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text:
Home, James!® Global Real Estate Network in St. Pierre and Miquelon (FR)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon) is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France, situated in the northwestern Atlantic in the heart of the Grand Banks, near Canada. Saint Pierre and Miquelon is the only remnant of the former colonial empire of New France that remains under French control. The total population of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is around 6,080 (2011 census), of which 5,456 lived in Saint-Pierre and 624 in Miquelon-Langlade.
The archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is composed of eight islands, totalling 242 sq. km. (93 sq. mi.), of which only two are inhabited. Saint Pierre is the smaller of the two with 26 sq. km. (10 sq. mi.). However, Saint Pierre is the most populous and is the commercial and administrative center of the archipelago. A new airport has been in operation since 1999 and is capable of accommodating long-haul flights from metropolitan France. Miquelon-Langlade, the largest island, is in fact composed of two islands: Miquelon, 110 sq. km. (42 sq. mi.) is connected to Langlade, which has 91 sq. km. (35 sq. mi.), by the Dune de Langlade, a 10-km. (6.2 mi.) -long sandy isthmus.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}

Theoretical modeling of structure formation in a $\Lambda$-CDM
cosmology cannot match observed galaxy luminosity functions locally
unless some form of heating or ``feedback'' is included in the
simulations \citep[e.g.,][]{GranatoEtal2004}. This strong theoretical
requirement coupled with (1) the empirical discoveries of the strong
correlations between black hole masses and the properties of their
galactic bulges \citep[e.g.,][]{FerMer2000,GebhardtEtal2000} and (2)
the observation that growing supermassive black holes reveal
themselves as luminous quasars \citep[e.g.,][]{Soltan1982,YuTre2002}
have led to quasar winds becoming promising sources of feedback in
massive ($>L^{\ast}$) galaxies \citep[e.g.,][]{SiRe1998}.  Attempts to
model these outflows in cosmological simulations currently employ
simplifying and inaccurate assumptions without incorporating empirical
constraints. Quasar winds are directly observed in Broad Absorption
Line (BAL) quasars; this $\sim15$--20\% of the luminous, radio-quiet
quasar population exhibits deep troughs from high-ionization ultraviolet\
resonance transitions such as C~{\sc iv}\ and
O~{\sc vi}. Such absorption features appear blueshifted along lines of sight
passing through winds with terminal velocities reaching 0.03--0.3$c$.

Constraining the nature of quasar outflows, including the geometry,
acceleration mechanism, ionization state, and mass outflow rate, is
fundamental both for understanding the role of quasars in galaxy
evolution as well as accretion physics. Quasars are by nature
multiwavelength, and a complete accounting of the outflow requires a
panchromatic approach.

\section{Empirical Constraints on Wind Properties}

BAL quasars have been the targets of surveys at all wavelengths.  As
the sensitivity of available facilities increases over time, the
empirical data on distinct outflow components have become more
constraining.  Below, we briefly summarize the conclusions and
implications from studies in three regimes, the ultraviolet, the X-ray, and
the infrared; these results are compiled in Table~1.  Constraints on the
launching radius ($R_{\rm launch}$), covering fraction ($f_{\rm
cov}$), column density ($N_{\rm H}$), and velocity ($v$) of the wind probed in
these regimes is of particular interest for determining the structure
and kinetic energy of the flow.

\subsection{The Ultraviolet Line-Driven Wind}

BAL quasars by definition show outflows in the ultraviolet, and there is
compelling evidence that these are radiatively driven.  The momentum
from photons absorbed from the quasar continuum is sufficient to push
gas to the high observed velocities of up to $10^{4.5}$~km~s$^{-1}$\
\citep[e.g.,][]{MuChGrVo1995,deKool1997}.
In fact, the BAL absorption features represent photon momentum absorbed from
the ultraviolet\ continuum. In addition, line-locked systems
detected in some objects provide direct evidence for the importance of
line driving
\citep[e.g.,][]{BrMi89}.
Stable absorption-line locking occurs when the relative Doppler shift
of gas at different distances from the continuum source is
approximately equal to the wavelength separation of two strong
absorption lines (e.g., Ly$\alpha$ and N~{\sc v}). These systems then become
locked into approximately this velocity separation, with the system
closer to the continuum source absorbing the photons that would
otherwise continue to accelerate the more distant, higher velocity
system \citep[e.g.,][]{Scargle1973}.  Line-locked systems do not occur
unless line-driving plays an important role in the dynamics of the
outflow \citep[e.g.,][]{KoVoMoWe1993,Arav1996,ChNe03}.
In fact, the line-locked transitions themselves have to play an important
role in the dynamics for line-locking to operate.

The geometry most frequently associated with BAL outflows is
equatorial \citep[e.g.,][]{deKBe1995,MuChGrVo1995}, and
spectropolarimetry of BAL and non-BAL~quasars supports this generic
picture \citep[e.g.,][]{OgCoMiTr1999}.  In this scenario, the material
in the wind originates in the accretion disk.  Some vertical pressure,
either thermal, magnetic, or radiative, pushes gas upwards, to be
illuminated by the continuum emission generated at smaller
radii. Radiation pressure then accelerates the gas radially; this is
most efficient when the photon energies match those of strong
resonance atomic transitions.  The covering fraction of the outflow in
this picture is determined by the ratio of the (vertical) disk
pressure to the (radial) central continuum pressure.  As ultraviolet\ emission
lines are often absorbed, the BAL wind must be outside of, or perhaps
co-spatial with, the broad emission line (BEL) region.  Using the
$L_{\rm UV}$--$R_{\rm CIV}$ reverberation mapping relationship
measured by Kaspi et al. (2007)\nocite{KaspiEtal2007}, the C~{\sc iv}\ BEL
region radius is $\sim2\times10^{17}$~cm for a luminous ($\lambda
L_{1350 \AA}=10^{46}$ erg~s$^{-1}$) quasar.  For a BEL region at the
base of the outflow, the C~{\sc iv}\ BAL radius is approximately the same
\citep{MC98}.

As mentioned above, because the ultraviolet\ continuum generates the radiative
pressure on the BAL gas, the distance between the continuum and the
BAL gas will ultimately affect the covering fraction of the wind.
This is an area where important observational constraints can perhaps
be brought to bear. Though \mbox{$\alpha$-disk} models predict that $\sim
90\%$ of the optical/ultraviolet\ continuum is generated within $7 \times
10^{15}$~cm for $M_{\rm BH}=3\times10^8$~$M_{\odot}$, recent constraints
from microlensing of quasar accretion disks suggests the continuum
emitting region is actually significantly larger, $\sim 5 \times
10^{16}$~cm \citep{PoEtAl2006,KoEtAl2006}.

\subsection{The Shielding Gas}

At first glance, a quasar appears well-suited to radiative gas
acceleration given the strong ultraviolet\ radiation field.  However, unlike
\mbox{O stars}, quasars are also strong X-ray sources. This high flux
of X-ray photons ionizes the wind, thus eliminating ultraviolet\ resonance
lines.  Highly ionized gas can only be driven radiatively by radiation
pressure on electrons, which is much less efficient than resonance
line pressure.  To prevent overionization, some material is needed to
protect the wind from the ionizing far-ultraviolet\ and X-ray continuum
\citep[][]{ShViSh85}.  In the context of continuous winds, a layer of
shielding gas was hypothesized by Murray et al. (1995; who dubbed it
``hitchhiking gas'')\nocite{MuChGrVo1995} as a thick, highly ionized
layer of gas interior to the ultraviolet\ BAL wind.  Their model required
shielding gas in order to launch the wind from small radii
($\sim10^{16}$ cm).  Though initially introduced in a rather ad hoc
manner, the empirical evidence for the existence of the shielding gas
has become quite compelling.  In particular, measurements of the
column density of X-ray absorbing gas in radio-quiet BAL~quasars find
a range of $N_{\rm H}$=10$^{22}$--10$^{24}$~cm$^{2}$
\citep[e.g.,][]{GreenEtal2001,GaBrChGa2002}.  These values are one to
two orders of magnitude larger than the best constraints from careful
modeling of the ultraviolet\ absorption lines \citep[e.g.,][]{AravEtal2001}.
This discrepancy is most dramatic in the BAL quasars whose extreme
X-ray weakness indicates they are likely to host Compton-thick
($N_{\rm H}$\,$>1.5\times10^{24}$~cm$^{-2}$) absorbers.

To date, Compton-thick absorption has only been confirmed for one BAL
quasar, Mrk~231, with the detection of its direct continuum above
10~keV by Braito et al. (2004)\nocite{braito+04}; at softer X-ray
energies only scattered and starburst emission is seen.  Notably, the
putative X-ray Compton-thick BAL~quasars show broad emission lines and
often blue ultraviolet-optical continua
(e.g., Clavel et al. 2006; Gallagher et al. 2006).\nocite{clavel+06,gall+06}
As first seen by Green et al. (2001)\nocite{GreenEtal2001}, the
$\sim10\%$ of BAL~quasars with low-ionization (Mg~{\sc ii}) BALs may
typically have Compton-thick X-ray absorbers, and Gallagher
et~al. (2006) speculated that Mg~{\sc ii} BALs might require such
X-ray absorption for the low-ionization gas to exist in the outflow.
The converse is not true, however, and so Compton-thick X-ray absorbers
may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for low-ionization
BALs.

Given that an absorber with $N_{\rm H}$$>1.5\times10^{24}$~cm$^{-2}$ is
optically thick to the ultraviolet/X-ray continuum in a quasar, such X-ray
absorbers must not fully cover the ultraviolet\ continuum-emitting region.
Though a (less than Compton-thick) highly ionized shielding gas
component might be expected to allow a significant ultraviolet\ photon flux
through the wind \citep{MuChGrVo1995}, radiative transfer calculations
of highly ionized magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) disk winds hint that some
less ionized gas would still be present to block a large fraction of
the ultraviolet\ flux \citep{Everett05}.  This implies that the ultraviolet\ BAL wind
lies along a distinct path to the ultraviolet\ continuum in these systems
compared to the absorber blocking the X-ray continuum.  If this is
generically true (though only evident for the most extreme examples),
this result provides an important constraint on the relative location
of the ultraviolet\ and X-ray continuum sources.  For an X-ray continuum
generated on smaller spatial scales than the ultraviolet, as implied by recent
constraints from microlensing \citep{PoEtAl2006,KoEtAl2006}, a
stratified wind can account for discrepancies in the ultraviolet\ and X-ray
absorber properties.  We explore this further in \S\ref{sec:model}

To date, the best evidence from X-ray spectral modeling indicates that
the absorbers are plausibly highly ionized such that the soft X-ray
opacity would be dominated by O~{\sc vii}\ and O~{\sc viii}\ absorption edges.
Strong X-ray absorption variability unmatched by changes in the ultraviolet\
BALs also points towards distinct ultraviolet\ and X-ray absorbing material
\citep[e.g.,][]{gall+04} with the X-ray absorber closer than the ultraviolet\
absorber to the central X-ray continuum.  The bulk of the X-ray data
to date thus support the identification of the X-ray absorber with the
putative shielding gas.

The recent discovery of a correlation between the maximum terminal
velocity of the ultraviolet\ BAL (as measured for C~{\sc iv}), $v_{\rm max}$, and
X-ray weakness in BAL quasars indicates the importance of shielding in
the outflow (Gallagher et al. 2006).  Without enough signal in this exploratory
survey for spectral fitting, X-ray weakness was taken
to indicate strong X-ray absorption.  It is a generic property
of gas escaping from the vicinity of the black hole that the terminal
velocity will be of order the Keplerian velocity of the radius from
which it was launched.  Gas that obtains the highest velocities then
might have originated at the smallest radii where the photon densities
are highest.  However, radiative line-driving is only efficient if the
gas does not become overionized; this can be accomplished with a thick
layer of shielding gas.  This scenario might explain the correlation
between extreme X-ray weakness and the highest values of $v_{\rm
max}$.  Figure~\ref{shield} shows a schematic of this situation.

To date, the largest unknown in the properties of the shielding gas is
its velocity.  For the bulk of BAL quasars with X-ray spectra, the
velocity cannot be measured with the current generation of
observatories; only a handful are bright enough in X-rays to search
for X-ray BALs.  Two BAL quasars with putative Fe~{\sc XXV} BALs,
PG1115$+$080 and APM08279$+$5255, indicate high (tenths of $c$)
blueshifts \citep{chartas+07}, however, the frequency of such features
is unknown.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=gallagher_fig1.eps,width=15cm}}
\caption{
Two diagrams of the inner part of the accretion disk illustrating the
possible connection between the presence of X-ray shielding gas (solid
shape) and the velocity of the ultraviolet\ BAL outflow (solid curves).  In
both panels, the black hole is to the right, and the continuum
emission is generated in the accretion disk.  The horizontal white bar
serves as a scale marker, and the size of the arrows corresponds to
the velocity of the outflowing BAL gas.  {\em Left:} In this case, a
thin shield does not allow gas to be accelerated until larger radii.
{\em Right:} A thick shield prevents overionization of the ultraviolet\ BAL
wind at smaller radii where the higher photon densities allow the material
to be launched to larger terminal velocities.  A larger vertical
contribution from the accretion disk radiation can also change the
covering fraction of the outflow.
\label{shield}
}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Dusty Outflows}

Outflows may exist on larger scales, as well.  K\"onigl \& Kartje
(1994)\nocite{KoKa1994} first proposed that the so-called ``dusty
torus'' -- the structure consisting of cold material on parsec scales
that reprocesses direct accretion power into thermal infrared\ emission --
is actually an outflow.  In their model (applied to Seyfert galaxies),
the wind is uplifted vertically from the accretion disk along magnetic
field lines as a magneto-centrifugally launched outflow \citep[as in,
  e.g.,][]{BP82,EmBlSh92,Bottorff97}. At large launching radii, dust
can survive in this outflow, and when this dusty gas attains a
sufficient vertical height, it becomes illuminated by the central ultraviolet\
continuum.  At that point, radiation pressure accelerates the dusty
gas radially outward, flattening the wind.  This elegant model avoids
problems with explaining the torus as a large ring of (clumpy) cold
material in the center of the galaxy; such gas is dynamically unstable
and will collapse \citep[c.f.,][]{KrBe1988}.

While the role of magnetic fields in driving quasar outflows remains
to be observationally constrained,
ultraviolet\ photons certainly will efficiently accelerate
dust grains.  The inner wall of this dusty outflow is set by the
temperature at which refractory dust grains (likely graphites)
sublimate, $T_{\rm sub}\sim1500$~K. As the dust is heated by the
radiant power of the quasar continuum, the sublimation radius, $R_{\rm
sub}$, is proportional to $L_{\rm UV}^{0.5}$ \citep{barvainis87}.  For
a quasar with $L_{\rm UV}\sim10^{46}$~erg~s$^{-1}$, the inner wall of
the dusty outflow is at 1--2~pc.  At these radii, the supermassive
black hole will dominate the dynamics of the gas, and the
Keplerian velocity is $\sim10^3$~km~s$^{-1}$.  The velocity dispersion of the
bulge of a massive host galaxy, 200--300~km~s$^{-1}$, provides a plausible
lower bound to the velocity of this material.

BAL~quasar ultraviolet\ spectra typically show evidence for reddening and
extinction in comparison with non-BAL quasars (Sprayberry \& Foltz 1992;
Reichard et al. 2003)\nocite{SpFo1992,reich+03b}, and this could be
taken to imply that some part of this dusty outflow is perhaps just
the outer regions of the
ultraviolet\ BAL wind.  However,
a recent study of 9.7\micron\ silicate features in infrared\ quasar spectra
by Shi et al. (2006)\nocite{shi+06} found that BAL quasars typically
show very prominent silicate emission.  This is in contrast to type~2
(narrow emission line) Seyfert galaxies which usually show strong
silicate absorption, as predicted by K\"onigl \& Kartje (1994) and
others.  The detection of silicate emission in BAL quasars indicates
that the dusty outflow therefore is distinct from the ultraviolet\ BAL wind.
If the silicate grains (at $T_{\rm sil}\sim200$~K; Hao et
al. 2005)\nocite{HaoEtal2005} were instead carried in the BAL wind,
the line of sight to the infrared\ continuum source generated by the warmer
dust at smaller radii would pass through the silicate region.  In this
case, silicate absorption is expected.

Within the unified quasar picture, some fraction of the sky is
obscured by the dusty outflow such that the broad emission line region
and central continuum are hidden from the direct line of sight.  In
this case, the ratio of type~2 to type~1 (broad emission line) quasars
gives the value for the covering fraction of the dusty outflow
\citep[e.g.,][]{ric+06}.\\

\begin{centering}
\begin{tabular}{lccccc}
\multicolumn{6}{c}{Properties of the Stratified Quasar Wind}\\
\hline
Wind           &  $R_{\rm launch}$        & $f_{\rm cov}$      & $N_{\rm H}$$^{\rm a}$ &
ion. & $v$            \\
Component      &  (cm)       &                    & (cm$^{-2}$)   &
state$^{\rm b}$  &(km~s$^{-1}$)  \\
\hline
Shielding Gas  & 10$^{15-16}$   & $>f_{\rm cov,UV}$  & 10$^{22-24}$  &
O~{\sc vii}, O~{\sc viii}\ &?             \\
UV BAL Wind        & 10$^{17}$   & 0.2(1--$f_{\rm type2}$) &  10$^{21-22}$
& C~{\sc iv}, O~{\sc vi}\ & 10$^{3-4}$ \\
Dusty Outflow  & 10$^{18.5}$ & $f_{\rm type2}$     &   $\cdots$   &
neutral & 10$^{2-3}$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

$^{\rm a}$Line-of-sight column density. $^{\rm b}$Common ions
representing the ionization state.
\end{centering}

\section{The Role of Winds}

In the simplest disk-wind paradigm, all quasars host outflows, but
only in BAL~quasars are these driven along the line of sight.
Therefore, the fraction of type~1 quasars with BALs, $\sim15$--20\%
\citep{reich+03b,HewFol2003}, corresponds to the covering fraction of
the BAL wind.  The opposite case would be that only a subset of
quasars host BAL winds, but these dusty shrouds cover a large fraction
of the sky -- the ``cocoon'' picture \citep[e.g.,][]{BeckerEtal2000}.
In this latter situation, BAL quasars would be expected to be mid-infrared\
bright relative to non-BAL~quasars with little or no wind because a
larger fraction of the accretion power is captured and reprocessed
into the thermal infrared\ by dust.  The recent {\em Spitzer} survey of 38
BAL~quasars by Gallagher et al. (2007)\nocite{gall+06c} disputes this
latter view, as they found that the mid-infrared\ properties of BAL~quasars
are consistent with non-BAL~quasars of comparable luminosity.  In
particular, the relative power in the optical and mid-infrared\ in the two
populations is indistinguishable.  Coupled with clear evidence from
spectropolarimetry that there are lines of sight to BAL quasars that
are not covered by the ultraviolet\ outflow \citep[e.g.,][]{OgCoMiTr1999}, it
seems quite likely that most luminous quasars host BAL outflows, and
only in BAL~quasars are we actually looking through them
\citep{WeMoFoHe1991}.

Though the first ultraviolet\ spectroscopic comparisons of the emission-line
and continuum properties of BAL versus non-BAL quasars found them to
be ``remarkably similar'' \citep{WeMoFoHe1991}, spectral studies with
much larger samples revealed that BAL are more often found in quasars
with intrinsically blue ultraviolet-optical continua and broader emission lines
\citep{ric+02}.  We point out that the covering
fraction of the wind in any given quasar is likely to vary, and so
those quasars with the largest covering fractions are most likely to
be identified as BAL quasars.  This will skew the ``average''
continuum and emission-line properties of BAL quasars to be
representative of quasars with more substantial outflows, rather than
the typical outflow.  A discussion of possible links between active
winds, continuum properties, and ultraviolet\ emission-line properties is
presented in Richards (2006).\nocite{ric06}

\section{Constructing a Consistent Geometry}
\label{sec:model}

Based on the empirical constraints outlined in \S2, we construct the
diagram of the stratified wind presented in Figure~2 with
approximately three zones: the shielding gas, the ultraviolet\ BAL wind, and
the dusty outflow.  Each zone is spatially distinct and can be
characterized by distinct covering fractions, column densities,
ionization states, and probably velocities.  The acceleration
mechanisms also differ. While there is compelling evidence that
radiative line pressure dominates for the ultraviolet\ BAL wind, the dynamical
state of the shielding gas remains uncertain.  For gas characterized
by atomic species from
O~{\sc vii}\ up to Fe~{\sc xxv}, the gas is too ionized for line driving to
be effective, and X-ray continuum driving is also insufficient
\citep{EvBa2004}.  Therefore, if the shielding gas velocities are
typically $\sim0.1c$ as seen in the two known cases of X-ray BALs, MHD
forces are likely to dominate the acceleration.  However, the
shielding gas might instead be stalled or even infalling
\citep{PrStKa2000}.  Meanwhile, for the dusty outflows on large
scales, ultraviolet\ continuum pressure on dust grains overrides electron
continuum pressure by approximately a factor of 850 \citep{KoKa1994}.
Efficient acceleration combined with the large launching radius for
the dusty component make it the most equatorial part of the outflow in
a luminous quasar.

Observationally, panchromatic observations are very important in
constructing this picture, as each wind component is viewed primarily
in a distinct portion of the spectral energy distribution.  While the
X-ray continuum is imprinted by both the shielding gas and the ultraviolet\
BAL wind, the larger column density of the shielding gas makes its
effect more pronounced.  The ultraviolet\ continuum is likely not completely
covered by the shielding gas, which in any case is highly ionized and
would be nearly invisible in the ultraviolet\ for $N_{\rm H}$$\ll 10^{24}$~cm$^{-2}$.
The BALs affecting the ultraviolet\ continuum are the clear signatures of this
component.  The dusty outflow, meanwhile, is detected and probed via
its infrared\ emission in luminous BAL quasars.

We emphasize that this proposed picture is based on empirical data for
luminous, radio-quiet BAL quasars. Outflows in both lower luminosity
Seyfert galaxies and radio-loud quasars are likely to be qualitatively
distinct because of differences in both luminosity and spectral energy
distributions.  Specifically, Seyfert galaxies and radio-loud quasars
emit a larger fraction of their radiant power in the X-rays than
luminous radio-quiet quasars \citep[e.g.,][]{BrYuSi1997,steffen+06}.
As discussed by Murray et al. (1995), X-ray loud active galactic
nuclei will have difficulty launching radiatively driven winds.
These differences in wind driving are observationally supported: for
instance, the ultraviolet\ absorbing outflows in the lower luminosity Seyfert
galaxy NGC 4151 are likely MHD-driven \citep{CrKr2006}.  In addition,
magneto-centrifugally dominated wind models have successfully fit
emission line variations in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548
\citep{Bottorff97}; these models also yield a stratified wind
structure \citep{BoKoSh2000}.

\begin{figure}
\psfig{figure=gallagher_fig2.eps,width=15cm}
\caption{
A diagram of the black hole and accretion disk of a luminous,
radio-quiet quasar illustrating the separate components of the outflow
as described in the text: the shielding gas (solid shapes), the ultraviolet\
BAL wind (solid curves), and the dusty outflow (dotted curves).  The
straight, labeled lines indicate the observer's lines of sight through
the stratified wind probed by studies in the X-ray, ultraviolet, and infrared;
these arrows point to the approximate location of the continuum source
in each regime.
\label{model}
}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

Figure~2 is a schematic, simplified view of the stratified wind drawn
in an attempt to incorporate the growing body of multiwavelength data
as well as modeling of disk winds from the past decade or so.  As
such, it requires further theoretical and empirical elaboration.  For
example, the outflowing (magneto-centrifugal) wind is likely to be
clumpy, as suggested by comparisons of models with observations
\citep{NeIvEl2002,ElSh2006}.  Furthermore, the shielding gas is
probably not discontinuous from the ultraviolet\ BAL wind, but is instead the
highly ionized inner region
\citep[e.g.,][]{KoKa1994,MuChGrVo1995,BoKoSh2000,PrStKa2000,Everett05}.

Outflows are most easily studied in BAL quasars where the absorbing
gas is obviously along the line of sight.  However, there should be
signatures of outflows in non-BAL quasars if the disk-wind paradigm is
generally correct.  For example, X-rays absorbed by the shielding gas
will be emitted along other lines of sight; this contribution to
non-BAL quasar X-ray spectra at soft energies will depend on the
covering fraction and geometry of the shield.  In this case, high
signal-to-noise X-ray spectroscopy may reveal a variable scattered
light component in luminous type~1 quasars.

In the near future, high quality near and mid-infrared\ spectra will offer
new insights into the hottest dust at the inner boundary of the dusty
outflow.  Furthermore, in-depth analysis of solid state features such
as 9.7 and 18~\micron\ silicate emission can provide constraints on
dust processing and perhaps grain formation within the quasar
environment.

At present, it appears that neither the dusty outflow nor the ultraviolet\ BAL
wind carries sufficient kinetic luminosity to account for the feedback
required to affect galaxy evolution.  The shielding gas, with its high
column density and currently unknown velocity, is therefore the most
promising component to dominate the energetics. Constraining these
velocities will require the high spectral resolution and large
effective area of the next generation of X-ray observatories such as
{\em Constellation-X}, as well as continued modeling efforts that
incorporate all phases of the outflow.

\acknowledgements
We thank M. Elitzur,  F. Hamann, D. Hines, A. K\"{o}nigl, and
G. Richards for helpful discussions that contributed to the picture
presented in this paper, and O. Blaes and S. Kaspi for pointing us
towards useful empirical results.  Support for S.C.G. was provided
by NASA through the {\em Spitzer} Fellowship Program, under award
1256317; this project was made possible by {\em Chandra} X-Ray Center
grant GO4--5113X. J.E.E was supported by NSF AST--0507367 and NSF
PHY--0215581 (to the Center for Magnetic Self-Organization in
Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Most people enjoy starry, peaceful nights.
Eliot is better off without you.
I didn't know Sjouke was in Boston.
Mikael adores his older brother.
Sjaak hardly ever listens to music.
Susan heard a helicopter overhead.
Ozan is always breaking things.
Pat slipped out of the classroom.
Malaclypse is a friendly guy.


okay so just started working for this guy. Exterior of the house was stained with semi transparent oil based deckscape.I went to Sherwin Williams and they went in the system and sold me waterborne.I did not know that the rest of the house is all oil. so I laid them out and sprayed and backbrushed them two coats.now the shakes that I did did not match the rest of the house. I was told the other guy just laid them out and did not back brush. how to solve this problem. Without staining in the rest of the house.the shakes on the gable above the porch was the ones I did. The other ones were done in January. I guess my pictures are too large to post. How do I fix that problem?


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The Developing World Is Taking Over Renewable Energy
Jonathan Goodwin
Published 1 year ago. About a 5 minute read.
Last year, the leading economies in renewable energy investment growth were not to be found in North America or even Europe — the leaders in growth were countries often described as developing, such as China, Brazil, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Argentina.
These big shifts in renewables investment have, in fact, been emerging since 2004, and portend a strong outlook for continued growth in global renewable energy investment and reaching carbon-reduction targets.
Incredible growth
In 2016, renewable energy investments in poorer countries eclipsed investments in wealthier countries for the first time ever. Since then, the upward trajectories of their growth have held steady or increased.
China was the prime mover in 2017 and has been a reliable leader in the pack in recent years. According to the Renewables 2016 report from the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, China has played a "dominant role" in the industry, increasing its investment by 17 percent and contributing a staggering 36 percent of total global investment.
From 2016 to 2017, China ramped up investments by 31 percent, imbuing a record $126.6 billion. Thanks to its commitment, China is home to half of the world's solar energy capacity.
In the 2018 Global Trends In Renewable Energy Investment Report from Bloomberg New Energy Finance and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), nations in Africa, Southwest Asia and Latin America blew their 2016 contributions out of the water.
In Latin America, Mexico increased investments by 810 percent, Argentina by 777 percent, Chile by 55 percent, Peru by 66 percent, and Costa Rica by 31 percent.
Looking at the other side of the world, Egypt grew renewables investments by 495 percent, the UAE by 2,815 percent, Rwanda by 8,665 percent, and Jordan by 26 percent.
By comparison, the wealthiest economies invested significantly smaller amounts into their renewable sectors. The UK's dropped by 65 percent to $7.6 billion, Germany's was down 35 percent at $10.4 billion, Japan's fell by 28 percent to $13.4 billion, while US investment slipped 6 percent to $40.5 billion.
With the most developed economies faltering in their renewables commitments, they're losing their leadership position to poorer countries. Way back in 2006, Kenya led the world in solar panels installed per capita. As recently as 2015, Costa Rica subsisted on total renewable energy for 75 days, and the newly elected president declared the country would become the first carbon-neutral country by 2021.
And looking at trends in new investments since 2004, countries in Asia, Latin America (minus Brazil), Africa and Southwest Asia have maintained generally steady increases while Europe and the US have faltered in keeping an upward trajectory. Dollar for dollar, the developed economies still hold incredible leads over the rest world (sans China), but the growth trends show a serious commitment by these developing countries to renewable energy.
There are very powerful motivators driving these surges in renewables investment, driven in part by agreements and mostly by opportunities.
For starters, the Kyoto Protocol bound many developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to levels that "would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system," and went into force in 2005. Some criticized it for not including countries such as China and India, and the second phase of its commitments — codified in the Doha Amendment — still hasn't gone into effect. Given the chance, developed countries scaled back their investments, partly causing the drops seen above.
The Paris Agreement, signed in 2016 and due to come into effect in 2020, holds 195 signatory states to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and work to keep the global temperatures from rising above 2°C. With so many developing countries onboard, the investment growth shows they're doing the necessary work to start meeting their targets.
On top of these agreements, there are environmental factors (non-ecological, that is) contributing to the growth. With the US set to pull out of the Paris Agreement in 2020, sincerely motivated countries are working hard to pick up the slack and selfishly motivated countries are likely seeking to gain prestige and recognition in the wake of the US's missteps.
Finally, the economic factors surrounding renewable energy are making investments a much more favorable activity. A 2017 report from Lazard showed a precipitous drop in the cost of solar energy and a steady drop in the cost of wind.
And as more countries invest and overall investment grows, renewable energy will become even more efficient and affordable, thanks to greater scale and more innovation. We're already seeing a marked increase in renewable energy jobs. Increased demand will also encourage more suppliers to enter the market, fostering greater innovation and lowering costs further.
Published Aug 27, 2018 11am EDT / 8am PDT / 4pm BST / 5pm CEST
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Q&A: P&G and the Road to 100% Renewables


1 Nephi 3:177 Which is the land which the Lord God hath covenanted with thy father that his seed should have for the land of their inheritance- Wherefore, thou seest that the Lord God will not suffer that the Gentiles will utterly destroy the mixture of thy seed which is among thy brethren.
1 Nephi 5:97 "Behold, these many years we have suffered in the wilderness, which time we might have enjoyed our possessions and the land of our inheritance, Yea, and we might have been happy.
2 Nephi 1:17 For behold, many nations would overrun this land, that there would be no place for an inheritance.
2 Nephi 2:3 And may the Lord consecrate also unto thee this land, which is a most precious land, for thine inheritance and the inheritance of thy seed with thy brethren, for thy security forever, If it so be that ye shall keep the commandments of the Holy One of Israel.
2 Nephi 5:29 Nevertheless, the Lord will be merciful unto them, that when they shall come to the knowledge of their Redeemer, they shall be gathered together again to the lands of their inheritance.
2 Nephi 6:3 When they shall be gathered home to the lands of their inheritance and shall be established in all their lands of promise.
Alma 15:23 And it came to pass that the voice of the people came, saying: "Behold, we will give up the Land of Jershon which is on the east by the sea, which joins the Land Bountiful, which is on the south of the Land Bountiful; And this Land Jershon is the land which we will give unto our brethren for an inheritance.
Alma 16:250 And they did nourish them and did clothe them and did give unto them lands for their inheritance; And they did administer unto them according to their wants.
Alma 25:14 "But behold, if ye seek to destroy us more, we will seek to destroy you; Yea, and we will seek our lands, the lands of our first inheritance.
Alma 29:52 And it came to pass that after Moroni had fortified those parts of the land which were most exposed to the Lamanites until they were sufficiently strong, he returned to the City of Zarahemla, And also Helaman returned to the place of his inheritance; And there was once more peace established among the people of Nephi.
3 Nephi 9:68 That I would give unto them again the land of their fathers for their inheritance, Which is the Land of Jerusalem, which is the Promised Land unto them forever,' saith the Father.
3 Nephi 9:71 Then will the Father gather them together again, And give unto them Jerusalem for the land of their inheritance.
3 Nephi 9:85 And then shall this covenant which the Father hath covenanted with His people be fulfilled; And then shall Jerusalem be inhabited again with My people, And it shall be the land of their inheritance.
Ether 5:32 For after that they had faith and did speak in Thy name, Thou didst show Thyself unto them in great power; And I also rememberest that Thou hast said that Thou hast prepared a house for man, yea, even among the mansions of Thy Father, in the which man might have a more excellent hope; Wherefore, man must hope, or he cannot receive an inheritance in the place which Thou hast prepared.


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Incendiary Image of the Day: Meaningful Conversation Edition
by Dan Zimmerman |
Reader Elliotte in MD sends the following example of tax dollars in action (click to embiggen it) he found at mdshooters.com: "This is a picture of state senator Jamie Raskin (D-Montgomery County) playing chess on his laptop during the hearing. The hearing was split into 8 hours of testimony, 4 hours each for the pro and anti sides divided into alternating 1-hour segements. My guess is this occurred during one of the pro-gun hour-long slots." It's good to see the senator so actively engaged in the meaningful conversation about guns we've needed in this country for so long.
M.Ia says:
Boil boil boil
Skeev says:
I love that these clowns keep getting exposed like this but I'm sure this will lead to an eventual restriction that no one is allowed behind them.
LOL. Seriously. That is probably a very good guess at the sort of rule that would be enacted to prevent this sort of thing from happening.
I guess some people have made up their minds and wouldn't be swayed by any testimony no matter what.
Dave S says:
Why would you listen when your mind is already made up?
Hearings are just set dressing for the masses
Texicans says:
It's a shame I have to drive through MD to see friends in Philly. My VA CC class warned of the draconian MD gun laws. How I miss TX and AZ. Someday….
Roll says:
I love Arizona, but parts of it got stupid
http://www.kvoa.com/news/tucson-bans-gun-shows-that-don-t-require-background-checks/
Their minds are made up. We are just going through the charade of hearing "the voice of the people". Quite honestly, I'm really thinking of moving to Texas.
Sorry Dave S your post wasn't up when I started typing. But it's like they are past pretending to give a damn about us. They want complete and total control and A2 is the only thing in their way.
Check this out: http://youtu.be/R3nXvScRazg
This is my surprised face. If these people are your representatives, you need to remember this at election time.
Mr. Pierogie says:
Go home and play chess on your own time (and dime) ya jerk. How about doing what you're paid to do, you know…what's the word…oh yes, WORK!
Hey, at least it wasn't Facebook this time. {/sarc}
Accur81 says:
When do we see on of the Pro-gun senators commenting on TTAG during an anti speech?
APBTFan says:
From that I angle I coulda swore it was Jeremy Clarkson. They need Captain Slow there to testify on safety….
http://www.gifbin.com/985933
Daniel Silverman says:
Good to see our tax payer dollars at work!
Shows that they dont care abut conversation there fascist minds are made up.
Jeff the Griz says:
FIIRRRRRREEEEEDDDDD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! That is fired if ya didnt catch that lol
Look at the bright side at least he wasn't surfing porn…
The man obviously has a superior mind. He can listen to testimony, play chess, and do his income taxes, all at the same time.
He's MULTI-TASKING; GIVE HIM A BREAK.
The politicians doing what they do best.
https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/be-held-accountable-and-impeached/MGMBgYb5
Douchebag.
Dyspeptic Gunsmith says:
He has a JD from Harvard Law School. He doesn't need to listen to little people, the serfs.
He's got his mind made up. Don't confuse him with facts.


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Home/Politics/Anambra APC Disowns Ngige over Refusal to Declare Open Support for Tinubu
Anambra APC Disowns Ngige over Refusal to Declare Open Support for Tinubu
Ifeizu Send an email October 13, 2022
The Anambra State chapter of the All Progressives Congress (APC) has disowned the Minister of Labour and Employment, Dr Chris Ngige, over a recent interview he granted a television station.
Ngige in the interview failed to state if he would vote for the APC candidate in the 2023 election, saying that voting was a matter of conscience and not to be stated publicly.
In a press conference on Thursday, the Anambra State chairman of the party, Chief Basil Ejidike disowned Ngige, saying that the minister did not speak for the party in Anambra State.
Ejidike who also spoke on the continues usurpation of the the position of publicity secretary of the party by one Okelo Madukife, also discountenanced him, saying he has long been suspended from the party, and has not been readmitted.
He said: "We are here to clear the air on the misinformation of the public by the former publicity secretary of the party, Mr Okelo Madukife, and the recent interview by the minister of Labour and Productivity, Dr Chris Ngige on Channels Television.
"Ngige was on Channels and was unable to express support for the candidate of the APC, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu in the coming election.
"For us, we believe his appearance was personal and has nothing to do with APC in Anambra State. He was not there to represent APC or speak for APC. The views he expressed are personal to him."
The chairman stated that Anambra State APC has restrategized, and have been mapping out plans that can help the party attain victory in Anambra State, expressing hope that Tinubu and his running mate, Kashim Shettima would become the next president and vice president of Nigeria.
"APC in Anambra is fully committed to delivering Tinubu in the forthcoming election. We have set up committees to ensure that this time around, no stone is left unturned. The strength of our mobilization will be made manifest in 2023 after the election.
"The recent appointment of Imo State governor, Senator Hope Uzodinma who is the financier of APC in the South East, and Margery Okadigbo as the campaign coordinator will help us to attain victory."
Apparently referring to Ngige, the chairman called on Tinubu and Shettima to reward loyalty, contribution and hard work, when they become president, and vice president, instead of appointing those who contributed nothing to their making.
On the alleged usurpation of the position of publicity secretary by Mr Okelo Madukife, Ejidike said: "To the best of my knowledge, Okelo has not been readmitted into the party since his suspension.
"In order words, he is not a member of the APC in Anambra State. A new Congress was conducted this January and because he has not been readmitted, he could not purchase the form. He did not participate and was not elected. The publicity secretary of the party if Mr Valentine Oliobi and not Okelo."
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Christian Louboutin's most show-stopping shoes aren't just heels, as the Cavaletta Donna boots prove. A true design-led pair, this style is inspired by the creative expression of street art; both daring and modern. In snow leather, they're adorned with a line of tonal elastics and engraved buttons all the way down to silver spikes on the toecap.


We bid farewell to our fellow media reporters at Press Gazette, unless, as Roy Greenslade hopes, a buyer comes forward (again).
We haven't produced our own coverage, as there has been more than plenty – with insider perspective – elsewhere. We would, however, like to wish the editorial team at Press Gazette the very best of luck in the future with whatever they go onto do. We've enjoyed meeting Press Gazette team – past and present – at events, and being kept on our toes when we're covering the same stories.
Comments on original Wilmington announcement over at Press Gazette.
Please do add any others of note in the comments below.
This entry was posted in Editors' pick, Job losses, Jobs, Journalism, Online Journalism and tagged Adam Tinworth, Alison Gow, Dave Lee, fellow media reporters, Jon Slattery, Kristine Lowe, Neil Thackray, Patrick Smith, Press Gazette, Roy Greenslade, United Kingdom, Wilmington on April 7, 2009 by Judith Townend.
At last week's Digital Editors' Network event in Preston, Trinity Mirror's new geotagged news maps were a popular topic of conversation.
Launched on the Liverpool Echo and Liverpool Daily Post (LDP) websites, the maps let readers search for news by postcode.
But what information are journalists required to input to make the maps work? and how does this affect their newsgathering?
"At the moment, every time our reporters create a news story they fill in certain fields which dictate where a story is placed online (e.g. story type, keyword tags, author).
For stories that could be tagged with multiple postcodes, the primary site of the news, e.g. the accident site in a road crash, is currently being used, though multiple location tagging is being looked into.
"We don't use them for everything; there would be no point in geotagging Liverpool town hall for every council story, for example. But for location-specific articles they work really well.
"As it grows the map offers greater potential for 'news from your street' for readers, and it makes the Post and Echo sites more sticky – people can see markers for stories in their area and this should encourage them to click through and read more," said Gow.
To develop the project further, the same map format is being looked at for other editorial content, such as business articles, she added.
Any more questions about the journalists involvement with these maps? Leave a comment and hopefully we can get a response.
This entry was posted in Online Journalism and tagged accident site, Alison Gow, author, deputy editor, Geotagging, Journalism.co.uk, Liverpool, Liverpool Daily Post, Liverpool Echo, Liverpool town hall, Mapping, Preston, reporter, the Liverpool Echo, Trinity Mirror on October 13, 2008 by Laura Oliver.


If therapy interventions are so effective, how come some individuals fail to bring positive change into their lives? The answer is simple – motivation. Although therapeutic techniques guide us towards solutions, we need a lot of inner drive, if we want to improve our health and well-being. The good news is that motivation can be built up.
When living with OCD becomes increasingly difficult and you cannot see a lot of improvements as a result of your effort, you might need something to keep you going. Motivation is the key to everything we do in life, and that's why we'd like to encourage you to look back on the huge progress you've made so far. From minor improvements to major changes, each victory must be celebrated. Let's pause for a moment and see what you've accomplished so far.
You probably remember that the first few topics were focused on getting to know the inner workings of OCD. From main causes and types, to anxiety and other symptoms, you now have everything you need to know about this disorder. After all, knowledge is power, and so you now have the power.
Perhaps psychoeducation might have seemed long and boring, but keep in mind that, without educating yourself on OCD, your efforts would not be rewarded. In other words, if you want to succeed in restoring your health and well-being, you need to know what you're up against. It might seem like an exaggerated simile, but trying to overcome obsessive-compulsive disorder without knowing anything about it, is like going to war against an unknown enemy.
By now, you've managed to create a list of your basic obsessions and compulsions. It was the first step towards getting a sense of control over your condition. This was a crucial part of the process, since you'll need to explore and test the validity of each obsessive thought or image. But that's not all because you've also succeeded in monitoring your condition by keeping a close track of your symptoms.
Later on, you'll learn how to challenge and dispute the irrational thinking style that forms the basis for obsessive thoughts and images. Once you realize how absurd your obsessions really are, you'll think twice before giving them importance.
Most of us fear what we don't understand and that's the main reason why our first instinct is to run away or hide from our problems, by engaging in dysfunctional behaviors. Sadly, this is an ineffective strategy that will only prolong our misery and turn OCD into a much bigger issue than it really is.
Once you get to really know your disorder, everything becomes more clear and easy to understand. By demystifying OCD, you've gained a whole new perspective, which will allow you to find better solutions.
Now that you've finally gained some sense of control over your OCD, we hope you feel motivated enough to follow a solution-centered approach. Also, don't forget to celebrate and be proud of yourself, because small victories cover great distances.
When it comes to coping with a serious issue like OCD, there are no shortcuts and quick fixes. OCD therapy typically stretches over a period of 3 to 6 months. There are days when your obsessions and compulsive behaviors are simply impossible to control, and that's OK, as long as you're able to pick yourself up, dust yourself off and continue trying.
Keep in mind that not even OCD medication is strong enough to relieve the symptoms in a couple of days. It is true that lasting change is the result of months, or even years of hard work and constant practice, but the more you encourage yourself and celebrate the smallest of victories, the closer you get to your goal. Be patient, encouraging and kind with yourself – after all, you have been doing a great job so far and all you have to do now is keep going!
"Keep Track of Your Symptoms"


text:
DAVID YARROW
After Man
Amboseli, Kenya 2020
Archival Pigment Print on 315gsm Hahnemühle Photo Rag Baryta Paper
Each is signed, dated and numbered on the front.
Print Size: 37" x 59"
Framed Size: 48" x 70" (122 cm x 178 cm)
PLEASE INQUIRE ABOUT PRICE
Framed Size: 67" x 101" (170 cm x 257 cm)
Framed in David Yarrow's custom black ash frame with white archival mat and UV protective acrylic.
David Yarrow's Statement about AFTER MAN:
"Much of my work in America has been played out on the canvas offered by ghost towns or communities that have been largely abandoned. I have long felt some sort of visceral pull toward this kind of narrative - it speaks to the fragility of mankind and the constancy of evolution. In 2020, these thoughts are central to us all.
In Amboseli, Kenya, a large tourist accommodation complex closed due to financial issues many years back. As is common here, it was never demolished and simply fenced off and left to ruin. There was no access for man nor animal and we used to just drive past and look at what we could see of the decaying village. But recently the weather and Covid 19 have taken hold and the deterioration appears to have markedly accelerated. Most significantly, the fencing has fallen apart and animals have taken over the facility. Buffalos are inside bedrooms and zebra graze on the football pitch.
I immediately saw a huge opportunity to make a picture, but for the ultimate visual disconnect, we needed to wait for an elephant family to pass through main street. For three days, nothing and then at 7.30am one bright morning, with Kilimanjaro towering above the ruins, it happened. I could barely contain my excitement at the narrative that was being created.
The end result is an authentic and symbolic image. The lead female cuts a powerful and dominant figure. I wonder whether this scene portends to what one day may come to pass. Elephants would consider that to be the ultimate justice. "
_____________________________________________
DAVID YARROW BIOGRAPHY:
Born Glasgow, Scotland in 1966., David Yarrow took up photography at an early age and as a 20-year-old found himself working as a photographer for The London Times on the pitch at the World Cup Final in Mexico City. On that day, David took the famous picture of Diego Maradona holding the World Cup and, as a result, he was subsequently asked to cover the Olympics and numerous other sporting events.
Yarrow's evocative and immersive photography of life on earth is most distinctive and it has earned him an ever growing following among collectors. He has firmly established himself as one of the bestselling fine art photographers in the world, with the limited edition prints regularly selling at over $70,000 and with recent work selling in the six figures at auction.
At the Sotheby's photography auction in London in May 2017, Yarrow's iconic image from South Sudan – MANKIND – was sold for $75,000, the highest of the 100 lots in the show. In April of 2018 year David's image "The Wolf of Main Street" sold for $100,000 and was the highest bid for piece by a living photographer. Most recently "78 Degrees North" went for an even more impressive $110,000.
In 2016, Rizzoli New York published Yarrow's latest book – Wild Encounters – with a foreword written by HRH The Duke of Cambridge (Prince William). The book was awarded "Art Book of 2017" by Amazon and has already sold out a second print run. All Yarrow's royalties from the book continue to be donated to Tusk, the leading British NGO that focuses on animal conservation in Africa.
Philanthropy and conservation are central to David Yarrow's passion to document the animal and human world in a fresh and creative way. In 2019 charitable donations from the sale of David's images exceeded $2.5 million.
David Yarrow is brand ambassador for Land Rover and UBS Bank; he is European ambassador for Nikon Camera. In December 2017 he shot Tag Heuer LVMH's latest "Don't Crack Under Pressure" campaign with model and actress Cara Delevingne. In January 2019, David collaborated with American icon Cindy Crawford.
In September 2019, Rizzoli published Yarrow's 368 page photography monograph, showcasing 150 of David's strongest images from the past two years. The book features a foreword written by global NFL star Tom Brady and an afterword written by American cultural icon Cindy Crawford. All royalties from this book will be donated to conservation charities Tusk, in the UK and WildAid, in the US.
Available size: 48" x 70 (framed) • PLEASE INQUIRE ABOUT PRICE 67" x 101" (framed) • PLEASE INQUIRE ABOUT PRICE


"Advances in collaborative research for public health, medical and medicine sciences for better healthcare services to society"The conference will cover vital issues in medical, medicine and health sciences under multiple sub-themes. The aim of our conference is to support, encourage and provide a platform for networking, sharing, publishing and nurturing the potential growth of individual scholars across the globe.
*NOTE: Pleased to inform you that we are offering 10% discount on registration fee for all participants, willing to join conference via EventBrite. However "Conference Registration Fee" is Compulsory.


This burying ground is located approx. 20 yards in the woods on the east side of Paul's Path on the sharp corner approx. mile south of Rt. 25 (near PELCO pole #7805) The area was heavyly grown over and only two stones were found. There were at least 5 other graves marked by field stones. This was copied in Oct. 1971 by ELBERT N. CARTER.
2. JACOB MOTT d. 9 Dec. 1821 age 28 years 7 rno. 6 days. f.s. J.M.
(white sandstone) Note: In 1971 1 noted the death date as Dec. 1824. In July 1964 when I first copied this burying ground I noted the date given above.
3 to 7. Graves marked by field stones.


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Different things were used in this way that made things really confused. However, a better planning could make things easy as it was the basic thing.
Ryan must be a really reliable and responsible plumber. It is great that Fathom Plumbing hires people or create responsible, hardworking, and approachable plumbers who are always ready to help other people when they are having trouble with their faucet. I hope that the employees will continue to aim providing the best quality of service to the customers. As a customer or audience, this post convinced me to make an appointment once my sink or faucet broke. Thank you for this wonderful blog!
He's always been nice every time I've called him over the last few years.
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Annie review
ANNIE 2018: "Everybody wins. Everyone is a star." The entire cast of Leighton Buzzard Children's Theatre, over one-hundred-and-twenty performers, took to the stage of Vandyke Upper School on the last weekend of February 2018 to present "Annie Junior". Six shows, three casts, two days – a mission nothing short of a miracle would pull off: this will go down in the history books as a spectacular showcase for young people, their talents and commitment on display here embodying the spirit of director Sally Allsopp's generous company. "Annie" is a Broadway classic, let alone a fable of family, fortune and love. The beloved musical marks the journey of an orphan searching for her parents in glitzy New York City, escaping cruel orphan chief Miss Hannigan, finding a father-figure in billionaire Oliver Warbucks, making new friends be they dogs or presidents, and learning a thing or two about how love is all around you. Our title orphan was brought to life by three charismatic and enchanting performers: Imogen Turner with poise and heart, Isabella Kavanagh with confidence and charm, and seven-year-old India Turner with affection and willpower. All three glowed under the spotlight, anchoring this story with remarkable assuredness, especially when singing familiar solo numbers 'Maybe' and 'Tomorrow'. And they weren't alone, for the younger ranks of LBCT were stellar as the orphans, their cute smiles and expressions of 'Hard Knock Life' proof of their joy and enthusiasm they bring in buckets to the group's weekly Saturday rehearsals. Enthusiasm is precisely what some of the older kids enlivened a number of character roles that "Annie" privileges a director in casting. Given there were three cast members behind each role, I'll just go out and say everyone playing Bundles, Lieutenant Ward, Star-to-Be, and Burt Healey all excelled in the briefest of moments – congratulations to you all! In a show filled with story hustle and bustle, these small character moments "Annie" gifts youngsters the chance to play were, well, expertly played. Bundles was cheeky, Ward smarmily serious, Star-to-Be beaming and Healey dashingly delightful. "Who cares what you're wearing… it's what you wear from ear to ear, and not from head to toe – that matters." Props to Summer Blunden, Effie Holford and Eva Gee, who were composed in the costume of Annie's dog Sandy, making the role sweet and funny with aplomb. And fellow orphan Molly, who dares to humour Hannigan, was captured with grace by the polished Amelia Kendall, Jemma Parker-Naples and Eliza Walsh, who all got the honour of opening the show. As for the youth ensemble, this group of teenagers complimented their numerous chorus parts with individuality and uniformity, singing and dancing in their entrance ('I Think I'm Gonna Like It Here') and final reprise ('Together At Last'). Breaking the record, it seems, for the number of costume changes a performer can do backstage within an hour, it was a charming spectacle to see the cast's older players, a tight-knit group, whip through song after song, changing character from handsome mansion staff to energetic citizens of 'NYC', dressed in sparkly and sometimes scarf-y outfits. On a weekend where last-minute momentum was required, the youth section proved up to the challenge, their commitment never sauntering, even in the sixth and final show. An awesome bunch they are. In a show which often witnessed the younger cast holding their own against the older leagues, our leading cast this time, played by those in sixth-form or exam-bound, were strong across the board. President Roosevelt, who somehow shows up to right all the wrongs with a 'New Deal', was perfectly played by a sternly, serious-voiced Loki Chappell, while butler Drake gave Robert Beilby the chance to inject his own character into a celebratory kick in learning the staff get to party celebrating Annie's adoption. Loyal secretary to Warbucks, Grace, was beautifully diplomatic, comforting and supporting, as Lorna Winfield and Lottie Hayman proved. Miss Hannigan, an outrageously fun part to play, was performed with glorious abandon by the stern Molly Collins and unyielding Rebekah Beare – both swung for the fences in their interpretations and earned all the laughs and respect they got, from kids and audience alike. Comedy couple Rooster and Lily, the meanies who disguise as Annie's parents for the cash, were hilariously portrayed – Zack Charlton Bennett, Jevon Dominguez, Ella Fox and Cliona McGivern were all hammy, loopy and eerie in their respective roles, bringing an edgy and improvised specificity to their 'Easy Street' act, which was entertaining too. And leading man Jacob Townson made an excellent Oliver Warbucks, demonstrating a range of chops as the show unfolded – deadpan on the radio, authoritative in his own living room and gentil and generous when sharing the stage with his young counterparts. Townson's Warbucks was played as the billionaire who became kinder as he realised what mattered, and it was outstanding to watch. 'Outstanding' is just one superlative I could use to describe the energy backstage too while I was there. Co-director Hayley Green stepped up in an incredible way and was an absolutely fantastic leader behind the scenes, while Callie Beare and Samantha Peplow proved invaluable and supportive chaperones for the children in the cast. Musical director David Allsopp was a thorough, generous and wonderful coach while the weekend progressed. Owen Allsopp, Marc Kilroy and Luke Knight were essential in the lighting box and technically sound (joke intended). Nathan Rutherford and Graham Mountford were reliable wingmen, Helen Mountford was a continuity wizard, Josie Derland a sublime choreographer, Amanda White a front-of-house professional, our army of youth helpers were magical, and not forgetting Annie Rourke, who was involved in the production's collaboration with charity Dogs for Good, which "Annie"'s funds will go towards. There is no doubt this particular incarnation of "Annie", in this moment, with this cast, in LBCT's history will be remembered. Everyone was amazing. This show proved, onstage and off, that this group is at its best when people work together as a team. Here is a lovely big family full of generous citizens of our local towns who bring heart and passion to everything they do, and so, yet again, Sally Allsopp's ethos for LBCT was brought to the audiences with love, and felt. We do what we do because we believe, wholeheartedly, that young people are capable of incredible things. We teach them the art of stagecraft while having fun and, in return, every performer shines under the spotlight when their moment comes. Everybody wins. Everyone feels special. Everyone is a star. In the spirit of the orphan who never gave up searching for her parents, or just love, I can't think of a cause that's more rewarding or positive than what I witnessed this weekend. When it comes together, it's a symphony. I've never seen such a beautiful thing, or felt so proud. We "don't need anything but you", LBCT.
Tom Scudamore


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Willow Springs Teen Hits home run for Alzheimer's research
Beth Shugg,
During Maya Brown's sophomore year at Southeast Raleigh High School three years ago, a homework assignment from her medical science teacher inspired what would become an annual fundraiser and youth support group for Alzheimer's disease. The teacher asked students to report on the progress of research and treatment for a disease. Maya chose Alzheimer's.
"In my research, I learned that over $10 billion a year is spent on cancer and heart disease research," Maya says. "In comparison, Alzheimer's disease spends less than 10 percent of that amount. While other people might shake their heads and think, 'That's a shame,' I decided to take action."Maya met with Laura Gaddis, owner and executive director of The Guardian Angel in Fuquay-Varina, a nonprofit store supporting Alzheimer's research, and asked for permission to coordinate a Home Run Derby to raise money for the store. Gaddis gave Maya her full support and on Aug. 13, 2011, after months of hard work, Maya pulled off the first annual Home Run Derby.
After the first derby, a friend and mentor encouraged Maya to found The Guardian Angels Youth Group. Its primary goal is to provide young volunteers to work at The Guardian Angel Thrift, which recently opened another store in Apex, and to visit patients suffering from Alzheimer's at senior assisted living centers.
Now 18 and a freshman at UNC-Chapel Hill, Maya helped coordinate the second annual Home Run Derby in July 2012, and raised almost $600. She has groomed a successor to take over the event, but plans to stay involved. Learn more at guardianangelthrift.org.
Categories: Activities, Community, Early Education, Education, Get Involved, Giving Back, Lifestyle, School Kids, SK Activities, Solutions, Things To Do, Tweens and Teens


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text:
package org.pac4j.scribe.builder.api;

import com.github.scribejava.core.builder.api.DefaultApi20;
import com.github.scribejava.core.model.Verb;
import com.github.scribejava.core.oauth2.clientauthentication.ClientAuthentication;
import com.github.scribejava.core.oauth2.clientauthentication.HttpBasicAuthenticationScheme;
import com.github.scribejava.core.oauth2.clientauthentication.RequestBodyAuthenticationScheme;
import org.pac4j.core.exception.TechnicalException;

/**
 * OAuth API class for the GenericOAuth20Client
 *
 * @author aherrick
 * @since 1.9.2
 */
public class GenericApi20 extends DefaultApi20 {

    public static final String BASIC_AUTH_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD = "basicAuth";

    public static final String REQUEST_BODY_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD = "requestBody";

    protected final String authUrl;
    protected final String tokenUrl;
    protected Verb accessTokenVerb = Verb.POST;
    protected String clientAuthenticationMethod = BASIC_AUTH_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD;

    public GenericApi20(final String authUrl, final String tokenUrl) {
        this.authUrl = authUrl;
        this.tokenUrl = tokenUrl;
    }

    @Override
    public Verb getAccessTokenVerb() {
        return accessTokenVerb;
    }

    public void setAccessTokenVerb(final Verb verb) {
        accessTokenVerb = verb;
    }

    @Override
    public String getAccessTokenEndpoint() {
        return tokenUrl;
    }

    @Override
    protected String getAuthorizationBaseUrl() {
        return authUrl;
    }

    public String getClientAuthenticationMethod() {
        return clientAuthenticationMethod;
    }

    public void setClientAuthenticationMethod(final String clientAuthenticationMethod) {
        this.clientAuthenticationMethod = clientAuthenticationMethod;
    }

    @Override
    public ClientAuthentication getClientAuthentication() {
        if (BASIC_AUTH_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD.equalsIgnoreCase(clientAuthenticationMethod)) {
            return HttpBasicAuthenticationScheme.instance();
        } else if (REQUEST_BODY_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD.equalsIgnoreCase(clientAuthenticationMethod)) {
            return RequestBodyAuthenticationScheme.instance();
        } else {
            throw new TechnicalException("Unsupported client authentication method: " + clientAuthenticationMethod);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


K/1s Celebrate the End of their Medieval Unit!
The Kindergartners and 1st Graders celebrated the end of their Medieval Unit with a medieval "faire" during which squires were knighted by Queen Florentien. In this exciting study, students built a castle and learned about castle architecture and castle life. They learned about pulleys when they investigated the engineering of castle drawbridges and they constructed catapults. They created their own medieval portraits and their own shields which they decorated with personal designs. And they learned about the Code of Chivalry which dovetails with our social-emotional curriculum. Children learn to be kind, respectful, honest, fair, and hardworking. They learn to recognize these qualities in themselves and in their classmates as they cheer each other on.
Newer PostA Momentous Town Meeting in Lincoln!


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$850 Million. Nearly 2,000 Jobs. Electric Boat Looks To Expand Its Groton Shipyard
By Stephen Singer
General Dynamics Electric Boat's south yard in Groton. The shipyard will be expanded significantly as submarine building ramps up. (General Dynamics Electric Boat)
Electric Boat plans to spend $850 million to significantly expand its Groton shipyard as the Navy picks up the pace of submarine construction and design to face down threats from China and Russia.
The subsidiary of General Dynamics Corp. is building two Virginia-class attack submarines a year and is designing the ballistic Columbia-class submarines to be ordered from 2021 to 2035, replacing the aging Ohio-class subs.
To keep up with demand for the two submarine programs, Electric Boat projects it will need 18,000 workers by 2030. The workforce reached 16,500 last year, the most in 25 years. Most of the employment growth will be in trade mechanics, supervisors and associated personnel.
[ Connecticut, Electric Boat OK $85M Deal For Expansion To Support 1,900 New Jobs ]
"What's driving this is the Navy wants to continue the Virginia class at the current pace for the foreseeable future," Jeff Geiger, president of Electric Boat, said in an interview. "Compounding on top of that is the Columbia class...to replace the Ohio built in the '80s and '90s."
General Dynamics also is spending about $850 million to upgrade and expand its shipyard in nearby Quonset Point, R.I.
Construction is expected to begin in 2019 and extend to 2023, in time to receive submarine modules — the portions of the enormous vessels — that are built at Quonset Point and shipped to Groton for assembly and construction.
Plans call for a final assembly hall at the southern end of the shipyard for construction of 12 Columbia class submarines beginning in 2021. EB is designing the building and seeking permits for construction, which is expected to begin in 2019.
EB will continue to build the Virginia-class submarine at the shipyard's northern part.
U.S. Rep. Joseph Courtney, whose 2nd District includes the Groton shipyard, said the cost to extend the shipyard "ranks as high as any construction project in Connecticut."
"The Navy has put a very high urgent priority designation on this project," he said.
The Quonset Point site will be outfitted with facilities that provide additional module fabrication and space to support both Virginia-class and Columbia-class construction projects, Geiger said.
In Groton, changes will allow EB to build a bigger ship and receive a larger barge containing the larger modules, he said.
A floating dry dock will be added, extending buildings at water's edge, Geiger said. The projects will require federal and state environmental review.
The construction has upset some neighbors. Frank Ricci, a retired 34-year supervising engineer at EB, said a new building will block much of the view of the Thames River from his house.
"I'll see the sun setting behind the buildings," he said.
Ricci, who has lived in his home 45 years and recently spent $30,000 to build a porch facing the river, attended a recent meeting EB called to solicit their opinions. A lawyer advised him that opposition won't halt EB's plans.
"It's a government thing," he said, quoting the attorney.
Geiger said EB is trying to work with neighbors and "be sensitive to them."
But the shipbuilder faces "very limited siting for the facility," he said.
EB will try to reduce traffic during the construction of the buildings by using boats on the Thames River to deliver supplies, Geiger said.
Courtney said the project is too important to allow significant alterations in response to neighbors' complaints.
"I'm very confident this is going to proceed," he said.
@gdelectricboat shipyard featuring the moon 🌕 pic.twitter.com/PB6kXZ0ofM
— GD Electric Boat (@GDElectricBoat) September 27, 2018
Carlton Smith, zoning and building official for the city of Groton, said EB officials have not yet presented an application for the expansion project. The city will have to sign off on building heights and other details when the project is formally submitted, which he said will be early next year.
The Army Corps of Engineers and state Department of Energy and Environmental Protection also will review the project. The Corps of Engineers will review EB plans for dredging in the Thames River.
Electric Boat is benefiting from a shift in military strategy that increasingly relies on undersea warfare. Authorization for federal spending that Congress and President Donald Trump approved includes funding for two Virginia-class submarines and advanced procurement for future submarines, at $7.6 billion.
It also funds the Columbia submarine at $3.2 billion and adds $237 million to expand the submarine industrial base of manufacturers.
The state has already come on board the shipyard construction project. Gov. Dannel P. Malloy announced in May a package of nearly $85 million in grants, incentives and loans to help General Dynamics add nearly 1,900 employees over 17 years and expand its Groton site.
"We're very excited about this," Geiger said of the expansion. "It's a great opportunity for our country."


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The Fascinating '80s Public Access Films Produced by a California UFO Cult
This love-filled collective and its compelling leader had quite the creative output.
by Ella Morton September 15, 2016
The Fascinating '80s Public Access Films Produced by a California UFO Cult
Ruth Norman, a.k.a. Archangel Uriel, and some Unariuns dressed up for a psychodrama.
In the early '80s, American channel surfers began to encounter some pretty out-there public-access programming from a California collective known as Unarius. Led by a woman named Ruth Norman, a warm and maternal figure who appeared on-screen dressed in a variety of fluffy, sparkly, over-the-top costumes, the videos were known by their creators as psychodramas. The narratives often included aliens, UFOs, and historical settings, and the performers appeared to be making up their lines as they went along.
The participants in these psychodramas, which continued to air on public access channels into the '90s, were not professional actors, but members of a UFO cult re-enacting their memories of past lives on film. They were part of Unarius, a self-described "spiritual school" that offers self-improvement "based on the interdimensional understanding of energy."
Founded in 1954 by Ruth Norman—alias Archangel Uriel—and her husband Ernest, Unarius continues to exist today, headquartered in El Cajon, California. They're even hosting a publicly accessible 33rd annual Interplanetary Conclave of Light from October 8-9 this year, complete with dove release and tour of a future alien landing site.
Ruth Norman died in 1993, but her nurturing spirit certainly lives on, most recently in the form of We Are Not Alone, a short documentary that features Unariuns talking about their departed leader and includes footage of those compelling but confusing psychodramas.
We spoke to the film's director, Jodi Wille, about Unarius, its entrancing leader, and the wide-ranging nature of cults.
Unariuns on set.
How did you first encounter Unarius?
I first came across them in the '90s, when their videos aired on public access stations in Los Angeles. Some people I knew, mostly obscure film and record collectors and discriminating stoners, raved about their videos and would record them off the public access channels in L.A. and other cities and trade tapes with each other. The VHS bootlegs were highly coveted in certain circles. Back then, those collectors and underground writers basically thought of Unarius as a bizarre and preposterous but essentially benign cult, valued largely for their kitsch appeal. I even thought of them that way at first.
Uriel surrounded by angelic adherents.
What made you think, "I need to make a documentary about this"?
A few years ago, I was co-curating an exhibition called "The Visionary Experience" for the American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore. I wanted to include Unarius films and artwork in the exhibition, and so I visited the Unariuns at their center in El Cajon a number of times. I was invited to examine their archive of self-produced films and videos, self-published books, audio recordings, student paintings, photographs, and costumes—a massive collection that completely left me slack-jawed, mind completely melted. I discovered inspired and aesthetically potent work, the output of a dynamic, outlandish, psychically guided creative collective who created transcendent artwork for the purposes of spiritual healing.
I spent time hanging out with the Unariuns, staying overnight and sharing meals and wine with them, and was struck by their self-awareness, sense of humor, kindness, generosity, and basic sense of decency. In many ways they appear to be typical suburban San Diegans, yet they can fit some of the most radical, far out conceptions of the universe into their brains. They've found a way to live functionally in our dysfunctional society by cultivating rich and meaningful inner worlds and a community to support each other. I found myself wanting to hang out with them more and more and hear more of their personal stories. I discovered the colorful history of the group and their leaders is far wilder, weirder, and more beautiful than I could have ever imagined. I became obsessed. I still am.
Performers on set during the filming of a psychodrama.
How is Unarius similar to and different than other cults, particularly ones involving aliens?
Well, cult is such a charged word, colored by the corporate media's anti-cult backlash of the '70s and '90s, which brainwashed so many people into believing wildly inaccurate and negative ideas about alternative spiritual groups, which religious scholars insist are largely benign and have proven to be an important part of cultural and spiritual renewal in times of decline throughout human history. I like to describe Unarius the way they describe themselves, as an educational foundation; a non-profit organization collectively run by volunteers.
Unarius has quite a bit in common with a long tradition of metaphysical groups that go all the way back to Pythagoras, but more recently include the Theosophists, the I Am Movement, and Elizabeth Clare Prophet's Church Universal and Triumphant to name a few, who have clairvoyant founders, believe in principles of reincarnation, and who interact with spirit guides.
But they are unique in a number of ways. Their cosmology is collectively created—and continuously growing. All members contribute to the narrative as their own past life memories unfold (they recognize that they have a shared history with each other throughout lifetimes as a soul group).
What also distinguishes Unarius from the others is their emphasis on spiritual healing through past life therapy and reenactments on film. Their prodigious creative output related to this peaked in the mid-'70s to the mid-'80s when several very talented and impassioned young artists were in the group, resulting in three feature films, 80 television shows, as well as scores of student paintings, hundreds of handmade costumes, thousands of photographs, and over 200 self-published books. To me, Unarius in those golden days was the ultimate DIY spiritual creative collective.
Ruth Norman in two of her typically flamboyant outfits.
Ruth Norman fascinates me! People get so emotional talking about her. What's your take on her and her appeal to Unarius followers?
Well, she was such a lover. She was a cosmic visionary cloaked in a rainbow cape and platforms. She was exuberant, self-made, wildly creative, fearless, and radically benevolent; a super powered, bawdy fairy godmother who helped dozens of awkward, inhibited, drug-addicted, and otherwise screwed-up individuals transform their lives and build community through self-examination and creative expression. She's a true American original.
A UFO moment during the filming of a Unarius psychodrama.
Was anyone watching these psychodramas on public access TV? Did they create any sort of splash or get any media attention at the time they aired?
Unarius pioneered a self distribution system through public access stations across the country, ingeniously networking with mail-order students in various cities to get their programs in regular rotation on public access stations in 20 states during the '80s and '90s. But even before that, Ruth Norman became a minor media star in the '70s and '80s when she made a series of predictions regarding the imminent landing of [advanced extraterrestrial beings known as] the Space Brothers. The Brothers never showed up, but she was able to spread the Unariun messages of love and the positive future of the universe to millions through interviews on several national shows including Tom Snyder's Tomorrow Show and Real People. She was a marketing genius.
The voluminous cosmic generator outfit.
Favorite Uriel outfit?
There are so many showstoppers in her closet….but if I had to choose only one, it would have to be her cosmic generator outfit [above]. She couldn't walk it it—she actually had to step into it and then sit on a chair to wear it, it was so large and elaborate, bedecked with 33 of the planets from the interplanetary confederation protruding from her skirt and elaborate, electrified flames shooting from her hands, shoulders, and beehive hairdo.
Update (9/16): The story originally misstated that Ruth Norman died in 1971. She died in 1993; her husband Ernest died in 1971.
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The Small Script-Copying Service That Powered NYC Entertainment for Decades
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