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Aug 24, 2017 - Fei Feng1, Xianglan Li1*, Yunjun Yao2*, Meng Liu2,3,4. 1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and ...
Long-term spatial distributions and trends of the latent heat fluxes over the global cropland ecosystem using multiple satellite-based models Fei Feng1, Xianglan Li1*, Yunjun Yao2*, Meng Liu2,3,4
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1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 2 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 3 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China * [email protected] (XL); [email protected] (YY)
Abstract OPEN ACCESS Citation: Feng F, Li X, Yao Y, Liu M (2017) Longterm spatial distributions and trends of the latent heat fluxes over the global cropland ecosystem using multiple satellite-based models. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183771. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0183771 Editor: Maite deCastro, University of Vigo, SPAIN Received: April 23, 2017 Accepted: August 10, 2017 Published: August 24, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Feng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files Funding: This work was partially supported by the High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2013AA122801), the Natural Science Fund of China (Grants 41205104 and, 41201331), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant 2012CB955302), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant 2012LYB38), the youth talent support program of College of Global Change and Earth System
Estimating cropland latent heat flux (LE) from continental to global scales is vital to modeling crop production and managing water resources. Over the past several decades, numerous LE models were developed, such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer LE (MOD16) algorithm, revised remote sensing-based Penman–Monteith LE algorithm (RRS), the Priestley–Taylor LE algorithm of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) and the modified satellite-based Priestley-Taylor LE algorithm (MS-PT). However, these LE models have not been directly compared over the global cropland ecosystem using various algorithms. In this study, we evaluated the performances of these four LE models using 34 eddy covariance (EC) sites. The results showed that mean annual LE for cropland varied from 33.49 to 58.97 W/m2 among the four models. The interannual LE slightly increased during 1982– 2009 across the global cropland ecosystem. All models had acceptable performances with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of approximately 35 W/m2. MS-PT had good overall performance across the cropland ecosystem with the highest R2, lowest RMSE and a relatively low bias. The reduced performances of MOD16 and RRS, with R2 ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 and RMSEs from 30 to 39 W/m2, might be attributed to empirical parameters in the structure algorithms and calibrated coefficients.
Introduction Latent heat flux (LE) plays a key role in the energy and water cycles in agricultural ecosystems [1, 2]. a large number of studies have shown that LE is a vital variable for developing precise irrigation scheduling and enhancing water use efficiency in agricultural production due to the close relationship between soil water depletion and the rate of evapotranspiration (equivalent
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771 August 24, 2017
Latent heat fluxes estimation over the global cropland ecosystem using multiple satellite-based models
Science (312231103) and the High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology Major Projects (Grant 05-Y30B029001-13/15-9). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
to LE) [3–6]. Quantifying water flux and energy exchange is vital for identifying cropland soil water, estimating crop factors and modeling crop production[7]. Numerous models for estimating LE have been developed, ranging from relatively simple and empirical models to move complex process level mechanistic models. The models can be grouped into the following three classes. (1) Empirical models; Empirical models for which extensive efforts were made to seek the relationships between the LE and environmental control factors. Based on long-term observations of the global LE, Wang et al., 2007 [8] used the structure pattern of the Penman equation to develop an empirical model with the inputs of surface incident solar radiation, aerodynamic air temperature and surface skin temperature. Similar empirical correlations could also be found in crop coefficient methods, which link LE to potential LE, with empirical parameters based on vegetation conditions. Gordon et al. (2005) [9] used crop coefficient methods to estimate the global monthly vapor flow of different vegetation types. (2) Mechanistic models; Mechanistic models describes the physical process of LE from soil surface and vegetative surface to atmosphere such as the Penman-Monteith (P-M) equation [10]. The MODIS LE product algorithm [11, 12] is an example of P-M-based model. Based on the Penman equation, many empirical or mechanistic methods were developed in the past decades. Priestley et al. (2009) [13] presented a simplified version method for when surface areas are generally wet. Fisher et al. (2008) [14] used this equation with atmospheric (RH and saturation vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) and eco-physiological (FPAR and LAI) to actual ET (ET, equivalent to LE). (3) Fusion methods, which include multiple models based on assimilation or fusion methods. Liu et al. (2013) [15] used data assimilation schemes with the Ensemble Kalman Filter algorithm to improve the sensible and latent heat flux prediction of the community land model (CLM). Pipunic et al. (2008) [16] found that the extended Kalman assimilation filter could improve LE estimation. Yao et al. (2014) [17] used the Bayesian average model to integrate five LE models using ground observation and satellite data. Although these methods were widely used to estimate regional or global LE, the results might differ substantially due to different model structures and empirical input parameters. Previous studies mainly concentrated on evaluating cropland LE at the regional scale, with few ground observations. Yang et al. (2014) [18] calculated the latent heat flux of the semi-arid farmland in the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the diurnal variation of LE had a peak value in August (151.4 W/m2) and that radiation is the leading control factor of farmland LE in the Loess Plateau. Ding et al. (2015) [19] developed a semi-empirical method-based Priestley-Taylor model with leaf area, soil moisture, mulching fraction and leaf senescence to estimate the crop coefficient and evapotranspiration in an irrigated maize field with mulching in Northwest China. Allen et al. (2000) [20] used the FAO-56 "dual" crop coefficient method to calculate daily ET at a cotton field site and a farm site in Turkey. Ershadi et al. (2014) [21] compared four LE models, including the Surface Energy Balance System model (SEBS), singlesource Penman-Monteith model (P-M), advection-aridity model (AA) and Priestly-Taylor model, over a cropland ecosystem based on FLUXNET sites. Byun et al. (2014) [22] compared SEBS and modified SEBS at a rice paddy cropland site. Singh and Senay (2015) [23] compared Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (MERTIC), the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), SEBS, and the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model for three AmeriFlux cropland sites in Mead, Nebraska. Complex land surface condition such as surface topography, changes of regional environment, model structures and lack of local data calibration often limited the comparison of LE models at the global scale. However, accurate global estimation of LE is essential for quantification of the water balance for water resources management and optimizing crop
production [22]. Therefore, long-term spatial distributions and trends of LE based on different LE models in cropland ecosystems at the global scale under various climatic conditions are still needed. In the present study, we evaluated four LE models, including MODIS Algorithm (MOD16), Revised Remote Sensing-Based Penman–Monteith LE Algorithm (RRS), Priestley–Taylor Algorithm (PT-JPL) and Modified Satellite-Based Priestley–Taylor Algorithm (MS-PT), using the LE measurements from thirty-four eddy covariance sites over cropland ecosystems, and results from temporal trend and spatial distribution of the estimated cropland LE by satellitebased observations. The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) compare LE algorithm performances over cropland ecosystems based on 34 flux tower sites provided by the EC towers network and (2) analyze the differences in the temporal and spatial patterns of LE over the global cropland ecosystem during 1982~2010.
Datasets 2.1. Ground EC data Ground data collected from 34 EC towers of FLUXNET, Asiaflux, Ameriflux were used for the analysis. We used the FLUXNET data provided by FLUXNET community (http://fluxnet. fluxdata.org/data/la-thuile-dataset/). The radiation data included continuous series of halfhourly incident solar radiation (Rs, W/m2), surface net radiation (Rn, W/m2), sensible heat flux (H, W/m2), latent heat flux (LE, W/m2) and ground heat flux (G, W/m2). The meteorological data included continuous series of half-hourly incident relative humidity (RH), air temperature (Ta, K), diurnal air temperature range (ΔT, K), wind speed (Ws, m/s) and vapor pressure (e, Pa). The meteorological data and radiation data provided input variables, while groundmeasured LE were used as the validation [24, 25]. We converted the half-hourly data into daily data. Quality control and gap-filling techniques were utilized to strengthen the quality of the data sets. The tower sites covered main cropland ecosystems over Europe, Asia and America. The data were selected to cover the period of 2000–2009, with at least one year of data available (Table 1). Although it is ideal to measure LE using the EC technique, the sum of H and LE was overall less than the available energy. EC sites underestimated LE, and an H flux was generally observed over most EC sites in Europe and North America [25]. Twine et al. (2000) [26] also reported the energy closure problem based on the Southern Great Plains 1997 Hydrology Experiment; the closure issue became more significant upon consideration of the long-term water balance. Therefore, we used the method provided by Twine et al. to eliminate the effect of the unclosed energy problem. LEc ¼
ðRn GÞ  LEo ðLEo þ Ho Þ
ð1Þ
where LEc is the corrected LE flux; Ho and LEo are the uncorrected sensible heat flux and LE flux, respectively. NDVI and FPAR values for the EC sites were derived from AVHRR products. The AVHRR NDVI data were downloaded using the ftp link (http://ecocast.arc.nasa.gov/data/pub/gimms/). LAI values were obtained from the GLASS product. GIMMS NDVI data at a 0.833-degree spatial resolution were used for model verification at the EC sites. FPAR data were calculated using the method proposed by Myneni and Williams (1994) [27]; this method was verified in various ecosystems [28]. The GLASS data can be found on the web site.
Table 1. Characteristics of validation data at the EC sites.
BE-Lon
CH-Oe2
CN-Du1
DE-Geb
DE-Kli
DK-Fou
DK-Ris
ES-ES2
FR-Aur
FR-Gri
FR-Lam
HFK
IE-Ca1
IT-BCi
IT-Cas
KR-Hnm
NL-Lan
NL-Lut
TW-Tar
UK-ESa
UK-Her
US-ARM
US-Bo1
US-IB1
US-Ne1
Lat is latitude and lon is longtitude.
2.2. Satellite and reanalysis datasets When estimating LE at regional scale for the physically based LE algorithms, we obtained AVHRR products, including bimonthly GIMMS NDVI and UMD Land Cover data with 1 km spatial resolution. We used the MODIS products with 0.05-degree spatial resolution, including annual land-cover type (MCD12C1). We also used the monthly LAI product (GLASS01B01), with 0.05-degree spatial resolution, from the GLASS datasets. The digital elevation model (DEM) product was obtained from the SRTM30 dataset. The DEM data can be found on the web site (https://dds.cr.usgs.gov/srtm/version2_1/SRTM30/). We used MERRA datasets for 1982–2010 to obtain daily radiation and meteorological data, including Rs, Rn, RH, Ta, ΔT and Ws. The MERRA dataset is a NASA reanalysis for the satellite era that uses a new version
of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System Version 5 (GEOS-5). It has been reported that the MERRA dataset produced comparable results for global and energy cycle research [29]. We obtained MERRA data from the Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center web site (https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA/). Considering the different temporal and spatial resolutions of the input data, including daily MERRA (½ degree latitude × degree longitude spatial resolution), bimonthly GIMMS NDVI (0.833-degree spatial resolution), UMD Land Cover data (1-km spatial resolution), and monthly MODIS (0.05 degrees), we averaged the daily MERRA data and bimonthly GIMMS NDVI to yield monthly data sets. For the land cover classification, we used the UMD Land Cover data before 2001 and MCD12C1 after that. We spatially interpolated coarse resolution MERRA data and GIMMS NDVI to the resolution of 0.05 degrees using a spatial linear interpolation scheme. Adjustments were made to ensure all inputs parameters in LE models had consistent temporal and spatial resolutions.
Methods 3.1. LE algorithms 3.1.1. MODIS algorithm (MOD16). The MOD16 algorithm developed by Mu et al. (2007) [11] was based on the Cleugh et al. (2007) [30] version using the Penman–Monteith model. Several improvements were made by Mu et al. (2011) [12] as follows: (1) improving the calculation of the vegetation cover fraction with FPAR; (2) modifying the estimation of aerodynamic, boundary-layer, and canopy resistance; (3) calculating the soil heat flux using available energy; (4) calculating LE based on daytime and nighttime LE; (5) calculating evaporation from the wet canopy surface and transpiration from the dry surface; (6) calculating evaporation from the saturated soil surface and evaporation from the moist soil surface. Previous validation results showed that the MOD16 algorithm successfully improved LE estimation using 46 AmeriFlux sites [31]. The MOD16 algorithm was applied to produce MODIS terrestrial LE using the MODIS products and GMAO daily meteorological dataset. 3.1.2. Revised remote sensing-based Penman–Monteith LE algorithm (RRS). Previous studies showed that high air temperature significantly decreases leaf stomata, causing structural defects [32]. Therefore, Yuan et al. (2010) [33] revised the equations dealing with the temperature constraint by accounting for stomata conductance and energy allocation between the vegetation canopy and soil surface [34]. The Beer–Lambert law was also used to exponentially partition the net radiation between the canopy and soil surface. Model parameters across different vegetation types were set to be consistent to reduce the effects of misclassification. Validation results based on 23 EC flux tower sites in China provided by Chen et al. (2014) [35] showed that the RRS algorithm improved LE estimation compared to the MOD16 algorithm. 3.1.3. Priestley–Taylor algorithm (PT-JPL). Priestley et al. (2009) [13] modified the PM equation by reducing the complexity of the aerodynamic and surface resistance and adding empirical parameters to develop a simple LE algorithm. On this basis, Fisher et al. (2008) [14] created a bio-meteorological method to calculate actual ET (ET, equivalent to LE). The inputs of this model included net radiation (Rn), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), maximum air temperature (Tmax), and water vapor pressure (ea). The total ET includes the canopy transpiration and evaporation from soil and rain water intercepted by the canopy. Each component flux is determined by eco-physiological factors or conditions to reduce potential LE to actual LE using the Priestley–Taylor equation. 3.1.4. Modified satellite-based Priestley–Taylor algorithm (MS-PT). To overcome the computational complexities of aerodynamic resistance parameters, Yao et al. (2013) [36] revised the Priestley and Taylor equation using an index of soil water deficit calculated using
the apparent thermal inertia and diurnal temperature range to constrain soil evaporation and using the revised linear two-source model (N95) to calculate vegetation transpiration. For canopy interception, the relative surface wetness index was modified to the fourth power of the soil moisture constraint. The model only required four inputs, including Rn, Ta, DT, and NDVI. Validation by Yao et al. (2015) [37] showed that the MS-PT algorithm had good performance over global forest biomes. Feng et al. (2015) [38] found that the MS-PT algorithm improved LE estimation over global grassland, shrubland and savanna.
3.2. Statistical analysis We compared these models at the global scale using the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA) dataset, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) products, the leaf area index (LAI) from the global land surface satellite (GLASS) products, and the digital elevation model (DEM) from the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM30) dataset to generate LE at the regional scale during 1982~2010. The four models were first validated at 34 EC towers. We calculated the daily LE using the meteorological variables collected from EC sites and the NDVI and LAI from the satellite data (GIMMS NDVI and GLASS01A01). The vegetation index at the EC sites was calculated by computing the average of the surrounding pixels. Before the comparison, we calculated the coefficient of determination (R2), RMSE (root mean square error), and average bias for estimated LE to evaluate the model performances. We used Taylor diagrams [39] to analyze the performance of the four LE models. The Taylor diagrams provided a summary of how well patterns matched observations in terms of statistical indexes. These statistical indexes included standard deviations, centered root mean square error and their correlation. The radial distance from the origin indicated the standard deviations; the cosine of the azimuth angle showed correlation. The standard deviation of simulated patterns is shown to be proportional to the radial distance from the observed point to the patterns. For regional estimates of LE, we applied simple spatially interpolated method to the MERRA data and AVHRR data to match the MODIS spatial resolution. Daily MERRA data and half monthly AVHRR NDVI data were combined to yield monthly data. After the interpolation process, we calculated LE over a cropland biome from 1982 to 2010 based on four models. The bias computed by the LE values based on one model minus that of the others was also calculated. To estimate the long trend variability of LE, we calculated annual LE using four models and applied a linear trend analysis [40] using a linear model (y = ax + b), where t, a and b are the time, slope and intercept of the regression line, respectively. Student's t-test was used to analyze and classify the significance of the trend at the 1% and 5% level.
Results 4.1. Models evaluation All four models explained 50%~76% of the LE variability over all sites (Fig 1). The MS-PT showed the highest R2 (0.76). The averaged bias for all four models ranged from -14.9 to 2.38 W/m2. Generally, MOD16 showed a slight positive bias and the remaining methods had negative biases. RRS had the highest negative bias (14.43 W/m2) compared with the other models. The RMSEs for the four models ranged from 23 to 35 W/m2. The MS-PT showed the lowest RMSE (23.74 W/m2) compared with the other methods.
Fig 1. LE observed at the EC sites and predicted by the MOD16, RRS, PT-JPL and MS-PT algorithms during the period of 2000–2009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g001
Generally, MS-PT had good overall performance for cropland (Fig 2). This result was consistent with the previous study[36]. In Fig 2, field observation had a standard deviation of 45.95 W/m2. The MS-PT lied close to the origin (field observation) and had a standard deviation of 40.04 W/m2. The correlation coefficient between the observation and MS-PT was 0.87, and the centered pattern RMS difference between the MS-PT and field observation was 22.44 W/m2.
4.2 Spatial patterns of LE All models generally correlated well with ground observations of daily LE at most sites [17], with R2 ranging from 0.4 to 0.9, biases ranging from 15 to 50 W/m2, and RMSE ranging from
Fig 2. Taylor diagram for LE estimates using four LE algorithms driven by EC sites data. Six points were plotted on the semi-polar-style graph, with the circle representing the four models and field observation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g002 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771 August 24, 2017
Fig 3. Spatial distribution of the correlation coefficients, RMSE and Bias for estimated daily LE calculated by MOD16, RRS, PT-JPL and MS-PT over the period of 2000–2009 (S1 File). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g003
20 to 50 W/m2 (Fig 3). LE estimates by the four models showed high correlations with ground observations in humid mild regions such as east of Asia and central Europe, whereas low in arid and cold regions such the Mediterranean region and west of Asia. Compared with other methods, PT-JPL and MS-PT were more identical with ground observations [36, 38], especially at East Asia sites. RRS, PT-JPL and MS-PT had negative bias ranging from 10 to 20 W/ m2 at most sites. MOD16 produced slight positive bias (about 10W/m2) at most sites. MS-PT had low RMSE ranging from 10 to 40 W/m2 compared with other models. Generally, the four models showed similar spatial patterns of LE, with high LE in warm and humid areas and low LE in arid and cold areas (Fig 4). However, some substantial differences in LE estimates existed among the models. The average annual LE from MS-PT was 36.26 W/ m2, higher than RRS (33.49 W/m2) and MOD16 (35.63 W/m2) and lower than PT-JPL (39.73 W/m2). East of the Ural Mountains near Chelyabinsk, all models showed low LE estimates ranging from 20~50 W/m2 (Fig 5). In the northwest part of India, the LE was relatively low (30~40 W/m2), but in the southeast part, the LE was approximately 50~80 W/m2. This might be attributed to the spatial heterogeneity of available energy and humidity. The largest difference in LE estimates occurred between the eastern and western parts of Europe. The LE values in the western part of Europe (40~60 W/m2) were relatively higher than those in the eastern part (20~40 W/m2). This was likely because the water availability with large-scale atmospheric circulation influenced LE distribution. All models showed a low LE estimate (20~40 W/m2) in the northern part of North America and high LE estimate (40~70 W/m2) in the southern part. We further analyzed the spatial variability of magnitude of inter-model differences in the LE estimates in different parts of the world (Fig 6). MOD16 showed higher LE than MS-PT in the northwest part of North America (approximately 0~10 W/m2). However, MOD16
Fig 4. Estimated annual global terrestrial LE for cropland, averaged for 1982~2010 at a spatial resolution of 0.05˚, from the four models, driven by MERRA data. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g004
generated lower LE than MS-PT in the southeast part of North America (approximately 0~10 W/m2). MOD16 showed higher LE values than MS-PT (approximately 0~10 W/m2) in Western Europe. On the contrary, LE estimates by MOD16 were lower than those by MS-PT in Eastern Europe. LE estimates by MOD16 were lower than those by MS-PT in Asia, except in Eastern China. Small discrepancies in LE (-10~10 W/m2) were produced by MOD16 and MS-PT in South America. MOD16 produced higher LE estimates than RRS (10~30 W/m2) in all regions. Compared with MOD16, PT-JPL showed higher LE estimates (10~30 W/m2), especially in central North America. However, the LE estimates by PT-JPL were lower than those by MOD16 (10~30 W/m2) in North India. MS-PT predicted lower LE than PT-JPL (approximately 10~30 W/m2) in all regions, except the northern part of India. Compared with RRS, MS-PT showed lower LE estimates than RRS in Europe and the eastern part of China. On the contrary,
Fig 5. Estimated annual LE for cropland, averaged for 1982~2010 at different regions, with a spatial resolution of 0.05˚, from the four models, driven by MERRA data. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g005
Fig 6. The differences between the four models, averaged during 1982~2010 at a spatial resolution of 0.05˚ from the algorithms, driven by MERRA meteorology data. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g006
in Northern India, the LE estimates by MS-PT were higher than those by RRS, with the difference ranging from 30 to 70 W/m2. These results indicated that the differences of four LE models are not spatial homogeneous. This might be attributed to different sensitivity of input parameters of LE models in different climatic regimes [41].
4.3 Annual mean and long-term trends All models showed strong seasonality in LE, and they captured the magnitudes and seasonal variations of LE (Fig 7). The results indicated that the LE produced by the four models had similar monthly patterns, with maxima in the summer (62~85 W/m2) and minima in the winter (11~42 W/m2). However, there were also substantial differences among models. The PT-JPL predicted the highest LE compared with the other models in spring and summer. The difference between MS-PT and PT-JPL mainly occurred in spring, when the temperature changed significantly (Fig 8). MOD16 and RRS almost showed similar magnitudes, with a slight difference occurring during summer months.
Fig 7. Comparison between the seasonal patterns of LE (W/m2) obtained by MOD16, RRS, PT-JPL and MS-PT. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g007
Fig 8. Seasonal cropland average LE during 1982~2010. DJF represents December, January, and February. MAM represents March, April, and May. JJA represents June, July, and August. SON represents September, October, and November. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g008
Similar slightly annual increasing trends in LE estimates from 1982 to 2010 were produced by the four models (Fig 9). The LE estimates predicated by MOD16, RRS, MS-PT and PT-JPL were in the range of 31~42 W/m2. The long-term changes in LE differed among the four models and had different spatial patterns among the four models (Fig 10). All models showed strongly increasing LE in Asia. Specifically, approximately 46, 49 and 50% of area in Asia were dominated by the increasing trend in RRS, MOD16 and MS-PT, respectively. However, only 29% of the area was dominated by the increasing trend in PT-JPL. Generally, all models showed an increasing trend in Northern India (Fig 11). However, in the northeast part of China and east of the Ural Mountains, MOD16, RRS and MS-PT showed an increasing trend, while the opposite was found for PT-JPL, with a slightly decreasing trend. In the Far East Areas of Russia, MOD16, RRS, and PT-JPL simulated strongly positive LE trends; however, MS-PT showed negative LE trends. In Europe, increasing trends in LE accounted for approximately 61, 66 and 74%, according to MOD16 and MS-PT. However, only 45% and 14% of the area was dominated by the increasing trends in RRS and PT-JPL. Consistent LE increasing trends were found among the four models for Western Europe. PT-JPL simulated a slightly decreasing trend in Eastern Europe, while increasing ET trends were indicated by the other four models. In North America, increasing trends in LE accounted for approximately 16, 27, 33 and 44%, according to the PT-JPL, RRS, MOD16 and MS-PT, respectively. In the central south of Canada, all models showed an increasing trend. In Iowa, RRS and PT-JPL showed a decreasing trend. In Australia, no substantial changes were found by the four models. In South America, only MOD16 showed increasing trends in LE, which covers approximately 47% of the total area in South America. There is an obvious
Fig 9. Interannual variations of average LE over the cropland ecosystem during 1982–2010 predicted by the four models. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g009
Fig 10. Different weight of long-term cropland LE trends of four models from 1982 to 2010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g010
difference of annual trend between PT-JPL and the other three models. These differences have connection with climate regime and local climate condition via meteorological parameters such as relative humidity and diurnal temperature range. These meteorological parameters have closely relationship with constraint parameters in these algorithms. The MOD16 and RRS generally adopt these meteorological parameters to calculate canopy resistance and soil resistance but PT-JPL and MS-PT adopt these parameters to calculate scale factors to downscale potential LE to actual LE. Relative humidity is used as input in PT-JPL but no used in MS-PT. So the variations of meteorological parameters related to climate regime cause the difference of annual trend cause the difference of annual trend among the models.
Discussion 5.1. Model performance Ground measurements and estimated LE were in good agreement over cropland sites, suggesting that it can be considered as a suitable method for evaluating the cropland LE over a variety
Fig 11. Spatial patterns of long-term cropland LE trends of four models from 1982 to 2010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771.g011 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183771 August 24, 2017
of climate conditions. The reason might be reduced the number of input parameters, which only included net radiation, NDVI, air temperature and diurnal temperature range. The fewer input parameters eliminated the effect caused by input uncertainties. The MS-PT also avoided the complex calculations of aerodynamic and surface resistance. The good performance of MS-PT was similar to that of our previous studies [36–38]. Yao et al. (2014) [42] also found that the MS-PT model improved the LE estimation compared with the 40 EC sites data. Both MS-PT and PT-JPL were developed based on a simple LE equation for radiationand temperature-based equilibrium by Priestley and Taylor [13]. However, the different performances of the two models might be caused by the different calculations of the ecophysiological constraint functions. Fisher et al. (2008) [14] calculated relative surface wetness by squaring relative humidity (RH) twice. However, for MS-PT, the relative surface wetness was the fourth power of the soil moisture constraint. The soil moisture constraint in MS-PT was the exponential algorithm of the Apparent Thermal Inertia (ATI). The ATI was simply estimated as the inverted diurnal temperature range. For PT-JPL, the soil moisture constraint was the exponential algorithm of RH and saturation VPD. Therefore, appreciable differences might occur due to the calculation of actual soil surface evaporation and actual vegetation transpiration. The results of MOD16 were generally concordant with the results of RRS. However, there were small discrepancies in the LE estimates by the two models. This difference might be attributed to the difference in model structures related to the calculations of surface resistance. Both LE models used the same controlling factors from VPD and minimum temperature (Tmin) on stomatal conductance. Mu et al. (2011) [12] calibrated VPD and Tmin for each biome. However, these variables were different in RRS. Both models used different ways to partition the net radiation between the canopy and soil surface. For MOD16, the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation was a proxy of the vegetation cover fraction. However, Fc was calculated using the Beer–Lambert law with LAI. All these factors led to different results of LE predicted by the two models.
5.2. Spatial and temproal differences The satellite estimates of LE predicted by these LE models generally displayed a similar distribution, with large values at low latitudes but smaller values at high latitudes. This was probably due to uneven distribution of the solar radiation. In North America, LE values in the northern part were lower than those in the southern part. A similar pattern occurred in East Asia and North India. Vinukollu et al. (2011) [43] calculated LE using three models, including the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS), MOD16 and a modified Priestley–Taylor approach (PT-JPL), and found a similar distribution pattern. Zhang et al. (2010) [44] quantified global terrestrial ET using the modified Penman-Monteith approach from 1983 to 2006 and found strong regional variations and latitudinal gradients corresponding to global climate patterns. The results also showed that coastal areas had higher LE than land areas, such as Europe and South Australia. Inter-model differences generally ranged from -30 to 10 W/m2 based on MERRA data for 1982~2010. Although these LE models were developed based on a physical mechanistic equation, different results might be attributed to the model structure and sensitivity of input variables, which were related to the regional climatic environment. Previous studies also supported our conclusion and highlighted the model structure and the uncertainty of input data. Behrangi et al. (2014) [45] compared MOD16 and PT-JPL and found that PT-JPL values were larger than MOD16 values. Vinukollua et al. (2011) [43] reported higher EC tower LE values of PT-JPL than MOD16 by estimating terrestrial latent heat flux using a single-source energy budget model, MOD16 and PT-JPL.
In this study, global decadal cropland LE was calculated using four process-based LE models. We found an increasing trend of global average annual LE and different variations of LE in specific regions over the cropland ecosystem. Numerous studies showed increasing transpiration due to the increase of the growing seasons in recent decades [46–50]. The increasing trend of cropland LE might be attributed to increasing irrigation water diversions. McLaughlin et al. found an increasing trend of irrigation water from 1960 to 2010. The regional long-term trend of LE generally varied with changes of anthropogenic activities and regional climate. Sacks et al. (2011) [51] analyzed corn and soybean data over the US corn belt from 1981~2005 and found that the annual-average LE increase was 0.50 W/m2, or 6.3 mm/year, over the 25 years. Riediger et al. (2014) [52] used a framework of the comprehensive research cluster Nachhaltiges Land management in Norddeutschen Tiefland and predicted increasing scenarios in ET at Uelzen in Germany.
5.3. Uncertianties analysis Uncertainties in predicting LE were considered to be largely induced by the forcing data [53– 55]. Liu et al. (2015) [54] analyzed the impact of input data uncertainties on (ET) using the Climate Research Unit (CRU) TS3.1 data, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim Reanalysis, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, the Global Meteorological Forcing Data set for land surface modeling from Princeton University, and MERRA data for 1979–2008 in Northern China. They found that MERRA displays the lowest correlation with measurements for temperature, wind and relative humidity. These uncertainties might affect the accuracy of the final calculation. Zhao et al. (2013) [56] also reported that MERRA surface solar radiation has an average bias error of +20.2 W/m2 at different time scales based on American FLUXNET sites. NDVI or LAI were often used as a surrogate of vegetation moisture and for the calculation of vegetation coverage. However, the uncertainties in NDVI or LAI led to erroneous subsequent calculation of canopy conductance. In addition to the uncertainties in forcing data, another source of uncertainty might stem from the scale mismatch between the remote sensing data and the EC observations. McCabe et al. (2006) [57] used three different remote sensing data from Landsat (60 m), ASTER (90 m), and MODIS (1020 m) to study the effects of sensor resolution on land surface flux estimates. These scholars found that MODIS-based flux retrievals could not effectively characterize the different latent heat flux patterns between soybean and corn. Kustas et al. (2004) [58] also found a lack of spatial variability in the coarse resolution data-based LE retrievals compared with different pixel resolutions of remote sensing inputs.
Conclusions In this study, four LE satellite-based LE algorithms, including MOD16, RRS, PT-JPL and MS-PT, were evaluated over a cropland ecosystem based on 34 EC flux towers sites. We compared these LE model performances with ground LE measurements and satellite forcing data. All models had different assumptions, data requirements, empirical model parameters and model structures ranging from complex Penman-Monteith and energy balance schemes to simpler Priestley–Taylor approaches. The results showed that all the LE models produced acceptable results for cropland ecosystems. MS-PT produced the best performance with respect to LE prediction, with a higher R2, a lower bias and a lower RMSE. MOD16 and RRS showed the lowest LE retrievals compared with the other models. All algorithms had high LE at low latitudes and low LE at high latitudes. The results showed that the magnitudes and seasonal variations of LE were well characterized by the four models.
A slightly increasing trend in the annual average LE from 1982 to 2010 was also observed. Considering that uncertainties still existed, the limitations associated with the model comparison, as analyzed above, might also cause modeling errors. Intercomparison of models over a range of diverse bioclimates and longer periods are recommended for future studies.
Supporting information S1 File. The site statistics of four models. The estimated daily LE calculated by MOD16, RRS, PT-JPL and MS-PT over the period of 2000–2009 were contained in the site_stat2.rar. The model validation results were in each Excel tables (.XLSX) (RAR)
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Wenping Yuan, Liang Sun, Xianhong Xie, Jie Cheng, Xiaotong Zhang, Bo Jiang, Xiang Zhao, Hailin Niu and Aixiu Nie from Beijing Normal University, China, for their suggestions. This work used eddy covariance data acquired from the FLUXNET community and in particular the following networks: AmeriFlux (U.S. Department of Energy, Biological and Environmental Research, Terrestrial Carbon Program (DE-FG0204ER63917 and DE-FG02-04ER63911)), AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada (supported by CFCAS, NSERC, BIOCAP, Environment Canada, and NRCan), GreenGrass, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux, TCOSSiberia, and USCCC. We acknowledge financial support for the eddy covariance data harmonization provided by CarboEuropeIP, FAO-GTOS-TCO, iLEAPS, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, National Science Foundation, University of Tuscia, Universite´ Laval, Environment Canada and US Department of Energy; and database development and technical support from Berkeley Water Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Microsoft Research eScience, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of California–Berkeley, and the University of Virginia. This work was partially supported by the High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2013AA122801), the Natural Science Fund of China (Grants 41205104 and, 41201331), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant 2012CB955302), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant 2012LYB38), the youth talent support program of College of Global Change and Earth System Science (312231103) and the High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology Major Projects (Grant 05-Y30B02-9001-13/15-9).
Author Contributions Conceptualization: Fei Feng, Yunjun Yao. Data curation: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li, Meng Liu. Formal analysis: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao. Funding acquisition: Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao. Investigation: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao. Methodology: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li. Project administration: Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao. Resources: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao, Meng Liu. Software: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao, Meng Liu.
Supervision: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao. Validation: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li. Visualization: Fei Feng. Writing – original draft: Fei Feng. Writing – review & editing: Fei Feng, Xianglan Li, Yunjun Yao, Meng Liu.
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Another early test-hard to know what to expect from our boys who can seemingly play extremely well and control the action for an entire period-and then seem to coast into a lower gear and make some very sloppy defensive plays. UNH will make sure we just cannot make many mistakes. Go Red!!!
Let's give this thread another kick.
RPI off to a decent start and UNH in need of a win so I think this should be a good one. Not sure if you'll see DeSmith or Wyer in net for UNH. It will be interesting to see who Umile goes with. They split against Michigan with Wyer picking up the tie and DeSmith with an OT loss.
Decided to make the trip out to Troy - first time visit to the Houston Field House. Ralph provided some parking tips on the UNH thread. Any recommendations for dining out?
I thought he was referring to RPI facing its 3rd HE team barely two weeks into the season.
Depends on what you're in the mood for. The Recovery is what the school promotes and is attached to the Hilton on Hoosick Street (NY 7), it's a regional pub and grill chain. Brown's is a micro-brew downtown along the Hudson River on River Street. If you'd prefer something walking distance, there's the Notty Pine on 15th and Hutton which is a local pub and grub, there's also a Moe's on the other side of campus, as well as pizza places all over, such as Big Apple Pizzeria (or whatever they call it now, it was Pizza Bella when I was there) which is near the Moe's, I Love's on I believe Hoosick as well as downtown.
In case you're taking NH 101 and NH/VT 9 to get to NY 7, the "northern section" of the Bennington Bypass is complete so you won't have to go through downtown Bennington. Do be aware that tolls are now being charged on the Mass Pike west of Springfield.
Dinosaur BBQ - Outpost of the Syracuse original. Solid smoked meats easy location to rink. 377 River Street (other bars / restAurants on River St make it a good landing spot.
DEFINITELY try the veal parm!!! Jen always got the Chicken Cacciatore(she is a spicy little italian and swears by this place). http://www.verdile.com/menu.htm Second avenue and about 112th street. On the way back to HFH you must stop at Bella Napoli http://www.bellanapolibakery.com/ if your arteries can handle it. One of the finest italian pastry shops you can find.
DEFINITELY try the veal parm!!! Jen always got the Chicken Cacciatore(she is a spicy little italian and swears by this place). http://www.verdile.com/menu.htm Second avenue and about 112th street. On the way back to HFH you must stop at Bella Napoli http://www.bellanapolibakery.com/ if your arteries can handle it. One of the finest italian pastry shops you can find.to paraphrase Yogi, nobody goes to Bella Napoli anymore, it's always so crowded.
to paraphrase Yogi, nobody goes to Bella Napoli anymore, it's always so crowded.
Saw some of the UNH game with Michigan on TV-they do play a very aggressive forechecking style(even short handed) which could give us some real trouble if our defense is not in sync. As EHF would most certainly say-we will need a full 60 minute effort out there against our third HE opponent this year. Go Red!!!
Decided to make the trip out to Troy. Any recommendations for dining out?
We've always liked the Notty Pine. It's a neighborhood pizza - pasta - burger place. Nothing fancy; good local flavor, good food.
It's on 15th Street (one block south of Hoosick Road / Route 7), so it's not very far from HFH, and you can easily park there as well.
Thanks for all the great recommendations. I hope to get out of town without gaining 10 pounds!
I still remember listening to that game.


text:
NGC 3900 is a lenticular galaxy located in the Leo constellation. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1785. It is estimated to be about 95 to 100 light-years away from Earth.

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3900
Unbarred lenticular galaxies

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Flare-ups can be very dangerous, and the innovative grease management system of the Weber Genesis prevents this danger while still allowing your food to get a delicious smoky taste. Grease that is not vaporized is channeled into the disposable drip tray that is in the catch pan under the cook box. A disposable drip tray means that you won't have to deal with washing out the greasy mess, you can just dispose of this drip tray when it is full and replace it with another.
The Weber Genesis II E-410 Gas Grill has cast iron cooking grates that are porcelain enameled for non stick cooking for years to come. This grate is double sided so that you can choose a thick substantial grate to get an attractive sear mark on your steaks or burgers or a thinner grate that is ideal for cooking delicate meats like fish and shrimp that you don't want to stick to the grate or get too seared.
This Genesis II 4 burner is designed with an open cart design that provides plenty of room for all of your grilling tools and makes accessing them easy. The side tables are sturdy and provide a place for you to put your sauces while the integrated tool hooks offer the perfect place to hang your grilling tools where they won't get your working surfaces messy but will still be on hand.
The warming rack of the Genesis is tucked away until you need it so that you can utilize all of your grilling surface while you are cooking and then drop down the warming rack when some foods are done so that they can stay warm while the rest of the food cooks.
This Weber Genesis grill is iGrill 3 ready so that you can connect up to four thermometer probes into your meat as well as measuring the ambient temperature within your grill for perfect temperature control throughout your cook. The iGrill 3 will transmit information about the temperature as well as the level of your tank to your mobile device using an app so that you will always be in touch with your grill even if you aren't right next to it.
The Weber Genesis II E-410 Gas Grill delivers 48000 BTU per hour to its four burners so you have plenty of control and power over your cooking. This grill comes at an increased cost over the Weber Genesis II E-310 so if you do not need four burners it is worth considering going for the slightly smaller model. If you are looking for a highly stylish grill and are considering going down in size, the Weber Genesis II S-310 has most of the same features in a beautiful stainless steel design that will be the envy of all of your friends.


Eligibility: All Cascadia members in good standing.
Concert theme: The birth of Poland as a modern nation, with particular reference to its musical culture, from mazurkas and mountain music traditions to Chopin, Szymanowski, Lutoslawski, Górecki and so forth.
This is a call for proposals for new works. A selection committee, including members of both Cascadia and the Polish Library Building Association (of Portland), will review all submissions. Three of the composers will be commissioned by the PLBA ($500 apiece) to write a new work (target duration 5 to 10 minutes) to be presented during the concert.
Instrumentation: At least three instruments from a standard piano quintet (piano, two violins, viola, cello), up to the full ensemble. For example: String trio, piano trio, string quartet, etc.
Submission procedure: Because of the specific nature of the concert theme, submissions will be handled differently than usual. Interested members must first submit a proposal describing the (one) work they intend to create for the concert, along with scores of two representative existing works, including at least one work that gives some idea how the composer typically uses or might use the instrumental forces above.
If a member's proposal is selected, they are expected to complete their work, including parts, and e-mail them in no later than the August 27th deadline. Musicians will have been contracted by then and will be expecting to start work, so plan on finishing up well in advance.
2. Recordings if available (computer-generated OK if none is) in MP3 format. Links may be submitted instead, but note that MP3's up to 25MB may now be submitted. There must be a sound file for each score submitted.
3. Text file in standard format (such as .txt, .doc, .rtf or .pdf), clearly presenting your proposal. Also please send a bio (may be in the same file). Program notes for the submitted work samples are optional.
The commissioned composers will be announced in January of 2018.
Questions? For any about the theme of the concert, or to get more information about Polish independence, please contact Agnieszka Laska at agnieszka_laska@comcast.net. For all other questions contact Jeff Winslow at jeffw@rdrop.com.


Ambassadors of Hope and Opportunity started as a calling of the heart. A calling that compelled the creation of a non-profit organization focused solely on providing a safety net of stable housing, guidance and community connections for young adults ages 16 to 25 who are homeless or at risk of homelessness in Marin County.
Our young adults are our leaders of the future, most of whom have not had families to guide, nurture, support or believe in them.
Ambassadors of Hope and Opportunity believe in these youth and provide opportunities to support them on their path to becoming independent, contributing adults by offering a specialized menu of options to fit their unique needs. AHO is leading the way in addressing the growing trend of youth homelessness in Marin County, Greater Bay Area and Sacramento, CA.
Ambassadors of Hope and Opportunity is an innovative, all-volunteer program that provides support to homeless young adults (ages 18 to 25) in Marin County, California, just north of San Francisco.
Since incorporating in January 2005, AHO has produced four groundbreaking community forums that brought together business and political leaders, individuals, parents, youth, and various organizations to focus on the growing issue of homelessness among youth in the county.


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BFI LFF 2016 Preview - TICKLING GIANTS
TICKLING GIANTS is a funny/serious documentary about the business of satirising corrupt politicians. In this case, it's the story of the charismatic Egyptian heart surgeon, Basseem Youssef, who started making youtube videos satirising the old dictatorial regime of Hosni Mubarak. Before he new it, viewer numbers were through the charts and he had a prime time show called The Show, in the manner of Jon Stewart's Daily Show. The two hosts are clearly sympathetic and inspirational to each other, and they have appeared on each other's programmes. But things took a darker turn after the Arab Spring. The people may have put Morsi in power but soon it was his military commander Sisi who had staged a coup and ushered in an even more repressive government than that of Mubarak. Suddenly Basseem Youssef is being summoned for arrest, his show is threatened with being taken off air, and becomes the top news story. He jumps to another channel, but Sisi's regime jam the signal when he refuses to tone down his criticism. Youssef worries about his family and employees and questions if keeping the show on air is worth the candle.
Labels: africa, based youssef, documentary, jon stewart, politics, sara taksler, satire
BFI LFF 2016 Preview - BARAKAH MEET BARAKAH
Debut writer-director Mahmoud Sabbagh's Saudia Arabian romantic comedy is an absolute delight - giving us a fascinating glimpse into contemporary society in Jeddah through the eyes of our star-crossed lovers. The first is Barakah (Hisham Fageeh) a charming young municipal enforcement officer and amateur actor whose job seems to involve keeping people off the streets and whose hobby involves him buying a bra to play a woman in "Hamleet". He's under pressure to get married from his family and has never held a girl's hand. But he's a huge fan of "Bibi", an instagram star with a million followers who always cuts off her face in photos. A chance meeting leads to a tentative romance, but the real problem is finding a place where they can meet and just chat, because public spaces are hugely patrolled and to a certain extent inaccessible for singletons.
Labels: comedy, fatima albanawi, hisham fageeh, mahmoud sabbagh, romance, saudi arabia
BFI LFF 2016 Preview - AN INSIGNIFICANT MAN
AN INSIGNIFICANT MAN is a political documentary charting the transformation of Indian populist socialist activist Arvind Kejriwal from campaigner to mayor of India's capital city, Delhi. It takes us inside the cramped offices where Kejriwal forms a grass-roots campaigning organisation from scratch, staffed by idealist young men (rarely women) who have quit good jobs, inspired by his anti-corruption stance. At first, it doesn't appear as if he has a platform aside from lobbying for anti-corruption law, but he soon alights upon a manifesto of giving poor citizens free water and heavily subsidised electricity as vote-winners. In doing so, he is helped by his fellow party founder Yogendra Yadav. Together, the party they form unseats the incumbent politician and as we leave Kejriwal he is basking in the glory of his people. We learn in a triumphant final subtitle that he has made good on his promise to deliver water and cheap fuel.
Posted by Bina007 at 20:23 1 comment:
Labels: documentary, India, khushboo ranka, politics, vinay shukla
BFI LFF 2016 Preview - DAVID LYNCH: THE ART LIFE
Acting as a companion piece to Peter Braatz' lyrical dream-like BLUE VELVET REVISITED, Jon Nguyen and Jason S's DAVID LYNCH: THE ART LIFE is a much more straightforward documentary biopic. It takes the form of extensive interviews with David Lynch complete with archive photos and videos, set against footage of him making his art today. It is Lynch's voice that tells his own story, apparently as a kind of video diary for his youngest daughter, who we see sitting on her father's lap in his studio. The resulting film is measured, patient, as one would expect form this director, but also deeply honest. Lynch recalls how his elegant but aloof mother identified something special in him from an early age, and his guilt at letting her down with his hatred of studying and going off the rails as young man. We hear how contingent his career was - that he happened to meet a kid whose father was an artist and realised that this was a thing you could actually do - and then the crucial offer of a place at the AFI Conservatory, where he made ERASERHEAD. There's something fascinating in Lynch's need to compartmentalise his life - family, arthouse crowd, lovers - and we get glimpses of his fascinating with the macabre in a trip to the morgue. The movie is also occasionally very unintentionally funny - such as when Lynch lambasts the horror of going to live in Philadelphia. But viewers looking for an analysis of his artworks of films will go wanting. This movie is very much a documentary with its firm focus on formative experiences. To that end, I found it a little disappointing or rather limited in its scope.
DAVID LYNCH: THE ART OF LIFE played Venice 2016. There are still tickets available for the Monday 10th October screening at the BFI London Film Festival, where the movie is in the Documentary Competition.
Labels: david lynch, documentary, jason s, jon nguyen
BFI LFF 2016 Preview - BLUE VELVET REVISITED
Peter Braatz' lyrical documentary is a must-watch for all fans of David Lynch's surreal, beautiful, disturbing work. As a younger film-maker, Braatz served as an intern on the iconic 1980s movie, and shot lots of photos, behind the scenes videos and interviews. Now, thirty years later, he has assembled a collage of impressions of what it was like to work with and for Lynch and how the film came together. But this isn't a conventional linear documentary, with carefully composed and edited talking heads taking us from the films conceptions to final release. Rather, in the manner of Lynch himself, the film is a kind of meditation and mood movie - carefully layering images and interviews and a beautiful sound-track to take us into the emotional world of the film.
One of the things that jumped out at me was how calm the shoot seemed to be - the union of all members of cast and crew in this strange endeavour. Lynch repeatedly claims that this is the happiest he has ever been on a shoot - going back to a low budget in exchange for artistic freedom. There seems to be a spirit of trust on set - trust in David's genius and vision. Even people who don't really like films - like actor Jack Nance - or don't believe Lynch is au courant - think the movie is going to be something special. Lynch himself, secure in the quality of each component, is quietly confidant too. It's also pretty special just to sit back and watch the man at work - his immense attention to detail - personally adjusting and trimming a wig - and the way in which movie making feeds into his larger artistic life with sketches of the day's events.
This movie is then, a wonderful indulgence for fans of Lynch - as creative in its approach as Lynch deserves, and a visual and aural delight.
BLUE VELVET REVISITED has a running time of 86 minutes. Tickets are available for both screenings.
Labels: david lynch, dennis hopper, documentary, ida weiss, isabella rosselini, kyle maclachlan, peter braatz
IMPERIUM is a film that chronicles the true story of a young idealistic FBI agent who went undercover in a white supremacist movement to try to uncover Unabomber type plots to terrorise America. The agent is played by Daniel Radcliffe, his handler by Toni Colette, and the movie was written and directed by first-time feature director Daniel Ragussis. Unfortunately, the movie fails on almost every count. The script is under-written and the direction creates no tension whatsoever. Radcliffe is made to look over-geeky to the point of parody as the desk-bound agent, and is unconvincing as an Iraqi war veteran turned racist thug. The alacrity with which he's accepted by the terrorists is just too easy and the ease with which he bats away their suspicions sucks the tension out of the movie. As the movie drips along toward its flaccid final set piece the only emotion I felt was thanks that it was all over. Ultimately, it's laudable that Radcliffe is willing to handle such politically incendiary material, but given the times in which we live, this feels like a missed opportunity to really mine the motives of people to turn to such a cause, and to explore what is really going on in these movements.
IMPERIUM has a running time of 109 minutes and is rated R. The movie was released in the USA, France, the Philippines and Turkey earlier this year. It is currently on release in the UK in cinemas and on streaming services. It opens in Singapore next week.
Labels: bobby bukowski, burn gorman, chris sullivan, daniel radcliffe, daniel ragussis, drama, politics, toni colette, will bates
BRIDGET JONES'S BABY is the latest instalment in the romantic-comedy franchise centred on the chubby klutzy Londoner (Renee Zellweger) trying to hook up with her real-life earnest Mr Darcy. In this film, Bridget is 43 and has finally got her life in order - she has a great job, she's hit goal weight and she's quit smoking. But after a one-night stand at a music festival with a billionaire dating app creator called Jack (Patrick Dempsey) and then with her former boyfriend Darcy (Colin Firth) she finds herself up the junction with no idea who the father is. So follows a chamber comedy with both men turning up to sonograms and ante-natal classes, and the viewer waiting for the last act reveal of who the father is and who Bridg will end up marrying.
On the plus side, the movie is pretty harmless and contains enough laugh out loud moments to get you through the over-long two hour run-time. Zellweger sells the physical comedy of being the relentlessly clumsy and awkward Bridget and Emma Thompson as her doctor provides the best laconic one-liners and disapproving looks.
But there are plenty of negatives too. First off, there's a sub-plot about Bridget and her old-school journo chums being under threat from pretentious millennial hipsters who think old journalism is irrelevant. It's a strong story but goes nowhere. At no point is Bridget's job under threat from her being pregnant - at no point does she worry about what taking a year out of work will do to her career. But of course she's not worried because - and this is the second point - this movie is deeply conservative and also, therefore, out of step with our times. Because both of Bridget's potential partners are rich, well-educated, tall dark handsome men who will provide her with a house and financial support. You can sense Emma Thompson's dissatisfaction with this as she inserts the only line regarding potentially raising the kid on her own - but that's all we get. There is no doubting the fact that we are going to end up at the altar, and that this is the appropriate aim for a single woman with a kid.
The third problem with the film is Renee Zellweger's face. This has been much written about and is a controversial point - would a man face such a raft of negative press over bad plastic surgery and fillers? Maybe not. But I wouldn't be giving an honest review if I didn't say that her face is distracting - especially given the fact that the movie chooses to show Renee as a younger less-interfered with woman in flashback scenes. I spent to much time in the slower middle of this film trying to figure out what she'd done to herself and why. Contrast this with Emma Thompson who is ageing elegantly and beautifully.
Despite my deep philosophical issues with this film, I did still have a good enough time watching it. But I'd suggest it as a dinner and DVD night film rather than something you have to rush to the cinema to see.
BRIDGET JONES'S BABY has a running time of 123 minutes and is rated R. The movie is on global release.
Labels: andrew dunn, celia imrie, colin firth, comedy, craig armstrong, dan mazar, emma thompson, enzo cilenti, james callis, jim broadbent, patrick dempsey, renee zellwegger, sharon maguire, Shirley Henderson
BFI LFF 2016 Preview - DOWN UNDER
DOWN UNDER is a sometimes predictable, often very funny and continually highly disturbing film tackling heightened racial tensions between a self-described native population against immigrants. In this case, rather than contemporary America or Europe we're in Australia in the mid 2000s. Apparently, back in 2006 a bunch of Aussie racists set upon a bunch of Lebanese immigrants on Christmas day, prompting the inevitable backlash from the targeted community.
Writer-director Abe Forsythe opens his film with shocking documentary footage of the riots - shocking at least to those who, like me, had no idea they had occurred. At this point, I wasn't sure if I was sitting down for a hard-hitting political documentary. But the mood quickly shifts into dark comedy, and a satire on both sides of the racial fracas. The irony is that, to the viewer, the warring factions have a lot in common: ignorance, racial and sexual prejudice, and ineptitude. Moreover, each side has four men of differing but symmetric profile - the gung-ho violent leader; the nice guy who turns nasty; the quirky comic relief guy; and the true societal outsider who turns out to be the wisest of the lot. (In the case of the white Aussies, that's the down syndrome cousin, and in the case of the Lebanese immigrants, it's their visiting uncle - the only practicing Muslim in the group.) Along the way, the movie also pokes fun at the Aussie obsession with Gallipoli and Ned Kelly, bogan bad parenting, the idea that the white Aussies crave Turkish food, and the fact that the second generation immigrants are so assimilated as to be as feckless as the white population.
The resulting film is pretty predictable but really very funny and rightly disturbing. Even though you know where it's going, I was still tense wondering exactly how the director would get there. The film also looks good, with a really imaginative use of framing and panning to reveal a character we didn't realise was part of the scene, not to mention some of the best incidental pop music since the car-ride scenes in Wayne's World. It's just the right mix of stupidly funny and politically provocative, and if some of the social commentary is a little too on the nose, the timing of its release couldn't be better.
DOWN UNDER played the Sydney and Melbourne film festivals earlier this year. There are tickets left for all three screenings at the BFI London Film Festival 2016. It does not yet have a commercial release date. The movie has a running time of 90 minutes.
Labels: abe forsythe, alexander england, australia, bfi, comedy, jodi matterson, lachlan milne, lincoln younes, piers burbrook de vere, politics, religion
SAUSAGE PARTY is a very funny very smutty animated comedy by the team that brought you THE INTERVIEW and PINEAPPLE EXPRESS. Evan Goldberg and Seth Rogen make R rated comedies that contain a lot of truth and some things you just can't believe are being put on screen. To wit, they have a Holocaust joke in the opening 3 minutes of this film, the first of many, liberal use of the C word, and a plot that basically hinges on a radical atheistic debunking of religion and breaking the fourth wall.
The conceit is that all the characters are foodstuffs being sold in a supermarket. They believe that the Great Beyond lies on the other side of the supermarket doors, with benevolent Gods (humans) caring for them in paradise. The drama begins when a jar of mustard is returned and reveals the shocking truth that humans EAT food. This prompts our hero and heroine, a sausage and a bun, to escape their trolley and go in search of the real story from a bottle of fire-water and his baked side-kicks. Meanwhile, another hot dog is trying to find his way back to the store and stumbles onto some handy scientific knowledge from a Stephen Hawking-style piece of gum.
Labels: alan menken, animation, bill hader, christopher lennertz, danny mcbride, david krumholtz, edward norton, evan goldberg, james franco, jonah hill, kristen wiig, michael cera, paul rudd, salma hayek, seth rogen
Woody Allen's latest offering is a gorgeously filmed love story mixed in with a rather anonymous gangster side plot. The film is just about still worth seeing for Vittorio Storaro's sun-kissed vintage Los Angeles, but there are longueurs.
The central love triangle is between Kristen Stewart's "Vonny" - a young secretary in a relationship with a married powerful Hollywood agent, played by Steve Carell. He struggles with leaving his wife and kids for her - but eventually does. Only by this point, Vonny has also fallen in love with the agent's nephew Bobby, played by Jesse Eisenberg. Together, these kids have gently mocked the superficiality and rapaciousness of Hollywood, reflecting Allen's own antipathy to Tinseltown. He is, then, shocked when she opts for the life of a rich Hollywood wife. The story is then one of two people whose lives are destined to intersect, who love each other, but aren't with each other, and the profound loneliness that this choice brings. It's very well acted and touching.
Labels: blake lively, comedy, corey stoll, drama, jesse eisenberg, kristen stewart, parker posey, romance, sheryl lee, steve carell, vittorio storaro, woody allen
ANTHROPOID
Writer-director-cinematographer Sean Ellis (CASHBACK) returns to our screens with a period thriller based on the true story of the assassination of the SS officer Reinhard Heydrich during World War Two. Operation Anthropoid had Czech soldier parachuted back into the country by the British, collaborating with what was left of the Czech Resistance, scouting out Heydrich's typical route out of Prague Castle, to gun him down. History tells us that the initial attack was thought a failure, but that Heydrich did indeed die of his wounds. The men responsible for the assassination - the only successful high-ranking assassination of a Nazi - were betrayed and after a courageous 6 hour gunfight in a church - killed. The SS razed villages and killed thousands of Czechs in reprisal. But Czecho was, as a result, seen as an ally and the Munich Agreement nullified.
It's testament to the film that despite knowing the history of Anthropoid, I was genuinely gripped by it. The tension of planning and executing the attack was painful and the final shoot-out in the Church exquisitely choreographed and genuinely emotionally affecting. Most of all, the brutal scenes of torture were truly unforgettable and a final moral confrontation haunting. I also love the fact that Ellis chooses to shoot the film in Prague, using many Czech actors to lend the film authenticity, and indeed show the source material respect. The problem is, however, that it forces his British lead actors into adopting what I am sure they must think are Czech accents. The film survives because of the force of Cillian Murphy's lead performance, which more than offsets Jaime Dornan's weaker contribution.
ANTHROPOID is rated R and has a running time of 120 minutes. The film is on release in the USA and UK.
Labels: anthony frewin, British, cillian murphy, costume, Czech, harry lloyd, jamie dornan, robin foster, sean ellis, thriller, toby jones
JIM: THE JAMES FOLEY STORY
JIM: THE JAMES FOLEY STORY is a moving and competently made documentary about the journalist captured in Syria and executed by ISIS - the first American victim of the terrorist group. The strength of the film is to take us into the emotional landscape of his family for two hours so that when we finally get the moment of his death - now so iconic - we really feel the tragedy of losing a good and beloved man. The emotional punch in undeniable. The downside of focussing so much on his wonderful family is that we almost become too reverential of James and too narrow in our focus. Questions of naivety and poor decision making are picked up but quickly brushed off. And the thorny issue of why some governments choose to successfully negotiate for their captives release and others do not - allegations of a lack of US governmental support - are not properly investigated. In other words, this is a great documentary if you want to get to know James Foley - and it's worthwhile just on that basis - but it's not totally satisfying.
Labels: brian oakes, chris chuang, documentary, heather macdonald, middle east, politics, Sundance
Christopher Nolan is a director of superlative technical skill, and his new film of the evacuation of DUNKIRK lives up to that billin...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Передача POST-запроса на сервер node.js и получение ответа (Express.js framework) Здравствуйте.
Интересует вопрос: как послать произвольный POST-запрос с помощью express.js с клиентской стороны (не форму, а какие-то произвольные данные), и как получить ответ от сервера?
Заранее благодарю.
A: Очень просто.
//Подключаем middleware для того, что бы в req добавилось body
app.use(express.urlencoded());
//Обрабатываем наш запрос
app.post('/path', function (req, res, next) {
    //req.body содержит данные, переданные от клиента
    res.end('Наш ответ клиенту')
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You know, so many of us are compassionate towards others. We hear of some unspeakable pain or even just someone's trials for the day and we instantly feel empathy and want to do what we can to alleviate their pain or suffering.
We often get so lost in helping others that we forget our own needs, our own pain and our own self compassion.
I think that when we take time out for others, it not only helps us to forget our own problems but a small part of us may feel like it is healing us as well. Amirite? Could be. That's just my assumption.
If you are an empath (and though that's not what this blog is about but I do want to touch on it a little), you know that you are drawn to people's pain and trying to heal them.
We are also drawn to a lot of negativity and toxic people and events. This is where self compassion is much needed.
There's an old saying that goes like this "You can't pour from an empty cup". I'm sure you have heard it, but do you heed to the message? Do you get the message of this quote deep inside your soul?
You should. You better. If you don't, then the more you forget to refill this cup, the emptier you will be and the less of a healer you can be. Do you get that? You must take care of yourself first before anyone else.
It's not selfish, it's mandatory. Don't feel guilty for having to do this.
Let's look at 5 ways you can love yourself again and feel more self compassion.
I love love love guided meditations and every now and then I dive into a great hypnosis that totally reprograms my mind to remind myself that I do matter and that I am just as important, if not more, as anyone else.
My favourite go to place for guided meditations is Insight Timer. Sarah Blondin is my girl! Go have a peek around there and see what you can find and what resonates with you.
To your favourite spot in the whole wide world (even if it's just in your city/town). Bring a nice beverage, a good book, a small snack or whatever you want.
Go sit in that space (might as well listen to some meditations while you're there!) and be with you and you alone. Enjoy the surroundings, listen to the wonderful sounds of nature, take in the beautiful sights and just peace out.
This is your time to love yourself up!
Not your typical journalling though, I'm talking about sitting in peace, maybe light a candle or put on some lovely zen music and write out all the things you love about yourself. How awesome are you? Pretty damn awesome I'm guessing.
You forgot just how amazing you really are I bet. Write it all out. Each and every single thing you love about yourself.
Guaranteed to put a big huge smile on your face.
Remember that thing you've always wanted to do?
Go do it. Today. Now, This week. Make a date with yourself, an appointment that you've been meaning to make for that spa treatment or horse back riding lesson or sky diving adventure (too much?). Stop putting it off because you're too busy helping others.
It's time for you! You have to treat yourself every now and then. You are always treating other people, doing so much for everyone else, what about you?
Self compassion time!! Do something really awesome for you!
Unplug from social media for a few hours if you have to, a full day if you can. Start saying no to someone who may need help. It's ok to say no sometimes and not feel guilty about it. It's not up to you to save the world.
Let other people have a chance to say yes too! What's gonna end up happening if you don't start saying no to others and yes to yourself is you will become a doormat. An empty cup doormat.
You're NO door mat. Say no every now and then, yes to yourself and see how liberating that feels.
I hope this blog and these 5 tips will help you find your way back to self compassion and loving yourself again. Remember, you matter just as much, if not more, than anyone else. Treat yourself like you do.
If you love inspirational podcasts you just might love mine!! No Holds Barred!
Want to know the secret to changing your life? Of course you do! Drop your info below and I'll share it with you.


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Simmons Hanly Conroy Ranked Nationally and in St. Louis, San Francisco and New York by 2017 U.S. News-Best Lawyers 'Best Law Firms'
Brian SanchezNovember 8, 2016Blog
ALTON, Ill., Nov. 7, 2016 /PRNewswire/ — Simmons Hanly Conroy, one of the nation's largest law firms focused on consumer protection and mass tort actions, is pleased to announce the firm has been ranked nationally and in the St. Louis, San Francisco and New York metropolitan areas in the 2017 edition of U.S. News – Best Lawyers® "Best Law Firms."
The firm was ranked nationally in Tier 1, the highest possible rating, for Mass Tort Litigation / Class Actions – Plaintiffs. The firm also was ranked in the same category in the San Francisco (Tier 1) and New York metro areas. In the St. Louis metro area, the firm earned a Tier 1 ranking for Personal Injury Litigation – Plaintiffs and Product Liability Litigation – Plaintiffs. The firm is based in Alton, Ill., which is near St Louis, and also has an office in San Francisco and New York.
"We are grateful for this recognition of our national law firm from 'Best Law Firms,'" said John Simmons, chairman of Simmons Hanly Conroy. "This ranking is acknowledgement of all the hard work and commitment from our attorneys and staff who help people injured and harmed by dangerous drugs, exposure to asbestos and corporate wrongdoing."
Now in its seventh year, "Best Law Firms" is a collaboration between U.S. News & World Report and the prestigious "Best Lawyers" peer review guide. U.S. law firms are ranked nationally in 74 major legal practice areas and in 187 metro areas across 122 practice areas. Firms earn rankings in the "Best Law Firms" guide based on recommendations from leading lawyers and clients in their ranked practice areas, as well as review of additional information provided by law firms as part of the submission process. Firms are evaluated on attributes including expertise, professionalism and responsiveness. To be eligible for a ranking in a particular practice area and metro area, a law firm must have at least one lawyer who is included in the annual "Best Lawyers" guide in the same practice area and metro area.
The 2017 "Best Law Firms" rankings are published on the U.S. News & World Report website at http://BestLawFirms.USNews.com.
About Simmons Hanly Conroy, LLC
Simmons Hanly Conroy LLC is one of the nation's largest mass tort law firms and has recovered more than $5 billion in verdicts and settlements for plaintiffs. Primary areas of litigation include asbestos and mesothelioma, pharmaceutical, consumer protection, environmental and personal injury. The firm's attorneys have been appointed to leadership in numerous national multidistrict litigations, including Vioxx, Yaz and Toyota Unintended Acceleration. The firm also represents small and mid-size corporations, inventors and entrepreneurs in matters involving business litigation. Offices are located in New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, St. Louis, and Alton, Ill. Read more at www.simmonsfirm.com.
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/simmons-hanly-conroy-ranked-nationally-and-in-st-louis-san-francisco-and-new-york-by-2017-us-news-best-lawyers-best-law-firms-300358523.html
SOURCE  Simmons Hanly Conroy
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