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Richmond Bigfoots Beach Elections
Posted on February 26, 2021 by James A. Bacon | 6 Comments
by Kerry Dougherty
They think they're so clever. Richmond Democrats, that is.
They believe that by forcing Virginia Beach to adopt a ward voting system – without first bothering to find out what the people want – they can turn the city council blue.
What other reason could there possibly be for passing a bill — on a party-line vote — that appears to affect only one city in the commonwealth?
But not so fast, Democrats.
A ward system also favors underfunded grassroots candidates with devoted followers who are willing to invest shoe leather in a campaign. You know, tea party types. Careful what you wish for.
Let's back up.
A bill, introduced by Del. Kelly Convirs-Fowler – HB2198 – that would force the Beach to give up its odd hybrid system of elections, passed the Senate this week and is headed for the governor's desk. (Convirs-Fowler has said she does not know if any other Virginia cities use a system similar to the one at the Beach. You'd think she would have done a little homework before submitting the measure.)
The crux of the bill is this: "…in a locality that elects its governing body at large from the locality, any qualified voter of the locality shall be entitled to vote for the at-large candidates, and in a locality that elects its governing body from districts or wards, only the qualified voters of a district or ward shall be entitled to vote for the candidates of that district or ward."
Is there any chance Ralph Northam won't sign the bill?
As it stands, the 11-member Beach City Council consists of a mayor — elected at large — three at-large members and seven district representatives who are also elected at-large although they're required to live in the district they represent.
This means that every voter in the commonwealth's largest city can vote for every seat in every council and school board contest.
Frankly, the current system is confusing. Candidates on the campaign trail are constantly explaining to voters that although they may live in say, Kemspville, they can still vote for the Bayside candidate.
It also means that it's devilishly expensive to run a campaign in the Resort City. With roughly 450,000 residents and a city that's almost 500 square miles, candidates need to raise mega-bucks to compete. Former Mayor Will Sessoms, for instance, raised a staggering $735,508 in his final bid for the top job in 2016.
In the at-large races in 2018, newcomers Aaron Rouse and Dee Oliver raised $130,389 and $193,346 respectively. Rouse won, but Oliver narrowly lost to John Moss, a grassroots populist with a devoted following, who spent just $42,789.
Last summer, Councilwoman Jessica Abbott asked for a referendum on November's ballot to gauge public support for a change in voting.
She was shot down by her colleagues who said there wasn't enough time to "educate" the public about the issue.
On the eve of the Richmond vote, Mayor Bobby Dyer fired off a letter to state senators asking them to allow the city to take the temperature of the voters — with a referendum this fall — before making changes.
The senate ignored the mayor, which means the city council will have to decide by the end of the year whether Virginia Beach should have a ward system or a purely at-large city council.
Look, ward voting would be good for Virginia Beach. It would neutralize some of the influence of the city's power brokers and it could increase the chance of electing more good government types like John Moss and Jessica Abbott.
But the voters, not the General Assembly, should make the change.
This move by the General Assembly is wrong. Richmond's Democratic majority is bullying Beach voters and bigfooting the election process.
Exactly what we've come to expect from this imperious gang in Richmond.
Thumbnail photo by Barb Watson.
This column is republished with permission from Kerry: Unemployed & Unedited.
This entry was posted in Electoral process, Politics and tagged Kerry Dougherty. Bookmark the permalink.


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Jean and Gareth Adamson
The creators of Topsy and Tim, Jean and Gareth Adamson met at Goldsmiths College while studying. Gareth produced the storylines for these classic books and Jean drew the artwork. The books were published by Ladybird.
The Topsy and Tim books have sold over 21 million copies worldwide and even inspired a couple of hit TV series - one animated and a more recent one in live action. Gareth Adamson was born in 1957 and deied in 1982 while Jean was born on 29 February, 1928. She received an MBE in 1999 and was made an Honorary Fellow of Goldsmiths College in 2016.
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TYTM 3 years +
Topsy and Tim: First Experiences Collection - 10 Books (Collection)
Topsy and Tim are a pair of characters who have introduced children to all sorts of first experiences over the years and this slipcased 10-book collection will become essential for any preschoolers.
Throughout the books, they have fun together and go through many first experiences including going to the doctor; playing football; and suffering from itchy heads due to lice - every parent's nightmare.
Written by Jean and Gareth Adamson, this trusted pair have sold over 21 million copies since their first book was published over 50 years ago.
Just £1.20 per book
TOX2 3 years +
Topsy and Tim: The New Baby (Paperback)
The adventures of fun-loving twins Topsy and Tim can help youngsters cope with tricky first experiences and Topsy and Tim: New Baby, by Jean Adamson, is a reassuring read if your toddler is about to become a big brother or sister.
Topsy and Tim's friend Tony feels a bit jealous when his mum holds baby Jack but he soon discovers that there are lots of advantages to being big! And his mum has clever ways of involving him!
ADVBL 3 years +
Start School (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim are always finding fun adventures in the real world, and this start school story is reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim: Start School" follow Topsy and Tim as they learn where to hang their coats, find out all about the classroom and make new friends. Topsy and Tim are a trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences' such as starting school, Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. Re-launched in April 2008 with the bestselling titles "Learning to Swim", "The New Baby", "Start School", "Go on an Aeroplane", "Go Green" and "Have a Birthday Party" these wonderful books deserve a place on the bookshelves of the next generation.
AHAPM 3 years +
Start School with Topsy and Tim: Wipe Clean First Numbers (Paperback)
"Start School with Topsy and Tim: First Numbers" is a lovely, easy-to-use activity book for children who are starting to learn how to count. Help your child practise writing numbers with the bright, colourful activities in this wipe-clean book. Each number from zero to ten has a page of fun activities including tracing over the number, drawing, linking a number to a picture and circling the correct number of things. Children can wipe the page clean and practice again and again. Topsy and Tim are lovely, friendly characters who do all the same things real children do. Learning with Topsy and Tim is fun and reassuring for young children who have just started school or who will be starting soon and want to get a head start. It includes a free pen with the book.
AHAPE 3 years +
Start School with Topsy and Tim: Wipe Clean First Writing (Paperback)
Learning to write is fun with "Topsy and Tim's Wipe Clean First Writing". "Start School with Topsy and Tim: First Writing", brought to you by Ladybird, is a lovely, easy-to-use activity book for children who are starting to learn the alphabet. Help your child practise writing letters with this bright, colourful wipe-clean book. Each letter is shown with a picture (such as 'A for Apple') and with two rows of letters drawn in dotted lines that children can draw over with their special pen. Then they can wipe the page clean and practice again! Each letter is also shown with arrows so children know where to place the pen. Left-handed options are shown in blue. A free pen is included with the book. Topsy and Tim are lovely, friendly characters who do all the things real children do. Learning with Topsy and Tim is fun and reassuring. Look out for "Start School with Topsy and Tim: Wipe Clean First Numbers" and all the other Topsy and Tim books: "Topsy and Tim: Help a Friend"; "Topsy and Tim: Go on a Trainl Topsy and Time Meet the Police"; "Topsy and Tim: Go to the Doctor"; "Topsy and Tim: Go to the Dentist"; "Topsy and Tim: Go to the Zoo"; Topsy and Tim Visit London"; "Topsy and Tim: Go on an Aeroplane"; Topsy and Tim: Go Camping"; "Topsy and Tim Safety First"; "Topsy and Tim: The New Baby"; "Topsy and Tim Meet the Firefighters"; "Topsy and Tim have Itchy Heads"; "Topsy and Tim: Play Football"; "Topsy and Tim: Buckets and Spades"; "Topsy and Tim: Car Games"; "Topsy and Tim: little Shoppers"; "Topsy and Tim: At the Farm"; "Topsy and Tim: Little Lost Rabbit"; "Topsy and Tim: The Big Surprise"; "Topsy and Tim: Go to the Park"; "Topsy and Tim: Look After their Pets"; "Topsy and Tip: Have Chickenpox"; It also includes "Topsy and Tim: Make a New Friend"; "Topsy and Tim: Busy Builders"; "Topsy and Tim"; "Meet the Police"; "Topsy and Tim: Red Boots, Yellow Boots"; "Topsy and Tim Sticker Storybook: Start School"; "Topsy and Tim: Start School"; "Topsy and Tim: Learn to Swim"; "Topsy and Tim: Have a Birthday Party"; "Topsy and Tim Sticker Storybook: Have a Happy Birthday"; "Topsy and Tim: Go to Hospital"; "Topsy and Tim Go for Gold"; "Topsy and Tim Sticker Storybook: Go on an Aeroplane".
ADUXN 3 years +
Topsy and Tim Meet the Police (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim: Meet the Police", the twins' class is visited by two Police Officers, who explain to the children what their jobs involve. Topsy and Tim find out about stranger danger, learn about safe places to play, and even get to visit the police station themselves when they find somebody's belongings. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', "Topsy and Tim" books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. "Topsy & Tim" remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
BGRWL 3 years +
Go on a Train (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In Topsy and Tim: Go on a Train, the twins are going to visit their Granny, and Mummy decides to take them on the train. Topsy and Tim get to see the bustle of the train station, and then they learn about using trolleys, showing tickets, and going through tunnels! A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
ADUYC 3 years +
Go to the Dentist (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim: Go to the Dentist", children can find out how to keep their teeth healthy and discover that going to the dentist isn't such a scary experience after all. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', "Topsy and Tim" books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. "Topsy & Tim" remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans, these wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
AWWOB 3 years +
Topsy and Tim: Have Their Eyes Tested (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In Topsy and Tim: Have Their Eyes Tested, Topsy needs to see the optometrist to make sure that she doesn't need glasses. Find out what happens when you have your eyes tested with Topsy and Tim! A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognizable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans.
AHATM 3 years +
Topsy and Tim Visit London (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim: Visit London", the twins have an exciting trip to the capital city. They see the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace, see the dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum, and even meet the famous Beefeaters at the Tower of London. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', "Topsy and Tim" books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy and Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
ADWDP 4 years +
Topsy and Tim Safety First (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own.
In Topsy and Tim: Safety First, the children learn all kinds of things about safety, including crossing the road, playing safely in the garden and using their special booster seats in the car!
A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through first experiences, Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy and Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while reimagined in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
BGRWJ
Go to Hospital (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In Topsy and Tim: Go to Hospital, Tim has fallen out of a tree and bumped his head. He's a little nervous about going to hospital, but he soon finds out how nice the Doctors and Nurses are, and there are lots of other children on the ward to play with too. The only problem now is making sure Topsy doesn't feel left out! A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
BCXHT 3 years +
Topsy and Tim: Go on Holiday (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In Topsy and Tim: Go on Holiday Topsy, Tim, Mummy and Dad are off on holiday, but the journey there is an eventful one! A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognizable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans.
ADUVT 3 years +
Topsy and Tim Meet the Firefighters (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim Meet the Firefighters", the twins have an exciting day out at the fire station! They get to see all the fire appliances and learn about fire safety. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy and Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
AQPTA 3 years +
Topsy and Tim: First Sleepover (Paperback)
Well-known twins Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In Topsy and Tim: First Sleepover the twins are spending the night at their friend Tony's house. It's a lot of fun but it can be tricky being away from Mummy and Dad as well. How will they get on staying away from home for the first time? With a trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy and Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. Topsy and Tim is now also a popular live-action TV series on CBeebies!
AHXBW 3 years +
Topsy and Tim Meet Father Christmas (Paperback)
Join Topsy and Tim on a new adventure as they meet Father Christmas in this Ladybird festive stocking-filler, the ideal gift for your little one. Topsy and Tim are just like you! Their adventures are the perfect stories to reassure young children as they go through similar experiences themselves. In Topsy and Tim Meet Father Christmas the family are off to the local garden centre to choose a Christmas tree, and while they are there the twins meet a very special person. Inside Santa's Grotto is none other than Father Christmas himself! Topsy and Tim promise that they have been good all year, so Father Christmas gives them both a special present to take home. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim's stories have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves. Other titles are Topsy and Tim The New Baby, Topsy and Tim Have a Birthday party, Topsy and Tim Go on an Aeroplane, Topsy and Tim Play football, Topsy and Tim Go on a train, Topsy and Tim Learn to swim, Topsy and Tim Start school, Topsy and Tim Go camping, Topsy and Tim Go to hospital, Topsy and Tim Go to the zoo, Topsy and Tim Go to the dentist, Topsy and Tim At the farm, Topsy and Tim Go to the doctor, Topsy and Tim Have itchy heads, Topsy and Tim Meet the firefighters, Topsy and Tim Meet the police, Topsy and Tim Safety first, Topsy and Tim Go for gold, and Topsy and Tim Visit London.
ADUTH 3 years +
Go to the Zoo (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim: Go to the Zoo", you can find out about all the animals they see and how the zookeepers look after them. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', "Topsy and Tim" books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. "Topsy & Tim" remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans, these wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
BFNXK 3 years +
Learn to Swim (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim are always finding fun adventures in the real world, and this story is reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. Going to the swimming pool for the first time can be daunting but Topsy and Tim are having fun! Follow the twins on their adventures as they have lessons, learn to swim without their armbands and take part in a swimming competition. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. Re-launching in April 2008 with the bestselling titles Learning to Swim, The New Baby, Start School, Go on an Aeroplane, Go Green and Have a Birthday Party these wonderful books deserve a place on the bookshelves of the next generation.
ALKQJ 3 years +
At the Farm (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim are always finding fun adventures in the real world, and this story is reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim At the Farm", the children meet all kinds of interesting animals. They help collect eggs from the chickens, and find some little ducklings learning how to swim. They are a little bit frightened when they get chased by some large geese, but Farmer Stewart soon finds them a nice job to do, helping to feed a calf.
ALKNW 3 years +
Have a Birthday Party (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim are always finding fun adventures in the real world, and this story is reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. It's Topsy and Tim's birthday and that means a party! Follow their adventures as they hang the decorations, open their presents and share the fun with all their friends. A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', "Topsy and Tim" books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. "Topsy & Tim" remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. Re-launching in April 2008 with the bestselling titles "Learning to Swim", "The New Baby", "Start School", "Go on an Aeroplane", "Go Green" and "Have a Birthday Party" these wonderful books deserve a place on the bookshelves of the next generation.
ADUWZ 3 years +
Go on an Aeroplane (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim are always finding fun adventures in the real world, and this story is reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. "Go on an Aeroplane" shares Topsy and Tim's aeroplane adventure as they meet the stewardess, the pilot. Also, learn all about the airport and discover that sucking sweets can stop little ears from popping! A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', "Topsy and Tim" books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. "Topsy & Tim" remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. Re-launching in April 2008 with the bestselling titles "Learning to Swim", "The New Baby", "Start School", "Go on an Aeroplane", "Go Green" and "Have a Birthday Party" these wonderful books deserve a place on the bookshelves of the next generation.
ADUTY 3 years +
Topsy and Tim Have Itchy Heads (Paperback)
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In "Topsy and Tim Have Itchy Heads", the twins catch head lice at school! Mummy isn't too pleased at first but soon she finds a good way of getting rid of the itchy problem! A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy and Tim remain instantly recognisable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves.
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Hello! This is Sukie and today I'm sharing a card for my guest designer post. This is the type of card which can be kept on hand for any occasion. It's perfect for sending a note to the pet lover in your life.
Once I cut out the Cat & Dog Border, I used some white ink along the edges for a shadow affect. The Picket Fence Mini die set was used for the multiple fence and grass pieces. I also cut out a basic circle with my Cricut Explore and sliced off a portion of it.
The bottom portion of the card was taped off to keep it a solid white. The night sky was created with a mixture of Oxide Ink colors and spritzed with some water. I also inked the edges of the half circle to replicate a moon.
The next step was to splatter the background with some white paint for a starry night appearance. I layered the moon, fence and grass on my card. A sentiment from the Scrappy Moms (retired) "Little Critters" stamp set was stamped on a strip of polka dotted paper which was attached along the edge of the grass. The patterned paper adds some interest to this simple card.
I popped up the Cat & Dog border on some foam pop dots for a bit of dimension and anchored it along the fence.
Super cute love how you did the sky and all the animals just enjoying the evening!
This card is really beautiful. I like it.
This is so cute! I love the night sky you've created - perfect for the animal silhouettes.


We know our homes are big news. Click on the link(s) to the right to read for yourself.
Dubbed the "Woodstock for Capitalists" and drawing more than 40,000 shareholders to Omaha, Nebraska, Schult Homes was alongside mixed company – Geico, Benjamin Moore, Dairy Queen, and Fruit of the Loom, to name a few – at the annual Berkshire Hathaway Shareholders Meeting in April.
With a long tradition of exceptional home design, we had the privilege of showcasing a fully decorated and landscaped home at this year's meeting. Built with name-brand materials, including Moen Faucets, Shaw Flooring, and Hunter Ceiling Fans, this home was value-engineered to save families money before and after they move in.
Visit our site to explore our homes and learn more about Schult Homes of Middlebury.


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Q: Problems with htaccess Redirect (Page on one domain to same page on another) I'm trying to redirect a few pages to a new domain and I have done this before but for some reason I can't get the code to work.
RewriteEngine On
Redirect 301 http://domain.com/page1.html http://domain2.com/page1.html

Can anyone see where I'm going wrong?

A: In .htaccess file the below code will ensure that all your directories and pages of your old domain will get correctly redirected to your new domain.
The .htaccess file needs to be placed in the root directory of your old website
Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule (.*) http://www.newdomain.com/$1 [R=301,L]

A: Since you say you only want to direct a FEW of your pages and not all of them, you can do:
RewriteEngine On
Redirect /~myaccount/oldpage.html http://www.newsite.com/newpage.html

You specify the path to the page on your current server followed by the URL to redirect to.
OR you can do:
RedirectMatch 301 ^/oldpage\.html$ http://www.newsite.com/newpage.html

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Being involved in a big rig truck accident can be an extremely traumatic experience. These super-sized vehicles can cause devastating damage to anything they may happen to strike, especially if they are traveling at a rapid rate of speed at the time of impact. What's more, those who are struck by big rigs, be they occupants of automobiles or pedestrians, can suffer very serious or even fatal injuries.
For this reason, victims of semi truck accidents will often require compensation to take care of medical and other expenses. And if the accident was caused by a truck driver's negligence or a maintenance issue with the truck, the victims may choose to file a civil suit against the responsible parties. Fortunately, a knowledgeable attorney has different tools at his or her disposal to help prove a plaintiff's case in court.
For example, the attorney may be able to secure information that was captured in the truck's Event Data Recorder. These so-called EDRs are capable of recording data gleaned prior to a crash, which can be retrieved for later inspection. Of special note, the device can record how fast a truck was going just before a collision. If it can be demonstrated that the truck was traveling in excess of the speed limit or at a rate that was unsafe given the circumstances, the plaintiff may have a much stronger case.
By employing the investigative tools available, an experienced attorney can help paint a very clear picture of what led to a truck accident to take place. If you or a family member have suffered harm in a truck accident, you may wish to get in touch with a Texas attorney who understands how to help victims get the compensation they need and deserve.


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Features Society 02 September 2013
Piltdown man: Hunting a hoaxer
One hundred years on, the search continues for the perpetrators of the 'Piltdown man' scam, one of science's most successful frauds. Catherine de Lange investigates.
Replica Model Of The 'Piltdown Man' Hoax Skull Bone fragments consisting of parts of a skull and jawbone collected in 1912 from a gravel pit at Piltdown, East Sussex, England. – Sabena Jane Blackbird / Alamy
Like all good detective stories, this one begins with a body. On a cold winter's day, two men take the stage in front of an excited crowd at the Geological Society of London to speak publicly for the first time about an incredible discovery. In a gravel pit near the south coast of Britain, the men have unearthed the fossilised remains of what they think is an early human ancestor. It is one of just a handful of early human fossil finds in these early days of anthropology, and seems to provide the missing link in the story of human evolution. The announcement makes waves in the scientific community, painting a new picture of what it means to be human.
The year was 1912; 12 months later, the discovery was published in The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. It's now 100 years since this first publication, and these fragments of fossilised bone are laid out on a table in front of me at London's Natural History Museum. What was regarded in 1912 as one of the most significant palaeontological discoveries of the time is now recognised as one of the world's greatest scientific hoaxes. We now know these fossil fragments are a disparate assemblage – part human, part animal – made to look like pieces of a whole creature that never really existed.
This so-called Piltdown man, nicknamed after the village in which he was seemingly dug up, was an elaborate and artificial construction. But who created it, and why? What motivated them to try and fool some of the greatest scientific minds of the time? Where did these fragments really come from, and can they tell us anything useful about the history of human evolution? After a century of mystery, a group of scientists are once again on the hunt for answers.
As hoaxes go, Piltdown man was a good one. "It was a very clever fraud that fooled a lot of senior scientists for a long time," says archaeologist Darren Curnoe, from the University of New South Wales in Sydney. "It had a profound impact on the history of our discipline for almost 50 years."
One of the two men who made the spectacular announcement of the discovery in 1912 was solicitor and amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson. Dawson claimed he had found pieces of what looked like a thick-boned human skull in a gravel bed. Being well-connected in palaeontological circles, he enlisted the help of Arthur Smith Woodward, then Keeper of Geology at the Natural History Museum in London, to help him make sense of this find.
The duo appeared convinced that what they had found was
an early human, dating back around 500,000 years.
Along with the skull fragments and a jawbone containing teeth, Dawson had also found some ancient-looking stone tools as well as tooth and bone fossils from several animals, including mastodon, elephant, horse, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, deer and beaver.
By the time they stood in front of the crowds in London, the duo appeared convinced that what they had found was an early human, dating back around 500,000 years. They named it Eoanthropus dawsoni (Dawson's dawn man). In case there was any doubt, Dawson later claimed to have found more fragments in a second nearby site, named Piltdown 2, which seemed to fit neatly with his initial finds.
Most of the British scientists working in the field embraced the find. "Darwin was British. And then along comes Piltdown [man], and that provides pretty strong evidence for evolution. I suspect that a lot of British scientists accepted it partly due to nationalism," says Curnoe.
A few, however, had their doubts, especially those working outside Britain. For a start, not everyone was convinced that the jawbone and the skull fragments matched. "There were several people who said from the beginning: these don't belong together. They didn't suggest it was a hoax, just that nature had played a cruel trick and had washed together a genuine ancient fossil ape specimen into the Piltdown gravels with some genuinely human fossils," says Chris Stringer, an anthropologist at London's Natural History Museum, as he holds up a reconstruction of the Piltdown man skull for me to see how the fragments might have fit together.
Stringer believes this detective story can benefit from a modern examination, and described the thrust of his new investigations in a commentary in the journal Nature in December 2012.
Although the real skull fragments are on display downstairs in the Museum's public gallery, Stringer has brought all the other specimens from the Piltdown story to one of the museum's back offices. I'm not allowed to touch the fossils, but as Stringer talks me through the Piltdown claims he shows me how each item fits into the old story, and points to subtle details which first sounded alarm bells for the 20th-century palaeontologists.
Back in 1912, there were limited ways to test the true nature of the specimens.
Today, we know the sceptics were right to doubt the find – the jawbone did belong to an ape, probably an orangutan, and while the skull fragments are human, they are much younger than originally thought, and were artificially aged through staining.
Back in 1912, there were limited ways to test the true nature of the specimens. But by the late 1940s, British palaeontologist Kenneth Oakley had developed a test for relative dating of fossils based on their fluorine content. When objects are buried they exchange material with the groundwater around them, losing nitrogen and picking up fluorine and uranium. When this test was applied to the Piltdown fossils in 1949 it became obvious that the jawbone in particular was much younger than some of the mammal fossils.
These were estimated to be at least a million years old, yet the jawbone seemed to be much younger. "That really raised the doubts," Stringer says. By the mid 1950s, further tests had shown that the jawbone was not human and, thanks also to further discoveries outside Europe (see 'Evidence for early humans', right), Piltdown man was declared a hoax.
Yet numerous questions still remain. "Those early tests were not sufficient to say what the actual age of the fragments are, and this is something we still badly need to know," says Colin Groves, a biological anthropologist at the Australian National University in Canberra. Using modern tools, this is what Stringer and his team are now trying to find out.
"We started this project doing state-of-the-art analysis to try and get to the bottom of fundamental issues, such as what species was used to make the ape fake, how many human bones were used, where did the bones come from, and does it look like there were multiple people involved or just one person?" Stringer says.
The question of who conjured up the hoax is perhaps the most intriguing. It seems pretty clear that Dawson played a crucial role; he was the one who 'discovered' the fossils at Piltdown, and later on at a secondary site also 'found' some more human bone fragments and a tooth. His motives? Dawson, so the story goes, was chasing recognition and wanted to become a Fellow of the Royal Society. "To become a fellow of the Royal Society as an amateur you've got to make big discoveries," Stringer says. "You could say he'd been working up to this. This was like his great achievement."
One way in which Stringer hopes to shed light on the whodunit is by close examination of the staining on the tools and bones. He points to one of the stone tools where a drop of acid has washed away the dark stains, revealing the true colour. To find out what the stain is made of, the team is using a highly sensitive technique called Raman spectroscopy.
This builds a chemical profile of the stain by bombarding the surface of the specimen with light rays, and analysing the way the light is scattered, which is specific to each chemical element. This method is super-precise and non-destructive.
Destroying the samples in order to understand their origins was one of the biggest setbacks when the fakery began to be exposed 60 years ago. In particular, back in those days radiocarbon dating (using the differing ratio of radioactive carbon-14 isotopes to carbon-12 isotopes) involved taking large chunks from the specimen.
"If you're looking at a single tooth you're going to destroy the whole thing," Stringer says. Today, the tiniest of samples can be used, and dating is much more precise. DNA sampling is also being used to help explain where the samples came from and what species they belong to. Stringer says the results of the DNA tests are coming in soon, and should be published later in 2013.
If all goes to plan, these tests should help reveal who was to blame. "We may never know of course, but it would be interesting nonetheless to bring some of these new ideas and new techniques to the question," Curnoe says.
For a start, DNA tests and radiocarbon dating will show whether some of the bone and tooth fragments at both the Piltdown 1 and Piltdown 2 sites came from the same individual. That finding would point firmly to Dawson, as he was the only person to be at both sites.
We may never find out who was involved in each detail of the hoax, but
a much clearer picture should soon emerge.
But even if the prime suspect is Dawson, it's unlikely he acted alone. For one thing, he would have needed to get his hands on some pretty rare specimens. Then, there's the expert knowledge that went behind the preparation of the fakes.
That accomplice may have been Arthur Smith Woodward. As Keeper of Geology at the Natural History Museum in London, he certainly had the know-how. Another suspect is Martin Hinton, who was then in a junior role at the Museum. Hinton would have had access to the fossil collections and, what's more, a whole batch of stained materials was later found among his possessions. Could he have been the one to prepare the stains for Dawson? By comparing these materials to the stains on the Piltdown fossils, Stringer's team should be able to determine whether or not that was the case.
I, for one, favour another theory. What if Hinton was really trying to test out staining techniques in his free time to do a bit of detective work of his own? This is Stringer's pet theory and one that has some evidential basis, thanks to a very striking object that was also discovered at Piltdown. Of all the specimens laid out before me, this is a real anomaly. All the other pieces are small fragments of fossil tucked into protective padded cases, but this one by comparison is a hulking slab of what looks like wood. It is, in fact, a piece of elephant bone, carved to look like a digging implement, but also strangely similar to a cricket bat. "To me, this is such a crude thing compared to the other stuff," says Stringer.
"Even at the time people said this looks like it's been cut with a steel knife; it looks like a cricket bat."
Stringer suggests the 'cricket bat' could have been planted at the site by somebody – possibly Hinton – who suspected the whole thing to be a hoax, and wanted to expose the truth. According to Stringer, Hinton would have been too junior to go to Smith Woodward and say: "You idiots, it's all a fake!" Instead he may have thought: "I'll just do something really absurd that puts an end to it." What's more absurd than setting up early humans as cricket players? But because Dawson couldn't draw attention to a single item being a fake, says Stringer, "it gets published as one of the oldest bone artefacts in the world. Even though it's ridiculous."
We may never find out who was involved in each detail of the hoax, but a much clearer picture should soon emerge. Whether it was Dawson's craving for recognition that motivated him to commit the forgery, a joke that got out of hand, or even a misplaced desire to provide evidence on the theory of evolution, the Piltdown hoax also serves another purpose, however unpleasant, which is to remind us of flaws in the scientific method.
The ultimate litmus test that comes from Piltdown, says Curnoe, is that it was probably too good to be true because it fit too closely to the status quo. "What we've learned is that palaeoanthropology is a discipline of surprises. So many new finds that are unexpected overturn the prevailing view. When something looks too good to be true and it makes us feel that we're right, we're probably wrong."
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Explore #evolution #palaeontology #hoax #paleontology #human evolution #Piltdown man #fraud
Catherine de Lange is a British-based science writer and regular COSMOS contributor.
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text:
Q: CWSAL0053E: The EBA file cannot be installed I was not able to execute madconfig.sh redeploy_EBA:
$ ./madconfig.sh redeploy_EBA
Buildfile: build.xml
Trying to override old definition of task executeUpdateScript

redeploy_EBA:
The osgi bundles will be redeployed at the following profile:
Cell Name: mdm-cell
Node Name: None
Server Name: None

#
# Wish to continue with OSGI bundles redeployment:
# Default Value: (yes)
yes

#
# Enter WAS password:
#

#
# Specify the MDM application password (default mdmadmin user):
#

Checking WebSphere Application Server details..
Trying to override old definition of task executeUpdateScript
Trying to override old definition of task executeUpdateScript

initialize_taskdef_libs:
Trying to override old definition of task EncryptDBPassword

check_server_status:
Trying to override old definition of task executeUpdateScript
Trying to override old definition of task executeUpdateScript

init:
Trying to override old definition of task CreateUser
Trying to override old definition of task EncryptDBPassword

uninstall_prop_file_jar:
[2017-10-02 16:37:04,962] [main] ERROR com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.MDMAppDeploy.deleteCompUnit(Line:?) - Failed from asyncCmdClientHelper.processCommandParameters(cmd).
[2017-10-02 16:37:04,966] [main] ERROR com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.MDMAppDeploy.deleteCompUnit(Line:?) - com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand.finishOp(ADTCommand.java:320)
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand.opCompleted(ADTCommand.java:428)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.Operation.notifyListeners(Operation.java:170)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.Operation.execute(Operation.java:242)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.compound.CompoundOperation.execute(CompoundOperation.java:83)
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand$OperationScheduler.run(ADTCommand.java:672)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:785)

[2017-10-02 16:37:04,968] [main] ERROR com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.MDMAppDeploy.deleteCompUnit(Line:?) - Exception creating admin client: java.lang.RuntimeException: com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.
[2017-10-02 16:37:04,969] [main] ERROR com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.MDMAppDeploy.deleteCompUnit(Line:?) - java.lang.RuntimeException: com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.MDMAppDeploy.deleteCompUnit(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.configurator.ClusterMDMPropFileConfigurator.configure(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.remoteclient.command.ConfigMDMPropFileRemoteCommand.performUninstall(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.remoteclient.command.ConfigMDMPropFileRemoteCommand.execute(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.remoteclient.MDMRemoteClient.execute(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.ant.task.UninstallPropFileJarTask.execute(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:341)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:369)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1216)
at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.SingleCheckExecutor.executeTargets(SingleCheckExecutor.java:37)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1068)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Ant.execute(Ant.java:382)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.CallTarget.execute(CallTarget.java:107)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:64)
at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:197)
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor24.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:123)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:64)
at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:197)
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor24.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:123)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:64)
at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:197)
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor24.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:123)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:341)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:369)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1216)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTarget(Project.java:1185)
at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.DefaultExecutor.executeTargets(DefaultExecutor.java:40)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1068)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.runBuild(Main.java:668)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.startAnt(Main.java:187)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.start(Main.java:150)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.main(Main.java:240)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:95)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at com.ibm.ws.bootstrap.WSLauncher.main(WSLauncher.java:282)
Caused by: com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand.finishOp(ADTCommand.java:320)
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand.opCompleted(ADTCommand.java:428)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.Operation.notifyListeners(Operation.java:170)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.Operation.execute(Operation.java:242)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.compound.CompoundOperation.execute(CompoundOperation.java:83)
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand$OperationScheduler.run(ADTCommand.java:672)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:785)

[2017-10-02 16:37:04,982] [main] ERROR com.ibm.mdm.de.ant.task.UninstallPropFileJarTask.execute(Line:?) - java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.RuntimeException: com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.MDMAppDeploy.deleteCompUnit(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.core.configurator.ClusterMDMPropFileConfigurator.configure(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.remoteclient.command.ConfigMDMPropFileRemoteCommand.performUninstall(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.remoteclient.command.ConfigMDMPropFileRemoteCommand.execute(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.config.appserver.remoteclient.MDMRemoteClient.execute(Unknown Source)
at com.ibm.mdm.de.ant.task.UninstallPropFileJarTask.execute(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:341)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:369)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1216)
at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.SingleCheckExecutor.executeTargets(SingleCheckExecutor.java:37)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1068)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Ant.execute(Ant.java:382)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.CallTarget.execute(CallTarget.java:107)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:64)
at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:197)
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor24.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:123)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:64)
at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:197)
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor24.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:123)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:64)
at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:197)
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor24.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:123)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:275)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:364)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:341)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:369)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1216)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTarget(Project.java:1185)
at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.DefaultExecutor.executeTargets(DefaultExecutor.java:40)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1068)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.runBuild(Main.java:668)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.startAnt(Main.java:187)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.start(Main.java:150)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.main(Main.java:240)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:95)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:55)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
at com.ibm.ws.bootstrap.WSLauncher.main(WSLauncher.java:282)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.
... 56 more
Caused by: com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand.finishOp(ADTCommand.java:320)
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand.opCompleted(ADTCommand.java:428)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.Operation.notifyListeners(Operation.java:170)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.Operation.execute(Operation.java:242)
at com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.compound.CompoundOperation.execute(CompoundOperation.java:83)
at com.ibm.ws.management.bla.commands.ADTCommand$OperationScheduler.run(ADTCommand.java:672)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:785)

BUILD FAILED
/appl/IBM/MDMAE/mds/scripts/build-utils-postconfig.xml:893: The following error occurred while executing this line:
/appl/IBM/MDMAE/mds/scripts/build-utils-app.xml:1565: java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.RuntimeException: com.ibm.wsspi.management.bla.op.OpExecutionException: CWWMH0221E: Composition unit ID cannot be empty or null.

Total time: 31 seconds

A: The MDM was in some strange state and I had to stop WAS and for each profile I had to run clearClassCache.sh and osgiCfgInit.sh from profile's bin directory. After that I was able to redeploy EBA.


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text:
Cassandra Clare on THE BANE CHRONICLES Cassandra Clare Discusses Her Audiobooks The Mortal Instruments Trailer Story Behind the Story: An Interview with Author Cassandra Clare Story Behind the Story: An Interview with Novelist Cassandra C...
The Rise of the Hotel Dumort
Book #5 of The Bane Chronicles
By Cassandra Clare and Maureen Johnson
Read by Stephen Lunsford
A Simon & Schuster audiobook. Simon & Schuster has a great book for every listener.
Photo by Kelly Campbell copyright © Simon & Schuster, inc.
Cassandra Clare is the author of the #1 New York Times, USA TODAY, Wall Street Journal, and Publishers Weekly bestselling Shadowhunter Chronicles. She is also the coauthor of the bestselling fantasy series Magisterium with Holly Black. The Shadowhunter Chronicles have been adapted as both a major motion picture and a television series. Her books have more than fifty million copies in print worldwide and have been translated into more than thirty-five languages. Cassandra lives in western Massachusetts with her husband and three fearsome cats. Visit her at CassandraClare.com. Learn more about the world of the Shadowhunters at Shadowhunters.com.
Maureen Johnson
Maureen Johnson is the New York Times bestselling author of over a dozen YA novels, including 13 Little Blue Envelopes, The Name of the Star, Suite Scarlett, and Truly Devious. Visit her at MaureenJohnsonBooks.com, MaureenJohnsonBooks on Tumblr, or @MaureenJohnson on Twitter.
Stephen Lunsford
Publisher: Simon & Schuster Audio (September 17, 2013)
Runtime: 1 hour and 11 minutes
Grades: 9 and up
Ages: 14 - 99
Children's Fiction > Science Fiction, Fantasy, Magic
Children's Fiction > Social Situations > New Experience
Children's Fiction > Lifestyles > City Life
Book Cover Image (jpg): The Rise of the Hotel Dumort
Author Photo (jpg): Cassandra Clare
More books in this series: The Bane Chronicles


text:
The Effects of Electoral Concerns on Presidential Foreign Policy: The Case of Ronald Reagan
Christopher S. Randolph, Jr.
2006 Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal
https://web.archive.org/web/20150502134922/http://ejournals.library.vanderbilt.edu:80/index.php/vurj/article/viewFile/2734/1156
Although previous scholarship indicates that foreign policy has only a minimal impact on voter behavior, contemporary research suggests voters do act upon their foreign policy preferences. Recognizing voters' policy concerns, political leaders have frequently modified their foreign policy positions to mitigate electoral vulnerability. Ronald Reagan's policies offer an example of such a shift. Reagan maintained hawkish positions toward Central America and the Soviet Union for most of his first more » ... rm but, sensing public concern over such policies, adopted more conciliatory foreign policy positions, especially towards the Soviet Union, to reduce potential vulnerabilities in preparation for his 1984 reelection campaign. Notably, Reagan did not return to more aggressive policies following his reelection. Reagan's foreign policy shift demonstrates the impact that public opinion and domestic politics may have on foreign relations.
doi:10.15695/vurj.v2i0.2734 fatcat:4tjkca4bt5aptmnmmuhnhvsiue
Szczepanski
Christopher S. Randolph, Jr.. "The Effects of Electoral Concerns on Presidential Foreign Policy: The Case of Ronald Reagan." Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal (2006)


text:
Architecture, Design, Art, Lifestyle,
Communication around the world
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Japanese restaurant in a nineteenth century park
Umami in Japanese culture is the "Fifth taste", the most sophisticated: sensory and elegant, a starting but also the arrival point in the idea of Emanuele Svetti. Combining the search for high quality fusion cuisine with a "raw" interior design, in some details skinny, but at the same time spectacular, playing on the contaminations between cultures and traditions. This is Umami restaurant: a place that connect the Eastern tradition with the Tuscan bucolic style, typical of the place in which the restaurant is located, while it differs from the others for the originality and diversity of the proposal
Located in the "Parco Monumentale" in Cortona in "Giardini del Parterre", a work of the Engineer Allegretti, nineteenth-century origin, the building of the restaurant has been used for about 60 years for catering, renewing itself and proposing today a new image, a metropolitan image, which looks at the context with healthy irreverence, talking without fear with the context made of oaks and secular oaks, and creating synergy through the use of modulated shadows and the chromatic choice of a very deep green, which recalls the burnt lands and the undergrowth typical of these magnificent lands
The will of Emanuele Svetti and his Crew was to create a comparison, which leads to a synergy with the external environment: that is to juxtapose the old with the new, as well as the smooth to the rough, the rural to the built, made possible in this case through the wise use of stabilized vertical green walls and large windows that make the environment permeable, bright and perfectly integrated with the glaucous green of the park's vegetation, even reaching the optical effect of a "natural continuation" between inside and outside of the building
The restaurant has two floors, an area of about 200 square meters and a capacity of about 80 place settings. On the upper floor, the interior space communicates with the outdoor terrace, symbolically divided by a portal covered in brass and the green that covers the interior wall both internally and externally, as if to symbolize the passage towards a new evolution of the interior space. And it is upon entering the terrace covered by an aluminum and glass structure that the visitor can enjoy the magnificence of the view of Valdichiana, which starts from the slopes of Monte Amiata to reach the "edges" of that natural mirror which is Lake Trasimeno, illuminating each time on the ability to marvel at the beauty of this land
The two floors are connected by a staircase, which was steep and narrow, and today has been revisited and enhanced by the Studio, thanks to the skillful use of a stretched and backlit ceiling, which has made it brighter, and through the use of a wallpaper in light tones, in contrast with the outline, but which communicates a strong reference to culture
Umami Cortona is a suggestive place, which makes the panoramas its own, like the breathtaking sunsets of this part of Tuscany, to create a natural setting, each time unique and unrepeatable, combined with the attention to detail and custom furnishings which make the place an excellence restaurant with stunning views. The Umami restaurant is an example of how nature can meet architecture and create an intense and minimal green space, fluidly permeated by art and creativity
Project: Studio Svetti Architecture | Emanuele Svetti Architetto
Photo credlits: Andrea Bartolozzi Photographer
Category: Fusion restaurant
Surface: 200 square meters
Location: Viale Giardini Pubblici Cortona (AR))
Vertical green walls: LinfaDecor
Wallpapers: Texturae
Painting: Sikkens
Resin: Art Paint by Stefano Viti
Outdoor Dehor: Frigerio
Custom furniture: Bimar Arredo Contract
Seats: Emu
Cushions: CeC Italia on the drawing by Studio Svetti Architecture
Tissus: Pierre Frey
Lightings: Flos
Neon signboard: Neon Art
Domotics: G Smart technology
Talking About Studio Svetti
Emanuele Svetti was born in Cortona in 1976 and after completing his training at the Faculty of Architecture in Florence, specializing in Industrial Design under the guidance of the master Roberto Segoni, he founded Studio Svetti Architecture in 2004.
Thus began a path of research and technical-design in-depth analysis, which goes beyond theory and project, aimed at the rediscovery of craftsmanship and at the search for new materials that can be applied to industrial production, or traditional materials to be reinterpreted in a modern key in what he likes to call "New Tuscan Style". Emanuele Svetti took his first steps in the interior world by interacting with numerous companies in the furniture and contract sector for which he takes care of product design and market strategy. In his anti-traditional conception, he blends modern trends with typical styles of fashion and design, combining spatial rigor with strokes of glamour made of matter and color. His interiors are easily recognizable by the essentiality and rigor of the structures that literally explode in their dialogue with the material and put man at the center of everything. That man, whose soul is deeply tied to his land, Tuscany, full of references to nature, its colors and materiality.
"Each project is a journey, like every journey is a project" – this is how Emanuele Svetti tells the emotional melting pot that comes from the encounter with new cultures. The Architect's personal experiences and passions influence and reflect on the conception of a new work, as well as everything that happens in the world: each project is a wise mixture of sensations, elements, form and matter, colors and intelligence emotional.
The professional activity grew both nationally and internationally with the development of numerous projects from California to North Africa, from Russia to China until the opening of the London office in 2016. Studio Svetti Architecture thus dedicates itself to the design of accomodating, directional and commercial spaces, with particular attention to the study of interiors and then to residential architecture. It is here that Emanuele Svetti expresses luxury in the use of materials and the attention to details, where the calibration of the balance of shadows creates rare spaces in which design is a touch of glamour. A luxury that is never shown off and that aims at reaching a timeless charm thanks to the contribution of a "smart" technology, practical and sustainable from an economic, ecological and relational point of view.
Web: studiosvetti.com/
Email: info@studiosvetti.com
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Designer: Studio Svetti Architecture
Photo Credits: Andrea Bartolozzi
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text:
Bye-Bye to Mir
ASTANA, Kazakhstan -- Cosmonauts Sergei Zalyotin and Alexander Kaleri prepared to say goodbye to the Mir station late Thursday at the end of what may be the last manned mission to the aged space laboratory.
The crew was due to return to earth at 7:44 a.m. Friday, landing on the remote steppe of northern Kazakhstan. Unless new funds are found to keep Mir aloft, it will be programmed to crash into the ocean later this year.
Vyacheslav Mikhailichenko of the Russian Aviation and Space Agency said in Moscow that another mission with cosmonauts was planned for late November or early December.


The NSC Cado Motus Neo Transformer Frame allows for a 4 wheel set up with smaller wheels and also allows for a 3 wheel configuration with bigger wheels which allows you to adjust with an increased skill level.
Choosing the right setup is always a personal choice. Besides choosing the number of wheels you can also change the wheel diameter. With so many choices, you just need to experiment. And it's exactly this that makes the Neo Transformer the perfect frame for younger skaters that keep changing physically and technically.


text:
London Mayor Sadiq Khan Bats for Easier UK Visas for Indian Students
In a letter to UK Home Secretary Sajid Javid, the 47-year-old Pakistani-origin mayor expressed his "deep concern" at India being excluded from a recently expanded list of countries from where overseas students can access a more streamlined university application process.
Updated:July 16, 2018, 7:22 PM IST
Sadiq Khan, Britain's Labour Party candidate for Mayor of London, smiles following his victory in the London mayoral election at City Hall in London.
London: Mayor of London Sadiq Khan on Monday called on the UK government to add India to the list of low-risk countries offered a more simplified student visa application process, asserting that it is vital the country maintains its reputation for higher education excellence.
"It is vital the UK maintains its reputation for higher education excellence. The number of Indian students choosing to study in the UK has declined significantly over the last decade," Khan said in a statement.
"I'm urging him [Sajid Javid] to both add India to the scheme and also to review the UK's broader approach to attracting international student talent, including post-study opportunities," he said.
Last month, the UK Home Office had announced that citizens of 11 additional countries including China, Serbia, Bahrain and Mexico would be able to access a streamlined process to apply for Tier 4 student visas to study at UK universities.
India was conspicuous by its absence on that list, leading to an outcry among student groups and other senior leaders.
According to the London Mayor's office, the number of Indian students coming to the UK is falling from a peak of nearly 24,000 a year in 2010-11 to a low of around 9,000 a year in 2015-16.
Khan attributed this decline to wider perception issues related to UK visas in India.
"During my trade mission to India last year, I was told regularly by politicians and business leaders that the UK's approach to immigration was the single biggest barrier to strengthening our economic ties," said Khan, who had led a mayoral delegation to India in December 2017.
"This is not simply a concern in boardrooms: it is widely discussed in the media and the UK is characterised as hostile to Indian nationals in general, and students in particular," he added.
The Mayor pointed to statistics that indicate Indian businesses invest more in the UK than in the rest of Europe combined and employ around 110,000 people in the country.
"With the continuing uncertainty we face around Brexit, the government should be doing everything it can to safeguard businesses' future access to talent," Khan said.
In changes to its immigration policy tabled in Parliament last month, the UK Home Office had announced a relaxation of the Tier 4 visa category for overseas students.
Countries already on the student visa trusted list included Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Qatar, Singapore, South Korea, Trinidad and Tobago, the UAE, the US and Taiwan.
The 11 countries added to the list include China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, Bahrain, Serbia, Dominican Republic, Kuwait, Maldives and Macau.
The Home Office said that India did not meet the "required criteria" to be included on this expanded list, referred to as Appendix H.
"However, Indian students will experience no change in the service that they receive when applying for a student visa," a Home Office spokesperson said.
There is no limit on the number of genuine Indian students who can come to study in the UK, and the fact that last year saw a 30 per cent increase in Tier 4 visas issued to Indian students is proof that the current system allows for strong growth in this area, the spokesperson said.
"We are committed to a close relationship with India. This is clearly seen by the fact that Indian nationals make-up around two-thirds of all Tier 2 [work] visas issued by the UK and we issue more skilled worker visas to Indian nationals than to all other nationalities combined.
"India also has the most UK Visa Application Centres of any country in the world and we are determined to continue our work to bring the UK and India closer together," the spokesperson said.
| Edited by: Naqshib Nisar


Like the recent heroine-centric films of " Nayanthara," this film will also have no hero. Tamannaah has to wrap up her present commitments and she would join the shooting in a few weeks. Mohamaad Ghibran composes the music. Dani Raymond cranks the camera and Leo John Paul edits the film. Tamannaah also has Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy, That Is Mahalakshmi, Raju Gari Gadhi sequel and a few more films including a film as an antagonist with Vishal.


Tettigoniidae is a major family of "long-horned grasshoppers" in the suborder Ensifera of the order Orthoptera, characterized by strong hind limbs for leaping, powerful mouth-parts for chewing, four tarsal segments, long and threadlike antennae (which have well over 30 segments and may exceed their own body length), stidulatory specializations of the forewings to make sounds, and a left over right overlap of the singing wings in males. Members of Tettigoniidae are known by the common name of katydids in the New World, Australia, and New Zealand, and bushcrickets in Europe, while the term long-horned grasshoppers also is used in some locations (sometimes in Australia and New Zealand as well), but sometimes also applies to members of Ensifera in general. Tettigoniids are closely related to the crickets of the same Ensifera suborder.
Tettigoniids are a very large group, with more than 7,000 species in over 1000 genera, and can be quite large (1 to 6 centimeters). They are found on all continents except Antarctica.
Some tettigoniids are also considered pests by commercial crop growers and are sprayed to limit populations. However, significant crop damage generally is rare because of low population densities. Nonetheless, some species are significant pests, and some katydids can form large swarms, such as the wingless (and, thus, flightless) North American Mormon cricket (Anabrus siimplex) and the African conehead katydids (Ruspolia spp.). The Mormon cricket is actually a tettigoniid, not a cricket, and can grow to almost three inches in length and is capable of traveling up to two kilometers a day in its swarming phase, during which it is a serious agricultural pest and traffic hazard.
However, tettigoniids also provide important functions for the ecosystem and for humans. Ecologically, they are very important in terrestrial food chains, being preyed upon by invertebrates and vertebrates, including mantids, amphibians, and birds. They also add considerably to the ambiance of nature with their nocturnal "singing." In China, katydids have commercial value, being sold as singing pets.
As member of the insect order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, and locusts), tettigoniids are characterized by chewing/biting mouthparts, incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolism), and two pairs of wings that are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. As with the other orthopterans, the forewings are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwings are membranous and folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest.
As members of the suborder Ensifera, which also includes crickets, the tettigoniids are characterized by fine and threadlike antennae with well over 30 segments (except fossil representatives), stidulatory (the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts) specializations of the forewings to make sounds, auditory organs (when present) linked via modified tracheae to the enlarged mesothoracic spiracles, a sword-like or needle-like six-valved ovipositor (when present), and elongate mandibles with a prominent incisor (Gwynne and Desutter 1996).
Members of the family Tettigoniidae are united in having tegmina (modified leathery front wings used in singing not flight) that can be held away from the body as "roof-like" structures, a left over right overlap of the male singing wings, four tarsal segments, a vestigial stridulatory file on the right wing, and a fully functional stridulatory file on the underside of the left wing (Gwynne and Morris 2002). Tettigoniids are distinguished from the grasshoppers (or short-horned grasshoppers) of the suborder Caelifera by the length of their antennae, which is always relatively short in members of Caelifera. Tettigoniid antennae can reach to several times the body length.
The name "katydid" comes from the sound produced by species of the North American genus Pterophylla (literally "winged leaf"). The males of katydids have sound-producing organs (via stridulation—) located on the hind angles of their front wings. Some species of Pterophylla produce a sound thought to resemble the words "Katy did, Katy didn't," hence the name. In some species of katydids, females are also capable of stridulation.
Tettigoniids are found in a wide assortment of habitats and on all continents except Antarctica. Their habitats range from tropical forests to high altitude zones in mountains above the treeline. These habitats typically are tied to vegetation, with katydids retreating into or onto leaves, unlike most other ensiferas that use burrows in soil or holes in wood. The wings of katydids may resemble leaves or sticks, providing camouflage (Gwynne and Morris 2002).
The spike headed katydid is somewhat notorious for its plantlike appearance, which allows it to blend in with the vegetation on which it lives, and the spikes discourage potential predators.
There are about 255 species in North America, but the majority of species live in the tropical regions of the world.
Unlike the short-horned grasshoppers of the Caelifera suborder, in which diurnal mating and feeding activity is prevalent, the katydids and crickets generally are nocturnal, although some are active during the day.
Katydids tend to be omnivorous, consuming leaves, flowers, bark, seeds, carrion, and at times prey. Some species, such as the Saginae, are exclusively predatory, feeding on other insects, snails, or even small vertebrates such as snakes and lizards. Some katydids specialize on pollen, such as the Zaprochilinae (Gwynne and Morris 2002). Predators include bats, spiders, mantids, birds, frogs, snakes, and many other invertebrates and vertebrates. A main defense is camouflage as they disguise themselves among the vegetation. Large katydids can inflict a painful bite or pinch on humans if handled but seldom break the skin.
In virtually all katydids, the mating sequence begins with singing by the males. This involves raising of the wings and rubbing of a dorsal scrapper on the right tegmen across a file on the underside of the left tegmen (modified leathery front wing). Most females respond with silent phonotaxis (approaching the sound source) but some respond acoustically (Gwynne and Morris 2002).
During copulation, the males provide a nuptial gift for the females in the form of a spermatophylax as part of the spermatophore, a nutritious body produced with the males' ejaculate. The eggs are laid in plant tissue or soil.
The most common life cycle is the egg as an overwintering stage and a single generation per year, with a single period of cold required, but some species require up to five winters before the eggs hatch. Other species may have more than one generation per year. There typically are four to nine instars before reaching adulthood (Gwynne and Morris 2002).
Juvenile male Caedicia simplex. Auckland , New Zealand. Also found in Australia.
Gwynne, D. T. and G. K. Morris. 2002. Tettigoniidae. Katydids, Long-horned grasshoppers and bushcrickets. Tree of Life Web Project Version 26 November 2002. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
This page was last modified on 20 November 2015, at 15:26.


Integrator Services | Telcoroute offers all telecommunication services you need.
Technology makes the life easier, but it is almost impossible to follow the new technologies and innovations for many companies and IT Managers. The engineers and managers of Telcoroute follow all the innovations and new technologies for you and ensure safety and continuity of your system with Telcoroute hardware and integrator solutions that are tested and approved. Telcoroute offers special solutions for your company and creates, manages and delivers projects.
Telcoroute ensures continuity of your system with in-house and outhouse cable solutions and brand & model active-passive equipment tested by its engineers. We also ensure your information security with our firewall solutions.
Our engineers and experts make all the required tests and controls for you and remove all risks factors and prevent possible problems.
Internet facilitates our professional and private life. However, this brings information security risks which are difficult to manage. Telcorute engineers test the security level of your system and offer the best solutions to minimize your risk. Your data is in safe with us.
Telcoroute City Security Management System offers wired and wireless city security solutions with high quality and low cost.


Before Fibre Channel appears, SCSI (small computer system interface) was used as the transmission interface between servers and clustered storage devices. But as the high speed demands keep increasing, Fibre Channel replaces SCSI inevitably due to its higher transmission data rate, flexibility, and long distance. This article is going to introduce you some details about Fibre Channel.
Fibre Channel, short for FC, is a technology for transmitting data between computer devices at data rate of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 128 Gbps. It's mainly used in storage area networks (SAN) in commercial data centres. It's useful for connecting computer servers to shared storage devices and for interconnecting storage controllers and drives.
Except optical fibre cable, Fibre Channel transceiver is the other vital equipment to connect the Fibre Channel network in data centres. It provides the interface between Fibre Channel systems and the optical fibres of the SAN. FS.COM offers SFPs and SFP+s that are compatible with Fibre Channel. Fiberstore Fibre Channel SFPs support the distance up to 80km and the data rate of 2G/4G. As to our Fibre Channel SFP+ transceivers, they can support the data rate up to 8Gbps and 10Gbps. In Fiberstore, you can also find some compatible brands of FC transceivers including Cisco, Juniper, Brocade, HPE, etc. What's more, all these modules have been tested to assure 100% compatible. For your information, the following table shows some hot FC transceivers for 2G/4G and 8G/10G network applications.
However, as the need for high-bandwidth never stops increasing, the data rate of 2G, 4G or even 8G can't meet the high speed requirements. So many data centres move to higher Fibre Channel standards, for example, 16G Fibre Channel. 16G FC links increase the network speed twice as 8G FC and 40% faster than 10G FC. The transition to 16G FC makes data transfer smoother, quicker and cost-effective from the good side. But from the other side, the transition still faces some challenges. There might be some data communication error rates that may affect the network performance. And the physics of 16G FC can possibly bring some new restrictions on fibre cabling and transceiver modules. Therefore, before starting to transfer to higher speed Fibre Channel infrastructure, you should better follow the tips listed below.
First, cleaning issue. In fibre optics connection, contamination is thought as a big problem which may lead to link failure. So you should clean all the transceiver modules, connectors and other cable junctions to ensure there is no contamination in the fibre optic connection. Some fibre testers and cleaning tools are necessary for your cleaning work.
Second, analyze the optical power budget between transmit and receiver ports. It requires that the power margin (transmit power minus power loss during the data transmission through the cable) should be more than the receiver power of the optical transceivers. At the same time, it also should meet the FC protocol specification.
Third, measure the light level on the transmitting side and receiving side. You can use suitable fibre optical light source or optical power meter to measure the power level on critical links. If the power level were not in the right station, check whether the cable length is suitable or cable bend radius reaches the maximum. Then you are suggested to purchase customized bend insensitive fibre cable for your special use.
Fibre Channel is commonly used for the connection of SAN in enterprise storage. You can find 2G/4G FC SFPs, 8G/10G FC SFP+ modules and matching fibre patch leads from FS.COM. If you need to upgrade your Fibre Channel network to 16G or even higher, remember the above tips and make sure the 16G FC are compatible with 4G FC and 8G FC.
This entry was posted in Fiber Optic Transceivers and tagged Fibre Channel, Fibre Channel SFP, SAN on December 20, 2016 by laura.


Briefly: This simple floral applique with color wash background is a great way for beginner quilt makers to get started in applique. Includes simple quilting for the beginner too.
Finished Size: 17" x 21"
This applique design will build your confidence so you can complete any of our larger color wash applique quilt projects. This Clematis flower applique pattern can be made in many different color ways to complement your decor. The Clematis flower is typically white or pink but can be found in colors ranging from pure white to lavender to the darkest purples and the richest reds. This great beginner's project is just what you need to get started in applique.
Scraps of green, pink or white, yellow fabrics for appliqué.


text:
Taming the west
The Communist Party deepens Tibet's integration with the rest of the country
ChinaJun 21st 2014 edition
Jun 21st 2014
WHEN it opened eight years ago, the railway from Golmud to Lhasa was one of the most ambitious rail ventures ever attempted. At a cost of $4 billion, tracks were built across 550km (340 miles) of permafrost, reaching an altitude of 5,000 metres (16,400 feet)—the highest railway in the world. This September, an extension of the line will open from Lhasa to Shigatse, the first part of a further plan to knit Tibet into the rest of China.
The line to Shigatse stretches 250km southwest of Lhasa and will reduce the five-hour road journey to two hours by rail. As well as allowing easier access for tourists to Tibet's second city, it will make an area rich in natural resources more accessible. (The Chinese name for Tibet, Xizang, translates as "Western treasurehouse".) In the autumn the construction is due to start on another extension, running 400km from Lhasa to Nyingtri, a county with large hydropower potential.
By 2020 the aim is to complete several other major rail routes connecting Tibet with its neighbouring provinces of Xinjiang, Sichuan and Yunnan (see map). One of them, a 1,900km railway from Lhasa to Chengdu, will cost more than $20 billion.
Two more railways from Shigatse to the Nepalese and Indian borders, at Nyalam and Dromo, are also planned, to the alarm of the Indian government, which last week announced plans to fortify 54 new border posts in Arunachal Pradesh, a north-eastern state that China invaded in 1962.
The party's infrastructure drive is an important part of its policy of integrating the poorer west of the country with the richer east. In Xinjiang, in the far north-west, where many members of the ethnic Uighur minority chafe at rule from Beijing, building transport links is also seen as a way to increase national security. Lavish spending on infrastructure reflects the central government's determination to use economic development to pacify restive western regions. The sheer scale of such initiatives, in Xinjiang and Tibet, has its costs. "The people pushing these policies can't really see the 'smaller' issues of preserving culture and the environment," says Robert Barnett, a professor of modern Tibetan studies at Columbia University. "It is like using a bulldozer to herd mice."
Few outside China believe such policies are working, especially after unrest spread across the Tibetan plateau in 2008. Through religious control, the erosion of Tibetan language, intense surveillance and "patriotic education" policies the government has sought to suppress traditional beliefs and customs. More than 130 Tibetans have set fire to themselves in protest since 2009. It has become almost impossible for ordinary Tibetans to travel abroad from Tibet, and border security has been tightened. Before 2008 the number of Tibetans escaping into Nepal each year was as high as 3,000. Last year only 300 made it out.
Meanwhile the number of ethnic-Han Chinese coming to Tibet as tourists or workers continues to soar. Last year 7.5m passengers rode the railway from Golmud to Lhasa—more than double the population of Tibet itself. Improved access to previously remote parts will increase the volume of visitors, drawn by the promise of an unspoiled and spiritually rich land. But it is a land that is being transformed.
As the train descends towards Lhasa, the scenery outside the window changes. Across the grasslands appear the wide chimneys of a refinery and other signs of industrialisation. The industrial development of Tibet has lagged far behind China's central and eastern provinces. Now the party has the technical know-how and financial reserves to build on Tibet's difficult terrain. If all goes to plan the extraction of natural resources will generate economic growth. The party values Tibet's mineral reserves at 600 billion yuan ($96 billion). One mine in Shethongmon county, near Shigatse, is expected to produce 116m pounds (53m kg) of copper, 190,000 ounces of gold and 2.4m ounces of silver annually. Mining could make up a third of the region's GDP.
Trickle down
That would imply a dramatic restructuring of the economy, which for decades has been sustained by government subsidies and state-led investment. Last year the region's GDP grew by nearly 13%. Chinese companies and workers wield advantages: Tibetans often lack the linguistic skill and the connections to get ahead. As a result, much revenue flows back east. However, some of the gains are now starting to trickle down to ordinary Tibetans. The annual income of even those in the poorest rural regions is rising. Roads and railways are making consumer goods more available. Certain social schemes, too, are aimed at making people's lives more comfortable. The government says one mass relocation project, completed last year, has moved 2.3m people into houses. The problem was that many of them were farmers, who did not want to move.
As well as railways, there are now six airports on the Tibetan plateau. Four of them have opened or expanded since 2010 and there are plans for two more. New airports near the southern border have irked neighbours. One security adviser to India's government noted Beijing's "more assertive policy" on territorial issues.
Meanwhile incentive schemes and government grants continue to draw more Han migrant workers. The railway facilitates the flow. Mr Zhao, a portly 32-year-old builder from Lanzhou, first came to Tibet in 2006. He says at first, as a Han Chinese, he felt unwelcome in Lhasa. Local Tibetans would sometimes steal his company's sand. One day Mr Zhao hopes to return to Lanzhou permanently. But for the moment, in Tibet, there are roads and railways to build.
This article appeared in the China section of the print edition under the headline "Taming the west"
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Here is a photo of Khorteaz and I at robotics.
As you can see Khorteaz is holding our robot we made out of Lego. We made this in week one.In week two we made it move forwards and backward.In week three we get to make it turn 90,180 and 360 degrees.We might even have a competition.Hopefully we can be successful when we make it turn.
I thought that Khorteaz and I communicated and worked well with each other.Also I think we used our learning muscles.It is really fun learning about robots and how they work.This is the first time this year that we have done robotics.After we made our robots in week 1 we had to take them a part for the next group.We go mainly Wednesdays but sometimes Thursdays. We had to make sure that we used the right pieces, other wise we would have to go back and fix is all up.