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Mobile Network Experience Report
Opensignal is the independent global standard for analyzing consumer mobile experience. Our industry reports are the definitive guide to understanding the true experience consumers receive on wireless networks.
Author: Robert Wyrzykowski, Senior Analyst Data Collection Period: Aug 01 - Oct 29, 2022
Author: Robert Wyrzykowski, Senior Analyst
Data Collection Period: Aug 01 - Oct 29, 2022
Swisscom exceeds the 200 Mbps mark for 5G Download Speed Experience
Swisscom broke out of the statistical tie it was in with Sunrise for 5G Download Speed in the previous report, as it beat the former joint winner by 32.8 Mbps (19%). The operator wins the award outright for the first time with a score of 205.5 Mbps, after a boost of 14.4 Mbps (7.6%) — reaching the 200 Mbps milestone for the first time. With this victory, Swisscom wins all four speed awards outright, as it retains Download Speed Experience, Upload Speed Experience and 5G Upload Speed.
Our Sunrise users connected to 5G services for more than 20% of the time
Sunrise wins one award outright this time around, as it keeps 5G Availability in a firm grip. Our Sunrise users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription connected to 5G services for 20.9% of the time. The operator is also the first in Switzerland to hit the 20% milestone in 5G Availability. Salt and Swisscom place second due to a statistical tie with scores of 16.8-17% — around four percentage points behind the winner. Sunrise also shares the 5G Reach award with Swisscom, with statistically tied scores of 5.8-5.9 points on a 10 point scale.
Our users in Switzerland enjoyed Excellent 5G video experience across all networks
Swisscom defends both of its video awards — Video Experience and 5G Video Experience — beating Salt by 3.2 points for the former and Sunrise by 2.2 points for the latter. All national operators placed in the Excellent (75 or above) category for 5G Video Experience — meaning fast loading times and almost non-existent stalling. Compared to Video Experience, this means one category higher for Swisscom — up from Very Good (65-75) — but two categories higher for Salt and Sunrise.
Salt wins 5G Voice App Experience outright
Salt secures its only outright win with 5G Voice App Experience, scoring 83.6 points on a 100 point scale. Salt commanded a lead of 1.3 points over the runner-up Sunrise and 2.3 points above third-placed Swisscom. All operators rated as Good (80-87) — many users were satisfied, but some experienced minor quality impairments.
Swisscom retains its consistency awards
Swisscom wins both consistency awards for the second consecutive time in Opensignal reports. It claims Excellent Consistent Quality (HD video, group video conference calls and gaming) with a score of 87.1% and Core Consistent Quality (lower performance applications including SD video, voice calls and web browsing) with a score of 93%. These scores reflect the percentage of users' tests in which the operator met the minimum recommended performance thresholds. Swisscom commands leads of 3.2 and 0.6 percentage points over second-placed Salt, in each respective award.
Swisscom leads for Games Experience, but all operators have tied for 5G Games Experience
In the previous report, Salt took home 5G Games Experience. This time, however, all three operators were in a statistical tie for this award, jointly winning with scores of 84.9-85.8 points on a 100-point scale. Swisscom retains its overall Games Experience award, with a score of 76.8 points. Compared to Games Experience, all Switzerland's operators saw higher 5G Games Experience scores, ranging from nine points for Swisscom to 15.6 points for Sunrise.
Mobile Experience Awards
November 2022, Switzerland Report
Video Experience
Games Experience
Voice App Experience
Download Speed Experience
Upload Speed Experience
5G Experience
5G Video Experience
5G Games Experience
5G Voice App Experience
5G Download Speed
5G Upload Speed
5G Availability
5G Reach
Excellent Consistent Quality
Core Consistent Quality
Mobile Network Experience Report | November 2022 | © Opensignal Limited
Swisscom dominates the awards table as, out of a possible 15 awards, it takes home 10 outright and three shared wins. Our Swisscom users enjoyed the fastest speeds in Switzerland and the operator hit the 200 Mbps mark for 5G Download Speed for the first time ever. Swisscom users also had the most consistent quality of services and connected to 3G or better networks for the highest amount of time in Switzerland. On top of that, Swisscom also garners both Video Experience awards outright along with the overall Games Experience.
Other Swiss operators' award hauls are more modest, as both Salt and Sunrise both collected one outright and two joint wins each. Sunrise shines in coverage metrics, as it wins 5G Availability outright —the first Swiss operator to reach the 20% milestone — and shares 5G Reach with Swisscom. Salt is still strong in both voice app metrics, as it secures 5G Voice App Experience outright and shares Voice App Experience with Swisscom. All three national operators tied for the remaining category — 5G Games Experience.
Sunrise announced that the sunset of its 2G services will take place at the beginning of 2023, while the 3G shutdown will follow in the next three tofour years. Sunrise's competitor Swisscom shut down its 2G network in April 2021 and plans to shut down its 3G services in 2025.
Swisscom stated in August to have launched its 5G services using the 3.5 GHz band in 985 locations and 2,230 antennas. On top of this, the operator estimates to have covered 99% of Switzerland's population with its 5G signal, based on the Dynamic Spectrum Sharing technology. Swisscom also announced a 5G plan for the BMW iX, which BMW claims to be the first 5G car produced by a premium manufacturer, which allows customers to make calls, send messages and browse the Internet via the vehicle's eSIM, without a need for a smartphone.
Our results in this report are based on measurements collected across all major mobile operators in Switzerland — Salt, Sunrise and Swisscom — over the period of 90 days between August 1, 2022 and October 29, 2022, to see how they measured up.
Overall Experience 5G Experience Coverage Consistency
Video Experience Games Experience Voice App Experience Download Speed Experience Upload Speed Experience
5G Users
in 0-100 points
0 17.5 35 52.5 70
The brackets represent confidence intervals.
Read why confidence intervals are important.
Video Experience – 5G Users
Games Experience – 5G Users
Voice App Experience – 5G Users
in Mbps
Download Speed Experience – 5G Users
Upload Speed Experience – 5G Users
0 6.5 13 19.5 26
National Analysis Regional Analysis
Swisscom wins Video Experience outright with a score of 68 points. It commanded a lead of 3.2 points over the runner-up Salt and 6.4 points over third-placed Sunrise. Swisscom was the only operator to place in the Very Good (65-75) category, while Salt and Sunrise rated as Good (55-65). There were no statistically significant changes in all three operators' scores compared to the previous report.
A Very Good video experience means generally fast loading times and only occasional stalling but the experience might have been somewhat inconsistent across users and/or video providers/resolutions.
Swisscom also scored the highest in Video Experience — 5G Users (71.9 points), but this time, Sunrise and Salt tie for second place with scores of 66-68.1 points. Our 5G users enjoyed Very Good overall video services. Compared to average Video Experience scores for all users, our 5G users observed significantly higher scores, ranging from 4.5 points for Sunrise to 3.2 points for Salt.
Opensignal's Video Experience quantifies the quality of video streamed to mobile devices by measuring real-world video streams over an operator's networks. The metric is based on an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) approach, built upon detailed studies which have derived a relationship between technical parameters, including picture quality, video loading time and stall rate, with the perceived video experience as reported by real people. To calculate video experience, we are directly measuring video streams from end-user devices and using this ITU approach to quantify the overall video experience for each operator on a scale from 0 to 100. The videos tested include a mixture of resolutions — including Full HD (FHD) and 4K / Ultra HD (UHD) — and are streamed directly from the world's largest video content providers.
In addition to Video Experience, we report on the following metrics related to video experience:
5G Video Experience: The average Video Experience of Opensignal users when they were connected to an operator's 5G network.
Video Experience – 5G Users: The average Video Experience of Opensignal users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription across an operator's networks. It factors in 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G video experience along with the availability of each technology.
4G Video Experience: The average Video Experience of Opensignal users on an operator's 4G network.
3G Video Experience: The average Video Experience of Opensignal users on an operator's 3G network.
Swisscom remains the sole winner of the Games Experience award, with a score of 76.8 points — beating second-placed Salt by 1.6 points. Sunrise brings up the rear with a score of 69.3 points and our users on its network observed a decline of 1.8 points in their experience since the previous report. There were no statistically significant changes in Swisscom and Salt's scores and they remained in the Good (75-85) category, while Sunrise stayed in the category below, Fair (65-75).
A Good gaming experience means that most users deemed the experience acceptable. The gameplay experience was generally controllable and the user received immediate feedback between their actions and the outcomes in the game.
Opensignal's Games Experience measures how mobile users experience real-time multiplayer mobile gaming on an operator's network. Measured on a scale of 0-100, it analyzes how our users' multiplayer mobile gaming experience is affected by mobile network conditions including latency, packet loss and jitter.
Games Experience quantifies the experience when playing real-time multiplayer mobile games on mobile devices connected to servers located around the world. The approach is built on several years of research quantifying the relationship between technical network parameters and the gaming experience as reported by real mobile users. These parameters include latency (round trip time), jitter (variability of latency) and packet loss (the proportion of data packets that never reach their destination). Additionally, it considers multiple genres of multiplayer mobile games to measure the average sensitivity to network conditions. The games tested include some of the most popular real-time multiplayer mobile games (such as Fortnite, Pro Evolution Soccer and Arena of Valor) played around the world.
Calculating Games Experience starts with measuring the end-to-end experience from users' devices to internet end-points that host real games. The score is then measured on a scale from 0 to 100.
In addition to Games Experience, we report on the following metrics related to games experience:
5G Games Experience: The average Games Experience of Opensignal users when they were connected to an operator's 5G network.
Games Experience – 5G Users: The average Games Experience of Opensignal users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription across an operator's networks. It factors in 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G games experience along with the availability of each technology.
4G Games Experience: The average Games Experience of Opensignal users on an operator's 4G network.
3G Games Experience: The average Games Experience of Opensignal users on an operator's 3G (e.g. UMTS/HSPA or CDMA 1X EV-DO) network.
Salt and Swisscom share the victory for Voice App Experience again, with statistically tied scores of 78-78.5 points on a 100-point scale. Sunrise trails behind with a score of 75.9 points — 2.1-2.6 points behind the joint winners. All Swiss national operators placed in the Acceptable (74-80) category, meaning some users were satisfied but some experienced perceptible call quality impairments.
Opensignal's Voice App Experience measures the quality of experience for over-the-top (OTT) voice services — mobile voice apps such as WhatsApp, Skype and Facebook Messenger — using a model derived from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) approach for quantifying overall voice call quality and a series of calibrated technical parameters. This model characterizes the exact relationship between the technical measurements and perceived call quality. Voice App Experience for each operator is calculated on a scale from 0 to 100.
In addition to Voice App Experience, we report on the following metrics related to voice app experience:
5G Voice App Experience: The average Voice App Experience of Opensignal users when they were connected to an operator's 5G network.
Voice App Experience – 5G Users: The average Voice App Experience of Opensignal users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription across an operator's networks. It factors in 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G voice app experience along with the availability of each technology.
4G Voice App Experience: The average Voice App Experience of Opensignal users on an operator's 4G network.
3G Voice App Experience: The average Voice App Experience of Opensignal users on an operator's 3G (e.g. UMTS/HSPA or CDMA 1X EV-DO) network.
Swisscom once again wins the Download Speed Experience award. Our Swisscom users enjoyed the fastest average overall download speeds in Switzerland, clocking in at 68.3 Mbps — 15.5 Mbps (29.3%) faster than Salt, and 21.7 Mbps (46.6%) faster than Sunrise. All operators observed increases in their Download Speed Experience scores — with Salt enjoying the biggest increase in absolute terms of 4.7 Mbps, followed by Swisscom (3 Mbps) and Sunrise (2.7 Mbps) when compared with the last report.
Our 5G users also saw the fastest overall download speeds on Swisscom's network, clocking in at 91 Mbps — 22.7 Mbps faster compared to the overall Download Speed Experience. Sunrise 5G users observed 21.9 Mbps faster speeds than all users on average on this network, while Salt 5G users — 15.3 Mbps.
Measured in Mbps, Download Speed Experience represents the typical everyday speeds a user experiences across an operator's mobile data networks.
In addition to Download Speed Experience, we report on the following metrics related to download speeds:
5G Download Speed: The average download speed observed by Opensignal users with active 5G connections.
Download Speed Experience – 5G Users: The average download speeds experienced by Opensignal users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription across an operator's networks. It factors in 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G download speeds along with the availability of each technology.
4G Download Speed: The average downlink speed observed by Opensignal users when they were connected to 4G.
3G Download Speed: The average downlink speed observed by Opensignal users when they were connected to 3G (e.g. UMTS/HSPA or CDMA 1X EV-DO).
The Upload Speed Experience award goes to Swisscom once more, as the operator retains it with a score of 18.5 Mbps — 2.4 Mbps ahead of Salt. Sunrise brings up the rear with a score of 14.2 Mbps. None of the operators scores changed by a statistically significant amount when compared with the previous report.
Looking at Upload Speed Experience — 5G Users, Swisscom had the highest score of 19.9 Mbps — 1.4 Mbps more than its Upload Speed Experience score for all users. Salt and Sunrise observed higher differences of 1.5 and 2 Mbps, respectively.
Upload Speed Experience measures the average upload speeds for each operator observed by our users across their mobile data networks. Typically upload speeds are slower than download speeds, as current mobile broadband technologies focus resources on providing the best possible download speed for users consuming content on their devices. As mobile internet trends move away from downloading content to creating content and supporting real-time communications services, upload speeds are becoming more vital and new technologies are emerging that boost upstream capacity.
In addition to Upload Speed Experience, we report on five supporting metrics related to upload speeds:
5G Upload Speed: The average upload speed observed by Opensignal users with active 5G connections.
Upload Speed Experience – 5G Users: The average upload speeds experienced by Opensignal users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription across an operator's networks. It factors in 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G upload speeds along with the availability of each technology.
4G Upload Speed: The average uplink speed observed by Opensignal users when they were connected to 4G.
3G Upload Speed: The average uplink speed observed by Opensignal users when they were connected to 3G (e.g. UMTS/HSPA or CDMA 1X EV-DO).
No Regional Analysis Text in highlights.ini file
Regional Analysis Summary: Switzerland, Mobile Network Experience Report, November 2022
Mobile Network Experience Report | November 2022 | © Opensignal Limited Download Image
Basel Bern Geneva Lausanne Lucerne Lugano Sankt Gallen Zurich
A-I
J-R
in Bern
in Geneva
in Lausanne
in Lucerne
in Lugano
in Sankt Gallen
in Zurich
5G Video Experience 5G Games Experience 5G Voice App Experience 5G Download Speed 5G Upload Speed
0 52.5 105 157.5 210
Swisscom secures 5G Video Experience outright for the second report in a row, this time with a score of 83.1 points on a 100-point scale — and with a winning margin of 2.2 over Sunrise. Salt comes third, losing 3.7 points to the winner. Swisscom improved its score by 1.6 points, while Salt and Sunrise's results remained statistically unchanged. However, all Swiss operators rated as Excellent (75 or above) — meaning fast loading times and almost non-existent stalling.
Compared to Video Experience, this means one category higher for Swisscom — from Very Good (65-75) — but two categories higher for both Salt and Sunrise. Sunrise saw the highest 5G to overall Video Experience uplift of 19.3 points, followed by Swisscom's 15.1 points and Salt's 14.5 points.
5G Video Experience quantifies the quality of mobile video experienced by Opensignal users on real-world video streams when they were connected to 5G. The metric is based on an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) approach, built upon detailed studies which have derived a relationship between technical parameters, including picture quality, video loading time and stall rate, with the perceived video experience as reported by real people. To calculate 5G Video Experience, we are directly measuring video streams from end-user devices and using this ITU approach to quantify the video experience observed by our users on each operator's 5G network on a scale from 0 to 100. The videos tested include a mixture of resolutions — including Full HD (FHD) and 4K / Ultra HD (UHD) — and are streamed directly from the world's largest video content providers.
In the May 2022 report, Salt claimed 5G Games Experience all to itself. This time, however, all three operators were in a statistical tie for this award and jointly win it with scores of 84.9-85.8 points on a 100-point scale. All Swiss operators shared the winners' podium for 5G Games Experience in the November 2021 report.
Compared to Games Experience, all Switzerland's operators saw higher 5G Games Experience scores, ranging from nine points for Swisscom and 9.7 points for Salt to the more impressive 15.6 points for Sunrise.
5G Games Experience measures how mobile users experience real-time multiplayer mobile gaming on an operator's 5G network. It analyzes how our users' multiplayer mobile gaming experience was affected by mobile network conditions including latency, packet loss and jitter. 5G Games Experience for each operator is calculated on a scale from 0 to 100.
5G Games Experience quantifies the experience when playing real-time multiplayer mobile games on mobile devices connected to servers located around the world. The approach is built on several years of research quantifying the relationship between technical network parameters and the gaming experience as reported by real mobile users. These parameters include latency (round trip time), jitter (variability of latency) and packet loss (the proportion of data packets that never reach their destination). Additionally, it considers multiple genres of multiplayer mobile games to measure the average sensitivity to network conditions. The games tested include some of the most popular real-time multiplayer mobile games (such as Fortnite, Pro Evolution Soccer and Arena of Valor) played around the world. Calculating 5G Games Experience starts with measuring the end-to-end experience from users' devices to internet end-points that host real games.
Salt wins its only award outright this time around for 5G Voice App Experience, with a score of 83.6 points on a 100-point scale. Salt secures this trophy outright for the second time in the row, commanding a lead of 1.3 points over the runner-up Sunrise and 2.3 points over third-placed Swisscom. No operator saw statistically significant changes in its score since the previous report.
All operators rated as Good (80-87) — a category higher than for Voice App Experience, where they all placed in the Acceptable (74-80) category. A Good 5G voice app experience means many users were satisfied. Minor quality impairments were experienced by some users. Sometimes the background was not quite clear, it could have been either hazy or not loud enough. Clicking sounds or distortion were very rarely present.
5G Voice App Experience quantifies the experience of Opensignal users when using over-the-top voice apps — such as WhatsApp, Skype and Facebook Messenger — on an operator's 5G network. It uses a model derived from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) approach for quantifying overall voice call quality and a series of calibrated technical parameters. This model characterizes the exact relationship between the technical measurements and perceived call quality. 5G Voice App Experience for each operator is calculated on a scale from 0 to 100.
Swisscom broke out of the statistical tie it was in with Sunrise for 5G Download Speed in the previous report, as it beat the former joint winner by 32.8 Mbps (19%). The operator wins the award outright for the first time with a score of 205.5 Mbps, after a boost of 14.4 Mbps (7.6%) — reaching the 200 Mbps milestone for the first time. Sunrise comes second with a score of 172.6 Mbps, while Salt brings up the rear, 40.9 Mbps behind Sunrise and 73.8 Mbps behind Swisscom.
Sunrise saw a sizable overall to 5G uplift of 3.7 times, while Swisscom users enjoyed three times faster download speeds when connected to 5G, on average, compared to their overall Download Speed Experience. Salt's 5G Download score was 2.5 times higher than its Download Speed Experience score.
5G Download Speed shows the average download speed experienced by Opensignal users across an operator's 5G network. 5G Download Speed for each operator is calculated in Mbps (Megabits per second).
Swisscom wins 5G Upload Speed for the second consecutive time in a row, with a score of 39.5 Mbps — 1.3 Mbps slower than in the previous report, while both Salt and Sunrise saw no statistically significant changes in their scores. Swisscom commanded a lead over second-placed Salt of 3.6 Mbps (10.2%), while Sunrise's average 5G upload speeds clocked in at 33.8 Mbps. Sunrise saw the highest 5G to overall uplift of 2.4 times, followed by Salt's improvement of 2.2 times and Sunrise's increase of 2.1 times.
5G Upload Speed measures the average upload speeds experienced by Opensignal users across an operator's 5G network. 5G Upload Speed for each operator is calculated in Mbps (Megabits per second).
Salt Sunrise Swisscom
Availability 5G Availability 5G Reach
#3g4g5g#
% of time
in 0-10 points
Swisscom triumphs in Availability, retaining the award — our users on its network were connected to either a 3G, 4G or 5G connection for 98.8% of the time. Salt and Sunrise remained locked in a statistical tie for second place, with identical scores of 98.2%. No operator saw statistically significant changes in its score since the previous report.
Our availability metrics are not a measure of a network's geographical extent. They won't tell you whether you are likely to get a signal if you plan to visit a remote rural or nearly uninhabited region. Instead, they measure what proportion of time people have a network connection, in the places they most commonly frequent — something often missed by traditional coverage metrics. Looking at when users have a connection rather than where, provides us with a more precise reflection of the true user experience.
We also keep track of the instances that leave mobile users most frustrated: when there is no signal to connect to at all. The most common dead zones users struggle with occur indoors. As most of our availability data is collected indoors (as that's where users spend most of their time), we're particularly astute at detecting areas of zero signal.
Our availability metrics take a user-centric, time-based approach that complements the user-centric and geographical-based methodology used by our reach metrics.
Availability shows the proportion of time all Opensignal users on an operator's network had either a 3G, 4G or 5G connection.
The coverage maps show the locations where we received measurements from users connecting with 3G or better mobile service. Each map provides an indication of the areas in which it is possible to obtain mobile service from that mobile operator.
Sunrise wins one award outright this time around, as it keeps 5G Availability in a firm grip. Our Sunrise users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription connected to 5G services for 20.9% of the time. This means the Swiss operator was first to surpass the 20% milestone in 5G Availability, after an improvement of two percentage points compared to the previous report.
Salt and Swisscom placed second after a statistical tie with scores of 16.8-17% — around four percentage points behind the winner. However, both operators observed higher increases in their scores than Sunrise, whittling away the gap between them and the leader. Swisscom's score increased by 3.9 percentage points — nearly a third of its previous result. Salt's improvement of 8.1 percentage points was even more impressive, as the operator nearly doubled its 5G Availability score — from 8.7 to 16.8%.
5G Availability shows the proportion of time Opensignal users with a 5G device and a 5G subscription had an active 5G connection.
Sunrise and Swisscom remained locked in a statistical tie for the third consecutive time, as they jointly win 5G Reach, with scores of 5.8-5.9 points on a 10-point scale. This means our users on these networks connected to 5G services in nearly six out of 10 locations that matter most to everyday users — i.e. all the places where they live, work and travel.
Salt trailed behind with a score of 4.8 points — 1-1.1 points behind the joint winners. However, it observed the biggest improvement in its score in Switzerland since the previous report, of 1.5 points — compared to 0.5 points for Sunrise and 0.4 points for Swisscom. In relative terms, Salt's improvement was even more spectacular — 45.5%, while Sunrise and Swisscom saw increases of 9% and 6.7%, respectively.
5G Reach measures how users experience the geographical extent of an operator's 5G network. It analyzes the average proportion of locations where users were connected to a 5G network out of all the locations those users have visited. In simple terms, 5G Reach measures the 5G mobile experience in all the locations that matter most to everyday users – i.e. all the places where they live, work and travel. 5G Reach for each operator is measured on a scale from 0 to 10.
Excellent Consistent Quality Core Consistent Quality
% of tests
Swisscom wins Excellent Consistent Quality outright for the second time in a row in Opensignal reports. It met the minimum recommended performance thresholds for HD video, group video conference calls and gaming in 87.1% of users' tests. Salt is a runner-up, 3.2 percentage points behind the winner, while Sunrise takes the third spot with a score of 82.9%.
Both Salt and Sunrise are catching up with Swisscom, as they observed increases in their scores compared to the previous report of 1.9 and 1.3 percentage points respectively — while Swisscom's result remained statistically unchanged.
Consistent Quality measures how often users' experience on a network was sufficient to support common applications' requirements. It measures download speed, upload speed, latency, jitter, packet loss, time to first byte and the percentage of tests attempted which did not succeed due to a connectivity issue on either the download or server response component.
Full details on how the Consistent Quality metrics — Excellent Consistent Quality and Core Consistent Quality — are calculated can be found here.
Excellent Consistent Quality is the percentage of users' tests that met the minimum recommended performance thresholds to watch HD video, complete group video conference calls and play games.
Swisscom takes the top spot for Core Consistent Quality, winning it for the second consecutive time in Opensignal reports. The operator met the minimum recommended performance thresholds for lower-performance applications including SD video, voice calls and web browsing in 93% of the tests — 0.7 percentage points less than in the previous report. Salt comes second with a score of 92.4% — 0.6 percentage points behind the winner, down from 1.5 percentage points seen in the previous report. Sunrise brings up the rear with a score of 90.9%
Core Consistent Quality is the percentage of users' tests that met the minimum recommended performance thresholds for lower performance applications including SD video, voice calls and web browsing.
Related Analysis
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Collecting billions of individual measurements daily from over 100 million devices globally, Opensignal independently analyzes mobile user experience on every major network operator around the globe.
About Opensignal
Opensignal is the mobile analytics company committed to improving mobile connectivity across the globe. We are the independent authority for understanding the true experience consumers receive on wireless networks.
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For every metric we calculate statistical confidence intervals indicated on our graphs. When confidence intervals overlap, our measured results are too close to declare a winner. In those cases, we show a statistical draw. For this reason, some metrics have multiple operator winners.
In our bar graphs we represent confidence intervals as boundaries on either sides of graph bars.
In our supporting-metric charts we show confidence intervals as +/- numerical values.
Why confidence intervals are vital in analyzing mobile network experience
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text:
Chipperfield and Herzog & de Meuron Among 6 Teams Shortlisted for LSE's Paul Marshall Building
14:00 - 19 November, 2015
by Rory Stott
O'Donnell + Tuomey's Saw Swee Hock Student Centre at the LSE. Image © Alex Bland
The London School of Economics (LSE), working alongside the RIBA, has announced six teams in the running to design their latest high-profile building project: the £100 million redevelopment of 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, which once complete will be known as the Paul Marshall Building. As the third of the LSE's recent run of major campus transformations, the Paul Marshall Building will follow in the footsteps of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners' "Center Building Redevelopment" which received planning permission earlier this year and O'Donnell + Tuomey's highly-acclaimed Saw Swee Hock Student Centre, which was shortlisted for the 2014 Stirling Prize. Read on to see the full shortlist.
Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners' "Center Building Redevelopment" plan, which received planning permission earlier this year. Image © RSHP
The six teams were selected from 87 expressions of interest received before the October 19th deadline. The remaining architects will be tasked with designing a building which will help in "promoting the values, ethos and brand of the School," "will inspire future generations of students and academics," will offer "innovative and adaptable teaching and research workspaces," and "will be integral to the transformation of the campus and enhancement of the public realm as well as contributing to the quality of its unique neighborhood."
The Shortlist:
AL_A (London)
David Chipperfield Architects (London)
Diller Scofidio + Renfro with Penoyre & Prasad (New York & London)
Grafton Architects (Dublin)
Herzog & de Meuron Architects (Basel & London)
Níall McLaughlin Architects + Scott Brownrigg (London)
The full brief for the design will be presented to the teams in January for design work to begin.
Rory Stott
News Architecture News London School of EconomicsGrafton ArchitectsNiall McLaughlin ArchitectsPenoyre & PrasadDavid Chipperfield ArchitectsAmanda Levete ArchitectsHerzog and de MeuronRIBADiller Scofidio + RenfroScott Brownrigg
Cite: Rory Stott. "Chipperfield and Herzog & de Meuron Among 6 Teams Shortlisted for LSE's Paul Marshall Building" 19 Nov 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/777481/chipperfield-and-herzog-and-de-meuron-among-6-teams-shortlisted-for-lses-paul-marshall-building/> ISSN 0719-8884

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Staff are available for walk-ins on Tuesday, Wednesday & Thursday from 9 to noon.
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Staff can be reached at (207) 287-3282 or 287-9330.
The program does not currently have a manufacturing facility application. Please provide the program with notification of intent if you are engaging in manufacturing/extraction activities. Please do not send fees until application and program rule are in place.


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2-Aminobenzenesulfonate Pathway Map
[Compounds and Reactions] [BBD Main Menu]
This pathway was contributed by Maria L. Cruz and completed by Dong Jun Oh and Stephen Stephens, University of Minnesota.
Many aromatic sulfonates are produced on a multi-ton scale and can be detected in the environment. Hundreds of thousands of kilograms of 2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid are produced for use in the U.S. annually. It is used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.
The initial step in the degradation of 2-aminobenzenesulfonate involves the transport of the compound across the outer membrane of the cell. Alcaligenes sp. O-1 has a selective permeability barrier, allowing three aromatic sulfonates (benzene sulfonate, toluene-4-sulfonate, and 2-aminobenzenesulfonate) to pass through, as described by Junker et al. (1994). Cell extracts of this species were shown to be capable of degrading at least seven substrates. Deamination of the aromatic ring in strain O-1 has been shown by Junker et al. (1994) to precede desulfurization. Desulfurization of the compound has been shown to precede deamination when degraded by other organisms.
The following is a text-format 2-aminobenzenesulfonate pathway map. An organism which can initiate the pathway is given, but other organisms may also carry out later steps. Follow the links for more information on compounds or reactions. This map is also available in graphic (10k) format.
2-Aminobenzenesulfonate
Alcaligenes sp. O-1
| 2-aminobenzenesulfonate
| 2,3-dioxygenase
3-Sulfocatechol
| 3-sulfocatechol
2-Hydroxymuconate
(KEGG)
Page Author(s): Maria L. Cruz, Dong Jun Oh, and Stephen Stephens
© 2022, EAWAG. All rights reserved.
http://eawag-bbd.ethz.ch/abs/abs_map.html


Up to 3 people, but the combined weight cannot exceed 550 lbs.
Where do I get a boat license?
You can take the test here or online.
What are the hours for a full day rental?
A full day rental starts at 9:00am – 5:00pm (8hrs).
What are the hours for a half day rental?
What do you need to drive a boat?
You need to be at least 22 years old or have a boater's license and you will need to have some form of ID.
Call us to schedule a reservation or just stop by. We'll take down your information to secure the reservation and you'll be on your way.
What is the maximum weight limit for a jet ski?
The maximum weight a jet ski can hold is 550 lbs.


A supervised oral challenge is the most accurate means of diagnosing food or drug allergies. These are only undertaken when allergy tests do not provide a confirmatory answer with regard to diagnosing an allergy or intolerance.
Severe allergic reactions are extremely rare but should be anticipated. Low risk challenges will be undertaken in the consulting rooms; higher risk challenges will be undertaken in the ward.
Please avoid taking anti-histamines and certain other medications for 48-72 hours before the test.


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Related Bios Connor Owens Drew Custance Francis Ford Ben Jackson Dryden Brous Collin McClelland Greg Onofri Nick McCabe Xander Cosenza Peter Masters Oakley Wise Daniel Luette Conrad Rhein Christopher Lasprogata Mark Pryor Greg Morissette Conor Vaughan Harrison Kaplan Jacob Couvertier Stephen Polsinelli Shane Brummond Christian Jenkins Jared Chaloux Austin Shircliff Jensen Colberg Mikey Urso Chase Stokes Mitchell Goode Ryan Haefling Ryan Milano Keegan Maxwell Cody Bartusiak Ian Magnan Tyler Hopkins Cole Brammer
26 Nick Howard
Hometown: Southington, Conn.
Junior (2018): Appeared in 15 games with one start in his final season as a Fighting Knight...ranked third on the team in goals (24) and points (34) while finishing second in assists (10)...added 15 ground balls and three caused turnovers...let off a single-season program-high 108 shots...recorded at least one point in 14 of 15 games...named the SSC Offensive Player of the Week (3/5) after exploding offensively with nine points behind eight goals and an assist over two Lynn victories...found the back of the net a career-high five times in the win over Dominican (N.Y.) (2/28), one shy of the program record...became the fourth player in program history to score five or more goals in a game...tallied three goals and an assist vs. Wingate (3/3).
Sophomore (2017): Solidified a consistent role as an offensive midfielder in his sophomore season, seeing action in all 13 games…ranked third on the team in assists (8) and fourth on the squad in points (21) and goals (13)…scored three man-up goals…finished with 12 ground balls…notched his first career point with an assist in the season opener vs. Lees-McRae (2/11)…scored his first two career goals to go along with three ground balls in the win over #8 Adelphi (2/18)…secured his first career hat trick and added a helper for a four-point game at #11 Seton Hill (3/18)…scored at least one goal in the final five games of the season and had at least two points over the final four…recorded three-point games in both the regular-season finale at Florida Southern (4/22) and in the SSC Semifinals against Florida Tech (4/28).
Freshman (2016): Saw action in five games as a freshman, logging 11 shots, four ground balls and two caused turnovers…made his collegiate debut in the season opener vs. Shorter (2/13)…picked up two ground balls and totaled seven shots in wins against both Dominican (3/9) and MIT (3/23)....earned SSC Commissioner Honor Roll recognition for earning a 3.2 grade point average or better.
High School: Played as a midfielder at both Xavier High School and Canterbury School (postgraduate year)…during his senior year he played in 15 games where he scored 29 goals averaging two goals a game…also had 12 assists and won 37 groundballs…was named to the All New England First Team and All-SCC Second Team.
Personal: Born April 12, 1996…son of Duane and Stephanie Howard…has two brothers, Keith and Ian…marketing major.
Mar 31 Florida Southern L, 14-12
Apr 4 at #16 Florida Tech L, 16-8
Apr 7 at Embry-Riddle (FL) W, 17-5
Apr 11 Palm Beach Atlantic W, 21-4
Apr 14 at #6 Saint Leo L, 11-10
Apr 21 #7 Tampa L, 13-6
Shots 108 49
Shots on goal 56 25
Jan 27 Keiser - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Feb 3 at Florida Tech - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Feb 17 vs. Mars Hill W, 14-7 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0-0 6 16.7 3 50.0
Feb 24 at #9 Limestone L, 16-6 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0-0 7 14.3 4 57.1
Feb 28 Dominican (N.Y.) W, 14-5 5 0 5 0 0 1 3 0 0-0 10 50.0 6 60.0
Mar 3 Wingate W, 14-9 3 1 4 1 0 2 3 1 0-0 9 33.3 4 44.4
Mar 7 Emmanuel (GA) W, 16-2 1 2 3 0 0 3 0 0 0-0 6 16.7 5 83.3
Mar 10 at North Greenville W, 11-10 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 4 25.0 1 25.0
Mar 13 Westminster (Utah) W, 14-9 3 0 3 1 0 2 2 0 0-0 7 42.9 3 42.9
Mar 17 at #10 Belmont Abbey W, 10-9 2 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0-0 10 20.0 5 50.0
Mar 24 at Rollins L, 8-7 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0-0 7 14.3 3 42.9
Mar 31 Florida Southern L, 14-12 1 1 2 0 0 3 3 1 0-0 6 16.7 4 66.7
Apr 4 at #16 Florida Tech L, 16-8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0-0 10 0.0 5 50.0
Apr 7 at Embry-Riddle (FL) W, 17-5 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0-0 4 50.0 3 75.0
Apr 11 Palm Beach Atlantic W, 21-4 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 0-0 5 20.0 2 40.0
Apr 14 at #6 Saint Leo L, 11-10 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0-0 9 22.2 6 66.7
Apr 21 #7 Tampa L, 13-6 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0-0 8 0.0 2 25.0
2015-16 5 - 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0-0 11 0.0 6 54.5
2016-17 13 - 13 8 21 3 0 12 10 1 0-0 69 18.8 36 52.2
2017-18 15 1 24 10 34 2 0 15 23 3 0-0 108 22.2 56 51.9
Total 33 1 37 18 55 5 0 31 36 6 0-0 188 19.7 98 52.1
Conference 7 1 7 5 12 0 0 4 13 2 0-0 49 14.3 25 51.0
Away 7 - 9 3 12 0 0 3 7 1 0-0 51 17.6 27 52.9
Neutral 1 - 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0-0 6 16.7 3 50.0
Wins 9 - 19 7 26 2 0 10 12 1 0-0 61 31.1 32 52.5
Losses 6 1 5 3 8 0 0 5 11 2 0-0 47 10.6 24 51.1
February 3 - 7 1 8 0 0 3 5 0 0-0 23 30.4 13 56.5
March 7 - 12 6 18 2 0 12 10 2 0-0 49 24.5 25 51.0
April 5 1 5 3 8 0 0 0 8 1 0-0 36 13.9 18 50.0
Brous Tabbed to USILA Division II Team of the Week
Lacrosse Falls in Final Seconds at No. 6 Saint Leo
Offense Flourishes as Lacrosse Rolls Palm Beach Atlantic
Lacrosse Weathers Delays; Snaps Skid with Rout at Embry-Riddle
Lacrosse Doubled up at No. 16 Florida Tech
Brous Sets Single-Game Program Records in Lacrosse Setback
No. 18 Lacrosse Nearly Completes Comeback in League Opener
Cosenza's Fourth-Quarter Heroics Lift Lacrosse to Big Upset at No. 10 Belmont Abbey
Lacrosse Capitalizes on EMOs; Wins Fifth Straight
McCabe Shines as Lacrosse Conquers Crusaders in Program's First-Ever Overtime Win
Lacrosse Caps Early Season Home Stretch with Third Straight Victory
Lacrosse Grabs Two SSC Player of the Week Awards
Late Third-Quarter Run Leads Lacrosse to Revenge Victory over Wingate
Howard Scores Five as Lacrosse Routs Dominican in 2018 Home Opener
No. 9 Limestone Hands Lacrosse First Loss of 2018
Fast Start Guides Lacrosse to Season-Opening Triumph
SEASON PREVIEW: 2018 #LynnLax
Lynn vs. Limestone


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Since the age of eight, ecologist Richard Baines from the North York Moors National Park Authority has developed a deep-rooted attachment to the natural world. He can still recall his first vivid encounter with a 'charm' (flock) of goldfinches back in 1974: "I can still remember seeing them amongst a hedgerow on the way home from school – it left such a lasting impression."
The lure of such moments remain at the heart of his work, including his most recent efforts to save the UK's fastest declining bird - the Turtle Dove. This dainty creature, with its distinctive mottled feathers of golden orange and black is fighting for survival. Richard leads the North Yorkshire Turtle Dove Project, a scheme funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund, North York Moors National Park Authority and other partners to study, raise awareness, and advise local communities on ways of improving habitat for this threatened species. I joined him on a visit to Cropton Forest to learn more.
Sitting alongside him, as we set off along the borders of the National Park, he was so at ease talking about his love of birds. He spoke of particular fondness for the gentle purr of Turtle Doves that he could instantly recognise. It is always fascinating to hear from those able to identify bird song. They have access to a world of language beyond our own, a world so fleeting and fragile – an ability to interpret the skies.
His fascination with birds was instilled from an early age. As a child he used to draw intricate sketches of birds, which his teacher encouraged. By recreating what lay before him with his hands, he was able to develop a deep understanding of the different parts of each bird. This is something we disregard in a world dominated by mobile phones, for it is intrinsic to our nature to want to preserve and capture moments of beauty, but when this involves only a tap of a button how closely are we actually looking?
After travelling through narrow country lanes, we eventually arrived at Cropton Forest. We set off by foot down a large path with blocks of conifers lining each side before arriving at Richard's survey location. As part of the project ecologists and volunteers are given a one by one kilometre spot that they return to in both the spring and summer to monitor Turtle Dove populations.
They have access to a world of language beyond our own, a world so fleeting and fragile – an ability to read the skies
Richard moved calmly through the space as he headed down a path lined by young conifers, pausing for brief moments to peer into the undergrowth before moving on. He kept a quiet focus at all times, allowing moments to pass with ease. A flutter among the leaves, a murmur among the shadows – he was attuned to it all. Considering only one Turtle Dove was found within this area in 2018, the ability to identify them requires a great deal of patience and knowledge.
The tone of our conversations soon shifted as we delved into the growing threat to this iconic bird that has declined more than 95% in the UK since 1970. We have become so accustomed to such discussions that it now feeds our daily conscious. There is a continuous dialogue among the media that reminds us of the potential collapse of our natural world, but is this enough to drive an ecological revival?
To begin to address such questions it is worthwhile reflecting on the real value that Turtle Doves and birds can bring to our day-to-day lives to encourage us to act not only out of fear towards losing them, but by a clear acknowledgment of their significance.
Richard raised an interesting point towards how we consider ourselves as being separate to the natural world. As humans we are conscious of our character, feelings, motives and desires – we are so self-aware that it is intrinsic to our nature to see ourselves as being different from one another and animals. And yet our survival is critically dependent on that of the natural world, from the air we breathe to the water we drink. The boundaries are also blurred when we consider how we interact with birds.
He kept a quiet focus at all times, allowing moments to pass with ease. A flutter among the leaves, a murmur among the shadows – he was attuned to it all.
We can be roaming the streets when a twitter or rustle amongst the hedgerows captures our attention. Such moments can offer a respite from the relentless focus we can all place upon our own lives - an opportunity to reflect, escape, smile. We can also rest contently in the knowledge that such creatures don't care about what we are wearing, the bills we have to pay or a recent failure at work. They are blissfully unaware to all our worries, which allow us to grasp a necessary perspective.
Their existence is also so simple. The philosopher Immanuel Kant once said: 'we are not rich by what we possess but by what we can do without' and at a time when our consumption levels are beyond sustainable it is worth reflecting on how little creatures, such as birds, need. Their very presence is nothing more than a breath upon the earth, a passing wind drifting by – we should look to them as upholders of ideals we desperately need as we work towards a sustainable future.
This is why the work of Richard and the North York Moors National Park Authority is so important. Alongside a dedicated team of 70 volunteers, the project works alongside farmers and land managers to create new habitats and monitor population levels to help save this bird on the brink. If you would like to learn more please visit our turtle dove page.


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Office of Legal Affairs
Welcome to the Office of Legal Affairs website. Reporting directly to the Office of the President, the Office of Legal Affairs supports Albany State University's mission by providing timely, accurate, and concise legal advice on a broad range of issues having legal significance to the institution.
The mission of the Office of Legal Affairs is to work with integrity, reason, and knowledge of the law to provide, manage, and coordinate legal services for the University. In serving the University's interests, The Office of Legal Affairs, endeavors to increase the awareness of and compliance with federal and state laws, regulatory standards, Board of Regents' policies, and institutional level policies that guide the operation of Albany State University.
The Office of Legal Affairs serves as the liaison between the institution and the Board of Regents legal staff, as well as the Georgia Attorney General's office. Please contact the Office of Legal Affairs prior to contacting these offices regarding University business.
The Office of Legal Affairs cannot advise students or employees on any personal legal matter or any matters that would conflict with the Office's obligation to Albany State University or the University System of Georgia's Board of Regents.
The Chief Legal Affairs Officer has been designated as Albany State University's Open Records Officer. Please submit all Open Records requests to openrecords@asurams.edu.
Please take a few moments to take advantage of the available resources within this website. If you should have any legal questions involving University business, please contact the Office of Legal Affairs at (229) 500-3502.
Joel Wright, J.D.
Chief Legal Affairs Officer
The typical office hours and contact information for the administrative staff are listed in this table
Admin Staff Office Hours
Monday – Friday East Campus - Daisy Brown Building Telephone: (229) 500-3502
8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. 504 College Drive Fax: (229) 500-4931
Summer hours may vary Albany, GA 31705 Email address: joel.wright@asurams.edu
Albany State University's Office of Legal Affairs has provided these web pages for general information only. Users should always consult with appropriately licensed counsel if legal issues are involved. The materials presented are for informational purposes only and for internal use by Albany State University. Links to Internet resources outside of the asurams.edu domain are provided solely for the convenience of those viewing this website. Provision of these links is in no way an endorsement of the linked sites by ASU, nor is ASU in any way responsible for the content and/or operation of these sites. Unless otherwise indicated, information on this site does not change or affect any policy, regulation or rule of ASU or the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia.
Compliance, Ethics, and Reporting
Protection of Non-Student Minors
Records Management & Requests
Waivers and Releases


Cold betrayal is a fiction thriller story about Victoria Anderson trying to find Danny. She has to find him so bad that she travels all the way from Florida to Quebec, Canada. The story unfolds many ups and down in her attempt to find him, as it appears that he is a wanted man. Tori risks her life trying to bring Danny back and the entire story ends with revealing why that is.
I found the story to be very thrilling. I could not understand what the obsession in the mystery was but was glad to find out in the end. The story, in my opinion, could have worked well with more character background and story. I believe it would have hugely impacted the ending and the reveal.
The literature standard was very fitting to the thrilling nature of the mystery. It was suspenseful and the pace was steady enough for keeping the reader intrigued.
Coldness not only works well with the season being winter but also to the brutality of the nature of which Tori is under. I appreciated the author's delicacy is writing with such style creating tense scenes which kept me intrigued.


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HomeSt. Louis CardinalsThursday's Game Report: Marlins 7, Cardinals 6 (11 innings)
Thursday's Game Report: Marlins 7, Cardinals 6 (11 innings)
June 20, 2019 stlsportspage St. Louis Cardinals, Uncategorized 1
When Yadier Molina doubled in a run in the 11th inning Thursday night at Busch Stadium, the Cardinals found themselves with a chance to pull off another rally in a game that looked lost only minutes earlier in the top of the inning.
Instead it was Jack Flaherty who was lost.
Flaherty came in the game to pinch-run for Molina, representing the tying run, but before Sergio Romo threw a pitch to pinch-hitter Matt Wieters, he whirled and threw back to second and picked Flaherty off base to end the game.
The move totally caught Flaherty by surprise as we was standing a few feet off second and could not get back to the base in time to beat Romo's throw. The call was reviewed but was confirmed.
It's the second time in the last six games the Cardinals saw a game end with Flaherty making an out on the bases when he represented the tying run. On Saturday night in New York he was thrown out at the plate in the ninth inning trying to score from first on a double by Kolten Wong.
The Marlins had taken a 7-5 lead in the top of the 11th on a two-run homer by J.T. Riddle off Andrew Miller.
Here is how the game broke down:
At the plate: The game got to extra innings because of a two-run homer by Tommy Edman, his first in the majors. Edman came into the game in the eighth as part of a double switch and followed a single by Harrison Bader with the game-tying homer in the bottom of the inning … The Cardinals trailed 4-1 before scoring twice in the seventh when they got four consecutive hits, including RBI hits from Paul Goldschmidt and Marcell Ozuna … Jose Martinez and Molina each had three hits in the Cardinals' 16-hit attack … Matt Carpenter was 0-of-6, the sixth time he was hitless in six at-bats in a game in his career, the first time that had happened since 2015.
On the mound: The Marlins took their early lead with three runs off Adam Wainwright, including one which scored after Giovanny Gallegos relieved Wainwright in the sixth … An error by Ozuna led to an unearned run off John Brebbia in the seventh before Brebbia gave up a home run to Brian Anderson in the eighth that put the Marlins up 5-3 … Jordan Hicks worked a 1-2-3 ninth and John Gant pitched around a walk in the 10th before Miller took over in the 11th. He issued a one-out walk before giving up the homer to Riddle, the Marlins' eighth place hitter. It was the third homer Miller has allowed to a left-handed batter this season, tying the most in any season in his career.
Key stat: In the four games against the Marlins, the Cardinals scored a total of three earned runs (four total) in 23 2/3 innings against the opposing starters, who posted a 1.14 ERA for the series. They scored one run in five innings on Thursday night against Zac Gallen, a former Cardinals' prospect who was making his major-league debut.
Worth noting: The Cardinals top prospect, third baseman Nolan Gorman, was promoted from Peoria to Palm Beach on Thursday, where the 19-year-old becomes the youngest player in the Florida State League … To open a roster spot for Wainwright, Daniel Ponce de Leon was optioned to Memphis, one day after he allowed just two hits in six shutout innings. The move was made because Ponce de Leon will not be available to pitch for five days and the Cardinals also have two days off coming up next week … Yairo Munoz was moved to the restricted list after he was unable to get back to St. Louis from the Dominican Republic on Thursday because of travel issues. He had gone on paternity leave, which lasts for three days, on Monday. He is expected back on Friday.
Looking ahead: Albert Pujols makes his long-awaited return to Busch Stadium on Friday night as the Angels make their first trip to St. Louis since 2010. Michael Wacha will get the start in the opener of the three-game series.
Wednesday's Game Report: Cardinals 2, Marlins 1 (11 innings)
Post-Game Interviews: Shildt, Wainwright, Edman, Miller
Post-Game Interviews: Shildt, Wainwright, Edman, Miller - STLSportsPage


We all embark on journeys. Some do it for business purposes; some for leisure. Others set out for more strictly academic reasons. Then there those who venture out for religious purposes. These are the pilgrims, the itinerantly pious, who go on a journey not only of self- discovery, but with higher goals in mind. It is on this subject that I would like to dwell for a time. This past week, the other students and I spent the first two days on our Reformation Tour. Traveling to so many important locations associated with the Covenanters and the Scottish Presbyterians got me thinking about pilgrimages and perhaps how the concept is in need of some rehabilitation and revival.
The classical definition of a pilgrim is simply this: one who journeys for religious reasons, (sometimes to a religious or sacred place). My concern right now is simply with pilgrimages and Christianity. The term "pilgrimage" has picked up some historical baggage over the centuries, particularly in the years leading up to the Reformation. The Roman Catholic Church attached spiritual weight to the completion of pilgrimages and went to great lengths to protect Christian travelers and holy sites. It can be said that the Crusades were waged to protect pilgrimage sites in the Middle East. Most Protestants have heard the story of Martin Luther and his disillusioning pilgrimage to Rome. The corruption, error and excess that characterized medieval Catholicism have dripped down to taint the concept of pilgrimages for modern Protestants. (Geoffrey Chaucer's motley band of sordid characters comes readily to mind). Now most consider them to be an antiquated vestige of that system of works righteousness that we broke away from so long ago.
I would like to argue that pilgrimages are actually consistent with our reality as Christians. God's People throughout history have been making journeys for faith reasons. We might be able to say that the first "pilgrim" in the Bible was Abraham. God spoke to him, told him to leave his home and travel to a land that God would show him (Genesis 12:1). In the times of Jesus, the Jewish people were journeying to Jerusalem to make sacrifices for Passover every year. They came from all over the regions of Israel and the Diaspora. They sang Psalms of Ascent to remember the importance of "going up" to God's house. In a more abstract sense, we are all "pilgrims" on a spiritual journey of the Christian life. John Bunyan explores that in great detail in his masterful allegory Pilgrim's Progress.
In a way, my main reason for participating in the Semester in Scotland program was for spiritual reasons. About six months ago I decided to join the Reformed Presbyterian Church. I wanted this semester to be a sort of pilgrimage, a journey of discovery, growing closer to God and learning about the lives of like-minded Christians from centuries past. The first two days of the Reformation Tour were a powerful taste of that. We visited St. Andrews and stood where Patrick Hamilton, the first Covenanter martyr, was burned at the stake. We (hesitantly) climbed into the pulpit of John Knox. On the second day in Edinburgh we payed our respects at Greyfriars churchyard where so many Covenanter leaders were buried and where they signed the National Covenant in 1638. Another gated portion of the cemetery was the location where many Covenanters were cruelly imprisoned. In the city center, we planted our feet where there was once planted a gallows for the execution of so many of them. All of this was really enlightening for me and changed my perspectives. I had never heard of these persecuted Presbyterians a year ago, but now I could confidently call them my brothers and sisters in Christ. Where my view of the Church had previously been quite narrow, I now see how it encompasses so many people all around the world. We have not even completed half of our Reformation Tour excursions and I have already seen and learned things about God's faithfulness and His people that I will never forget. In a way, these outings were a kind of pilgrimage, a journey of spiritual significance.
Pilgrimages serve as formative experiences in many ways. They can promote times of introspection on our own walks with God, prompt reflection on what He has done in the past, as well as orient our minds to godly perspectives. I think modern Christians could do well to see them as such. They should NOT be used as a means to earn one's salvation, but as potentially life-changing physical reflections of a spiritual reality. We are all pilgrims, sojourners, on this harrowing pilgrimage that we call the Christian walk.
We have now been here for almost a month. Many things come to mind as I reflect back on what has happened over the past few weeks. We have begun learning about theology, serving in the church, Paul's life, the Covenanters and how they died for their faith. Still there is so much more to learn and everyday God is opening my eyes to new truths. But what I wanted to focus on is the community of believers here, and how much of an impact it has had on me so far.
When the plane landed in Glasgow in the wee hours of the morning it began to set in that I was actually here, and I began to worry. Would I be able to make it in a different county for four months? Would I think of this place as home and not just as a long trip? Would I be able to make friends and feel connected?
These fears were quickly silenced. From the first day here we were shown love and hospitality. Our first day we were rather dazed and sleepy. We were invited over to have tea at Beth's flat along with Stephen, Brenda, and the other girls who had already arrived. It was such a blessing to be welcomed into someone's home and be fed real food after having traveled for roughly twenty hours. Even though we were tired the company was wonderful, and we felt as though we were eating with friends who we had know for much longer then a few hours.
Our first Sunday at church we were welcomed by so many wonderful people, who were so excited to meet us. They greeted us with smiles, hugs, and some had even already learned our names! As we sat in on the morning prayer meeting we were prayed for by name in such a way that it moved several of us to tears because of how much we could tell that these people cared about us, even though they had only just meet us.
Every Sunday we have lunch with a different family, this is such a huge blessing since we are in charge of our own food otherwise. Our first week we were not sure how it would be to eat with people we did not know. It turned out to be one of the most encouraging afternoons. We sat around and talked for a long time, sharing stories about our lives, what it is like growing up in different countries, and we were able to ask our questions about cultural differences. It felt like being with family. When we left and went home I felt so encouraged and joyful.
Since that first week the relationships have only grown and gotten deeper. We are now involved in Kids Club, and getting to know the kids in the church has been so wonderful. They are always wanting to show us what they can do, and they make me so happy to see how everyone here watches our for all the young people. We have also started to get to know the youth and young adults. This past Friday some of the CY (Covenanter Youth) went out to Nando's and enjoyed yummy food and fellowship. There were many stories shared and much laughter. While it is a close knit community they have been so willing to include us in the activities, never once have I felt out of the loop. Someone is always willing to explain what they are talking about, or what different words mean.
Looking back it is hard to believe that we have only been here for a month. It feels like we have been here so much longer. This feel like home, I have family here. I realized that this is my family, through Christ we are all united as brothers and sisters. That feeling is very evident here in the church in Airdrie. The best way I can think to describe it is that it feels like a family reunion; some people know each other better then others, some are more closely related, there are people of all ages, but we all share the same roots. It is a glimpse of what Heaven will look like one day when we all come together to worship and praise our great Heavenly Father!
If you have ever been to Scotland for any reason, you know that it is almost always windy, and on a lot of days, it seems to be rather rainy. This is not true of all of the days, for even at this moment, it is a nice sunny day with patchy clouds. The temperature remains a bit on the cooler side, at least coming from a summer in the United States, but it is bearable, and, if you are prepared with the proper clothing, it can be lived in. It was on one such dreary day this week that I caught myself marveling at God's providence. Louisa (my flat mate) and I had gone to cross a street, thought the car with its turning signal flashing had seen us, and very narrowly missed getting hit. Startled by the honk of the horn directly behind us, we rushed to the safety of the sidewalk and breathed out prayers of thanks.
Later on, I considered the events of the day and found myself pondering God's deliverance in that situation. Though it was an act of misjudgment on our part, God still decided to smile upon us and deliver us from death. If it had been our time to go, I am sure that in the moment we would have been fine with it, as we would have no real choice in the matter. But God thought it best to deliver us in that moment, to keep us safe, and to give us the speed we needed to get out of the way of danger as quickly as possible.
Earlier this day, we had seen a flock of pigeons walking along the wet walkways, getting rained on, and bobbing their little heads with each step. I found it laughable at the time, but with later thinking, it brought to mind the verse in which it is said that God takes care of the sparrows and how much more will he take care of us? God takes care of sparrows, hawks, and even the lowly pigeons. If he takes care of even the lowliest creatures, how much more will he take care of those who are created in his image? Even when we are being somewhat idiotic in our attempts to quickly cross a street in the Scottish wind and rain, God still takes care of us, and if it is his will, brings us to safety on the other side.
Hello All, this has been a week, or two, of looking at the apostle Paul, and I have grown to absolutely love the way he starts his letters, but I kind of feel it would that it would be stealing his words. I am not claiming any of the apostleship that he was rewarded by Christ, don't worry!! We have had a fantastic first week of classes and an incredible weekend with the church, at a Young Adults Weekend (YAW) conference in Northern Ireland (which was gorgeous, by the way). We started with classes, and found that the genre of the books is heavy, which is very good. It also quickly waded into the life of Paul, and the influences and culture that helped make him effective, other than the Holy Spirit, of course, and that continued during the weekend. The theme of messages was evangelism, and we read out of the book of Acts in chapters 16 and 17. It was mentioned that the name of the book of acts really isn't the best, because it isn't just about what the apostles did, but rather where they went to continue furthering what God told them to do in the great commission, to first go to Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and then to the ends of the earth. They listened and that is what Acts is, the account of how the early church did as God instructed down to the order of where to go when to tell.
One of the themes that I have been seeing is how God is showing us as students that we need to be bold, and yet still be gentle. On Wednesday, we went to visit Stirling Castle and the Battle of Bannockburn battlefield; we learned about how the people fought boldly for their freedom, now of course this was not for freedom of religion in these cases, but their country. Still you should see the point. On out first Sunday, the sermons were about how Elijah the prophet needed to be bold and yet humble as he served our Savior. And then we get to Paul, as we learned this weekend, and how even after he was beaten, and thrown into jail, and then asked to leave the city after the night of the earthquake and the conversion of Lydia and her family, the Guard at the jail and his family. and a few others, he continued on into many different cities and did the same thing. Sometimes he was hurt again, other times the new Christians found out what was happening and sent him on his way with blessings and thanks. What an example of boldness! Still, when God said something, he was "still" enough to hear what God said. He knew when it was time to be bold, and he knew how to go about that. It was something that made me stop and wonder if I am bold enough, and also if I am "still" enough to hear what God tells me to do in my life. That is something that I have found I myself need to work on – constant communication with God.
Outside of what I have learned so far this semester though, I have thoroughly enjoyed getting to know people in the church, and can't wait for more of that. We have had so much fun reading our books and seeing places. This time will be something I will never forget – we saw some awesome things that God has made, like this view from the "hill" we climbed on Saturday.
We also had a lot of fun finding our way around the bus and train system. That was a completely new experience for me, but very fun nonetheless!! Other things that were really fun? Meeting fellow Christians on the way over the Irish Sea on the ferry.


Guardiola has made several changes to his side this afternoon after featuring younger members of his squad against Burton in the second leg of the semi-final clash. Ederson, Walker, Stones, Fernandinho, Gundogan, Bernardo Silva and Gabriel Jesus all get the nod to start at the Etihad against the Clarets.
SUBS: Jack Cork, Ben Mee, Sam Vokes, Ashley Barnes, Chris Wood, Ashley Westwood, Joe Hart.
BURNLEY (3-5-1-1): Nick Pope; Kevin Long, James Tarkowski, Ben Gibson; Robbie Brady, Jeff Hendrick, Steven Defour, Charlie Taylor, Stephen Ward; Dwight McNeil; Matej Vydra.
SUBS: Raheem Sterling, Sergio Aguero, Aymeric Laporte, Leroy Sane, David Silva, Phil Foden, Arijanet Muric.
MANCHESTER CITY (4-3-3): Ederson; Kyle Walker, John Stones, Nicolas Otamendi, Danilo; Kevin De Bruyne, Fernandinho, Ilkay Gundogan; Riyad Mahrez, Gabriel Jesus, Bernardo Silva.


Well, almost! Happy Birthday, Meryl--and welcome back!!
And, I love Pavlovas!!! I remember having one at Five Leaves. Fabulous.
Did you know, that makes you an honorary Aussie, Meryl?!
You'll be eating Vegemite next!
Wow, I love the cakes and flowers and birthday tunes, and there's even cherry pavlova! Thanks, dear Brokies!
John, that's brilliant that you posted "16 Candles." Just reverse that number, and you've got it right!
Kerry, something tells me that pavlova is a lot more pleasant to consume than Vegemite, but I'll happily take the title of Honorary Aussie!


She loves seeing the entrepreneurial sprit and drive of her customers.
I gained an appreciation for entrepreneurship and new venture development in my final year of university when I was studying engineering. With an interest in business, I completed a Master of Accounting whilst working for a start-up company and soon found myself in Business Banking at NAB. At NAB I help customers realise their business goals.
My career at NAB has been predominantly in Business Banking working my way up from Associate roles to become a Business Banking Manager. During this time I have been fortunate to spend a lot of time with our customers and through these exchanges I have been able to utilise my skills to positively impact our customers' lives. Whether it is something simple such as setting up accounts for a new business, buying the next investment property or financing the expansion of their business, we're there for our customers. The greatest satisfaction for me is when someone is appreciative of what you have done to help them achieve their business or personal finance goals.
I love seeing the entrepreneurial spirit and drive others have for their businesses and how they impact the world with their ideas and innovation. I am thankful that my job allows me to experience this every day. Outside of work, I enjoy spending time in nature, relaxing and breathing in fresh country air.


For iOS users, this presents a bit of a problem. We know Siri is terrible, but there's very little we can do about it. On the one hand, Apple's locked-down approach provides a stable and secure device that we fawn over, but that same digital prison leaves us unable to pick and choose our favorite options — a digital assistant, for example — like Android users.
Or, that was the case anyway. There's a workaround. It's a bit wonky, but super simple. In mere moments, you can harness the power of Google Assistant each time you trigger Siri.
First you're going to need to install the Google Assistant app. Just head to the App Store, type in Google Assistant, and you know the drill.
Next up we're going to add "Ok Google," Google Assistant's trigger command to Siri.
To do that you'll open the app, click the icon in the bottom-right corner, and then mash the Add to Siri button of the next screen.
You'll then be prompted to record "Ok Google" or another trigger command to access Google Assistant. Press the big red record button, say the trigger command, and then press Done in the upper right to finish up.
Okay, so… this is the wonky part. From here, you'll trigger Siri, and then say "Ok Google" which tells Siri to go take a nap while you deal with a real digital assistant. Unfortunately, you'll need to do this each time you want to access Google Assistant, but it's quick, relatively painless, and gives you a much better assistant to play around with.
You can, however rapid fire the phrase: "Hey Siri, Ok Google" to mostly skip over Siri entirely. Again, not the most elegant solution, but it's definitely worth it.


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