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0240-2618500 | 0240-2618501 | +91 9422235934 | +91-9422712637 contact@endoworldhospital.com
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ICSI Treatment
Labour Analgesia
Medicine & ICU
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Infertility Faq
Hysteroscopy Faq
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The Struggles Of Infertility
by Pandit | Dec 30, 2019 | Infertilty, test tube baby centre in aurangabad
Quick Facts: Infertility equally affects both men and women. Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system which affects the patient's ability to reproduce. In 40% of infertile couples, the male partner is either the sole cause or a contributing factor of infertility. Abnormal or irregular ovulation is one of the significant factors affecting infertility in women Couples struggling to conceive due to obesity or bodyweight disorders can reverse their infertility by maintaining their weight. Men and women who smoke are at higher risk of developing infertility Women who smoke are also at a higher risk of miscarriage. Treatments like IVF treatment and ICSI are helping thousands of couples experience parenthood. The Real Struggles Of Infertility Infertility can take a toll on your life, both emotionally and socially. It might be one of the reasons why many couples are not comfortable discussing their infertility experience. Infertility is defined when a couple fails to conceive a child even after having frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse for a year or longer. Infertility can get caused due to one or more of the following factors: Age: As women age, the quality of their eggs start to deteriorate. It means, the egg quality or the likelihood of an egg being genetically normal, decreases. Ovulation Disorders: A woman who cannot release healthy, regular, or mature eggs during ovulation are likely to suffer infertility or cannot conceive naturally. Tubal Occlusion (blockage): Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) such as Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and pelvic inflammatory diseases can create a risk of blocked fallopian tubes, Tubal Occlusion occurs when a mature egg fails to get fertilized by the sperm. Uterine...
Is Age Really an Influential Factor for IVF Success Rate?
by Pandit | Feb 19, 2019 | Fertility Treatment, infertility clinic in Aurangabad, test tube baby centre in aurangabad
Before considering IVF, make sure the aspects of fertility and infertility treatments are well-known to you. If you are here, you likely have many questions regarding infertility and in-vitro fertilization, its success rate, and most importantly, are you an ideal candidate for IVF treatment? As these major life decisions are concerned, there is no simple answer to this. There is, however, many research, information, and data available to give you access to the bigger picture of IVF treatment in Aurangabad What is IVF? In simple words, IVF is a process by which eggs are fertilized outside the woman's uterus in a laboratory setup and once the embryo is formed, it is transferred to the mother's uterus to be carried to the term. IVF is chosen by couples who made unsuccessful attempts of getting pregnant through unprotected sex for more than 12 months. What is the success rate of IVF treatment? You can find a plethora of sources available on Google reporting different success rates for IVF. However, one must be well-known to the fact that each patient is different and there are various different factors playing along with a woman's fertility treatment results. Typically, a woman at her younger age has higher chances of IVF success comparing to the older women with fewer eggs and low-quality eggs. In general, the live birth success rate for women undergoing IVF treatment at the age of 30-35 can vary from 40-45%. Factors that Determine IVF Success Rates IVF is considered to be one of the most-effective Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) worldwide, but it particularly depends on a wide range of circumstances. They...
All You Need to Know About Embryo Adoption
by Pandit | Sep 20, 2018 | Female infertility, Fertility Treatment, infertility clinic in Aurangabad, infertility problems & care, test tube baby centre in aurangabad
Adoption has been a one out of many options for parents who struggle with conceiving their own genetic child. Now, with the advancement of medical technology and our accomplished experts of Test tube baby center in Aurangabad, the couples fighting infertility could enjoy a new form of adoption called embryo adoption. What is Embryo Adoption? In a simple outline, embryo adoption is one form of the adoption process in which the adoptive mother could carry an embryo that is genetically unrelated to the couple. Unlike a child adoption process in which the couples can adopt an already born child, embryo adoption process begins nine months earlier by adopting the frozen eggs of any woman who donated her eggs after she underwent successful In-Vitro Fertilization treatment. How Does It Work? First of all, adoption refers to legally transferring the parental rights and responsibilities from one parent to another. Same goes with the embryo adoption, with few added differences. Following are the basic overview on embryo adoption. For a detailed consultation, you can talk to our IVF specialist in Aurangabad. Let's get started now The Embryo Donation The process begins when a couple decides on donating viable and healthy embryos to another couple struggling to enter parenthood. These embryo donors are actually the couples who have successfully established their family through in-vitro fertilization and have unused, frozen embryos left. These embryos can either be stored, discarded, donated to research centers for further research or they could be donated to a couple hopeful on having a family of their own. Matching Process Like any other adoption process, both the prospective parents and donated...
Are IVF Babies as Normal as Others?
by Pandit | Aug 22, 2018 | Baby Care, Female infertility, infertility clinic in Aurangabad, infertility problems & care, IVF Treatment, Laparoscopy center in Aurangabad, Male Infertility, pregnancy care, test tube baby centre in aurangabad
It's a myth and the most absolute situation is the well-educated people of our society deliberately falls prey to such folklore. The IVF babies are as normal as the non-IVF babies. How? Allow our Infertility doctors in Aurangabad to crack this allegory for you. But first, What are IVF Babies? Couples who fail to conceive naturally after unsuccessful attempts at conceiving through intercourse for more than 12 months can opt for IVF (In-Vitro Fertilization) treatment. The treatment includes fertilizing the female eggs and male sperms in a laboratory setup. Once the fusion of sperms and eggs develop into an embryo, it is placed inside the womb of the mother via her cervix. Hereafter, the pregnancy is carried on like any normal pregnancy happens. The Whole Misconception with ART ART – Assisted Reproductive Technology rather than Artificial Reproductive Technology is nothing but the technology-induced in fertilizing the embryo outside the mother's womb. Post ART, the women carry on with her pregnancy like any other normal woman achieved pregnancy through sexual intercourse. This is very important for couples to complete their thorough homework before planning on IVF options to enter parenthood. According to leading research reports, IVF babies are mostly normal as the non-IVF babies. It solely depends on the type of the seasoned doctor you trust upon for this delicate process. We, at Endoworld Hospital, are one of the most well-renowned Test tube baby centers in Aurangabad with an impressive history of successful IVF treatment. Our infertility clinic in Aurangabad is well-equipped with the latest technological equipment and methodical laboratory setup. Our team of highly accomplished doctors is well-aware of...
Fallopian Tube Blockage: Its Symptoms and Treatment
Pregnancy During COVID 19: How Can It Affect You And Your Baby?
Is It Safe To Perform Parental Yoga?
Some Common Questions About IVF
How Can I Keep My Baby Safe While Pregnant?
embryo transfer bed rest
embryo transfer success rate.
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Gynaecological & Endoscopy Centre in Aurangabad
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Infertility doctors in Aurangabad
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Infertilty
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IVF treatment in Aurangabad
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ENDOWORLD HOSPITAL # 723,
In front of Airport, Chikalthana,
Aurangabad – 431007,
Our hospital open daily 24*7 for emergency cases. You can take an appointment by making call or by email.
Phone : 0240-2618500, 0240-2618501
Email : contact@endoworldhospital.com
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Are Community-Level Financial Data Adequate to Assess Population Health Investments?
Prev Chronic Dis. 9.
Casper, Tim	; Kindig, David A.	;
Casper, Tim	; Kindig, David A.	Less ▲
Health Expenditures
Outcome And Process Assessment (Health Care)
The variation in health outcomes among communities results largely from different levels of financial and nonfinancial policy investments over time; these natural experiments should offer investment and policy guidance for a business model on population health. However, little such guidance exists. We examined the availability of data in a sample of Wisconsin counties for expenditures in selected categories of health care, public health, human services, income support, job development, and education. We found, as predicted by the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics in 2002, that availability is often limited by the challenges of difficulty in locating useable data, a lack of resources among public agencies to upgrade information technology systems for making data more usable and accessible to the public, and a lack of enterprise-wide coordination and geographic detail in data collection efforts. These challenges must be overcome to provide policy-relevant information for optimal population health resource allocation.
urn:sha256:eaaf9fa810816e218df7e05597d144cc869f27471b909d12c6520c7da4978065
PCD-9-E136.nxml
From Health Determinant Benchmarks to Health Investment Benchmarks
Kindig, David
Prev Chronic Dis. 12.
Global routine immunization strategies and practices (GRISP) : a companion document to the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP)
World Health Organization.. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). UNICEF. John Snow, Inc.. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization..
ISBN 978 92 4 1510103
Ending cholera : a global roadmap to 2030
World Health Organization. Global Task Force on Cholera Control.. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Global Health Visions.. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization.. International Federation of the Red Cross.. Johns Hopkins University.. Médecins sans frontières (Association). Mérieux foundation.. Task Force for Global Health.. UNICEF. Veolia Foundation..
Ending Cholera—A Global Roadmap to 2030 operationalises the new global strategy for cholera control at the country level and provides a concrete path toward a world in which cholera is no longer a threat to public health. By implementing the strate...
Leading and leveraging : U.S. government report on international foreign assistance in TB FY 2010
United States. Agency for International Development.. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.).
The U.S. Government's (USG) tuberculosis (TB) program is mainly implemented through USAID as the lead agency in international TB control, in close collaboration and coordination with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department...
Gender and Monitoring the Response to HIV/AIDS Pandemic1
DeLay, Paul
The mechanisms, techniques, and data sources used to monitor and evaluate global AIDS prevention and treatment services may vary according to gender. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS has been charged with tracking the response to the ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


摘要: The performance of a character-based Chinese text retrieval scheme (the combined scheme) is investigated. In the scheme both the monogram keys (singleton characters) and bigram keys (consecutive character pairs) are encoded into document signatures such that half of the bits in every signature are set. For disyllabic queries, an analytical expression of the false hit rate that accounts for both random false hits and adjacency false hits is proposed. Then optimal monogram and bigram weight assignments together with the corresponding minimal false hit rate are derived in terms of signature length, storage overhead of the combined scheme, and the occurrence frequency and the association value of a disyllabic query. The theoretical predictions of the optimal weight assignments and the minimal false hit rate are tested and verified in experiments using a real Chinese corpus for disyllabic queries of different association values. Satisfactory agreement between the experimental results and theoretical predictions is found.
國立臺灣大學 - A Near-optimal Slot Assignment Algorithm for RFID Reader Networks / Lin, C.F.; Lin, F.Y.S.; Lee, C.T.
國立臺灣大學 - Optimal Track Class Assignment for a Railroad Network / Lai, Y.C.; Dingler, M.H.; Lin, S.Y.; Liu, K.C.


The Art of Awesomenauts – Now available to all eligible backers!
We just sent out a message to all players who backed the Awesomenauts: Starstorm Kickstarter campaign at the Bronze tier or higher, with a link to a Humble Reward page where they can download The Art of Awesomenauts – an art book spanning over 400 pages, covering the entire history of Awesomenauts!
This art book is only available to players who backed the crowdfunding campaign at the Bronze Tier or higher. Players who backed through Kickstarter will have received an email about this, and players who backed through Paypal or through our website after the Kickstarter campaign ended will have the art book automatically added to their existing rewards page. That means you can grab your copy of the art book from the same page where you got your other keys.
Log into Kickstarter and double-check which email address you have registered there. The reward will have been sent to that address.
Double-check whether you pledged at the Bronze Coco / Leon, Silver, Gold, Thormium, Awesomantium, or higher tiers through Kickstarter.
Double-check your spam folder on your registered address.
Send an email to robin@ronimo-games, and please let us know your Backer ID for the Awesomenauts: Starstorm campaign. This will make it easier for us to look up your rewards. If you are not able to access the inbox at the address you have registered with Kickstarter, we will not be able to recover your rewards without your Backer ID for this campaign.
Thanks for supporting our crowdfunding campaign – Awesomenauts wouldn't have grown into the game it is today with you! If you haven't supported our crowdfunding campaign yet, you can still do so through our site: http://www.awesomenauts.com/Kickstarter/index.html. You'll get loads of digital content, including the Digital Art Book when you pledge at the Bronze Leon or Bronze Coco tier, or higher.


In MMA, Jason Knight was a man of many nicknames — "Hick Diaz," "Mississippi Mean," and "The Kid," depending on the fight and the mood. In bare knuckle boxing, the sport he debuted in this past weekend in Biloxi, Miss. with the BKFC, he somehow lived up to all of those names.
And though he didn't walk away with a victory against Artem Lobov in Saturday night's main event, he came away with some fresh souvenirs: Twelve different kinds of stitches to close up multiple lacerations on his face, a hand that ballooned to nearly double its size, and a wrist that was still bothering him on Monday. If there was any consolation, it was that he left Lobov in nearly an equal traumatic state.
The only thing he sacrificed in front of his hometown fans? An incisor. Knight spit out a full tooth after a big Lobov uppercut, stared at it for a split second as if to savor its freedom, and then proceeded to try and divest Lobov of one of his own.
"If you go back and watch the fight — I've watched it, and I've watched the highlights — there's one video where he punches me and my head slides back and it looks like I lost a couple of teeth, but I guess that was spit or something," Knight told MMA Fighting. "But in the first round he caught me with a nice uppercut and I dropped to my knee, and whenever I stood up I spit out a tooth.
Instead Knight socked Lobov in what became a five-round, instant classic on the bare knuckle circuit. A picture surfaced afterwards of each man looking like slasher film survivors. In Knight's case, it was as if a deranged man had just risen after some calamity or other, as he has gashes all over his face, and — some feared given how swollen it was — a fractured orbital bone.
"I'm fine man, swollen up like a motherf—er," he says. "My face is swollen like hell, my hands are swollen like hell, but the only real pain I have is in my right wrist for some reason. There's no broken bones in my jaw. My jaw's not broken, my orbital bone's not broken, my hands, none of that's broken. But my right hand is swollen like hell, and my face is swollen.
After the fight, Lobov was transported to a local hospital for further evaluation. BKFC wanted Knight to go, too, but…well, who better to explain how it went down than Knight himself.
Technically Knight's girlfriend drove him to the hospital, where he underwent a CAT scan to rule out concussions. They checked for broken bones, and fortunately none showed up. Knight got through a 10-minute bare-knuckle brawl with most superficial and cosmetic injuries.
Heading into his fight, Knight trained with his coach Blake Singley and his friend Brok Weaver, the latter whom came up under a now retired boxing coach named Johnny Smith. "He's the best boxing coach that ever lived," Knight says, pointing out that his system has been transferred down through his cornermen (and himself).
Though he lost his few fights in the UFC and ended up being cut, Knight — at just 26 years old, and full of piss and vinegar — appeared tailor-made for the exposed knuckle. Something about the taboo nature speaks to his mentality as a fighter, which was always a little more extreme than his colleagues. Still, he's unsure if he'll next appear in a bare-knuckle ring or in a cage with gloves on his hands his next time out.
Much of it depends on what comes his way.
Knight picked up three end-of-the-night bonuses in nine UFC fights, all told.
The one thing that was certain for Knight: He won't soon forget the reception he received from the Mississippi natives who showed up to watch him do what he loves. "They were raising hell," he says. Nor will he ever look at the man who stood in his wheelhouse and traded with for five ridiculous rounds the same.
"I've watched it over and over again, and I think I won the fight. They gave him a couple of knock downs that weren't really knock downs. They counted a couple of slips for him. Regardless, we went out there and put on a war. He displayed his heart, I displayed my heart, I have nothing but respect for that man.


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Posts Tagged 'Ed Vaizey'
UK Smart Cities Index identifies London and Bristol as leaders at Huawei/Navigant launch event
London and Bristol are Britain's leading "smart cities", according to new research commissioned by Huawei UK and conducted by Navigant Consulting.
NEC and UK's Bristol Is Open agree long-term partnership to develop the open programmable city
NEC Corporation has signed a long-term partnership agreement with Bristol Is Open, an ambitious smart city initiative in the UK.
M2M discussed as 'Business Embassy' operates throughout the Olympic and Paralympic Games
BLOG. London, UK — The Olympic Games have provided more than enough entertainment and content for discussions galore. But business people as well as athletes have contributed to the event, says Nigel Chadwick,


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Daniel J. Sczesny Esq
Lucas County, OH Lawyer with 20 years of experience
(419) 265-6013 416 N Erie St
University of Toledo College of Law
For 16 years, I have represented clients with their divorce and custody cases. Simply put, your case will go in one of two directions:
1. Amicable Resolution
If possible, I will strive to resolve your case amicably. This will keep your legal fees low, speed the process and reduce your stress. Diligent and no-nonsense, I get things done without wasting your time or financial resources.
2. Contentious Litigation:
Amicable resolutions are not always possible, particularly if the other side is unreasonable. When things get ugly, you need an attorney who will represent your interests aggressively. Experienced and battletested, I will get you the...
Fredric Michael Boyk Esq
Lucas County, OH Attorney with 28 years of experience
(419) 327-6160 405 Madison Ave.
Ste. 1200
Experienced auto accident, personal injury, and bankruptcy attorney with over 20 years of experience.
Available 7 days a week for free consultation regarding auto accident injury cases.
We treat our clients with respect and strive to give them aggressive representation.
Insurance companies are not interested in giving "fair" settlements. They act in their own self interest. If you want an advocate for your interests, please contact Fred Boyk
David A. Nacht
(888) 312-7173 One Seagate
Civil Rights, Criminal Defense, Employment and Health Care
David Nacht has tried over 2 dozen cases with his most recent victory in the spring of 2013 in federal court. His last civil jury award was in June 2012 in Muskegon County, Michigan in the case of Crosby v. Michigan Department of Corrections where he obtained a judgment of $390,000.
Mr. Nacht, the firm founder, holds degrees from Harvard College ('87) and The University of Michigan Law School ('92), where he served as an editor of the Law Review. Mr. Nacht is AV rated by Martindale Hubbell, the highest rating for lawyers by lawyers, has been named a "Million Dollar...
Stuart Frank Cubbon Esq
(800) 648-1911 One SeaGate, Suite 1845
Free ConsultationMedical Malpractice, Nursing Home, Personal Injury and Products Liability
STUART F. CUBBON is a partner and president of Cubbon and Associates, having been an attorney with the firm since 1981. He is admitted to practice in the states of Ohio, Michigan and Florida. He has represented individuals in claims involving auto accidents, product liability, premises liability, medical and nursing home malpractice as well as wrongful death. Honors and recognitions include designation as a Board Certified Civil Trial Advocate by the National Board of Trial Advocates and membership in the Million Dollar Advocates Forum (www.MillionDollarAdvocates.com.) He has also been named a Super Lawyer by Ohio Super Lawyers magazine From...
Kurt Young Esq
(877) 244-7885 1217 Jefferson Ave.
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Kurt Young is a 1990 graduate of the University of Akron with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and a 1993 Graduate of Case Western Reserve University's School of Law. He is licensed to practice law in the State of Ohio and the Federal District Court for the Northern District of Ohio and is a member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Kurt is an Ohio State Bar Association Board Certified Specialist in Ohio Workers' Compensation Law. He has argued over 18,000 hearings before all levels of the Industrial Commission of Ohio and has...
Pamela Ann Borgess Esq
(567) 455-5955 6800 W. Central Ave. Ste. E
Free ConsultationUniversity of Toledo
Attorney Pamela A. Borgess, the founder and managing attorney of BORGESS LAW, LLC is an experienced and respected trial attorney who aggressively handles civil (non-criminal) disputes and litigation, including personal injury, defective medical drugs/devices or recalled consumer products, car & truck accidents, wrongful death, product liability, nursing home litigation, and contract/business disputes. She has extensive experience with numerous national high-profile cases, such as the national litigation involving a contaminated drug, Heparin, which claimed the lives of hundreds of people after being manufactured in an uninspected overseas facility. The case was featured in national news media, such as TIME magazine, CNN,...
Tracy Albers
(567) 825-3635 3178 N. Republic Blvd.
Suite 2A
Free ConsultationBankruptcy and Social Security Disability
Tracy is the owner of Albers Law Office, LLC and works out of Toledo, Ohio. Tracy focuses her practice in the areas of Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy and Social Security Disability. Tracy is a native of Minster, Ohio and graduated from Minster High School in 1993. She received her Associates Degree in Legal Assisting from Columbus State in 1997. For well over a decade, Tracy worked as a bankruptcy paralegal in Lima, Ohio. Tracy completed her Bachelor's Degree from Wright State University in 2012. Law school was completed in 2015 at Ohio...
Stephen Crandall
Lucas County, OH Attorney
(419) 901-8677 5055 Enterprise Blvd.
Medical Malpractice, Nursing Home and Personal Injury
Steve Crandall been voted to Best Lawyer's in America by US News and World Report, as well as one of the Top 10 lawyers in Ohio for both 2012 and 2017. He has the largest verdicts in numerous counties in the state of Ohio.
Owen Benton Dunn Jr
(419) 241-9661 4334 W. Central Ave
Free ConsultationBankruptcy, Business, Civil Rights and Criminal Defense
University of Toledo, College of Law
Welcome to the Law Offices of Owen Dunn Jr., Bankruptcy Attorney. We are a full-service bankruptcy law firm providing legal assistance to individuals and families in Northwest Ohio and Southeast Michigan, including Toledo, Bowling Green, Findlay, Monroe, Detroit and the surrounding communities. As a distinguished member of the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys, I along with my staff, have the legal knowledge, resources and experience to help you. We have helped thousands of clients get a fresh start. If you are in need of an experienced, professional and compassionate Ohio or Michigan bankruptcy attorney, please contact...
Daryl Rubin Esq
(419) 244-7482 2127 Monroe St
Cleveland State University Cleveland-Marshall College of Law
I am Toledo personal injury attorney Daryl Rubin and I am passionate about protecting the rights of accident injury victims. For over 30 years I have fought for the financial rights of victims who have been hurt due to the negligence of another.
My law firm is open 24 hours and we understand that accidents can happen at any time of the day or night. In fact, it seems like accident injuries happen when we are least prepared. From auto repair bills to medical expenses we know how to manage a claim and get you the compensation you deserve. Sometimes...
Bruce Boerst
(419) 283-6401 413 N. Michigan St.
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Divorce and Personal Injury
University of Dayton School of Law and Ohio University
What sets Bruce apart from the rest? How is law done differently?
You'll know exactly why he is the "Best of the Best" and a NTL "Top 100 National Trial Lawyer" and "Top 40 Under 40" the moment you step foot into this Firm. At The Boerst Law Office, you're not treated like a "client". Rather, you're treated like a close friend and are immediately overcome with the feeling of security and importance. As a matter of fact, Bruce provides each client with his personal cell phone number.
Here, WE WORK FOR YOU. Mr. Boerst works tirelessly fighting for justice...
Megan Eileen Burke Esq
(419) 243-9650 Toledo, OH 43604
Free ConsultationPersonal Injury, Social Security Disability and Workers' Comp
Brian Morrissey
Lucas County, OH Attorney with 5 years of experience
(419) 242-8214 241 N. Superior St.
Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Domestic Violence and Traffic Tickets
Practice Areas: Criminal Law Felony Criminal Cases Misdemeanor Criminal Cases DUI/OVI Cases Traffic Tickets / Citations Sex Offenses Contact Brian today for a free Initial Consultation. Brian Morrissey was born and raised in Toledo. He graduated from the University of Toledo with a Bachelor of Science in Paralegal Studies. He also graduated from the University of Toledo College of Law. During law school Brian also followed his passion for criminal law and worked part time at the Public Defenders Office through the Toledo Legal Aid Society where he worked on both felony and misdemeanor cases. Brian currently is a staff attorney for the Toledo Legal Aid Society as a...
Daniel Zigray
(419) 897-7999 1715 Indian Wood Circle
Maumee, OH 43537
Free ConsultationElder and Probate
Daniel F. Zigray is the principal attorney for The Zigray Law Office, LLC. The focus of his law practice for many years has been probate litigation. He is an attorney licensed in the State of Ohio since 1991 and became a partner in the firm that came to be Kolb & Zigray. He opened the suburban Toledo law practice of The Zigray Law Office, LLC in Maumee, Ohio to be more accessible and to allow his clients to avoid the hassle of going downtown. The Zigray Law Office, LLC is located in the Arrowhead Park Business Community in Maumee, Ohio....
John Bolan Fisher Esq
(419) 460-1372 5719 Olde Post
Sylvania, OH 43560
John Fisher is a graduate of the University of Toledo's College of Law and has been a licensed attorney since November of 1991. John is a Past-President of the Toledo Area Trial Lawyers Association, a member of the Ohio Association For Justice, a member of the American Bar Association, Ohio State Bar Association, and a member of the Toledo Bar Association.
In addition to being licensed as an Ohio attorney John Fisher is admitted to practice in the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, the Federal District Court for the Northern District of Ohio and...
Sarah Ruth Anjum
(419) 244-5106 151 N Michigan St
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense
Ammar Alo
(419) 913-1580 4303 Talmadge Road
Alo Legal, a boutique law firm, representing Immigration and Personal Injury clients. Helping reunite families since 2008.
Jennifer Nicole Brown
(419) 546-0302 1715 Indian Wood Circle Suite 200, Office 269
Jennifer is a native of Northwest Ohio. She graduated Cum Laude from Bowling Green State University with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1996. After completing her undergraduate degree, she worked for two years at a local counseling agency as a mental health social worker for chronically mentally ill patients, networking these individuals with community resources and providing supportive services to prevent in-patient hospitalizations. She continued her education at The University of Toledo, College of Law, graduating Cum Laude in 2001. She began her career at the firm in March of 1999 as a law clerk. After she passed the...
Cindy Kirby
(419) 693-4433 316 N. Michigan Street Suite 818
Divorce, Family and Juvenile
Representing clients throughout the State of Ohio in family law issues for over 28 years. Extensive experience representing the LGBTQ+ community in family law issues.
I promptly return phone calls, even on evenings and weekends.
Dennis E. Sawan
(419) 900-0955 416 N Erie St Ste 200A
Civil Rights, Communications, Insurance Claims and Personal Injury
Attorney Dennis E. Sawan has been involved in the legal system in a variety of capacities since 2005. Through these experiences, he has gained valuable insights into the legal process, available defenses and successful trial strategies. Perhaps more importantly, this time in the local legal system has provided him the opportunity to interface with the local legal community and city government. He brings these experiences to bear in assisting clients in a wide array of legal scenarios.
Dennis E. Sawan is the managing partner and head litigator at Sawan & Sawan. He prides himself on a pragmatic, honest approach to...
Gregg Peppel Esq
(419) 214-0808 2224 Centennial Road
Free ConsultationAppeals, Business, Insurance Claims and Medical Malpractice
The University of Toledo College of Law
Gregg Peppel is a founding member of Turley, Peppel & Timmers, LLC. He focuses his practice primarily in the areas of Commercial Litigation, Corporate Law, and Medical Malpractice. Gregg was born in Marquette, Michigan in 1971. He is a graduate of the University of Toledo (BA, cum laude, 1993; JD, cum laude, 1999). Gregg served as the Managing Editor for the University of Toledo Law Review (1998-1999). The College of Law awarded him with the Dean's Award in the Spring of 1999. Gregg has successfully litigated complex commercial, construction, insurance, real estate...
David W. Zoll Esq
(888) 841-9623 6620 W Central Ave
Business, Construction, Personal Injury and Products Liability
David W. Zoll, partner in the firm of Zoll, Kranz & Borgess, LLC, handles a wide variety of civil litigation. His areas of practice include pharmaceutical litigation, construction disputes, municipal law, ERISA pension and fiduciary law, trade secret and employment contract cases, insurance law, product liability, mass torts, and professional negligence matters. Zoll is a Board Certified Civil Trial Advocate and serves as an examiner for the National Board of Trial Advocacy. He lectures trade and attorney groups and serves on the Lucas County MHRS Board, sharing his 30 years of experience with his profession and community.
Christine M. Smith
(419) 842-4629 99 Conant St.
DUI & DWI, Divorce, Domestic Violence and Family
With over a decade of legal experience, Attorney Christine Smith focuses her practice primarily on family law and divorce cases. She joined her father, Gary Smith's, firm in 2008 to create Smith & Smith Law Office LLC, Lucas County's premier family law firm.
Ms. Smith earned her B.A. magna cum laude from the University of Akron in 2003 and her J.D. from the University of Toledo in 2007. Before law school, she worked as a family law paralegal for her father for several years. Ms. Smith also has experience working as a prosecutor for the Villages of Swanton and Metamora....
Michelle Kranz Esq
My area of practice is plaintiff product liability, mass torts. I have been involved in multiple leadership roles within Multidistrict Litigations (MDLs). Please visit our website to learn more about my qualifications and the current dangerous drug and medical devices.
Daniel Michel
Lucas County, OH Lawyer
Suite 200, Office 269
Daniel R. Michel is a past President of the Ohio Association for Justice (OAJ), the state trial lawyers organization that advocates for the rights of consumers and injured persons. Dan also served for several years on the OAJ Board of Trustees as well as multiple officer positions; and the Board of Editors for OAJ's bi-annual journal publication, OHIO TRIAL. He has also been active with the Ohio State Bar Association (OSBA), having chaired the Negligence Law Committee and a Special Committee on attorney trust fund disbursements (Rule 1.15). Dan has published several articles on a wide range of topics and has lectured...
Clay Crates
Clay practices principally in the areas of personal injury. He was admitted to the practice of law in Ohio in 2008 and is currently serving in leadership roles as a member of the YMCA's Executive Board, the CCNO Citizens Advisory Committee, and the Board of Trustees for the Ohio Association for Justice. When Clay isn't at work, he lives in Defiance with his wife Ashton and he enjoys cooking BBQ, playing sports, hunting, and cheering for the Ohio State Buckeyes and Cleveland Browns.
James G. O'Brien
(888) 234-3430 3763 Sulphur Spring Road
Ottawa Hills, OH 43606
My primary practice area is product liability involving dangerous pharmaceuticals and defective medical devices.
Lonnie Richard Lutz Esq
Free ConsultationBusiness, Elder, Estate Planning and Probate
Gary Sommer
Wood County, OH Attorney
(419) 800-0968 200 Dixie Hwy
Rossford, OH 43460
Estate Planning, Health Care, Probate and Real Estate
Are you in need of an estate planning lawyer in Rossford? You have come to the right place. At the law office of Heban, Sommer & Murphree, you can have confidence that you can receive the help you need. Estate planning is a serious and complicated issue, but you do not need to be overwhelmed by it. Instead, be proactive and secure the representation you need from Attorney Gary Sommer. He received his Juris Doctorate from The University of Toledo College of Law, after earning his Bachelor of Arts degree at Miami University at Oxford. He is a member of...
Amy Elizabeth Wilburn
Wood County, OH Attorney with 7 years of experience
(419) 482-8694 405 Madison Avenue
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
Before falling in love with the law, Amy was a French teacher for grades 7-12. She loved helping her students understand the complexities and the beauty of the language, and was encouraged by their success. In 2009, Amy transitioned to working for a bankruptcy attorney and right away, she knew she had found her calling. While working as a bankruptcy paralegal and raising her two young children, she attended Seattle University School of Law, and earned her degree in 2014. She opened her own firm right away, eager to serve clients and guide them through the rocky waters of bankruptcy....
Craig Patrick Burns Esq
(419) 249-7281 Four SeaGate, Eighth Floor
Free ConsultationBusiness, International, Securities and Tax
I am a business lawyer, and I have been helping businesses resolve the many legal issues they face, both common and extraordinary, since 1990.
My clients range from startups to middle market companies to Fortune 500 companies. I combine an extensive business and legal education with a wealth of hands-on experience to create solutions that are innovative, yet practical and cost-effective. I particularly enjoy tackling issues that are out of the ordinary. Rather than telling my client something can't be done, I find alternatives, and assess risks so my client can make an informed business decision.
Taylor R. Ward
(419) 536-8600 3361 Executive Pkwy
Business, Consumer, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Taylor Ward has extensive civil litigation experience spanning a variety of business and consumer related matters. By conducting many hearings and trials in the past two years, he is fully conversant in trial practice and advocacy. Mr. Ward devotes his practice to a wide range of contract disputes, personal injury, products liability, and many consumer related statutes including the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Federal Truth-in-Lending, and the Ohio Unfair and Deceptive Practices Act, among others.
Rose M. Mock
(419) 214-0204 Ottawa Hills Shopping Center
4334 W. Central Ave. Suite 203
Free ConsultationDivorce, Elder, Family and Probate
Rose M. Mock is a licensed social worker, attorney and a former prosecutor. Rose brings a unique mix of compassion, understanding and experience that is unmatched. Licensed in Ohio and Michigan.
Lorin Jay Zaner Esq
(419) 242-8214 241 N Superior Ste 200
Criminal Defense, Divorce, Family and Personal Injury
Misty Wood
Appeals, Bankruptcy, Business and Collections
Misty Wood has lived in Northwest Ohio for most of her life. She graduated from the University of Toledo College of Law in 2015.
The law is her passion, and she practices primarily in the field of bankruptcy. This focus on bankruptcy allows her to help clients get their financial lives in order and relieve their stress.
She is licensed to practice both Ohio and Michigan. She is also admitted to practice in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.
She handles state and federal...
Jeffrey Paul Nunnari Esq
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Divorce and Family
I practice in all areas of Ohio, with my primary base in Northwest Ohio. I am licensed to practice in any court in Ohio, and am admitted to practice in the United States District Courts for the Northern District of Ohio and the Eastern District of Michigan, and in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee). I have clients from all across the country who have come to me in time of need. I concentrate my practice in the fields of criminal law, family law, juvenile law (delinquency), and appeals of all...
Mr. David C. Shook Esq
(419) 720-0066 3450 W Central Ave., Suite 326
Free ConsultationAnimal, Criminal Defense, Divorce and Family
Thomas Patrick Timmers
(419) 216-2258 4001 W. Central Ave.
Free ConsultationBusiness, Construction, Consumer and Employment
Tom Timmers founded Haims Timmers in 2018 after working as a partner in a small firm in Toledo from 2014 - 2018.
After he received his B.A. from the University of Dayton, he attended the University of Toledo College of Law, graduating cum laude. During his time at the University of Toledo College of Law, Tom served on the law review. During law school and following graduation, Tom worked for a civil litigation firm in downtown Toledo until 2014.
Tom's current practice focuses on corporate, employment, and labor law.
In addition to being licensed in the State...
Mark Chad Abramson Esq
(419) 249-7900 433 Summit Street
4 SeaGate, Ninth Floor
Business, Employment, Estate Planning and Tax
(419) 243-1105 Two Maritime Plaza, Third Floor
Asbestos, Business, Insurance Claims and Maritime
Attorneys in Nearby Cities
The Oyez Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Lucas County Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.


text:
The  (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopædia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various times through the centuries. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia.

Printed for 244 years, the Britannica was the longest running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of Edinburgh, as three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size: the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810) it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market. In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In March 2012, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version.

The 15th edition has a three-part structure: a 12-volume  of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume  of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single  volume to give a hierarchical outline of knowledge. The  was meant for quick fact-checking and as a guide to the ; readers are advised to study the  outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the Britannica has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained British English spelling.

Present status

Print version

Since 1985, the Britannica had four parts: the , the , the , and a two-volume index. The Britannica articles are found in the  and , which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The 2007  has 699 in-depth articles, ranging in length from 2 to 310 pages and having references and named contributors. In contrast, the 2007  has roughly 65,000 articles, the vast majority (about 97%) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The  articles are intended for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more thorough information in the . The  articles are meant both as authoritative, well-written articles on their subjects and as storehouses of information not covered elsewhere. The longest article (310 pages) is on the United States, and resulted from the merger of the articles on the individual states. A 2013 "Global Edition" of Britannica contained approximately forty thousand articles.

Information can be found in the Britannica by following the cross-references in the  and ; however, these are sparse, averaging one cross-reference per page. Hence, readers are recommended to consult instead the alphabetical index or the , which organizes the Britannica contents by topic.

The core of the  is its "Outline of Knowledge", which aims to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge. Accordingly, the Outline is consulted by the Britannica editors to decide which articles should be included in the  and . The Outline is also intended to be a study guide, to put subjects in their proper perspective, and to suggest a series of Britannica articles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth. However, libraries have found that it is scarcely used, and reviewers have recommended that it be dropped from the encyclopaedia. The  also has color transparencies of human anatomy and several appendices listing the staff members, advisors, and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica.

Taken together, the  and  comprise roughly 40 million words and 24,000 images. The two-volume index has 2,350 pages, listing the 228,274 topics covered in the Britannica, together with 474,675 subentries under those topics. The Britannica generally prefers British spelling over American; for example, it uses colour (not color), centre (not center), and encyclopaedia (not encyclopedia). However, there are exceptions to this rule, such as defense rather than defence. Common alternative spellings are provided with cross-references such as "Color: see Colour."

Since 1936, the articles of the Britannica have been revised on a regular schedule, with at least 10% of them considered for revision each year. According to one Britannica website, 46% of its articles were revised over the past three years; however, according to another Britannica website, only 35% of the articles were revised.

The alphabetization of articles in the  and  follows strict rules. Diacritical marks and non-English letters are ignored, while numerical entries such as "1812, War of" are alphabetized as if the number had been written out ("Eighteen-twelve, War of"). Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are organized first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus, Charles III of France precedes Charles I of England, listed in Britannica as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland. (That is, they are alphabetized as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Similarly, places that share names are organized alphabetically by country, then by ever-smaller political divisions.

In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last printed version. This was announced as a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution. The peak year for the printed encyclopaedia was 1990 when 120,000 sets were sold, but it dropped to 40,000 in 1996. 12,000 sets of the 2010 edition were printed, of which 8,000 had been sold . By late April 2012, the remaining copies of the 2010 edition had sold out at Britannica's online store. , a replica of Britannica's 1768 first edition is sold on the online store.

Related printed material
Britannica Junior was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed Britannica Junior Encyclopædia in 1963. It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing.

A British Children's Britannica edited by John Armitage was issued in London in 1960. Its contents were determined largely by the eleven-plus standardized tests given in Britain. Britannica introduced the Children's Britannica to the US market in 1988, aimed at ages seven to 14.

In 1961, a 16 volume Young Children's Encyclopaedia was issued for children just learning to read.

My First Britannica is aimed at children ages six to 12, and the Britannica Discovery Library is for children aged three to six (issued 1974 to 1991).

There have been, and are, several abridged Britannica encyclopaedias. The single-volume Britannica Concise Encyclopædia has 28,000 short articles condensing the larger 32-volume Britannica; there are authorized translations in languages such as Chinese and Vietnamese. Compton's by Britannica, first published in 2007, incorporating the former Compton's Encyclopedia, is aimed at 10- to 17-year-olds and consists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages.

Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published annually a Book of the Year covering the past year's events. A given edition of the Book of the Year is named in terms of the year of its publication, though the edition actually covers the events of the previous year. The company also publishes several specialized reference works, such as Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard (Wiley, 2006).

Optical disc, online, and mobile versions
The Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2012 DVD contains over 100,000 articles. This includes regular Britannica articles, as well as others drawn from the Britannica Student Encyclopædia, and the Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia. The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from Merriam-Webster.

Britannica Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated regularly. It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from The New York Times and the BBC. , roughly 60% of Encyclopædia Britannica's revenue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions to the consumer version of the websites. , subscriptions were available on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis. Special subscription plans are offered to schools, colleges and libraries; such institutional subscribers constitute an important part of Britannica's business. Beginning in early 2007, the Britannica made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Non-subscribers are served pop-ups and advertising.

On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to launch a mobile encyclopaedia. Users will be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow will search Britannica 28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the query. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones are also planned.

On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the spirit of a wiki), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced. Approved contributions would be credited, though contributing automatically grants Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. perpetual, irrevocable license to those contributions.

On 22 January 2009, Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz, announced that the company would be accepting edits and additions to the online Britannica website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia will not be affected by the changes. Individuals wishing to edit the Britannica website will have to register under their real name and address prior to editing or submitting their content. All edits submitted will be reviewed and checked and will have to be approved by the encyclopaedia's professional staff. Contributions from non-academic users will sit in a separate section from the expert-generated Britannica content, as will content submitted by non-Britannica scholars. Articles written by users, if vetted and approved, will also only be available in a special section of the website, separate from the professional articles. Official Britannica material would carry a "Britannica Checked" stamp, to distinguish it from the user-generated content.

On 14 September 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with mobile phone development company Concentric Sky to launch a series of iPhone products aimed at the K-12 market. On 20 July 2011, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Intel's Intel Atom-based Netbooks and on 26 October 2011 that it had launched its encyclopedia as an iPad app. In 2010, Britannica released Britannica ImageQuest, a database of images.

In March 2012, it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopaedia set, and that it would focus more on its online version.

On 7 June 2018, Britannica released a Google Chrome extension, Britannica Insights, which shows snippets of information from Britannica Online in a sidebar for Google Search results. The Britannica sidebar does not replace Google's sidebar and is instead placed above Google's sidebar. Britannica Insights was also available as a Firefox extension but this was taken down due to a code review issue.

Personnel and management

Contributors
The print version of the Britannica has 4,411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman, astronomer Carl Sagan, and surgeon Michael DeBakey. Roughly a quarter of the contributors are deceased, some as long ago as 1947 (Alfred North Whitehead), while another quarter are retired or emeritus. Most (approximately 98%) contribute to only a single article; however, 64 contributed to three articles, 23 contributed to four articles, 10 contributed to five articles, and 8 contributed to more than five articles. An exceptionally prolific contributor is Christine Sutton of the University of Oxford, who contributed 24 articles on particle physics.

While Britannica authors have included writers such as Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, and Leon Trotsky, as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as Isaac Asimov, some have been criticized for lack of expertise. In 1911 the historian George L. Burr wrote:

Staff

 in the fifteenth edition of Britannica, Dale Hoiberg, a sinologist, was listed as Britannica Senior Vice President and editor-in-chief. Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were Hugh Chisholm (1902–1924), James Louis Garvin (1926–1932), Franklin Henry Hooper (1932–1938), Walter Yust (1938–1960), Harry Ashmore (1960–1963), Warren E. Preece (1964–1968, 1969–1975), Sir William Haley (1968–1969), Philip W. Goetz (1979–1991), and Robert McHenry (1992–1997).  Anita Wolff was listed as the Deputy Editor and Theodore Pappas as Executive Editor. Prior Executive Editors include John V. Dodge (1950–1964) and Philip W. Goetz.

Paul T. Armstrong remains the longest working employee of Encyclopædia Britannica. He began his career there in 1934, eventually earning the positions of treasurer, vice president, and chief financial officer in his 58 years with the company, before retiring in 1992.

The 2007 editorial staff of the Britannica included five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff helped to write the articles of the  and some sections of the .

Editorial advisors
The Britannica has an editorial board of advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: non-fiction author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

The Propædia and its Outline of Knowledge were produced by dozens of editorial advisors under the direction of Mortimer J. Adler. Roughly half of these advisors have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects – Rene Dubos (d. 1982), Loren Eiseley (d. 1977), Harold D. Lasswell (d. 1978), Mark Van Doren (d. 1972), Peter Ritchie Calder (d. 1982) and Mortimer J. Adler (d. 2001). The  also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned  articles.

Corporate structure
In January 1996, the Britannica was purchased from the Benton Foundation by billionaire Swiss financier Jacqui Safra, who serves as its current chair of the board. In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Safra, became CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. In 1999, a new company, Britannica.com Inc., was created to develop digital versions of the Britannica; Yannias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while his former position at the parent company remained vacant for two years. Yannias' tenure at Britannica.com Inc. was marked by missteps, considerable lay-offs, and financial losses. In 2001, Yannias was replaced by Ilan Yeshua, who reunited the leadership of the two companies. Yannias later returned to investment management, but remains on the Britannica Board of Directors.

In 2003, former management consultant Jorge Aguilar-Cauz was appointed President of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Cauz is the senior executive and reports directly to the Britannica Board of Directors. Cauz has been pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the Britannica brand to new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by former CEO Elkan Harrison Powell in the mid-1930s.

Under Safra's ownership, the company has experienced financial difficulties and has responded by reducing the price of its products and implementing drastic cost cuts. According to a 2003 report in the New York Post, the Britannica management has eliminated employee 401(k) accounts and encouraged the use of free images. These changes have had negative impacts, as freelance contributors have waited up to six months for checks and the Britannica staff have gone years without pay rises.

In the fall of 2017, Karthik Krishnan was appointed global chief executive officer of the Encyclopædia Britannica Group. Krishnan brought a varied perspective to the role based on several high-level positions in digital media, including RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier, and one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index) and Rodale, in which he was responsible for "driving business and cultural transformation and accelerating growth".

Taking the reins of the company as it was preparing to mark its 250th anniversary and define the next phase of its digital strategy for consumers and K-12 schools, Krishnan launched a series of new initiatives in his first year.

First was Britannica Insights, a free, downloadable software extension to the Google Chrome browser that served up edited, fact-checked Britannica information with queries on search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Its purpose, the company said, was to "provide trusted, verified information" in conjunction with search results that were thought to be increasingly unreliable in the era of misinformation and "fake news."

The product was quickly followed by Britannica School Insights, which provided similar content for subscribers to Britannica's online classroom solutions, and a partnership with YouTube in which verified Britannica content appeared on the site as an antidote to user-generated video content that could be false or misleading.

Krishnan, himself an educator at New York University's Stern School of Business, believes in the "transformative power of education" and set steering the company toward solidifying its place among leaders in educational technology and supplemental curriculum. Krishnan aimed at providing more useful and relevant solutions to customer needs, extending and renewing Britannica's historical emphasis on "Utility", which had been the watchword of its first edition in 1768.

Krishnan also is active in civic affairs, with organizations such as the Urban Enterprise Initiative and Urban Upbound, whose board he serves on.

Competition
As the Britannica is a general encyclopaedia, it does not seek to compete with specialized encyclopaedias such as the Encyclopaedia of Mathematics or the Dictionary of the Middle Ages, which can devote much more space to their chosen topics. In its first years, the Britannica main competitor was the general encyclopaedia of Ephraim Chambers and, soon thereafter, Rees's Cyclopædia and Coleridge's Encyclopædia Metropolitana. In the 20th century, successful competitors included Collier's Encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, and the World Book Encyclopedia. Nevertheless, from the 9th edition onwards, the Britannica was widely considered to have the greatest authority of any general English-language encyclopaedia, especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors. The print version of the Britannica was significantly more expensive than its competitors.

Since the early 1990s, the Britannica has faced new challenges from digital information sources. The Internet, facilitated by the development of Web search engines, has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides easy access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to initiatives such as Google Books, MIT's release of its educational materials and the open PubMed Central library of the National Library of Medicine. In general, the Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated. In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the Britannica has struggled to stay up to date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust. Eventually, the Britannica turned to focus more on its online edition.

Print encyclopaedias
The  has been compared with other print encyclopaedias, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A well-known comparison is that of Kenneth Kister, who gave a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the 1993 Britannica with two comparable encyclopaedias, Collier's Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia Americana. For the quantitative analysis, ten articles were selected at random—circumcision, Charles Drew, Galileo, Philip Glass, heart disease, IQ, panda bear, sexual harassment, Shroud of Turin and Uzbekistan—and letter grades of A–D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between B− and B+, chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an article on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the Britannica received one "D" and seven "A"s, Encyclopedia Americana received eight "A"s, and Collier's received one "D" and seven "A"s; thus, Britannica received an average score of 92% for accuracy to Americana 95% and Collier's 92%. In the timeliness category, Britannica averaged an 86% to Americana'''s 90% and Collier's 85%.

In 2013, the President of Encyclopædia Britannica announced that after 244 years, the encyclopedia would cease print production and all future editions would be entirely digital.

 Digital encyclopaedias on optical media
The most notable competitor of the Britannica among CD/DVD-ROM digital encyclopaedias was Encarta, now discontinued, a modern, multimedia encyclopaedia that incorporated three print encyclopaedias: Funk & Wagnalls, Collier's and the New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia. Encarta was the top-selling multimedia encyclopaedia, based on total US retail sales from January 2000 to February 2006. Both occupied the same price range, with the 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate CD or DVD costing US$40–50 and the Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007 DVD costing US$45. The Britannica contains 100,000 articles and Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus (US only), and offers Primary and Secondary School editions. Encarta contained 66,000 articles, a user-friendly Visual Browser, interactive maps, math, language and homework tools, a US and UK dictionary, and a youth edition. Like Encarta, the Britannica has been criticized for being biased towards United States audiences; the United Kingdom-related articles are updated less often, maps of the United States are more detailed than those of other countries, and it lacks a UK dictionary. Like the Britannica, Encarta was available online by subscription, although some content could be accessed free.

 Wikipedia
The main online alternative to Britannica is Wikipedia. The key differences between the two lie in accessibility; the model of participation they bring to an encyclopedic project; their respective style sheets and editorial policies; relative ages; the number of subjects treated; the number of languages in which articles are written and made available; and their underlying economic models: unlike Britannica, Wikipedia is a not-for-profit and is not connected with traditional profit- and contract-based publishing distribution networks.

The 699 printed  articles are generally written by identified contributors, and the roughly 65,000 printed  articles are the work of the editorial staff and identified outside consultants. Thus, a Britannica article either has known authorship or a set of possible authors (the editorial staff). With the exception of the editorial staff, most of the Britannica contributors are experts in their field—some are Nobel laureates. By contrast, the articles of Wikipedia are written by people of unknown degrees of expertise: most do not claim any particular expertise, and of those who do, many are anonymous and have no verifiable credentials. It is for this lack of institutional vetting, or certification, that former Britannica editor-in-chief Robert McHenry notes his belief that Wikipedia cannot hope to rival the Britannica in accuracy.

In 2005, the journal Nature chose articles from both websites in a wide range of science topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review. The experts then compared the competing articles—one from each site on a given topic—side by side but were not told which article came from which site. Nature got back 42 usable reviews.

In the end, the journal found just eight serious errors, such as general misunderstandings of vital concepts: four from each site. It also discovered many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Wikipedia and 123 in Britannica, an average of 3.86 mistakes per article for Wikipedia and 2.92 for Britannica.

Although Britannica was revealed as the more accurate encyclopedia, with fewer errors, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in its rebuttal called Nature's study flawed and misleading and called for a "prompt" retraction. It noted that two of the articles in the study were taken from a Britannica yearbook and not the encyclopaedia, and another two were from Compton's Encyclopedia (called the Britannica Student Encyclopedia on the company's website). Nature defended its story and declined to retract, stating that, as it was comparing Wikipedia with the web version of Britannica, it used whatever relevant material was available on Britannica website. Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of Britannica UK said: In a January 2016 press release, Britannica called Wikipedia "an impressive achievement."

 Critical and popular assessments
 Reputation

Since the 3rd edition, the Britannica has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence. The 3rd and the 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States, beginning with Dobson's Encyclopaedia. On the release of the 14th edition, Time magazine dubbed the Britannica the "Patriarch of the Library". In a related advertisement, naturalist William Beebe was quoted as saying that the Britannica was "beyond comparison because there is no competitor." References to the Britannica can be found throughout English literature, most notably in one of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's favourite Sherlock Holmes stories, "The Red-Headed League". The tale was highlighted by the Lord Mayor of London, Gilbert Inglefield, at the bicentennial of the Britannica.

The Britannica has a reputation for summarising knowledge. To further their education, some people have devoted themselves to reading the entire Britannica, taking anywhere from three to 22 years to do so. When Fat'h Ali became the Shah of Persia in 1797, he was given a set of the Britannica 3rd edition, which he read completely; after this feat, he extended his royal title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of the ". Writer George Bernard Shaw claimed to have read the complete 9th edition—except for the science articles—and Richard Evelyn Byrd took the Britannica as reading material for his five-month stay at the South Pole in 1934, while Philip Beaver read it during a sailing expedition. More recently, A.J. Jacobs, an editor at Esquire magazine, read the entire 2002 version of the 15th edition, describing his experiences in the well-received 2004 book, The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World. Only two people are known to have read two independent editions: the author C. S. Forester and Amos Urban Shirk, an American businessman who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hours per night for four and a half years to read the 11th.

 Awards
The CD/DVD-ROM version of the Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the Association of Educational Publishers. On 15 July 2009,  was awarded a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,000 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC.

 Coverage of topics
Topics are chosen in part by reference to the  "Outline of Knowledge". The bulk of the Britannica is devoted to geography (26% of the ), biography (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6%), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%). A complementary study of the  found that geography accounted for 25% of articles, science 18%, social sciences 17%, biography 17%, and all other humanities 25%. Writing in 1992, one reviewer judged that the "range, depth, and catholicity of coverage [of the Britannica] are unsurpassed by any other general Encyclopaedia."

The Britannica does not cover topics in equivalent detail; for example, the whole of Buddhism and most other religions is covered in a single  article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles. However, the Britannica has been lauded as the least biased of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers and praised for its biographies of important women of all eras.

 Criticism of editorial decisions
On rare occasions, the Britannica has been criticized for its editorial choices. Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. The initial 15th edition (1974–1985) was faulted for having reduced or eliminated coverage of children's literature, military decorations, and the French poet Joachim du Bellay; editorial mistakes were also alleged, such as inconsistent sorting of Japanese biographies. Its elimination of the index was condemned, as was the apparently arbitrary division of articles into the  and . Summing up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure...[that] cares more for juggling its format than for preserving." More recently, reviewers from the American Library Association were surprised to find that most educational articles had been eliminated from the 1992 , along with the article on psychology.

Some very few Britannica-appointed contributors are mistaken. A notorious instance from the Britannica early years is the rejection of Newtonian gravity by George Gleig, the chief editor of the 3rd edition (1788–1797), who wrote that gravity was caused by the classical element of fire. The Britannica has also staunchly defended a scientific approach to cultural topics, as it did with William Robertson Smith's articles on religion in the 9th edition, particularly his article stating that the Bible was not historically accurate (1875).

 Other criticisms
The Britannica has received criticism, especially as editions become outdated. It is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the Britannica, and its editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible (usually about 25 years). For example, despite continuous revision, the 14th edition became outdated after 35 years (1929–1964). When American physicist Harvey Einbinder detailed its failings in his 1964 book, The Myth of the Britannica, the encyclopaedia was provoked to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work.  It is still difficult to keep the Britannica current; one 1994 critic writes, "it is not difficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision", noting that the longer  articles are more likely to be outdated than the shorter  articles.  Information in the  is sometimes inconsistent with the corresponding  article(s), mainly because of the failure to update one or the other. The bibliographies of the  articles have been criticized for being more out-of-date than the articles themselves.

In 2005, 12-year-old schoolboy Lucian George found several inaccuracies in the Britannica entries on Poland and wildlife in Eastern Europe.

In 2010, an inaccurate entry about the Irish Civil War was discussed in the Irish press following a decision of the Department of Education and Science to pay for online access.Sheehy, Clodagh (4 February 2010). "Are they taking the Mick? It's the encyclopedia that thinks the Civil War was between the north and south" . Evening Herald (Dublin).

Writing about the 3rd edition (1788–1797), Britannica chief editor George Gleig observed that "perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan, and embracing such a variety of subjects." In March 2006, the Britannica wrote, "we in no way mean to imply that Britannica is error-free; we have never made such a claim" (although in 1962 Britannica's sales department famously said of the 14th edition "It is truth. It is unquestionable fact.") The sentiment is expressed by its original editor, William Smellie:

However, Jorge Cauz (president of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.) asserted in 2012 that "Britannica [...] will always be factually correct."

 History

Past owners have included, in chronological order, the Edinburgh, Scotland printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hooper, Sears Roebuck and William Benton.

The present owner of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. is Jacqui Safra, a Brazilian billionaire and actor. Recent advances in information technology and the rise of electronic encyclopaedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, Encarta and Wikipedia have reduced the demand for print encyclopaedias. To remain competitive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has stressed the reputation of the Britannica, reduced its price and production costs, and developed electronic versions on CD-ROM, DVD, and the World Wide Web. Since the early 1930s, the company has promoted spin-off reference works.

 Editions
The Britannica has been issued in 15 editions, with multi-volume supplements to the 3rd and 4th editions (see the Table below). The 5th and 6th editions were reprints of the 4th, and the 10th edition was only a supplement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11th. The 15th underwent massive reorganization in 1985, but the updated, current version is still known as the 15th. The 14th and 15th editions were edited every year throughout their runs, so that later printings of each were entirely different from early ones.

Throughout history, the Britannica has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material. In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematize all human knowledge. The history of the Britannica can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management, or reorganization of the dictionary.

 1768–1826

In the first era (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the Britannica was managed and published by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others. The Britannica was first published between December 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh as the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a New Plan. In part, it was conceived in reaction to the French Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (published 1751–72), which had been inspired by Chambers's Cyclopaedia (first edition 1728). It went on sale 10 December.

The Britannica of this period was primarily a Scottish enterprise, and it is one of the most enduring legacies of the Scottish Enlightenment. In this era, the Britannica moved from being a three-volume set (1st edition) compiled by one young editor—William Smellie—to a 20-volume set written by numerous authorities. Several other encyclopaedias competed throughout this period, among them editions of Abraham Rees's Cyclopædia and Coleridge's Encyclopædia Metropolitana and David Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopædia.

 1827–1901
During the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the Britannica was managed by the Edinburgh publishing firm A & C Black. Although some contributors were again recruited through friendships of the chief editors, notably Macvey Napier, others were attracted by the Britannica reputation. The contributors often came from other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7th edition, a practice maintained until 1974.

Production of the 9th edition was overseen by Thomas Spencer Baynes, the first English-born editor-in-chief. Dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th edition is the most scholarly of all Britannicas. After 1880, Baynes was assisted by William Robertson Smith. No biographies of living persons were included. James Clerk Maxwell and Thomas Huxley were special advisors on science. However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated, and the Britannica faced financial difficulties.

 1901–1973

In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the Britannica was managed by American businessmen who introduced direct marketing and door-to-door sales. The American owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35, but the 11th edition was a completely new work, and is still praised for excellence; its owner, Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on its perfection.

When Hooper fell into financial difficulties, the Britannica was managed by Sears Roebuck for 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the Britannica; in 1936, he began the policy of continuous revision. This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the articles were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly 25-year intervals, some articles unchanged from earlier editions. Powell developed new educational products that built upon the Britannica reputation.

In 1943, Sears donated the  to the University of Chicago. William Benton, then a vice president of the university, provided the working capital for its operation. The stock was divided between Benton and the university, with the university holding an option on the stock. Benton became chairman of the board and managed the Britannica until his death in 1973. Benton set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the Britannica until 1996, and whose sole beneficiary was the University of Chicago. In 1968, near the end of this era, the Britannica celebrated its bicentennial.

 1974–1994

In the fourth era (1974–94), the Britannica introduced its 15th edition, which was reorganized into three parts: the , the , and the . Under Mortimer J. Adler (member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica since its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974; director of editorial planning for the 15th edition of Britannica from 1965), the Britannica sought not only to be a good reference work and educational tool, but to systematize all human knowledge. The absence of a separate index and the grouping of articles into parallel encyclopaedias (the  and ) provoked a "firestorm of criticism" of the initial 15th edition.

  In response, the 15th edition was completely reorganized and indexed for a re-release in 1985. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised until the 2010 print version. The official title of the 15th edition is the New Encyclopædia Britannica, although it has also been promoted as Britannica 3.

On 9 March 1976 the US Federal Trade Commission entered an opinion and order enjoining Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from using: a) deceptive advertising practices in recruiting sales agents and obtaining sales leads, and b) deceptive sales practices in the door-to-door presentations of its sales agents.

 1994–present

In the fifth era (1994–present), digital versions have been developed and released on optical media and online. In 1996, the Britannica was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. split in 1999. One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica.com Inc., developed digital versions. Since 2001, the two companies have shared a CEO, Ilan Yeshua, who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the Britannica name. In March 2012, Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz, announced that it would not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 2010 15th edition being the last. The company will focus only on the online edition and other educational tools.Britannica final print edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set. Britannica Global Edition was also printed in 2010, containing 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes, as well as over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain  and  sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up through the 14th had. The following is Britannica description of the work:

In 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. released the Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't, an encyclopedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was Britannica's first encyclopedia for children since 1984.

 Dedications
The Britannica was dedicated to the reigning British monarch from 1788 to 1901 and then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and the President of the United States. Thus, the 11th edition is "dedicated by Permission to His Majesty George the Fifth, King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and to William Howard Taft, President of the United States of America." The order of the dedications has changed with the relative power of the United States and Britain, and with relative sales; the 1954 version of the 14th edition is "Dedicated by Permission to the Heads of the Two English-Speaking Peoples, Dwight David Eisenhower, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second." Consistent with this tradition, the 2007 version of the current 15th edition was "dedicated by permission to the current President of the United States of America, George W. Bush, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II", while the 2010 version of the current 15th edition is "dedicated by permission to Barack Obama, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II."

 Edition summary

 See also

 Encyclopædia Britannica Films
 Great Books of the Western World List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
 List of encyclopedias by date

 List of online encyclopedias

 Notes

 References

 Further reading

 Boyles, Denis. (2016) Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the Encyclopædia Britannica Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911 (2016) online review

 Greenstein, Shane, and Michelle Devereux (2006). "The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica" case history, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University.

 Lee, Timothy. Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz'', Techdirt.com, 2 June 2008

External links

 Encyclopaedia Britannica at the National Library of Scotland, first ten editions (and supplements) in PDF format.
 Encyclopaedia Britannica at the Online Books Page, currently including the 1st-13th editions in multiple formats.
 3rd edition, (1797, first volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library MDZ-Reader | Band | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature
 7th edition (1842), fulltext via Hathi Trust
 8th edition (1860, index volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library MDZ-Reader | Band | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature
 Scribner's 9th Edition (1878) archive.org
 9th and 10th (1902) editions 1902Encyclopedia.com

1768 books
1768 establishments in Scotland
American encyclopedias
English-language encyclopedias
History of Edinburgh
Publications established in 1768
Scottish Enlightenment
Scottish encyclopedias
American online encyclopedias
British online encyclopedias

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Under California's Implied Consent laws, when you receive your driver's license you agree to submit to a breath or blood test if you are arrested for driving under the influence (DUI). (Note that the PAS breath test is exempt from this requirement.) When you are arrested for a DUI/DWI or DUID you are given a choice of taking a breath, blood or urine test. If you refuse to submit to any of these chemical tests, your driving privileges may automatically be suspended for six months. The question here is what constitutes a refusal? In accordance with case law, there are two types of refusals, express refusals and implied refusals. The express refusal is one in which the individual actually says "no" to a test and the implied refusal is one in which a officer thinks and states that a refusal occurred although the individual did not actually say "no" to the test.
There are cases where an implied refusal may be excused as far as the repercussions of the Implied Consent law are concerned. For instance, if a driver is arrested for drunk driving and chooses to submit to a breath test but is unable to provide a sufficient amount of breath so that a reading will result, and the testing officer records this as a refusal, then it may be considered as an implied refusal and excused from the Implied Consent law. In some instances, the individual is sick or injured and simply unable to provide a sufficient sample or the test machine is faulty. In this instance if the testing officer does not allow the individual who chose to take the breath test to then submit to a blood test, but rather records a "refusal," then the refusal may be excused. Note that California courts have found that a driver who is semiconscious due to a medical condition should not be considered to have had "refused" the test.


4/05/2016 · So i am trying atm MACD indicator and i have 2 questions 1) Are the default settings (12,26,9 ) on 1H charts good for testing the indicator ? Any other proposal ? 2) At the school it says that i have to see 2 lines on the indicators chart but i only see 1 dot line...... Bullish Divergence: When the Price is going down making Lower Lows but MACD Histogram Bars are making Lower Highs, then MACD is diverging. Price is moving down but momentum is decreasing and at any time price may move to the North(Up).
Before going into how to trade Stochastics Divergence, a trader should firstly understand how the Stochastics oscillator works and more importantly, why it is a better choice of an oscillator than compared to the others (ex: RSI, Force Index, MACD etc).... MACD Divergence forms when the price goes up and makes higher highs and at the same time, MACD bars go down and make lower highs. If you use the traditional MACD, then the same divergence can form with the main and signal line.
For example, if you were to see "12, 26, 9" as the MACD parameters (which is usually the default setting for most charting software), this is how you would interpret it: The 12 represents the previous 12 bars of the faster moving average.... The MACD indicator is very useful when thinking of it in terms of momentum and trend and not as a holy grail. There are many settings that can be used and I prefer to use the settings that reflect the 3/10 oscillator (Raschke).
The MACD Line is composed of a fast and slow moving average. The value of the MACD Line is the difference between the two moving averages. The default settings for the two moving averages are typically 12-period (fast) and 26-period (slow) exponential moving averages and are generally calculated off of the close price of an asset.
The Moving Average Convergence Divergence indicator, known as "MACD," is chart feature that traders use to analyze price movement. It is based on the moving average, which is simply an average of market prices over a set duration of time.


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text:
Max Morinière, né le  à Fort-de-France, en Martinique, est un athlète français, pratiquant le sprint.

Biographie

Il a notamment fait partie de l'équipe qui battit le record du monde du 4 × 100 mètres en 1990. Le  à Lyon (Parilly), il égale le record de France du  détenu par Antoine Richard depuis le .

Le , lors des Championnats d'Europe de Split, Max Morinière établit un nouveau record du monde du relais 4 × 100 m en compagnie de Daniel Sangouma, Jean-Charles Trouabal et Bruno Marie-Rose, en 37 s 79, améliorant de 4/100 l'ancien meilleur temps mondial détenu par les États-Unis depuis la saison 1984.

Son cousin Claude Morinière a été champion de France de saut en longueur.

Palmarès

 Championnats de France
  vainqueur du  en 1987 et 1988

Records
 Recordman de France du  en 1987, en 10 s 09.
 Recordman de monde du 4 ×  en 1990, en 37 s 79.

Distinctions
 Champion des champions français du journal L'Équipe (avec Bruno Marie-Rose, Jean-Charles Trouabal et Daniel Sangouma) en 1990

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sprinteur français
Coureur de 100 mètres
Relayeur (athlétisme)
Champion d'Europe d'athlétisme
Détenteur d'un record du monde d'athlétisme
Détenteur d'un record d'Europe d'athlétisme
Médaillé de bronze olympique français
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1988
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992
Grand prix Serge-Kampf de l'Académie des sports
Naissance en février 1964
Naissance à Fort-de-France