE was proportionate to the concern under investigation and best suited to individual doctors. However, flexibility did result in diverse approaches, perhaps meaning that doctors are inconsistently treated across organisations and nationally. A trade-off between adaptability and consistency was evident, but the correct balance of the two is difficult to establish. Practices remain the unexamined level in complaints and concerns handling, and a key route for patient complaints. Complaints made to practices were frequently dealt with in-house, with no information being passed on to NHSE.
Performance concerns were most common, followed by behaviour, and multifactorial cases were most likely to be a combination of these two. Conduct was the next most frequently raised concern, and finally a very small number of health cases were identified. Outcomes of cases appeared to be dependent on doctors' engagement and response, rather than necessarily the nature of a concern or the consequences of a doctor's actions.16
Strengths and limitations
Very little is known about how the local level management of concerns in primary care is put into practice and experienced. This research provides an insight into this process, enabling the experience and explanation to be provided alongside a contextual picture of the frequency of case types and pathways. However, the authors recognise that the GPs who were subject to concerns were not interviewed to understand their experiences directly, and that the sample of cases was not big enough to support statistical analysis and therefore findings on frequency are indicative only.
Comparison with existing literature
The nature of concerns identified in the current research corresponds to existing information on concerns raised at national levels in England and the UK.8,17 The means of concern identification was in line with that reported to NHSE (patient complaints most frequent), but differed from the findings of previous research on this topic.18,19 This existing research was, however, conducted before the introduction of NHSE, suggesting structural changes may have impacted on what is reported to whom.
Existing research has found that doctors have been reluctant to report each other in regards to concerns or complaints,20,21 and that as a profession, doctors are also unlikely to self-report health-related issues.22 Research from the GMC from 2017 does suggest, however, that the proportion of referrals from colleagues is increasing.8 Given these factors, as well as the fact that most concerns in the current study (62.7%) were reported to NHSE either by patients or the GMC rather than by colleagues or GP practices, further research into how concerns are dealt with at a practice level and the criteria for escalating concerns to NHSE would be beneficial.
Compliant and penitent doctors were more likely to have shorter cases, less likely to have a case escalated to the PLDP or GMC, and faced less disciplinary action against them. This approach can be seen as positive, as it focuses on doctors' intentions and attitudes, and their ability to be safe in future, providing perhaps a more open and supportive environment, that values remediation. These are all factors that have previously been identified as positive for patient safety.23 However, this approach is open to the possibility of doctors 'gaming the system', knowing that by appearing to be compliant they avoid more severe consequences from complaints raised against them24,25 In addition, those doctors who have already been the subject of concerns are more likely to have a subsequent concern raised than those who have not.26 Research into the effectiveness of remediation-focused concerns management would be beneficial to help better evaluate this approach.
Implications for research and practice
The ad hoc nature of concerns identification suggests that some concerns or, indeed, connections between cases, may be missed, pointing to the potential for targeting improvement initiatives to develop better, more reliable, reporting mechanisms.
This study identified a need for improved data collection and sharing of concerns information between NHSE and practices. Clear criteria and routes for escalation to NHSE would help to facilitate this, but are currently missing. Given that patient complaints were the most prominent route of identification to NHSE in the current study (45.1%), further research into how this relates to what is or is not reported at a practice level is needed.
There may be trends in the types of issue arising and therefore data about concerns could be a valuable source of information to support targeted CPD initiatives.
Overall, more research to understand how complaints made at practice level are managed and resolved is needed to ensure a fuller understanding of the nature, prevalence, and management of concerns in primary care encompasses all levels of this complex system.
This study is an output from independent research commissioned and funded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme (PR-R9-0114-11002: Evaluating the development of medical revalidation in England and its impact on organisational performance and medical practice). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health.
Ethical approval for this study was awarded by the University of Manchester ethics committee (REC 15028).
Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed.
The authors have declared no competing interests.
Contribute and read comments about this article: bjgp.org/letters
Revision requested November 21, 2018.
Accepted December 24, 2018.
© British Journal of General Practice 2019
This article is Open Access: CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
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British Journal of General Practice
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Abigail Tazzyman, Marie Bryce, Kieran Walshe, Alan Boyd
British Journal of General Practice 2019; 69 (684): e499-e506. DOI: 10.3399/bjgp19X703733
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ABOUT THE TOPIC: Increasing awareness and understanding of climate change is important if ultimately we are going to be able to change behaviors to tackle the problem. Dr. Maibach will share his thoughts about lessons learned from the first 20 years of climate change communication in America (starting with Jim Hansen's clarion call to Congress in the late 1980s). He will also facilitate a discussion with session participants about the climate change communication challenges we will likely face over the next 20 years. Learn how you might effectively engage your friends and others to become part of the solution.
REGISTRATION: FREE, however advanced registration is required. To register, click here or call 703-228-0861.
SUPPORT: The Ballston Science and Technology Alliance is a nonprofit organization that supports intelligent dialogue on science and technology by convening citizens, scientists, engineers, technologists and business leaders from the private, government and academic sectors. We encourage learning, information sharing, idea exchange, networking and relationship building in a relaxed and stimulating environment. BSTA conducts Café Scientifique Arlington on the first Tuesday of each month at 4201 Wilson Blvd., NSF building atrium. BSTA holds other "meet and greet" receptions/events and provides the opportunity for the display of new technology and research findings.
Please go to www.arlingtonvirginiausa.com/bsta and contribute. Help BSTA provide science dialogue that is free and open to all!
NEXT Café Scientifique: September 1, Biodiversity: How Special We Are! Speakers will be Dave Harrelson and Susan Jewel of the Endangered Species Program at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
For more information contact Kaye Breen at 703-228-0861 or ballstonscience@yahoo.com, visit www.arlingtonvirginiausa.com/bsta or follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/sciencecafeva or find us on Facebook or read our blog, http://bsta.wordpress.com.


Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal's Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term. In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy.
Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d'Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors. Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers. Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.
Reading Passage 89 has three paragraphs, A-C.
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 89?
Choose ONE WORD from Reading Passage 89 for each answer.