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The values that a person holds may be personal or political depending on whether they are considered in relation to the individual or to society. Apart from moral virtue, examples of personal values include friendship, knowledge, beauty etc. and examples of political values, justice, equality and liberty. This article will outline some current ideas relating to the first group – personal values. It will begin by looking at the kinds of thing that have value and finish with a look at some of the theories that attempt to describe what value is.  Reference will be made solely to Western sources although it is recognised that many, if not all, of the values discussed may be universal.

Introduction

It is only in the last hundred years or so that the subject of value has become a subject of study in its own right, though the subject builds on the work of such earlier thinkers as Plato, Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham. A new field of enquiry called "axiology" (from the Greek axios meaning "worth"), defined as "the philosophical study of goodness or value", began to emerge at around the beginning of the twentieth century, and its significance lay in extending the scope of the term "value" into fields other than traditional ethics.  R.H.Lotze, F.Brentano and G.E.Moore have been cited as early proponents of the subject, and to Moore is attributed the important distinction made between intrinsic and instrumental value, that is, between things that have value in themselves and things that might lead to something of value.

Examples of recent articles which introduce the subject include Mark Schroeder's Value Theory,  Elinor Mason's Value Pluralism and Michael Zimmerman's Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value. Schroeder defines axiology as being "primarily concerned with classifying what things are good", and, in accepting that there might be a number of things that can be valued or called good, he asks is there, underlying these, just one or is there more than one fundamental intrinsic value. Mason outlines two ways in which values have been considered in relation to one another: the first is called "monist", which maintains that there is just one intrinsic value to which all other values are auxiliary; and the second is called "pluralist", which maintains that there are many kinds of value and that the most important of these are irreducible to one another. Typical of the first school were the Utilitarians, such as Jeremy Bentham, who thought that all the values that a person might hold could be reduced to a desire for happiness or pleasure. Immanuel Kant, too, has been described as a monist in saying that the only good in itself lies in possessing a good will.  Regarding those holding pluralist views, Zimmerman in his book The Nature of Intrinsic Value (2012) gives some examples of more recent philosophers with lists of the kinds of thing that they thought had value:

Brentano (1889): Pleasure, Happiness, Love, Knowledge, Beauty, Proportion, Intention, Exercise, Virtue

Moore (1908) - Aesthetics, Affection, Knowledge, Consciousness, Pleasure, Virtue

Ross (1936) - Virtue, Pleasure, Knowledge, Artistic activity

In particular, Zimmerman singles out the work of William Frankena who, in his book Ethics (1963), gave a comprehensive list of values and who, besides suggesting the use of headings, began to group similar values together. It will be useful to discuss these in the following groups:

1. Beauty, harmony, proportion, aesthetic experience

2. Moral disposition, virtue, pleasure, happiness, contentment

3. Truth, knowledge, understanding, wisdom, honour, esteem

4. Life, health, strength, peace, security

5. Love, affection, friendship, cooperation

6. Power, achievement, freedom, adventure, novelty

Frankena, in formulating his list, builds on what he called the "classical triad" of beauty, goodness and truth and headings similar to these terms can be used to introduce a primary set of values as follows.

Primary values

Aesthetic values

Frankena in his list of values groups beauty with harmony, proportion and aesthetic experience. There are many different kinds of value that can be included in this category and Frankena himself distinguishes between "harmony and proportion in objects contemplated" and "harmony and proportion in one's own life". He refers to Plato who, firstly, in the Philebus suggests that aesthetic pleasure lies in the "beauty of colour and form", and secondly in the Republic that formal features like harmony and proportion are important not only to art and music but also to the "good life" which itself should contain "form", "variety" and "balance".

Another distinction results from the question of whether aesthetic value resides in the object contemplated or in the contemplative experience itself. James Shelley in his article The Concept of the Aesthetic notes that the term "aesthetic" in deriving from the Greek aesthesis, which means perception or awareness, tends towards the latter interpretation; George Dickie in his book Art and the Aesthetic charts the development of awareness and consciousness in their growing importance to aesthetic theory; and Zimmerman refers to G.E.Moore who wrote in relation to art and beauty that "by far the most valuable thing we know or can imagine are certain states of consciousness". Both Frankena and Nicolai Hartmann, who Frankena mentions, begin their lists of values with groups including consciousness, life and existence, and Hartmann makes reference to Nietzsche who considered that the value of beauty in art or nature lay in an increased awareness of life as an "affirmation of existence".

Shelley describes another concept apart from "immediacy" or "focussing one's attention on the subject" and this is the concept of "disinterestedness", a Kantian term which consists in looking at things objectively and impartially. He refers to Schopenhauer who realised that if perception were to be the only criterion of aesthetic value then, with a mind stripped of practical interest and cultural preconceptions, anything at all might be seen as beautiful: "One thing is only taken as more beautiful than another because it makes this pure contemplation easier", wrote Schopenhauer, a view criticised by Sartwell for making the term beauty, ultimately meaningless. Shelley, however, manages to elucidate various criteria of aesthetic value from such a standpoint: firstly, that there is value in simple formal relations, in harmony, grace and balance, and in fact in any other objective aspect that a good critic might care to point to; secondly, that there is value in recognising that people have natural tastes and preferences, whether, for example, they prefer "drama or comicality", or whether the work is striking in some way; and thirdly, that there is value in recognising the presence of "non-exhibited properties", realising that the work, or perception, is located within an "art-historical context" where only knowledge of, in Danto's terminology, an "artworld" can facilitate our feeling "the proper sentiments".

In addition to the views that aesthetic value lies either in the object or in the subjective experience there is a third view which suggests that value lies in some kind of engagement between the two. G.E.Moore wrote that it is neither in the "beautiful object" nor in the "conscious perception" where value is found but in the relationship between the two. Shelley too concludes with the idea that there is some reciprocal relationship between subject and object, his example being that of a Bartok quartet, where "a value originally belonging to the quartet has been transferred to the experience, before being reflected back, once again, onto the quartet."

Ethical values

The second group of values listed by Frankena includes happiness, virtue, pleasure, satisfaction and contentment – values traditionally associated with the field of ethics.  Zimmerman introduces Plato whose recurring concern was with the nature of the good, how we should live our lives, and whether it is pleasure or virtue that will lead to happiness.  Regarding pleasure, he considers food, drink and shelter to be simple goods – people value them, they value the work that goes into providing them and the pleasure that comes from enjoying them. Zimmerman after asking why eating should be considered a value refers to Aristotle who said that value resides in "the proper activity or functioning of things according to their nature" and that it is the "active exercising of man's faculties that give rise to pleasure".

Regarding virtue, Elinor Mason refers to J.S.Mill who made the distinction between lower values and higher values.  The distinction is that between efficient cause and final cause: whereas efficient cause includes hunger, thirst and the need for shelter, final cause arises from our having an overview of the relation of cause and effect whereby we can determine the end we want to achieve and then decide the means to achieve it.  If the end is well-being or happiness then such values as friendship, knowledge and beauty, as well as material sustenance, might be instrumental in achieving this.  Mason refers to G.E.Moore who, whilst recognising the virtues of "industry and temperance", recognised that there exists a "plurality of bearers of value". Love, beauty and friendship are intrinsic values (i.e. good in themselves) rather than instrumental values, and they do not lead in all cases necessarily either to pleasure or happiness.

Another significant writer on value, mentioned by both Frankena and Zimmerman, is John Dewey who questioned whether intrinsic values exist at all. All values for Dewey were instrumental. He compared life to an "ongoing stream" of cause and effect, which he called the "continuum of means and ends", where for example a lack of food leads to human activity leading to a further expenditure of energy, the need for more food and so on. He maintained, like Aristotle, that value lay in economy and in the efficient functioning of a human being in terms of a whole range of needs and wants.  These needs arise from a constant "interaction between a human being and his environment" and Dewey introduced the notion of having a "framework" of values to deal effectively with the various categories of being which contribute to our environment.

Cultural values

The third of the classical values – truth – is listed by Frankena alongside knowledge, understanding and wisdom. Given that "truth may never be fully known" he shifted the emphasis onto knowledge, and most lists of values now tend to include knowledge rather than truth as one of the primary values. Jesse Prinz in Culture and Cognitive Science took this further discussing the relativity of the terms knowledge and truth and the role that culture has in shaping knowledge.  This relativity is more pronounced in a second group listed by Frankena, a group which included the values of honour, esteem and good reputation. The link between the two groups was noted by Hartmann who realised that the terms "truth" and "truthfulness" involved two different, although related, kinds of value.  Whilst truth is associated with the values of knowledge and understanding, truthfulness is associated with the values of honesty, uprightness and integrity.

In his article, Prinz defines culture as a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morality and custom where the value associated with these things is acquired by people as members of society. This acquisition takes place through observing role models, imitating one's parents or learning through association with others. The telling of stories is mentioned and we may think of the value of books, whether fiction or non-fiction, and the worth of films or news programmes in disseminating knowledge and furthering understanding generally. Memory too has its place, and the importance of history in this respect is highlighted by Zimmerman who notes that some things may have value, not because they are beautiful or useful, but because they have meaning through either personal or cultural associations, for example a rare stamp or the pen with which Lincoln signed his letters.

Knowledge of both culture and subculture is important in understanding people's values.  Jacobson in an article on fitting attitudes tells us that what people find funny or shameful, honourable or dishonourable are culturally related, and he refers back to Brentano who introduced the related value of what is appropriate, suitable or fitting. Such values, however, can be considered not only from the point of view of a particular culture but from "the point of view of the universe" where integrating one's set of values with the principles of some higher truth ("selective copying" is the example he gives) may result in instances of non-conformity and other kinds of differentiation within society. The concept of "fittingness" introduces the value of integrity which Cox, La Caze and Levine discuss in their article Integrity [2001].  The concept is defined in terms of the relation between the different aspects of one's life – aesthetic, social, intellectual etc. – and in maintaining some sort of balance between them to give a sense of unity or wholeness. Views on integrity range from the practical requirements of honesty and truthfulness on the one hand, where Aristotle could write "with a true view all the data harmonise and with a false view the facts soon clash", to more general approaches regarding meaning and identity, or "wisdom and self-knowledge".

Secondary values

The end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries saw an expansion in the number of values over and above the "classical" or primary values of beauty, goodness and truth. Some, like love, friendship and affection, clearly come from the Christian tradition and were discussed by philosophers like Moore and Brentano.  A more complex group revolving around concepts such as power, spirit and the will were introduced as values by Brentano and Hartmann and owe as much to the thoughts of Kant and Schopenhauer as they do to Christianity.  The emergence of a third group of values can be seen as a result of the expansion of the field away from traditional ethics, and in this group there begin to appear more material values – what Plato called the "goods of the body" – such as life, health and strength in the lists of Hartmann and Frankena.

Some early attempts were made at compiling a longer set of values and three of these can be mentioned here. R.B.Perry, referred to by Frankena, and whose work The General Theory of Value [1926] was called "the magnum opus of the new approach" by the Encyclopædia Britannica, increased the total number of categories by adding to the fields of aesthetics, ethics and knowledge the three further fields of religion, economics and politics; An earlier work, Lebensformen [1914], by the psychologist, Eduard Spranger, set out a similar list describing six types of personality, namely the Aesthetic, Economic, Theoretic, Religious, Social and Political; and Gordon Allport, who studied under Spranger, and who was mentioned in Peterson and Seligman's Character Strengths and Virtues [2004], together with Vernon and Lindzey, set out in their Study of Values [1950] six types of personality each of which was orientated towards a different set of values:

Personality
Aesthetic
Economic
Theoretic
Religious
Social
Political

Values
Harmony, Beauty, Artistry, Uniqueness
Usefulness, Resourcefulness, Practical
Truth, Intellectual, Cognitive
Faith, Unity, Holiness, Oneness
Love, Sympathy, Caring, Altruism
Power, Leadership, Influence, Competitiveness

These early links between philosophy and psychology have been discussed by C.B. Miller in his article entitled Empirical Approaches to Moral Character and this concluded with a look at the work of Peterson and Seligman. Their classification of values, "Values in Action" or VIA, arose from an empirical survey of virtues taken from around the world, which led to a six-fold classification, similar to the above, and comprising: Transcendence, Temperance, Wisdom, Justice, Humanity and Courage. Miller suggested, however, that no valid reason has been discovered as to why there should be six categories.

Regarding the content of these additional categories it is clear that their representative values differ according to who is compiling the list. One theory suggests that if the first three categories represent the cognitive or classical tradition, then the additional categories represent the non-cognitive – the "sentimental" or "emotivist" tradition – where neither the cognitive nor the non-cognitive necessarily takes primacy.  Zimmerman suggested that values taken from the latter viewpoint could be seen as just expressions of feeling or emotion about what is important.  A.M.Taylor in her paper, Investigation into Facts and Values [1983], suggested that there was a fundamental difference between values based on analytical understanding and values based on synthetic or "holistic" understanding.  The older values taken from the "aesthetic, moral and scientific spheres" were not enough and new categories would be required to include such concepts as "creativity, feeling and innovation". Jacobson also introduced a distinction between cognitive and non-cognitive values, and among the values derived from feeling or sentiment he included those of being "pride-worthy, shameful, funny and fearsome".  He mentioned David Hume in this respect who had used the three headings of "Pride and Humility", "Love and Hatred" and "Will and the Direct Passions" in the second volume of his Treatise of Human Nature and it will be useful to look at the second group of values in this order.

Material values

Frankena's list of values begins with a group that contains life, health and strength and in this he closely follows Hartmann. "Material goods" were discussed by Hartmann in the introductory section of his book,The Realm of Ethical Values [1926] in relation to wealth and economics.  Frankena mentions Plato who had referred to wealth, health and strength as "goods of the body".  Regarding wealth, Frankena, in a discussion of "money, cars and other material possessions", suggested that its value might be either instrumental or contributory, the latter term being defined in terms of "things that are good because they contribute to a good life or are parts of it". Money for a miser becomes part of his happiness, just as clothes, house or land may be a part of happiness for somebody else. Jacobson introduced the value of being "pride-worthy" and he mentioned David Hume who had noted that people take pride in, such "external advantages as ... country, family, children, gardens, houses, dogs and clothes".  Elinor Mason mentioned the practical wisdom of Aristotle who saw wealth as a matter of prudence, and who advised people to value and "not to neglect" what belongs to them.

Health on the other hand, in relation to the body and the mind, is usually thought of as an intrinsic value. Frankena, for example, wrote that we desire health "for its own sake", and Zimmerman wrote that "Being healthy is just a good way to be".  The value that we ascribe to life itself and the value of "just being" have been mentioned previously, but it was Hartmann who reintroduced the notion from earlier German philosophy that Being has a complementary category, namely that of Becoming.  Everything is subject to change over time, and without human intervention, is subject to deterioration and decay. In relation to this, Mason referred to Immanuel Kant one of whose principal values lay in duty, particularly, in this respect, duty to self, and looking after the "basic stuff" through physical exercise and maintenance.  Plato had also thought that the right way of living lay in "medicine, bathing and exercise" but Kant added to this idea by saying that value also lay in self-improvement through the cultivation of any "natural talents and gifts of fortune" that a person might possess.  James Griffin in his book on Well-Being [1986] similarly introduced the value of "accomplishment" and how, in Aristotle's terminology, we might grow and "flourish" in other ways.

Communal values

To the classical triad of beauty, goodness and truth various philosophers in the twentieth century began to add values from another large family: that of, in Frankena's words, "love, friendship, mutual affection and cooperation"; G.E.Moore added "love" to the values of beauty, moral quality and knowledge; and Jacobson added "friendship" to the values of beauty, pleasure and knowledge.  Moore, in reflecting Christianity's emphasis on the importance of love, suggested that " ... the love of love is by far the most valuable good we know ... more complicated than beauty ... more complicated than knowledge".  Both Frankena and Zimmerman mentioned Plato, who had outlined various kinds of love in the Symposium,  and who had described sympatheia or coaffection, as "filling men with affection ... kindness ... friendship ... forgiveness".  For Plato, the soul was the seat of love and the affections, and its value lay in recognising the "community of feeling among mankind".  Jacobson referred to David Hume who similarly linked love with sympathy, the latter feeling arising from "the great resemblance among human creatures".

On a more practical level, Bernard Gert in his work on The Definition of Morality [2002] introduced the notion of "loyalty" as a factor in establishing a sense of community among family and kinship groups.  Regarding wider society, Gert mentioned Kant who distinguished between the values of not harming other people on the one hand and performing positive, charitable acts on the other.  Zimmerman also mentioned Kant and his view that the only thing that is good without qualification is goodwill or benevolence.  Kant had defined friendship as "the coming together of two persons through mutual love, each particating and sharing their lives in a sympathetic manner".  He also introduced the concept of "respect" by which he meant keeping an appropriate distance from others within the community, and he talked of community itself in terms of "being able to communicate ... to perfect social intercourse ... and to cultivate a disposition of... reciprocity ... agreeableness ... courtesy ... hospitality".

Communication was introduced as a separate value by Perry; and Hartmann, after working through the primary values, introduced a "second group" which included not only "brotherly love" but also "social intercourse".  Frankena introduced Aquinas who had stressed the value of communication in human relationships saying that "there are close parallels between the communication of words and that between lover and beloved".  Gert too realised that there was value in "interpersonal interaction" but queried how such a value could apply in the absence of other people, for example, on a desert island.  Frankena answered the question by widening the scope of love to include love of, or communion with, God, animals, nature and the environment.

Spiritual values

Towards the end of his list, Frankena included the values of power and achievement, freedom, adventure and novelty.  Regarding freedom, he introduced Schopenhauer who saw life as a continuous engagement with the realm of strife, a struggle against desire and the "primal will", where the only moments of freedom that a person may have lay in art, music and spiritual contemplation. Strength and freedom of the will were values for Hartmann too, and also for Kant who, as Zimmerman noted, saw such freedom lying in the absence of coercion either from external agencies of from internal "sensuous impulses". These latter included emotions such as desire, fear, hope and anger, whose value, or power, lay, according to Aristotle, in moving a person either towards or away from some perceived object.  Griffin distinguished between desire itself and "informed desire", where the value of the latter lay in stirring the mind, not involuntarily through emotion and natural inclination, but through the voluntary power of the will.  Attitudes can be controlled through strength of mind, courage and self-discipline, and "corrected", according to Brentano, through an informed choice about what is right, fitting or appropriate.

Frankena recorded that his list included "all the things that Hartmann mentions", but it is notable that Hartmann completed his list with what he called "spiritual goods" such as "love of the remote" and, in a Nietzschian phrase, "radiant virtue".  Love of the remote referred to either love of the wilderness or love of God, but Michael Stocker in Plural and Conflicting Values [1990]  suggested that value lay more, as Plato had said, not in love but in the "contemplation" of God or of what is good: "He who proceeds aright", said Plato, "should begin in youth to visit beautiful places ... to contemplate the vast sea ... until on that shore he grows and waxes strong".  In the Jewish tradition it was not so much the sea that bestowed strength, but the hills,  and Griffin referred to those who value mountains for the excitement or the sublimity that they might afford.  Frankena referred to the values of adventure and novelty that A.N.Whitehead had introduced, but it was Ralph Waldo Emerson in the previous century who had written about the inspirational value of new things and of travel, not only for the sake of art or study, but for the value of the experience itself.  Hartmann suggested that it might be a great work of art such as a cathedral or a piece of music that might be inspiring, and he mentioned Nietzsche who wrote regarding art: "What does all art do? Does it not select? Does it not highlight? By doing these art strengthens certain values ... It is the great stimulus of life".  Alternatively it might be humour that lifts the spirits and Jacobson discusses the value that different kinds of humour, such as being funny or being amusing might merit.

Theories of value

Various theories have been put forward in the West to try and define what a value "is" – as opposed to saying what kinds of value a thing may "have".  There are generally held to be three kinds of theory at present that attempt to answer the question of what a value is and these have been borrowed from the field of ethics.  Each group of theories tends to concentrate on different aspects of the subject so that if ethics can be defined as, say, the principles governing the conduct of a person then the first group of theories (ontology and deontology) looks at the principles themselves, the second group of theories (teleology and consequentialism) looks at the aims and outcomes of conduct, and the third group of theories (virtue ethics and fitting-attitude theory) looks at the concept of the person, their character and attitudes.

Ontology and deontology

Ontology (from the Greek Ontos meaning "being" or "that which is") is that branch of metaphysics which deals with being, and, particularly in relation to value theory, with the "ontological categories" or plain categories of being.  Zimmerman mentions G.E.Moore who pointed out that before discussing what we ought to value we should consider the possibility that anything that exists might be of value to somebody: "If we recognise that anything whatever may be good ... we start with a much more open mind".  Zimmerman introduced the concept of "supervenience" through which it is held that any structuring of our values will reflect the structuring of the underlying categories of being themselves.  Kant is mentioned by Zimmerman in this respect, and also Christine Korsgaard who, drawing on Kant's distinction between things-in-themselves and the relation between things, draws a similar distinction between intrinsic values (values in virtue of "non-relational properties") and extrinsic values (values in virtue of "relational properties").  Regarding the former an impasse is reached when all that can be said of intrinsic values is, in Moore's words, that goodness "just is", or in Zimmerman's words that pleasure "just is".  This has led to some, like Monroe Beardsley, to say that only extrinsic values, in the final analysis, exist.  Different kinds of extrinsic value in this model derive from the different underlying categories of relation, the example given being those of beauty, utility and meaning, each of which is supervenient on one of Kant's three categories of relation, namely disjunction, causality and inherence respectively.

Deontology, on the other hand, (from the Greek Deon meaning "duty") is the branch of ethics that bases value on moral principles which in turn form a guide to knowing what "ought" to be done in various situations. The problem in philosophy of moving from an "is" to an "ought" (the "Is-ought problem") is said to have been introduced into philosophy by David Hume. Richmond Campbell, in discussing this, asks how one might move from a knowledge of what exists, i.e. from a whole range of possible values, to a knowledge of which, among these, one ought to value.  Given that "a small number of core moral values are espoused universally" the answer would appear to lie in giving priority to those which do not "conflict". Frankena suggested that these moral principles are derived from three main sources: the prevailing moral rules of a culture; divine revelation as found in the holy texts; and logical or metaphysical deduction.  Kant's categorical imperative is given as an example of the latter, although Frankena pointed out that a distinction would need to be made between arguments of logical necessity, i.e. those which contain no contradictions, and arguments of logical sufficiency which would be needed to account for the various kinds of value, whether "aesthetic, prudential or logical".

Teleology and consequentialism

Mark Schroeder in his article on Value Theory considers consequentialism to be "under the umbrella" of teleology,  where the latter can be defined as that branch of metaphysics which deals with the final end or purpose of things (the Greek Telos meaning "the end or purpose of an action").  According to this group of theories things are instrumentally valuable which help to achieve either specific or general ends, and underlying this, Schroeder tells us, is the relation of cause and effect.  Frankena defined instrumental value as that which is good or useful for some purpose and he referred to Aristotle who, besides defining different kinds of cause, defined the good as "that at which all things aim".  If for example the aim is to live a good life those things will be good or valuable which constitute the means for achieving such an end. However, what is good for a specific person and what is good for the world as a whole are two different things and are reflected, according to Schroeder, in the ideas of egoism and consequentialism respectively.  Regarding the latter, Zimmerman writes that a value is good because of a perceived final end in which "all the consequences taken as a whole are good".

Regarding the end at which people aim, Bentham, according to Elinor Mason, thought that the sole end was that of "pleasure", and that all other values such as beauty, friendship, knowledge etc. could be measured in accordance with the quantity of pleasure which each might afford.  John Stuart Mill suggested that there were lower and higher pleasures and that these were fundamentally incommensurable. He went on to question, like Plato, whether the values of pleasure or satisfaction were in fact the ends at which intelligent people should aim.  Mason also refers to James Griffin who was of the opinion that "well-being" was a better name for such an end, and which he saw in terms of "flourishing" or a "maximisation of life" in all its aspects.  A "balancing of elements" is required whereby those activities which we value for well-being, such as work, rest, love, solitude, health, accomplishment etc. should be considered "in various combinations" in order to afford a "framework" or a "plan of life" for ourselves.  This way of thinking was called by Elizabeth Anderson, in her article on John Dewey, "objective list theory" as opposed to theories like Bentham's based on pleasure or those of  Dewey based on "informed desire".  Dewey rejected the notion of a final end arguing instead that the "value of means and ends are reciprocally determined".  According to Zimmerman, he challenged traditional metaphysical ideas with a more "pragmatic" approach saying that only through "calm, informed reflection" on the ways in which people "interact with the environment" and deal with the ensuing consequences can value be ascertained.

Virtue ethics and fitting-attitude theory

Mason in her article on Value Pluralism introduces virtue ethics as a third way of thinking about the subject of value and describes it as being based on how a person should "be" rather than what a person should "do".  Frankena had similarly introduced an "ethics of virtue" as a third approach (following deontology and consequentialism), suggesting that there were two kinds of things that we can value: either the things around us like knowledge or physical objects; or the things inside us like our disposition, attitudes and emotions.  Among the latter were the virtues and these he defined as dispositions to act in certain ways.  Regarding the virtues, we can either value them in their own right or we can ask whether they tell us something about the nature of value itself. Hursthouse and Pettigrew deal with the first of these options in their article on Virtue ethics, asking questions like "how many virtues are there" and "how do they relate to each other".  C.B.Miller, on the other hand, in his article on moral character points to recent work which suggests that the categories used to structure the virtues are the same as those that can be used to structure values. The six "core virtues" listed by Peterson and Seligman have been found to be useful, for example, in the structuring of values in their "Values in Action" or VAI.

One of the similarities between virtue theory and fitting-attitude theory is that they both approach the subject of value through an emphasis on the agent.  They are "agent-centred" rather than "act-centred" theories, but whereas virtues are defined purely as a disposition to act, fitting-attitude theory embraces the act as well within its field of consideration. Roderick Chisholm in his book, Brentano and Intrinsic Value [1986] suggested that value lies, for example, not just in virtue but in "individuals acting virtuously" or not just in pleasure but in "individuals experiencing pleasure".  However, just as there is conceived to be a necessary interaction between the agent and the environment so there is, in other circumstances, a necessary engagement between the agent and an object. Jacobson in his article on Fitting-Attitude Theory suggests that there is a reciprocity between "facts about human nature" and "facts about the object", and that "to be valuable" requires either that one's "feelings are adequate to the object", or that "the object is "fitting" in respect of some particular attitude.  The concept of fittingness, or what might fit together, is extended to the relation between different values and, in particular, the possible conflicts between them, the examples given being between that of humour and good taste, or between what is considered funny and what is considered fair or just. Both Mason and Zimmerman discuss the problem of conflicting values, as did Philippa Foot who, in the field of virtue ethics, suggested that the answer to possible conflict lay in bringing the virtues, or values, into relation with one another saying "that even such concepts as love and justice can become dangerously distorted" if not tempered with a consideration of other fundamental values.

References

Western culture
Axiology


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Tag: [email protected]
Home Computers Discover Gamma-Ray Pulsars
Imagine that you're innocently running your computer in pursuit of helping data crunch a huge science project. Then, out of the thousands of machines running the project, yours happens to stumble across a discovery. That's what happened to several volunteers with [email protected], which seeks pulsars in data from the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, among other projects.
"At first I was a bit dumbfounded and thought someone was playing a hoax on me. But after I did some research," everything checked out. That someone as insignificant as myself could make a difference was amazing," stated Kentucky resident Thomas M. Jackson, who contributed to the project.
Pulsars, a type of neutron star, are the leftovers of stars that exploded as supernovae. They rotate rapidly, with such precision in their rotation periods that they have sometimes been likened to celestial clocks. Although the discovery is exciting to the eight volunteers because they are the first to find these gamma-ray pulsars as part of a volunteer computing project, the pulsars also have some interesting scientific features.
Artist's illustration of a neutron star, a tiny remnant that remains after its predecessor star explodes. Here, the 12-mile (20-kilometer) sphere is compared with the size of Hannover, Germany. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
The four pulsars were discovered in the plane of the Milky Way in an area that radio telescopes had looked at previously, but weren't able to find themselves. This means that the pulsars are likely only visible in gamma rays, at least from the vantage point of Earth; the objects emit their radiation in a narrow direction with radio, but a wider stripe with gamma rays. (After the discoveries, astronomers used the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy's 100-meter Effelsberg radio telescope and the Australian Parkes Observatory to peer at those spots in the sky, and still saw no radio signals.)
Two of the pulsars also "hiccup" or exhibit a pulsar glitch, when the rotation sped up and then fell back to the usual rotation period a few weeks later. Astronomers are still learning more about these glitches, but they do know that most of them happen in young pulsars. All four pulsars are likely between 30,000 and 60,000 years old.
Artist's conception of a gamma-ray pulsar. Gamma rays are shown in purple, and radio radiation in green. Credit: NASA/Fermi/Cruz de Wilde
"The first-time discovery of gamma-ray pulsars by [email protected] is a milestone – not only for us but also for our project volunteers. It shows that everyone with a computer can contribute to cutting-edge science and make astronomical discoveries," stated co-author Bruce Allen, principal investigator of [email protected] "I'm hoping that our enthusiasm will inspire more people to help us with making further discoveries."
[email protected] is run jointly by the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and the Albert Einstein Institute in Hannover, Germany. It is funded by the National Science Foundation and the Max Planck Society. As for the volunteers, their names were mentioned in the scientific literature and they also received certificates of discovery for their work.
Source: Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
[email protected] Citizen Scientists Discover Weird Pulsar
Hooray for citizen scientists! The [email protected] project has discovered a unusual pulsar approximately 17,000 light-years away in the constellation Vulpecula. The project works by people "donating" idle time on their home computers. This is the first deep-space discovery by [email protected], and the finding is credited to Chris and Helen Colvin, from Ames, Iowa in the US, and Daniel Gebhardt of Universitat Mainz, Musikinformatik,Germany.
The newly discovered pulsar, PSR J2007+2722, is an isolated neutron star that rotates 41 times per second and has an unusually low magnetic field.
Jim Cordes, Cornell professor of astronomy, said the object is particularly interesting because it is likely a recycled pulsar: a neutron star that once had a companion star from which it acquired mass; but whose companion exploded, kicking it free.
Unlike most pulsars that spin as quickly and steadily, PSR J2007+2722 sits alone in space, and has no orbiting companion star. However, the scientists say they can not rule out that it may be a young pulsar born with an lower-than-usual magnetic field.
"We think there should be more of these disrupted binary pulsars, but there haven't been that many found," said Cordes. "No matter what else we find out about it, this pulsar is bound to be extremely interesting for understanding the basic physics of neutron stars and how they form."
The discovery demonstrates the power of the network used to collect and sort through vast amounts of data, Cordes said.
[email protected] was originally organized to find gravitational waves — ripples in space-time — using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO). In 2009, data from the Arecibo Observatory were included in the processing.
Chris and Helen Colvin who were credited with discovering a new pulsar. Image courtesy Chris Colvin.
[email protected] is based at the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute, or AEI) in
Hannover, Germany. About one-third of [email protected]'s computing capacity is used to search Arecibo data.
[email protected] volunteer Daniel Gebhardt from Germany. Image couresty of Gebhardt.
"This is a thrilling moment for [email protected] and our volunteers. It proves that public participation can discover new things in our universe," said Bruce Allen, leader of the [email protected] project, AEI director and adjunct professor of physics at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. "I hope it inspires more people to join us to help find other secrets hidden in the data."
Gebhardt and the Colvins will receive plaques noting their discovery, and all plan to stay involved.
For information on how you can get involved in the project, see the [email protected] website.
Sources: Cornell University, ScienceExpress.
On a related note, check out these Albert Einstein quotes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Christmas favorite of many is Handel's Messiah. I have even heard that the opening lines of its Hallelujah Chorus are the most recognizable piece of music the world over.
One time I was with some friends in London. We saw an historical placard on an old house, and it said that George Friedrich Handel had lived there. I almost went apoplectic with joy. But nearby, on what I recall was an adjoining building, was another blue marker saying that Jimi Hendrix had lived in that house for a time. And my friends got more thrills from that.
There's something deeply touching about what I think is Handel's greatest work, Messiah. Plus, I think this work is a great zenith of Western civilization. The story behind Messiah is a fascinating one.
In his book, Spiritual Lives of the Great Composers, Patrick Kavanaugh tells how Handel barely ate during the 24 days he wrote Messiah. At one point, the composer had tears in his eyes and cried out to his servant, "I did think I did see all Heaven before me, and the great God Himself." He had just finished writing the Hallelujah Chorus.
Amazingly, Messiah came at a time in his life when the 56-year old Handel was facing bankruptcy and complete failure. Also, some Church of England authorities were apparently critical of him and his work.
He seemed all washed up---with his best days behind him. But writing Messiah proved to be the positive turning point in his life.
Handel was born in Germany. His father wanted him to study law, but George Friedrich had an aptitude for music, which was clear early on. His mother bought him a harpsichord, which they kept up in the attic, secret from his father.
By the time he was twelve, Handel wrote his first musical work.
Later, after his father's death, he tried to study law, but he had no interest. So he studied music at the University of Halle.
In 1712, Handel moved to England and never returned to Germany.
But 1741 proved to be the turning point. On the one hand, he gave what he feared was his farewell concert. On the other hand, a friend of his, Charles Jennens, Jr., gave him a libretto (a text) for a sacred work. It was essentially an assembly of Bible verses, focused on the Messiah, both from the Old and New Testaments. Furthermore, a charity in Dublin paid him money to write something for a charity performance.
Messiah was the result, and it was very successful.
Jennens' role in this masterpiece is often lost, even on fans of Messiah. He is the one who carefully gleaned through the King James Bible and assembled the verses about the Christ that Handel so brilliantly set to music.
Rev. John Moore is a music minister I know who has directly participated in 300 performances of Messiah---either as a conductor, singer, or trumpet player. He told me more about Jennens, a devout Christian.
The libretto of Messiah consists of 73 verses from the King James Version of the Bible---42 from the Old Testament, 31 from the New---all pointing to Jesus of Nazareth as the Christ,…the Anointed One….the Messiah.
Messiah was first performed in Dublin in 1742. It was a benefit concert for charity. According to one source, proceeds freed 142 men from debtors' prison.
A year later, King George II was present at the first performance of Messiah in London. It is said that the monarch fell asleep, and at the opening of the Hallelujah Chorus, he rose to his feet, thinking it was his cue. Whatever the reason, he stood, and that has been the custom ever since---to stand during the Hallelujah Chorus.


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Дизель-поїзд Д1 (Д1) — серія дизель-поїздів, які будувалися з 1964 до 1988 року угорським заводом Ганц-МАВАГ, Будапешт, на замовлення Міністерства шляхів сполучення СРСР для залізниць СРСР. Всього було побудовано 605 рухомих складів. Конструкційно Д1 були вдосконаленою версією дизель-поїздів серії Д і відрізнялися від останніх насамперед наявністю більш потужного дизельного двигуна, гідромеханічної передачі та кількістю вагонів, збільшеною на один причіпний вагон.

Починаючи з 1964 року, дизель-поїзди експлуатувалися на Горьківській, Донецькій, Московській, Львівській, Одесько-Кишинівській, Жовтневій, Прибалтійській, Південно-Східній залізницях для організації приміського і місцевого пасажирського сполучення на не електрифікованих і частково електрифікованих ділянках. В даний час продовжують експлуатуватися на Одеській, Львівській, Донецькій і Молдовській залізницях.

Дані про дизель-поїзди серії

Експлуатація
Дизель-поїзди Д1 надійшли в експлуатацію на Горьківську (Горькій-Моск., Тумський, Юдін, Казань), Донецьку (Сватове, Сентянівка, Попасна, Родакове, Дебальцеве-пас., Іловайськ), Московську (Смоленськ, Вузлова, Новомосковськ-1), Львівську (Чоп, Здолбунів, Коломия, Королево ), Одесько-Кишинівську (Христинівка, Миколаїв, ім. Шевченка, Одеса заст., Кишинів), Жовтневу (Виборг, Новгород, Ленінград-Варша.) , Прибалтійську (Вільнюс, Радвілішкіс, Тарту, Таллінн-Вяйке, Калінінград), Південно-Східну (Отрожки, Тамбов-1) залізниці. Станом на 1 січня 1976 року, на залізницях Радянського Союзу експлуатувався 371 дизель-поїзд Д1, з них на Горьківської - 46, Донецькій - 53, Московській - 54, Львівській - 40, Одесько-Кишинівській - 61, Жовтневій - 20, Прибалтійській - 79, Південно-Східній - 18 . На Смоленському, Казанському, Кишинівському, Одеському, Вільнюському, Калінінградському та інших вузлах майже всі приміські та частина місцевих пасажирських перевезень обслуговувалися дизель-поїздами.

Станом на 1 січня 1992 року, на залізницях колишнього СРСР знаходилося 472 дизель-поїзда Д1 .

Експлуатація дизель-поїздів пізніх номерів виявила недостатню надійність роботи заводської силової передачі, пов'язану з поломками дисків 3-ї швидкості. Управлінням локомотивного господарства було рекомендовано глушити трубки включення 3-ї швидкості. У 1980-1990-х роках фахівцями ВНДІЗТа був проведений комплекс робіт з вивчення можливості заміни силової установки дизель-поїзда . Проект модернізації передбачав заміну заводської гідромеханічної передачі НМ612-22 на гідродинамічну типу ГДП 750/201 та заводського дизеля 12VFE17/24 на дизель типу М773А (12ЧН18/20). Модифіковані таким чином на Великолуському локомотиворемонтному заводі в період з 1995 по 2002 роки дизель-поїзда отримали позначення Д1м .

Експлуатація дизель-поїздів Д1 на залізницях поступово завершується. У 2001 році експлуатація дизель-поїздів Д1 припинена на Естонській залізниці, в 2004 - на Жовтневій, в 2008 - на Литовській залізниці , у 2011 - на Калінінградській. Станом на 1 січня 2012 року, на залізницях СНД експлуатувалося (в пасажирському сполученні) 68 дизель-поїздів Д1, з них на Московській - 4 (Новомосковськ-I), Одеській - 17 (ім. Шевченка, Христинівка, Миколаїв), Львівській - 32 (Здолбунів, Коломия, Чоп), Донецькій - 15 (Сватове, Іловайськ), Молдавській - 20 (Кишинів). Частина дизель-поїздів і побудованих на їхній базі мотрис використовується для службових потреб .

Загальні відомості

Основні параметри дизель-поїзда серії Д1:
 Завод-виробник — Ganz–MÁVAG (Угорщина);
 Тип передачі — гідромеханічна;
 Габарит — 1-Т;
 Потужність силової установки — 2×730 к.с;
 Конструкційна швидкість — 126,7 км/год;
 Кількість моторних вагонів — 2;
 Кількість причіпних вагонів — 2;
 Кількість рухомих колісних пар у моторному візку — 2;
 Діаметр кругу катання нових бандажів — 950 мм;
 Маса:
 Поїзда (споряджена) — 210 т;
 Поїзда (робоча) — 274 т;
 Моторного вагона — 65,6 т;
 Причіпного вагона — 37,0 т;
 Довжина по вісям автозчеплення:
 Поїзда — 99 080 мм;
 Моторного вагона — 25 000 мм;
 Причіпного вагона — 24 540 мм;
 Кількість місць для сидіння — 400;
 Годинна потужність головних дизелів — 2×730 к. с.;
 Навантаження від рухомих колісних пар — 17 тс;
 Мінімальний радіус проходження кривих при швидкості не більше 10 км/год — 100 м;
 Прискорення під час запуску — 0,3—0,4 м/с2;
 Запас палива — 2×1200 л;
 Запас піску — 2×160 кг;
 Кількість масла в системі двигуна — 0,2 м³;
 Кількість масла у гідромеханічній передачі — 0,21 м³;
 Складів побудовано — 605;
 Вагонів побудовано — 2540;
 Ширина колії — 1524, 1520 мм;
 В експлуатації — з 1964 року;
 Кількість вагонів в складі — 4-6;
 Осьова формула — (1—20+2)+2•(2—2)+(2+20—1);
 Кількість місць для сидіння — 400;
 Довжина поїзда — 99 080 мм;
 Ширина поїзда — 3120 мм;
 Висота поїзда — 4600 мм;
 Матеріал вагону — сталь;
 Навантаження від осі на рейку — 17 тс;
 Двигун:
 Марка — 12VFE17/24;
 Тип — дизельний чотирьохтактний форкамерний з турбонаддувом;
 Розташування циліндрів — V-подібне;
 Число циліндрів — 12;
 Діаметр циліндра — 170 мм;
 Хід поршня — 240 мм;
 Номінальна частота обертання колінчастого валу — 1250 об/хв;
 Мінімальна частота обертання колінчастого валу — 530 об/хв;
 Ступінь стиснення — 12,5;
 Середній ефективний тиск — 8,04•10⁵ Па;
 Система наддуву:
 Тип турбокомпресора — центробіжний одноступінчастий з газотурбінним приводом;
 Частота обертання ротора турбокомпресора — 21000 об/хв;
 Система подачі палива:
 Тип паливопрокачувального насосу — шестеренний;
 Привід паливопрокачувального насосу — електричний;
 Система змазки:
 Тип — циркуляційна під тиском з "сухим" картером;
 Тип маслопрокачувального насосу — шестеренний;
 Подача маслопрокачувального насосу — 0,000666 м³/с;
 Привід маслопрокачувального насосу — електричний;
 Частота обертання — 2800 об/хв;
 Мінімально допустимий тиск масла — 1•10⁵ Па;
 Кількість ступенів передачі — 3 (1 гідравлічний і 2 механічні);
 Компресор:
 Тип — МК-135;
 Число ступенів стиснення — 2;
 Робочий тиск другого ступеня — 8•10⁵ Па;
 Подача при номінальній частоті обертання колінчастого валу — 0,025 м³/с;
 Привід — механічний;
 Споживана потужність — 12,5 кВт;
 Частота обертання — 695 об/хв;
 Тип осьового редуктора — одноступінчастий з конічними шестернями;
 Тип гальм — колодкові;
 Спосіб приведення гальм у дію:
 Основний — електропневматичний;
 Резервний — пневматичний;
 Кількість гальмівних осей у вагоні — 4;

Примітки

Посилання

Джерела

Дизель-поїзди

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Here's Marvel's Eternals director's favorite moment
The Eternals hasn't necessarily been the best-received of Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movies. The multi-Oscar winner Chloe Zhao offered a completely new approach to the superheroic genre and some fans have criticized her for it. The feature film came after Black widow and Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, much more traditional in terms of shape. Not to mention that spectators were much more concerned with the release of Spider-Man: No Way Home, which did not help matters. Despite everything, Chloe Zhao defends her film and does not hesitate to return to it for the greatest pleasure of the fans. First blockbuster for the filmmaker, the latter wanted to breathe personal life into the Eternals.
During an interview for RadioTimes (via ScreenRant), Chloé Zhao unveiled his favorite moment from the feature film.
This scene is the reunion between all the superheroes as dysfunctional family.
A dysfunctional family, the actress' favorite subject
Chloé Zhao often features families in her films. The Chinese filmmaker won the Oscar for Best Picture with Nomanland, becoming the second woman to win the award. But as surprising as it may seem, the director has decided to direct a Marvel film, far removed from her author's vision. And as often, we find scenes echoing the family in The Eternals. But a dysfunctional family in this specific case.
It is precisely the reunion between all the superheroes that Chloe Zhao loves very much. This is her favorite moment as she reveals in an interview.
What I'm most proud of, these are the times when the Eternals come together. There are a lot of sparks. These are people who, in everyday life, do not necessarily have their place together, but they manage to find it in this very dysfunctional family. This is what I love most of all.
Chloe Zhao
The Eternals is a pretty singular movie in the MCU. Despite the fairly average reviews, the feature film found part of the audience by offering a new approach to the superheroic myth.
Related Topics:marvelmarvel cinematic universemcumoviemovie theaterthe eternals
Shazam! 2 will always be more fun and action-packed
You had a good laugh watching "Shazam! »? In this case, get ready to love the sequel! Indeed, if we are to believe the crisp revelations of Peter Safran, the producer of the film, "Shazam! Fury of the Gods" will be even funnier and action-packed than its predecessor.
While promoting the "Peacemaker" series, Peter Safran took the opportunity to drop some info on the second installment of Shazam! fans are eagerly awaiting. It must be said that the first film had been very well received by the public, exploding the world box office with a total revenue of 366 million dollars.
With "Shazam! Fury of the Gods," DC intends to raise the bar even higher with an even grander and more entertaining sequel according to Peter Safran. We tell you everything!
Peter Safran is very enthusiastic
It was in an exchange with Collider that Peter Safran gave his opinion on Shazam! 2. The information released by the producer is full of promise as to the continuation of the (my) adventures of Billy Batson and his super powerful alter ego. " [Le second film] has more emotion, more humor, but it also has more action, bigger sets, big baddies", said Peter Safran. He even claimed that in Shazam! 2, action and humor of the first film were multiplied by 11.
Still in terms of humor, "I love that the kids are all a bit older now, so we can have a little more fun in a more edgy way with them", said Peter Safran. Like what, the film promises good slices of fun!
A shock casting for Shazam 2
Peter Safran also spoke about the casting of "Shazam! Fury of the Gods". The producer is simply delighted that Rachel Zegler and Helen Mirren and Lucy Liu are part, considering that it was really "fantastic" that the three actresses are part of the adventure. If we know that Helen Mirren and Lucy Liu embody the wicked, the role of Rachel Zegler remains unclear for the moment.
For now, we don't know more about the pitch of the film, but everything suggests that at some point, Billy and his brothers and sisters will travel to the kingdom of the gods. We will have to wait a little longer before knowing more, especially that "Shazam! Fury of the Gods" is not expected before 2023. Can't wait for the first trailer of the film to get a taste of what awaits us!
Eternals breaks viewership record for MCU premieres on Disney+
eternal It's one of the latest Marvel movies and also one of the most anticipated by fans. The feature film, which brings new characters to the Cinematic Universe and a new shelf of powers, debuted last week in the Disney+ catalog and has already broken records.
The feature arrived on January 12, 2022 on the streaming platform and, according to the website The Direct, became the most viewed MCU movie debut on Disney+. According to data collected by the Samba TV, which surveys streaming views, eternal was watched by just over 2 million accounts in the United States.
(Source: Disney/Reproduction)Source: disney
production exceeded Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, which previously held the highest debut rank for Marvel. Another important number for the new film is the fact that it was in front of Cruella and Mulan, which were watched by 686,000 and 1.2 million accounts, respectively.
It is worth mentioning that these numbers are collected by the website Samba TV, as Disney does not usually disclose official audience numbers on the streaming platform.
impact of eternal can be short
The film was first released only in theaters and earned a box office of $164 million in the United States and more than $401 million worldwide. Thereby, eternal stood in front of Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings it's from Black Widow.
The feature film brought new characters into the MCU and should have a direct relationship with the events of Phase 4. Something that probably facilitated the excitement of the fans was the curiosity to meet these new heroes. But the top shouldn't last long.
Unfortunately, the film suffered from polarized reviews in the Rotten Tomatoes, from critics and fans alike. Because of this, it is the lowest rating and the first rotten rating of all Marvel movies on the review site.
Risking a prediction, it's expected that Marvel's Phase 4 blockbuster rank could fall soon. This is because, after the resounding debut of Spider-Man: No Return Home in theaters, Peter Parker's new movie is set to dominate the MCU viewing record on the streaming platform.
All Marvel productions are available in the Disney+ catalog.
How I Met Your Father: Know who's who in the series' cast
About 17 years after the premiere and 8 years after the end of the hit series How I Met Your Mother, fans were finally treated to a spin-off of the production. How I Met Your Father brings a completely different perspective and story to television.
On the Hulu show, Sophie's character is telling her kids how she met their father. For now, the only similarity to the original show is the idea and the proposal, as the cast is completely new.
Check out who are the actors and actresses in the cast of How I Met Your Father and their respective characters in the production!
Sophie in 2022 – Hilary Duff
(Source: Hulu/Reproduction)Source: hulu
Sophie is the protagonist of the story. The 2022 version of the character is young and, like Ted Mosby, she is quite emotional and is looking for a partner for life.
After several frustrated encounters on Tinder, she's going to date the perfect guy and join a new group of friends.
Young Sophie is played by Hilary Duff, who was once one of Disney's great darlings, being known for having made Lizzie McGuire, Twelve is too much and The new Cinderella.
Sophie in 2050 – Kim Cattrall
Unlike the original series, the older version of Sophie is played by another person, who also appears telling the story, rather than just showing the children listening.
In addition, the Sophie of 2050 is the same one who narrates the story to her children and, at the same time, to the audience.
Actress Kim Cattrall was chosen to play the character and narrate the sitcom. Cattrall is known for her work as the iconic Samantha Jones in the series and film of sex and the city.
Jesse – Christopher Lowell
Jesse is an Uber driver who no longer believes in love and finding the right person. That's because, at the beginning of the series, a video of him being refused after a marriage proposal goes viral on social media.
In the series, he meets Sophie by taking her on a date with the possible perfect guy.
Jesse is played by Christopher Lowell, who is known for the series Veronica Mars and Private Practice.
Valentina – Francia Raisa
Valentina is Sophie's roommate and also the protagonist's best friend. She is impulsive and quite anxious, as well as being someone who is always supporting Sophie in her quests in search of love.
In the first episode of the series, she is returning from London Fashion Week.
The character is played by Francia Raisa, who was part of the cast of Grown-ish and The Secret Life of an American Teenager.
Charlie – Tim Ainsley
Charlie is a boy from a very wealthy family in England who, after staying with Valentina, was forced to decide if he wanted to keep the girl for real or if he wanted to stay full of money.
He and Valentina stayed during London Fashion Week and, after the event, the boy ended up in New York, penniless and with a new group of friends.
Tim Ainsley is the one who plays Charlie. The actor was part of the cast of more independent productions, such as the films Safe Inside and serpent.
Sid – Suraj Sharma
Sid is Jesse's best friend and can be seen as something of a Marshall of the series. He is in a long relationship and in the first episode he is getting ready to propose to his girlfriend. He also owns the bar where the friends meet.
Sid is played by Suraj Sharma, who starred in the film. The Adventures of Pi and was part of the cast of the series God Friended Me.
Ellen – Tien Tran
Elle is Jesse's sister and has recently moved to New York after divorcing his wife. She's looking forward to stepping into the big city dating world, where she hopes to find a new interest. Plus, she's really excited about her new group of friends.
The character is played by Tien Tran, an actress who was part of the cast of candyman and hot date.
Hannah – Ashley Reyes
Hannah is Sid's girlfriend. She works as a doctor in Los Angeles and, after her boyfriend's request, decides to move to New York and live with him. She is very excited to start planning the wedding.
Ashley Reyes is the one who plays Hannah. The actress became known after being part of the cast of the series American Gods.
Ian – Daniel Augustin
(Source: Instagram/Reproduction)Source: Instagram
Ian is one of the possible fathers featured in the show's pilot episode. He is a marine biologist and seems to be the perfect match for Sophie. However, Ian receives a job offer in Australia and decides to move there. He makes it clear that he doesn't want a long-distance relationship and frustrates the protagonist.
Ian is played by Daniel Augustin, who was part of the cast of Cake: The Series and David Makes Man.
Drew – Josh Peck
(Source: FOX/Reproduction)Source: FOX
Closing the list of characters is Drew. He, like Ian, is one of Sophie's dates during the first episode of the series. However, he is not presented as a possible father of the children.
Josh Peck is known for his iconic work on Drake & Josh and, more recently, by the series Turner & Hooch.
These are the most realistic artificial voices of the moment
We are used to hearing computer generated voices on different devices. In smart assistants, in gadgets, in ebook readers, on...


text:
Q: How do I convert an array of numpy booleans to python booleans for serialization (e.g. for mongodb)? I have a numpy array of booleans:
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros(100).astype(np.bool)
x[20] = True # say

When I try to insert this (one element per document) as part of an OrderedDict into mongodb, I get the following error:
InvalidDocument: cannot encode object: False, of type: <class 'numpy.bool_'>

This is a serialization issue I have encountered before for singleton numpy booleans.
How do I convert the numpy array into an array of python booleans for serialization?
The following did not work:
y = x.astype(bool)

A: You can use numpy.ndarray.tolist here.
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros(100).astype(np.bool)
y = x.tolist()

print(type(x))
# numpy.ndarray
print(type(x[0]))
# numpy.bool_

print(type(y))
# list
print(type(y[0]))
# bool

A: You can try numpy.asscalar
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros(100).astype(np.bool)
z = [np.asscalar(x_i) for x_i in x]
print(type(z))

You can also use item() which is a better option since asscalar is depreceted.
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros(100).astype(np.bool)
z = [x_i.item() for x_i in x]
print(type(z))
print(z)

For a longer list, tolist() is better option.
import numpy as np
import time
x = np.zeros(100000).astype(np.bool)
t1 = time.time()
z = [x_i.item() for x_i in x]
t2 = time.time()

print(t2-t1)
t1 = time.time()
z = x.tolist()
t2 = time.time()
print(t2-t1)

0.0519254207611084
0.0015206336975097656

A: So, I have just this week come across a solution to this (albeit my own) question from two years ago... Thanks SO!
I am going to invoke the brilliant numpyencoder (https://pypi.org/project/numpyencoder) as follows:
# Set up the problem
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros(100).astype(bool) # Note: bool <- np.bool is now deprecated!
x[20] = True

# Let's roll
import json
from numpyencoder import NumpyEncoder
sanitized_json_string = json.dumps(x, cls=NumpyEncoder)

# One could stop there since the payload is now ready to go - but just to confirm:

x_sanitized=json.loads(sanitized_json_string)
print(x_sanitized)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

/**
 * Basic remote content fetcher, uses curl_multi to fetch multiple resources at the same time
 */
class BasicRemoteContentFetcher extends RemoteContentFetcher {
  private $requests = array();
  private $disallowedHeaders = array('Keep-Alive', 'Host', 'Accept-Encoding', 'Set-Cookie', 'Content-Length', 'Content-Encoding', 'ETag', 'Last-Modified', 'Accept-Ranges', 'Vary', 'Expires', 'Date', 'Pragma', 'Cache-Control', 'Transfer-Encoding', 'If-Modified-Since');
  const USER_AGENT = 'Apache Shindig';

  /**
   * Performs a single (RemoteContentRequest) request and fills in the response
   * in the $request object
   *
   * @param RemoteContentRequest $request
   * @return RemoteContentRequest $request
   */
  public function fetchRequest(RemoteContentRequest $request) {
    $request->handle = $this->initCurlHandle($request->getUrl());
    $this->setHeaders($request);
    // Execute the request
    $content = @curl_exec($request->handle);
    $this->parseResult($request, $content);
    curl_close($request->handle);
    unset($request->handle);
    return $request;
  }

  /**
   * Performs multiple (array of RemoteContentRequest) requests and fills in the responses
   * in the $request objects
   *
   * @param Array of RemoteContentRequest's $requests
   * @return $requests
   */
  public function multiFetchRequest(Array $requests) {
    $mh = curl_multi_init();
    foreach ($requests as $request) {
      $request->handle = $this->initCurlHandle($request->getUrl());
      // Set this so the multihandler will return data
      curl_setopt($request->handle, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
      $this->setHeaders($request);
      curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $request->handle);
    }
    $running = null;
    do {
      curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);
    } while ($running > 0);
    foreach ($requests as $request) {
      // Execute the request
      $content = curl_multi_getcontent($request->handle);
      $this->parseResult($request, $content);
      curl_multi_remove_handle($mh, $request->handle);
      unset($request->handle);
    }
    curl_multi_close($mh);
    unset($mh);
    return $requests;
  }

  /**
   * Parses the result content into the headers and body, and retrieves the http code and content type
   *
   * @param RemoteContentRequest $request
   * @param string $content
   */
  private function parseResult(RemoteContentRequest $request, $content) {
    $headers = '';
    $body = '';
    $httpCode = curl_getinfo($request->handle, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
    $contentType = curl_getinfo($request->handle, CURLINFO_CONTENT_TYPE);
    // Attempt to magically convert all text'ish responses to UTF8, especially the xml and json parsers get upset if invalid UTF8 is encountered
    $textTypes = array('text', 'html', 'json', 'xml', 'atom');
    $isTextType = false;
    foreach ($textTypes as $textType) {
    	if (strpos($contentType, $textType) !== false) {
    		$isTextType = true;
    		break;
    	}
    }
    if ($isTextType && function_exists('mb_convert_encoding')) {
      if (0 == preg_match("/charset\s*=\s*([^\"' >]*)/ix",$content, $charset)) {
        $charset = 'UTF-8';
      } else {
   			$charset = trim($charset[1]);
   			if (($pos = strpos($charset, "\n")) !== false) {
   			  $charset = trim(substr($charset, 0, $pos));
   			}
   		}
   		// the xml and json parsers get very upset if there are invalid UTF8 sequences in the string, by recoding it any bad chars will be filtered out
      $content = mb_convert_encoding($content, 'UTF-8', $charset);
  	}
    // on redirects and such we get multiple headers back from curl it seems, we really only want the last one
    while (substr($content, 0, strlen('HTTP')) == 'HTTP' && strpos($content, "\r\n\r\n") !== false) {
      $headers = substr($content, 0, strpos($content, "\r\n\r\n"));
      $content = $body = substr($content, strlen($headers) + 4);
    }
    $headers = explode("\n", $headers);
    $parsedHeaders = array();
    foreach ($headers as $header) {
      if (strpos($header, ':')) {
        $key = trim(substr($header, 0, strpos($header, ':')));
        $key = str_replace(' ', '-', ucwords(str_replace('-', ' ', $key)));
        $val = trim(substr($header, strpos($header, ':') + 1));
        $parsedHeaders[$key] = $val;
      }
    }
    if (! $httpCode) {
      $httpCode = '404';
    }
    $request->setHttpCode($httpCode);
    $request->setHttpCodeMsg($this->resolveHttpCode($httpCode));
    $request->setContentType($contentType);
    $request->setResponseHeaders($parsedHeaders);
    $request->setResponseContent($body);
    $request->setResponseSize(strlen($content));
  }

  /**
   * Misc function to resolve http status codes to a matching http code message
   * since curl strips those, but we do need'm in the proxy handler
   * @param $httpCode
   * @return string
   */
  private function resolveHttpCode($httpCode) {
    switch ((int)$httpCode) {
      case 100: return "Continue";
      case 101: return "Switching Protocols";
      case 200: return "OK";
      case 201: return "Created";
      case 202: return "Accepted";
      case 203: return "Non-Authoritative Information";
      case 204: return "No Content";
      case 205: return "Reset Content";
      case 206: return "Partial Content";
      case 300: return "Multiple Choices";
      case 301: return "Moved Permanently";
      case 302: return "Found";
      case 303: return "See Other";
      case 304: return "Not Modified";
      case 305: return "Use Proxy";
      case 306: return "(Unused)";
      case 307: return "Temporary Redirect";
      case 400: return "Bad Request";
      case 401: return "Unauthorized";
      case 402: return "Payment Required";
      case 403: return "Forbidden";
      case 404: return "Not Found";
      case 405: return "Method Not Allowed";
      case 406: return "Not Acceptable";
      case 407: return "Proxy Authentication Required";
      case 408: return "Request Timeout";
      case 409: return "Conflict";
      case 410: return "Gone";
      case 411: return "Length Required";
      case 412: return "Precondition Failed";
      case 413: return "Request Entity Too Large";
      case 414: return "Request-URI Too Long";
      case 415: return "Unsupported Media Type";
      case 416: return "Requested Range Not Satisfiable";
      case 417: return "Expectation Failed";
      case 500: return "Internal Server Error";
      case 501: return "Not Implemented";
      case 502: return "Bad Gateway";
      case 503: return "Service Unavailable";
      case 504: return "Gateway Timeout";
      case 505: return "HTTP Version Not Supported";
      default : return "Unknown Error";
    }
  }

  /**
   * Sets the headers and post body for the request if they are specified
   *
   * @param RemoteContentRequest $request
   */
  private function setHeaders(RemoteContentRequest $request) {
    if ($request->hasHeaders()) {
      $headers = explode("\n", $request->getHeaders());
      $outHeaders = array();
      foreach ($headers as $header) {
        if (strpos($header, ':')) {
          $key = trim(substr($header, 0, strpos($header, ':')));
          $key = str_replace(' ', '-', ucwords(str_replace('-', ' ', $key)));
          $val = trim(substr($header, strpos($header, ':') + 1));
          if (! in_array($key, $this->disallowedHeaders)) {
            $outHeaders[] = "$key: $val";
          }
        }
      }
      $outHeaders[] = "User-Agent: " . BasicRemoteContentFetcher::USER_AGENT;
      curl_setopt($request->handle, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $outHeaders);
    }
    if ($request->isPost()) {
      curl_setopt($request->handle, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
      curl_setopt($request->handle, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $request->getPostBody());
    }
  }

  /**
   * Initializes a curl handle for making a request
   * This will set the timeout based on the 'curl_connection_timeout configuration', and
   * set a proxy server to use if the 'proxy' config string is not empty
   *
   * @param string $url
   * @return curl handle
   */
  private function initCurlHandle($url) {
    $handle = curl_init();
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_BINARYTRANSFER, 1);
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER, 1);
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS, 10);
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, Config::get('curl_connection_timeout'));
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, Config::get('curl_connection_timeout'));
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1);
    curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0);
    $proxy = Config::get('proxy');
    if (! empty($proxy)) {
      curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_PROXY, $proxy);
    }
    return $handle;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Claire's Digitally Transforms its Business with Capgemini's LYONSCG and Salesforce Commerce Cloud
January 08, 2018 02:30 ET | Source: Lyons Consulting Group
PARIS and CHICAGO and LONDON, Jan. 08, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), part of the Capgemini Group (CAP.PA), today announced its engagement with Claire's® Stores, Inc., a...
Build-A-Bear Partners with LYONSCG to Re-Imagine the Digital Experience
November 08, 2017 11:40 ET | Source: Lyons Consulting Group
CHICAGO, Nov. 08, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), now part of the Capgemini Group, today announced its partnership with Build-A-Bear Workshop, a one-of-a-kind global brand...
Destination Maternity Partners with LYONSCG to Deliver Mobile-First Experiences for Moms-to-Be
October 03, 2017 08:00 ET | Source: Lyons Consulting Group
CHICAGO, Oct. 03, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), a leading digital agency and global commerce service provider, announced its engagement with Destination Maternity...
Lyons Consulting Group CEO Rich Lyons Named EY Entrepreneur of the Year® 2017 Award Finalist
May 03, 2017 08:30 ET | Source: Lyons Consulting Group
CHICAGO, May 03, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), a leading digital agency and global commerce service provider, announced that its President and CEO, Rich Lyons, has...
LYONSCG Helps Haggar Launch a New State-of-the-Art eCommerce Site
April 03, 2017 08:00 ET | Source: Lyons Consulting Group
CHICAGO, April 03, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), a leading digital agency and global commerce service provider, today announced its engagement with Haggar Clothing,...
LYONSCG Helps Timex Transform its Digital Commerce Experience
March 27, 2017 08:00 ET | Source: Lyons Consulting Group
CHICAGO, March 27, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), a leading digital agency and global commerce service provider, announced its engagement with Timex, the iconic...
Seraphine Partners with LYONSCG to Drive Digital Performance and International Expansion
LONDON and CHICAGO, March 22, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), a leading digital agency and global commerce service provider, today announced that it has been engaged...
LYONSCG and The Principal Consulting Join Forces to Deliver Comprehensive Solutions for SAP CEC Suite
Strategic partnership expands service offerings across SAP commerce, marketing, sales and service applications CHICAGO, Jan. 23, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), a leading...
eCommerce Growth Fuels Success for LYONSCG
CHICAGO, Jan. 16, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Lyons Consulting Group (LYONSCG), a leading global commerce service provider, today announced outstanding growth and performance in 2016, driven by...


text:
Post Mortems
Nashville Midseason Finale: EP Weighs In on Juliette's Absence, Deacon's Big Misstep and Will's Scary Collapse
By Kimberly Roots / February 22 2018, 7:00 PM PST
Courtesy of CMT
Warning: This post contains major spoilers from Thursday's midseason finale of Nashville.
This just in, courtesy of Nashville's midseason finale: Absence actually doesn't make the heart grow fonder.
Thursday's episode both marked the halfway point in the CMT drama's final season and set up some serious heartache for Avery, whose reaction to Juliette's decision to stay at a cult retreat in Bolivia included removing his wedding ring and telling Deacon he's "done" with his flighty wife.
"I will not live my life like this anymore," a highly upset and seemingly over-it Avery said during the hour. And when new bandmate Alannah started ever-so-slightly cozying up to him? Let's just say, he didn't immediately turn her away.
Meanwhile, Deacon couldn't stop himself from getting physically involved when Brad was rough with Jake. Though the interaction was over before it really began, Brad seemed to relish the idea of pressing charges against Jessie's new man. "Did you just assault me?" the irksome record-label exec said, smiling, as he sauntered past an instantly regretful Deacon.
And in New York, while taping a performance at The Chew, Will's steroid use caught up to him. He collapsed in the middle of a song, and seemed unresponsive as emergency medical personnel strapped him to a gurney.
We wanted to know what all of this means for the series' final eight episodes, which will debut on Thursday, June 7 (9/8c). So we went straight to co-showrunner Marshall Herskovitz for the answers… well, the ones he was willing to give up, at least. Read on for the scoop:
TVLINE | First of all, I'm very worried about Juliette and Avery. This seems like a bad place for them as a couple, where we're leaving them before the break. Is he as done with her as he sounds like he is?
I wish I could answer a question like that, but I can't. [Laughs] Well let me say this. What can I say? I have to figure out what is safe to say… All right, we know Juliette's going to be back. I'll just give that away right now. So she'll be back. I can say that Avery feels as done as he is. What he feels is what he feels, you know what I mean? I can't speak to the future one way or the other, but I think you could certainly defend the way he feels. God almighty, he's put up with so much from Juliette over the years.
I think what we want to look forward to, though, is the possibility of transformation. The possibility of someone changing their lives, and what does that mean and what does that mean for the people around them? So yes, we're leaving Juliette and Avery in a bad place — and I hear about it on Twitter literally hundreds of times a day and I understand that — but this is the nature of drama. A story would not be a good story if there were not moments in the story when things look dark. That doesn't say where it's going to come out at the end, but that's just a part of all good drama.
TVLINE | We've also been hearing from readers who've noticed that Hayden Panettiere has not been on screen that much in the past few episodes. I know you've spoken before about how it can be challenging to give all of the characters in the show airtime, but even given that, her on-screen presence feels a little sparse as of late. Can you address how much we'll see her in the second half of the season?
Well, I can easily say that she's Number One on the call sheet, in the parlance of our business, and she's such a central part of this show and we are not in any way going to slight her story. I think I can say that.
TVLINE | In this last episode it seemed like Alannah and Avery seemed to have a little bit of a kinship. Am I reading too closely into that, or is that something that's going to be explored as we move on?
Oh my gosh. Boy would I like to speak about that. But I can't! [Laughs] Look: What's there is there to be seen. I'll put it a different way. There is a connection. What happens there will have to be explored, you know? We'll find out if it's real or not.
TVLINE | We see Will collapse during the performance, after Googling about tapering steroid use. Has he been trying to do that himself?
No. That's not what's happening. But I'm not at liberty to say what is happening.
TVLINE | Can you give us a gauge of how bad off he is? It looks really bad.
What happens to him is real. In other words, again it's very hard for me because I don't want to give away upcoming stories. It wasn't a trick, put it that way.
TVLINE | Deacon's stepping into the Brad-Jessie-Jake fight seems certain to have legal ramifications. Will it affect Deacon's relationship with Jessie, as well?
You know, I think it certainly puts their relationship in danger because even though it wasn't very violent, it was still technically assault, and that's what [Brad] said. "Did you just assault me?" And you know, assault is a criminal act that has repercussions. I personally find it a very delicious turn in the story, because every piece of it comes out of the character of these people. In other words, there was almost an inevitability about it, even though we didn't see it coming.
You know Deacon has this history of violence, at lashing out, and Jessie has this history of being tormented by [Brad], and [Brad] has a history of being cruel. So it was sort of an inevitable clash, and yet I can truthfully say, we didn't plan on this. We just realized that it had to happen. And as a storyteller, that's a great moment when you realize that the characters themselves are telling you what must happen.
TAGS: CMT, Marshall Herskovitz, Nashville
GET MORE: Finales, Interviews, Post Mortems


This actually was my first try in such a thing. I personally love the weird optical illusion of cloud formation in the left upper corner where the exhausts of the massive ship are located. ☁☁☁ just lower the shutter speed of your camera and send the results to me!
-Aluminum brings out the reflection of the light on the water in Slow.Ship. That is why I chose this material to print it on. It is also weather resistant and can be hung outside.
-My logo will be downsized 5 times from what you in the down right corner.


Anyone who uses Facebook is likely to be some kind of bore. You might be a baby bore, a triathlon bore or a 'where I ate lunch today' bore. Some people manage to combine all three. I have become a vegetable bore, forever parading my allotment produce. As social media bragging goes it feels fairly harmless; it seems unlikely that my rainbow chard is going to send anyone into a fit of envy, self-loathing and inferiority. Last week, I was especially pleased to parade these beauties; I never dreamed I'd be able to successfully grow butternut squash but in truth they pretty much grew themselves this summer.
Mention Hawes in Yorkshire to many cheese-lovers and they'll think of the Wensleydale Creamery, a big old operation with viewing gallery, museum and gift shop to boot. But recently Ribblesdale Cheese caught my eye – mainly because all of the roads where I live are named after places in Lancashire, with Ribblesdale being one of them; the Ribble valley straddles both Yorkshire and Lancashire, a pretty perilous position for anywhere to take, quite frankly. (It's fair to say the region has 'history'.) Also based in Hawes, Ribblesdale Cheese is a slightly smaller operation, with just three staff but one sight of their snowy white goat's cheese, set off with its brown rind, the colour of a smoky ceiling in an age-old pub and, as ever, size didn't matter.


Synchrony (NYSE:SYF), a premier consumer financial services company, today announced the new Synchrony HOMETM Credit Card. From furniture and décor to flooring and appliances, the all-in-one card is designed for people who seek simplicity and value for their home purchases. The Synchrony HOME Credit Card gives consumers financing options for all their home needs at more than a million large, medium, and small retail locations nationwide.
Synchrony (NYSE:SYF), a premier consumer financial services company, today announced the new Synchrony HOMETM Credit Card. From furniture and décor to flooring and appliances, the all-in-one card is designed for people who seek simplicity and value for their home purchases. The Synchrony HOME Credit Card gives consumers financing options for all their home needs at more than a millionlarge, medium, and small retail locations nationwide.
Six-months promotional financing on purchases of $299 or more at any retailer that accepts the card.
12-to-60-months promotional financing on qualifying purchases at thousands of participating Synchrony HOME locations nationwide.
The Synchrony HOME Credit Card is issued and serviced by Synchrony Bank. The company is working with Discover® Global Network to provide greater merchant acceptance within the home category.
"Discover and Synchrony are ideally suited to give consumers value-focused card products that have wide acceptance where cardmembers want to make their purchases. This venture into a home-related card builds on the success both companies have had with Synchrony's automotive card product," said Joby Orlowsky, vice president of Global Business Development at Discover.
Consumers nationwide will be able to use the enhanced Synchrony HOME Credit Card across a broader acceptance network for all home-related needs at their preferred retailers, in-store or online – from small retailers to national brands. To find a participating retailer that accepts the card, visit the Synchrony HOME locator.


text:
Weapons and Gun Crimes
Illegal Traffic Stops and Vehicle Searches
Robbery & Burglary
Murder and Violent Crimes
Airport Arrests
DWI/Drunk Driving
Post-Conviction Motions
Violent Crime Appeals
Eavesdropping, Wiretaps and Search Warrant Issues
Criminal Law Overview
Your First Meeting Is Free
STREET CRIME DEFENSE WITH NO JUDGMENT
Man dies from heroin overdose, alleged drug dealer facing charges
On behalf of Robert D. DiDio & Associates posted in Drug Charges on Wednesday, December 2, 2015.
Authorities in New Jersey and the attorney general's office in New York have been working closely together through the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Heroin Task Force to arrest a 33-year-old man for the heroin overdose death of a 27-year-old man in New York. While lawmakers in New York are trying to pass a bill that would make "homicide by sale of an opiate controlled substance" a class A-1 felony in the state, New Jersey already has such a law. It's call the Strict Liability for Drug-Induced Death statute and it was passed back in 1987.
According to authorities, the 27-year-old man was found dead in his home in the middle of October. Next to his body, there were glassine envelopes and syringes. The envelopes had "Ball Room" stamped on them in black ink. When authorities looked at the man's phone, they found that he had contacted a man with the street name of "S." That man lived in Paterson, New Jersey, which is where the victim went and purchased heroin. Authorities in New Jersey knew the man who allegedly sold the victim the heroin.
A few weeks after the man died, "S" was arrested for allegedly selling 50 glassine envelopes with "Ball Room" stamped on them. He allegedly sold the heroin on the same block where the deceased man had purchased his heroin. The heroin was laced with fentanyl. The Drug Enforcement Administration notes that agents have seized more fentanyl in New York than last year -- 12 times more.
If you are facing drug charges, the penalties can be stiff. Should someone die of an overdose after using illegal drugs that you allegedly sold him or her, then you could be facing homicide charges. You will need an experienced criminal defense attorney to build a strong legal defense strategy to have a chance at mitigating the possible penalties.
Source: silive.com, "Alleged N.J. drug dealer charged in N.Y. man's heroin overdose death," Ryan Lavis, Nov. 22, 2015
Tags: Drug Charges
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text:
Johan Larsson Tresk var en svensk lantmätare och kartograf

Tresk var verksam på 1600-talet.

I dåvarande Västerbotten, som på 1600-talet även omfattade nuvarande Norrbotten, kartlade Tresk tillsammans med lantmätaren Erik Eriksson över 360 gårdar och byar i Torneå, Kalix, Luleå och Piteå socknar. Han avslutade kartläggningen med att upprätta över 170 kartor över Skellefteå socken.

Bilden visar en av Tresks och Erikssons kartor över Skellefteå kyrka från 1648. Den detaljrika kartan visar Skellefteå kyrka och kyrkby. Det vita området på kartan är kyrkbyns bebyggelse, Erik Eriksson skriver: På detta rummet sochnenes hus. Fördelningen mellan åker och äng visar på ett starkt boskapsinriktat jordbruk. Kartan upprättades knappt två sekel innan staden Skellefteå grundades.

Referenser

Se även
 Lantmäteriet
 Oluf Tresk

Svenska kartografer
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