Having established the antiquity of dentistry and its relationship to medicine, this thesis examines its development in Scotland from the unique origins in Glasgow of the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons and the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, to the legitimization of the profession by State intervention in 1921.
Although an LDS qualification was available in 1860 from the Royal College of Surgeons, England, the introduction of the Dentists Act of 1878 and the establishment of a Register, brought about through the efforts of the Reform Movement, did not eradicate the practice of dentistry by the unregistered. Their numbers continued to multiply as a result of urban migration, socio-economic changes and industrialisation. Changes in the dietary habits of the Scottish people and in the methods of food production, contributed to an increase in the prevalence of dental caries as well as in the demand for dental treatment among all classes of the population, as epidemiological surveys and Government inquiries showed.
The introduction of a school dental service resulted, when attention was focused on the poor dental standards of the recruits following the defeats of the British Forces in the Boer Wars. The resultant Government inquiry into the state of dentistry revealed the deplorable state of the nation's teeth and the inability of the Scottish working classes and the disadvantaged to afford dental treatment from qualified practitioners.
In the aftermath of the 1914-18 War, public opinion was conducive to the idea of social welfare and public health thus paving the way for the legalization by the State of the dental profession by virtue of the Dentists Act of 1921.


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Caesars Head
8155 Geer HWY
Cleveland, SC 29635
CaesarsHead@scprt.com
The following trails are closed until further notice due to damage from Hurricane Zeta: Upper Jones Gap, and Tom Miller. We apologize for the inconvenience.
Cold temperatures and ice have forced the seasonal closure of the yellow-blazed, western section of the Rim of the Gap Trail (between junction with trails 15-Frank Coggins, and 21-John Sloan). This section of trail will remain closed until spring temperatures are consistently warm enough for the ice to melt and the trail to become safely passable. If you have any questions, please contact the park directly.
PARK HOURS: Main Parking Area - 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., Raven Cliff Falls parking 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.
9 a.m.- 9 p.m., daily during daylight saving time. 9am-6pm, daily, the remainder of the year. Trails close one hour before dark, year round.
10 a.m.- 5 p.m. M-Th, 9 a.m.- 5 p.m. F- Sun.
Trail access cost: $3 adults; $1.50 SC seniors; $1 children age 6-15; age 5 & younger free
Caesars Head State Park
For more information on things to see and do in the area:
Discover Upcountry Carolina
From Greenville: Take Hwy. 276 W. for about 30 mi. Park is located at the top of the mountain right off the Hwy. The North Carolina border is 3 mi. away.
Mountain Location: Yes
Counties: Greenville
Acreage: 7467
Miles to Nearest Hospital: 15
Miles to Nearest Town: 15
Miles to Nearest Grocery Store: 15
Florence, SC: 219
Greenville, SC: 37
Charlotte, NC: 102
Columbia, SC: 138
Atlanta, GA: 165
Charleston, SC: 247
Raleigh, NC: 240
Augusta, GA: 149
At Caesars Head State Park

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thanks to all newly open cafes in Klang Valley, Baristas are getting very popular nowadays. There are a lot of demands for them and even there are professional schools with certification to give them the knowledge and technique they needed to produce a great coffee for us to enjoy. Coffee Stain is one of the cafe that is producing a lot of award winning barristas.
They have two branches in KL which are located at Fahrenheit88 and this one will be inside the Publika. Both managed by professional barristas. You will definitely will not let down by their skills.
Affogato @RM12.95 - Affogato is always my favorite drinks if I wanted to have some caffeine. The best part is Coffee Stain just made me loving it even more! The coffee shot is bitter at the very first second but the moment after that the true coffee fragrance roaming out into our mouth. The pleasant makes you understand the reason for so many people falling in love with coffee.
Dark Chocolate @RM10.95 - One thing special about this cafe is they do provide 3D Coffee Art on certain drinks. Chocolate is one of them. However, there is RM5.00 charges to have that art on your drinks and it may takes up to 20 minutes if there are a lot of customers. I did not order for the 3D Coffee Art because I was rushing at that moment.
Overall: 2/5 - They serve good coffee but very terrible with their breakfast meal. This is a good example why. The hollandaise sauce was too sourish at the extend I felt like swallowing the whole meal. They should just stick with the cheese sauce instead. I really do not wish to eat something sourish early in the morning especially when you are in empty stomach.
Overall: 3/5 - One extra large scoop of vanilla ice cream on top of the crispy waffle is just going to make your day beautiful. Their waffle is really good especially when you eat while it is hot combining with the cold ice cream. It was really scrumptious experience.
Overall, I highly recommend this cafe for your daily coffee indulgence. As for the breakfast choice, I do not think this is the right place for it.
Will I Revisit?: Yes, only for the coffee.
Jalan Dutamas, 50480. Kuala Lumpur.


This Higher Certificate programme is designed to provide students with the prerequisites to pursue the WSQ Diploma in Food Services (Pastry and Baking).
Developed under the brand new Skills Framework for Food Services, the WSQ Higher Certificate in Food Services (Pastry and Baking) is offered as an integrated programme encompassing skills from both Certificate and Higher Certificate levels. It is the first and second learning block to the Diploma qualification.
Please send us an enquiry or email enrolment@shatec.sg to check with our friendly course consultants for course commencement dates in 2019.
The average teacher-to-student ratio is 1:40 for theory lessons and 1:20 for practical lessons.
Theory and practical examinations, practical exercises, presentations, written assignments, projects and class participation.
Students will be expected to complete 18 skills under 6 learning units. The programme consists of 15 to 30 instructional hours per week spread over 1 term or half a semester. Each term is 10 weeks in duration, excluding exam and break weeks.
Applicants who have successfully completed a preceding course in WSQ Certificate Food Services (Pastry and Baking) may be eligible for exemptions in relevant subjects and as such complete the institutional training in less than 3 months.
The industrial attachment component combines practical training with hands-on experience that will prepare students well in future careers in the tourism industry.
Students will be placed with approved industry training partners of their choice and a monthly training allowance will be provided during the period of attachment.
WSQ Higher Certificate in Food Services (Pastry and Baking) awarded by SkillsFuture Singapore.
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Total Nett Course Fee Payable, Including GST, after additional funding from WTS $427.84 N.A.
Applicants who have successfully completed a preceding course in WSQ Certificate in Food Services (Pastry and Baking) may be eligible for exemptions in relevant subjects and as such complete the institutional training in less than 12 months. Click here to find out more on course fees applicable after exemptions.
4Singaporeans and Singapore PRs will be eligible for up to 90% SSG funding for all WSQ Certificate level programmes. A minimum 6-month retention in the industry is recommended as part of the obligation for enjoying this funding. Funding is subjected to SSG's prevailing corporate policies and final approval.
5Course fee payable include essential training items.
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7The WTS is for Singaporeans aged 35 years and above (13 years old and above for Persons With Disabilities) and who earn a monthly income of not more than $2,000.00.
aMiscellaneous fees refer to any non-compulsory and non-standard fees which the student will pay only where applicable. Miscellaneous fees are generally out of pocket expenses which cannot be offset by PSEA or SkillsFuture Credits.
bSHATEC English Test is only registered where the student does not fulfil the English requirements required by SHATEC during application.
cAll prices quoted are accurate at time of print but may be subjected to changes without notice.
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text:
Insights from a Sole Survivor: Quercus castaneifolia
by Peter J. Zale
Oaks (Quercus spp.) have become a worldwide symbol of tree conservation. Of the approximately 450 described oak species, at least 175 are of conservation concern and many require further conservation assessments (Oldfield and Eastwood, 2007; Jerome et al., 2017). To aid in these efforts, public gardens around the world have invested significant energy to develop taxonomically and geographically exhaustive, genetically diverse oak collections with high conservation value. Aside from their importance as landscape and garden specimens, maintaining living collections of oaks in public gardens is particularly important because recalcitrant (desiccation intolerant) oak seeds cannot be stored long term in germplasm repositories, highlighting an increased need for ex situ conservation of individual trees and improvements in collection practices. Within the United States, the American Public Gardens Association (APGA) has recognized the efforts of 20 public gardens who have formed a Plant Collections Network Quercus multisite collection to tackle some of these efforts (APGA, 2017).
Benchmarking studies have become an important tool to help these and other gardens prioritize their conservation and collecting efforts by revealing the diversity of oaks in their collections relative to those in cultivation elsewhere. Gaps, or missing species, reveal areas for future development, and the identification of species (or clones) uniquely or poorly represented in cultivation can indicate those in need of further preservation and distribution. However, the power of benchmarking is predicated on the quality of records and the verification of species to accurate identity. In 2015, verification of tree plantings on perimeter areas of Longwood Gardens revealed a mysterious oak bearing an incorrect label. An exercise in curatorial sleuthing led me on a chase to discover the species' identity to be Quercus castaneifolia, chestnut-leaf oak, and that the accession had a provenance linked to the wilds of northern Iran. In my further investigations, I learned more about its natural history and, eventually, saw it growing in its native habitat.
Quercus castaneifolia is aptly named, with leaves [7 to 20 cm (2.8 to 7.9 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) wide] resembling those of the sweet or Spanish chestnut (Castanea sativa). This herbarium voucher was collected from the specimen growing at Longwood Gardens. Longwood Gardens
Taxonomy and geography of chestnut-leaf oak
Quercus castaneifolia was first described in 1831, and belongs to Section Cerris and Subsection Cerris, a placement within the genus that has remained stable since Camus' 1936 monograph. However, the taxonomy within Q. castaneifolia has been debated, with at least eight intraspecific botanical taxa (varieties, subspecies, and formae) described based on differences in leaf, acorn, trichome, foliar epidermis, and pollen morphology (Panahi et al., 2011). Molecular analysis using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) indicated that the differences at the molecular level were not enough to distinguish among the previously proposed intraspecific taxa, except for Q. castaneifolia subsp. aitchisoniana, and that molecular variation in some cases was indicative of introgression from other species (Azadbakht et al., 2015). Presently, the botanical community considers Q. castaneifolia to be a single polymorphic or highly variable species (Rix and Kirkham, 2009; The Plant List, 2017).
In addition to its distinct leaf characters, diagnostic morphological features of this species include its linear bud scales, and curiously elongated, but variably sized, ellipsoidal acorns—maturing in two years—that reach 2 to 4.5 cm (0.78 to 1.78 in) in length and have cupules or caps covered with prominent scales (see inside front cover). The branching habit of mature trees is variable, ranging from upright with a dominant central leader, to a spreading structure devoid of a strong central leader that results in a distinctly rounded canopy. In the wild trees can reach heights of 45 m (148 ft), but 10 to 25 m (33 to 82 ft) tall and wide seems more typical, particularly in cultivated trees. Fall color develops late in the season in hues of clear yellow and brown.
The natural range of Quercus castaneifolia (shown in green) extends from Azerbaijan's Talysh Mountains along the southern border of the Caspian Sea to Gorgan, Golestan Province, Iran (map modified from Sales and Hedge, 1996).
Chestnut-leaf oak is a member of the Hyrcanian Forest (from "Hyrcania", the Greek form of an old Persian word describing the region of Gorgan or Asterabad, Iran), a relict forest widespread during the Tertiary Period (65 to 15 million years ago) and now occurring only on the mountain ranges that surround the southern Caspian Sea. The forest is a well-defined glacial refugium rich in endemic species, including this oak (Milne and Abbott, 2002). Throughout its range, it grows from sea level to 2400 m (7875 ft) in elevation, and is reported to grow on the northern aspects of mountain slopes. (My personal observations, however, indicate a more general distribution, at least in Azerbaijan.) In the Talysh Mountains of southeastern Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran, it is a component of the Quercus-Buxus Forest that once dominated the Caspian Coastal Plain, and the Quercus-Carpinus Forest in the lowlands to 1200 m (3937 ft). The latter forest type transitions to the Quercus-Zelkova Forest in the drier climate of Iran's Alborz Mountains (Panahi et al., 2011). In some of these areas, Quercus castaneifolia can form pure stands, although it becomes a member of Fagus orientalis (oriental beech)-dominated forest above 1200 m (3937 ft). It is a minor forest component in the eastern portion of its range, in areas dominated by Platycladus orientalis (Oriental arborvitae) (Menitsky, 2005). One study indicated that Q. castaneifolia comprises 6.5% of the total Hyrcanian Forest, belying the fact that it is among the most commonly encountered species in the region (Panahi et al., 2011). It has yet to be analyzed for Red Listing to determine its conservation status (Oldfield and Eastwood, 2017).
The Specimen at Longwood Gardens
In the 1950s Longwood Gardens became part of a large-scale project called the Michaux Quercetum. This project began as a partnership between the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania and the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station of the USDA, and was financed in part by the Michaux Fund of the American Philosophical Society. The primary purpose of the study was to develop a large-scale provenance test of US native oak species with the goal of selecting genetically superior trees for breeding and forestry purposes. Another part of the project was defined loosely as "preliminary tests of exotic oak species from all temperate oak-inhabited parts of the northern hemisphere" (Schramm and Schreiner, 1954). Little information exists on the full extent of exotic species of oaks trialed in the various Querceta, but in 1968, several exotic oaks were planted adjacent to the original Michaux Quercetum here in Longwood Gardens.
Among these were oak seedlings bearing USDA Plant Introduction (PI) numbers 228074 and 228075, both originally collected in 1955 as acorns by USDA Agricultural Explorer Howard Scott (H. S.) Gentry in northeastern Iran. The Plant Introduction Inventory (USDA, 1964), records Gentry's description for the collections, each listed as yet-to-be-identified Quercus sp. For PI 228074: "Col. Nol. 15709. Twenty-five miles south of Kalow, Caspian slope of Alborz. Sept. 12, 1955. Elevation 6,000 feet. Second growth from cut trees." And, for PI 228075: "Col. No. 15799. Fifty-four miles east of Gorgan. Sept. 15, 1955. Spreading tree to 30 feet high." These were grown at the US Plant Introduction Garden (USPIG) in Glenn Dale, Maryland, and in September 1957 Longwood Gardens received three seedlings of PI 228074 and two of 228075, which were planted in the research nursery and later near the Michaux Quercetum.
The Michaux Quercetum and adjacent oak plantings received little attention for the next five decades, providing a true test of a tree's ability to survive with relative neglect. During the summer of 2015, the plant records office was inventorying trees in this part of Longwood Gardens and 'rediscovered' an unidentified oak tree. It was then brought to my attention and I began the detective work. An old planting map indicated the tree was Longwood Gardens accession 1957-2444*A, and the original packing slip from the USPIG linked that accession to one of Gentry's collections: PI 228075 (accession 1957-2443 was assigned to PI 228074). It appears as if one seedling of each collection perished in the first few years. In 1971, an inventory of the Quercetum indicated that the two remaining seedlings of PI 228074 had perished due to sun scald, but no update was given for PI 228075. Using Gentry's original collection notes of the tree's nativity, I used the distinct shape of the tree's leaves, acorns, and linear bud scales to confirm the identify as Q. castaneifolia. Further research indicated that it is the only remaining tree in cultivation from Gentry's collection, and is thus unique among cultivated accessions of this species in public gardens worldwide.
Because of its unique lineage, and the rarity of wild-collected Q. castaneifolia in the US (see below), I collected acorns in 2016. Oaks are anemophilous (wind-pollinated) species that generally rely on fertilization from genetically different individuals of the same species for successful seed development. But there is some evidence that oaks have the ability for self-pollination on a limited basis (Yacine and Bouras, 1997). Of the 24 seeds collected, 12 germinated and the resultant seedlings so far appear to be true-to-type, despite extensive nearby plantings of US native and exotic species including Quercus macranthera (Caucasian oak), which is reported to hybridize with Q. castaneifolia. Despite promising initial results, verification to identity will have to wait until the seedlings mature. If anything, they can serve as understock to graft scions from the original tree, which would preserve the exact genetic lineage.
Chestnut-leaf Oak in Cultivation
The Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) PlantSearch website indicated that 68 public gardens worldwide (mostly in Europe) grow this species. For comparison, 148 gardens list the commonly grown Quercus cerris (Turkey oak), while 54 gardens list the less common Quercus libani (Lebanon oak). Perhaps the best-known specimen in cultivation is the tree growing behind the Water Lily house at Kew Gardens, London. Widely accepted as the first introduction of the species to cultivation in western Europe, the accession was received as seed in 1843 and was reputedly planted in 1846 by William Hooker himself (Rix and Kirkham, 2009). This imposing specimen is one of the most recognized trees in the collection at Kew and was one of few to survive the great storm of 1987 without damage.
Records of this species in cultivation in the United States are few. Some of the largest are two 1938 trees (239-38*A and D) at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, which came from the Mount Mashuk Forest Garden Experimental Station in Pyatigorsk, Russia (Northern Caucasus), which is outside of the species natural range. The larger of the two (239-38*D) stands 22.33 m (73.3 ft) tall, has a spread of 18.3 m (60 ft), and a DBH of 98.6 cm (38.8 in). A query of the most current inventory (2014) of the members of the Plant Collections Network multisite Quercus group indicated 19 living accessions of Quercus castaneifolia in nine gardens. Of these, 16 are of garden or nursery origin, two are from wild collections, and one is actually a hybrid: Q. castaneifolia × Q. cerris. Interestingly, the two wild plants are 1994 accessions growing at the UC Davis Arboretum and originally came from Dr. Ahmad Mossadegh, Professor of Silviculture at the University of Tehran. He collected seeds from the Loveh Region, near Gorgan, Iran at an elevation of 830 m (2723 ft). This source locality, similar to that of the Longwood specimen, indicates that all of the known wild-sourced material in cultivation in the US comes from a similar place in the eastern extent of the species range. In addition to growing in the institutions mentioned above, chestnut-leaf oak is also at the Bartlett Tree Research Arboretum (Charlotte, NC), Denver Botanic Garden, Cornell Botanic Gardens (Ithaca, NY), and Morton Arboretum (Lisle, IL). Its ability to grow in such diverse places suggests a tolerance to extremes of heat and cold (USDA Hardiness Zones 5 to 9), as well as drought and a range of soil types. It is worth experimenting growing the tree in colder and drier regions where the palette of available landscape trees is limited.
Quercus castaneifolia, recognized for its durability and ornamental qualities, has a number of selections. Aimée Camus, in her 1936 Les Chênes: Monographie du genre Quercus, was the first to mention four cultivars (then formae) of Q. castaneifolia: 'Asplenifolia', 'Filicifolia', 'Aureovariegata', and 'Pyramidalis'. Although there were no descriptions provided, it is likely that the first two had fern-like, and the third had variegated leaves; the fourth likely had a narrow, yet not fastigiate, habit. No plants bearing these names have been found living in modern collections. Several other cultivars in Europe bear the place name where the original plant was selected. 'Sopron', 'Zorgvlied', and 'Zuiderpark' originated in European parks or cities, and have not been widely propagated or distributed. Though listed as a selection of chestnut-leaf oak, 'Algerensis' appears to be synonym for Quercus afares, the Algerian oak, a morphologically similar species from the coastal Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Tunisia.
Perhaps the most common cultivar is 'Green Spire' (note spelling, as numerous sources have it listed as 'Greenspire'), selected and introduced by Hillier and Sons Nursery (Winchester, UK). It is described as "a broadly columnar form of compact habit, raised in our nurseries about 1948. A vigorous, tall tree. Probably Q. castaneifolia × Q. libani" (Hillier Nurseries, 1991). This selection has become available in the US and its putative hybrid origin requires verification. The species is known to hybridize with others (particularly within Section Cerris), and although hybrids are poorly represented in cultivation, could prove valuable for creating widely adaptable, drought-tolerant trees suitable for managed landscapes, notably urban forests. Oikos Tree Crops (Kalamazoo, MI) offers Q. castaneifolia ECOS Form, an open-pollinated strain sold as both seeds and seedlings from their original trees. According to their website description, the trees were originally obtained by growing acorns from gardens and arboreta, and may represent hybrids between Q. castaneifolia, Q. cerris, and Q. acutissima (sawtooth oak). They were reported to be the fastest growing oaks in their nursery, reaching nearly 2 m (6.6 ft) in height after two years from seed.
Quercus castaneifolia in Azerbaijan
From 9 to 22 September, 2017, the Plant Collections Collaborative (PCC, 14 US public gardens with similar interests in domestic and international plant exploration) organized and performed a plant collecting trip to the Republic of Azerbaijan. Participants included Phil Douglas (Chicago Botanic Garden), Matt Lobdell (Morton Arboretum), Vince Marrocco (Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania), and myself. Henrik Sjöman of the Gothenburg Botanical Garden (Sweden) joined us for the last week of the trip. Among the collection targets developed during trip planning was Quercus castaneifolia, no doubt inspired by my now familiarity with Longwood's single specimen.
We were pleasantly surprised to find the species ubiquitous in the Lankaran Region of southern Azerbaijan, in the wild as well as a cultivated tree. It grew at sea level and was still abundant at 1500 m (4921 ft) in elevation, the highest point we reached between Lerik and Orand. We found it with other characteristic species of the Hyrcanian Forest: Acer velutinum (velvet maple), Buxus sempervirens (common boxwood), Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam), Parrotia persica (Persian ironwood), and Zelkova carpinifolia (Caucasian zelkova). Trunks of old, open-grown trees were often massive and supported a distinctive branching structure with a tall, straight central leader and irregular branches that resulted in a loosely rounded crown. Unfortunately, none of the trees bore mature acorns, and our guide, Dr. Haçiaga Sofarov, Deputy-Director of Hyrcan National Park in Lankaran, indicated that they would not be ready until late-October or early-November. This corresponds to the timing of seed maturation of the tree at Longwood, but differs from Gentry's field collection date of September 15, 1955, suggesting that acorns may mature earlier in the southeastern part of the species range.
Citation: Zale, Peter J. 2017. Insights from a Sole Survivor: Quercus castaneifolia. Arnoldia 75(3): 35–43.
Chestnut-leaf oak is perhaps the most widely cultivated tree in the Lankaran Region. We immediately encountered extensive plantings used as windbreaks amongst the vast agricultural expanses that dominate the Caspian Lowlands. Street trees were also common, which thrived despite compaction from surrounding sidewalks and streets, late-summer heat and drought, pollution from vehicle exhaust and general neglect. PCC members are again planning an autumn 2018 trip again to southern Azerbaijan to make collections of this and other important, under-represented species. Hopefully, our success in capturing the northwesternmost extent of its range will increase the presence of wild-origin Q. castaneifolia at public gardens across the US,
Curatorial mysteries, like the story of Gentry's unidentified oak, are found in public gardens throughout the world. When acknowledged and solved, they not only enrich the collections and institutions where they exist, but also the greater public garden, horticulture, and botanical communities. As is the case for Quercus castaneifolia at Longwood Gardens, unraveling this mystery helped us inform, revise, and add value to our plant collections, their data, and our broader collections development objectives. The project shed new light on an under-represented and under-collected species worthy of greater attention, and I hope this work serves to open new avenues of germplasm preservation, acquisition, and interpretation.
A restaurant nestled in a shelterbelt of chestnut-leaf oak north of Lankaran, Azerbaijan. Like cultivated trees observed elsewhere, the trunks were painted white, supposedly as a preventative measure against trunk damaging insects. Peter Zale
APGA (American Public Gardens Association). 2007–2017. The plant collections network Quercus multisite group. Available at: https://publicgardens.org/programs/plant-collections-network/collections-showcase/quercus-multisite. (Accessed 30 November 2017).
Azadbakht, M., I. Mehregan, M. Assadi and T. Nejadsattari. 2015. Phylogenetic Relationships in Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey. in Hyrcanian forests of Iran based on AFLP markers. Journal of UMP Social Sciences and Technology Management 3:237–246.
Bean, W.J. 1976. Trees and shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, Volume III. 8th revised edition. Butler and Tanner Limited, London, U.K.
Camus, A. 1936. Les Chênes: Monographie du genre Quercus. Paul Lechevalier and Fils, Paris, France.
Hillier Nurseries. 1991. Hillier's Manual of Trees & Shrubs. David and Charles, London.
Jerome, D., E. Beckman, L. Kenny, C.S. Kua, and M. Westwood. 2017. The Red List of U.S. Oaks. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL.
Krüssman, G. 1978. Manual of Cultivated Broad-leaf Trees and Shrubs. Volume III, PRU-Z. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Lancaster, R. 1974. Paradise found. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 99:103–109.
Menitsky, Y.L. 2005. Oaks of Asia. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, U.S.
Milne, R.I. and R.J. Abbott. 2002. The origin and evolution of Tertiary relict flora. Advances in Botanical Research 38:281–314. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2296(02)38033-9
Oldfield, S. and A. Eastwood. The Red List of Oaks. Flora and Fauna International, Cambridge, UK.
Panahi, P., Z. Jamzad, M. R. Pourmajidian, A. Fallah, and M. Pourhashemi. 2011. A revision of chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.; Fagaceae) in Hyrcanian Forests of Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 9:145–158.
Rix, M. and T. Kirkham. 2009. Quercus castaneifolia. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 26:54–63.
Sales, F., and I.C. Hedge. 1996. Biogeographical aspects of selected SW Asiatic woody taxa. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 98B Supplement:149–161.
Schramm, J.R. and E.J. Schreiner. 1954. The Michaux Quercetum. Morris Arboretum Bulletin 5:54–57.
Snyers, C. 2014. A natural hybrid? Available at: http://www.internationaloaksociety.org/content/natural-hybrid/ (Accessed: 30 November 2017)
The Plant List. 2017. Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (Accessed: 28 November 2017).
Trehane, P. 2007–2015. The Oak Names Checklist. Available at: http://oaknames.org/search/goodnames.asp. (Accessed: 30 November 2016).
USDA (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture). 1964. Plant Inventory No. 163. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.
Yacine, A. and F. Bouras. 1997. Self- and cross-pollination effects on pollen tube growth and seed set in holm oak Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). Annals of Forestry Science 54:447–462.
Peter Zale, Ph.D., is the Associate Director for Conservation, Plant Breeding, and Collections at Longwood Gardens in Kennett Square, PA.
in Arnoldia, Botany


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Gilead Sciences Activist Chatter Spurs Short-Term Call Buying
Shares of Gilead Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ:GILD) have come off two-year lows as Carl Icahn-related rumors swirl
GILD is trading higher today on unconfirmed activist chatter
Options traders are targeting calls on Gilead Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ:GILD), as the shares trade up amid unconfirmed activist chatter -- namely centered on Carl Icahn. Regardless, GILD stock was last seen up 2% at $67.66, and 84,837 calls have changed hands -- three times what's typically seen at this point in the day. As a point of comparison, just over 22,000 GILD put options have traded, with the stock's single-day put/call volume ratio last seen at 0.26, on track to settle in the 1st percentile of its annual range.
Drilling down, the May 72.50 call is most active, due to what appears to be a bullish roll down from the May 77.50 strike. Meanwhile, shorter-term traders are targeting the February 66 and 67 calls, where it looks as though new positions are being purchased. If this is the case, the goal is for GILD shares to extend today's rally through this Friday's close, when front-month options expire.
More broadly speaking, GILD stock has seen some of the highest options volume over the past 10 sessions. According to data from Schaeffer's Senior Quantitative Analyst Rocky White, 287,328 calls have changed hands on GILD in the last two weeks, compared to 254,182 puts.
While the tilt has been toward calls, speculators at the International Securities Exchange (ISE), Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and NASDAQ OMX PHLX (PHLX) have been buying to open puts relative to calls at a faster-than-usual clip over this same time frame. Specifically, the stock's 10-day put/call volume ratio of 0.56 across this trio of exchanges ranks in the elevated 83rd annual percentile.
Technically speaking, GILD has been a long-term laggard, with the shares down more than 34% from their late-April annual high at $103.10. More recently, the stock gapped lower last week after Gilead Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ:GILD) offered up disappointing guidance for 2017. With the shares not far from Thursday's two-year low of $65.38 -- and short interest perched at its lowest point in at least 15 years, meaning there's little sideline cash available to help fuel today's rally -- the risk for the drug stock may be to the downside.
Stay in the loop with stocks on the move. Sign up now for Schaeffer's Midday Market Check.


Karoline Kan was born in Tianjin in 1989 and studied at Beijing International Studies University. After graduating she worked for three years at That's Beijing, writing long-form features in English about Chinese people's lives in a society shaped by a changing culture, economy and politics. She then worked at Radio France International, focusing more on hard news, which helped her develop a better understanding of China from different angles. From summer 2016 to the end of 2018, she worked for The New York Times in Beijing and is now an editor at China Dialogue.
Karoline has also contributed to various other publications including Foreign Policy, Roads and Kingdoms, The World Policy and The Anthill, writing from her perspective about Chinese politics, history, ethnic policies and other social issues.
Karoline's debut work of non-fiction, Under Red Skies: Three Generations of Life, Loss and Hope in China will be published in spring 2019 by Hachette (USA) and by Hurst (UK), and in Portuguese by Bertrand.


For the first time, Pollywoggles has released three patterns for 18" dolls! Featuring one of my favorite fabrics, fleece, these patterns are fun and cozy. Plus, they are a great way to make matching outfits for the full sized versions of these cozy patterns and use up leftover fabric.
Get your own copy now... on sale for a limited time.
I thought it would be fun to make miniature versions of the three fleece patterns I currently have available. Fleece isn't a fabric that you see a lot of variety in doll patterns for, so I figured this would be an interesting challenge.
I started working on these shortly after the release of Finley & Quinn last year, and I have to say that the doll sized version of that one turned out super cute! The doll Finley & Quinn robe features the same wrapped collar as the full sized version and includes a belt (which is stitched on securely because you know it would go missing if it wasn't!).
Drew & Jesse is one of my older patterns and is a simple fleece pajama set. It features a raglan top and elastic waist pants. This pattern is a pullover style, so it does need to be put on and off with the dolls arms reaching above their head. This might be harder for younger children to do without help, but my six year old was able to do it once she saw how and as I often find her dolls wearing a set of these they obviously must be one of her favorites!
The third pattern in this Doll Collection is Muskoka (formerly called Autumn Grace). As this is one of my most popular full size patterns, I knew this had to be one of the first doll patterns I designed! The doll pattern includes both the tunic and dress length and features the original band collar. I chose to make this pattern with two options for constructing this one. Included in the instructions are the details for how to make this as either a pullover neckline, or for making a back placket with snaps. The back placket isn't difficult, but if you want to make this super fast and simple, the pullover is easier. If your doll has a lot of hair though, or wider than average shoulders or arm position, the back placket may be necessary.
Of course one of the most fun things about these 18" doll patterns is the fact that they can be made into "Just Like Me" sets by pairing them with the full sized versions! Shown here are two examples of Autumn Grace in both girl and doll sizes.
If you already own the full size versions of these patterns, be sure to pick up the doll version while it is on sale! I will be offering bundled prices to make sure everyone can save $2 off the purchase of both patterns once the current sale is over. If you aren't seeing this until after the sale is over though and you DO already own the full version, please contact me and I'll make sure you get the discount on the doll version!
I can't say for sure whether I will be making more 18" doll patterns or not... it's going to depend on a lot of factors as life for this busy mom isn't getting any slower or quieter. If I do though, I will be sure to make them with the attention to detail that you have come to expect from Pollywoggles. I hope that these three new patterns will make for some fun additions to the closets of many 18" dolls! Happy sewing!


I took soil testing as a test case; added a couple Public Lab approaches as well as "photo narrative" which is where you just take lots of photos describing the situation -- an approach Carl said was very helpful to regulators -- and the UMASS Amherst soil lab tests. It's not fully filled out but feel free to add to it.
I'd like to situate each tool we develop in comparison to other options, to help us frame and design tools, and to help people frame questions and figure out how best to answer them.


What is use of Dedicated server?
What is use of Dedicated server? How can i use this server?
Re: What is use of Dedicated server?
Usually for a website hosting, as an external backup storage space or a remote desktop where you work on and keep your programs running nonstop..


Perfect fit for e.g. the Corsair.
For engines between 18 - 25 cc, including Hamilton logo.
For engines between 30 - 40 cc.
For engines between 30 - 40 cc, including Biela logo.
For engines 18 - 25 cc, including Biela logo.
For engines between 15 - 20 cc, including Hamilton logo.
For radial engines between 30 - 40 cc, including Hamilton logo.


New Delhi: Express love this Valentine's Day at your risk. If one says 'I Love You' in facebook or any other social networking sites, he might be hitched, according to a conservative organization called the Hindu Mahasabha.
The organization's leaders say they will monitor social networking sites on the day of love and forcibly marry any couples expressing the emotion publicly.
"Display of love in the entire Valentine's week is equivalent to not following Indian traditions. Anyone found displaying love on Facebook, Twitter or WhatsApp will be caught hold of," said the group's national president Chandra Prakash Kaushik, adding that eight social-media teams are already in place in the capital New Delhi.


For further information about colour and image consultancy please complete the contact form or call 07703 254 001.
I understand that by ticking this box and submitting this form, I consent to Anita Gray Image Consultant contacting me by email or phone in order to process my enquiry. Anita Gray Image Consultant will not pass your details onto other companies or third parties.


text:
Curb nuisance and blight with technology, courts and creativity
It takes creativity and resourcefulness to enforce building codes — and sometimes a few years of experience.
Jacob Peabody, zoning and codes administrator for the City of Clemson, and Buddy Skinner, building codes administrator for the City of Greenville and president of the Building Officials Association of South Carolina, shared some ways to take on nuisances and blight at the Municipal Association's Hometown Legislative Action Day in Columbia.
Track down absentee landlords. In the City of Clemson, officials have a method for dealing with landlords who live out of state or won't accept the city's certified mail. Peabody said staff will ask the local police department to issue a criminal summons, because violating Clemson's rental ordinance is a criminal offense.
That summons is sent to the municipality where it is believed the landlord lives, and that municipality's local police force serves the individual the court summons to appear in court where the property is located.
"You need cooperation," said Peabody.
Be consistent. Check the whole street. Don't stop at the first, most obviously noncompliant property. Otherwise, you may get a phone call that, "'Well, Joe Blow down the street, his grass is higher than mine,'" Skinner said.
"Do everything the same," he said. "Follow the guidelines, and you're safe. If you miss a step, it's going to bite you."
Have a helpful attitude. "This is a hard job," said Skinner. "But you can still help people and enforce the code. … You can help people find alternate means, methods and materials. You can find them help, but you still can do your job."
College town? Limit non-relatives per rental house. In its traditional neighborhoods, the City of Clemson allows no more than two people who are not in the same family to live together. There are no strikes. One violation results in appearing before city officials where the rental license may be revoked.
"We take occupancy in our community very, very seriously," said Peabody. "You don't want to be raising your kids right next to a frat house. It is effective, because it's making it so the rentals in these neighborhoods are families renting it rather than a bunch of unrelated people renting one house and just renting out all the rooms."
The city has other separate zoning districts that allow higher occupancy levels. Peabody said the program was initially difficult to start and that it took time to bring properties into compliance, but it is working smoothly now, and new properties are being added.
Four strikes rule. In the City of Clemson, landlords get a rental housing license, pay a yearly fee, and undergo yearly property inspections to ensure the presence of smoke detectors, no visible defects, functional windows in all bedrooms and other basic standards. Peabody said the code helps the city weed out slum lords.
If a landlord lives far away, he must designate someone within 75 miles to be the person to whom the city can issue summons, complaints and other official communications. If a property accumulates four local, state or federal violations within two years, the landlord or designee must appear before city council and possibly lose his rental housing license for one year.
The city also gives landlords sample lease language to help them fight problem renters and follow the proper procedures to expel their tenants, if necessary. Peabody said officials give consideration to landlords who clearly have problem tenants and are working to evict them.
"The same properties that cause police issues are often the same properties that have code issues," he said.
"We had a property that had several noise complaints, a stabbing, and junk and debris in the yard." That was enough to bring the landlord before city officials for a revocation hearing and ultimately a one-year license revocation. If the individual is caught violating the revocation, the city imposes an additional three months moratorium.
Use the court system as a means to compliance. Fines aren't the goal — bringing properties up to code is.
"We'll be glad to work with you if you work with us," Skinner said, describing the city's approach to delinquent property owners. "We'll give you more time if you show us improvement."
After all, the city doesn't gain anything from fining a property owner, said Skinner.
Most of the time, however, when a judge threatens an offender with contempt of court if the violation is not remedied in 30 days, the property owner is motivated to make an effort.
But be prepared to spend money to bring properties into compliance. Every case will not be resolved, so cities must set aside resources to improve properties that have slipped below code.
"I've worked with budgets from $10,000 to $100,000. You can work within any realm of that," said Skinner. "If this guy's not going to cut his grass, you have to enforce that code, and you have to go cut that grass. If there's a house to be torn down, and you've taken it as far as you can take it, you've got to tear it down, and you have got to have some money to do it."
Embrace teamwork. The City of Greenville has regular meetings that bring together officials from various departments, including police, fire, legal, code enforcement and community development.
"What we realized was a lot of our problems were the same," said Skinner. "The police were going to the same residences, community development was working on the same things, but none of us were talking."
Technology can help. The City of Greenville is in the early stages of implementing a mobile enforcement program, which will allow the city's field staff to access its database from the field using an iPad.
"This program allows my staff to document violations and add their comments, pictures and other notes about the violation while at the location," said Skinner. "These comments are then automatically transferred to our live data system."
The system uses an app called Long Range in conjunction with programming developed by the city's software provider.
"Our plan will ultimately cut out about 80 percent of our paper use by eliminating history reports, action logs, hand written violation notices and other documents that will all be electronic," said Skinner.
While smaller towns may not have the technology to do this, he said, code administrators should incorporate as much technology as possible to help collect and retrieve information to prepare for court appearances and to address complaint calls.
The annual meeting of the Building Officials Association of South Carolina will be May 7-10 in North Myrtle Beach. For more information, contact Scott Slatton at sslatton@masc.sc, 803.933.1203.
What does 'sustainability' mean?
Bill to remove city control over plastic bags on hold for the year
Cities reap green building benefits
Incentives factor into police officer retention
Insurance protects budgets, property, workers and residents
Neighbor-state cities share sustainable practices
What to know when considering solar panels
Make plans now to attend the 2017 Annual Meeting
Municipal Elected Officials Institute of Government monthly quiz


text:
Q: else part of if statement is outside for loop in python I have following python code
# helper function to simulate brute force attack on low entropy randomness
def simulate_brute_force_attk_key(message:str, cipher:str)->bytes:
    for k in range(2**31):
        bf_key = KeyStream(k)
        for i in range(len(message)):
            xor_value = message[i] ^ cipher[i]
            if xor_value != bf_key.get_key_byte():
                break
        else:
            return k
    return False

Above code is exectued with out error. My question how it is working when we have else part of working if corresponing if statement inside for loop where as else part is outside of inner for loop. My understanding is that both if and corresponing else part should be inside for loop. I think my understanding is wrong. Request your help in understanding this. Thanks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Welcome to Mass Design Inc.!
The most complete Gerber manufacturing review in the industry!
Mass Design builds quality printed circuit boards for customers who value product reliability and timely delivery. We do a complete design review of all prototype and production boards utilizing our Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) review. With our design experience and our many years fabricating PCBs we eliminate many simple errors. This ensures that your PCB boards are fabricated correctly the first time, helping our customers time to market. We are ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 13485 Certified.


text:
Malaga Airport is 8 minutes west of the city of Malaga and is one of the most visited by millions of people who come to the Costa del Sol each year. it is situated next to the highway A7 to the Costa del Sol, which links to the AP-7 motorway Torremolinos, Benalmadena, Fuengirola and Marbella and Gibraltar to the west and Malaga, Nerja.
Malaga Airport has two main terminals where flights arrive and depart, Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. Terminal 3 opened in March 2010 with the construction of the second runway recently opened on the 26th June 2012. There is also a new local train station, to travel directly to the airport from Malaga City and Fuengirola. In constant expansion, Malaga airport has increased in the number of travellers with 12,064,616 passengers used the airport in Malaga in 2010 and the number of flight operations during the year 105,631.
Terminal 2 at Malaga Airport was inaugurated on November 30, 1991, known as the famous artist, The Pablo Ruiz Picasso Terminal. Ricardo Bofill, a famous architect was the designer of Terminal 2 and it was designed to be used in combination with the pre-existing passenger terminal. The terminal has three floors and a basement. The first floor is used for the lower level to the pier B. From the second floor you can access departures and ground floor is for the arrivals. Terminal 2 and Terminal 3 are adjacent and are fully connected.
Terminal 3 or call T3, is a new terminal at Malaga Airport. Plans for construction began in 2001 and construction began in 2004. Terminal 3 at Malaga Airport was inaugurated on March 15, 2010 by King Juan Carlos. The new terminal at Malaga airport was designed by architect Bruce S Fairbanks. The terminal was built to increase tourism around the Costa del Sol, and to expand the airport due to the increasing number of passengers. The cost of developing the new terminal is 410 million euros.
It is adjacent to the Terminal 2 and has an area of 250,000 m², which is more than twice the size of Terminal 2. It has 86 check-in desks, numbers 301 to 386, 20 new boarding gates, twelve of which have jetways and 12 baggage reclaim carousels, nine of the European Union, two of the European Union and not a special baggage claim carousel.
It has the largest room in the European food and the first National Geographic store in the world. The stores also include a Starbucks, a Burger King Whopper with a bar at a Pizza Hut and an Adidas store. The terminal has more than doubled capacity to 30 million passengers or 9,000 an hour, is expected to double the number of flights and 12,813,764 passengers served in 2008, and this will increase further when the new runway is completed .
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text:
Everything Explained.Today
A-Z Contents
WNYC explained
WNYC is the trademark, and a set of call letters shared by a pair of non-profit, noncommercial, public radio stations located in New York City and owned by New York Public Radio, a nonprofit organization that did business as WNYC RADIO until March 2013.[1]
WNYC (AM) broadcasts on 820 kHz, and WNYC-FM broadcasts on 93.9 MHz. Both stations are members of NPR and carry local and national news/talk programs. Some hours the programming is simulcast, some hours different shows air on each station. WNYC reaches more than one million listeners each week and has the largest public radio audience in the United States.
The WNYC stations are co-owned with Newark, New Jersey-licensed classical music outlet WQXR-FM (105.9 MHz), and all three broadcast from studios in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan. WNYC's AM transmitter is located in Kearny, New Jersey;[2] WNYC-FM's transmitter is located at the Empire State Building in New York City.[3]
WNYC is one of the oldest radio stations in New York. Funds for the establishment of the station were approved on June 2, 1922 by the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment. WNYC made its first official broadcast two years later on July 8, 1924, at 570 AM with a second-hand transmitter shipped from Brazil. With the commencement of WNYC's operations, the City of New York became one of the first American municipalities to be directly involved in broadcasting. Studios and transmitter were at The Municipal Building, 1 Centre Street.
In 1928 WNYC was forced into a time-sharing arrangement on 570 AM with WMCA, another pioneering New York radio outlet. This situation lasted until 1931, when the Federal Radio Commission (a forerunner to today's FCC) moved WNYC to 810 AM. The frequency move did not help WNYC from an operational standpoint as it now had to share its frequency with the more-powerful WCCO in Minneapolis, limiting WNYC to daytime-only operations, broadcasting from sunrise to sunset. (AM radio waves travel farther at night and WNYC had to protect WCCO from interference.) WNYC is also known for having an extensive online archive of broadcasts and recordings.[4]
Great Depression and World War II
WNYC's transmitter was moved in 1937 from the Municipal Building to city-owned land at 10 Kent Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, as part of a Works Progress Administration project. In 1938 the Municipal Broadcasting System was established by the City of New York to run the station. For its first 14 years, WNYC had been run by the New York City Commissioner for Bridges, Plant and Structures. Now, under an agency devoted singularly to its function and with the leadership of new director Morris S. Novik, appointed by Mayor LaGuardia, WNYC became a model public broadcaster. Among its many landmark programs was the annual American Music Festival.
In 1941 the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement shifted WNYC's dial position a second time, to 830 kHz. WCCO was moved to 830 as well, and was given clear-channel authority. WNYC would remain a 1,000-watt outlet for the next 48 years. Later that year, on December 7, WNYC was the first radio station in the United States to announce the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Beginning during World War II, the FCC allowed WNYC to stay on the air 6AM to 10PM (in addition to its normal daylight hours) due to the public service it was providing.
WNYC began regularly scheduled broadcasts on the FM band on March 13, 1943 at 43.9 MHz. Known originally as W39NY, the FM outlet adopted its present WNYC-FM' identity and its present frequency of 93.9 MHz within a few years. In 1961 the pair were joined by a television operation, as WUHF (channel 31) took to the air in an experimental format. The following year the station was renamed WNYC-TV.
The Municipal Broadcasting System (which was renamed the WNYC Communications Group in 1989) helped to form National Public Radio in 1971, and the WNYC stations were among the 90 stations that carried the inaugural broadcast of All Things Considered later that year.
In 1979, several Tri-State residents formed the WNYC Foundation as the stations' fundraising arm.[5]
In 1990, as a result of continued interference with WCCO (and a court ruling in WCCO's favor rescinding the WWII-era approval for nighttime operation by WNYC) [6], WNYC moved from 830 kHz to 820 kHz, commenced around-the-clock operations and increased its daytime power to 10,000 watts, while maintaining 1,000 watts at night, to protect WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas; WBAP is also a clear-channel 50,000-watt station but is farther from New York City than Minneapolis. The AM transmitter was moved to Belleville Turnpike in Kearny, New Jersey, sharing three towers with WMCA its former shared-time partner.[2] The Brooklyn transmitter site was decommissioned and is now WNYC Transmitter Park.
The station's ownership by the City meant that it was occasionally subject to the whims of various mayors. As part of a crackdown on prostitution in 1979, then-Mayor Ed Koch tried to use WNYC to broadcast the names of "johns" and "janes" arrested for soliciting. Announcers threatened a walkout and station management refused to comply with the idea; after one broadcast the idea was abandoned. See John Hour.
Independence from the City
Shortly after assuming the mayoralty in 1994, Rudolph W. Giuliani announced he was considering selling the WNYC stations. Giuliani believed that broadcasting was no longer essential as a municipal service, and that the financial compensation from selling the stations could be used to help the City cover budget shortfalls.[7] The final decision was made in March 1995: while the City opted to divest WNYC-TV (now WPXN-TV) through a blind auction to commercial buyers, WNYC-AM-FM was sold to the WNYC Foundation for $20 million over a six-year period, far less than what the stations could have been sold for if they were placed on the open market.[8] While the sale put an end to the occasional political intrusions of the past, it required the WNYC Foundation to embark on a major appeal towards listeners, other foundations, and private benefactors. The station's audience and budget have continued to grow since the split from the City.
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 destroyed WNYC-FM's transmitter atop the World Trade Center. WNYC-AM-FM's studios, in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, had to be evacuated and station staff was unable to return to its offices for three weeks. The FM signal was knocked off the air for a time. WNYC temporarily moved to studios at National Public Radio's New York bureau in midtown Manhattan, where it broadcast on its still operating AM signal transmitting from towers in Kearny, New Jersey and by a live Internet stream. The stations eventually returned to the Municipal Building.
Move to new studios
On June 16, 2008 WNYC moved from its 51400square feet of rent-free space scattered on eight floors of the Manhattan Municipal Building to a new location at 160 Varick Street, near the Holland Tunnel. The station now occupies three and a half floors of a 12-story former printing building in Hudson Square.
The new offices have 120NaN0 ceilings and 71900square feet of space. The number of recording studios and booths has doubled, to 31. There is a new 140-seat, street-level studio for live broadcasts, concerts and public forums and an expansion of the newsroom of over 60 journalists.
Renovation, construction, rent and operating costs for the new Varick Street location amounted to $45 million. In addition to raising these funds, WNYC raised money for a one-time fund of $12.5 million to cover the cost of creating 40 more hours of new programming and three new shows. The total cost of $57.5 million for both the move and programming is nearly three times the $20 million the station had to raise over seven years to buy its licenses from the City in 1997.[9]
Acquisition of WQXR
On October 8, 2009 WNYC took control of classical music station WQXR-FM, then at 96.3 FM. WQXR's intellectual property (call letters and format) was acquired from the New York Times Company as part of a three-way transaction with Univision Radio.[10] WNYC also purchased the 105.9 FM frequency of Univision's WCAA (now WXNY-FM). WQXR-FM's classical format moved to 105.9 and WXNY's Spanish Tropical format debuted at 96.3. The deal resulted in WQXR becoming a non-commercial station. With WQXR as a co-owned 24-hour classical station, WNYC-FM dropped its remaining classical music programming to become a full-time news/talk station.
New Jersey expansion
On June 6, 2011, the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority agreed to sell four FM stations in northern New Jersey to New York Public Radio. The transaction was announced by Governor Chris Christie, as part of his long-term goal to end State-subsidized public broadcasting. The four stations were previously the northern half of New Jersey Network's statewide radio service, with the stations in southern New Jersey going to Philadelphia public radio station WHYY-FM. Upon taking control of the four stations on July 1, 2011, they were rebranded as New Jersey Public Radio.[11]
Past personalities
Past WNYC radio personalities include H. V. Kaltenborn, who hosted radio's first quiz program on WNYC in 1926, the Brooklyn Daily Eagles Current Events Bee, a forerunner to shows like National Public Radio's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! In its early years the station lacked funds for a record library and would borrow albums from record stores around the Manhattan Municipal Building, where its studios were located. Legend has it a listener began lending classical records to the station and in 1929, WNYC began broadcast of Masterwork Hour, radio's first program of recorded classical music.
Following the U.S. entry into World War II, then-Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia made use of the station every Sunday in his Talk to the People program. During a lengthy newspaper workers strike, La Guardia also used the WNYC airwaves to read the latest comic strips to local youngsters while they were not available in New York.
Margaret Juntwait, an announcer and classical music host at WNYC for 15 years, left for the Metropolitan Opera in September 2006. Prior to her death in 2015, Juntwait served as announcer for the Met's Saturday afternoon radio broadcasts, the first woman to hold the position and only the third regular announcer of the long-standing broadcast series, which was launched in 1931. John Schaefer, a music show host at WNYC for 35 years, has written liner notes for more than 100 albums, for everyone from Yo-Yo Ma to Terry Riley and was named a "New York influential" by New York Magazine in 2006.[12]
WNYC produces 100 hours a week of its own programming, including nationally syndicated shows such as Studio 360, On the Media, Selected Shorts and Radiolab, as well as local news and interview shows that include Soundcheck and The Brian Lehrer Show. The entire schedule is streamed live over the internet and several shows also air over Sirius and XM Satellite Radio. As a result, the station receives listener calls from far-flung states and even has international listeners.
WNYC-AM-FM has a local news team of 18 journalists, as well as dozens of producers and other broadcasting professionals.
Studio 360 is a weekly one-hour program about arts and culture hosted by Kurt Andersen, the former editor of Spy Magazine. Taking current issues and trends as jumping-off points, the show explores a broad range of cultural ideas. Each program begins with a topical section of stories about the arts and culture from around the United States and around the world. It won a Peabody Award in 2004 for its episode American Icons: Melville's Moby-Dick.[13]
On the Media is a nationally syndicated, weekly one-hour program hosted by Brooke Gladstone and Bob Garfield, formerly of Advertising Age, covering the media and its effect on American culture and society. Many stories investigate how events of the past week were covered by the press. Stories also regularly cover such topics as video news releases, net neutrality, media consolidation, censorship, freedom of the press, spin, and how the media is changing with technology. It won a Peabody Award in 2004.[14]
The Brian Lehrer Show is a two-hour weekday talk show covering local and national current events and social issues hosted by Brian Lehrer, a former anchor and reporter for NBC Radio Network. It won a Peabody Award in 2007 "for facilitating reasoned conversation about critical issues and opening it up to everyone within earshot."[15]
All of It with Alison Stewart, covers culture in the broadest sense - religion, food, language, music etc. [16] In September 2018, it replaced Midday on WNYC, a two-hour weekday talk show with rotating hosts, formerly known as The Leonard Lopate Show, originally "New York & Company,". Originally hosted by Leonard Lopate, who was fired on December 21, 2017. [17] The Leonard Lopate Show won a Peabody Award in 2012 "for considering all things New York in lively broadcasts that, like the host, value light more than heat."[18]
Soundcheck is a one-hour weekday talk and music show hosted by John Schaefer. The program looks at music and the arts, featuring interviews with musicians, critics, journalists, authors and others. It sometimes has live musical performances in mix of genres, including indie rock, jazz, classical, and world music.
Folksong Festival has been airing on WNYC (AM) on Saturday nights for seven decades. It is hosted by Oscar Brand, who debuted the show on December 10, 1945, and who was blacklisted in the McCarthy era. Folksong Festival is the longest-running radio show with the same host, according to the Guinness Book of World Records.[19] It ceased making new episodes in April 2010, and is currently reairing archived episodes. Brand died on September 30, 2016 at age 96.
Nancy is a talk show hosted by Kathy Tu and Tobin Low that started in 2017, featuring conversations and interviews about queer life and culture.[20]
Trump, Inc., a joint production with ProPublica about President Donald Trump's conflicts of interest.
WNYC broadcasts the major daily news programs produced by NPR, including Morning Edition and All Things Considered, as well as the BBC World Service and selected programs from Public Radio International including This American Life and Live From Here.
In 2006 the station began wnyc2 (lower case letters), an all-classical music channel broadcast on HD Radio and on the Internet. The slogan is, "Five hundred years of new music", and most of the playlist comes from the 20th and 21st centuries. This channel became part of WQXR as Q2 when WNYC's parent company acquired WQXR.
In 2013 WNYC launched The Jonathan Channel, a 24-hour streaming Internet radio station programmed by Jonathan Schwartz and dedicated to popular standards from the "Great American Song Book." The channel also features live programming hosted by Schwartz, including a simulcast of his Sunday WNYC-FM show.
Other locally produced programs include:
The Jonathan Schwartz Show – airing Saturday nights and Sunday afternoons on WNYC-FM, featuring American Popular Standards, including Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand and Nat "King" Cole, as well as Schwartz's unique insights.
New Sounds – guest musicians, from David Byrne to Meredith Monk, present performances and showcase new works from classical to folk and jazz.
Radiolab – each episode is a patchwork of people, sounds, stories and experiences centered around one idea.
Radio Rookies – provides teenagers with the tools and training to create radio stories about themselves, their communities and their world. It won a Peabody Award in 2005.[21]
Selected Shorts – actors read contemporary and classic short fiction before a live audience. Works range from Chekhov, Maupassant, Malamud, and Singer, to Jhumpa Lahiri and Jonathan Franzen.
Fishko Files – Sara Fishko with sound-rich essays on art, culture, music and media, past and present.
Spinning On Air – specializes in unusual, uncategorizeable music, with an emphasis on in-studio performances.
The Takeaway – a weekday one-hour show, hosted by Todd Zwillich, co-produced with Public Radio International.[22]
Death, Sex & Money – Anna Sale talks to celebrities and regular people about relationships, money, family, work and making it all count.
WNYC reported a total revenue of $68,712,094 for the tax year ending June 30, 2014, in their IRS Form 990 filing in 2015.[23]
Listenership and new media
WNYC has been an early adopter of new technologies including HD radio, live audio streaming, and podcasting. RSS feeds and email newsletters link to archived audio of individual program segments. WNYC also makes some of its programming available on Sirius XM satellite radio.
WPXN-TV (channel 31, formerly WNYC-TV)
WNYC Studios
Media in New York City
New York Public radio website
Broadcast Schedule (New York Public Radio)
WNYC historical profile (1978) at NY Radio News
Public Radio Fan, radio stations list
Porter Anderson announces Challenge Grant for WQXR's Q2 Music(2011) by Victoria Mixon
WNYCWNYC-FM
https://media.wnyc.org/media/resources/2016/May/23/NYPR-CLIENT_2015_990_Public_Qm4QmMk.pdf IRS 2014 Form 990 Income Tax Statement
Web site: WNYC-AM . New York Radio Guide . February 23, 2019 .
Web site: Transmitter information for WNYC 93.9 FM . Radio Locator.
Web site: Archives and Preservation WNYC. WNYC. en. 2018-04-05.
Web site: Going Public: The Story of WNYC's Journey to Independence. December 19, 2013. issuu. July 18, 2017.
https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/22/arts/court-upholds-night-ban-on-wnyc.html "COURT UPHOLDS NIGHT BAN ON WNYC"
https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/28/opinion/don-t-sell-out-wnyc.html "Opinion: Don't sell out WNYC."
News: Myers. Steven Lee. New York, signing off, to sell its radio and TV stations.. The New York Times. March 22, 1995. January 12, 2013.
News: WNYC's Planned Move Will Finish Its Breakup With the City . The New York Times . July 17, 2006 . April 6, 2010 . Collins . Glenn.
News: Times Co. agrees to sell WQXR Radio . The New York Times . Richard . Perez-Pena . July 17, 2009 . July 1, 2011.
http://www.nbc40.net/news/17927/ NJN Press release (via WMGM-TV): "Gov. Christie Selects WNET for NJN Takeover", June 6, 2011.
News: The Influentials: Classical and Dance . . May 15, 2006 . .
http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/pris-studio-360-american-icons-herman-melvilles-moby-dick 64th Annual Peabody Awards
http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/on-the-media 64th Annual Peabody Awards
http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-brian-lehrer-show 67th Annual Peabody Awards
Web site: All of It on WNYC WNYC . WNYC . en . 2019-01-30.
Web site: WNYC's Leonard Lopate, Jonathan Schwartz Fired Over Conduct Allegations . 2017-12-21 . en . 2018-01-02.
http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-leonard-lopate-show 72nd Annual Peabody Awards
Web site: Longest running weekly radio programme – same host . Guinness World Records . 12 October 2015.
Web site: Verdier. Hannah. Nancy: an emotional LGBTQ podcast that takes in comings out and goings on. the Guardian. en. 13 April 2017.
http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/radio-rookies-project 65th Annual Peabody Awards
News: An Upstart Up Against a Jewel . The New York Times . Joe . Nocera . May 3, 2008 . April 6, 2010.
https://media.wnyc.org/media/resources/2015/Jun/04/FINALNYPR-990-PIC.pdf WNYC 2013 Income Tax Returns
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "WNYC".
Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2020, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.


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MCSA Sections National Site Amajuba Cape Town Eastern Province Free State Hottentots Holland Johannesburg KwaZulu-Natal Magaliesberg Namibia Paarl/Wellington Stellenbosch South Cape Tygerberg Worcester
Outreach & Youth
At the Clubhouse
Access & Properties
Rules & Bookings
Table Mountain Hut
Agtertafelberg Hut
Du Toit's Kloof Hut
TM via Kirstenbosch
CapeNature Areas
Join Cape Town
Expeditions help fuel a passion for mountaineering, both for those who undertake what is often a lifetime's dream, and the people they inspire on their return.
Helping to facilitate expeditions is therefore an important part of the MCSA's work. Members can make use of the following Club resources:
The Cape Town Section's Expedition Fund – money set aside for the promotion of international mountaineering in remote locations
A network of experienced, well-travelled climbers and mountaineers
An extensive library of mountain literature, at the Cape Town Section's Clubhouse
Endorsement of your expedition by this well-established and credible national Club
Certain equipment, including tents, ice axes, avalanche transceivers, ice screws, ice stakes and similar
Expedition Fund (Cape Town Section) – Guidelines for Applications
These guidelines are intended for use by the MCSA-CT Expeditions sub-committee or by the applicant.
The Expedition Fund is money that the Cape Town Section has set aside for the promotion of mountaineering. The word "Expedition" is understood to mean a major mountaineering undertaking that probably takes place beyond the borders of the country. The Section sees mountaineering in its broadest context, as comprising hiking, sport-climbing, competition-climbing, traditional rock-climbing, snow and ice climbing and Alpine climbing or any combination of these activities.
When considering applications, the sub-committee will consider the following points:
The proposed Expedition has the potential to have significance in local mountaineering.
The Expedition has the potential to bring credit to the Club.
The applicant(s) can demonstrate previous experience or potential in the particular area.
The Expedition has a training or experience-gaining element to it.
The applicant(s) present financial position(s) will be considered.
Rules for Application:
The applicant(s) must be members of the Cape Town Section of at least two years' good standing. (This includes Family members.)
All annual subscription fees (if applicable) must be up to date.
Only well presented, written applications, that consist of a motivational letter and a comprehensive Curriculum Vitae for each participant, will be considered.
The sub-committee's decision on the application will be final and binding.
The applicant(s) may apply for funding any number of times as long as they are for separate expeditions.
The sub-committee may, at its discretion, insist on any other criteria before funding is granted.
The aim of these criteria are not to hamper the application but rather to ensure that the Club gains feedback and benefit from helping to fund the expedition.
More information can be found in these downloadable PDFs:
Application Feedback Guidelines Instructions
Join the Club View the Calendar
Calendar Signup


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Ryssby IF is a Swedish football club located in Ryssby in Ljungby Municipality, Kronoberg County.

Background
The club was started in 1932 by 21 sports enthusiasts from Ryssby and Målaskog. The first football field was at Tesås and was inaugurated in August 1932 with a match against Mörhult IF. The home side won 3-1.

In the early 1940s operations moved to Ryssby and a new name Ryssby Idrottsklubb was adopted. A few years later in 1948 the name was changed again, this time to Ryssby Idrottsförening. In 2004 the club began building a new clubhouse with new changing rooms, kiosk and stores. The new facility was opened in 2005.

Since their foundation Ryssby IF has participated mainly in the middle and lower divisions of the Swedish football league system.  The club currently plays in Division 3 Sydöstra Götaland which is the fifth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Lunnavallen in Ryssby.

Ryssby IF are affiliated to Smålands Fotbollförbund.

Recent history
In recent seasons Ryssby IF have competed in the following divisions:

2011 - Division III, Sydöstra Götaland
2010 - Division IV, Småland Elit Västra
2009 - Division IV, Småland Elit Västra
2008 - Division IV, Småland Elit Västra
2007 - Division IV, Småland Västra Elit
2007 - Division IV, Småland Elit Norra
2006 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
2005 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
2004 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
2003 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
2002 - Division IV, Småland Nordvästra
2000 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
1999 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
1998 - Division III, Sydvästra Götaland
1997 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
1996 - Division III, Sydöstra Götaland
1995 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
1994 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra
1993 - Division IV, Småland Sydvästra

Attendances

In recent seasons Ryssby IF have had the following average attendances:

Footnotes

External links
 Ryssby IF - Official website
 Ryssby IF on Facebook

Sport in Kronoberg County
Football clubs in Kronoberg County
Association football clubs established in 1932
1932 establishments in Sweden

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Who led Quit India Movement 1942?
Who started Quit India Movement answer?
Who was the heroine of 1942 Quit India Movement?
Who was the first martyr of Quit India Movement 1942?
Why was the Quit India Movement formed in 1942?
What led Gandhiji launch Quit India Movement?
Who is known as Kerala Gandhi?
When did Quit India Movement started?
Who is the father of kanaklata?
Who was the announcer of Congress radio?
Who is Kanakalatha Barua?
About: On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit India' movement. The next day, Gandhi, Nehru and many other leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested by the British Government.
The Quit India Movement was a movement started by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August 1942 ; Asking for an end to British rule in India. The movement was started in a speech in Bombay, where Mahatma Gandhi asked Indians to Do or Die.
Aruna Asaf Ali (née Ganguly; 16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996) was an Indian educator, political activist, and publisher. An active participant in the Indian independence movement, she is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan, Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942.
Kushal Konwar was an Indian-Assamese freedom fighter from Assam and he happened to be the only martyr in India who was hanged during last phase of the Quit India Movement of 1942-43.
THIS IS FUN: Which is the biggest city Kolkata or Bangalore?
Kushal Konwar
Died 15 June 1943 Jorhat, Assam, India
Years active 1920-1942
Known for Freedom Fighter
The immediate cause for the movement was the collapse of Cripps Mission. The British assumption of unconditional support from India to British in World War II was not taken well by the Indian National Congress. The anti-British sentiments and demand for full-independence had gained popularity among indian masses.
On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit India' movement. … Gandhi seized upon the failure of the Cripps Mission, the advances of the Japanese in South-East Asia and the general frustration with the British in India.
Koyapalli Kelappan was an educationist, journalist, independent activist and a politician. During the course of the Indian Freedom Struggle, he led the Indian National Congress in the state of Kerala. … Hence, he came to be known as Kerala Gandhi.
According to John F. Riddick, from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942, the Quit India Movement: attacked 550 post offices, 250 railway stations, damaged many rail lines, destroyed 70 police stations, and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings.
Born to Krishna Kanta Barua and Korneshwari Barua on 22nd December, 1924 at Barangabari village of Gohpur sub-division of Sonitpur district, Kanaklata Barua was the youngest freedom fighter from Assam. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's Quit India movement, seventeen-year-old Kanaklata joined the movement.
THIS IS FUN: Frequent question: Which of the following main latitudes passes through India?
On 14 August 1942, within a week of launching of the Quit India Movement, the Secret Congress Radio, went on air, with Dr. Usha Mehta herself broadcasting this announcement: "This is the Congress Radio calling on (a wavelength of) 42.34 meters from somewhere in India."
Kanaklata Barua (22 December 1924 – 20 September 1942), also called Birbala and Shaheed (martyr), was an Indian independence activist and AISF leader who was shot dead by the British police while leading a procession bearing the National Flag during the Quit India Movement of 1942.


Nestled between those who live for luxury and those who couldnt care less about it is a group of people who would love to buy high-end goods but either cant justify doing so or simply cant afford to.
Lucky for them, a handful of companies are helping to bring the lifestyles of the rich and famous to the masses.
Rent the Runway is the self-appointed Netflix for fashion, allowing users to borrow designer dresses at a sliver of the cost at retail. It was founded in 2009 by Harvard Business School classmates Jennifer Hyman and Jenny Fleiss, who say on their Web site that the service is geared toward women who know and love high fashion, who want to look glamorous for all their nights out and experiment with new brands without the anxiety of investing in piece after piece.
The concept is simple. Say you want this Helmut Lang dress (which retails for $550 but can be rented on Rent the Runway for $75) for an event you have this month. You select the date you need the dress to arrive and choose two sizes in the dress, this way you have a backup if one size doesnt fit. Both dresses will come in the mail (youre only charged for one) and must be sent back within four days or eight days, depending on the option you choose.
As far as price, you would pay $75 for the dress as well as a $5 fee to cover the cost of dry cleaning and minor wear and tear repairs. Standard shipping begins at $12.95 and overnight shipping costs $35. If you dont send the dress back on time, you risk having to pay 5% of the retail price for every day that youre late.
On the business end, Rent the Runway says things are looking good. At the recent Reuters Global Luxury and Fashion Summit, Hyman and Fleiss reportedly said the company is on path to achieving revenue of $20 million this year, more than triple its 2010 revenue. In May, the company received a $15 million investment from venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Bain Capital and Highland Capital have also backed the company.
Adorn is the same concept as Rent the Runway, but for diamonds, pearls and fine jewelry of all kinds. The site boasts a host of eye-popping jewelry, including this $24,000 necklace that can be borrowed for $260 and a pair of earrings that resemble the ones Kate Middleton wore on her wedding day, which retail for $8,250 and can be rented for $160.
Due to the rare and expensive nature of its products, Adorn takes a 5% to 10% security deposit for each item borrowed. If items are returned late, the borrower could be held responsible for anywhere from an additional charge of 20% to 200% of the rental fee. The company provides insurance to cover the jewelry while it is in transit with no deductible to the borrower, but while the item is in a persons possession, the deductible is 33% of the items full retail value.
Adorn was conceived in 2006 by Bert Stouffer and then acquired by Derek Zaun, one of the initial investors in the company, this year. It was initially geared toward the bridal industry, but now targets a broader audience and boasts 50,000 e-mail subscribers. Zaun says sales have increased 225% to 400% year over year since 2006, and says plans are in the works for the company to have a retail storefront by the end of the year.
Celeb 4 a Day, which was founded in 2007 by photographer Tania Roberts, operates out of four major cities in the U.S.: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Austin and New York. The company offers a number of different packages for purchase, with prices varying from city to city. In Los Angeles, for instance, the $499 A-List Package will buy you four personal paparazzi to follow your every move and shout questions at you for half an hour. The $2,499 MegaStar Package is a two-hour experience that includes six personal paparazzi, one bodyguard, a publicist and a limousine.
Our belief is that the everyday person deserves the attention as much, if not more, than the real celebrities and nothing makes us happier than to be able to provide that service to each and every one of you, the company states on its Web site.
The site also offers a package that will allow you to spend the day tagging along with a real-life paparazzo in Los Angeles. The price? $799.
If glitzy clothes and jewelry dont do it for you, but stepping out of a Bentley, Maserati or Rolls Royce would make your day, renting a luxury car is an option.
Founded in 2004, Gotham Dream Cars is one of the biggest names in the exotic car-rental business, offering its services in the Northeast (New York and its surrounding states) and Southeast (Florida and its surrounding states).
One of the latest additions to the companys fleet, the Rolls Royce Phantom Drophead Convertible can currently be rented for $1,950 a day hardly chump change, but much lighter than the $427,000 price tag it boasts at retail.
Avelle, which first launched as Bag Borrow or Steal in 2004 but changed its name in 2008, is the same concept as Rent the Runway and Adorn, but for designer handbags, sunglasses, watches and jewelry.
The site offers a variety of membership options, all of which come with a fee, though members get special privileges and pricing unavailable to non members. (This Louis Vuitton bag, for instance, which retails for $1,680, can be rented for $60 a week or $175 a month. Non-members would pay $66 a week or $191 a month.) Unlike Rent the Runway, Avelle items can be rented by the week, month or for several months. Many of the items offered are also available for permanent purchase.
Standard shipping is $4.95 and $150 of free damage insurance--which does not include theft or loss--is included with each rental.


Larger and brighter than its battery-operated predecessor, this lamp is surprisingly effective for treating seasonal affective disorder and depression. The Circadian Optics Lumine Light Therapy Lamp sets itself apart from similar lights by being lightweight, portable, and stylish. Though it lacks some of the features that the bulkier lamps have, it is perfect for the price point. It is easily one of the highest-quality lamps for the price currently on the market. A long lifespan, higher light quality, and multiple brightness settings make this a great starter lamp if you are just beginning light therapy. I would recommend working up from the lowest setting if you are unaccustomed to very bright light, as the highest setting can be overwhelming.
OUR MOST MINIMALIST MODERN LAMP | Symmetrical, with straight lines and square angles. This versatile design fits a modern home or office. The top-to-bottom panel creates an unembellished aesthetic.
This product is made by Circadian Optics LLC. They market SAD lamps and light-therapy devices specifically designed for technology-driven lifestyles.
This lamp is very stylish compared to similarly-priced lamps. It's one of the only lamps I've ever tried that looks as though it actually belongs in my home even when not in use. At about 4 x 6.5 x 6.5 inches and just one pound, it is deceptively small. There is space for it even on my cluttered desk.
As you can see from our ratings, this scores top marks. One of only 3 lamps in our test to do so.
This light is extremely simple to use right out of the box. The electrical cord is shorter than I would have expected. Once plugged in it's only a matter of adjusting the brightness setting via the power button. The single-button operation makes it easy to use, though I wouldn't recommend looking directly at the light when turning it on for the first time.
The manual is straightforward, informative, and pleasing to look at.
The LED light panel can clearly be seen through the diffusing panel which made it a little harder on my eyes.
Compared to the others in the test it ranks as average for performance. The light compares well with most other modern designs which also do not provide the recommended 10,000 lux at a comfortable distance.
The light is extremely white, which is unsurprising considering the company expects the light temperature to be measured at 5500k. It's also a Full Spectrum lamp and seems to be of a much higher light quality than other lamps in the same range.
There is no battery power, and the unit must be plugged into the wall to work. The power cord seems a bit short but it is perfect for stationary use.
The diffusing panel filters out 99.9% of UV rays.
Circadian Optics states that their lamps have a 50,000-hour lifespan. Rather than a single bulb light-box, this lamp is composed of 81 separate lights behind a diffusing panel. At the two lower settings, this works as intended to reduce glare. The brightest setting allowed me to see the lights behind the panel, but this is relatively minor.
The stand is plastic and works effectively, though the unit does seem fragile upon the first inspection. When you look a little closer, you realize it is deceptively sturdy. This is due to the lightweight design. There is no way to adjust the angle of the lamp, though it does rotate on the base.
Despite being top heavy, I never felt as though the unit was going to fall over. While it seems fragile, I wouldn't be nervous at all about packing this unit with my luggage for travel.
There is no timer in this unit and it is not wall mountable. This along with the limited stand mean that it scores very low compared to the others in the top 10 list with regards features.
The Circadian Optics Lumine is a good budget option for non serious SAD sufferers. It looks great in almost any setting and should be well worthy of your consideration, especially at it's price point. As you can see from the chart below, we consider this to offer exceptional value for money compared to it's competition.
The design sets this lamp apart from the others on the market. Rather than looking bulky and clinical, this unit has clean, functional lines. I cannot overemphasize how refreshing the design is compared to other lamps of the same size. The aesthetic is very pleasing and definitely makes this a joy to use.
As with all Circadian Optics products the lux output is an issue if you are looking for a high performing SAD light although for casual users this light provides great value.
Although its limited features and basic warranty are downsides, there is enough value in this product to rank in the top 5 best SAD lights on the market today.


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Master of Public and International Affairs
Master of International Development
Master of Public Policy and Management (In-person Mid-Career)
Master of Public Policy and Management (Online Mid-Career)
PHD in Public and International Affairs
Governance and International Public Management
Nongovernmental Organizations and Civil Society
Policy Research and Analysis
Public and Nonprofit Management
Security and Intelligence Studies
Urban Affairs and Planning
Graduate Certificate / Minor
Cybersecurity Policy & Law
Area and Global Studies Program Certificates
International Programs and Partners
Admission and Funding
About GSPIA
ALERT | See Pitt's latest COVID-19 updates.
Promote policy change from the bottom up through the nonprofit sector.
Turn compassion into action to address critical global issues.
Become a changemaker and build skills to steer nonprofit organizations, foster resilience, and alleviate poverty in communities around the world.
Human rights advocacy
Poverty and food security
Religion and development
Strategic and financial management
Internship Experiences
Put your knowledge into practice to advance society, whether close to home or around the globe. Prior to graduation, you'll also complete a 300-hour internship at an approved site.
Previous Internship Sites
RealStart
Global Solutions Pittsburgh
View internship information
Whether you're passionate about alleviating world hunger, advocating for human rights, or advancing gender equity, you'll have the versatile and practical skills to help communities prosper around the globe.
Potential Workplaces
Nongovernmental organizations like Oxfam America, USAID, Global Links, Food Resource Bank, EGBOK Institute Cambodia, Catholic Relief Services, and Samaritan's Purse International Relief
See alumni careers
Major Courses and Plans of Study
As a major in nongovernmental organizations and civil society, you'll gain deep insight into the role of NGOs in international development. You'll also complete a set of required degree courses, which are outlined in the MID plan of study.
View MID plan of study
Matching Money with Mission
Trace the historic origins and contemporary expressions of philanthropy to understand the multiple dimensions of the growing and increasingly global source of capital and innovation in the nonprofit sector. You'll become familiar with who gives, why they give, and how they structure their philanthropy, as well as different strategies and new approaches for fundraising.
Management of Nonprofit Organizations
Nonprofit organizations and nongovernmental organizations are a part of what is generally referred to as civil society. You'll gain introductory knowledge about leadership, management, and policy-making in nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations.
Critically examine how development processes affect women, men, and gender relations. In doing so, you'll aim to contribute to an ongoing discussion on the meaning and operationalization of inclusive and equitable development.
View all Fall 2019 courses
Work side by side with faculty who have dedicated their careers to furthering the missions of NGOs and their ability to bring about change.
View All Faculty
Müge Kökten Finkel
Director, Ford Institute for Human Security; Assistant Professor
An authority on gender equality, Finkel's current research focuses on politics of public sector employment and opportunities for women.
Paul J. Nelson
With 13 years experience working as a policy analyst for several NGOs, Nelson brings a wealth of real-world knowledge to issues of international development.
Associate Professor, Director of the Center for Governance and Markets
Murtazashvili's cutting edge research is based on more than two decades of extensive field and management experience in challenging environments.
Gain experience in research, teaching, and public service dedicated to nongovernmental organizations and their role in improving society.
Gender Inequality Research Lab (GIRL)
Ford Institute for Human Security
The Philanthropy Forum
Equity and Justice Resources
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Visit the University of Pittsburgh LinkedIn page