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Ep. 58: The Salem Witch Trials, Pt. 3 - The Executions
Here we are at the long-awaited final episode in our Salem Witch Trials series. What is there to say aside from that on this episode we examine the worst miscarriages of justice in the whole hysteria: the 20 innocent people executed on blatantly vague...
Here we are at the long-awaited final episode in our Salem Witch Trials series. What is there to say aside from that on this episode we examine the worst miscarriages of justice in the whole hysteria: the 20 innocent people executed on blatantly vague charges of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts during the latter half of 1692. We see the deaths of John Proctor, the hero of the play The Crucible; the brutal pressing death of stubborn Giles Corey, the tragic murder of Salem's former minister Reverend George Burroughs, and more.
We also explore theories around how this was allowed to happen, and what Salem and Massachusetts have done since to exonerate and honor the victims of this tragic time over 300 years ago.
Thanks to the THINGS TO DO IN SALEM.COM for sponsoring this episode - find them at www.thingstodoinsalem.com.
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We left off last time at the end of the initial interrogations, after seeing a lot of arrests made and the trials set to begin. So, here we are, with the first trial. They didn't go in order of arrests, for whatever reason - so that means the first trial in the Court of Oyer and Terminer is that of Bridget Bishop.
As before, one of our main sources today is the book A Storm of Witchcraft by Emerson Baker, as well as HistoryofMassachusetts.org, which contains comprehensive coverage of each of the individual trials.
Before we get into this week's episode, I just want to remind y'all that this series is brought to you by Things to Do in Salem dot com, your one-stop shop for planning any visit to the Witch City. And, hopefully after this series, you'll be dying to visit.
But one person who I'm sure wished they could've escaped the Salem area, was Bridget Bishop. If you remember from last episode, Bishop was about 60 and had been tried for witchcraft before sometime around 1679, on suspicion of bewitching her second husband to death. Though she was acquitted, the stain of the accusation still clung to her name. On June 2nd, 1692, she was the first to be brought to trial during the Salem witchcraft hysteria. This was not Bishop's first time on trial - along with her first witch trial, she had also gone to court for fighting with her aforementioned second husband, where they were both ordered to pay a fine or be whipped; she again went to court for swearing at that same husband, and had also been brought to trial in 1687 for stealing brass from the local mill owner. Though Bishop protested that she hadn't stolen the brass, she had sent her daughter to town with it - but to ask people who had put it on her property, she said, not to find a buyer for it. Sounds a little fishy, but ok. There are no surviving records of the outcome of this trial.
Though we've mentioned her as a tavern owner previously, there seems to be an asterisk on this part of her history. It seems in some earlier histories she was conflated with her stepdaughter in law, Sarah Bishop, who was also accused of witchcraft, and who lived just outside of Salem Village and owned a tavern. It's not exactly known what Bishop was really up to in this time, but her husband was a woodcutter, so they probably didn't run taverns together. I did want to bring this up because to this day it's still part of the popular history surrounding Bridget Bishop, even on some modern-day ghost tours that mention her.
She lived in what is now downtown Salem, and was then Salem Town, and she also owned an apple orchard, which is a correct bit of info about her that ghost tours will also mention for reasons I might go into later. There were many who testified at her trial, where of course Bishop plead not guilty. One of these was John Louder, who told the judges that eight years before he had been staying with Bishop's neighbor, John Gedney, who would often argue with her about how she let her chickens wander into HIS apple orchard. Louder said that Bishop's specter would attack him at night in bed and when he brought this up to Bishop - and that must've been a hell of a conversation - she threatened him and sent black pigs and a talking monkey after him to torment him, presumably her witchy familiars. Louder again saw this weird monkey creature, which he described as having "a cock's feet and a face more like a mans than a monkey", flying around in Bishop's orchard.
Samuel Gray, a 42 year old Salem resident, testified that 14 years earlier Bishop had bewitched his child to death - her specter had apparently appeared over his child's crib, the baby screamed as if in pain, which made the spirit disappear. After this, the baby, who had been fine, wasted away and died a few months later, and around this time he saw Bishop again in town. He recognized her, having never seen her before the specter appeared in his house, as the woman who must have killed his baby. Apparently this child wasn't the only one Bishop witched to death, because one of the afflicted girls, Susannah Sheldon, said that she had seen the spirits of twin boys who had told her that the woman had killed them with witchcraft. Bishop's specter also allegedly told Sheldon straight up that she'd killed four women previously, which seems like dumb information to share.
A couple of married couples testified about weird business transactions they'd allegedly had with Bishop, like buying a so-called "bewitched pig" from her and having found poppets, or witchy dolls, hidden in the walls of her cellar while contracted to do some construction work on her home. The afflicted girls went to work on their theatrics, immediately collapsing whenever Bridget would look upon them, only to be revived by her touch. Ann Putnam stated Bishop called the Devil her God, and other girls accused Bishop of harming them. Worse of all, much like Giles Corey and his wife, Bishop's husband too alleged that Bridget praised the Devil.
Also on June 2nd Bishop along with Elizabeth Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, Alice Parker, Susannah Martin, and Sarah Good underwent physical examination by nine local women and a doctor named Barton, who were looking for so-called "witches marks". These marks were some of the most egregious evidence used during the witch trials, and that's saying something, considering all the bullshit we've heard thus far. If you're familiar with the movie The Omen, Damien's "666" mark on his scalp seems to be a take on the mythology behind these. According to the medical paper "Role of skin lesions in the Salem Witch Trials", which yes is a real study!, a witch's mark or devil's mark could be "a variety of skin lesions described as flat or raised, red, blue, or brown lesions, sometimes with unusual outlines. Witch's marks were most probably supernumerary nipples. It was believed that familiars (agents of the devil, usually in animal form) would receive sustenance by being suckled," and these areas marked the place where that would occur. Do you have a birthmark, a mole, or a scar? Well, if you do, you could be tried for being a witch in 1692, it's that simple. And, y'know, most people don't have bodies' worth of skin devoid of any discoloration at all. Bishop and Proctor were cleared after long examination of having any witch marks, though it was noted that "Bishop, Nurse and Proctor, by diligent search have discovered a preternatural excrescence of flesh between the pudendum [genitals] and anus much like to teats & not usual in women & much unlike to the other three that hath been searched by us & that they were in all the three women near the same place." As you can see, these examinations were humiliating, and all that for them to eventually conclude that this extra flesh was just dry skin.
So, no evidence of witches marks. Good news, right? Well, yes, but not enough good news, unfortunately. Bishop's trial ended the same day it began, easy to do when the defendant isn't allowed any counsel. Cotton Mather, Puritan minister, son of Increase Mather, and general douchebag that we've mentioned before, had the most oxymoronic summation of the trial ever when he wrote, "There was little occasion to prove the witchcraft, it being evident and notorious to all beholders." Because that makes sense. And what was the evidence he was referring to? The spectral evidence offered by both Bishop's enemies and the afflicted girls - spectral evidence which, by the way, he had argued against the use of in previous trials. Don't worry though, this guy wasn't logical - he had been involved in the witchcraft trial and execution of Boston native Ann Glover in 1688. So he seemed to be ok with spectral evidence in this case.
The court, now made up of Chief Justice William Stoughton, Jonathan Corwin, John Hathorne, Bartholomew Gedney, John Richards, Nathaniel Saltonstall, Peter Sergeant, Samuel Sewell, and Wait Still Winthrop, convicted Bridget Bishop of witchcraft and issued her death warrant on June 8th. By the way, an actual jury did figure into the sentencing equation, but considering the list of names I'm finding are all of landowning men, it was far from a jury of Bishop's peers anway.
Bishop was the first sentenced to die in the trials, and this sent a shockwave through the town - a kind of feeling like, "Wow, we're really doing this, huh?" But the full magnitude of the situation wouldn't quite hit until June 10th, the day Bridge Bishop was taken to the gallows to be hanged.
There isn't much in the way of eyewitness documentation of the hangings, perhaps because some of those present later regretted their compliance with the executions. As far as we know, on June 10th, Sheriff George Corwin took her from jail to Gallows Hill, where she was executed. She displayed no remorse for witchcraft, instead continuing to profess her innocence. It didn't matter, though. She was hanged and, of course, died.
The victims of the trials weren't allowed to have burials in consecrated land, being presumed witches, so she was likely thrown in a shallow grave on or near Gallows Hill unless family members of hers were able to secret the body away in the dead of night - unlikely, since her husband had flipped on her, and her stepson and stepdaughter in law were in prison. Well, were until they escaped and hid and their property was seized, but eventually, that would get figured out.
After the execution, court took a short recess and new accusations did slow down for a time. Like I said, it did seem like there was a bit of reckoning once shit got real. Nathanial Saltonstall, one of the judges, even resigned during this time, and though he didn't state publicly why, it was presumed that he was "displeased with the handling of the Bishop case" and "very much dissatisfied with the proceedings." He would be the only one on the court who would have that crisis of conscience at this point.
Governor William Phips began to have doubts about the court's methods and went to Boston to consult their ministers as to what should be done with the rest of the accused witches languishing in jail. Unfortunately, these men weren't concerned but invigorated by the first execution, and "earnestly recommended that the proceedings should be 'vigorously carried on'," and so they were, albeit a month after Bishop's death. Within this month Roger Toothaker would die in prison, another victim that never made it to the gallows. At the end of June, the next major trial would occur - and this time, multiple people were tried the same day.
Rebecca Nurse, Susannah Martin, Sarah Wildes, Sarah Good, and Elizabeth Howe faced the Court of Oyer and Terminer on June 29th and 30th, 1692. Along with the petition signed by many friends of the Nurses that I mentioned last episode, the Nurse family also went to work soliciting testimony questioning the veracity of Rebecca's accusers. They were determined to get Rebecca out of this mess, and they almost had the resources to do so. However, aside from the spectral evidence provided by the afflicted girls, the court also had surgeon John Barton and his female assistants' testimony that they had found a "witches teat" on Rebecca - it seems her examination hadn't gone as flawlessly as Bridget Bishop or Elizabeth Proctor's. Again, Rebecca was old, so this was probably just a bit of flabby skin or a weird mole. Perhaps due to the insistence of her prominent family, surprisingly the court did initially return with a verdict of "not guilty"...but it wouldn't stick. The girls absolutely flipped out, pushing the judges to feel Rebecca should be retried then and there due to the afflictions occurring that very moment. Chief Justice Stoughton apparently coaxed the jury to reconsider, pointing out that Nurse had remarked that another accused witch, Deliverance Hobbs, was "of her company". Stoughton felt that this had been a slip meaning that both of the women had signed a pact with the Devil. Unfortunately, it wasn't, with Rebecca later telling her children that she was referring to Hobbs as a fellow "accused" witch, not a member of some Devil's coven with her. The jury foreman asked her to explain, but she remained silent, which was taken to be a wordless admission of guilt. Again, unfortunately for Rebecca, she was just pretty deaf and hadn't heard the question. She was found guilty, and the Nurse family filed a complaint, stating that she was deaf and according to the jury foreman her silence was the principal evidence for her guilt. This was compelling enough that it prompted Governor Phips to issue a reprieve, which he soon rescinded due to "complaints from the afflicted and pressure from an unnamed Salem gentleman." Days later, the Salem Town church that Rebecca so loved voted, in her presence, to formally excommunicate her. She was sentenced to die, as Bishop did, on Gallows Hill.
Sarah Wildes and Elizabeth Howe were two Topsfield, Massachusetts women with the specter of witchcraft having long hung over them. Both were handily convicted in court and sentenced to death the same day. Susannah Martin too had been accused of witchcraft back in 1669, and Salem Village inhabitants such as Joseph and Jarvis Ring accused her of trying to recruit them into witchcraft. According to another man, John Allen, she had also bewitched his oxen and drove them into a river where they drowned. Of course, to me that just sounds like a bad oxen owner, but what do I know? During her part of the trial she plead not guilty, but multiple of the girls furthered the accusations against her, with Abigail Williams saying "she hath hurt me often" and Ann Putnam Jr. throwing a glove at her in a fit. Nonetheless, Martin was able to quote the Bible to perfection, which you may recall as something it was believed a real witch wouldn't be able to do...of course, there was always an excuse for this. Cotton Mather himself stated that the Devil's servants were capable of "putting on a show of perfect innocence and Godliness", in which case, what had that been a "rule" of witch hunting at all?
No particular lesion had been found on Susannah Martin during her examination for a witches mark, but it was noted that "in the morning her nipples were found to be full as if the milk would come", but by late afternoon "her breasts were slack, as if milk had already been given to someone or something." This supposedly meant that she had been visited by her familiar and given it sustenance. The whole affair had taken on a feeling of perversity, and you have to wonder whether these examiners were getting their Puritan kicks out of poking and prodding at these women's private parts. Martin too was found guilty and sentenced to hang.
That left Sarah Good, and if you think this homeless, disliked woman would be spared the noose, think again. Sarah was one of the first 3 women to be accused of witchcraft during the hysteria, and the only one to make it to trial. Good had been pregnant when she was jailed and gave birth in prison to a son, but unsurprisingly in those conditions, the baby died before she made it to trial.Though Sarah did try to throw Sarah Osburn, who had already died in prison, and Tituba under the bus by saying they were the "real witches", it did her no good. Several of the girls accused Good of appearing to them in her specter form, along with her deceased child, torturing them and causing them fits. Sarah Bibber, 36 years old, testified that she'd seen Good's specter torture both Mercy Lewis and John Indian and tried to suffocate her and her child. The list went on. Perhaps, as the opposite of Rebecca Nurse on Salem's respectability scale, Good was the easiest for the jury to convict.
All of the women tried on these 2 days were hanged at Gallows Hill on July 19th, 1692. Though most of them faced death quietly, with Nurse in particular being described as "a woman of self-dignity" with a resolute bearing on the gallows, Good continued to proclaim her innocence. Salem Town Reverend Nicholas Noyes attempted to get her to confess to witchcraft, so she would not die a liar. Good responded, "You are a liar. I am no more a witch than you are a wizard, and if you take away my life God will give you blood to drink," referring to a passage in the Book of Revelation. Strangely, and fittingly, Noyes would die years later of an internal hemorrhage, which left him to choke to death on his own blood. Perhaps Sarah Good had knowledge of curses after all.
The rest of the execution went on without incident, and all of the women were murdered. Yes, murdered - there was no justice here, so that's really the only word that fits. As I mentioned, they were all buried in shallow graves near the execution spot, but Rebecca Nurse's family in particular returned after dark to retrieve her body, at least according to oral tradition. If anyone had the means to carry out the nighttime heist, it would be them. The story goes that they buried Rebecca on the property of the family homestead, and though her exact resting place has never been confirmed, there was a tall granite memorial erected in 1885 at the Rebecca Nurse Homestead cemetery. The inscription reads: "Rebecca Nurse, Yarmouth, England 1621. Salem, Mass., 1692.
O Christian Martyr who for Truth could die
When all about thee owned the hideous lie!
The world redeemed from Superstition's sway
Is breathing freer for thy sake today."
The next batch of trials was on August 5th, 1692, when George Jacobs Sr., Martha Carrier, John Willard, John and Elizabeth Proctor, and Reverend George Burroughs were tried. Unfortunately, spoiler alert here, all of these people would be convicted, and only one would escape the gallows. Jacobs had originally been accused by his servant, Sarah Churchill, along with his granddaughter Margaret, who had also been arrested. Churchill testified against him again, along with his neighbor John DeRich, who happened to also be a nephew of Elizabeth Proctor. One would've hoped he would've been sympathetic to the situation, but no. A dozen people total testified against him, including Abigail Williams and Thomas and John Putnam. And the women accused weren't the only ones forced to submit to a humiliating physical examination - George Herrick testified that he found a suspicious mark, which he described as a "teat" about a quarter of an inch long, on Jacobs' right shoulder and when it was pricked with a pin it did not bleed. Again, Jacobs was elderly, so this was probably just a bit of weird skin because, yknow, old. Another particularly ageist accusation leveled at Jacobs was that he appeared in spectral form and beat the girls with his walking canes, which he used for his terrible arthritis.
Martha Carrier was accused by a fellow suspected witch, Ann Foster, of having become a witch years before and bringing Ann to witch meeting at Salem Village on a flying stick, aka some sort of Satan's Uber. Foster also said Carrier had bewitched a child to death a few years ago, and there were a total of 305 witches in the country and that they'd set up shop in the Salem area to create the Devil's Kingdom. This, like Tituba at the beginning of the examinations, kicked off the hysteria spreading to nearby Andover, and jump-started a series of accusations further out in Essex County. Carrier seemed to have become a convenient scapegoat for accused witches during their preliminary hearings, because Ann Foster's granddaughter Mary Lacey Jr also said she was a witch, elaborating that she would kill children by stabbing them in the heart with pins and needles and "Goody Carrier told me the Devil said to her she should be a queen in hell," which otherwise would be a bitchin' title to have but in these circumstances, not so much. Others who accused Martha Carrier would be her niece, Martha Emerson, and sons, Richard and Andrew, who had all been jailed for witchcraft and likely subjected to tortures to make them confess, according to a letter sent to Boston clergy by John Proctor from prison. A neighbor stated during the trial that she had used threatening words against him 7 years prior during a disagreement, and that shortly after that 2 of his pigs had been killed. Also, his cow stopped giving milk that summer. Another proclaimed that Carrier had bewitched his cows to death. There were plenty who went against Martha Carrier, and she was found guilty and sentenced to death. Within the week, her 10 year old son Thomas Jr. and 8 year old daughter Sarah had been arrested for witchcraft and coerced into confessions including that their mother had forced them to sign the Devil's book.
During the first allegations in the Salem Witch Trials, John Willard had been a constable whose duties included arresting the accused and bringing them to court. He was initially zealous about the job, proclaiming "Hang them. They are all witches," but soon lost his taste for it, and refused to be a part of any more arrests starting in May of 1692. Likely as a direct result of this - like their instant retaliation to Mary Warren accusing them of lying - Ann Putnam Jr and the other girls turned their accusations onto him, saying he'd murdered 13 people in the service of Satan and that he'd tried to get them to "touch the Devil's Book", which is kinda funny because it's not even about signing it, just touching it. Most damningly, some of his in-laws came out against him, with one telling the court that Willard had bear his wife and others blaming his specter for abuse and murder. Willard's in-laws already despised him because he had bought up land in what they viewed as "their" Salem Village and sold plots of it to outsiders, so perhaps this was the perfect revenge. No devil's mark was found on Willard or John Proctor, for that matter, with with over a dozen people testifying against him, the court didn't need a suspicious teat to find Willard guilty. And so they did.
Next were the Proctors. Mary Warren, now firmly back on the side of the accusing girls, followed the lead set by John Willard's trial and also came out saying her employer John Proctor had beaten her and forced her to touch and sign the Devil's Book. It wasn't just spectral evidence used against Proctor, though - he was already a divisive figure in the town who appears to have believed himself to be right much of the time, and his own words were thrown back at him again and again, as with his threatening to or actually admitting to beating several people involved in the Witch Trials, like his aforementioned servant. As we mentioned previously, Proctor wrote a letter to Boston clergymen begging them to appoint different judges or move the trials to Boston, and though this prompted them to rule against allowing spectral evidence in the trials, it didn't help save Proctor's life. John's wife Elizabeth was accused generally in tandem with her husband, as in Mary Warren's deposition, where she said the both of them would send their spirits out to torture her at night. Both Proctors were found guilty and sentenced to death, but since Elizabeth was provably pregnant by this time, her execution was postponed until after she gave birth.
Lastly there was Reverend George Burroughs, who had been brought up as the big bad of this whole situation by the afflicted girls. A whopping 30 people testified against him at his trial, including many of the afflicted girls and 3 of the elders in the Putnam family. Many of these witnesses claimed that Burroughs consistently demonstrated a superhuman strength, including incidents where he had claimed to have carried heavy barrels of cider by himself, though he apparently never wanted to recreate these events. This kinda screams "I can bench 300" to me. There were also more accusations hurled about Burroughs having been abusive in different ways to his since-deceased wives, which in all likelihood was true, but not exactly a sign of witchcraft, especially in those days where wives were more like property. Susannah Sheldon testified that Burroughs' specter had come to her and confessed that he'd killed 3 children in Maine along with his first two wives - by smothering the first and choking the second - AND had killed 2 of his children. Apparently Burroughs' spirit had been feeling very chatty, and with several people, too. Ann Putnam Jr. also testified that the spirits of Reverend Deodat Lawson's wife - remember, Lawson was the minister after Burroughs - and her child came to her and had told her that Burroughs had murdered them. Big accusations, but based purely on spectral evidence and not at all on physical proof.
Weirdly, 3 of the afflicted girls' testimonies contained the same exact line: "I believe in my heart that Mr. George Burroughs is a dreadful wizzard and That he had often afflected and tormented me and the afore mentioned parsons by his acts of witchcraft." According to a recent handwriting analysis by University of Kansas professor Peter Grund, the testimonies were all written by Putnam family patriarch Thomas Putnam, who himself testified against Burroughs with similar language. It makes sense that someone else wrote out the testimonies since the girls may not have been able to write, but it is interesting that he seemed to fudge them quite a bit. As one of the major landowners in Salem Village and a part of the family to which Burroughs owed a financial debt, perhaps he had some stake in eliminating the former Reverend once and for all, and wanted to add some zhush to the girls' testimonies.
As you can probably imagine, this all went quite badly for Burroughs, especially alongside the facts that he had failed to baptise his youngest children or even attend communion for quite awhile. He was clearly a lapsed Reverend, and perhaps his faith wasn't as strong as it once was - and this looked damning for him. He was, of course, sentenced to death, the only minister to be so in American history.
The entire group sans the pregnant Elizabeth Proctor were brought to Gallows Hill to be executed on August 19, 1692. The most intense part of the day came when George Burroughs made a speech declaring his innocence and then recited the Lord's Prayer without error as he stood on the gallows in front of the crowd. As we mentioned last episode with John Proctor's examination, this was something that a suspected witch was assumed not to be able to do - and yet, Burroughs did it. However, the crowd and judges managed to get around this, too. Robert Calef described the event in the book More Wonders of the Invisible World:
"[It] was very affecting, and drew tears from many, so that it seemed to some that the spectators would hinder the execution." However, it was stated that the Devil must have been dictating it to him, as we've also mentioned before, it's been reasoned that witches could pretend, too. Burroughs was hanged first despite all of this, which probably stunned much of the crowd. Calef continued, "Cotton Mather, being mounted upon a horse, addressed himself to the people, partly to declare that [Burroughs] was no ordained minister, and partly to possess the people of his guilt, saying that the devil has often been transformed into an angel of the light; and this somewhat appeased the people, and the executions went on." Thanks to Mather's encouragement, the rest were executed, and since there was a heat wave during this time, the bodies were buried immediately in a shallow mass grave to prevent rotting. It was said the grave was so shallow that Burroughs' chin and one of his feet were left uncovered.
The day after this, as I previously mentioned, George Jacobs Sr's granddaughter Margaret recanted her testimony against her grandfather and George Burroughs, but it was obviously too late to be of any help.
On September 9th the next mass trial took place, this time of Martha Corey, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Dorcas Hoar, and Mary Bradbury.
One of the witnesses who testified against Martha Corey was Edward Putnam, who stated that, among other things, Ann Putnam had often complained to him of being afflicted by Corey. With the accusation of Corey, the Putnams continue to establish their power in the town, as because she was a full member of the church this would prove that they could successfully attack anyone who doubted their motives and authority, as Martha herself had when she publicly came out against the trials. Judgment? Guilty.
We might remember that Mary Easty was the sister of Rebecca Nurse, who had already been executed for witchcraft. As part of a respected family, some people did come to Easty's defense during the trial, like John and Mary Arnold and Thomas and Elizabeth Fosse, who testified to her good behavior while incarcerated. Easty herself filed two petitions during her trial, the first in tandem with her other accused sister Sarah Cloyce asking for specific witnesses and the disavowal of spectral evidence in the trials, and the second after Easty's conviction that's described on HistoryofMassachusetts.org as "a remarkable and very moving plea to the magistrates, not on behalf of herself, but on behalf of the other accused witches who had yet to go to trial." The petition was quite long, so I won't read the entire thing, but it's worth quoting from it, which I'll do now: " I petition to your honours not for my own life for I know I must die and my appointed time is set but the Lord he knows it is that if it be possible no more innocent blood may be shed...the Lord above who is the searcher of all hearts knows that as I shall answer it at the tribunal seat that I know not the least thing of witchcraft therefore I cannot I dare not belie my own soul I beg your honers not to deny this my humble petition from a poor dying innocent person and I question not but the Lord will give a blessing to your endeavors." Despite this, Easty was found guilty, and sentenced to become the second person from her family to be executed during the trials.
Mary Warren had been the chief accuser of Alice Parker, and testified that after Warren's father failed to harvest Parker's crop of hay as he'd promised he would do, Parker came to the Warren house and demanded he do it- and after this argument, Mary's mother and sister became ill and her mother later died. Warren also stated that Parker had attended a Devil's mass in Reverend Samuel Parris' pasture with 30 other witches, and had tried to get her to sign the Devil's book by threatening to stab her. Parker was also accused for drowning several people at sea, obviously in the guise of her specter, including one Thomas Westgate and crew. She had apparently told a woman named Martha Dutch that her husband, a mariner, would not come back from his voyage alive, and when he didn't, this was seen as some sort of witchy prophecy. It was certainly enough to get her sentenced to death.
Ann Pudeator was another woman first accused by Mary Warren, and Warren told the court during trial that Pudeator had afflicted her by biting, punching, and choking her, and had - you guessed it - tried to get her to sign the Devil's book. Warren also insisted that Pudeator was responsible for a man named John Turner falling out of a cherry tree, which severely injured him, and she had also been responsible for several deaths as well as afflicting the other girls. Pudeator was found guilty, and though she filed a petition with the court days later declaring some of those who testified against her were known liars, having been formerly whipped as punishment for these transgressions, the court did not overturn their ruling, and upheld the sentence of death.
Abigail Williams had claimed that Dorcas Hoar was the first witch she had seen before even Tituba, and Hoar ended up being one of the few to confess in prison. She gave her confession to a man named John Lovett, who had been visiting his grandmother Susannah Rootes that was imprisoned and awaiting her own trial. Jonathan testified to the confession at Hoar's trial, and she was found guilty - but apparently not sentenced to death, since she confessed. Weird how it works. She stayed in prison through the end of the trials, but died in poverty in 1711.
Mary Bradbury was the last to be tried on September 9th, and the second from that particular trial to escape execution. Her original accusations stemmed from a feud between her family and the Carr family, which included Ann Carr Putnam, one of the most prolific accusers during the witch hunts and mother to another, Ann Putnam Jr. The feud had begun many years before when Mary had passed on an offer of marriage from George Carr and instead chose to marry Thomas Bradbury. The Bradbury's were respected members of the community despite the interfamily squabble, with Thomas' mother being a direct relative of Elizabeth the 1st's Archbishop of Canturbury, and Mary's father being a powerful man with many deep connections as the representative of Ipswich on the General Court. Emerson Baker wrote in A Storm of Witchcraft that, much like with Rebecca Nurse, "the accusation and conviction of Mary Perkins Bradbury, the wife of one of the leaders of the colony, was a clear sign that the Salem witch trials were unlike any before in Massachusetts…[they] demonstrated that the trials were political as much as legal and religious proceedings." Despite testimony that Mary was a charitable person given to acts of generosity to the sick and poor, it was hard to counter the negative testimony at her trial, including that of George Carr's son Richard, who would literally not have existed if Mary had married his father, but nevermind that. Richard attested that Mary had transformed herself into a blue boar that attacked his father's horse one Sabbath, causing George to fall outside of her home. She was also accused of causing the death of John Carr. Only William Carr emerged from his family to try and help Bradbury, going against his fellow Carrs' testimonies, but it wasn't enough. She was found guilty. A petition did come out soon after signed by 118 locals, and perhaps this was enough to save her, because she did escape death. Unfortunately, there are no real contemporary accounts to detail HOW she managed to elude the gallows even after being found guilty and not confessing. Her husband possibly was able to maneuver this due to political connections to the governor's family, but we'll never really know.
Before his wife would face her own execution, Giles Corey was to face his trial...but he flat out refused. Yeah, the guy just refused to stand trial. He did initially plead "not guilty" but basically took the equivalent of "pleading the 5th" of the day, called "standing mute". When asked if he would accept a trial by a jury of his peers, stubborn old Corey simply refused to answer. According to History of Massachusetts, English law at the time ordered any prisoner who stood mute to be tortured in an attempt to force a prisoner to talk, a tactic known as 'peine forte et dure' which translates to 'strong and harsh punishment'. The exact torture procedure consisted of stripping the prisoner naked, laying him on the ground and placing a board with heavy stones on top of him. The weight was slowly increased over the course of several days until the prisoner yielded." Just absolutely horrific. The use of this particular procedure may have been influenced by a letter Thomas Putnam wrote to Judge Samuel Sewall that reminded him of the murder Corey had committed years before, and had never been properly pushing for.
Historians tend to believe that, because Corey would never have confessed, he knew he would be killed either way, and refused to submit to a trial because without a conviction, his estate could still pass down to his grown children instead of being claimed by local authorities. I think I've mentioned this before, but I will again: if you were convicted of witchcraft, all of your assets would be seized by the court. Looking at some of the folks that were executed, that's a lot of goods, and a lot of land. Almost as if there are possibly other reasons these people were accused rather than pure religious fervor.
Giles Corey was the first and only person to endure peine forte et dure in Colonial America, and the torture occured on September 17th in a field on Howard Street near the jail where Corey was held. For more on this location, by the way, check out our episode Haunted Cemeteries Part 1. Corey was laid on his back with wooden boards placed on his chest, and a series of rocks and small boulders were laid on the boards by Sheriff George Corwin to increase the weight pushing down. This continued for TWO DAYS, during which he was excommunicated by the church with the argument that he was either guilty of witchcraft or suicide due to his choice of enduring the torture rather than entering a plea. On the 19th he was 3 times to enter his plea, but each time he replied "More weight." Corwin took him up on this, adding heavier rocks to the assortment and at times even standing on Corey's chest himself. Witness Robert Calef said "In the pressing, Giles Corey's tongue was pressed out of his mouth; the Sheriff, with his cane, forced it in again." Some accounts report that Corey's last words were his request for more weight, though it may have been "More rocks." Some others state that he said "Damn you. I curse you and Salem!" Again, see Haunted Cemeteries Part 1 on this latter possibility. Corey's chest eventually caved in, crushed by the massive weight he was subjected to, but his stubbornness won out in the end: his estate did indeed pass on to his two sons-in-law, in accordance with his will. Corey's body resides somewhere in an unmarked grave within Howard Street Cemetery.
The last mass trial occurred on the day Corey's torture began, September 17th. This was the trial of Margaret Scott, Wilmot Redd, Samuel Wardwell, Mary Parker, Abigail Faulkner, Rebecca Eames, Mary Lacy, Ann Foster, and Abigail Hobbs. In the interest of time, I will concentrate on those found guilty - Scott, Redd, Wardwell, and Mary Parker.
Margaret Scott was most likely born in England to the Stevenson family and eventually moved to Massachusetts Bay, marrying a farmer in Rowley named Benjamin Scott. He died in 1671, leaving her with 3 surviving children and a meager estate. This reduced Margaret to begging, much like the reviled Sarah Good. Most of the files relating to Scott's case are missing, and as a result she has been called one of the most obscure victims of the witch trials. However, to me it's a little more personal, and I think this is a good example to show that the madness of 1692 is a lot closer than we all think. A good friend of mine, Anna, is a direct descendent of Margaret Scott, along with the Proctors family as well. When I discussed Margaret's case with her, Anna too noted that her particular story is so sad, as she was elderly and homeless. For a community that prized their Christianity, you'd think they'd have been kinder to her, but that tends to be the case a lot of the time, isn't it? One really thoughtful quote from Anna is something that definitely made me think - she said "I went to Salem in 2019 and also visited their memorial to leave an offering. It's amazing to be connected to history, even if it is horrible history. It's even odder as someone practicing witchcraft. These were not necessarily magical people, if anything they were likely extremely religious and conservative, but they were persecuted for something that I now can do freely, and that's kind of amazing in it's own way." I think that's something that really gets me about this story too, even without the kind of personal connection Anna has - it makes you really not take religious freedom for granted, and be grateful as even a quirky, strange person like myself, I generally have the privilege to not be sentenced to death for that.
So, it's not certain exactly all that happened at Scott's trial, aside from some testimony against her along the same lines of her getting into arguments with people who later blamed this for their misfortunes, but she too was sentenced to death. For Wilmot Redd, aside from the afflicted girls, there were only a few witnesses that showed up, including one Charity Pittman who accused Redd's servant of having stolen some linen. Allegedly when Redd was told that they'd go to Judge Hathorne to get a warrant for the servant if the linen wasn't returned, Redd stated she "wished that she might never mingere [urinate], nor cacare [defecate]" again if she didn't leave and that shortly after that the woman became ill with "distemper of the dry bellyache", which continued for many months. This seems to be a really potent example of how interpersonal squabbles escalated into the trials into assisted murder, and how many people took advantage of the hysteria to get rid of people they simply didn't like. Redd was found guilty and sentenced to hang.
Samuel Wardwell was one of 6 men killed during the Salem Witch Trials, and the last man to die. It's not known who initially accused Wardwell but it appears he did confess quite early on to witchcraft, stating that he'd signed a pact with the devil during a dark time in his life and that he told fortunes and dabbled in folk magic. He also said that he did sign the devil's book and was baptized by the devil in a river - again, really reminiscent of actual Christian rituals. Wardwell probably thought that confessing would save his life, much like it had others, and his wife and daughter Mercy also confessed in a similar fashion after being accused. While sitting in prison Sheriff George Corwin showed up at the house and confiscated most of the Wardwell estate, including goods, farm animals, and crops. Unfortunately, at his trial Wardwell immediately recanted his confession, appearing to want to clear his conscience. Feels like a bad move if you've done it already, and Wardwell had a large group of witnesses who testified against him, mostly to the fact that he would tell fortunes and read palms, which is pretty witchy activity even nowadays. Sometimes the fortunes would come true, like with a young man who was told he would be shot with a gun and fall from his horse, which apparently did happen. At the end of Wardwell's trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to death.
Last to be sentenced to execution in this trial was Mary Parker, not to be confused with Alice Parker. Few records of her case exist, much like with Margaret Scott, but it seems she had been a respected member of the community and it wasn't clear why she was targeted by accusations in 1692. Despite having a distant cousin who was accused of witchcraft 30 years before, it probably didn't have a bearing on her case like the closer relatives of accused witches like Elizabeth Proctor did. Only two people testified against Parker during her trial: Mercy Wardwell, the daughter of the aforementioned Samuel Wardwell, and William Barker Jr. Mercy stated that Parker was a witch like her, likely to get some of the heat off of herself, and Barker Jr was another accused witch who also tried to throw the spotlight onto Parker, saying they had afflicted girls together. Even this meager testimony was enough to damn Parker, and she was sentenced to be executed.
Here are the fates of the others from this specific trial who were not eventually executed: Abigail Faulkner was convicted and sentenced to hang, but escaped the gallows much like Elizabeth Proctor due to pregnancy; Rebecca Eames and Mary Lacey, who confessed and were sentenced to death but managed to survive due to the timing of their eventual execution; Ann Foster, who was thrown under the bus by fellow accused witch and her own daughter Mary Lacy and found guilty but died in prison before her execution, and Abigail Hobbs, who we previously mentioned had confessed and pointed out others like John Proctor and George Burroughs as guilty of witchcraft, and was eventually granted a reprieve.
Those who arrived at Gallows Hill on September 22nd, however, would enjoy no such rescue. Martha Corey, Margaret Scott, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Willmott Redd, Samuel Wardwell, and Mary Parker all ascended the gallows and faced their deaths while declaring their innocence, but to no avail. Nicholas Noyes, Salem Town reverend and certified piece of shit, remarked "what a sad thing it is to see eight firebrands of hell hanging there". These would be the last executions of the Salem Witch Trials, though this wasn't known at the time.
So what finally brought about the end of the hysteria? Well, it wasn't immediate. One of the beginnings of the end was soon after the final execution, on October 3rd 1692. On this day the father of Cotton Mather, Increase Mather, possibly the most influential minister in the colonies at that time and buddy of Massachusetts governor William Phips, publicly condemned the use of spectral evidence - that's basically what the whole trials were based on, afflicted people saying invisible spirits attacked them, etcetera. Within the week, Phipps decided that this Increase guy was on to something, and he ordered that no spectral evidence could be admitted going forward in the trials, which completely hamstrung the afflicted girls' testimonies. Perhaps the final nail in the coffin was Phipps' own wife, Lady Mary Phipps, being accused of witchcraft in October - after all, when it's your own family, it's a lot easier to go whoa whoa whoa hey now! By the end of the month Phipps had prohibited further arrests, releasing many of the accused witches and formally dissolving the court of Oyer and Terminer. A Superior Court was established in late November to attempt to try the remaining witches, with Judge Stoughton ordering the execution of all who were exempted by pregnancy in January, but Phipps held firm and denied this order too, causing Stoughton to leave the bench. That month, almost all of the remaining prisoners were released due to their arrests being based on spectral evidence. Tituba was released and sold to a new master, and the final stragglers were released in May, pardoned by Phipps.
The years that followed were those of shock and PTSD. The first calls to justice for those accused and executed came soon after, with the first public declaration in 1695 by Quaker Thomas Maule, who wrote in his book Truth Held Forth and Maintained that, "it were better that one hundred Witches should live, than that one person be put to death for a witch, which is not a Witch". Despite it being post-trials, Maule was imprisoned for a year for publishing this book. In December 1696 the General Court ruled for a fast day on January 14th, 1697, to atone for the sins committed during the Trials. Cotton Mather published his Wonders of the Invisible World and Robert Calef published his response of collected correspondence, court records, and petitions, which he cheekily titled MORE Wonders of the Invisible World. Petitions were filed with the Massachusetts government in the early 1700s to get convictions formally reversed, which was passed in 1711 - these, though, were for survivors and not those executed. In 1706 Ann Putnam Jr, one of the most prominent accusers, publicly asked for forgiveness when she joined the Salem Village Church, saying she had been deluded by Satan into denouncing innocent people. Her membership - and apology, it seems - was accepted.
In 1957, many of the executed victims' convictions were finally overturned, though due to phrasing this accidentally left out Bridget Bishop, Susannah Martin, Alice Parker, Wilmot Redd, and Margaret Scott. The official memorial was constructed in salem in 1992, including a ceremony with speakers like Arthur Miller and Elie Wiesel. On Halloween 2001, with a proclamation by the governor, all of the victims were finally proclaimed innocent. The site of Gallows Hill, a mystery until 2017, was finally determined using old maps and documentation as well as ground penetrating radar technology, and the area - known as Proctor's Ledge - was created a memorial that year.
So, WHY did this happen? There are a lot of theories, but I'll chat about one in particular because it's so pervasive nowadays. This is the ergot theory. It was first put forward in 1976 by Dr. Linda Caporeal, who hypothesized that the trials occurred after an outbreak of rye ergot. Ergot is a fungus that forms hallucinogenic drugs within bread in the form of lysergic acid, which obviously can affect the minds of those who eat it, causing effects like paranoia and hallucinations, twitches and spasms, cardiovascular trouble, and stillborn children. Ergot also thrives in a cold winter followed by a wet spring, which some historians claim were the circumstances in 1691, which would have affected the rye harvested for 1692. There is a LOT of debate over the theory. According to Brittanica, "Many social psychologists insist that the actions of the girls can be attributed to social and political unrest and that ergotism doesn't factor into certain social aspects that could explain what really happened." Personally, I think it's too pat of an explanation that doesn't take enough into account of the other factors at work we've discussed over this series, the "Storm of Witchcraft", including fears of Native American attack, terrible weather, interpersonal politics, and the boredom and hysteria of a core group of girls.
TALK ABOUT THEORY
That's it for this episode of Ain't It Scary with Sean and Carrie! Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter and Instagram @aintitscary, and check out our website at aintitscary.com. You can support the show by supporting our sponsors, and becoming a patron at www.patreon.com/aintitscary. And please, subscribe to the show and throw us a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts...we'll be forever grateful. Thanks again to our sponsor for this episode, ThingsToDoInSalem.com, go and check them out for all of you Salem travel needs!
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Boys are accommodated at our Nevada County Campus, which is located 12 miles outside Nevada City, California. The Nevada County Campus has six individual houses with dedicated classrooms, which provide homes for 38 adolescents.
The Nevada County Campus is situated on a 900 acre ranch. The spaciousness and beauty of the surroundings provides a therapeutic setting where we facilitate individual and group activities to support the goals of our residential program.
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Mountain Valley Child & Family Services, Inc.


A group of eight seriously-focused students received their diplomas in a mid-October ceremony after completing the most recent multi-week Financial Literacy class class. Five of the students were referred by the Somerville Center for Adult Learning Experience, or SCALE, and three of those students were part of the Just a Start Program. SCC Asset Building Specialist Janine Lotti, who teaches the Financial Literacy classes at SCC's Somerville Avenue office, facilitated the learning.
The students learned about setting goals, creating a personal budget, building and improving credit scores, and saving money for the future. Students were expected to set a personal goal aimed at using their new financial literacy skills to accomplish by the end of the class.


text:
package info.mikaelsvensson.issues.model;

import javax.persistence.*;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAttribute;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlID;
import java.util.List;

@Entity
public class User {
    @Id
    private Long id;

    private String name;

    @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
    private IdentityProvider identityProviderName;

    private String identityProviderId;

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "owner", fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    private List<Issue> issues;

    public User() {
    }

    public User(Long id, String name, IdentityProvider identityProviderName, String identityProviderId) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.identityProviderName = identityProviderName;
        this.identityProviderId = identityProviderId;
    }

    @XmlAttribute
    @XmlID
    public String getStringId() {
        return String.valueOf(id);
    }

    public User(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public IdentityProvider getIdentityProviderName() {
        return identityProviderName;
    }

    public void setIdentityProviderName(IdentityProvider identityProviderName) {
        this.identityProviderName = identityProviderName;
    }

    public String getIdentityProviderId() {
        return identityProviderId;
    }

    public void setIdentityProviderId(String identityProviderId) {
        this.identityProviderId = identityProviderId;
    }

    public List<Issue> getIssues() {
        return issues;
    }

    public void setIssues(List<Issue> issues) {
        this.issues = issues;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to properly remove disk from PERC 6/i RAID controller? I have a Dell T710, coming with PERC 6/i RAID controller. The current raid has 2x500 GB hard drives (with the OS), and 6x1000 GB hard drives (in RAID-6, currently empty). I would like to take one 1000 GB disk physically out to keep as an immediate spare in case of a crash, and configure the remaining 5x1000 GB in a single VD RAID-6.
This is all nice and clean and works, until I realized that the display on the machine reports the lack of the 8th disk as an error. It's marked as error, but appears to be a warning, since the machine is fully functional.
My question is: what is the best way to keep one disk as a spare out of the array? should I disassemble the disk from the cradle and insert the empty cradle in the array ? Or should I just silence the error in the display in some way (how?). I know that what I am doing sounds pretty strange, but here is academia and having a spare disk available could take weeks. Better to have one ready in my drawer for any emergency.

A: Putting that spare disk in your drawer doesn't make too much sense. Instead, leave it in the server and mark it as a hot spare. Instructions here. Then, you'll have a OS mirror and a RAID5 array for data and if any of those disks fails, the controller will automatically rebuild with the hot spare.
As for why you are getting an error about the last disk,  you'll have to provide more detail. What is the error? Have you already rebuilt all of the RAID sets so that disk is not currently configured in a RAID set?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
About NACD > NACD History > Hall of Distinction
NACD created the Hall of Distinction to recognize and honor our organization's current and past leaders. District officials - past and present - featured in NACD's Hall of Distinction have made major contributions to our nation's Conservation Movement.
The National Association of Conservation Districts was established over 70 years ago in 1946 by a group of forward-thinking conservation district officials from across the country. These leaders recognized the need for a unified voice in natural resource conservation and worked tirelessly to ensure that conservation remained at the forefront of United States agricultural and environmental policy.
The success of NACD throughout the last seven decades is attributable to the diligent work of our supporters – from conservationists to early-adopter producers, to district officials and national conservation leaders. NACD is delighted to announce that its Hall of Distinction will recognize and honor past and present district official leaders who have helped pave the way for NACD's accomplishments.
Dennis Getchell of Maine
Dennis Fowler Getchell of Limestone, Maine, served on the Board of Supervisors for Central Aroostook Soil and Water Conservation District (CASWCD) in Maine from 1942 to 1951, and as chairman of CASWCD for eight of those years. During that time, Mr. Getchell was instrumental in organizing the Maine Association of Soil Conservation District Supervisors and served as its first president. In addition, he assisted other states within the region seeking to…
Clarence Durban of Ohio
Clarence Durban served the Union Soil and Water Conservation District in Ohio for nearly three decades from 1961 to 1987. He was president of the Ohio Federation of Soil and Water Conservation Districts from 1975 to 1976 and president of NACD from 1985 to 1988. Before he passed away in 2014, Clarence farmed in southern Union County, Ohio, and was inducted into the state's Agriculture Hall of Fame. In the early 1980s, he met with President Ronald Reagan to discuss the farm bill. Throughout Clarence's long career in conservation, he worked tirelessly to represent the interests of Ohio's conservation districts and NACD across the United States and abroad. He…
Don Spickler of Maryland
Don Spickler would be the picture you see when you look up the definition of service. Don was active with districts on the local, state and national level for over 42 years. Don began serving on his local board in 1971 and maintained that service until 2013, when failing health demanded his retirement. While serving the Washington County Soil Conservation District he held all posts of leadership, including member, treasurer, vice chair and chair. Don served the Maryland Association of Soil Conservation Districts (MASCD) as a member, treasurer and president. Don is credited with helping move the Maryland Districts to a position of leadership in the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay by working with Maryland Governor Harry Hughes. Don was especially helpful in this project in the agricultural community because of his prior work with districts. Don served 12 years on the Maryland State Soil Conservation Committee (SSCC), including the position of Chair from 1982-1985. Don served on the NACD…
Billy Joe Miles of Kentucky
Widely known in the region as a successful owner of a large agribusiness company, farmer, and community leader, Miles also served as chairman of Daviess County Conservation District. In addition to serving on numerous agricultural and conservation organizations' boards, Miles was a member of the University of Kentucky Board Trustees and Kentucky Agriculture and Environment in the Classroom (1996-2003). Miles also served in numerous leadership roles, as director of the National Fertilizer Association Executive Committee, director of the Kentucky Environmental Protective Association in the Classroom, president of the Kentucky Fertilizer and Agricultural Chemical Association, secretary of Kentucky Natures Preserves, secretary of the Kentucky Soybean Association, director of the U.S. Canola Association, director of Vanderbilt University Hospital in Nashville, Tenn., and chairman of the National Fertilizer Association (TFI). Miles also provided his knowledge and leadership as a member of the Governor's Task Force on Agriculture, the Governor's Task Force on Efficiency, and as a board member for the U.S. Canola Association. As president of the Kentucky Association of Conservation Districts (KACD), Miles led partnership efforts to raise awareness of individual agriculture producers and…
Wade Troutman of Washington
Wade Troutman epitomizes selfless dedication to the sustainability of our natural resources. He has quietly left a lasting impact on conservation throughout Washington State. Troutman has served on the Foster Creek Conservation District (CD) board of supervisors since 1982 (37 years, and counting). He has lived in Douglas County all his life and resides in the house in which he grew up. Troutman has carried on the conservation legacy of his father, Tex L. Troutman, who is recognized in the Leaving A Legacy memorial book of the Washington Conservation Society. Troutman has not confined himself to district service. He has served on the board and as president (2001-03) of the Washington Association of Conservation Districts (WACD); as well as WACD National Director (2010-14). Wade has been…
Here's how you, or someone you admire, can receive the honor:
Individuals are inducted to the Hall of Distinction on an annual basis by their state or territory.
Every state and territory may induct one person to the Hall of Distinction every fourth year. Inductees are not reviewed or selected by any committee or decision-making body.
In making their inductions, states and territories are asked to send the following information to NACD via this short form:
– The name of the state or territory making the induction;
– The name of the conservation district where the inductee served or serves as an official;
– The dates during which the inductee made a significant contribution to conservation at the national level and/or served NACD;
– A photo of the nominee to be featured on NACD's website; and
– A brief narrative statement that clearly and concisely describes the significant contributions made by the individual, including any results or benefits achieved.
Keep in mind:
Inductees must currently serve, or have formerly served, as a conservation district official.
Inductees must also have made significant contributions to conservation efforts at the national level while a district official. Significant contributions may include supporting national conservation efforts as a leader within NACD.
Those who have been employed by a conservation district, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, a state conservation agency, a state association of conservation districts, NACD, or an affiliate of NACD are not eligible for this recognition.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Türkiye Finans takes it as a social responsibility mission to protect and pass down the country's cultural heritage and traditioal values to the next generations, and derives pride in supporting the projects that add value to our society.
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Exhibition: "Dialogue in the Dark"
We support the Exhibition: "Dialogue in the Dark", which enables visitors to experience the daily life in a completely dark environment without using their sight, so that it is also experienced by Istanbulites.
Since 1988, the exhibition has been visited by 7 million people across 130 cities globally, aiming to change the perception and improve the awareness of the visitors by having them experience their daily lives in the city in a completely dark environment.
As part of our sponsorship for the exhibition "Dialogue in the Dark", we ensure that the city life in Istanbul is rebuilt in the eyes of those without sight and the visitors will "see" Istanbul and experience visits to key venues without their sight.
Anatolian Brands Competition
Over the last 3 years, we have kept supporting the Anatolian Brands competition, organized to raise awareness towards non-Istanbul based Turkish companies that take major steps towards branding.
Türkiye Finans helms the project to promote branding awareness, and bring together and recognize branding strategies and branding success stories in non-Istanbul provinces.
Down Cafe Project
Down Cafe has been operating in Şişli since 2011 to encourage the youth with Down Syndrome to participate in social life and work, and starts to service in different points of Istanbul with the launch of Mobile Down Cafe application.
We support the Mobile Down Cafe project by financing two vehicles and granting food aid, and by this project we aim for social integration and employment of the disabled youth and improvement of societal awareness about this matter.
International Mediterranean Games
During the International Mediterranean Games XVII, organized in Mersin between 20-30 June 2013, we served all participants for their banking and financial transactions through two fixed and two mobile branches that we established in Mersin and Adana.
We are proud of our service during this major event, which debuted in Egypt in 1951, is considered the most important sports organization after the Olympics, and is the stage for competition in many sports branches.
Freqently Visited Pages
Finance Portal
Our Information Society Services
© 2021 Türkiye Finans Katılım Bankası A.Ş. is a member of NCB Group Company. All rights reserved.


text:
Q: How to display "search" as text instead of Serach icon on android soft keyboard How to replace the search icon with text "Search" on soft keyboard.
<EditText
android:imeOptions="actionSearch" />

A: Instead of using imeOptions use the following :-
<EditText android:imeOptions="actionSearch"
         android:inputType="text"/>

For handling click listener do as follows :
editText.setOnEditorActionListener(new TextView.OnEditorActionListener() {
@Override
public boolean onEditorAction(TextView v, int actionId, KeyEvent event) {
    if (actionId == EditorInfo.IME_ACTION_SEARCH) {
        performSearch();
        return true;
    }
    return false;
} });

A: Answer taken from this stackoverflow question.
Try to set

*

*android:imeActionLabel in XML or

*in java code with .setImeActionLabel()
editText.setImeActionLabel(getString(R.string.xxx), EditorInfo.IME_ACTION_SEARCH);


On June 15th, Local 328 held its 21st annual Charitable Foundation Golf Tournament to benefit the Leukemia/Lymphoma Society. Under blue skies, 136 golfers took to Swansea Country Club to enjoy a spectacular day of golf, followed by a dinner reception with raffle prizes at the Venus de Milo in Swansea.
Through the efforts of everyone involved, we were able to present a check to the Leukemia/Lymphoma foundation in the amount of $70,328. We would like to give a special thank you to all of our members, sponsors and all those who participated and volunteered to help make this event so successful.
Mark your calendars for Wednesday June 14th, 2017 for the 22nd annual Local 328 Charitable Golf Tournament to benefit the Leukemia/Lymphoma Society! To learn more about this organization and the work that they do, visit their website. To see photos from the event, click here.
Eastland Food Workers Overwhelmingly Vote "Union Yes"!


text:
Q: Convert XML to CSV with Scriptella, how to get attribute values? I found an example of converting XML to CSV,In the example used, this structure

<CATALOG>
    <CD>
        <TITLE>Empire Burlesque</TITLE>
        <ARTIST>Bob Dylan</ARTIST>
        <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY>
        <COMPANY>Columbia</COMPANY>
        <PRICE>10.90</PRICE>
        <YEAR>1985</YEAR>
    </CD>
</CATALOG>

In this file structure,  Scriptella code:

<query connection-id="in">

    /CATALOG/CD

</script>

How can I convert the XML file that has the following structure
<CATALOG>
    <CD title='Empire Burlesque' artist='Bob Dylan'  country='USA'/>
    .............
    <CD title='Empire Burlesque' artist='Bob Dylan'  country='USA'/>
</CATALOG>

How do I get to the values of attributes in XML?

A: You need first to have properly described drivers for all your connections. You cannot parse XML with Scriptella unless you use the xpath driver. More information there: http://scriptella.org/reference/drivers.html
Now for the magic bits:
- you could use java libraries as alternate possibilities but since these 2 drivers are supported out of the box, I suggest to go with them
- you wish to import xml -> xpath driver is needed
- you wish to export csv -> csv driver is needed
- text driver can also be used for outputting csv data, but you'd have to handle quoting and separators manually
If your xml data is in file data.xml and you wish to export it as csv data in file data.csv, I would suggest using the following scriptella etl script:
<!DOCTYPE etl SYSTEM "http://scriptella.javaforge.com/dtd/etl.dtd">
<etl>
  <connection id="in" driver="xpath" url="data.xml" />
  <connection id="out" driver="csv" url="data.csv">
    quote=
    separator=;
  </connection>

  <query connection-id="in">
    /CATALOG/CD

  </query>
</etl>

Please respect the case used inside XML source. You must use $TITLE and not $title nor $Title, since <TITLE> is present in your XML source.
The rownum test is not needed for such ETL task.

A: You access attributes by name, just the same as tags. Look at here
In your case, setting the node to CD by xpath /CATALOG/CD you can access Tag and attributes this way:
$CD      -> ''     (because CD is an emtpy tag)
$title   -> 'Empire Burlesque'
$artist  -> 'Bob Dylan'
$country -> 'USA'

Also you can access other elements not in current selected node using function node.getString() and xpath like:
${node.getString("../CATALOG")}

With this functions you can access elements (tags) by path and attributes by bracket-at notation like:
${node.getString("../CATALOG/CD[@title='Empire Burlesque']")}

you can also use index to select elements in the set rather than attributes:
${node.getString("../CATALOG/CD[2]")}

this index notation is valid when using variables like in:
xml file: 123
in scriptella:
/A
${B[2]}

A: <CATALOG>
    <CD title='Empire Burlesque' artist='Bob Dylan'  country='USA'/>
    .............
    <CD title='Empire Burlesque' artist='Bob Dylan'  country='USA'/>
</CATALOG>

You can get to the values of attributes in XML by this example:
/CATALOG/CD[1]/@title


"Plusmo's personalized homepage makes it easy for Apple iPhone users to discover, install and personalize widgets making them instantly available at the touch of an icon on the Apple iPhone," says Mike Elgan, a leading technology blogger. "Plusmo makes text- and photo-based content far more readable than the iPhone Safari browsers zoom-and-pan interface. Plusmo also offers Apple iPhone users easy access to external iPhone widgets service."
Plusmo widgets for Apple iPhone are mini web applications that offer traffic reports, store locators, games, blogs, specialized searches, live sport updates and much more."Plusmo is a wonderfully elegant mobile widget solution. I have come to find it indispensable. It's everything one looks for - easy to use, fast, and nicely designed. No doubt smart marketers will find Plusmo ideal for mobile advertising too," says Scott Kraft, EVP Marketing of Six Apart, one of the leading makers of weblog software and services.


Virgen de Guadalupe, 35610 Caleta de Fustes-Fuerteventura, Spanje.
Magnificent apartments in Fuerteventura. The Complejo Castillo Beach is nowadays one of the most symbolic accommodations of Fuerteventura. This apart-hotel is located on the famous region of Caleta Coast, close to the Caleta de Fuste beach, to the sport leisure port and to the only one golf course from Fuerteventura. The apartments, designed by the artist Sergio Calvo, preserve the typical style from the Canary Islands and the comfort of its modern facilities. The Complejo Castillo Beach has 2 types of apartments, ideal to enjoy an unforgettable time with the family, as well as in couple. The first type includes simple apartments on the ground floor with double Bedroom, lounges, cuisine and Bathroom. The second ones dispose of double Bathroom, totally equipped cuisine, TV lounge and Bathroom. The Complejo Castillo Beach has restaurant, bar, supermarket and a great variety of facilities to practice tennis, basketball or five-a-side football, with swimming pool, too.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <title>submergence:Action#run(station documentation</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../../../../../index.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../../../../../highlight.css" />

            argument

                submergence

                |

                :submergence.Action#run(station

        This document was generated with
        doczar
        at 3:55pm on 8/14/2015


text:
Garnett Genuis, MP
Member Of Parliament for Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan
Reflecting on identities and violence
Since my last column, we have witnessed the biggest mass shooting of civilians by a single gunman in North American history. I'd like to share a few thoughts on those events.
Here are the basic facts: On June 12, one "gunperson" killed 49 people and injured 53 others at a gay club in Orlando, during a Latin Night (most of the victims were Hispanic). The shooter was a 29 year old who pledged allegiance to Daesh/ISIS. According to many reports, he may also have been gay himself.
We live in an age where news is generally broken on social media. I learned about these events, and also about how my friends were responding to them, instantaneously and simultaneously, through that medium. I noted the immediate emergence, on the same day and before the key facts were known, of the "battle for the narrative" about this shooting.
Was the key question here the broader treatment of gays and lesbians, racism, so-called Islamic terrorism, immigration, guns, mental illness, or something else? On all sides, many people had immediate and specific answers. For me, looking at these events with the advantage of time, some answers are still not obvious.
The first and most important thing, it seems to me, is that we honour and commemorate the lives of the victims who were killed — and that we honour them first and foremost as human individuals. Of course, their identities — as gay, as Hispanic, etc. — inform who they were as individuals, but their dignity and value as individuals exist prior to, and independent of, their various identities.
Secondly, perhaps we should avoid looking at these types of events through any single lens. Of course it matters that the shooter pledged allegiance to Daesh/ISIS.
That fact gives important information about what was on his mind and informed his own justification of what he was doing. This was, by any definition, an act of terrorism.
However, recognizing this as Daesh-inspired terrorism doesn't change the fact that the shooter was clearly troubled, and was not representative of the Muslim community or of anyone who seeks God sincerely.
He may have been informed by messages about sexuality that he received via radical Islamist instruction or by wider society; but it seems evident that he was also personally lost, responding to his own inability to deal with sexual, cultural, religious, and spiritual challenges in his own life.
As some seek to sharpen battle lines over issues of religion and sexuality, one anecdote from after the shooting is worth highlighting. Chick-fil-A, renowned for its chicken sandwiches, but also for having a CEO who opposes same-sex marriage, has faced boycotts from the gay community in the past. After the shooting in Orlando, the restaurant broke a long-standing policy of being closed on Sundays — they went to work in Orlando after the shooting to provide food to blood donors and first responders helping the victims. This strikes me as a beautiful example of how to transcend differences and focus on people in need.
Garnett Genuis is the member of Parliament for Sherwood Park-Fort Saskatchewan. He can be contacted by e-mail at garnett.genuis@parl.gc.ca or by phone at 780-467-4944. His office is located in the Park Place Professional Centre, Unit No. 214. Genuis was first elected in October 2015.
Published: Thursday, June 30, 2016
Source: http://www.sherwoodparknews.com/2016/06/30/reflecting-on-identities-and-violence
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The Wedding gallery is by invitation only. We interview and review the vendors in order to provide brides with the best there is to offer in New England. Our wedding Talent is based on their regional style, reputations, experience, price and service. We do the research for you and limit the number of talent in each category of service, providing you with the perfect match.
We offer unique retail products for the New England Bride. We constantly seek out the best, most stylish retail products available in the market. We will offer many exclusive national lines, and specialize in custom orders as well.
We provide planning services. A Newport Affaire our in house planner provides a wide array of planning services from "day-of" to full service planning.


Now shipping. All orders filled by the end of August. John and myself have been doing all of the final assembly on these. Lots of details to the final fit and finish. John is back on Monday and we will finish up the remaining CT-17s next week. All assembled and finishing up the shipping! We will have a tally by the end of the day Monday to see how many on the wait list will be able to be fulfilled.
9.8.11 – We are still trying to contact of a few remaining people on the wait list. The planes are here waiting for you!
I would buy one of these were they available.
Put me on list for CT-17.


"We have conducted a NanoSIMS ion imaging survey of about 1800 presolar silicon carbide (SiC) grains from the Murchison meteorite. A total of 21 supernova (SN) X grains, two SN C grains, and two putative nova grains were identified. Six particularly interesting grains, two X and C grains each and the two putative nova grains were subsequently studied in greater detail, namely, for C-, N-, Mg-Al-, Si-, S-, and Ca-Ti-isotopic compositions and for the initial presence of radioactive 26Al (half life 716000 yr), 32Si (half life 153 yr), and 44Ti (half life 60 yr). Their isotope data along with those of three X grains from the literature were compared with model predictions for 15 M⊙ and 25 M⊙ Type II supernovae (SNe). The best fits were found for 25 M⊙ SN models that consider for the He shell the temperature and density of a 15 M⊙ SN and ingestion of H into the He shell before the explosion. In these models a C- and Si-rich zone forms at the bottom of the He burning zone (C/Si zone). The region above the C/Si zone is termed the O/nova zone and exhibits the isotopic fingerprints of explosive H burning. Satisfactory fits of measured C-, N-, and Si-isotopic compositions and of 26Al/27Al ratios require small-scale mixing of matter originating from a region extending over 0.2 M⊙ for X and C grains and over 0.4 M⊙ for one of the putative nova grains, involving matter from a thin Si-rich layer slightly below the C/Si zone, the C/Si zone, and the O/nova zone. Simultaneous fitting of 14N/15N and 26Al/27Al requires a C-N fractionation of a factor of 50 during SiC condensation. This leads to preferential incorporation of radioactive 14C (half life 5700 yr) over directly produced 14N and can account for the 14N/15N along with 26Al/27Al ratios as observed in the SiC grains. The good fit for one of the putative nova grains along with its high 26Al/27Al points towards a SN origin and supports previous suggestions that some grains classified as nova grains might be from SNe. Apparent problems with the small-scale mixing scheme considered here are C/O ratios that are mostly <1 if C-, N-, and Si-isotopic compositions and 26Al/27Al ratios are simultaneously matched, underproduction of 32Si, and overproduction of 44Ti. This confirms the limitations of one-dimensional hydrodynamical models for H ingestion and stresses the need to better study the convective-boundary mixing mechanisms at the bottom of the convective He shell in massive star progenitors. This is crucial to define the effective size of the C/Si zone formed by the SN shock. The comparison between the Si isotope data of the SN grains and the models gives a hint that the predicted 30Si is too high at the bottom of the He burning shell."


text:
Głuchy – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie mazowieckim, w powiecie wyszkowskim, w gminie Zabrodzie.

Prywatna wieś szlachecka Laskowo-Głuche położona była w drugiej połowie XVI wieku w powiecie kamienieckim ziemi nurskiej województwa mazowieckiego. W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa ostrołęckiego.

Wieś Głuchy (dawna nazwa Lasków Głuchy, była połączeniem dwóch wsi: Lasków i Głuchy) to miejsce narodzin 24 września 1821 roku Cypriana Kamila Norwida. Norwid spędził tu swoje wczesne dzieciństwo. Został ochrzczony w kościele parafialnym w pobliskiej Dąbrówce, gdzie na cmentarzu 11 kwietnia 1825 roku pochowano jego matkę. Po jej śmierci 4 letni Cyprian i jego rodzeństwo wyjechali z rodzinnych Głuch do odległej o 20 km Strachówki, do swojej prababki, miecznikowej Hilarii Sobieskiej. Gdy ona zmarła, zamieszkał z ojcem i braćmi w Warszawie.

Po śmierci ojca w 1835 roku poeta często wracał w rodzinne strony, spędzając wakacje w Głuchach oraz w Dębinkach, w pałacu swego dziadka Ksawerego Dybowskiego, odbywał też wycieczki krajoznawcze z przyjaciółmi z kręgu "Cyganerii Warszawskiej". Do ziemi rodzinnej wspomnieniami wracał też w swoich utworach.

Wierni kościoła rzymskokatolickiego należą do parafii Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego w Dąbrówce.

Zabytki
 Zespół dworski: dwór, park z XVIII-XIX w. wpisany do rej. zabytków NID A-392 z 18.11.1959 i z 20.01.1976

Dworek modrzewiowy, piętrowy z gankiem wspartym na czterech słupach, nakryty czterospadowym dachem krytym gontem.
W parku przydworskim z połowy XIX wieku rośnie wiele cennych drzew, zachowała się również aleja wysadzana starymi lipami oraz aleja dojazdowa wysadzana klonami i grabami, a także pomnik przyrody – klon srebrzysty.

Dwór wzniesiony przez rodzinę Zdzieborskich (z której pochodziła matka Norwida) w końcu XVIII wieku, następnie należał do Jana Norwida (ojca Cypriana Kamila). W latach 1824–1911 znajdował się w posiadaniu rodziny Suskich, następnie w posiadaniu krewnych Norwidów – Jeziorańskich.

W latach 1903–1920 mieszkał tu rzeźbiarz Bolesław Jeziorański, który jest autorem pomnika Tadeusza Kościuszki i rzeźb w gminie Dąbrówka. Po jego śmierci właścicielami dworu były dzieci rzeźbiarza.

W latach 1964–1996 dwór należał do reżysera Andrzeja Wajdy i jego żony Beaty Tyszkiewicz.

Zobacz też
 Głuchy

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Zabrodzie (gmina)
Wsie szlacheckie I Rzeczypospolitej (województwo mazowieckie)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
entertainment 1 month ago
'Alice' Child Star Philip McKeon Dies at 55
Variety — Will Thorne
Philip McKeon, known for playing the son of Linda Lavin's titular character in the classic CBS sitcom "Alice," has died. He was 55.
The actor died Tuesday morning in Texas following a longtime illness, family spokesman Jeff Ballard confirmed to Variety.
"We are all beyond heartbroken and devasted over Phil's passing," said Ballard. "His wonderful sense of humor, kindness and loyalty will be remembered by all who crossed his path in life."
McKeon played the role of Tommy Hyatt on "Alice" from 1976 to 1985. Following that, he appeared in several other TV shows including the NBC crime drama "CHiPs," and a pair of ABC series, "Fantasy Island" and "The Love Boat," in 1984. On the film side, McKeon appeared mostly in horror pics, among them "Return to Horror High" and "Ghoulies 4."
His most recent credit was as a co-producer on the 2005 psychological thriller feature "The Jacket," which starred Adrien Brody and Keira Knightley, and boasted George Clooney, Peter Guber and Steven Soderbergh among its producers.
Charlie Sheen, who starred opposite McKeon in the "No Day at the Beach" episode of the 1980s NBC anthology series "Amazing Stories," was one of the first to share his memories of working with McKeon via social media.
"Shared some wonderful moments in the 'trenches' with Phil McKeon many moons ago. Over the past few decades, he was always a perfect gentleman and an ebullient spirit. And his goofy af smile, was pure gold. r.i.p. young man. Much much too soon, you cut out," Sheen tweeted with a photo of himself and McKeon from the episode.
McKeon had spent the last several years hosting his own radio show in Wimberly, Texas where he moved to be closer to his family. He previously spent a decade working in the news department at KFWB News 98 in Los Angeles.
He is survived by his mother, Barbara and his sister, actress Nancy McKeon.
Sign up for Variety's Newsletter. For the latest news, follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.


Osaka, Japan, 21 February, 2018 --- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited [TSE: 4502] ("Takeda") today announced that its Sustainable Value Report 2017 received the Excellence Award in the Environmental Report Section of the 21st Environmental Communication Awards. The annual Awards are co-sponsored by Japan's Ministry of the Environment and the Global Environmental Forum*. Takeda has received a total of five Environmental Communication Awards, including the Excellence Award in 2011 and the Good Performance Award for three consecutive years from 2015 through 2017, in addition to this year's award.
The Environmental Communication Awards recognize reports and other communications activity that contribute significantly to the advancement of environmental management and communication in business and improve the quality of environmental information disclosure.
Takeda was recognized for its established track record in sustainability and unwavering commitment to improving access to healthcare, guided by long-term international targets such as the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Takeda's strong commitment to reducing CO2 emissions by 30% by 2030 and water usage by 30% by 2020 was also lauded.
Takeda strives towards better health and a brighter future for people worldwide through leading innovation in medicine and by putting patients at the center of every activity.
In line with this mission, Takeda's corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributes to the lasting health of patients worldwide through long-term investments in disease prevention, capacity building, and access to healthcare, in partnership with the global community. As a pharmaceutical company dedicated to improving people's lives, Takeda remains committed to fulfilling its social responsibilities in response to global needs.
* The Global Environmental Forum is a non-profit environmental organization founded in 1990 to conduct scientific surveys and research on global environmental issues, disseminate and promote such issues to the public, and make policy recommendations.
Our CSR work puts patients at the center through long-term investments in disease prevention, capacity building, and access to healthcare, together with the global community. Our role as a good corporate citizen is important to us; these activities, together with our business activities, represent our firm commitment to a sustainable society. For more information, visit https://www.takeda.com/corporate-responsibility/.
Takeda's annual Sustainable Value Report showcases how the company is addressing the world's biggest challenges to sustainable development over the long-term. Data included are primarily non-financial, focusing on Takeda's diverse Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) commitments, as well as how CSR priorities are inextricably linked to the company's DNA. Takeda leverages such benchmarks as the international integrated reporting framework of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), United Nations Global Compact's advanced level assessment criteria, and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards to create a comprehensive report that incorporates high standards of transparency and disclosure, targeting a broad range of stakeholders. For more information, visit https://www.takeda.com/corporate-responsibility/Sustainable-Value-Report/.