المادة ٣٤: "لا يكون اجتماع المجلس قانونياً ما لم تحضره الأكثرية من الأعضاء الذين يؤلفونه"
المادة ٤٩ فقرة ٢: "ينتخب رئيس الجمهورية بالاقتراع السري بغالبية الثلثين من مجلس النواب في الدورة الأولى"
المادة ٤٩ فقرة ٢: "يكتفى بالغالبية المطلقة في دورات الاقتراع التي تلي"
هذا مع التذكير بالباب الخاص الذي خصّصه الدستور للحؤول دون الفراغ في الرئاسة، من ضمنه المادة 74: "إذا خلت سدّة الرئاسة بسبب وفاة الرئيس أو استقالته أو سبب آخر فلأجل انتخاب الخلف يجتمع المجلس فوراً بحكم القانون". وأيضاً المادة 75: " إن المجلس الملتئم لانتخاب رئيس الجمهورية يعتبر هيئة انتخابية لا هيئة اشتراعية ويترتب عليه الشروع حالاً في انتخاب رئيس الدولة دون مناقشة أو أي عمل آخر"
إن الشروط الأخرى المتذرّع بها للتعطيل عبر الامتناع عن حضور جلسات الانتخاب هي أيضاً غير موجودة في الدستور. أي دستور في العالم يجيز لنواب الأمة التهرب من أداء واجبهم على امتداد عامين؟ وهكذا وضوح حتّم على ممارسي التعطيل الدستوري ابتكار مفاهيم جديدة لتبرير سلبيتهم، فتكاثرت الحجج لتعطيل الرئاسة أبرزها: (أ) عدم دستورية مجلس النواب الحالي بسبب تمديده لنفسه، (ب) الدعوة الى انتخاب الرئيس مباشرة من الشعب، و(ج) التوافق على رئيس من خلال "الحوار"
هذا هو تشخصينا باختصار للأزمة الرئاسية. إن التعطيل مردّه أساساً الى انحرافات دستورية تتجاهل النصوص الواضحة. المهم هو إقناع الرأي العام اللبناني بالعودة الى الدستور الذي هو القانون الأساسي الذي يرعى خلافاتنا، والخلافات هي أصلاً من طبيعة أي نظام ديمقراطي.آلية انتخاب الرئيس محددة بوضوح في المواد المذكورة، وهي بسيطة وسليمة : تتوجه غالبية النواب الى البرلمان، و وهم لا يأتون أي عمل آخر قبل ملء الفراغ في رأس الدولة، فينتخبون بغالبية الثلثين رئيساً للجمهورية. وفي حال عدم نجاح المتنافسين في الدورة الأولى، يعاود النواب الكرة ولكن على أساس الغالبية العادية. من شأن كل قراءة أخرى أن تعطّل الرئاسة الديمقراطية القائمة على التنافس بنفقٍ يؤدي الى الـ ٩٩ بالمائة من الأصوات للرئيس، في دستور ممسوخ ليس إلا عنواناً آخر للدكتاتورية.
هذه الوثيقة من نتائج لقاء عقد في بيروت بتاريخ الثالث من آب المنصرم بين مجموعة من المواطنين والمواطنات للتفكير والعمل براية "لبنان الانسان". وهذا النص هو الأول في سلسلة مبادرات مواطنية للمشاركين وزملاء لهم. ومن بين أوّل الموقعين على هذه الوثيقة : جويل أبي راشد، أنطوان قربان، جينا ديوان، جبور دويهي، يوسف حيدر، ميشال حاجي جورجيو، سمير خلف، شبلي ملاط، سعود المولى، سليم مزنر، بلال أورفه لي، توفيق صافيه، سناء الصلح ، رونيه شاموسي، جهاد الزين، نايله كرامي-مجدلاني ، شريف مجدلاني، جميل مروه، خالد زياده، أسعد رزوق، نادين غارابديان.
Everyone agrees on the importance of filling the gaping void in the Presidency of the Republic. We hear confirmation of this evidence every single day in Lebanon, as well as internationally. Even those deputies who continue to refuse to go to Parliament to elect a president finally accept this truism as priority, and retain to justify their absence only one condition, however absurd: that their candidate, and only their candidate, be elected. Such precondition, to agree to only elect a person designated in advance, can obviously not be found in the Constitution.
The texts of the Lebanese Constitution in case of vacancy in the Presidency are unusually precise.
The President of the Republic is elected by secret ballot, by a TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY OF THE VOTES cast in the Chamber of Deputies in the first round.
After the first ballot, an ABSOLUTE MAJORITY shall be sufficient.
of the Head of State WITHOUT ANY DISCUSSION OR ANY OTHER MATTER.
None of the other conditions put forward to justify blocking the election can be found in the Constitution. What constitution in the world would allow its members of parliament to refrain from meeting for over two years?
Contra the clear text, constitutional deniers have been inventing new concepts to block the process. To prevent the election as mandated by the Constitution, they have advanced the following justifications: (a) the unconstitutionality of the current Parliament because it prolonged its own tenure; (b) a call for direct election of the President; c) a consensual choice over a president on the basis of the so-called 'Dialogue'.
(a) The unconstitutionality of the current Parliament is an argument to which we are sensitive, but the Constitutional Council has formally rejected it. It is now irrelevant, because the vacancy of the Presidency is the central problem. The issue of the election of President does not revolve over whether Parliament self-extended. Without Parliament, the Republic would simply cease to exist.
(b) The call for direct election of the president requires a fundamental constitutional revision, according to slow and complicated process which cannot be even started under the Constitution without a President. Any advocacy of constitutional revision is specious and dilatory, opening Pandora's box to all excesses, including a constitutional convention drawn as a sword of Damocles over the Republic and the request to elect the President by universal suffrage. There are rules for the amendment of the Constitution, they do not provide any other condition for the election of the President, let alone a supposedly 'founding Congress', or a presidential election directly by the people.
(c) As for the consensus over one person sought in the so-called 'Dialogue', it ignores the fact that the self-established forum called 'Dialogue' does not exist in the Lebanese Constitution, and for a good reason. Dialogue takes place naturally in Parliament, between the executive and legislative branches, and in the public agora every day. The creation of an institutional 'Dialogue' is just an additional way to undermine the central institutions of our Constitution, and its victim is Parliament and the President it is tasked to elect.
We have presented our diagnosis of the crisis in brief. Blocking the presidency is mainly due to evasive or nonsensical diversions that ignore clear texts. The key is to convince the Lebanese public to bring the deputies to apply the Constitution, the fundamental text which regulates our differences and disputes, and disputes are of the essence in a democratic system. The way to elect the head of state is clearly stated in the articles mentioned, and provide for a commonsensical process: MPs go to parliament, and once a majority, they elect the President in a ballot of two thirds of the votes. In case of failure of the first round, they proceed on the basis of a simple majority. And they do nothing else before filling the vacancy. Any other reading turns the presidency in a democratic system into a Kafkaesque tunnel of 99 percent of votes. Blocking the Constitution to create such a presidential misfit is the hallmark of a dictatorship. We are therefore re-kindling the public debate by insisting on a simple idea: The Constitution is conceived to facilitate the process, not to block it. The election of the Lebanese President does not pass through Iran or Saudi Arabia, the battle of Aleppo, or the American elections. All such excuses are futile and ill-conceived. The solution goes through a common sense reading by the citizen of our Constitution, and our determination to get the Lebanese deputies do the same.
We will advance in the coming weeks some practical ideas to solve the deadlock, but the key is to return to constitutional common sense. In this first declaration, we encourage the public, and our parliamentarians, to reread the Lebanese constitution, and to do their duty: elect without delay our Head of State.
This text is the result of a meeting in Beirut on August 3 of Humanist Lebanon, a group of citizens for reflection and action. It is the first of a series of citizen initiatives undertaken by the participants. The first signatories of this declaration are Joelle Abi-Rached, Antoine Courban, Gina Diwan, Jabbour Dwaihy Youssef Haidar, Michel Hajji Georgiou, Samir Khalaf, Chibli Mallat, Saoud Mawla, Selim Mouzannar Bilal Orfali, Toufic Safie, Sana Solh, René Chamussy Jihad Zein, Nayla Karami-Majdalani, Charif Majdalani, Jamil Mroue, Khaled Ziadeh, Assaad Razzouk, Nadine Garabedian, Yaqzan Taki.


A gorgeous finger-tip veil with timeless appeal. Beautifully handmade with two tiers of classic tulle and finished with satin ribbon edging.
More practical than a longer veil, but still makes an alluring bridal statement.


I am interested in a quantitative version of the principle that smoothness of a function on the real line is connected with decay of its Fourier transform. Namely, smoothness can be measured by the continuity modulus $\omega$: $$|f(x)-f(y)|\le \omega(|x-y|),$$ and for the decay of the Fourier transform of $f$ we consider estimates of the type $$|\hat f(x)|\le M(|x|).$$ Given $\omega$, for which the former estimate is fulfilled, what is $M$ in the latter estimate? And vice versa, given $M$, what is $\omega$?
I am interested in results where $\omega$ and $M$ are more or less arbitrary under the assumption that they are reasonably regular. I was not able to find an answer elsewhere.
Browse other questions tagged real-analysis reference-request fourier-transform or ask your own question.
How to express and prove a smoothness/decay rate relationship between tempered distributions and their Fourier transforms?


A measure of a stock's risk of volatility compared to the overall market. The market's beta coefficient is 1.00. Any stock with a beta higher than 1.00 is considered more volatile than the market, and therefore riskier to hold, whereas a stock with a beta lower than 1.00 is expected to rise or fall more slowly than the market.
In strict percentage terms, a stock with a beta of 0.75 is likely to rise or fall 0.75 per cent if the market rises or falls 1.00 per cent. Low-beta stocks are also called defensive stocks because investors like to hold them when the market is on a downtrend or is particularly volatile. High-beta stocks tend to be favoured when the market is rising steadily and investors are happy to take greater risks in order to maximise returns.
The beta data point appears on all of our equity tearsheets pages.
We use Beta 5Y from the Multex Ratios and Statistics table, which is provided to us by Reuters. The Market Guide Beta is the slope of the 60 month regression line of the percentage price change of the stock relative to the percentage price change of the S&P 500. Beta values are not calculated if less than 24 months of pricing is available.
Browse thousands of words and phrases selected by Financial Times editors.


text:
Q: how to say "something will be known or seen or understood"?
If we take into account the fact that he came here, then it will transpire that / it will become that / it will emerges that / it will come to know that / it will be realized that / it will turn out that.

Do the bold parts mean the same thing? and have I used that followed by them--verbs-- correctly?

A: One problem I noticed is with:

it will come to know that

"It"s are things and things don't go around knowing things all that often.  I wonder if you mean:

it will come to be known that

Which means everyone will eventually know whatever it is you're about to introduce.
Also,

it will emerges that

Should probably either be

it will emerge that

or

it emerges that

Not sure what you mean by them since you didn't use them.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Canberra, 5 December 2014
The status of Delhi Sultanate vis-à-vis the Caliphate in Baghdad and the relationship that existed between the two continues to be open to a number of interpretations. Some of these interpretations are provided by few well-known historians, but with superficial proof and therefore do not stand the test of investigation. In their explanations, the Sultanate is explained away as being part of the larger Caliphate, perhaps in an effort to create an aura of legitimacy to the plunder and pillage that preceded the Islamic conquest of North India that, in turn, led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. The assertion of the Delhi Sultanate being part of the Baghdad Caliphate is also based in long-held erroneous beliefs without any factual support. Convoluted explanations abound, attempting to provide legal and even historic basis for affirming that the Sultanate was part of the Caliphate. Some numismatic evidence has also been produced to establish that the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate enveloped the Sultanate and also the entire pre-Mughal Islamic period in the Indian sub-continent.
The attempts to place the Delhi Sultanate under the Caliphate should be considered concerted attempts to establish that there existed the earliest version of pan-Islamism in the medieval period and that it also included the Indian sub-continent of pre-Mughal times. This is fanciful thinking and far from the truth. The solution to the vexed issue, which is bound to raise heated debate, lies in examining three questions and finding answer that can be corroborated and authenticated. One, how far did the Delhi Sultans consider the Abbasid Caliph as the legal authority that permitted them to rule? Two, did any of the Sultans consider the Delhi Sultanate to be an integral part of the Caliphate? Three, why and how did the Turks break away from the Caliphate and start moving east, finally arriving in India?
The Caliphate Connection
Islamic jurists state that the establishment of a Caliphate is a canonical necessity. It provided the organisation needed for the smooth functioning of the society through building and cultivating a religious life that in turn produces a well-knit group. In the religious sense, the Caliphate was legally ruled by the Caliph and therefore allegiance to him was demanded by canonical law. On the other hand, Islamic states were organised into independent and sovereign groups, which were based on distinct political activity and therefore these groups were political in nature with the religious legality superimposed on them. The political function was also discharged through the Caliph, which made it imperative to acknowledge the authority of the elected Caliph.
Around 750 CE, the last Umayyad Caliph died. Abul Abbas 'Saffiah', supported by the Alids, Persians and some Arabs, got himself elected Caliph. He immediately destroyed the Umayyads completely, with pronounced ferocity. He also set aside his relationship with the Alids and Shiite groups, although he continued to be tolerant of them. Saffiah was succeed by Abu Jafar al-Mansur (754-75) who was a man of rare foresight. He set about enhancing the power and prestige of the Caliph, who till then adorned a pontifical throne. Mansur was responsible for creating the foundation of an organisation that was meant to establish the temporal power of the Caliph necessary to buttress the religious ascendancy of the position. He also ensured the permanence of his family and its power through creating a dynasty.
Like his predecessor, Abu Jafar was also ruthless in eliminating any potential challenger to the well-being of the dynasty. Towards the end of the Umayyad Caliphate Abu Jafar al-Mansur had, along with a number of other notable personalities, taken an oath of fealty to Muhammad, the great grandson of Hasan, the Prophet's descendant. At that time, Muhammad had been recognised as Caliph. However, on becoming the Caliph, Mansur went on to ill-treat and oppress the descendants of Ali which made the Alids hostile to him and his successors.
Abu Jafar was suspicious of Muhammad and his intentions, and unsuccessfully attempted to capture him and his brother Ibrahim. Open hostility between the two resulted. The regions of the Hajaz and Yemen, along with some important nobles, religious teachers and priests, acknowledged Muhammad as the Caliph. The result was a rebellion against Abu Jafar, who did not waste any time in brutally suppressing the uprising. Abu Jafar then went on to wreak vicious vengeance on the tribes of the followers of Hasan and Husain. He also humiliated the clergy who had ranged against him in support of Muhammad and completely laid waste the towns of Medina and Basra. There was open rift between the Sunnis and Shias in the heartland of Islam.
Abu Jafar's conflict with the Shiites made him initially dependent on the Persians and subsequently on the Turks to retain his power and control the Caliphate. The Arab elements who had been part of the broader support base till then gradually receded to the background. The majority of the Arabs were from rural backgrounds and they reverted to the old ways of tribalism, readily participating in rebellions and minor uprisings at will. By the time Caliph Mamun (813-33) ascended the throne, Turks had become the trusted bodyguards of the Caliph and during the time of Caliph Mutasim (833-42) they asserted complete control over the Caliphate. Turkish ascendancy was further entrenched because Mutasim was born of a Turkish mother and hated the Persians with a vengeance. The Turks were now powerful enough to function as the Praetorian Guard, capable of making and unmaking Caliphs at their whim and fancy.
Around the time of the Turk domination, a schism developed in the Shiite camp over the succession of the Imam, which in turn gave rise to Ismailism. This offshoot culminated in the founding the Fatimid Ismaili Caliphate in Cairo in 909 CE. The Fatimid Caliphate, dominated by Arabs, emerged as a direct challenge to the Abbasids, who continued to be a Turkish stronghold. There was interaction and conflict born of complex racial, religious and cultural influences.
The Turks of the Abbasid Caliphate became renowned as conquerors, administrators and military generals, emerging as unquestioned champions of orthodox Sunni Islam and the undisputed mainstay of the Baghdad Caliphate. Their recognised and distinguished association with the Abbasid Caliphate glorified the Turks and exalted their status. They claimed that the orthodox Sunni branch of Islam had flourished only because of their diligent protection. To further enhance their reputation they harked back to an old prophesy, passed down through generations and believed to have been given to Imam Abu Hanifa that stated, 'Thy doctrine shall not wane so long as the sword continues in the hands of the Turks.'
The connection to the divine through their close association with the Caliph and the prestige and power it entailed was the primary reason for the Turks to continue their association with the Abbasid Caliphate, even when they began to found independent kingdoms. This direct connection to the Caliphate provided them with a sense of legality in their conquests and establishment of new kingdoms. It was also meant to remind them, and others, of the time of their glory when they were the sole defenders of the Caliphate and the Caliph was dependent on them for survival. On a lesser scale it was also an acknowledgement and mark of the Caliph having been their suzerain and source of power. In return for this formal acceptance of a subordinate status, the Caliph also provided acknowledgement of their independence by gifting robes of honour on particularly gifted adventurers, the first one to be so felicitated being Mahmud of Ghazni.
New Turkmen conquerors, sought formal approval from the Caliph for their military adventures, which was given with alacrity. The Caliph knew fully well that his permission to conquer and rule new territories as independent kingdoms was a mere formality that could be done away with if the conqueror decided that the Caliph was hesitant or reluctant in bestowing his blessings. As time passed, the Caliph was bereft of temporal power and recognised purely as the symbol of Sunni orthodoxy.
The Caliphate – Sultanate Interaction
Amongst the Delhi Sultans, Iltutmish was the first to receive a robe of honour from the Caliph in Baghdad. This act connected the Caliphate to the fledgling Sultanate, providing Iltutmish with formal recognition of his sovereignty that was necessary to entrench his rule in the newly conquered territory. The connection was emphasised by Iltutmish by adopting the title 'Nasir Amir-ul-Muminin'. The title literally meant that Iltutmish was claiming to be the 'helper' of Amir-ul-Muminin – the Abbasid Caliph. However, the formal assumption of a subservient role did not mean that Iltutmish was in any way guided by the Caliph in ruling his kingdom. It was only a proclamation to the Islamic world of his historic connection to the Caliphate and nothing more. He was only keeping a long tradition alive.
The Sultans that followed Iltutmish, if at all they proclaimed their association with the Caliphate, did it more as an act of perpetuating a memory of greatness rather than as even a formal recognition of the authority of the Caliph, resident in a faraway place, beyond the borders of the Sultanate. The Baghdad Caliphate was destroyed by the Mongol chief Hulagu in 1258. Retaliatory action was not even contemplated by the Sultan in Delhi to support the Caliphate, a clear indication of the real situation. In fact, just two years later, the emissaries of Hulagu were welcomed in Delhi with great pomp and ceremony. It is clear that no sentiment was attached to the tenuous connection that existed between Baghdad and Delhi. Essentially, in the politics of the Sultanate, the Baghdad Caliphate held no meaning.
The use of the term 'Nasir' in the Sultanate coins has been pointed out as indicating a deep connection with Caliphate. This assumption is a leap of faith and cannot be corroborated. The use of the term was purely a matter of traditional boasting with no real significance, only meant to remind the people of the glorious past of the Turks. It is significant that none other than the famous Amir Khusrau has referred to Ala ud-Din as the Caliph of the age, which provides a clear indication of the independent status of the Sultanate. Further, Mubarak Shah Khilji proclaimed himself 'Caliph' and did not receive any condemnation from any quarter or retribution from the Caliph in Baghdad. It is clear that Islam in the Indian sub-continent had no apparent connection to the Caliphate. It can be correctly concluded that the Delhi Sultanate was never a part of the Caliphate, irrespective of the attempts being made by some historians to prove it so. It was also not part of a pan-Islamic movement that created a connected, grand Muslim state.
The Delhi Sultanate was simply a kingdom carved out by Turkmen generals, adept in the art of war but slightly inept in the administration of the conquered territories. They initially harked back to the connection of their forefathers to the Baghdad Caliphate to establish the legitimacy of their rule over their newfound kingdom. Attempts by later-day, modern historians to prove otherwise, is merely a biased and intentional attempt to 'create' history, where none existed. The simple fact remains that the connection to the Abbasid Caliphate was added to the titles of the sultans to commemorate the glorious past of the Turks, which in turn was expected to provide an added aura to the person of the Sultan.
© [Sanu Kainikara] [2017]
Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Caliphate, Delhi Sultanate, Hulagu, Iltutmish, Mahmud Ghazni.
Indian History Part 61 The Dance of the Religions Section I: The Assiduous Power of Hinduism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Submitted by Ute Kaden on 14 January 2007.
How did you become interested in sea ice?
As generally with many workers in Polar Science (at least the older generation), my involvement with sea ice was a "life accident"!
In short, in the late 1960s, I was drafted into the US Army and, because of my degree in science, I was assigned to the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, rather than being sent to VietNam. There I was a junior scientist working with Dr. K. Itagaki, an ice physicist in the Snow and Ice Branch (SIB). After my two year service in the military, I took a civilian research scientist position in the same group. Dr. Willy Weeks, also in the SIB, one of the giants in sea ice research, invited me to join an Arctic expedition to study sea ice in my first year as a civilian scientist. Under Willy's mentorship, I then developed my own research interests in sea ice science and expanded CRREL's efforts to the Antarctic sea ice zone, which has been my primary area of study for the last thirty years.
Can you tell us about The International Polar Year and outreach with our physics teacher Mrs. Kaden?
Part of our effort in International Polar Year will be to see if we can take the Polar Sciences out of this somewhat "medieval" apprenticeship approach to polar education and offer young people some "clear paths" to careers in polar science through university courses and student research experiences. Having teachers like your teacher, Mrs. Ute Kaden, participate in our field research efforts to expose future scientists to the challenges and opportunities of polar education and research at early ages is an important contribution to that effort, so, keep up the good work!
What are the benefits and concerns surrounding sea ice?
The big issue of concern of the day of course is global warming and its impact on the sea ice cover. The area of ocean covered by sea ice, while large, is still only 10% of the ocean surface.
Polar regions as "Air conditioner" and Global Warming However, the Polar Regions act as the earth's "air conditioner" and the ice covers with their high reflectivity (or albedo) of sunlight represent an important cooling element. Without the ice cover, we have what is called the "ice albedo-feedback effect", so that solar radiation, instead of being reflected to space is absorbed at the ocean surface. The feedback is a further increase in the warming, radically, so the predictions of global warming are most felt in the Polar Regions, but also worldwide in disproportion to the area covered presently by sea ice.
Polar Regions are important ecosystems of our Earth Of equal weight in my mind, is the generally less-known appreciation of sea ice as habitat for an important ecosystem. So a benefit is that we have a highly-evolved, adapted ecosystem that gives us the enjoyment as humans of the "charismatic megafauna" of the polar regions, the polar bears, seals, whales of the north polar region and the penguins, seals, whales of the south polar region. I think it is important to realize also, that these animals have a whole unique food chain supporting them.
Global Warming and animals While global warming may cause humans to have to adapt, that there is no place or food chain for these animals if the sea ice habitat is destroyed or even significantly modified by global warming. They will, unquestionably in my opinion, become extinct species, so perhaps future generations will call them the "dinosaurs" of the 21st century and study their fossils instead of the living animals.
What is the ice's effect on the climate around the area, or the circumpolar water current around the Antarctic continent?
Antarctic Circumpolar Current The Antarctic Circumpolar Current has more indirect interactions with the ice cover, since the primary forcing dates back to the opening of the Drake Passage by plate tectonics, allowing a complete circumpolar ocean circuit to be established around Antarctica. So the basic circulation was established before the ice covered the Antarctic continent and it was surrounded by sea ice. The structure of the current is thus more dependent on the geography and the winds, while the compositions of the water masses have more relationship to the ice cover. The high latitude ocean circulation features such as the Gyres that circuit the Weddell Sea and Ross Sea are however, more directly connected to the existence of the sea ice covers both in their circulation and water mass properties.
What can sea ice tell us?
In some ways, ice cover can be considered like a rock or a mineral. By analyzing its composition, both structural and chemical, information on its initial growth, its deformational history, and thermal history ("metamorphic changes") can be deduced. From these features, we can then determine if the ice cover could have achieved those changes at its present location or required some particular path from its origin to the present location. From ice structure for example, we can tell whether the ice formed at the ice edge when waves were around or in an area where the ice growth was quieter, like we see in a lake with no waves.
Has the ever-increasing ozone hole affected the amount of sea ice that has formed over time?
Some recent work has suggested that the regional changes in the sea ice cover, specifically the reduction in the ice cover in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula has been in response to a large-scale atmospheric shift called the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM), which is an index number atmospheric scientists calculate that gives some idea of the strength of the westerly winds at the latitudes of the northern edge of the sea ice zone.
Ozone Hole and sea ice cover There has been some very interesting work recently that shows that the SAM has responded to the increased size of the ozone hole. So, surprisingly to me, there has been some suggestion that the ozone hole and the regional change in sea ice cover are related. I say, surprisingly to me, because the Ozone hole is in the high regions of the atmosphere, the stratosphere, while sea ice is responding to surface winds, so the connection was not obvious to me. But other people are smarter than I am, so I shouldn't be that surprisedJ.
What contributions to the scientific community have your studies on sea ice made?
Rather than specific findings (but I think I have a few), my contribution that I am proudest of is my involvement in building a community of polar scientists working on sea ice. When I started working on Antarctic sea ice, I took the first cores of sea ice in the Weddell Sea since Wordie on Shackleton's Endurance expedition in 1915-16.
This last year, in contrast, we held a workshop on Antarctic sea ice thickness and had sixty people attend it, just on the problem of the ice thickness. We've had many cruises to the sea ice zone specifically to look at the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction and now two drift stations for scientific research on Antarctic sea ice. I remember talking to Charlie Bentley, a famous Antarctic continent geophysicist that the field has advanced, not only through his own plentiful work, but through his graduate students, who have expanded many fold his studies of Antarctica. In some smaller way, I've felt gratified to have a similar experience through students and colleagues and that it is continuing now through my new involvement at UTSA with Hongjie Xie and Burcu Cicek.
What has been the most dangerous situation you have encountered in Antarctica?
I guess I've had my share of dangerous situations which, fortunately, have not had a "poor result". I generally am very risk averse but situations arise, not necessarily of your own doing. In an early trip on a Coast Guard vessel, I went out on a helicopter ride with one of the officers who was doing some "PR" photography of the region, the ship and the helicopters. We came across a large iceberg, several km long and the photographer said he wanted to get some pictures of the helicopter landing and taking off from the iceberg. I said over the radio that he should be careful as the iceberg might have crevasses on it which you can't see if they are covered over with snow. Well, as the helicopter landed, he jumped out and started running over the surface. So I got out and, carefully walking in his footsteps, caught up with him and told him, again, about the danger. He nodded, and took his pictures as the helicopter was flying over us. The helicopter landed a short distance from where they let us off, so we started walking toward it. Well, fwump, and I'm hanging by my elbows as the snow collapsed under me. I crawled out, looked down into the crevasse and couldn't see the bottom. Knowing what the surface now looked like over it, I could see that it ran as far as the eye could see. My erstwhile companion, somewhat whiter than before, was looking at me on the other side and I told him to jump over it which he did. Needless to say, it was a very quiet ride back to the ship and we didn't land on anymore icebergs.
There are lots of funny incidents, most dealing with "you had to be there to see the humor" quality. One of these occurred when we were setting up the drifting ice station, Ice Station Weddell. We went down by ship and were constructing buildings to drift on the pack ice which we occupied for over five months. So we were dressed in full extreme weather gear, hats, boots, coats etc and were also carrying two-way radios. I had to "use the facilities" and we had outhouses for this purpose. I had the radio in my outside pocket and sure enough, it fell into the wrong spot. So I had to walk over to the camp manager's place seeking a flashlight and assistance to retrieve it and had to tell the tale. They thought it was very funny. I probably should have left it there and not told anybody, it never seemed to work right after that, or so they told me.
Thank you Professor STEPHEN ACKLEY for answering our questions. The seaice coverage from the Oden cruise was very interesting and some us are thinking of applying to UT San Antonio to study in the field of Earth science.
Ackley Point was named in Antarctica to honor Professor Ackley for his outstanding sea ice work in Antarctica by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Ackley Point is an ice covered spot located near McMurdo Sound where Prof. Dr. Ackley *worked and conducted research for more than 25 years.


text:
Q: Parse JSON object from a POST request body in Django/python based server I am using the following function to send JSON formatted data to my Django based server which stores the user keys generated for users in a database. When I try to access the request.body on the server side using python on Django, it gets printed as a string [object Object]. How do I handle this part of parsing the json from the request.body on server side.
    function completeKeygen(data)
    {
        var key_data = {
            'user_id':user_id,
            'keys':data
        }
        delete data['action'];
        console.log("Sending UBE Keys to User");
        console.log(key_data);
    var oReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
    oReq.open("POST",CLOUD_SERVER+'add_ube_keys',true);
    oReq.responseType = "json";
    oReq.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/json");
    oReq.onload = function(oEvent){
        console.log(oReq.response.success);
    };
    oReq.send(key_data);
}

For reference the server side code:
@csrf_exempt
def add_ube_keys(request):
    data = request.POST
    print data.get('user_id')
    return_data = {
        'success':True
    }
    rdata = json.dumps(return_data)
    return HttpResponse(rdata, content_type='application/json')

Unlike the possibly duplicate question, I am getting the Querydict object on print request.POST returns <QueryDict: {}>. Why is it empty ?

A: I still don't know what is wrong with my approach in the question mentioned above but I solved this in three steps:

*

*I added JSON.stringify(key_data) in the javascript before sending the XMLHttpRequest.

*Changed application/json to application/x-www-form-urlencoded.

*Now the python side treats the data as a normal string, so I used json.loads(request.body) to extract the json object from the stringified data.
The above two steps have been taken from the previously posted question:
How to receive POST data in python when using XMLHttpRequest()

A: request.POST only includes form data now. You'll have to parse out the JSON from request.body.
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/request-response/#django.http.HttpRequest.POST


If you follow folk music in Fresno, then the Bluestein name needs no introduction.
The Bluesteins are Fresno's first family of folk. Patriarch Gene Bluestein was a folk musician and professor who had his children playing music from a young age. Many years later, they're still at it.
Case in point: Jem Bluestein -- 51 and third of the four Bluestein kids -- has just released a new CD and is leaving next week for a two-month European tour. He'll perform 43 shows in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Luxembourg.


text:
I Prevail's Brian Burkheiser Pays Off His Dad's Mortgage as Christmas Gift
Instagram: brian.burkheiser
Christmas is the season of giving and I Prevail singer Brian Burkheiser really upped the ante, paying off the mortgage on his dad's house as a thank you for everything he's done as a loving parent.
The touching moment was captured on video and shared on the co-frontman's Instagram page, where he rejoiced in finally reaching the finish line of his ambitious goal. In the clip, his father reads a card while sitting on the couch, while his son holds up a sign that reads "DEBT FREE / It's paid off," which he sees once he's done reading the card.
In disbelief, Burkheiser's father slumps into the couch. "Your mortgage is paid off, my man. It's paid off," the singer said in the moment. "We're getting you out of that job and you're gonna be able to spend all sorts of time with mom and us. You're not gonna have to drive two-and-a-half hours to work anymore. So, 50 grand is going toward your mortgage to pay it off and starting the next chapter of everything."
"Tonight, I did something that I've been dreaming of for years. I was able to pay off my pops mortgage and get him one step closer to retirement," wrote Burkheiser on Instagram.
"Dad, I love you more than words can express," the post continued. "You and mom have worked your asses off to give our family the world and supported me through all the highs and lows. At my lowest point when I was ready to leave I Prevail you pushed me to not let go of my dream and fight through the trauma. The least I can do now is try to pay you back for everything you've given me over this life. This will be a day I never forget."
Members of Breaking Benjamin, Beartooth, Wage War, Fozzy, Machine Head, Pierce the Veil, We Came as Romans and As It Is all commented in celebration of the singer's generous gift.
Watch the clip below and see the sign Burkheiser held up in the next slide. There's a bonus picture further down the page too — the family Christmas photo with three cats and two dogs.
I Prevail's second album, Trauma was released earlier this year and can be purchased here. Catch the band on the road in 2020 with Five Finger Death Punch, Papa Roach and Ice Nine Kills at these dates.
See I Prevail in the 66 Best Metal Songs of 2019
Filed Under: Brian Burkheiser, I Prevail


text:
AP Source: MLB labor Talks to Resume After 42-Day Break
Jan/11/2022
NEW YORK (AP) — Major League Baseball and the players' association are scheduled to meet Thursday, ending a 42-day break in negotiations that began when management started a lockout in the sport's first work stoppage since 1995.
With the scheduled start of spring training five weeks away, management was planning to make a new proposal to players, several people familiar with the negotiations told The Associated Press on Tuesday. The people spoke on condition of anonymity because no announcement was made.
The sides last met Dec. 1 in Irving, Texas, a brief session that broke off hours before the collective bargaining agreement expired. Since then, negotiations have been limited to peripheral issues. The meeting Thursday is scheduled to be conducted by video conference.
MLB payrolls dropped 4% in 2021 compared to the league's last full season in 2019, and the $4.05 billion total was the lowest in a fully completed year since 2015.
Players have asked for liberalized eligibility for free agency and salary arbitration, a raise in the luxury tax threshold from $210 million to $245 million, changes to spark increased competition among clubs and measures to address what the union claims is service time manipulation.
Management has offered to increase the tax threshold to $214 million, to extend the designated hitter to the National League and the elimination of compensation for free agents for the first time.
Both sides would increase the minimum salary, players from $570,500 to $775,000 this season and management to a series of tiers: $600,000 for players with less than a year of big league service, $650,000 for at least one but less than two and $700,000 for at least two.
Negotiators also have discussed an NBA-style draft lottery, but management would limit it to the top three teams and the union would expand it to the top eight. Players would reward small-market teams with additional draft picks for success, such as making the playoffs or finishing with a winning record.
Baseball's ninth work stoppage began Dec. 2, its ninth since 1972 but first since a 7 1/2-month strike in 1994-95.
Spring training is scheduled to start Feb. 16 in Florida and Arizona, and opening day is set for March 31.
With the need for at least three weeks of spring training and time for players to arrive and go through COVID protocols, an agreement by about March 5 is needed for an on-time start to the season.
$1.2 Billion Bet in December With New Jersey Sportsbooks: Revenues Way Down Though
A whopping $1.2 billion was wagered on sports in New Jersey during the month of December. The books won $59.0 million in the month.
How do you Become a Licensed Bookie?
Now that each state in the United States sets the rules on the legality of bookmaking, it is becoming legal in more and more states, and will probably be legal in every state in the next 5 to 10 years. Since each state has their own specific rules and laws on gambling and being a licensed bookie, the first thing to do is see what the current rules are in your state.
Pro Sports Bettors Debate Angle Shooting Ethics in the Wake of Draymond Green Props Controversy
In the wake of the Draymond Green props bet controversy that had DraftKings bowing to public pressure to pay winners, pro gamblers Jack Andrews and Rufus Peabody examined the limits to one's advantage as a sports bettor AND as a bookmaker.


Spring is in the air so enter our Spring Sweepstakes for a chance to win a spring-tastic prize pack of pixie goodies!
Ten (10) GRAND PRIZE Packages include one (1) 4.5" Fawn with Baby Bird doll, one (1) 4.5" Tink doll, one (1) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Blu-Ray/DVD Combo, and one (1) One-Month Pixie Hollow Game Card.
You have to register at Disney.com to enter the Sweepstakes.


text:
RFIC 2021 Student Paper Showcase
Rosemary Coates
Ms. Coates is the President of Blue Silk Consulting. She is a seasoned executive with an MBA, 25 years' experience in Supply Chain Management, Operations Management, Project Management and Systems Consulting. Prior to BSC, she was a Senior Director at SAP, the Supply Chain Practice Leader at KPMG Peat Marwick and at Answerthink, and a Regional Manager at Hewlett-Packard. Ms. Coates has consulted with global and domestic clients, VCs and PE firms on operations systems and processes. She has considerable international experience and has worked for extended periods in Asia and Europe. Her experience spans a broad range of industries including High Technology, Software, Chemicals, Health Care, Consumer Products, Industrial Products, Food Distribution, Transportation, Publishing, Retail, Oil and Gas. She has extensive knowledge and experience in manufacturing and outsourcing in Asia, Europe and the US. She has authored an Amazon.com Best Seller book: 42 Rules for Sourcing and Manufacturing in China, 42 Rules for Superior Field Service and the Reshoring Guidebook.
Ms. Coates in a member of the Board of Directors at the University of San Diego Supply Chain Management Institute. She earned a BS in Business at Arizona State University and an MBA at the University of San Diego. She resides in Silicon Valley.
All You Wanted to Know About Chinese Manufacturing But Were Afraid to Ask


text:
Home » Destinations » A berry good time in Southern California, Temecula edition
A berry good time in Southern California, Temecula edition
By Christopher Elliott	Chief Advocacy Officer March 17, 2018 Updated on: February 15, 2020
Temecula may be one of California's best-known wine regions, but I'll always remember it for something else: the fresh fruit we harvested on a recent visit to this out-of-the-way Southern California destination.
That's right, we saw the horde of tourists go one way, and we went in the other direction.
Elliott Advocacy is underwritten by Insuremyrentalcar.com. An independent provider of low cost CDW/LDW insurance for use with rental cars. Up to $100,000 cover with no deductible. Policies available on a per day, per trip or per year basis. Also works with overseas rentals. Try Insuremyrentalcar.com now.
Being a contrarian in Temecula
There's a trick to being an effective contrarian, especially in a place like Temecula. While everyone else is sampling wine, you're hiking. While the tourists are polishing off the second bottle of Chardonnay at dinner, you're already tucked in bed at your vacation rental, listening to the coyotes howling in the darkness. And while the other visitors are sleeping off their hangover, you're watching the hot air balloons rise majestically in the valley below.
Blueberry picking in Temecula
Since this area is known for its agriculture — specifically, its grapes — we stayed close to Temecula's roots. We had to stop at the Temecula Berry Company to try some of its early season blueberries. It's a 10-acre, family-owned farm planted with several varieties, including Jewel, Emerald, and Southmoon blueberries.
How do you tell the berries apart? I have no idea, even after they explained it. They say Jewel blueberries are exceptionally tart, while Emeralds are sweeter and Southmoons have a more robust flavor. I'm no blueberry connoisseur, but they all tasted the same to me: delicious.
An exercise in patience
Blueberry harvesting is an exercise in patience. You have to find a row of blueberry bushes on the far end of the farm and hunt for the ripe berries. When you do, each one must be hand-picked. There's a thin film of dust on each ripe berry, also called bloom, a waxy material the plant produces to protect itself from sunlight and to retain moisture. A ripe berry has bloom and falls off the vine with practically no effort.
After half an hour of patient picking, one by one, my 10-year-old daughter announced she was done and that she wanted to visit the petting zoo, where she could feed the baby goats.
"Don't you want to fill the rest of the bucket with blueberries?" I asked her.
"No," she replied. "You do it."
Blueberry pancakes!
I did, and since I had all the quarters for goat feed, she stayed and cheered me on — "No, dad, not that one!" Our reward came later in the day when my 12-year-old made blueberry pancakes back at our vacation rental. Ah, the benefits of traveling with kids!
For more instant gratification, you have to pick strawberries. The place to do that is Kenny's Strawberry Farm in nearby Rainbow, Calif.
Picking strawberries is pretty much instant gratification, compared with blueberries. We arrived on a cool, cloudy morning and scattered into the field.
"Pick the red ones"
"Pick the red ones," an employee advised, pushing green containers into my kids' hands. OK, we knew that — red means ripe — but aren't there shades of red? How red does it need to be?
Fortunately, we'd come at the perfect time. "The strawberries have just turned ripe," owner Kenny Fietz confided.
We wandered the rows of strawberries and were met with a barrage of red, redder and reddest. (Pro tip: Go for the medium reds; the dark reds are probably overripe.) Our boxes were full within about five minutes.
"Dad," my 14-year-old son, Aren, exclaimed. "These are the best strawberries ever." He couldn't help himself and had eaten one. In the interests of journalism, I tried one, too.
I've picked strawberries all over the world, and these were quite possibly the best I've ever had — a magical blend of sweet and tart. We happily paid $15 for almost four pounds of strawberries. I didn't think we would finish them, but they were gone within 24 hours.
We learned a lot about how to pick and keep strawberries. Don't wash them in water until you're ready to enjoy them. And always refrigerate them. I made the mistake of leaving one or two strawberries on on the counter overnight, and they didn't last.
Temecula's food scene
All of this is a roundabout way of saying Temecula takes its food seriously, and that extends to its restaurants. When we weren't parked at the public library, where two of our kids were scrambling to finish the last of their schoolwork, we strolled through Temecula's downtown area on Front Street, a collection of antique stores, museums, and gift shops.
But just off the beaten path, we also discovered a terrific food scene on 5th Street, including authentic Cuban fare at Havana Kitchen, the incredible Italian fusion at Palumbo's Ristorante (try their jalapeño cream sauce) and the artisanal deli sandwiches created at the Goat & Vine.
If you have only one meal to eat in Temecula, make it dessert at Palumbo's. Ask for one of their fresh baked cookies with ice cream. You'll thank me. It's totally worth the detour.
When you think of Temecula, you might think of the wine or expensive Southern California real estate, but for us, we'll always think of the fresh fruit and innovative restaurants. Visit in late May or early June, before the other tourists arrive, and bring your appetite.
You'll need it.
If you go …
When you're done picking berries, check out the Temecula Children's Museum, also known as Professor Pennypickles' Workshop. The old mansion is filled with interactive exhibits that help kids discover science through play. For a little history on Temecula, visit the nearby Temecula Valley Museum, which walks you through the fascinating history of the region.
We found a terrific rental through HomeAway overlooking the Temecula Valley, a guest house attached to one of the large mansions. But there are any number of excellent lodging options in town, from bed and breakfasts to chain hotels.
The downtown Temecula area is filled with restaurants, each one better than the one before. After our trip to Palumbo's for dessert, we spent a lot of time downtown (the Starbucks on the far end has the strongest Wi-Fi signal, better than the Temecula Public Library). For great burgers, we also discovered Burger Lounge, a Southern California chain that serves only burgers made from grass-fed beef. Their salads are really good, too.
About the Author Christopher Elliott is the founder of Elliott Advocacy, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that empowers consumers to solve their problems and helps those who can't. He's the author of numerous books on consumer advocacy and writes weekly columns for King Features Syndicate, USA Today, Forbes and the Washington Post. He also publishes Elliott Confidential, a critically acclaimed newsletter about customer service. If you have a consumer problem you can't solve, contact him directly through his advocacy website. You can also follow him on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn, or sign up for his daily newsletter. Read more of Christopher's articles here.
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text:
{-# LANGUAGE KindSignatures, DataKinds, TemplateHaskell, TypeFamilies
  , UndecidableInstances, TypeOperators, PolyKinds, QuasiQuotes, RankNTypes
  , FlexibleContexts, GADTs #-}
module Units
  -- * Types
  ( (:@)(), One, Unit, U

  -- ** Type functions for combining units
  , (*)(), (/)(), (^)(), (^^)()

  -- * Type-safe calculations with units
  , addU, subU, mulU, divU, sqrtU
  , lit, unTag

  -- * Type-unsafe functions
  , coerceUnit
  ) where

import Prelude hiding (Int)

import Units.Internal.Types

import GHC.TypeLits (Symbol, CmpSymbol)
import qualified GHC.TypeLits as GHC (Nat)

-- Merging by adding. Units are pre-sorted, so this preserves invariants

type family Merge (xs :: [Assoc]) (ys :: [Assoc]) :: [Assoc] where
  Merge xs '[] = xs
  Merge '[] ys = ys
  Merge ((x :^ e) ': xs) ((y :^ f) ': ys) = Merge' (CmpSymbol x y) (x :^ e) (y :^ f) xs ys

type family Merge' (o :: Ordering) (x :: Assoc) (y :: Assoc) (xs :: [Assoc]) (ys :: [Assoc]) :: [Assoc] where
  Merge' LT x y xs ys = x ': Merge xs (y ': ys)
  Merge' GT x y xs ys = y ': Merge (x ': xs) ys
  Merge' EQ (x :^ e) (y :^ f) xs ys = DelZ x (e+f) (Merge xs ys)

type family DelZ (x :: Symbol) (e :: Int) (xs :: [Assoc]) :: [Assoc] where
  DelZ x (Norm 0) xs = xs
  DelZ x e        xs = (x :^ e) ': xs

-- Common operators: Multiplication, Exponentiation, Division

type instance EL xs * EL ys = EL (Merge xs ys)

type family MapMul (f :: Int) (u :: [Assoc]) :: [Assoc] where
  MapMul f '[]              = '[]
  MapMul f ((x :^ e) ': xs) = (x :^ (f*e)) ': MapMul f xs

-- | Exponentiate a unit to a Units.Int you have lying around.

type family (u :: Unit) ^^ (i :: Int) :: Unit
type instance (EL xs) ^^ i = EL (MapMul i xs)
infixr 8 ^^

-- | Exponentiate a unit to a natural exponent. This only works with exponents
--   from 0 to 9, due to limitations in GHC's Nat kind.
--
--   > a ^ 0 ~ One
--   > a ^ 1 ~ a

type family (u :: Unit) ^ (n :: GHC.Nat) :: Unit
type instance u ^ n = u ^^ Norm n
infixr 8 ^

type family Recip (u :: Unit) :: Unit
type instance Recip xs = xs ^^ Neg 0

type instance xs / ys = xs * Recip ys

-- | The dimensionless unit. This is the multiplicative identity of units.

type One = EL '[]

{-
Where to stick this documentation?

-- | Multiply two units. This has commutative, associative and has 'One' as
--   the identity:
--
--   > a * b ~ b * a
--   > (a * b) * c ~ a * (b * c)
--   > One * a ~ a
--   > a * One ~ a

-- | Divide two units. This is equal to multiplying with the reciprocal of
--   the right unit.
-}

-- Type-safe unit calculations

-- | Add two numbers with units. The units have to align for this to work.

addU :: Num a => a :@ u -> a :@ u -> a :@ u
addU (U a) (U b) = U (a+b)

-- | Subtract two numbers with units. As with addition, the units have to
--   be identical.

subU :: Num a => a :@ u -> a :@ u -> a :@ u
subU (U a) (U b) = U (a-b)

-- | Multiply two numbers with units, multiplying their units in the process.

mulU :: Num a => a :@ u -> a :@ v -> a :@ u*v
mulU (U a) (U b) = U (a*b)

-- | Divide two fractionals with units, dividing their units in the process.

divU :: Fractional a => a :@ u -> a :@ v -> a :@ u/v
divU (U a) (U b) = U (a/b)

-- | Take the square root of a squared unit
sqrtU :: Floating a => a :@ u^2 -> a :@ u
sqrtU (U a) = U (sqrt a)

-- | Project any value into a dimensionless quantity

lit :: a -> a :@ One
lit = U

-- | Untag a dimensionless quantity

unTag :: a :@ One -> a
unTag (U a) = a

-- Type-unsafe unit calculations

-- | Coerce the units while leaving the value unchanged

coerceUnit :: a:@u -> a:@v
coerceUnit (U a) = U a

-- | Base unit for a named type

type U s = EL '[ s :^ Norm 1 ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Lake Erie Crushers
Lorain County Ironmen
Things to do in Cleveland
Free Email Signup
Donate to Clothe-A-Child
Who will take home Oscar? Make your picks and you could win
'Vista' deal settles Avon's split with Jacobs
CRAIG RIMLINGER
Under the settlement agreement, the Jacobs Group will pay $150,000 of the disputed amount and the city will pay the remaining $38,352.71 to the Lorain County Auditor. As proposed by the Jacobs Group, the "Vista" project includes designs for a residential area, shopping, hotels and a corporate park constructed around a new I-90 interchange at Nagel Road. Besides the sewer settlement, another indication that the Vista project may be starting to move was action by City Council last night on a traffic study commissioned by Jacobs. The study of I-90 traffic concluded that interchanges at SR 83 and Crocker Road would not meet the traffic demand of Avon by 2002, if the city's rate of growth continues. The study, conducted by Akron-based URS Greiner Woodward Clyde, was referred to the Planning Commission last night. Council approved the sewer settlement agreement at last night's work session by a 6-1 vote, with Ward 4 Councilman Jack Kilroy the lone dissenter. "I don't think we should roll over to the Jacobs group. I think they should pay their fair share of the sewer assessment and I don't think the settlement came close enough to doing that," he said, citing traffic and safety concerns in his ward. Another part of the settlement has the city and the Jacobs Group working together in providing sewer capacities and other land use issues. Problems arose for the Jacobs group in 1999 when it bought 222 acres of land at Nagel Road from the Norfolk Southern Railroad, with an option for an additional 225 acres. In purchasing the land from Norfolk Southern, Jacobs replaced the railroad company as the plaintiff in a lawsuit Norfolk Southern had filed against the city of Avon, Lorain County Auditor Mark Stewart and Lorain County Treasurer Daniel Talarek in March 1996, claiming the sewer assessments on the wooded area were too high. Other problems involve Avon's zoning code. City zoning regulations have the Jacobs land set aside for manufacturing and homes, leading Jacobs to suggest the creation of a "Planned Unit Development" zoning code that would encompass all of Vista's proposed construction. Before any ground is broken on the project, the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency must receive permission from the city to conduct its own traffic study, which to date has not been completed.
Rep. Jason Crow: The President deserves a fair trial
Verso Receives All Necessary Regulatory Approvals to Complete the Pixelle Transaction
One-on-one with Andrew Yang
Elyria evaluating Midway Mall plans
Avon Planning Commission approves new restaurants
Lorain Police: Man robs Long John Silvers at gunpoint
Elyria welcomes Expresso Bakery and Dawg House Bar & Grill
Amherst man dies from muzzleloader accident
Jax closing as owners look forward to retirement
Fire ignites in Lorain business
Lorain mayor seeking water, sewer rate freeze
Four Elyria men arrested for armed robbery
42 troopers, three Lorain County residents graduate from Ohio State Highway Patrol
News-Herald


Served with home made fresh chips or boiled potatoes, and chip shop mushy peas.
Dishes are cooked fresh to order. We kindly ask for your patience at busy times.
Please let your server know of any food intolerances you may have or ask for allergen sheet.
If you wish to dine outside please order & pay for your meal at the bar.


text:
Q: WPF - Conditional binding in ItemsControl I'm very new to WPF, and am just getting started with data binding.  What I'd like to do is generate a list of checkboxes based on a list in my view model.  The XAML I have at the moment is:
<ItemsControl ItemsSource="{Binding Path=TestList, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}">
    <ItemsControl.ItemsPanel>
        <ItemsPanelTemplate>
            <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" />
        </ItemsPanelTemplate>
    </ItemsControl.ItemsPanel>
    <ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
        <DataTemplate>
            <CheckBox Content="{Binding Path=Name}" IsChecked="{Binding Path=Enabled, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" Margin="10,5,10,5" />
        </DataTemplate>
    </ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
</ItemsControl>

This works correctly, and generates a checkbox for every item in TestList.  What I'd like to do is only generate checkboxes for items where the condition TestList[i].Type == "Mode" is true.  I believe that I may need to use a <DataTrigger> element, but I don't know the details of how to do this.
[EDIT] Just to clarify, each element of TestList has Name, Enabled, and Type properties.

A: There are several ways to do this. However, the simplest static approach would be to just filter it at your ViewModel
Filtered = new ObservableCollection(TestList.Where(x => x.Type == "Mode"));

...

<ItemsControl ItemsSource="{Binding Path=Filtered , UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}">

Note : There are fancier more dynamic ways to achieve this, though this might help you out

A: As I guess that you want to make the checkbox appear if TestList.Type changes, I would suggest make a Converter and Bind it to the CheckBox Visibility.
public sealed class CheckBoxVisibilityConverter : IValueConverter
{
    public object Convert(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
    {
        if (value == null || parameter == null)
            return Visibility.Visible;

        var type = (string)value;
        var condition  = (string)parameter;
        return type.Equals(condition) ? Visibility.Visible : Visibility.Collapsed;
    }

    public object ConvertBack(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
    {
        return value;
    }
}

And then in the dictionary add the reference to your namespace
xmlns:converters="clr-namespace:Projct.Converters;

and in the resources dictionary
 <converters:CheckBoxVisibilityConverter x:Key="CheckBoxConverter"/>

Finally in the xaml
<ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
    <DataTemplate>
        <CheckBox
            Margin="10,5,10,5"
            Content="{Binding Path=Name}"
            IsChecked="{Binding Path=Enabled, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}"
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Another lovely additon to our new childrens bedroom range, this gorgeous bear toy bag is soft but sturdy and perfect for keeping toys and belongings tidy.
Toy bags make lovely new born presents, birthday presents or first Christmas presents. Choose to make it extra special and personalise it with an embroidered name or phrase.
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Information service of the Pontifical Mission Societies since 1927
Sunday, 17 January 2021 [GMT +1]
MISSIONARIES KILLED
Acts of the Holy See
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EUROPE/SLOVAKIA - Appointment of the National Director of the PMS, Fr. Ivan Kňaze
The testimony of a Slovak with an African heart
Cardinal Tomko celebrates his 95th birthday and 70 years of priesthood in his native land
Appointment of the National Director of the PMS, Fr. Ivan Kňaze
Reaching out to young people and drawing their attention to the mission of the Church
Vatican City (Agenzia Fides) - On 11 May 2018 Cardinal Fernando Filoni, Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, appointed the rev. Fr. Ivan Kňaze, of the diocesan clergy of Žilina as National Director of the Pontifical Mission Societies (PMS) in Slovakia for a five-year term (2018/2023).
The new National Director of the PMS was born in Hradište, Slovakia, on 31 May 1971. He was ordained a priest 23 years ago for the diocese of Žilina. He was vice parish priest and parish administrator in several parishes before being appointed parish priest in Pruské, in 2013. For many years he dedicated himself to the pastoral care of children following the "Movement of Christian Childhood Communities" which deals with the missionary formation of children and of the realization of "The Good News" annual project.
He was also responsible for the national pilgrimages of children in Marian shrines. (SL) (Agenzia Fides, 6/6/2018)
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Tag Archives: Moritz Seligmann
Too Many Missing Pieces: Part II
Posted on April 29, 2015 by Amy
In my last post, I wrote about the list of English James Seligmann's heirs that my cousin Wolfgang found in his family's papers. There were 21 principals named as heirs on that document, and I had discussed all the easily identified ones and some of those that were more difficult to figure out. I had discussed Numbers 1, 2, 6-13, 15, 16, 19-21. That left Numbers 3-5, 14, 17, and 18. Here again is the list of heirs:
So let's start with Number 3, Johanna Bielefeld, the one whom Elsa Oppenheimer had claimed was not a daughter of Hieronymus Seligmann in her July, 1984 letter.
Perhaps Elsa was wrong; after all, she was wrong about Adolph Seligman not being the child of Moritz and Babetta, as discussed last time. Or maybe Johanna was the daughter of Benjamin Seligmann. I am not sure yet, but I do know that she was born in Gau-Algesheim. Wolfgang found this registration card for her, dated January 12, 1939, issued by the police in Mainz. It gives her birth name as Seligmann, her birth date as March 15, 1881, and her birthplace as Gau-Algesheim. I have written to my contact in Gau-Algesheim, asking him to see if he can find a birth record for Johanna so I can determine who her parents were. Notice also the large J on her card, indicating that she was Jewish.
http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/sonst/aj/STANDREG/FFM1/PDF/B_5.1_Abt_IV_0748.pdf
Here is the companion card for her husband Alfred Bielefeld:
The list of heirs provided the names of Johanna and Alfred's children, Hans and Lili (or Lily). It indicated that Johanna had died as had Hans, he in 1948. Then it provided a married name for Lili, Mrs. Fred Hecht, and an address on West 97th Street in New York City. Searching for Hans Bielefeld brought me to someone with that name on the 1940 census, living in Cleveland, Ohio. He was working as an insurance agent, was 37 years old, and had been residing in Mainz, Germany, in 1935.
Year: 1940; Census Place: Cleveland, Cuyahoga, Ohio; Roll: T627_3221; Page: 5A; Enumeration District: 92-451
Further searching found an index listing in the Ohio Deaths database on Ancestry for Hans Bielefeld, indicating he had died on September 13, 1948, the same year of death given on the list of heirs document. On Fold3.com, I then found naturalization papers for Hans Ludwig Bielefeld, indicating that he was divorced, that he was born on July 1, 1902 in Maine (sic), Germany, and that he had arrived in the US on the SS Gerolstein on July 14, 1938.
Publication Title: Naturalization Petition and Record Books for the US District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, Cleveland, 1907-1946
Content Source: NARA
National Archives Catalog ID: 1127790
National Archives Catalog Title: Naturalization Petitions, compiled 1867 – 1967
Record Group: 21
Partner: NARA
Court: Northern District, Eastern Division
Catalog Keywords: Petitions Naturalization Immigration Citizenship
Fold3 Publication Year: 2008
That led me to a passenger manifest for the SS Gerolstein, where I found Hans listed as a divorced merchant from Mainz. It seemed like this could be the son of Johanna Seligmann Bielefeld, but I couldn't be sure.
So I searched for his sister Lili. I first searched for her as Lili Hecht, but had no luck, so I searched for Lili Bielefeld and found her first on an English ship manifest dated September 18, 1940, from Liverpool bound for Montreal, Quebec. Lili was listed as 36, having last resided in London, but born in Germany. Her occupation was given as a domestic. The age, birthplace and name seemed correct, so I considered it likely that this was the right person.
Ancestry.com. UK, Outward Passenger Lists, 1890-1960 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.
Then I found her listed with the same information on a US manifest for passengers entering the United States from Canada. But since Lili did not arrive until September, 1940, she is not listed on the 1940 census, making it extremely difficult to find her in the online databases on Ancestry. There were a number of Fred Hechts, but how would I know if any of them were married to Lili?
So I turned to Google and entered "Lili Bielenfeld Fred Hecht," and once again I hit the jackpot. Like Fred and Ilse Michel, Fred Hecht and Lili Bielenfeld have papers in the collection at the Leo Baeck Institute entitled "Hecht and Gottschalk Family Collection; AR 5605." In the biographical note included with this collection, I learned that Fred Hecht came from a German Jewish family with a long history. I will quote here only the sections relevant to Fred, Lili and Hans:
Jakob and Therese Hecht had a son, Siegfried Max Hecht (alternatively Fritz, later Fred, 1892-1970). Siegfried Hecht became a merchant and served in the German military during World War I. Siegfried and his wife Emma née Cahn divorced in 1939, and he immigrated to the United States in 1940, where he took on the name Fred. He settled in New York City and became a jewelry salesman. In December of 1944, he and Lili née Bielefeld (1904-1977) were married.
The Bielefeld family can be traced back to the late 18th century. The family lived in Karlsruhe, Mainz, and Mannheim until the 1930s, when some members immigrated to the United States. Lili Hecht née Bielefeld was the daughter of Alfred Bielefeld, a wine merchant, and Johanna Bielefeld née Seligmann. Despite efforts to procure passage to the U.S., both Alfred and Johanna perished in the Holocaust. Alfred died in Theresienstadt, and Johanna was deported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz, where she perished.
Lili Hecht née Bielefeld's brother Hans Ludwig Bielefeld (1902-1948) was a merchant. He married Lilli née Kiritz in 1933, and the couple divorced in 1936. Hans Ludwig immigrated to the United States under the sponsorship of his cousin, Irma Rosenfeld, and settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked in insurance. After his death, his sister Lili Hecht née Bielefeld was the sole heir to the Bielefeld family property, which she claimed in the 1960s alongside restitution for her parents' deaths.
Thus, from these papers and this biographical note, I was able to find out a great deal about what had happened to Johanna Seligmann Bielefeld, her husband, and her two children, Hans and Lili. I will write more about them in a separate post once I have a chance to examine the LBI collection more carefully and obtain translations where necessary.
Number 4 on the list, Bettina Arnfeld, was more difficult to locate, but I found a Bettina Elizabeth Arnfeld listed on FindAGrave with the notation, "Body Lost or Destroyed." Her birthdate was given as March 17, 1875. This may have been the "Elizabeth" whom Elsa claimed was not a child of Hieronymus Seligmann. I then looked for and found Bettina Elizabeth Arnfeld in the Yad Vashem Database. The entries there confirmed that her birth name was Seligmann, that she was born on March 17, 1875, and that she had resided in Muelheim Ruhr in Germany at the time she was deported. She was exterminated at Thieresenstadt on January 23, 1943.
The list of heirs indicated that Bettina had a son, Heinz Arnfeld, living on 22 Gloucester Square in London, and he was not difficult to locate. I found several entries for Heinz and Liselotte Arnfeld at that address in London, England, Electoral Registers on Ancestry. I also found Heinz and Liselotte listed in the England & Wales Marriage Index on Ancestry. They were married in Doncaster, Yorkshire West Riding in 1945. Heinz is also listed as a survivor of the Holocaust in the Shārit ha-plātah database on JewishGen.
Heinz died in 1961 and left his estate to Liselotte; she died in 1988. I do not know whether they had any children. Since they were married in 1945 when Liselotte was 37, it does not seem likely.
That brings me to Numbers 17 and 18 on the list, putting Numbers 5 and 14 aside for now. Who were Eva Hansu and Rosa Reisz? If these were nieces of English James Seligmann, then they had married and changed their surnames, so how could I find them? Since they were listed right after Emil and Eugen, sons of Carolina Seligmann and Siegfried Seligmann, I went back to the list of Carolina's children and realized that she had daughters named Eva and Rosa. Thus, I assumed that Eva became Eva Hansu and Rosa became Rosa Reisz.
I had good luck searching for Rosa Seligmann Reisz. I knew her daughter's name was Hedwig Neter from the list of heirs, and that seemed unusual enough that I decided to search for it first. Sure enough the name came up on a passenger's manifest dated August 31, 1940, for the ship Cameronia departing from Glasgow, Scotland, for New York. Sailing with Hedwig was her husband Emil Neter and her mother Rosa Reis. Emil was a 61 year old manufacturer, Hedwig a 48 year old housewife, and Rosa was 73 without occupation. They all had last been residing in London and said the US was their intended permanent residence.
According to FindAGrave, Rosa Seligmann Reis died on January 29, 1958, and is buried at Hauptfriedhof in Mannheim, Germany. Her son-in-law Emil Neter died on July 8, 1971, in Washington, DC, and is also buried at Hauptfriedhof in Mannheim, as is her daughter Hedwig Reis Neter, who died on May 28, 1979, in Washington. I found it very interesting that after living in the United States all those years, Rosa, Emil, and Hedwig chose as their burial place the country they had escaped so many years before. A little more searching turned up Hedwig's birth certificate and a family record from 1891, both of which revealed that Rosa's husband's name was Ludwig Reis, son of Callman Reis, a merchant.
Hedwig Reis Birth Certificiate Ancestry.com. Mannheim, Germany, Births, 1870-1900 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
Original data: Personenstandsregister: Geburtsregister Standesamt Mannheim und Vororte 1876-1900, Stadtarchiv Mannheim, Mannheim. Deutschland.
Ancestry.com. Mannheim, Germany, Family Registers, 1760-1900 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
Original data: Polizeipräsidium Mannheim Familienbögen, 1800-1900. Digital images. Stadtarchiv Mannheim — Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Mannheim, Germany
Searching at Hauptfriedhof on FindAGrave, I found that Ludwig had died in 1928 and had been buried at Hauptfriedhof. It seems that Rosa and her daughter Hedwig wanted to be buried where Ludwig had been buried years before. With the help of Matthias Steinke in the German Genealogy group on Facebook, I was able to locate the headstone for all four of them at the Stadtarchiv Mannheim website.
https://www.stadtarchiv.mannheim.de/jh/Bilder_08/B2-A-07-07/B2-A-07-07a.JPG
https://www.stadtarchiv.mannheim.de/jh/Bilder_08/B2-A-07-07/B2-A-07-07e.JPG
At first I couldn't find anything about Eva Hansu, Number 17. I couldn't find her husband's first name, and although the heirs' list gives her daughter's married name as Alice Kauffman of France, I had not been able to find her either. Then after Matthias introduced me to the Stadtarchiv Mannheim website where he had found the headstones for Rosa and her family, I decided to search for all people with the birth name Seligmann and found Eva as Eva Seligmann Hanau, not Eva Hansu as I had mistakenly read it on the list of heirs. It provided the same birth date I'd already found for Eva, March 18, 1861, and it reported her date of death as March 18, 1939. Her husband was Lion Hanau, born May 24, 1854, in Altforweiler, Germany, and he died February 7, 1921. The archive also included photographs of their headstone.
https://www.stadtarchiv.mannheim.de/jh/Bilder_08/D1-MGr-18/D1-MGr-18.JPG
As for their daughter, now that I had the correct spelling of her birth name Hanau, I was able to find her marriage certificate for her marriage to Ernst Kaufmann on August 10, 1911.
Ancestry.com. Mannheim, Germany, Marriages, 1870-1920 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Original data: Personenstandsregister: Heiratsregister Standesamt Mannheim und Vororte, Stadtarchiv Mannheim, Mannheim. Deutschland.
I do not know what happened to either Alice or Ernst during or after the war.
So that leaves me with only two names on the list of heirs for whom I as yet have no answers: Anna Wolf, Number 5, and Bettina Ochs, Number 14. Anna Wolf is listed as a fraulein, so that is her birth name, not a married name. It says that Johanna Bielfeld was her aunt, so presumably Anna's mother was a sister of Johanna. If, in fact, Johanna was a child of Hieronymus Seligmann, she had two sisters, Mathilde and Auguste and perhaps Bettina. I don't have any information about them aside from what was listed in Elsa's letter, posted above. More work to be done.
And Number 14, Bettina Ochs, is even more of a puzzle. I'd have assumed that Ochs was her married name, Seligmann her birth name. But the note on the document mentions a brother as her next of kin, and his name was Arthur Erlanger. That would suggest that Bettina Ochs was born Bettina Erlanger, not Seligmann. So how is she related? Who was her husband? Which one is the blood relative of English James Seligmann? I found one listing on JewishGen.org for Bettina Ochs-Erlanger with a secondary name as Bettina Oberdorfer. She was born May 7, 1870, and her nationality was Italian, consistent with the Milan address provided on the heirs list. She was listed in the Switzerland, Jewish Arrivals, 1938-1945 database; I can't see the original document, but the index indicates that she arrived in Switzerland on August 5, 1944.
It's amazing how much information I could mine from this one little document. Unfortunately, although I should have gotten great satisfaction from finding so many people and so much information, I ended up feeling very sad and very drained as I added all these names of my cousins to the list of those killed in the Holocaust. It is beginning to overwhelm me. So much loss, so much evil. Incomprehensible.
Posted in Gau-Algesheim, Genealogy, Germany, Holocaust, Seligman/Seligmann | Tagged genealogy, holocaust, Moritz Seligmann, Nazi Germany | 24 Replies
More Blessings and More Insight into My Seligmann Ancestors
Posted on December 1, 2014 by Amy
This morning I woke up to another email that made me smile to start my day. But to understand why, I need to backtrack a bit.
One of the passages that was translated by Ralph Baer from Ludwig Hellriegel's book on the history of the Jews of Gau-Algesheim indicated that Moritz Seligmann had originally come from Gaulsheim, a town that is only five miles from Gau-Algesheim. In this passage, Hellriegel described Moritz Seligmann's attempt to get permission to move to Gau-Algesheim in 1828. He was denied permission the first time because the mayor concluded that there were already too many Jews in the town. He then appealed, and although the mayor still wanted to deny him permission, Seligmann prevailed because he was legally entitled to move to the town.
This passage gave me a clue as to where Moritz, my three-times great-grandfather, might have been born, and Ralph suggested I contact the archives in Gaulsheim for more information. I found an organization called Arbeitskreis Judische Bingen, or a study group of Jews in Bingen. (Bingen now includes the town of Gaulsheim.) I wrote to the organization, asking for any information that they might have on Moritz Seligmann or his family.
And that brings me to my happy morning email. A woman from the Arbeitskreis named Beate Goetz sent me a copy of the marriage record for Moritz Seligmann and Eva Schoenfeld. Not only did this email confirm that Moritz was born in Gaulsheim (on January 10, 1800) and that he married Eva Schoenfeld (on February 27, 1829), it told me the names of my four-times great-grandparents, Jacob Seligmann and Martha nee Jacob/Mayer (my guess is that Mayer was the surname adopted by her father Jacob when surnames were required in the early 19th century).
In addition, I know now when Eva Schoenfeld was born (June 2, 1806) and where she was born (in Erbes-Budenheim), and I know her parents' names: Bernhard Schoenfeld and Rosina Goldmann. Assuming that Eva and Babetta, Moritz's second wife, were sisters, Bernhard and Rosina were also my four-times great-grandparents. Now I need to see what records I can find in Erbes-Budenheim to determine if in fact Eva and Babetta were sisters. Beate said that she would also continue to look for a birth record for Moritz (who was born Moises) and any other relevant records.
Marriage record for Moritz Seligmann and Eva Schoenfeld February 27, 1829 Gaulsheim, Germany
I also know from Ralph's additional translation of the marriage record that Jacob Seligmann and Bernhard Schoenfeld were both traders as was Moritz. The record also indicated that the bride's parents did not attend the wedding; as Ralph explained, this was probably a second ceremony for purposes of civil law and thus not as important as the religious wedding ceremony, which presumably the couple's parents did attend.
Thus, thanks to Ralph Baer's translation of a passage in the Hellriegel book, I now have learned the names of four more of my ancestors.
The Hellriegel book just continues to be a treasure chest of information. Thanks to Matthias Steinke, I also have a translation of another few passages of Ludwig Hellriegel's book, which shed some additional light on the character of my ancestor Moritz Seligmann.
In one passage, Hellriegel discussed the education of Jewish children in Gau-Algesheim. He reported that until 1841, Jewish boys were taught Hebrew and other important subjects by their fathers, but in 1841 they were permitted to attend the Christian school in town. Apparently, this was difficult for the Jewish children, so Moritz Seligmann applied in 1850 to remove his children from the school. He then hired a private teacher named Benjamin Mayer from Essenheim to come to Gau-Algesheim to teach the children. (Essenheim is about ten miles from Gau-Algesheim.)
Apparently, however, Mayer ran into trouble in Gau-Algesheim for speaking badly about the Catholic Church, saying in front of the children and two other witnesses that those who believe in the Catholic faith are "downright stupid." He reportedly left Gau-Algesheim shortly after this incident.
I found this passage interesting in many ways, but mostly for what it told me about my great-great-great-grandfather Moritz. He was a man who was determined to see that his children received a good education and in a setting where they were comfortable. That is a value that has certainly been passed down the generations in my family. Moritz also was apparently a man of some means since he had the money to hire a private teacher.
Coat of arms of Gau-Algesheim (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Matthias also helped me better understand a passage about Moritz and his knowledge of German. According to Matthias' reading of this paragraph, Moritz had some role in the synagogue as an educated man. He was in charge of writing the lists of Hebrew prayers to be assigned to those who made contributions to the synagogue. (This is somewhat unclear to me. Perhaps these were prayers for certain members to lead or perhaps these were prayers for the benefit of certain members, or maybe the book is referring to payment in order to receive the honor of reading Torah in synagogue.)
A man from Mainz, Mr. Landauer, commented that Moritz was able to write German very well in compiling these lists, but that he had trouble with "unpunctured" Hebrew. I asked Ralph Baer what he thought unpunctured would mean in this context, and he explained that the German word could also be translated as undotted and that the reference to undotted Hebrew most likely meant that Moritz had a hard time reading Hebrew without vowel markings. So Moritz was more fluent in writing and reading in German than he was in Hebrew.
By Assyrio (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The final passage that Matthias helped me understand involved Julius Seligmann, the grandson of Moritz and son of August Seligmann, discussed previously. He was the Seligmann who converted to Catholicism upon marrying a Catholic woman. What I had not been able to understand before were references to Julius closing his business in 1935 in Gau-Algesheim and being the last Jew in Gau-Algesheim when he and his family left in 1939. He and his family moved to Bingen, and the book states that there the police chief did nothing against him and that his two sons Herbert and Walter were even allowed to enlist in the army, although dismissed shortly afterwards.
With a better idea of what the words say, I now think that I understand the significance of this passage. It seems that Julius, despite converting, was still seen as a Jew when the Nazis came to power and thus was forced to close his business. However, once he relocated to Bingen, he was not harassed by the police, perhaps because they did not know he was Jewish. And perhaps the significance of the sons being able to enlist also relates to this ability to deny their Jewish roots, at least for a short time.
I am obviously still reading between the lines, and without being able to read the entire book and read everything in context, I fear that I may be misreading some of these isolated passages. It's a long term project to be able to understand the whole book and the whole story of the Jews of Gau-Algesheim. But already this little book has enabled me to learn so much more about my Seligmann ancestors.
By the way, Seligmann means "blessed man" in German. The more I learn about the Seligman(n)s, both German and American, the more it seems to be an appropriate surname for the family to have adopted, especially for those Seligmans who were fortunate enough to have left Germany before the Holocaust.
Posted in Books, Gau-Algesheim, Germany, Holocaust, Seligman/Seligmann | Tagged Bingen, Catholic Church, Gau-Algesheim, Gaulsheim, genealogy, Germany, Ludwig Hellriegel, Moritz Seligmann, seligman, Seligmann | 10 Replies
A Package from Germany, Part II: Did Moritz Seligmann Have Two Wives?
Posted on November 24, 2014 by Amy
Gau-Algesheim, Rathaus am Marktplatz (Photo credit: Wikipedia) (Town Hall)
As I mentioned in my last post, the package I received from Germany included both a book about Gau-Algesheim and photocopies of the birth records for Bernard Seligman and his siblings. Unfortunately for me, the birth records were all in German and were half in Germanic font and half in handwritten old German script. I could pick out names, and most meaningfully, I could see the signature of my great-great-great-grandfather Moritz Seligmann on all the records. But I could not read any of the text. Not the typeface print on the form, and certainly not the handwritten script.
Bernard Seligman's birth record
JewishGen has a function called ViewMate where you can upload documents and ask JewishGen members for help in translation. I decided to try that first. Unfortunately, ViewMate limits the size of the documents you can upload to a relatively small size, and once I reduced the records to the requisite size, they were hardly legible. Plus ViewMate takes several days; your document has to be submitted to the site, approved, and then it will be posted. Then you have to send an email to the listserv and ask for help in translating the documents up uploaded. Then you have to wait for someone to see your email and respond. And you can only do five documents in a week. This seemed a bit frustrating for me in this day of instant communications.
So I turned once again to Facebook. There is a group on Facebook for German Genealogy, and I asked a question about obtaining translations of German records. Someone there referred me to a different group that exists just for that purpose: German Genealogy Transcriptions. I joined the group, and I posted the record for Bernhard Seligmann depicted above, asking if anyone could help me translate it and other records like it.
Within two hours, I heard from a group member, Matthias Steinke, who translated that first document and then spent the next couple of hours—no exaggeration—helping me with all the others. I was just blown away by his generosity as well as his ability to decipher that script from a small scanned photograph of the document. Matthias, if you are reading this, once again I thank you from the bottom of my heart.
So what does that birth record for Bernhard Seligmann say? This is the translation Matthias provided, as modified based on some of the later records he reviewed:
In the year thousand eighteen hundred thirtyandseven, the twentythird November at eleven o´clock pre midday came to me, Quirin Ewen, mayor and official for the civil registration of the comunity Gau-Algesheim, county Ober-Ingelheim, Moritz Seligmann, thirtyseven years old, merchant, residing in Gau-Algesheim and declared, that at the twentythird November Eighteen hundred thirtyseven at one o´clock in the morning in the Blosselgasse nr. 98, Babetta nee Schönfeld, twentyseven years old, wife of the named Moritz Seligmann, here residing gave birth to a child of male sex, who was showed to me and who got the first name Bernhard. The declaration and showing happened in presence of the witnesses: 1. Johann Kleissinger, thirty years old, church-clerk in Gau-Algesheim residing 2. Johann Wessel (?), thirtyfive years old, tax-messenger in Gau-Algesheim residing. [signatures]
There were nine records all together, and for the others I only needed the basic data: names, ages, dates, and addresses, since I now knew what the form template was asking based on this first translation. All the basic dates and names for the children were consistent with the information I had been originally provided by Bernie Brettschneider from Gau-Algesheim, but now I had copies of the actual records to verify that information.
Plus I now had an address for where the family was living during the years from Sigmund's birth in 1829 until Paulina's birth in 1847. Although the house numbers vary, throughout all those years the Seligmann family was living on Flossergasse (apparently rafter alley). (Bernard's said Blossergasse, but all the others said Flossergasse.) I was able to locate Flosserstrasse on the map as well as Langgasse where August and Hyronimus later lived. I assume Flossergasse was either off of Flosserstrasse or the street was renamed at some point.
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Langgasse,+55435+Gau-Algesheim,+Germany/Fl%C3%B6sserstra%C3%9Fe+76,+55435+Gau-Algesheim,+Germany/@49.9574551,8.0144112,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x47bdec382bb3051b:0xd8466ae590c4339d!2m2!1d8.0146779!2d49.958238!1m5!1m1!1s0x47bdec480ef7e4e5:0xd7558e28ec302b8b!2m2!1d8.0185524!2d49.9572361
But the records also revealed a mystery. For Sigmund (1829), Carolina (1833), and Benjamin (1835), the mother's name is Eva nee Schonfeld. But starting with Bernhard in 1837, the mother's name is given as Babetta or Barbara nee Schonfeld for Bernhard (1837), Hyronimus (1839), August (1841), Adolph (1843), Mathilde (1845), and Paulina (1847).
At first I thought that Eva had changed her name, but Matthias pointed out that the ages did not quite line up. Not all the birth records included a reference to the age of the mother, but in March, 1833 Eva was 26, meaning a birth year of 1806/7, depending on the month of her birthday. In May, 1835, she was 28, so that is consistent with the same birth year range. But on Bernhard's birth record, Babette nee Schonfeld is 27 in 1837, meaning a birth year of 1809 or 1810. Two years later on December 14, 1839, she was 30, meaning her birth year was most likely in 1809. The other birth records are also consistent with a birth year for Babette in 1809.
So unless Eva both changed her name and lied about her age on the later birth records, it would appear that Sigmund, Carolina, and Benjamin had a different mother than their younger siblings and also perhaps that Moritz married Eva's younger sister sometime between 1835 when Benjamin was born and 1837 when my great-great-grandfather was born.
Thanks again to Matthias Steinke for his incredible generosity and great skills in transcribing and translating from German to English. Thank you also to Ralph Baer who has also been a tremendous help. Ralph is the JewishGenner who has been helping me with my Nussbaum/Dreyfuss relatives as well as generally with German records and German translations. Both Ralph and Matthias are also helping me with the Gau-Algesheim book as I try and confirm and understand the passages about the Seligmanns.
As Thanksgiving approaches, I am filled with gratitude for all the help I have received as I continue on this path to find my family—from the readers who comment and send me helpful suggestions to the people on Facebook who jump in to help, to the people at various libraries and historical societies who respond to my inquiries, and to the people at JewishGen who have helped me solve many mysteries. As I've said several times, the generosity of the genealogy community is an inspiration. If only the whole world was as giving and helpful as the people I have met in the genealogy world.
Posted in Gau-Algesheim, Genealogy, Germany, Seligman/Seligmann | Tagged Facebook, Gau-Algesheim, Germany, Google Translate, Moritz Seligmann | 8 Replies


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