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Reviews » 11 Best Oscillating Tools Right Now | Buyer's Guide and Reviews
11 Best Oscillating Tools Right Now | Buyer's Guide and Reviews
by Aida Vasquez
| Updated on October 18, 2021
Whether it's that one uneven surface in your house, or a mildly jammed door, it will create an uncomfortable situation for you to live in once your OCD kicks in.
Nevertheless, it is essential to prioritize home improvement/renovation tasks, and most importantly, doing it yourself.
Oscillating tools are a relatively new category of power tools, equipped with unique features, which are very useful in completing DIY household carpentry/building jobs. These tools can be used for cutting, scaping, sanding, wedging, grinding, shearing, and similar quick-fix tasks. That being said, oscillating tools are rapidly becoming a must-have tool in modern households.
QUICK COMPARISON: Our Top 3 Picks for Oscillating Tools
1st Runner-Up
PORTER-CABLE PCE605K 3-Amp Corded Oscillating Multi-Tool Kit
Can produce 22,000 oscillations per minute
Impressive vibration control
VIEW LATEST PRICE →SEE CUSTOMER REVIEWS →
DEWALT 20V MAX XR Oscillating Tool Kit
Built with durable materials
20,000 oscillations per minute
Long-lasting battery life, quick charging
2nd Runner-Up
Rockwell RK5151K 4.2 Amp Sonicrafter F80 Oscillating Multi-Tool
Duo-tech oscillation technology
4.2 amp motor for higher efficiency
However, in this rush hour of life, it becomes tough to decide which oscillating tool would be the best fit at satisfying our needs while fitting under our budget. Also, most of the buyers start having second thoughts when they discover the prices of high-performance oscillating tools.
So, if you, too, are having second thoughts about buying such a device, let us clear your doubts with our 11 best oscillating tools list. We have enlisted some of the best models that are guaranteed to serve your needs while maintaining a pocket-friendly price range.
So, let's get started!
Best Oscillating Tools
Dremel MM40-06 Multi-Max 3.8-Amp Oscillating Tool Kit
3.8 amp motor for high performance
Quick-Lock feature for changing accessories
Quickboost feature for advanced efficiency
Bosch Brushless StarlockPlus Oscillating Multi-Tool
3D interface for higher performance
Up to 20,000 oscillations per minute
The variable speed control feature
Makita XMT03Z 18V LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless Multi-Tool
Up to 20,000 OPM at a sharp 3.2-degree angle
LED-lights for signaling
Genesis GMT15A 1.5 Amp Multi-Purpose Oscillating Tool
A multifunctional tool with numerous accessories
Two-year warranty period
Four-pin flange design
BLACK+DECKER Oscillating Multi-Tool
Inexpensive and versatile
Up to 20,000 OPM
Ryobi P340 One+ 18V Lithium Ion JobPlus Cordless Multi Tool
Multifunctional tool at a low price
Efficient at cutting and sanding rough objects
Reduces vibrations significantly
Oscillating Tool, Tacklife PMT03B 20V Max Cordless Multifunctional Tool
Oscillating Tool Buyer's Guide
Dewalt, as a globally renowned brand, unarguably has the catbird's seat when it comes to high-quality power tools that last for years to come. Its all-new DCS355DI cordless tool kit comes out as a groundbreaking innovation that stands the test of time with its multifunctional features. For those who prefer portability and durability over anything, we'd recommend you to have a slice of this.
DEWALT 20V MAX* XR Oscillating Tool Kit, Brushless, 28 Pieces...
DEWALT brushless motor of DEWALT 20V tools...
Quick-Change accessory system of DEWALT...
Frankly, considering how incredibly lightweight and compact it's dimensions are, we can call it one of the most easy-to-carry oscillating tool kits without a second thought. However, apart from its portability, this product has also proven to be an efficient tool that gets moderately severe building tasks done with ease.
This product is well capable of producing a maximum of 20,000 oscillations per minute at a fixed 1.6-degree angle. We have felt significantly lesser vibrations while using this toolkit, which gave us a satisfying user experience. Also, it managed to provide us with a higher level of control in certain areas where precision was highly necessitated.
Noteworthy to mention, this cordless oscillating tool is powered by a 20V MAX Li-Ion battery that also gives a decent battery life. We charged the battery with Dewalt's factory-built quick charger, and to our surprise, it was as charged as new under 20 minutes.
However, what we've loved the most about this product is its dual-grip variable speed trigger feature, which instantly gives it an advantage over other tools in the market. While exploring this cutting-edge feature, we were able to control the speed of the tool's oscillation as per our needs, which comes very handy while we're engaged in tricky jobs.
What could have been better?
Although this is a decent option to consider, its tool guide may cause interference while you're using it for tasks other than cutting. It creates a mildly uncomfortable situation for the user, which requires being fixed urgently.
Dual-grip speed trigger feature
The tool guide comes in the way while working
Porter-Cable is one of the most reliable brands in the market that specializes in intertwining convenience and performance to develop high-quality architectural innovation. Its PCE605K52 3-amp model is undoubtedly an efficient tool that quickens our job by a great deal with its wide array of features.
PORTER-CABLE Oscillating Tool Kit with 31-Piece Accessories, 3-Amp...
3-amp motor of the oscillating tool delivers power...
TOOL FREE SYSTEM blade change allows quick changes...
We had the privilege to have our hands on this exquisite toolkit and were instantly impressed to realize that this product produces up to 22,000 oscillations per minute effortlessly. If compared to similar products under this price range in the market, the PCE605K52 3-amp model stands out as a more efficient product to consider.
Not to forget, we are quite satisfied with the ergonomic design on this model, which does not fatigue our arms while using it for a longer time. That's because it's considerably lightweight, and the attached barrel grip is also pretty useful in increasing its user comfort by a great deal. Although a little more contouring would have been excellent, we're not complaining.
If we talk about its core performance, its 3-amp motor gives a decent and satisfying oscillating performance at a sharp 2.8-degree angle. Also, the oscillation speed can be manually adjusted or locked in the speed dial on the rear-side of the tool. Overall, if you usually engage in lengthy building jobs, this is an appropriate tool to consider.
Despite its attractive features, this Porter-Cable thumbs its nose disastrously when it comes to noise levels. This model can crank up to 101 dB, requiring emergency earphone protection.
Deafening noise levels
We cannot miss the legacy of Rockwell in a list that contains some of the most efficient multi-tool manufacturing brands in the market. Being a significant player, Rockwell has raised the bar quite high with its RK5151 4.2-AMP oscillating tool. Apart from its high-power 4.2 amp motor, this model has quite a lot to offer.
Rockwell RK5151K 4.2 Amp Sonicrafter F80 Oscillating Multi-Tool with...
[POWER & PRECISION] Up to 19,000 oscillations per...
[1 TON OF CLAMPING FORCE] The tool-free Hyperlock...
We've hardly come across multi-tools that have awed us with two different angles of oscillation. That being said, the duo-tech technology that's embedded in this trailblazing model had our attention at first glance.
Specifically, this product offers us two oscillation angles, such as 3.4-degree and 5.0-degree angles. This way, we were able to choose the most appropriate angle needed for a specific job, ridding ourselves from the hassle of carrying two tools with different oscillation angles.
Now, whether it is scraping, cutting, sanding, or polishing, this model stands out as a decent tool that handles every task smoothly. This is because it has a high-power 4.2 amp motor that's well capable of generating a maximum of 19,000 oscillations per minute in two switchable angles. Also, noteworthy to mention, its Hyperlock clamping system stands out as an efficient mechanism to change accessories and ensure a firm locking of the assembled tool.
If we talk about its additional features, this model offers a decent oscillation speed control that's quite handy during completing intricate jobs. Also, not to forget, its attractive duo-LED light pattern helps signal the user about low battery, or different modes.
We're a little upset that it isn't a very user-friendly product, which gives it a mild disadvantage. Also, despite its efficiency, it's a bit hard to get the hang of its hyper lock technology due to its complicated setting.
Variable speed control
Not very user-friendly
Complicated hyper lock technology
This DREMEL product, equipped with a robust Quick-Lock system, first appeared to us as a quite efficient oscillating tool. As we explored it more, we discovered some trailblazing features that quickly put it in the semi-professional tool category. If you're searching for something that ensures top-notch performance, give this product a try.
Dremel MM40-06 Multi-Max 3.8-Amp Oscillating Tool Kit with Quick-Lock...
Without a doubt, this product is one of the highest-powered multi-tools in its category. Its 3.8 amp motor can effortlessly produce up to 21,000 oscillations per minute, which is more than enough to get our usual building tasks done comfortably. Also, this product features a 3.2-degree oscillation angle. However, we had wished that it could support multiple angles.
One of its core features, the Quick-Lock technology, stands out as a considerably smooth way of changing the accessories and the blades of this model. Unlike most of its competing tools in the market, using its locking feature is as easy as a gentle turn of the lever.
However, we can't deny that we're pretty convinced by its Quick-boost feature, an instant speed boost that helps in smoothing the process of working through some sturdy materials. This feature sets the oscillation angle at its highest with ease, which doubles its efficiency instantly.
This model, being powered through a cord, is entirely dependent on electricity, which invalidates its efficiency in areas where electricity is not available.
Dependent on electricity
The odds are that you're not unfamiliar to Bosch products if you are naturally inclined towards premium brands that provide high-quality tools at an economical price range. Apart from being a quite lightweight and compact model, this product offers some beautiful products that you need to consider.
BOSCH Power Tools Oscillating Saw - GOP40-30C – StarlockPlus...
Our tool kit GOP40-30C provides a tool that sets a...
The GOP40-30 is compatible with all of our full...
Let's start with its trailblazing StarlockPlus feature, a three-dimensional interface that stands out to be a one-of-a-kind approach towards accessory assembling. Not only does it prove to be unique from the usual oscillating interface techniques, but it also raises the bar quite high when it comes to accessory grip. We've also noticed that this interface successfully arranges a larger contact surface area, which also comes very handy in supplying higher torque.
It comes equipped with a durable 4.0 amp motor that can generate up to 20,000 oscillations under a minute in a 3-degree angle. We've tested this model at its highest speed for some basic cutting jobs, and we're pretty impressed with its precision. Not to forget, this product also comes along with a variable oscillation control feature that is useful in achieving the best results from this product during every single use.
If we talk about additional features, Bosch has protected the product life with a no-mark pad that's attached to the face of this multi-tool. Even if you use it harshly, the guarding pad will prevent this product from being scratched or damaged. The cherry on top, this model also supports all the accessories in the wide Starlock/Starlock Plus product range.
Sadly, the Starlock interface system is not compatible with accessories and blades that are manufactured by other brands, lacking a universal fit setting.
No-mark pad to prevent damage
Not compatible with other brands
Makita is one of those global brands that has set higher levels in the multi-tool industry with its trailblazing innovations. The all-new XMT03Z oscillating tool can be easily counted as an efficient product that promises a convenient and satisfying carpentry experience. Get an inside scoop of this labor-saving appliance from us.
Makita XMT03Z 18V LXT® Lithium-Ion Cordless Multi-Tool, Tool Only
Variable speed control dial (6,000-20,000 OPM)...
3.2° oscillation angle engineered for faster,...
First and foremost, the cordless feature of this tool makes it a portable device that can be used anywhere, without being dependent on electricity as its sole power source. Now, as it's evident by its name, this isn't just restricted to being an oscillating tool. Nevertheless, it offers the versatility of a powerful oscillating tool that can easily outdo the efficiency of a saw, when it comes to reaching tight areas while cutting.
The Makita multi-tool has been designed in a brilliant plan that lets it adapt to multiple functions apart from cutting, including sanding, wedging, or scraping. Its ergonomic design further makes it pretty comfortable to hold, ridding the user from fatigued hands after a quick carpentry session.
This product is well capable of producing up to 20,000 oscillations under a minute with a sharp 3.2-degree angle. Again, Makita has prioritized flexibility and convenience while designing this astounding tool. Its variable speed control feature can be very useful in controlling the frequency of oscillations while cutting or scraping through tight areas.
Although this model is quite ergonomic, it's a tad heavier than most of its competing products in the market. Although it isn't very disappointing, it can get a little uncomfortable in certain situations while being used for longer sessions.
Efficient at cutting, scraping and sanding
May appear a bit heavy in comparison
If you're a religious DIY home renovation expert, the odds are that you've come across the brand 'Genesis' at some point. Not only has this brand maintained optimal customer satisfaction through its product quality, but its GMT15A tool has also made semi-professional carpentry experience available at a reasonable price range.
Genesis GMT15A 1.6 Amp Multi-Purpose Oscillating Tool and 19-Piece...
Multifunctional tool for home repair, remodeling,...
21000 oscillations per minute for fast sanding,...
The all-new Genesis GMT15A, being a multifunctional oscillating tool, offers a wide array of useful features that are both labor-saving and cost-efficient. Nevertheless, before we explore its features, let's not forget how Genesis has assured the long-lasting durability of this product through its high-quality aluminum covering.
Now, most of the oscillating tools in the market are usually reported for quick overheating issues, which threaten both the user's safety and the product's durability. However, the die-cast aluminum cover prevents the interior of this device from being overheated too soon.
Moving on to its ergonomics, Genesis GMT15A appears to be a fair lightweight model that's comfortable to grip and operate for a considerably long time without straining our hands. Also, it's pretty impressive how its four-pin flange design appears to ensure the safety of the user while the tool is being operated. It's mainly because the four-pin flange design is quite efficient at ensuring that the accessories of this device are locked adequately in its exact location.
Additional features that test its versatility as a multifunctional tool are its accessories, such as a scraper blade, a saw blade, an Allen wrench, and so on. Apart from that, the 1.5 amp motor of this model can effortlessly produce up to 21,000 oscillations per minute, making it an ideal tool for cutting, wedging, and sanding.
Although the versatility and efficiency of this product cannot be questioned, we wouldn't recommend this product for extremely professional use. If pushed beyond its limits for a considerably long time, this product may show signs of malfunctioning.
Die-cast aluminum covering
Not recommended for continuous professional use
When it comes down to purchasing DIY tools, most of us step back after realizing that quality is seldom inexpensive. However, Black and Decker have wiped away this stereotype with its BD200MTB 2.0 amp multi-tool. However, is it worth your consideration? Let's find out quickly!
BLACK+DECKER Oscillating Multi-Tool, Variable Speed, 2.5-Amp...
POWERFUL MOTOR – 2.5 Amp motor for...
VARIABLE-SPEED DIAL – Choose from 6 speed...
Frankly, this product stands out as an appropriate choice for those who, although they are typically intrigued by versatility, cannot afford to purchase semi-professional tools. Thought not to be best, but this product appears to be a decent tool that can be pretty useful for finishing DIY grinding, cutting, sanding, or scraping tasks.
Although we are not a big fan of its corded feature, it's quite amusing how this compact machine can rev up to 20,000 OPM with ease, through its powerful 2.5 amp motor. On top of that, its speed can be adjusted in six modes for different situations, making it an ideal device that can effortlessly take up those challenging repair jobs in your home.
The 200MTB is also pretty comfortable to hold due to its ergonomic build, which means you'll be taking lesser breaks to rest your hands while working with it. It comes with a durable comfort grip that further helps in increasing user control by a great deal. Additional features include an extensive list of 13 different accessories, which raises the bar significantly higher when it comes to the usability and versatility of this tool.
It's a little upsetting how the adapter of this model is not compatible with the blades manufactured by other brands. Considering how tough it is to find Black and Decker blades in the market, this product can frustrate you with its tantrums at times.
Six different speed adjustments
Not compatible with other blades
Ryobi is a reliable brand that's slowly making its place in the vast carpentry industry with its durable and high-performance power tools collection. The RMT1801M ONE+, being one of Ryobi tool's top-selling tools, offers us precision and quality at a basement-bargain price. Let's check out why this product is one of our top recommendations.
Ryobi P340 One+ 18V Lithium Ion JobPlus Cordless Multi Tool with 3...
3 INCLUDED ATTACHMENTS: 1 x Sanding Accessory, 1 x...
ALL IN ONE: The P340 consists of two parts with...
To be honest, the RMT1801M ONE+ initially appears to be one of the most excellent 18v power tools in the market right now. This model, equipped with a reasonably strong motor, is an excellent option to encounter your regular day-to-day cutting and sanding jobs. It stands out to be an excellent tool that can not only cut through wood, metal, composite, plastic, and similarly sturdy materials with ease, but also sand the roughest surfaces with precision. However, there isn't enough versatility left to expect from this tool, apart from these two uses.
So, what exactly makes it worth your consideration? Unarguably the universal fit setting of this device. This model is compatible with the blades or accessories of other brands, which gives it a higher advantage over most of its competing products in the market.
On top of that, this model is available as a bare tool that doesn't require you to spend extra money on chargers or batteries, making it a pretty inexpensive product to consider. So, if you're all about convenience and simplicity, you might want to give the RMT1801M ONE+ a try.
We appreciate that this tool doesn't require batteries or chargers. However, as a downturn, this tool can't be operated without electricity.
Universal fit setting
Cannot be operated without electricity
Next on our list is Rockwell, a leading brand in the global market that mainly manufactures high-quality industrial automation technology. Previously in this list, Rockwell has already left us in awe with its RK5151K 4.2 amp model. However, with its all-new RK5142K tool, it's safe to say that Rockwell has reshaped the dynamics of modern power tools forever. Know exclusively from us about how this model is giving most of its competitors a hard run for their money.
Rockwell RK5142K 4.0 Amp Sonicrafter F50 Oscillating Multi-Tool, with...
The F50 features 5 degrees of oscillation for...
Hyperlock tool-free blade change system provides 1...
Popularly recalled as Sonicrafter F50, this best-selling Rockwell tool is an efficient oscillating tool that has met up to our standards with its vast features. Now, most of the oscillating tools have an issue of malfunctioning when they are pushed beyond their capabilities.
However, this model has a power 4.0 amp motor that gives us a professional user experience, allowing it to be used roughly for a comparatively long time without showing any signs of damage.
Not only does it produce a high oscillation speed of 20,000 OPM, but the variable speed control feature proves to be extremely useful in adjusting and locking its pace as per the user requirements.
Also, it has a maximum oscillation angle of 5-degree, making it an ideal option to finish cutting, scraping, sanding, and wedging jobs with utmost precision. Not to forget, it also comes equipped with a one-of-a-kind Vibrafree counterweight, which reduces the chances of vibrations while working by a great deal.
Despite its versatility, one thing that still restricts this product from being our #1 preference is its insufficiency of enough oscillation width.
Ideal for cutting, sanding, scraping and wedging
Not enough oscillation angles
Last on our list is the all-new Tacklife PMT03B, one of the most elegant yet powerful 20-volts oscillating tools we've come across so far. If you do not have extraordinary expectations from your purchase and just want a portable go-to device that comes handy during quick DIY home renovation fixes, this may just be the most appropriate product for you.
The Tacklife PMT03B, offering a decent maximum speed of 16,000 OPM, stands out as an appropriate personal tool that comes handy while finishing quick jobs, such as fixing your old drywall or reshaping your door. On top of that, this device comes equipped with a variable speed control feature that lets us adjust its speed in six modes, which is quite impressive.
With this much power, cutting through hard plastic, metallic, and similar objects become quite more comfortable. Due to its universal fit, this model is compatible with cutting blades, sandpapers, and saw blades manufactured by other brands.
Its design is also quite ergonomic, which makes it an efficient tool to grip without stressing our palms. It's also fairly lightweight, that makes the user experience a little more comfortable, giving us an optimal satisfying experience.
Adding some more insights about its user comfort, we have to mention how convenient it is to use due to its cordless feature. On top of that, it runs on a 2.0 Ah Li-Ion battery, tested to provide an impressive battery life. The cherry on top, it takes as little as an hour to be charged ultimately.
Although this model has impressed us with its capabilities, it doesn't appear to be a long-lasting product. It can get damaged quickly in the long run.
Cordless feature
Can produce up to 16,000 OPM
Ideal for cutting and sanding
Lightweight and compact size
So, are you new to DIY carpentry tool shopping and having a hard time deciding which tool is worth your money? Worry not, we have listed some of the essential features to check individually, before you invest your money on a device.
Cord/cordless feature
First things first, ask yourself whether you're willing to pay a little extra to avail higher portability? Or are you okay with a reasonably priced tool that comes with some portability restrictions? If you belong to the former category, go for a cordless oscillating tool. Otherwise, buying a corded tool isn't a loss-loss situation either, although it will have its shenanigans.
Universal fit system
We're not taking names, but most of the leading oscillation tool manufacturers overlook an essential feature, which is a universal fit setting. As a result, the entire tool becomes temporarily ineffective when its accessories lose its efficiency or get damaged with time. However, buying a multi-tool that supports a universal fit setting allows you to use almost any blade and attachment, once its factory accessories are damaged.
Motor/Oscillations per minute
Frankly, the more, the better. If you're a professional in the carpentry industry, buying an average tool wouldn't do you any good. You'd need a powerful motor that can smoothly produce higher OPM. However, if you're a homeowner who's looking for a simple tool, buying a high-performance professional machine would most likely be an unnecessary wastage of money.
By now, you're quite familiar with the fact that oscillating tools come very handy when it comes to quick home renovation/improvement fixes such as cutting holes in drywall, plunging through plywoods, sanding uneven surfaces and so on. However, there's a vast availability of products in the market right now, making it difficult to differentiate between a reliable and unreliable tool.
That being said, we hope you've enjoyed our 11 best oscillating tools list and gained some useful info which you can use to make a smart purchase. Stay tuned for similar insightful product reviews, and we'll see you soon.
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Aida Vasquez
Aida has been part of Architecture Lab ever since 2011 when she started ghost writing for the website on art and design topics, today she is our veteran design contributor, covering a wide array of topics that fuel her creativity.


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The Victorious Underdog: The Parables of the Mustard Seed and Leaven
Following is chapter 5 of The Kingdom According to Jesus. You may order the entire study from a number of the nation's leading booksellers.
Matt. 13:31-33 (HCSB)
31 He presented another parable to them: "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed that a man took and sowed in his field.
32 It's the smallest of all the seeds, but when grown, it's taller than the vegetables and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the sky come and nest in its branches."
33 He told them another parable: "The kingdom of heaven is like yeast that a woman took and mixed into 50 pounds of flour until it spread through all of it."
The parable of the mustard seed also is found in Mark 4:30-32 and in Luke 13:18-19.
The parable of the leaven also is found in Luke 13:20-21.
Jesus continues teaching the crowds from a boat at the shoreline of the Sea of Galilee. Already, he has given them the parable of the sower, and the parable of the wheat and tares. He has explained to His disciples the meaning of the parable of the sower, as well as why He is teaching the mysteries of the kingdom in parables. Later, He will explain the meaning of the parable of the wheat and tares. But for now, He presents two short parables that describe how the kingdom of heaven begins humbly, almost imperceptibly, on earth.
Remember what Jesus has said in Matt. 12:28; it is crucial in understanding His parables in chapter 13: "If I drive out demons by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God has come to you." Jesus declares that the long-awaited kingdom of heaven has come – but not in the way the Jewish leaders were expecting. Rather than as a political and military machine, the kingdom has come quietly and with great spiritual power, invading Satan's kingdom and binding him (the "strong man" of Matt. 12:29) so that He may plunder the evil one's kingdom.
The scribes and Pharisees will have none of this teaching and reject the King and His kingdom. So in chapter 13, Jesus leaves Peter's house and sits beside the sea. Multitudes gather around Him, having witnessed His miracles and having heard His declaration that the kingdom of heaven has come. Jesus gets into a boat – perhaps Peter's boat or a boat made available for Jesus' use whenever He needed it – and begins a series of eight parables on the kingdom of heaven. The parables of the mustard seed and leaven are the third and fourth of these parables.
The Parable of the Mustard Seed
The central theme of this parable is that the kingdom of heaven has begun on earth humbly, almost imperceptibly. It is like a tiny, insignificant mustard seed; in fact, to ancient Jews the mustard seed was the proverbial symbol of something of little importance. Nevertheless, it is God's kingdom and must not be despised or ignored.
It should be noted that some see this parable as an illustration of the monumental growth of the kingdom, from humble beginnings to towering majesty. True, the kingdom starts small, then grows quickly and powerfully. From 120 believers gathered to pray following Jesus' ascension, the early church grows to more than 3,000 in a single day following Peter's sermon on the Day of Pentecost (see Acts. 1:15 and 2:41). Yet this is not the key point of the parable, for Jesus could have used better illustrations, like an oak, to illustrate a sturdy and towering kingdom. His point is to emphasize the "mystery" that the kingdom, as a present reality, is not in the form Jewish leaders are expecting.
George Ladd comments: "The Kingdom of God … is here as something tiny, as something insignificant, as something as small as a mustard seed. The important thing is that even though it is like a tiny seed, it is still the Kingdom of God. Jesus says, 'Do not let its apparent insignificance deceive you. Do not be discouraged. The time will come when this same Kingdom of God, which is here like the tiny seed, will be a great shrub, so great that the birds of the heaven will come and lodge in its branches'" (The Gospel of the Kingdom, pp. 58-59).
Central character
The mustard seed, or khardah, symbolizes humble beginnings and denotes the smallest of weights and measures.
The great shrub growing from the mustard seed often reaches heights of 10-20 feet within a matter of months. Some say the "birds" symbolize Satan and his evil ones, who find their place in the church. Others say the birds foretell the denominations of Christendom. But more likely, if there is any significance at all, Jesus uses the birds to illustrate the strength and security believers find in the kingdom.
Spiritual application
Nearly 2,000 years after Jesus told this parable, the kingdom of heaven continues to be more like a mustard seed than a towering tree. But believers should look up. Christ reigns today in the hearts of men, and His kingdom is growing. One day it will be impossible to ignore.
The Parable of the Leaven
The central theme of this parable is the same as the theme of the parable of the mustard seed: The kingdom of heaven has begun on earth humbly, almost imperceptibly. For background, note that the Hebrew housewife could not buy a yeast cake at the corner market. She had to take a piece of dough that already was leavened and put it in a batch of unleavened dough, where it would do it work without fanfare.
There are two general interpretations of this parable, both of which miss the main point. First, some say the parable illustrates the gradual but complete spread of the kingdom. Certainly, it's true that yeast works its way through the dough until the entire lump is leavened. And it's true that the kingdom of heaven reaches around the world one heart at a time until people from "every tribe and language and people and nation" become its citizens (Rev. 5:9). But the main point of Jesus' parable has to do with the imperceptible nature of the kingdom; it is not now here in power and glory, as the Jewish leaders expected; rather it hides itself in people's hearts and comes quietly through its King, a Galilean carpenter.
The second interpretation of this parable is that it illustrates the spread of false teachings throughout the kingdom, since leaven in scripture normally typifies impurity or evil. It is true that Jesus warned His followers about the leaven of the Pharisees (hypocrisy), Sadducees (rationalism) and Herodians (worldliness) [see Matt. 16:6-12; 22:16-21, 23, 29; 23:27-28; Mark 8:15]. However, as with the parable of the mustard seed, Jesus' point is to show His followers that the kingdom has already come, but not in the way they expected – not as a glorious political and military machine led by a conquering king, but as transformation of the human heart made possible by a Suffering Servant.
The kingdom, Jesus said, is like leaven. So leaven, not the dough or the woman who kneads it, is the central character. The kingdom of heaven, as God's reign, is good; therefore, leaven cannot symbolize evil in this context, even though it normally does in other scripture passages. The leaven in Jesus' day consisted of a piece of fermented dough kept over from the former baking. This preserved lump of dough either was dissolved in water in the kneading trough before the flour was added, or was "hidden" in the flour and kneaded along with it, as in the case of this parable.
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia helps draw the distinction: "The figurative uses of leaven in the New Testament, no less than with the rabbis, reflect the ancient view of it as 'corrupt and corrupting,' in parts at least, e.g. Mt 16:6 parallel, and especially the proverbial saying twice quoted by Paul, 'A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump' (1Cor 5:6f; Gal 5:9). But as Jesus used it in Mt 13:33, 'The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven,' it is clearly the hidden, silent, mysterious but all-pervading and transforming action of the leaven in the measures of flour that is the point of the comparison."
This is such a simple parable that we risk clouding the message by treating it as an allegory. It is true that the woman is used figuratively in scripture three ways: as a kingdom (Babylon, for example), a city (Jerusalem), and the church (both the true church and the apostate church). Some would argue that the woman in this parable symbolizes the apostate church, which hides her false teachings among true teachings and thus permeates the entire body of Christ with "doctrines of demons" (1 Tim. 4:1). Others would argue that the dough signifies the church, or the fellowship believers have with God; both are corrupted by false teachings. But assigning these meanings to the woman and the dough misses the point and fails to recognize that a parable has one simple lesson, not many hidden meanings. So it's best for us to consider the details as "window dressing" and focus on the simple message of this parable: that the kingdom of heaven is among us, but not in the way it was anticipated.
Though the kingdom of heaven is within the hearts of believers today and its King is not reigning outwardly, Christians should take heart. The King of kings and Lord of lords will return one day in power and great glory, just as surely as the yeast will permeate the dough and rise in the oven.
Written by rphilli Posted in Kingdom of Heaven Tagged with Apologetics, Bible, Christ, Christian, Christian apologetics, Christian apologetics speaker, Christianity, free Bible studies, God, Jesus, Jesus Christ, Kingdom of God, Kingdom of Heaven, Messiah, parables, parables of Jesus, Scripture, Word of God
Isaiah 56: Israel's Blind Watchmen
Isaiah 57: No Peace for the Wicked

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
"""
Contains the DDL session object.
"""

import io
import typing

from asyncqlio.backends import mysql, postgresql, sqlite3
from asyncqlio.exc import UnsupportedOperationException
from asyncqlio.orm.schema import column as md_column, index as md_index, types as md_types
from asyncqlio.orm.session import SessionBase

class DDLSession(SessionBase):
    """
    A session for executing DDL statements in.
    """
    def __aenter__(self) -> 'typing.Coroutine[None, None, DDLSession]':
        return super().__aenter__()

    async def create_table(self, table_name: str,
                           *items: 'typing.Union[md_column.Column, md_index.Index]',
                           if_not_exists: bool = True):
        """
        Creates a table in this database.

        :param table_name: The name of the table.
        :param items: A list of items to add to the table (columns, indexes, etc).
        :param if_not_exists: Only create this table if it doesn't exist.
        """
        sql = io.StringIO()
        sql.write("CREATE TABLE ")
        if if_not_exists:
            sql.write("IF NOT EXISTS ")

        sql.write(table_name)

        # copy item names
        primary_key_columns = []
        foreign_key_columns = []
        column_fields = []
        indexes = []

        for i in items:
            # TODO: more items
            if isinstance(i, md_column.Column):
                column_fields.append(i.get_ddl_sql())
                if i.primary_key is True:
                    primary_key_columns.append(i)
                elif i.foreign_key is not None:
                    foreign_key_columns.append(i)
            elif isinstance(i, md_index.Index):
                indexes.append(i)
            else:
                raise TypeError("Cannot create a table with a {}".format(type(i)))

        # this uses spacing to prettify the generated SQL a bit
        sql.write("(\n    ")
        sql.write(",\n    ".join(column_fields))

        # check to see if we actually have any, or if there was a special type used
        # e.g. for sqlite3
        if primary_key_columns:
            sql.write(",\n    PRIMARY KEY (")
            sql.write(", ".join(col.name for col in primary_key_columns))
            sql.write(")")

        sql.write("\n);")

        for index in indexes:
            sql.write("\n")
            sql.write(index.get_ddl_sql())
            sql.write(";")

        return await self.execute(sql.getvalue())

    async def drop_table(self, table_name: str, *,
                         cascade: bool = False,
                         if_exists: bool = True):
        """
        Drops a table in the database.

        :param table_name: The name of the table to drop.
        :param cascade: Should this drop cascade?
        :param if_exists: Should we should only attempt to drop tables that exist?

        .. note::

            The ``cascade`` param is silently dropped if the database does not support it.
        """
        base = io.StringIO()
        base.write("DROP TABLE ")
        if if_exists:
            base.write("IF EXISTS ")
        base.write(table_name)
        # TODO: Possibly handle this ourselves?
        if cascade and self.bind.dialect.has_cascade:
            base.write(" CASCADE")
        base.write(";")

        return await self.execute(base.getvalue())

    async def rename_table(self, table_name: str, new_name: str):
        """
        Changes a table's name.

        :param table_name: The table to change the name of.
        :param new_name: The new name to give the table.
        """
        if isinstance(self.bind.dialect, (postgresql.PostgresqlDialect, sqlite3.Sqlite3Dialect)):
            fmt = "ALTER TABLE {} RENAME TO {};"
        elif isinstance(self.bind.dialect, mysql.MysqlDialect):
            fmt = "RENAME TABLE {} TO {};"
        else:
            raise UnsupportedOperationException
        return await self.execute(fmt.format(table_name, new_name))

    async def add_column(self, table_name: str, column: 'md_column.Column'):
        """
        Adds a column to a table.

        :param table_name: The name of the table to add the column to.
        :param column: The column object to add to the table.
        """
        ddl = column.get_ddl_sql()
        base = "ALTER TABLE {} ADD COLUMN {};".format(table_name, ddl)
        if isinstance(self.bind.dialect, sqlite3.Sqlite3Dialect):
            base = base.replace("NOT NULL", "NULL")

        return await self.execute(base)

    async def drop_column(self, table_name: str, column_name: str):
        """
        Drops a column in a table.

        :param table_name: The name of the table with the column.
        :param column_name: The name of the column to drop.
        """
        if isinstance(self.bind.dialect, sqlite3.Sqlite3Dialect):
            # sqlite3 is so good guys
            tmp_name = "tmp_modify_{}".format(table_name)
            columns = []
            for column in await self.get_columns(table_name):
                if column.name != column_name:
                    columns.append(column)
            col_names = ", ".join(col.name for col in columns)

            # do the sqlite3 awfulness
            await self.create_table(tmp_name, *columns, *await self.get_indexes(table_name))
            await self.execute("insert into {} select {} from {}"
                               .format(tmp_name, col_names, table_name))
            await self.drop_table(table_name)
            await self.rename_table(tmp_name, table_name)
            return

        # actually use params here
        fmt = "ALTER TABLE {} DROP COLUMN {};".format(table_name, column_name)
        return await self.execute(fmt)

    # column alteration
    async def alter_column_type(self, table_name: str, column_name: str,
                                new_type: 'md_types.ColumnType'):
        """
        Alters the type of a column.

        :param table_name: The table with the column type in it.
        :param column_name: The name of the column to alter the type of.
        :param new_type: The new type to set.
        """
        if isinstance(self.bind.dialect, sqlite3.Sqlite3Dialect):
            # we're in for a a ride
            tmp_name = "tmp_modify_{}".format(table_name)
            columns = []
            if not isinstance(new_type, md_types.ColumnType):
                new_type = new_type.create_default()

            for column in await self.get_columns(table_name):
                if column.name == column_name:
                    column.type = new_type
                columns.append(column)
            await self.create_table(tmp_name, *columns, *await self.get_indexes(table_name))
            await self.execute("insert into {} select * from {}".format(tmp_name, table_name))
            await self.drop_table(table_name)
            await self.rename_table(tmp_name, table_name)
            return

        fmt = io.StringIO()
        fmt.write("ALTER TABLE ")
        fmt.write(table_name)

        is_postgres = isinstance(self.bind.dialect, postgresql.PostgresqlDialect)
        if is_postgres:
            fmt.write(" ALTER ")
        elif isinstance(self.bind.dialect, mysql.MysqlDialect):
            fmt.write(" MODIFY ")
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("DB dialect does not support this action.")

        fmt.write(column_name)

        if is_postgres:
            fmt.write(" TYPE ")
        else:
            fmt.write(" ")

        fmt.write(new_type.sql())

        return await self.execute(fmt.getvalue())

    async def create_index(self, table_name: str, name: str, *column_names: str,
                           unique: bool = False, if_not_exists: bool = False):
        """
        Creates an index on a column.

        :param table_name: The table with the column to be indexed.
        :param name: The name to give the index.
        :param column_names: The names of the columns to be indexed.
        :param unique: Whether the index should enforce unique values.
        :param if_not_exists: Whether to use IF NOT EXISTS when making index.
        """
        fmt = io.StringIO()
        fmt.write("CREATE ")
        if unique:
            fmt.write("UNIQUE ")
        fmt.write("INDEX ")
        fmt.write(name)
        if if_not_exists:
            fmt.write(" IF NOT EXISTS")
        fmt.write(" ON ")
        fmt.write(table_name)
        fmt.write("(")
        fmt.write(", ".join(column_names))
        fmt.write(");")

        return await self.execute(fmt.getvalue())

    async def add_foreign_key(self, table_name: str, column_name: str,
                              foreign_table: str, foreign_column: str):
        """
        :param table_name: The table to add a foreign key to.
        :param column_name: The column to make a foreign key.
        :param foreign_table: The table to reference with the foreign key.
        :param foreign_column: The column to reference with the foreign key.
        """
        fmt = ("ALTER TABLE {} ADD FOREIGN KEY ({}) REFERENCES {} ({})"
               .format(table_name, column_name, foreign_table, foreign_column))
        await self.execute(fmt)

    async def get_columns(self, table_name: str = None) \
            -> 'typing.Generator[md_column.Column, None, None]':
        """
        Yields a :class:`.md_column.Column` for each column in the specified table,
        or for each column in the schema if no table is specified.

        These columns don't point to a :class:`.md_table.Table` since there
        might not be one, but accessing __name__ and __tablename__ of the column's
        table will still work as expected.

        :param table_name: The table to get indexes from, or all tables if omitted
        """
        params = {"table_name": table_name}
        emitter = self.bind.emit_param

        sql = self.bind.dialect.get_column_sql(table_name, emitter=emitter)
        cur = await self.transaction.cursor(sql, params)
        records = await cur.flatten()
        await cur.close()

        return self.bind.dialect.transform_rows_to_columns(*records, table_name=table_name)

    async def get_indexes(self, table_name: str = None) \
            -> 'typing.Generator[md_index.Index, None, None]':
        """
        Yields a :class:`.md_index.Index` for each index in the specified table,
        or for each index in the schema if no table is specified.

        These indexes don't point to a :class:`.md_table.Table` since there
        might not be one, but they have a table_name attribute.

        :param table_name: The table to get indexes from, or all tables if omitted
        """
        params = {"table_name": table_name}
        emitter = self.bind.emit_param

        sql = self.bind.dialect.get_index_sql(table_name, emitter=emitter)
        cur = await self.transaction.cursor(sql, params)
        records = await cur.flatten()
        await cur.close()

        return self.bind.dialect.transform_rows_to_indexes(*records, table_name=table_name)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Finding out that you are allergic to a product or a pollen can seem like a daunting problem. When the item that you are allergic to is a food product, you will need to make sure that it is never in your meals nor around you. Depending on the food item, this can become daunting for you and for your family. If you want to manage your food allergy, the first thing that you can do is pinpoint its specifications and look into an allergy treatment from your doctor.
Exercise, eating well, and undergoing physical exams are important steps for your health and wellness. Unfortunately, these steps do not keep you safe from various medical conditions and diseases. Skin cancer is a serious disease that most people do not place much emphasis on understanding. There are many forms of this silent killer, but certain types are more aggressive and dangerous. Merkel cell carcinoma kills one in three patients compared with the one in nine patients that die of melanoma.
As you begin to age, it is natural for your body to start experiencing numerous problems. The best way to reduce the problems that you experience as your body ages is to make sure that your health is well taken care of throughout your life. For example, you should get into the habit of getting your body examined by a physician every now and then. An examination gives a physician the ability to detect health problems before they develop into major conditions that are difficult to treat.
Are You Suffering From Spinal Compression?
Many people suffer from spinal cord compression, which, in turn, can be caused by a variety of conditions that affect the spinal cord. No matter what the exact cause of your spinal cord compression, however, there is no doubt that this condition is painful and difficult to live with. Fortunately, though, if you get help for your spinal issues soon, you can prevent other problems from occurring and get fast relief from the pain.


text:
Micro(inter)view with Suzanne Buffam: How Not To Kill The Baby, curated by Lisa Olstein
February 14, 2017 in Editor's Feature tagged Lisa Olstein / Suzanne Buffam by Kristina Marie Darling
Suzanne Buffam was born and raised in Montreal, Canada. She earned an MA in English from Concordia University and an MFA from the Iowa Writers' Workshop. Her poetry collections include Past Imperfect (2005), The Irrationalist (2010), and A Pillow Book (2016). She has received the CBC Literary Award for Poetry and the Gerald Lampert Memorial Award. Buffam teaches at the University of Chicago. Recently, our Associate Editor, Lisa Olstein, had a chance to ask Suzanne a few questions about her most recent collection of poetry.
Lisa Olstein: What questions or obsessions urged this particular work into being or revealed themselves in it?
Suzanne Buffam: This book took shape during the disorienting dawn of my new life as a mother. I'd say my primary concerns at that time, on the conscious level anyway, basically boiled down to the two essential questions of motherhood: how not to kill the baby, and how to get a good night's sleep. Over time, meanwhile, all sorts of larger, harder questions revealed themselves, questions that will no doubt continue to vex me all my life—questions of class privilege, gender, race, married love, creativity, free will, pettiness, loneliness, and aging, to name a few. Underlying them all, of course, as I find with almost everything I write, lurks a chronic, melancholic obsession with death. And with pillows.
LO: "Form sets the thought free," says Anne Carson, and I believe her. How did form and thought co-evolve in the unfolding of this work?
SB: Well, in this case, it was less like the sudden release of a bird from its cage, I would say, than like a snail's plodding secretion of its shell in the dark. Perhaps not surprisingly, the lists came first, during the interminable, bleary years of early parenthood, when complete thoughts eluded me, to say nothing of complex sentences. I was writing nothing but lists in those days—lists of diapers, feedings, groceries, first words—and I found that if I squinted, and if I held them at the proper distance, in the dying light of my headlamp on my pillow before dawn, they bore a passing resemblance to poems. As a literary form, I discovered that the list lends itself to a certain streak of anarchic play. The prose paragraphs, with their extended sentences, sometimes ridiculously delayed main clauses, and florid modifiers, arose more or less as a reaction formation to the restrictive parataxis of the lists. For reasons that perhaps best remain unarticulated, I applied one flimsy formal gimmick to the shaping of these blocks. Each pillow-shaped paragraph in the book, I decided, would have to contain the word "pillow" at least once. This caused awkward contortions, at times, but also opened several doors. At some point, I picked up Sei Shonagon's 11th century Heian Pillow Book which I'd owned for years but had never cracked open, and discovered that these two distinct forms—the lists and the paragraphs—were parts of an ancient Japanese "formless form." Once I found that out, I was off to the races (the snail races, that is).
LO: What's the relationship between the speaker's "I" and you, yourself? How is the book's "I" informed by your eye?
SB: I lack almost entirely any plot-driven, character-building strain of imagination. My wandering eye, therefore, supplied my "I" with much of the material in this book. My speaker resembles me in almost every salient way, right down to her dreams. We are not, however, identical, she and I. She is of course a lot less generous, considerate, patient, compassionate, self-aware, socially conscious, well-adjusted, attractive, graceful, humble, and wise than I am, for starters. She is also a lot more competitive. That said, thanks to endless hours of obsessive-compulsive revision, navel gazing, and frequent overdoses of caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and self-loathing, she became a good deal more articulate.
LO: Did you have in mind any identifiable recipients for the utterance of this work? Did your sense of how or to whom the work was speaking evolve?
SB: I think it's fair to say that in order for anything I write to hold my interest for long, my primary audience has to be myself. That said, I seldom felt alone throughout the writing of this book, however solitary the work may have been. It was written in conversation with a thousand-year-dead Heian courtesan, for one thing, and holds my daughter more or less constantly in mind. I shared the manuscript with a circle of generous friends over the years (as you know!) and submitted it section by section, for better and for worse, for richer and for poorer, in sickness and in health, to my spouse and in-house editor, Srikanth Reddy, whose painstaking scrutiny sustained it. In the end, the book is dedicated to my mother, who would give me the pillow from under her head—and in fact often has.
LO: What felt riskiest to you about this work?
SB: Committing to it, to the compulsive and tedious labor of its making, year after ever-fleeting year.
LO: How do the aesthetics of A Pillow Book inform its ethics, or, how do its ethics inform its aesthetics?
SB: Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book, which underwrites mine, is underwritten in turn by a historically specific set of cultural ideals. Brevity, subtlety, irregularity, speed—all are central to traditional Japanese aesthetics, and reflect, in so far as I understand it, anyway, a Buddhist understanding of existence as imperfectible and transitory. I'm no scholar of East-Asia, of course, nor am I, to my knowledge, even remotely Japanese, but these values, on some retro-Orientalist level, have always appealed to me, as I sit perched on an embroidered satin pillow sipping kombucha in my Etsy kimono watching the spruce outside my window fill with snow. Sei Shonagon, meanwhile, as many critics point out, with all her snobbery and vanity and self-contradictory pettiness, was far from perfect herself. She gloats, she holds grudges, she alternately despises and aesthetizes the poor, and dwells for pages at a time on her many subtle victories over rivals at court. Not once throughout the thousand-plus pages that remain of her life's work does she mention even in passing the constant famine, plague, and warfare unfolding in the provinces. Over a thousand years after her death, however, the opening passage of Shonagon's text is still memorized by millions of Japanese schoolchildren every year. There's an ethics to her aestheticism, it seems to me, in all its clarity and restraint.
LO: What's your sense of the aural life of this work? What role did music play in the generative process, in revision?
SB: Maybe because the forms I was using—the list and the paragraph—are so inherently prosaic, music and timing felt especially vital to the shaping of this work. In a literary list, I found, timing is everything, and in a sentence, syntax is song. Every time I reread this work, which I did almost incessantly, night after day after night over the years, I revised obsessively towards some half-imagined tone that kept eluding and guiding me in the dark.
LO: As a medium somewhere between time-based and static, poetry engages temporality in a fascinating range of ways. How does time operate inside this work and across the experience it creates?
SB: Long poems are hard, I found out. As I groped through dozens—if not hundreds—of drafts over the years, I found articulating my own relationship to time to be the most vexing of problems. During the early years of parenthood especially, as everyone knows, time moves swiftly and glacially at once. There's the hurtling sense of moments passing, supplanting each other in an ever-dissolving present along some terrible, intractable continuum, of course, but there are also endless eddies, rivulets, and branchings, not to mention sudden vortices of boredom and joy. The narrative arc of this book, which spans a single winter in Chicago, chronicles, among other subplots, the shock of the first Polar Vortex, the popularization of the term "Anthropocene," marital strain, teaching anxiety, writers' block, and the transformation of my toddler into a girl. I found that complex syntax could be used to slow time down within a paragraph, while swift juxtapositions could propel it. In my dreams, time travels through the story both horizontally—along the fiction of a linear sequence of events—as well as vertically—down through memory and history and literature and dreams. But on the page, of course, it's just a patchwork of miscellaneous parts.
LO: What kept you company during the writing of these poems? Did any books, songs, art works, philosophical treatises, snacks, walks, or oddball devotions contribute to a book-specific creative realm?
SB: Apart from my family—not to mention our cleaning lady, my daughter's caregiver, and a seemingly endless parade of houseguests, birthday parties, faculty dinners, date night waiters, crime feed updates, Facebook links, fellow insomniacs lurking in obscure corners of the internet, and household appliance repairmen—Ivan Morris's 1967 translation of Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book became my principal companion throughout the writing of this book. That, Trazodone, and earplugs, that is.
LO: How has it been to shift out of the creative space of this book? What are you working on now?
SB: Having spent the past half-decade devoted to the dark, I feel drawn toward daylight, these days. I have some ideas, but I'm only now beginning to find time.
Lisa Olstein is the author of four poetry collections and two books of nonfiction: Radio Crackling, Radio Gone (Copper Canyon Press 2006); Lost Alphabet (Copper Canyon Press 2009); Little Stranger (Copper Canyon Press 2013), Late Empire (Copper Canyon Press 2017), Pain Studies (Bellevue Literary Press 2020), and Climate, a book of epistolary essays co-written with Jule Carr (Essay Press 2022). Dream Apartment, a new collection of poems, is forthcoming from Copper Canyon in 2023. Her honors and awards include a Guggenheim Fellowship, Lannan Residency Fellowship, Hayden Carruth Award, Pushcart Prize, Sustainable Arts Foundation Award, and Writers League of Texas book award. A member of the poetry faculty at the University of Texas at Austin, she currently teaches in the New Writers Project and Michener Center for Writers MFA programs.
← Rows of Small Mountains by Li Qingzhao, translated by Wendy Chen
The Apaches of Kiev by Agustín Cadena, translated by C.M. Mayo →


Every knitter has something they dread will happen and for me that fear was realized today. I dropped a stitch. I've been knitting for years and have never dropped a stitch before - sure sometimes a stitch goes missing but since nothing is unraveling, I just cast on another stitch and carry on my merry way. But today was different. I looked in horror at the ladder of yarn the dropped stitch had traveled down. And this wasn't at the beginning of a project - this was quite far into the knitting of my sock (that might be too small for my foot, but for now I'll remain in denial about that particular matter). After wiping my tears away, I looked in my knitting instruction book under "dropping a stitch" and realized just how simple it was to pick it back up. Armed with my trusty crochet hook, I repaired my sock and carried on knitting. A bit of a stressful way to start the day but in the end I felt a real sense of accomplishment. Another step towards being a Master Knitter!
Well done, Samantha, you fixed it all on your own. I'm proud of you!
Thanks! When I noticed what had happened, my first thought was "when will I see Nicola?"
Hope it wasn't my headband!
Now you know why I ALWAYS have crochet hooks with me when I knit. I'm amazed with all your knitting you haven't had this problem sooner. I guess I must be more prone to this knitting error.


Lieutenant Colonel William F. Buckley was born in Medford, Massachusetts on May 30, 1928. Colonel Buckley graduated from high school in 1947 and joined the United States Army.
Following two years of service as an enlisted MP he attended Officers Candidate School and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in Armor. He later attended the Engineer Officer's Course at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, the Advanced Armor Officer's Course at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and the Intelligence School at Oberammergau, Germany.
Colonel Buckley served with the 1st Cavalry Division as a company commander during the Korean War. After the war he completed his studies and graduated from Boston University with a degree in Political Science. He was employed as a librarian in the Concord, Winchester and Lexington public libraries. In 1960, Bill joined the 320th Special Forces Detachment which became the 11th Special Forces Group and attended both Basic Airborne and the Special Forces Officers Course. He was assigned as an A- Detachment Commander and later as a B-Detachment Commander.
Colonel Buckley served in Vietnam with MACV as a Senior Advisor to the ARVN. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in May 1969.
Buckley was employed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1955 to 1957 and again from 1965 until his untimely death. He served in many varied assignments all over the world. He was taken hostage from his last assignment in Beirut; Lebanon where he was the Political Officer/ Station Chief at the U.S. Embassy. Colonel Buckley died after 15 months in captivity of illness and torture. His body was returned to the United States on December 28, 1991 and he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors.
Among Colonel Buckley's Army awards are the Silver Star, Soldier's Medal, Bronze Star with "V", two Purple Hearts, Meritorious Service Medal, Combat Infantry Badge, and the Parachutist Badge. He also received the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry w/ Bronze Star from ARVN. Among his CIA awards are the Intelligence Star, Exceptional Service Medallion and Distinguished Intelligence Cross.
Among his civilian awards are the Freedom Foundation Award for Lexington Green Diorama, Collegium and Academy of Distinguished Alumni - Boston University. A memorial park - The William F. Buckley Memorial Park in Stoneham, Massachusetts, is dedicated to his memory.
Colonel Buckley was single and left two sisters, Maureen Moroney, Joyce Wing and a longtime close friend, Beverly Surette.
Human remains identified as those of William F. Buckley, chief officer for CIA in Lebanon when was taken hostage in March 1984, were flown to the US this evening for funeral services. He died in captivity, apparently after torture, the next year.
A spokesman for the CIA, which seldom acknowledges identity of clandestine operatives, dead or alive, said he "was the senior agency representative in Beirut" when was kidnapped by organization calling itself Islamic Holy War. The agency also issued a brief biographical profile of him, again an unusual step for CIA in dealing with members of its clandestine service, but also reflecting the agony felt in the highest ranks of the intelligence service over the loss of one of its own.
The CIA acknowledged his death in an agency memorial service, August 1987, nearly 2 years after Islamic Holy War boasted of having killed him. The spokesman also noted that agency honored him with a star carved in the marble memorial wall of the CIA's main building in Langley, Virginia, where officers killed on duty are commemorated. "It is star 51 of 54 stars," he said. "We are waiting for final positive identification by US authorities" at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware on Saturday, a spokesman said, noting preliminary identification was made early today by Lebanon's chief pathologist, Dr. Ahmed Harati, who issued his finding after examining a skull and some bones that were found wrapped in blankets early today on a roadside near Beirut airport. It is routine practice for US military forensic specialists at Dover to conduct their own examinations of remains of US officials killed in foreign lands, spokesman said. The same was done for Lieuenant Colonel William R. Higgins, USMC, another Beirut hostage slain by Islamic militants, whose body was returned to this country this week. Unlike Buckley, who arrived in Beirut in 1983 under cover of State Department posting as political officer of US Embassy, Higgins was serving openly as chief of UN observation team in Lebanon when seized.
CIA official and a Pentagon spokesman said plans were underway for joint funeral service for them at Andrews Air Force Base, just outside the capital, on Monday. Remains of Higgins will then be buried at Marine base in Quantico, Virginia. There is already gravesite and stone for Buckley at Arlington National Cemetery where many of nation's heroes are buried. Buckley, who was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Army Reserve, won the Silver Star for gallantry while serving in Vietnam. A public memorial service was held with full military honors at Arlington on May 13, 1988, just short of 3 years after his presumed death. At the service, attended by more than 100 colleagues and friends, the Director of the CIA, William H. Webster, eulogized Buckley saying, "Bill's success in collecting information in situations of incredible danger was exceptional, even remarkable." Among the mourners was Buckley's longtime companion, Candace Hammond of Farmer, North Carolina, whom he left behind when he moved to Beirut. By the time of that service, some details of his previous life had become public: he had served in clandestine CIA assignments in Syria and Pakistan and that fate had become intertwined with President Reagan's impassioned efforts to gain release of other Americans held hostage in Lebanon. Well before US policy makers were certain that he was dead at age 57, the Director of CIA, William J. Casey, began efforts aimed at finding and possibly rescuing Buckley. At one point, an FBI team specializing in kidnapping cases was brought in. When the Reagan Administration accepted the fact of Buckley's death, hostage takers in Lebanon were believed to be holding 5 other Americans. In late 1985, Reagan made the release of these Americans a principal policy objective of his Administration, leading him and a handful of aides into a series of covert operations involving sale of sophisticated weapons to Iran by way of Israel and other incentives intended to ransom the captives. These operations culminated in what became known as Iran-Contra Affair in 1986.
According to the biographical information distributed by fax today by CIA, Buckley was "an avid reader of politics and history" and "a collector and builder of miniature soldiers." Latter hobby enabled him to become principal artisan in the creation of a panorama at the Lexington Battlefield Tourist Center near his native Bedford, Massachusetts. The press release also said he owned an antique shop and was an amateur artist and a collector of fine art. It called him "a very private and discreet individual." The CIA awarded him an Intelligence Star, an Exceptional Service Medallion and a Distinguished Intelligence Cross, but did not say whether any of these were issued posthumously. He was a bachelor, and is survived by 2 sisters. May 30, 1928-June 3, 1985.
He is buried in Section 59 of Arlington National Cemetery.


Nuketown is coming to Call of Duty: Black Ops 4. Some of you are probably thinking, "Isn't Nuketown already in the game?" Yes, it is a part of the Blackout battle royale mode. However, this Nuketown is the re-imagined version that's going to be available for free in the game's multiplayer mode. PlayStation 4 users will get access to it starting tomorrow, with Xbox One and PC players getting it later. Activision and Treyarch have released the trailer. Check it out below!
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 is the FPS online shooter from publisher Activision and developer Treyarch. The game features different modes including multiplayer, battle royale and zombies. You can check out our review of the game here.


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Landing in "The Drink": Remembering America's Oceanic Returns from Space (Part 2)
Bearing astronauts Tom Stafford, Vance Brand and Deke Slayton, the command module descends to splashdown on 24 July 1975 following the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), America's most recent landing at sea following a manned space mission. Photo Credit: NASA
Tomorrow afternoon, Dragon Endeavour crewmen Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken will wrap up a hugely successful eight-week voyage to the International Space Station (ISS) by becoming the first U.S. astronauts to land in the ocean since the end of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) on 24 July 1975. At the time of writing, the pair are scheduled to undock from the station tonight, with splashdown expected in the Atlantic Ocean around mid-afternoon Sunday. Launched on 30 May atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 booster, Hurley and Behnken will become the 32nd crew of Americans to return from space in this fashion. All astronauts in the intervening years have landed on terra firma either aboard the now-retired Space Shuttle—as Hurley and Behnken did earlier in their careers—or aboard Russia's Soyuz. In this second look-back at the history of oceanic landings, AmericaSpace focuses today upon Apollo, whose astronauts returned to Earth faster, hotter and from greater distances than any of their Mercury or Gemini predecessors.
Video Credit: NASA, via YouTube/lunarmodule5
As outlined in yesterday's AmericaSpace history article, six Mercury missions returned to the waters of the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans between May 1961 and May 1963 and demonstrated the hazards involved, with one astronaut losing his spacecraft and almost drowning and another overshooting his landing point by more than 250 miles (400 km) and leaving an anxious world wondering about his fate. And ten Gemini crews, launched between March 1965 and November 1966, saw astronauts lose a corned-beef-sandwich breakfast, exhibit unpleasantly "unique" aromas after many days in space and endure 20-foot-high (7-meter) oceanic swells.
Between October 1968 and July 1975, a further 15 crews of astronauts plummeted to Earth and splashed down in either the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean to wrap up some of our species' most spectacular space voyages. Nine of them did so returning from the Moon, three from an Earth-circling space station and one from a joint mission with the Soviet Union. But first among them, on 22 October 1968, was the return of Apollo 7 crewmen Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele and Walt Cunningham after 11 days in orbit. Gusty winds and choppy waves at their splashdown point, just to the south-east of Bermuda, caused the command module to enter an invested orientation, but its flotation bags quickly righted it. Apollo 7 had hit its landing target with near-pinpoint precision, only 2.2 miles (3.5 km) from where it was supposed to be and a mere 8 miles (13 km) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrier Essex.
The Apollo 8 command module is recovered on 27 December 1968. Photo Credit: NASA
Two months later, on 27 December, Apollo 8 astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and Bill Anders returned from the first human voyage to lunar orbit and their re-entry speed was correspondingly more intense at 21,685 mph (34,900 km/h). They splashed down in the pre-dawn darkness of the Pacific after a historic mission, although it was slightly less dignified for the crew, who got themselves drenched with sea-water, thanks to an open vent in the command module. At one point, Anders even wondered if Apollo 8's hull had cracked. Borman, an Air Force pilot, was seasick as a result and Lovell and Anders showed no mercy. "What do you expect from a West Point ground-pounder?" they joked.
The splashdown of Apollo 9 crewmen Jim McDivitt, Dave Scott and Rusty Schweickart on 13 March 1969, after a ten-day test mission in Earth orbit, occurred within sight of the recovery ship, but offered the astronauts a rough experience at sea. Television cameras aboard the Guadalcanal saw the three men tumbling into inflated rubber life-rafts and the severe oceanic swells—whipped up to a fury by the rotors of the recovery helicopter—caused the cage-like swing meant to haul them to safety to miss its target several times. "When Scott was finally able to hitch a ride after ten misses," Time reported later, "the cage swung widely back and forth in stomach-churning arcs as it was lifted to the helicopter." His hapless crewmates were scarcely more fortunate. McDivitt had to seek refuge on Apollo 9's flotation collar when the wind roared across his life-raft. All three men were safely recovered, but not before earning themselves a thorough soaking and a dizzying spin.
The Apollo 10 command module approaches the ocean on 26 May 1969. Photo Credit: NASA
With an astronaut corps comprising sea-hardened naval veterans, civilians and Air Force pilots, it is little surprise that successive Apollo crews had their own experiences of splashing down in the ocean. Returning from Apollo 11—the first manned lunar landing mission—in July 1969, the command module hit the water like a ton of bricks and swells off the Hawaiian coast quickly dragged it into an inverted position, with Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins and Buzz Aldrin hanging uncomfortably from their harnesses. They inflated airbags on their ship's nose, which turned them upright, but Air Force pilot Aldrin appears to have suffered the worst in terms of nausea. And Collins lost a bet with Armstrong that their command module would not capsize…
All three returning lunar heroes waited for recovery personnel to reach them, silently willing themselves not to succumb to seasickness. With the recovery ship Hornet only 12 miles (20 km) steaming towards them—carrying President Richard Nixon to welcome them home—the possibility was unthinkable. "It was one thing to land upside down," Aldrin reflected, years later. "It would be quite another to scramble out of the spacecraft in front of the television cameras, tossing our cookies all over the place!"
The Apollo 11 crew participates in water egress training in May 1969. Photo Credit: NASA
Nine months later, after a traumatic six days in space, the returning crew of Apollo 13 afforded their watching and listening terrestrial audience an added scare as their command module completed its perilous descent back through the atmosphere. Marine Corps helicopters scoured the targeted landing spot in the Pacific, but could see nothing, and it was actually the Apollo Range Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA)—a modified Boeing EC-135—whose powerful telemetry and tracking gear picked up the rapidly descending spacecraft.
After a week in which almost everything on Apollo 13 had gone wrong, the joy of witnessing the command module's parachutes opening and Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise splashing safely into the ocean proved a smooth and graceful charm.
The Apollo 14 crew relax in lift rafts after splashdown on 9 February 1971. Photo Credit: NASA
Others were less fortunate. On 7 August 1971, Apollo 15 crewmen Dave Scott, Jim Irwin and Al Worden returned from perhaps the most scientifically spectacular lunar landing mission of the entire program. Unfortunately, one of the command module's three main parachutes refused to deploy.
"The drogue chutes came out at 25,000 feet," Irwin remembered in his memoir, To Rule the Night, "and that really slowed us down, just like a drag chute or speed brakes in an airplane. It doesn't jerk you, it brakes you. Then you start oscillating wildly underneath the drogues. Just before you get to 10,000 feet, the drogues are released. You can see up there; you see them go, and then you feel them go. You free-fall for a few seconds, wondering whether the main chutes are going to come out. At 10,000 feet, the main chutes are out and they slow you almost completely."
But not quite.
Hanging beneath only two fully-opened parachutes, the Apollo 15 command module approaches the ocean on 7 August 1971. Photo Credit: NASA
"We saw three chutes; then we saw that one had failed," Irwin continued. "Well, Al saw it, and I saw it, and at the same time the helicopter crews that we couldn't see told us we had lost a chute." Ironically, "rookie" astronauts Worden and Irwin considered the splashdown completely nominal, although Scott—who had done this before on Apollo 9—felt it was decidedly rougher the second time around. It later became apparent that the failure of one of Apollo 15's parachutes to open was due to a dump of monomethyl hydrazine from the Reaction Control System (RCS).
"Tests have shown that MMH being dumped through a hot engine," the investigation report noted in September 1971, "can result in tongues of flame from the thrusters, which could affect parachute lines." Getting rid of this highly volatile fuel before splashdown had been done on previous missions, to prevent, in Worden's words, the hairy possibility of turning themselves into "a nice bonfire" if the lines ruptured. NASA elected to eliminate the MMH dump from future missions.
The Skylab 2 command module is winched aboard the recovery ship, Ticonderoga, in June 1973. Photo Credit: NASA
Worden added that Apollo 15 landed on a calm day, which actually exacerbated their problems. "As we released this [fuel]," he recounted, "it went right up into that chute and the chute just dissolved. I think it was probably the first time that it happened in the programme, because I think on every other flight there had been some surface wind that [moved] the spacecraft [during descent]. When they [vented the] rocket fuel, it went off in back of them and they never had a problem. It just got lost in the wind, but with us, coming straight down, this stuff went straight up into the parachute…and there we had a problem. It probably would have gotten into the second chute if we'd been much longer…"
Two years later, the returning crews from the three Skylab space station missions did so after far longer durations in orbit. And Skylab's first commander, Charles "Pete" Conrad—one of only four astronauts, together with Jim Lovell, Tom Stafford and John Young—to have completed four splashdowns in his career, was adamant that his all-Navy crew of Joe Kerwin and Paul Weitz would walk out of their ship. There would be no "carrying us out on stretchers", he cautioned.
Impressive view of parachute deployment, as seen from the Skylab 3 command module during its descent to Earth in September 1973. Photo Credit: NASA
But after their command module hit the water, physician Kerwin advised them to take some fluids and, without further ado, he knocked back some strawberry juice…and quickly made himself seasick. "I should have chug-a-lugged the damn drink with breakfast that morning instead," he said later, "but I had it on the gently bobbing command module and…I didn't feel very good!"
The unspoken fear of splashing down in an inverted, "Stable-2" configuration, hanging upside down from their harnesses, also befell the second Skylab crew of Jack Lousma, Owen Garriott and Al Bean upon their return to Earth in September 1973. "Hanging from the ceiling in 1 G was uncomfortable, after two months of weightlessness," Lousma said later. "The [command module] is not a good boat, either, especially upside down!"
The Apollo command module is surrounded by recovery forces in the minutes after splashdown in July 1975. This was the most recent landing of U.S. astronauts at sea. Photo Credit: NASA
America's most recent oceanic landing before tomorrow's return of Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken came on 24 July 1975, when Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) crewmen Tom Stafford, Vance Brand and Deke Slayton from a nine-day joint mission with the Soviet Union. But their return to Earth that day went badly wrong. One of Stafford's tasks was to deactivate the RCS thrusters at an altitude of 15 miles (25 km), after which the parachutes would open, followed by a vent valve to admit fresh air into the cabin.
Neither Stafford or Brand could be entirely sure who did what, but a dynamic re-entry and an irritating squeal in their headsets distracted them. "The noise made it impossible for us to hear each other or Houston," Stafford wrote in his memoir, We Have Capture. "In order to be heard in the cockpit, we had to shout. Either the noise kept Vance and Deke from hearing me or I was too distracted to give the command."
Video Credit: Science Channel/YouTube
The drogue deployed as planned and the vent valve duly opened, but the RCS thrusters continued to sputter. As a consequence, the open valve admitted not fresh air…but a noxious amount of nitrogen tetroxide. As soon as Stafford saw the yellowish-brown mist and smelled its pungent acridity, he knew what it was. And all three of them knew that four hundred parts per million of this stuff could kill them. Quickly, Stafford shut off the RCS valves, cutting the fuel supply, but the damage was already done, as fumes set to work irritating the astronauts' eyes, burning their faces and searing their noses, mouths and throats. All three men started hacking and choking.
Splashdown was "a real bone-cruncher", according to Stafford, and as if matters could not get worse, the command module quickly adopted the upside-down "Stable-2" configuration. Brand's couch was closest to the vent valve and, unsurprisingly, he passed out. Slayton was nauseous and it was Stafford who grabbed oxygen masks and fitted them to his crewmates. "I knew that I had a toxic hypoxia," he remembered later, "and I started to grunt-breathe to make sure I got pressure in my lungs to keep my head clear."
Crew-1 astronauts (from left) Shannon Walker, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins and Soichi Noguchi participate in emergency water egress training for their upcoming Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Photo Credit: Soichi Noguchi/Twitter
Finally, Stafford fully opened the vent valve and, with a sudden rush of fresh air, the remaining fumes of nitrogen tetroxide dissipated. Not until they were aboard the recovery ship New Orleans and speaking to President Gerald Ford on the telephone did they inadvertently relate what had happened. And as soon as chief flight surgeon Arnauld Nicogossian learned about the nitrogen tetroxide, he had all three astronauts immediately whisked to the medical bay. "The next day," Stafford wrote, "we saw X-rays and our lungs, where they were completely clear before and right after landing, the next day they were all white!" The last U.S. crew to splash down ended up getting hospitalized for two weeks at the Tripler Army Medical Center in Honolulu.
It was found that each man had inhaled three hundred parts per million of nitrogen tetroxide. Had Stafford not reacted quickly with the oxygen masks, they would have been dead within minutes.
Crew-1 astronauts (from left) Soichi Noguchi, Shannon Walker, Victor Glover and Mike Hopkins participate in emergency water egress training. The quartet will launch aboard Crew Dragon for its first Post-Certification Mission (PCM) no earlier than late September. Photo Credit: Soichi Noguchi/Twitter
With American astronauts returning to runway landings aboard the Space Shuttle between April 1981 and July 2011, and aboard Russia's Soyuz spacecraft since May 2003, tomorrow's return of Hurley and Behnken will be the first oceanic splashdown by American astronauts in just over 45 years.
It is expected to be the first of many, with the next Crew Dragon astronauts—NASA's Mike Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker, together with Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)—slated to begin their multi-month tour of the ISS as soon as late September. In images recently tweeted by Noguchi, they recently completed water-survival training for their return to Earth early next year. "SpaceX and Crew-1 completed water egress training at Cape Canaveral this week," he tweeted. "Splashdown is no problem."
Missions » Apollo »
Posts associated with the Apollo mission
A Very Unique Place: Remembering the First Deep-Space EVA, Five Decades On
Riding a Giant Spring: Remembering Apollo 9, OTD in 1969
We Shall Return: Remembering Apollo 17's Departure from the Moon, OTD in 1972
'SCE to Aux': Remembering Apollo 12's Hair-Raising Launch, OTD in 1969
'As It Really Was': Remembering Apollo 7, OTD in 1968
Game of Solitaire: Remembering Apollo 13's Lost Moonwalks, 50 Years On (Part 2)
'Driven By Confidence': Remembering Apollo 13's Lost Moonwalks, 50 Years On (Part 1)
'Our Finest Hour': Remembering Apollo 13, 50 Years On (Part 4)
'Up to You Now': Remembering Apollo 13, 50 Years On (Part 3)
'We Have a Problem': Remembering Apollo 13, 50 Years On (Part 2)
'Bored to Tears': Remembering Apollo 13, 50 Years On (Part 1)
Apollo 15 Veteran Al Worden Dies at 88
Remembering The Fire, Project Apollo's Worst Day
'For One Priceless Moment': Celebrating Apollo 11, 50th Anniversary Month (Part 4)
'The Eagle Has Landed': Celebrating Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Month (Part 3)
'Except That It Is Moving': Celebrating Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Month (Part 2)
'Launch Commit': Celebrating Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Month (Part 1)
'We Have Arrived': Remembering Apollo 10, 50 Years On (Part 3)
"We Didn't Know the Questions": Remembering Apollo 10, 50 Years On (Part 2)
'It's Been A Long Way': Remembering the Return of the Rookie, 50 Years On
'More Confidence Than Ever': Remembering Apollo 9, Launched 50 Years Ago (Part 2)
'Not Supposed To Happen': Remembering Apollo 9, 50 Years On (Part 1)
'Isn't That Enough?' Remembering Grissom, White and Chaffee, Fallen Crew of Apollo 1
'Yabadabadoo': 50 Years Since Apollo 7 Brought America's Lunar Goal Closer (Part 2)
Riding the 'Big Maumoo': 50 Years Since Apollo 7 Brought America's Lunar Goal Closer (Part 1)
The Day the Saturn V Almost Failed: 50 Years Since Apollo 6
First to the Moon: Upcoming Documentary Film Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Apollo 8
New Evidence Suggests the Moon Holds More Water Than Ever Previously Believed
Intruders in a Foreign Land: 45 Years Since Apollo 16 Almost Didn't Land on the Moon (Part 2)
Billy Rubin and Typhoid Mary: 45 Years Since Apollo 16 Almost Didn't Land on the Moon (Part 1)
Buzz Aldrin Flies with the Thunderbirds over Kennedy Space Center
'More Confidence Than Ever': Remembering the Trailblazing Mission of Apollo 9 (Part 2)
'Certainly Not Supposed to Happen': Remembering the Trailblazing Mission of Apollo 9 (Part 1)
Grissom, White, and Chaffee: On 50th Anniversary of Apollo 1 Fire, America Remembers
The 'No Sense' Mission: 50 Years Since the Rise and Fall of Apollo 2 (Part 2)
On Challenger's 30th Anniversary, NASA Reflects On its Fallen Heroes
The Other Side of Spaceflight: An Interview with Rick Houston, Co-Author of 'Go, Flight!'
Florida Institute of Technology to Form Buzz Aldrin Space Institute, As Aldrin Says 'You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet'
Remembering the Life and Legacy of Roger Chaffee on His 80th Birthday
'There Is a Santa Claus': The Voyage of Apollo 8 (Part 2)
'Launch Commit': The Voyage of Apollo 8 (Part 1)
Through a Glass, Darkly: Reflections on EFT-1 and Shadows of Apollo (Part 2)
'Weaving Up the Freeway': The Triumph of Apollo 10 (Part 4)
'We Have Arrived': The Marvels of Apollo 10 (Part 3)
'We Didn't Know the Questions': The Trials of Apollo 10 (Part 2)
'Somewhere Important to Go': The Need for Apollo 10 (Part 1)
'Tumbling End Over End': The Trauma of Gemini VIII (Part 2)
NASAApolloApollo-Soyuz Test ProjectSkylabParachuteDoug Hurleycommand moduleASTPBob BehnkenCrew DragonDragon Endeavour
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