text:
E-006306-16
Question for written answer E-006306-16
to the Commission
Rule 130
Dominique Bilde (ENF) , Steeve Briois (ENF)
Subject: Embezzlement of EU humanitarian aid intended for Tindouf camps in Algeria
Answer in writing
A report by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) published in 2015 uncovered large-scale embezzlement of EU humanitarian aid intended for the Tindouf camps in Algeria. Between 1994 and 2004 the EU granted aid amounting to EUR 105 million to the inhabitants of the Tindouf camps and particularly the refugees from the Western Sahara conflict.
However, there seems to have been systematic embezzlement of some of the aid, under the direction of a number of Sahrawi dignitaries and some Algerian authorities. In a hearing in July 2015, DG ECHO's Director-General stated that Algeria imposes a tax of 5% on the EUR 10 million in humanitarian aid sent to the Tindouf camps every year. According to one estimate, this means that the EU has paid between EUR 10 and 15 million in tax to Algeria over the past 30 years.
A resolution on this matter which I co-signed was tabled in March 2015 (B8-0297/2015) but was not adopted.
What action has the Commission taken since the report was published?
Has the humanitarian aid for the Tindouf camps been suspended since publication of the report? Has Algeria given an explanation for the embezzlement? Has a transparent census of the inhabitants of the camps been carried out?
Original language of question: FR


text:
From the author of The Accidental Billionaires, The true story of a group of young geneticists working to make fantasy reality by sequencing the DNA of a frozen woolly mammoth harvested from above the Arctic circle, and splicing elements of that sequence into the DNA of a modern elephant.
<script src="//lithub.com/b/v1/bookmarks.js?ver=1.3"></script> <div class="bm-reviews" data-isbn="978-1501135552" data-width="auto" data-link="true"> </div>
Rave John Reinan,
The Minneapolis Star Tribune
Based on interviews, first-person sources and published material, author Ben Mezrich has woven a fast-paced, compelling account of the real-life researchers who inhabit the literal frontiers of the planet and the symbolic frontiers of genetic science ... [Mezrich] displays a deft hand with science, translating the complexity of genetic biology into terms understandable to the average reader. There's no sense of deus ex machina about how a mammoth could be re-created; the reader understands, step by step, how it could be achieved at the most fundamental level ... the slightly flat ending doesn't detract from a book that's informative and entertaining. It's that rare creature: a book about science that would qualify as a beach read.
Positive Jason Heller,
Church and Wu are two of the main characters in Mezrich's taut yet detailed dramatization. Theirs is a synergistic relationship, and while it would be an overreach to call Woolly a love story at heart, the couple's dynamic is one of the essential threads of Mezrich's story ... Mezrich's eye for characterization is as sharp as his ability to break down scientific jargon into easily digestible chunks ... It's paced like a thriller, with the frustrating politics of the research industry bleeding over into the maneuverings of capitalists who see dollar signs in investing in widespread genetic engineering. Mezrich also frequently reconstructs dialogue between the plot's players, which at times feels overly contrived and distracting. Thankfully it's not enough to inhibit the intimate look into the lives of the men and women who are humbly — and at time not so humbly — hoping to put the power of creation at their fingertips. With all the passion and vision of the scientists seeking to bring the mammoth back to life, Woolly reanimates history and breathes new life into the narrative of nature.
Mixed David Holohan,
Wooly spins this yarn of genetic creationism and scientific derring-do with breathless prose, which in places is indistinguishable from dust jacket fare. The reader will be forgiven for thinking that these big-tusked behemoths will reappear at the same time as the movie premiere ... Lesser characters in this brave new world include Stewart Brand, who published the Whole Earth Catalog<?em>, and Peter Thiel, of PayPal fame, who is funding efforts to find the Fountain of Youth. Without a touch of irony, Mezrich terms Thiel's 'passionate belief' in using science to attain a 'massively extended life span' as 'infectious'...Near the very end of the book, Brand chimes in with a chapter all his own in which he undermines the very premise that he and Mezrich are pushing: that mammoths can ride to the rescue of Mother Earth.
Unsolaced: Along the Way to All That Is
Gretel Ehrlich
Dark, Salt, Clear: The Life of a Fishing Town
Lamorna Ash
The Age of Wood: Our Most Useful Material and th…
Roland Ennos
Felicia Luna Lemus
Invasive Aliens: The Plants and Animals from Ove…
What did you think of Woolly?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Blogger Liza Bogutskaya braves the roads in Crimea in a car decorated with Ukrainian embroidery patterns and dresses in Ukrainian colors. Image from Facebook.
Liza Bogutskaya's Facebook profile has over 20,000 followers. Although the Simferopol native's page was originally primarily a social outlet that she didn't use for political discussions, her outspokenness against what she sees as Russia's illegal occupation of her native Crimea has made her a favorite of pro-Ukrainians online. It has also made her an enemy of the Russian state that now administers Crimea.
On Monday, September 8, Bogutskaya was awoken early in the morning by strange voices outside her door, followed by gunshots.
Когда я еще спала, я услышала голоса у себя во дворе. У меня частный дом, и приватный дом. Моя собака отреагировала. И ествественно выскочила на улицу. Я тогда услышала выстрелы. Стреляли в мою собаку. Они не убили собаку, но они прострелили щеку моей собаке.
While I was still sleeping I heard voices outside my house. I have a detached house, not an apartment. My dog reacted. Naturally she launched herself towards the street. I then heard shots. They were shooting at my dog. They didn't kill my dog, but they grazed her cheek.
It soon turned out that the strangers outside Bogutskaya's home were Russian government officials who came there to search her property.
Моя дочь успела схватить мой телефон и убежала быстро в другую комнату. Зашла в телефоне на мою страничку Фейсбука и написала что у нас дома обыск.
My daughter managed to grab my phone and ran quickly into another room. She went onto my Facebook page on my phone and wrote that our home was being searched.
Четыре человека в масках… автоматчики крупного телосложения такого… человек в штатском… и два свидетеля, которых они привезли со собой… Это их лица, это не независимые лица.
Four people in masks… men armed with machine guns, with big bulky builds… a person in civilian clothing, and two "witnesses" who they brought with them… These were their people, they weren't impartial individuals.
Though the investigators "neither found, nor planted" any illegal material in Bogutskaya's house, they did confiscate her electronic equipment.
Они изъяли у меня компьютеры. Изъяли другие носители информаций, флеш-карты изъяли… и естественно все телефоны изъяли.
They confiscated my computers. Confiscated other information devices, confiscated USB-sticks and naturally they confiscated all the phones.
When asked by RuNet Echo if she thought the search of her property was related to what she wrote online, Bogutskaya was unequivocable. "It's undoubtedly related," she said.
After her house was searched, Liza Bogutskaya was detained and questioned for hours. Image from Shevket Namatullaev on Facebook.
Bogutskaya believes the search was also related to the local elections that took place in Crimea on Sunday, September 14 and her willingness to write about the plight of Crimean Tatars, whose homes and mosques have undergone raids in recent weeks and whose leaders have been banned from Crimea. Bogutskaya also thinks the search was linked to her high visibility in Sevastopol (she drives a car with traditional Ukrainian folk patterns and often wears blue and yellow clothing).
Ну естественно это я все пишу, об этом я говорю… и всегда говорила достаточно смело и достаточно жестко. И разумеется что нынешним властям не нравится мое поведение и не нравится то, что я пишу обо всем и очень свободно передвигаюсь по городам, очень свободно себя чувствую.
Well naturally I write everything. I speak about [their plight]… and have always spoken quite bravely and quite harshly. And it stands to reason that the current authorities didn't like my behaviour and didn't like that I wrote about everything, traveled around the cities quite freely, feeling myself to be very much at liberty.
Нужно уехать, потому, что мне не дадут возможность больше писать там. Я уеду. Смогу дальше писать. Смогу дальше говорить и я смогу доносить свои мысли до моих читателей.
I had to leave because I wouldn't have been given the possibility to keep writing there. I left. I will be able to write more. I will be able to say more and I will be able to get my thoughts across to my readers.
Bogutskaya believes her Facebook updates, which often receive thousands of likes, mainly appeal to her readers because of their emotional resonance, as compared to rather dry traditional reporting or analysis.
Я пишу свои статьи сердцем. Я стараюсь повлиять на эмоции людей, я стараюсь взывать к их эмоциям. Надо действовать так, чтобы люди могли оценить все, что происходит… Я думаю что, из-за того что я пишу сердцем… очень много рассказываю о своей семье, очень много рассказываю о своем прошлом, люди мне сочувствуют и понимают, что я не абстракт.
I write with my heart. I try to affect people's emotions. I try to appeal to people's emotions. You need to act this way, so that people can evaluate what's happening… I think that because I write from the heart… I talk a lot about my family, I talk a lot about my past, people sympathise with me and understand that I'm not an abstraction.
Bogutskaya is defiant, but her case clearly shows that the Russian and Crimean authorities are not going to tolerate such open dissent anymore. While Russia has introduced a plethora of laws targeted at bringing the blogosphere under control, Bogutskaya's case shows that, while laws forcing bloggers to register or proposed internet kill switches may be cause for concern, at the end of the day, old school intimidation can be just as effective.
Did she try to sue them? I'm sure there are many criminals right now trying to take advantage of the situation. Doesn't seem to me like an "official" search, based on the story that is presented. Probably could happen also to an open pro-Russian guy in Kiev.


Dr. Mriganka Sur is the Newton Professor of Neuroscience and Director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain at MIT, which he founded after 15 years as head of the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. Dr. Sur studies the organization, plasticity and dynamics of the cerebral cortex of the brain using experimental and theoretical approaches. He has discovered fundamental principles by which networks of the cerebral cortex are wired during development and change dynamically during learning. His laboratory has identified gene networks underlying cortical plasticity, and pioneered high resolution imaging methods to study cells, synapses and circuits of the intact brain. His group has demonstrated novel mechanisms underlying disorders of brain development, and proposed innovative strategies for treating such disorders. Recently, his laboratory has discovered core functional rules of inhibitory-excitatory neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex, and revealed dynamics of information flow and transformation across widespread cortical areas during goal-directed behavior.
Dr. Sur received the B. Tech. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, and the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from Vanderbilt University, Nashville. He has received numerous awards and honors, most recently the Cortical Discoverer Prize of the Cajal Club, and delivered distinguished lectures world-wide. He has trained over 75 doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows, and received awards for outstanding teaching and mentoring. At MIT, he has been recognized with the Sherman Fairchild and Newton Chairs. He is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of the UK, the National Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Academy of Sciences, and the Indian National Science Academy.
The Sur laboratory studies the development, plasticity and dynamics of circuits in the cerebral cortex of the brain. The developing brain requires a genetic blueprint but is also acutely sensitive to experience and the environment. The adult brain responds to external stimuli, and modulates these responses by internal states such as attention, through dynamic changes in information transmission and processing.
Brain processing is enabled by local and long-range cortical circuits, which are wired during development by mechanisms of plasticity and change during adulthood by mechanisms of learning and memory. Abnormal wiring of synapses and circuits lies at the core of many brain disorders. The goal of our laboratory is to understand long-term plasticity and short-term dynamics in circuits of the developing and adult cortex, and utilize this understanding to discover mechanisms underlying disorders of brain development.
Our laboratory studies these topics using state-of-the-art techniques. These include novel approaches for recording the activity and analyzing the structure of neurons, synapses and circuits of the cerebral cortex in vivo and in vitro, combined with molecular approaches to study cortical development and computational approaches to study information processing and dynamics.
Our research is funded by grants from the BRAIN Initiative/NINDS, NEI, NIMH, NSF and the Simons Foundation.
Goard, M.J., G.N. Pho, J. Woodson and M. Sur. Distinct roles of visual, parietal, and frontal motor cortices in memory-guided sensorimotor decisions. e-Life 5: e13764. [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.7554/eLife.13764], 2016.
Banerjee, A., R.V. Rikhye, V. Breton-Provencher, X. Tang, C. Li, C.A. Runyan, Z. Fu, R. Jaenisch and M. Sur. Jointly reduced inhibition and excitation underlies circuit-wide changes in cortical processing in Rett Syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: E7287-E7296, 2016.
Chen N, H. Sugihara and M. Sur. An acetylcholine-activated microcircuit drives temporal dynamics of cortical activity. Nature Neuroscience 18: 892-902, 2015.
Nagakura, I., A. Van Wart, J. Petravicz, D. Tropea and M. Sur. STAT1 regulates the homeostatic component of visual cortical plasticity via an AMPA receptor-mediated mechanism. Journal of Neuroscience 34: 10256-10263, 2014.
Wilson, N.R., C.A. Runyan, F.L. Wang, and M. Sur. Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo. Nature 488: 343-348, 2012.
Mellios, N., H. Sugihara, J. Castro, A. Banerjee, C. Le, A. Kumar, B. Crawford, J. Strathmann, D. Tropea, S. S. Levine, D. Edbauer and M. Sur. miR-132, an experience-dependent microRNA, is essential for visual cortex plasticity. Nature Neuroscience 14: 1240-1242, 2011.
Schummers, J., H. Yu and M. Sur. Tuned responses of astrocytes and their influence on hemodynamic signals in the visual cortex. Science 320: 1638-1643, 2008.
Sharma, J., A. Angelucci and M. Sur. Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex. Nature 404:841-847, 2000.


text:
package com.aspose.words.examples.featurescomparison.headerfooter.addheader;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.List;

import org.docx4j.convert.out.flatOpcXml.FlatOpcXmlCreator;
import org.docx4j.dml.wordprocessingDrawing.Inline;
import org.docx4j.jaxb.Context;
import org.docx4j.model.structure.SectionWrapper;
import org.docx4j.openpackaging.exceptions.InvalidFormatException;
import org.docx4j.openpackaging.packages.WordprocessingMLPackage;
import org.docx4j.openpackaging.parts.Part;
import org.docx4j.openpackaging.parts.WordprocessingML.BinaryPartAbstractImage;
import org.docx4j.openpackaging.parts.WordprocessingML.HeaderPart;
import org.docx4j.openpackaging.parts.WordprocessingML.MainDocumentPart;
import org.docx4j.relationships.Relationship;
import org.docx4j.utils.BufferUtil;
import org.docx4j.wml.Hdr;
import org.docx4j.wml.HdrFtrRef;
import org.docx4j.wml.HeaderReference;
import org.docx4j.wml.ObjectFactory;
import org.docx4j.wml.SectPr;

import com.aspose.words.examples.Utils;

/**
 * Create a WordML Pkg and add a header to it.
 * Output is Flat OPC XML.
 * Notice:
 * 1. the Header part
 * 2. the contents of the sectPr element
 *
 * @author jharrop
 *
 */
public class Docx4jHeaderCreate {

    private static ObjectFactory objectFactory = new ObjectFactory();

    // The path to the documents directory.
    static String dataDir = Utils.getDataDir(Docx4jHeaderCreate.class);

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        WordprocessingMLPackage wordMLPackage = WordprocessingMLPackage
                        .createPackage();
        // Delete the Styles part, since it clutters up our output
        MainDocumentPart mdp = wordMLPackage.getMainDocumentPart();
        Relationship styleRel = mdp.getStyleDefinitionsPart().getSourceRelationships().get(0);
        mdp.getRelationshipsPart().removeRelationship(styleRel);

        // OK, the guts of this sample:
        // The 2 things you need:
        // 1. the Header part
        Relationship relationship = createHeaderPart(wordMLPackage);
        // 2. an entry in SectPr
        createHeaderReference(wordMLPackage, relationship);

        // Display the result as Flat OPC XML
        FlatOpcXmlCreator worker = new FlatOpcXmlCreator(wordMLPackage);
        worker.marshal(System.out);

        // Now save it
        wordMLPackage.save(new java.io.File(dataDir + "OUT_Header.docx") );
    }

    public static Relationship createHeaderPart(
                    WordprocessingMLPackage wordprocessingMLPackage)
                    throws Exception {

        HeaderPart headerPart = new HeaderPart();
        Relationship rel =  wordprocessingMLPackage.getMainDocumentPart()
                        .addTargetPart(headerPart);

        // After addTargetPart, so image can be added properly
        headerPart.setJaxbElement(getHdr(wordprocessingMLPackage, headerPart));

        return rel;
    }

    public static void createHeaderReference(
                    WordprocessingMLPackage wordprocessingMLPackage,
                    Relationship relationship )
                    throws InvalidFormatException {

        List<SectionWrapper> sections = wordprocessingMLPackage.getDocumentModel().getSections();

        SectPr sectPr = sections.get(sections.size() - 1).getSectPr();
        // There is always a section wrapper, but it might not contain a sectPr
        if (sectPr==null ) {
            sectPr = objectFactory.createSectPr();
            wordprocessingMLPackage.getMainDocumentPart().addObject(sectPr);
            sections.get(sections.size() - 1).setSectPr(sectPr);
        }

        HeaderReference headerReference = objectFactory.createHeaderReference();
        headerReference.setId(relationship.getId());
        headerReference.setType(HdrFtrRef.DEFAULT);
        sectPr.getEGHdrFtrReferences().add(headerReference);// add header or
        // footer references
    }

    public static Hdr getHdr(WordprocessingMLPackage wordprocessingMLPackage,
                    Part sourcePart) throws Exception {

        Hdr hdr = objectFactory.createHdr();

        File file = new File(dataDir + "java_logo.png" );
        java.io.InputStream is = new java.io.FileInputStream(file );

        hdr.getContent().add(
                        newImage(wordprocessingMLPackage,
                                        sourcePart,
                                        BufferUtil.getBytesFromInputStream(is),
                                        "filename", "alttext", 1, 2
                                        )
        );
        return hdr;
    }

    public static org.docx4j.wml.P newImage( WordprocessingMLPackage wordMLPackage,
                    Part sourcePart,
                    byte[] bytes,
                    String filenameHint, String altText,
                    int id1, int id2) throws Exception {

        BinaryPartAbstractImage imagePart = BinaryPartAbstractImage.createImagePart(wordMLPackage,
                        sourcePart, bytes);

        Inline inline = imagePart.createImageInline( filenameHint, altText,
                        id1, id2, false);

        // Now add the inline in w:p/w:r/w:drawing
        org.docx4j.wml.ObjectFactory factory = Context.getWmlObjectFactory();
        org.docx4j.wml.P  p = factory.createP();
        org.docx4j.wml.R  run = factory.createR();
        p.getContent().add(run);
        org.docx4j.wml.Drawing drawing = factory.createDrawing();
        run.getContent().add(drawing);
        drawing.getAnchorOrInline().add(inline);

        return p;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The TouchySpaceyDataThingy is an immersive device for the sonification of data. Designed to provide a visceral interaction to compare data sets, it then presents them as an intuitive graphic interface and a musical instrument. While the instrument could be used to sonify any data, for this project we have specifically worked with satellite data from the ESA and SNSA API to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between the 3 cities from where we are from across the seasons, and also to compare two different environments.
Data is presented on data tiles which are laser cut images that abstract the data, presenting as a cross between a piece of art and a cartridge for a post digital games console.
To sonify the data, we decided to look to Johannes Keplar, and his work linking harmony with the solar system. After researching his harmonic ideas, we choose to use the one of the scales that he constructed to illustrate the different notes that the planets occupied at the aphelion and perihelion positions. This particular scale begins with G (the aphelion position of Saturn) and is only missing the note A. It lacks only the perihelion positions of Earth and Venus. Kepler called this scale cantus durus, which loosely translates as 'sharp' or 'hard' scale. Our own concepts of major and minor had not yet been agreed upon. Combined with our use of just temperament, which Keplar preferred to Pythagorean scales, we have ended up with a very distinctive sounding instrument, which is able to give a clear sonic signature to the data it works with.
Visual design was inspired by non traditional notation and graphical scoring.
We've used Max MSP, Ableton Live, the ESA/SNSA data API, Bare Conductive touch board, RFID reader.


In this unit of study we will examine the ways in which feminist and other cultural theories have used bodies and sexualities in order to theorise difference and identity. The body and sexuality have been shown to be a major site for the operation of power in our society. We will look at how bodies and sexualities have given rise to critical understandings of identity. The unit of study will be devoted to working through some of the major theories of sexuality and embodiment, and the analysis of cultural practices.


Array. En fait, le livre a 50 pages. The Antonio Marques-Arbona, Petitioner v. Secretary of the Treasury of Puerto Rico. U.S. Supreme Court Transcript of Record with Supporting Pleadings est libéré par la fabrication de Gale, U.S. Supreme Court Records. Vous pouvez consulter en ligne avec Antonio Marques-Arbona, Petitioner v. Secretary of the Treasury of Puerto Rico. U.S. Supreme Court Transcript of Record with Supporting Pleadings étape facile. Toutefois, si vous désirez garder pour ordinateur portable, vous pouvez Antonio Marques-Arbona, Petitioner v. Secretary of the Treasury of Puerto Rico. U.S. Supreme Court Transcript of Record with Supporting Pleadings sauver maintenant.
Antonio Marques-Arbona, Petitioner v. Secretary of the Treasury of Puerto Rico.


Centre Point Silom is located in Bangkok's prime area, near the Oriental and Shangri-La hotels. A wide range of residence sizes are available to suit every need.
Guests can select from a range of 86 spacious rooms and suites, which are furnished to a very high standard and extremely well equipped. Each comfortable residential accommodation is designed and built to suit your needs whether it is a short-term, weekly, monthly or longer stay.


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NadinJasminCrystaallCranberryKimsexygirl67824565 .MajaSalvadorKaterineD0LLVeranikkiLewisReed .UnderMySpell2DAVIDJACKSONVeranikkiJeremyCrox .01BornToBeWILDcifridhotRyanAndJennydanitestmodel12 .MajaSalvadorbrunetgirllJasminBeautifulRobertoSanson1 .AndywentCherryDollypetuletra2doublesquirt .CARMINERYDERRRCarolynCateCuteCristalBerthaBBW .NastyBDSMCoupleKaterineD0LLjorgegomezJasminBeautiful .locachica92FionaHollyKariDollChelseaFoster .danitestmodel12AlisonJoneslocachica92petuletra .locachica92QUEEN0fCUMSSexyBlakeAndrewSweetMan .
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text:
The autonomy of biology
ERNST MAYR
It took more than two hundred years and the occurrence of three sets of events before a separate science of the living world—biology—was recog-nized. As I will show, one can assign these events to three different sets: (A) the refutation of certain erroneous principles; (B) the demonstration that certain basic principles of physics cannot be applied to biology, and (C) the realization of the uniqueness of certain basic principles of biology that are not applicable to the inanimate world. An analysis of these three sets of developments has to be done before one can accept the view of an autonomy of biology. For an earlier support of the autonomy of biology see Ayala (1968).
THE REFUTATION OF CERTAIN ERRONEOUS BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Under this heading, I deal with the support for certain basic ontological principles that later were shown to be erroneous. Biology could not be recognized as a science of the same rank as physics as long as most biologists accepted certain basic explanatory principles not supported by the laws of the physical sciences and eventually found to be invalid. The two major principles here involved are vitalism and a belief in cosmic
teleology. As soon as it had been demonstrated that these two principles are invalid and, more broadly, that none of the phenomena of the living world is in conflict with the natural laws of the physicalists, there was no longer any reason for not recognizing biology as a legitimate autonomous science equivalent to physics.
VITALISM The nature of life, the property of being living, has always been a puzzle for philosophers. Descartes tried to solve it by simply ignoring it. An organism is really nothing but a machine, he said. And other philosophers, particularly those with a background in mathematics, logic, physics, and chemistry, tended to follow him and operated as if there were no differ-ence between living and inanimate matter. But this did not satisfy most naturalists. They were convinced that in a living organism certain forces
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA.
are active that do not exist in inanimate nature. They concluded that, just as the motion of planets and stars is controlled by an occult, invisible force called gravitation by Newton, the movements and other manifestations of life in organisms are controlled by an invisible force, Lebenskraft or vis vitalis. Those who believed in such a force were called vitalists.
Vitalism was popular from the early seventeenth century to the early twentieth century. It was a natural reaction to the crass mechanism of Descartes. Henri Bergson (1859-1941) and Hans Driesch (1867-1941) were prominent vitalists in the early twentieth century. The end of vitalism came when it no longer could find any supporters. Two causes were largely responsible for this: first, the failure of literally thousands of unsuccessful experiments conducted to demonstrate the existence of a
Lebenskraft; second, the realization that the new biology, with the methods of genetics and molecular biology, was able to solve all the problems for which scientists traditionally had invoked the Lebenskraft. In other words, the proposal of a Lebenskraft had simply become unnecessary.
It would be ahistorical to ridicule vitalism. When one reads the writings of some of the leading vitalists, like Driesch, one is forced to agree with him that many of the basic problems of biology simply cannot be solved by Cartesian philosophy, in which the organism is considered nothing but a machine. The developmental biologists, in particular, asked some very challenging questions. For example, how can a machine regenerate lost parts, as many kinds of organisms are able to do? How can a machine replicate itself? How can two machines fuse into a single one like the fusion of two gametes to produce a zygote? The critical logic of the vitalists was impeccable. But all their efforts to find a scientific answer to the so-called vitalistic phenomena were failures. Generations of vitalists labored in vain to find a scientific explanation for the Lebenskraft until it finally became quite clear that such a force simply does not exist. That was the end of vitalism.
TELEOLOGY Teleology is the second invalid principle that had to be eliminated from biology before it qualified as a science equivalent to physics. Teleology deals with the explanation of natural processes that seem to lead automat-ically to a definite end or goal. To explain the development of the fertilized egg to the adult of a given species, Aristotle invoked a fourth cause, the
so-called orthogenesists, invoked teleology to explain all progressive evo-lutionary phenomena. They believed that in living nature there is an intrinsic striving ("orthogenesis") toward perfection. Here belongs also Lamarck's theory of evolution, and orthogenesis had many followers before the Evolutionary Synthesis. Alas, no evidence for the existence of such a teleological principle could ever be found and the discoveries of genetics and paleontology eventually totally discredited cosmic teleology. For a more detailed discussion of teleology see Mayr (1992).
WHAT IS BIOLOGY?
When we try to answer this question, we find that biology actually consists of two rather different fields, mechanistic (functional) biology and histori-cal biology. Functional biology deals with the physiology of all activities of living organisms, particularly with all cellular processes, including those of the genome. These functional processes ultimately can be explained purely mechanistically by chemistry and physics.
The other branch of biology is historical biology. A knowledge of history is not needed for the explanation of a purely functional process. However, it is indispensable for the explanation of all aspects of the living world that involve the dimension of historical time—in other words, as we now know, all aspects dealing with evolution. This field is evolutionary biology. The two fields of biology also differ in the nature of the most frequently asked questions. To be sure in both fields one asks "what?" questions to get the facts needed for further analysis. The most frequently asked question in functional biology, however, is "how?"; in evolutionary biol-ogy "why?" is the most frequently asked question. This difference is not complete because in evolutionary biology one also occasionally asks "how" questions—for instance, how do species multiply? Anyhow, as we will see, to obtain its answers, particularly in cases in which experiments are inappropriate, evolutionary biology has developed its own methodology, that of historical narratives (tentative scenarios).
To truly appreciate the nature of biology one must know the remarkable difference between these two branches of biology. Indeed, some of the most decisive differences between the physical sciences and biology are true for only one of these branches, for evolutionary biology.
from Carnap, Hempel, Nagel, and Popper to Kuhn. Biologists, even though they now rejected vitalism and cosmic teleology, were unhappy with a purely mechanistic (Cartesian) philosophy of biology. But all en-deavors to escape from this dilemma—such as, for example, the writings of Jonas, Porcmann, von Uexküll, and several others—invariably invoked some nonmechanical forces that were not acceptable to most biologists. The solution had to satisfy two demands: it had to be completely compat-ible with the natural laws of the physicists, and no solution was acceptable that would invoke any occult forces. It was not until almost the middle of the twentieth century that it became evident that a solution could not be found by a philosopher who did not have a background in biology. But no such philosopher made the attempt.
It turned out that to develop an autonomous science of biology one had to do two further things. First, one had to undertake a critical analysis of the conceptual framework of the physical sciences. This revealed that some of the basic principles of the physical sciences are simply not appli-cable to biology. They had to be eliminated and replaced by principles pertinent to biology. Second, it was necessary to investigate whether biology is based on certain additional principles that are inapplicable to inanimate matter. This required a restructuring of the conceptual world of science that was far more fundamental than anyone had imagined at that time. It became apparent that the publication in 1859 of Darwin's
Origin of Species was really the beginning of an intellectual revolution that ultimately resulted in the establishment of biology as an autonomous science.
PHYSICALIST IDEAS NOT APPLICABLE TO BIOLOGY Darwin's ideas were particularly important in the discovery that a number of basic concepts of the physical sciences, which up to the middle of the nineteenth century were also widely held by most biologists, are not applicable to biology. I will now discuss four of these basic physicalist concepts for which it had to be demonstrated that they are not applicable to biology before it was realized how different biology is from the physical sciences.
example of the triangle. All triangles have the same fundamental charac-teristics and are sharply delimited against quadrangles or any other geo-metric figure. An intermediate between a triangle and a quadrangle is inconceivable.
Typological thinking, therefore, is unable to accommodate variation and has given rise to a misleading conception of human races. Caucasians, Africans, Asians, and Inuits are types for a typologist that differ conspicu-ously from other human ethnic groups and are sharply separated from them. This mode of thinking leads to racism. Darwin completely rejected typological thinking and instead used an entirely different concept, now called population thinking.
2. DETERMINISM. One of the consequences of the acceptance of determi-nistic Newtonian laws was that it left no room for variation or chance events. The famous French mathematician and physicist Laplace boasted that a complete knowledge of the current world and all its processes would enable him to predict the future to infinity. Even the physicists soon discovered the occurrence of enough randomness and contingencies to refute the validity of Laplace's boast. The refutation of strict determinism and of the possibility of absolute prediction freed the way for the study of variation and of chance phenomena, so important in biology.
3. REDUCTIONISM. Most physicalists were reductionists. They claimed that the problem of the explanation of a system was resolved in principle as soon as the system had been reduced to its smallest components. As soon as one had completed the inventory of these components and had determined the function of each one of them, they claimed, it would be an easy task also to explain everything observed at the higher levels of organization.
4. THE ABSENCE OF UNIVERSAL NATURAL LAWS IN BIOLOGY. The philoso-phers of logical positivism, and indeed all philosophiloso-phers with a background in physics and mathematics, base their theories on natural laws, and such theories are therefore usually strictly deterministic. In biology there are also regularities, but various authors (Smart 1963, Beatty 1995) severely question whether these are the same as the natural laws of the physical sciences. There is no consensus yet in the answer to this controversy. Laws certainly play a rather small role in theory construction in biology. The major reason for the lesser importance of laws in biological theory forma-tion is perhaps the greater role played in biological systems by chance and randomness. Other reasons for the small role of laws are the uniqueness of a high percentage of phenomena in living systems as well as the historical nature of events.
law may not be anything but an exception, as are common in biology. Most theories in biology are based not on laws but on concepts. Examples of such concepts are, for instance, selection, speciation, phylogeny, compe-tition, population, imprinting, adaptedness, biodiversity, development, ecosystem, and function.
The inapplicability to biology of these four principles that are so basic in the physical sciences has contributed a great deal to the insight that biology is not the same as physics. To get rid of these inappropriate ideas was the first, and perhaps the hardest, step in developing a sound philoso-phy of biology.
AUTONOMOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGY
The last step in the development of the autonomy of biology was the discovery of a number of biology-specific concepts or principles.
THE COMPLEXITY OF LIVING SYSTEMS There are no inanimate systems in the mesocosmos that are even any-where near as complex as the biological systems of the macromolecules and cells. These systems are rich in emergent properties because forever new groups of properties emerge at every level of integration. An analysis contributes nearly always to a better understanding of these systems, even though reduction in the strict sense of the word is impossible. Biological systems are open systems; the principles of entropy therefore are not applicable. Owing to their complexity, biological systems are richly en-dowed with capacities such as reproduction, metabolism, replication, regulation, adaptedness, growth, and hierarchical organization. Nothing of the sort exists in the inanimate world.
Another biology-specific concept is that of evolution. To be sure, even before Darwin geologists knew about changes on the Earth's surface and cosmologists were aware of the probability of changes in the universe, particularly in the solar system. However, on the whole, the world was seen as something quite constant, something that had not changed since the day of Creation. This view totally changed after the middle of the nineteenth century when science became aware of the comprehensive-ness of the evolution of the living world.
essences but only by statistical mean values. The properties of populations change from generation to generation in a gradual manner. To think of the living world as a set of forever variable populations grading into each other from generation to generation results in a concept of the world that is totally different from that of a typologist. The Newtonian framework of unalterable laws predisposes the physicist to be a typologist, seemingly almost as if by necessity. Darwin introduced population thinking into biology rather casually, and it took a long time before it was realized that this is an entirely different concept from the typological thinking tradi-tional in the physical sciences (Mayr 1959).
Population thinking and populations are not laws but concepts. It is one of the most fundamental differences between biology and the so-called exact sciences that in biology theories usually are based on concepts while in the physical sciences they are based on natural laws. Examples of concepts that became important bases of theories in various branches of biology are territory, female choice, sexual selection, resource, and geographic isola-tion. And even though, by means of appropriate rewording, some of these concepts can be phrased as laws, they are something entirely different from the Newtonian natural laws.
Furthermore, all biological processes differ in one respect fundamen-tally from all processes in the inanimate world: they are subject to dual causation. In contrast to purely physical processes, these biological ones are controlled not only by natural laws but also by genetic programs. This duality fully provides a clear demarcation between inanimate and living processes.
The dual causality, however, which is perhaps the most important diagnostic characteristic of biology, is a property of both branches of biology. When I speak of dual causality I am of course not referring to Descartes' distinction of body and soul but rather to the remarkable fact that all living processes obey two causalities. One of them is the natural laws that, together with chance, control completely everything that hap-pens in the world of the exact sciences. The other causality consists of the generic programs that characterize the living world so uniquely. There is not a single phenomenon or a single process in the living world that is not in part controlled by a genetic program contained in the genome. There is not a single activity of any organism that is not affected by such a program. There is nothing comparable to this in the inanimate world. Dual causation, however, is not the only unique property of biology to support the thesis of the autonomy of biology. Indeed it is reinforced by some six or seven additional concepts. I will now discuss some of these.
took almost eighty years before it was universally adopted by evolution-ists. To be sure, the process has been somewhat modified in the course of time. It is rather a shock for some biologists to learn that natural selection, taken strictly, is not a selection process at all, but rather a process of elimination and differential reproduction. It is the least adapted individu-als that in every generation are eliminated first, while those that are better adapted have a greater chance to survive and reproduce.
There has long been a great deal of argument about what is more important, variation or selection? But there is no argument. The produc-tion of variaproduc-tion and true selecproduc-tion are inseparable parts of a single process. At the first step, variation is produced by mutation, recombination, and environmental effects, and at the second step the varying phenotypes are sorted by selection. Of course, during sexual selection real selection takes place. Natural selection is the driving force of organic evolution and represents a process quite unknown in inanimate nature. This process enabled Darwin to explain the "design" so important in the arguments of the natural theologians. The fact that all organisms are seemingly so perfectly adapted to each other and to their environment was attributed by the natural theologians to God's perfect design. Darwin, however, showed that it could be equally well, indeed even better, explained by natural selection. This was the decisive refutation of the principle of cosmic teleology.
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IS A HISTORICAL SCIENCE It is very different from the exact sciences in its conceptual framework and methodology. It deals, to a large extent, with unique phenomena, such as the extinction of the dinosaurs, the origin of humans, the origin of evolu-tionary novelties, the explanation of evoluevolu-tionary trends and rates, and the explanation of organic diversity. There is no way to explain these phenomena by laws. Evolutionary biology tries to find the answer to "why?" questions. Experiments are usually inappropriate for obtaining answers to evolutionary questions. We cannot experiment about the extinction of the dinosaurs or the origin of mankind. With the experiment unavailable for research in historical biology, a remarkable new heuristic method has been introduced, that of historical narratives. Just as in much of theory formation, the scientist starts with a conjecture and thoroughly tests it for its validity, so in evolutionary biology the scientist constructs a historical narrative, which is then tested for its explanatory value.
objections were raised against this scenario, which was therefore replaced by a new proposal, according to which the extinction had been caused by a climactic catastrophe. Yet, neither climatologists nor geologists were able to find any evidence for such a climatic event and this hypothesis also had to be abandoned. Then, when the physicist Walter Alvarez postulated that the extinction of the dinosaurs had been caused by the consequences of an asteroid impact on earth, all observations fitted this new scenario. The discovery of the impact crater in Yucatan further strengthened the Alvarez theory. No subsequent observations were in conflict with this theory.
The methodology of historical narratives is clearly a methodology of historical sciences. Indeed, evolutionary biology, as a science, in many respects is more similar to the Geisteswissenschaften, than to the exact sciences. When drawing the borderline between the exact sciences and the
Geisteswissenschaften, this line would go right through the middle of biol-ogy and attach functional biolbiol-ogy to the exact sciences while classifying evolutionary biology with the Geisteswissenschaften. This, incidentally, shows the weakness of the old classification of the sciences, which was made by philosophers familiar with the physical sciences and the humani-ties but ignorant of the existence of biology.
Observation plays as important a role in the physical as in the biological sciences. The experiment is the most frequently used methodology in the physical sciences and in functional biology, while in evolutionary biology the testing of historical narratives and the comparison of a variety of evidence are the most important methods. This methodology is used in the physicalist sciences only in some historical disciplines such as geology and cosmology. The important role of historical narratives in the historical sciences has been almost entirely ignored by philosophers up to now. It is important to point out that comparison is perhaps an even more important and more frequently applied methodology in the biological sciences, from comparative anatomy and comparative physiology to comparative psy-chology, than in the method of historical narratives. This is also true for molecular biology because comparison is indispensable in most researches in this field. Indeed, much of genomics consists of the comparison of base pair sequences.
chance aspect of natural selection for which this theory was most often criticized. Some of Darwin's contemporaries, for instance the geologist Adam Sedgwick, declared that invoking chance in any explanation was unscientific. Actually, it is precisely the chanciness of variation that is so characteristic of Darwinian evolution. Even today there is still much argument about the role of chance in the evolutionary process. Selection, of course, always has the last word.
HOLISTIC THINKING Reductionism is the declared philosophy of the physicalists. Reduce everything to the smallest pares, determine the properties of these parts, and you have explained the whole system. However, in a biological system there are so many interactions among the parts—for instance, among the genes of the genotype—that a complete knowledge of the properties of the smallest parts gives necessarily only a partial explanation. Nothing is as characteristic of biological processes as interactions at all levels, among genes of the genotype, between genes and tissues, between cells and other components of the organism, between the organism and its inanimate environment and between different organisms. It is precisely this interac-tion of parts that gives nature as a whole, or the ecosystem, or the social group, or the organs of a single organism, its most pronounced charac-teristics. Rejecting the philosophy of reductionism is not an attack on analysis. No complex system can be understood except through careful analysis. However, the interactions of the components must be considered as much as the properties of the isolated components. How the smaller units are organized into larger units is critically important for the particu-lar properties of the particu-larger units. This aspect of organization and the resulting emergent properties are what the reductionists had neglected.
LIMITATION TO THE MESOCOSMOS As far as their accessibility to the human sense organs is concerned, one can distinguish three worlds. One is the microcosmos or the subatomic world of elementary particles and their combinations, the second is the meso-cosmos extending from atoms to galaxies, and the third is the macrocos-mos, the world of cosmic dimensions. On the whole, only the mesocosmos is relevant to biology, even though in cellular physiology electrons and protons are sometimes involved. To the best of my knowledge, none of the great discoveries made by physics in the twentieth century has con-tributed anything to an understanding of the living world.
explanations there is no fundamental difference between humans and animals. Evolutionary thinking and the recognition of the role of chance and of uniqueness are now also appreciated in the humanities.
This explains why all earlier endeavors to construct a philosophy of biology within the conceptual framework of the physical sciences were such failures. Biology, we now realize, is indeed largely an autonomous science and a philosophy of biology must be based primarily on the peculiar characteristics of the living world, recognizing at the same time that this is not in conflict with a strictly physicochemical explanation at the cellular-molecular level 1.
CAN AN AUTONOMOUS BIOLOGY BE UNIFIED WITH PHYSICS? In the two hundred years after Galileo there was a unified science; it was physics. There was no biology to cause problems. But the comforting belief in a unified science became increasingly more difficult to uphold with the rise of biology. This difficulty was widely appreciated and whole organi-zations were founded to undertake a unification of science. The way to accomplish this was through reduction. This view was based on the convic-tion that all tangible phenomena of this world "are based on material processes that are ultimately reducible ... to be laws of physics" (Wilson 1998, p. 266). But this suggestion was based on a faulty analysis of biology, neglecting its autonomous components. Such a reduction would be pos-sible only if all of the theories of biology could be reduced to the theories of physics and molecular biology, but this is impossible. Wilson thought consilience was a mechanism that would make such reduction possible. Indeed he claimed "consilience is the key to unification" (1998, p. 8) and "consilience is to be achieved by reduction to the laws of physics." This is a beautiful dream but none of the autonomous features of biology can possibly be unified with any of the laws of physics. The endeavor of a unification of the sciences is a search for a Fata Morgana. As is said in the vernacular, "you cannot unify apples with oranges."
This conclusion is so important because it has numerous consequences. One of them is that one cannot base a philosophy of biology on the concep-tual framework of the physical sciences. Nor can a philosophy of biology be expressed by the explanations of a single branch of biology, let us say molecular biology. Instead, it must be based on the facts and fundamental concepts of the entire living world, as was presented in this paper.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGY FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMANS Until 1859, there was almost complete consensus that humans are funda-mentally different from the remainder of creation. Theologians, philoso-phers, and scientists completely agreed with each other on this point. Darwin's theory of the descent of all species from common ancestors and its application to humans resulted in a fundamental change. One then realized that the human species is a member of the ape family and is, as such, a legitimate object of scientific research. The consequences of this new insight can be seen in the modern developments of anthropology, behavioral biology, cognitive psychology, and sociobiology.
What was perhaps the most shocking finding was how incredibly similar the human genome is to that of the chimpanzee (Diamond 1992). But precisely the comparison with the chimpanzee has led to a better understanding of humans. For instance, it could no longer be denied that many humans have an inborn tendency for strongly aggressive behavior after one discovered that chimpanzees may also show similar aggressive behavior. Yet, altruism also occurs widely among primates (de Waal 1997) and this ancestry facilitates an understanding of human altruism. Com-parisons with primates have revealed that it is entirely justified to inves-tigate humans with the same methods used with animals. Part of the philosophy of humans can therefore by merged with biophilosophy.
NOTE 1 For a review of some of the controversies between supporters and opponents
of the autonomy of biology, see Mayr (1996).
REFERENCES Ayala, F. J. (1968), "Biology as an autonomous science," American Scientist 56:
Beatty, J. (1995), "The evolutionary contingency thesis," in Wolters, G. S. and J. Lennox (eds.), Concepts, Theories and Rationality in the Biological Sciences. Pitts-burgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 45-81.
Bergson, H. (1911), L'Evolution Creatrice. Paris; Alcan.
Darwin, C. (1859), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray [1964, facsimile of the first edition; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University].
Diamond, J. (1992), The Third Chimpanzee. New York: Harper Collins. Driesch, H. (1899), Philosophie des Organischen. Leipzig: Quelle und Meyer. Kitcher, P. (1984), "1955 and all that," Philosophical Review 93: 335-373.
Mayr, E. (1959), "Darwin and the evolutionary theory in biology," in Meggers, B. J. (ed.), Evolution and Anthropology. A Centennial. Washington, DC: Anthro-pological Society of America, pp. l-10.
Mayr, E. (1992), "The idea of teleology," Journal of the History of Ideas 53: 117-135. Mayr, E. (1996), "The autonomy of biology: The position of biology among the
sciences," Quarterly Review of Biology, 71: 97-106.
Mayr, E. (2002), "Die Autonomie der Biologie" [German version], Sitz. Ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde (21 Jan. 2002): 5-16.
Rosenberg, A. (1985), The Structure of Biological Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ruse, M. (1973), The Philosophy of Biology. London: Hutchinson.
Smart, J. J. C. (1963), Philosophy and Scientific Realism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Waal, E B. M. de. (1997), Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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Related subjects : Molecular biology Evolutionary Biology autonomy of the will Biology - philosophy The autonomy of biology This is biology . Ernst Mayr and the autonomy of biology as a science
(1) AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF Application No
The Commission notes the applicant's conviction for having edited, published and distributed various articles and finds, therefore, that there has been an interference with the
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On the other hand, the larvae from 18 ovipostions that were kept in the laboratory at ambient temperatu- re emerged between two and four days after they were collected in the field
The Señoritos of the Wind
A la placenta se le viste con una camisa, un cinturón y un sombrero y se la cuelga de un árbol, para devolverla a uno de los elementos: el viento.. Hay que devolver a la naturaleza lo
The Ascension of the Lord
Que o Espírito Santo, promessa de Cristo que não nos deixaria órfãos infunda em nós o dom do entendimento para compreendermos as verdades da fé e os ensinamentos de Jesus.A ascensão
HAGARISM THE
The Dome of the Rock does attest the existence, at the end of the seventh century, of materials immediately recognisable as Koranic in a text that not infrequently coincides
The Case of The Day the Earth Stood Still
Although the more recent version of The Day has not been as widely lauded as the original, it is worthy of study because it is representative of two key trends in contemporary SF
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effect of the recycled plastics on the strength at break is small; the blends of LDPE with AF200. or AF231 generally show lower values than the pure LDPE, but the decreases are similar
Parameters of linear regression of turbulent energy fluxes (i.e. the sum of latent and sensible heat flux against available energy).. Scatter diagrams and regression lines
THE DIFFERENT ARABIC VERSIONS OF THE QUR'AN
It is generally believed the recitation of the seven or the ten reciters of the first, second and third century of Islam are valid and the Muslims are allowed to adopt either of these
ON THE MEASURES TAKEN IN THE EU MEMBER STATES AS A RESULT OF THE COVID-19 CRIS...
In the preparation of this report, the Venice Commission has relied on the comments of its rapporteurs; its recently adopted Report on Respect for Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule
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To investigate the role of each of these different explanatory factors, the concept of civilian supremacy is introduced as my explanandum, broadly defined as the extent and nature of
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In the "big picture" perspective of the recent years that we have described in Brazil, Spain, Portugal and Puerto Rico there are some similarities and important differences,
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Europe's American Dream?
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Allows you to add oxygen or carbon dioxide to liquids. Liquid flows through and gas is added through the connection. A sinter stone provides additional surface area for gas to dissolve into solution.
Please note, we do not recommend using the inline gas sparger for carbonation of product as the results achieved can be inconsistent. The reason for this is the number of variables (temperature, flow rate, inlet/outlet hose lengths and pump type) that will all have an effect on the results achieved.


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I am not an IT expert, but just a end user, so please disregard any misuse of the technical vocabulary.
"El mensaje no se pudo enviar, el servidor rechazó la dirección de correo electrónic"o del remitente: "ejmr[at]magyas.onored.com". Asunto 'Jeannie's NIE number', Cuenta: 'mail.magyas.onored.com', Servidor: 'mail.magyas.onored.com', Protocolo: SMTP, Respuesta del servidor: '550 mail not accepted from blacklisted IP address [84.122.39.104]', Puerto: 25, Seguridad (SSL): No, Error de servidor: 550, Número de error: 0x800CCC78"
We called our ISP helpline several times.
[at] 2nd time: We already have the current IP 84.122.39.104. They informed me that they will solve the problem. I do not know how, but they solved it in minutes.
[at]3rd time: I am told that if I want to avoid this kind of problem, I have to pay for a fixed IP (that are much more expensive that dynamic ones) otherwise they can not do anything.
We have updated AV solutions, and we have cross scanned with on-line tools, but we do not find anything wrong.
I am doubtful about who is blocking us? The people we send emails to.... or our own ISP? I have noticed that we do not obtain any feedback email message from any recipient, just the OE error window transcribed above when clicking the "send all buttom".
Any clarification will be welcomed.
El correo electrónico de ONO es accesible en formato web mail desde Internet a través de "http://www.ono.com/correoONO/". Si accedes a Internet mediante el ISP de ONO y desde dentro de nuestra red, puedes además configurarte la cuenta para acceder a ella utilizando el protocolo POP3. No olvides visitar nuestro Rincón del cliente donde te explicamos paso a paso cómo hacerlo.
Roughly The electronic mail of ONO is accessible in Webmail format through the Internet at "http://www.ono.com/correoONO/". If you access the Internet by means of ONO and our network, you can in addition configure the account for access using the POP3 protocol. Do not forget to visit our Client Corner where we explain to you step by step how to do it.
. I think if you do this your immediate problems will be overcome. You may be able to use another ISP's mail service as an alternative. You could still get blocked through no fault of yours - if another user of the same IP address sends spam. But we all face that possibility.
Your descriptions appear fine to me.
I can find no public reports for either IP address in the last 90 days. I do not have access to spamtrap data.
What is the setting in Outlook Express for Outgoing mail (SMTP)?
Usually, your client (Outlook Express) would connect directly to your ISP's mail server and the server would send to the recipients server. Most servers will not accept email directly from end user machines because of spam and viruses.
It is possible you are on other bocklists.
Just to say it a third time ... you hit your OE Send button ... You receivng this Blocked message from another ISP states that you are trying to send directly from your computer to that other computer .... most places these days will block you simply because of the "Dynamic IP address" involved .... that there has been 'bad' traffic in enough quantity for a SpamCopDNSBL listing is just another issue.
It looks suspiciously like your ISP, ONO, may be filtering OUTGOING email against the spamcop DNSBL. This is definitely NOT a recommended use of the list, it should be used only for filtering incoming email. Am I correct in understanding that the message you posted does not come back as an email, but as a pop-up message in outlook express?
Yes, the message I posted never, never, comes back as an email but always, always, as a pop-up message in OE. That's why I am a little suspicious about my ISP (that, through its helpline, only offers me the solution to contract a more expensive solution with a fixed IP saying that it will stop my troubles. It's that absolutely true?).
As it refers to the "webmail" option provided by my ISP, ONO, it does work with no problem. That is the way we are trying to sort this for extremely urgent email (non-urgent remain for hours until our dynamic IP is delisted). However, webmail is quite difficult to use -when you are not skilled with computers - and cause us a lot of delay in sending emails.
One question: we are scanning, and re-scanning our PCs with different AVs, but we do not find anything but some tracking cookies. May these tracking cookies cause the problem? May a third (out of organisation) be using our IP without consent to deliver spam?
(that, through its helpline, only offers me the solution to contract a more expensive solution with a fixed IP saying that it will stop my troubles. It's that absolutely true?).
As it refers to the "webmail" option provided by my ISP, ONO, it does work with no problem.
That is the way we are trying to sort this for extremely urgent email (non-urgent remain for hours until our dynamic IP is delisted). However, webmail is quite difficult to use -when you are not skilled with computers - and cause us a lot of delay in sending emails.
No idea what tool is in use, but that description seems pretty strange when one looks at Yahoo, HotMail, GMail, etc. TYhere's a lot of folks that don't have "skills" but send e-mail after e-mail ...???


Load balancing is used to improve the performance and reliability of websites, applications, databases and other services by distributing the workload of the servers.
A single point of failure can be mitigated by introducing a load balancer and at least one extra web server on the backend.
This is what a your server infrastructure might look like without a load balancer.
This is what a the same infrastructure might look like with a load balancer implemented.
It is known that there is only so much processing power, memory, and disk space associated with a single server. Whereas hosting on more than one server enables you to distribute the load so that no single server is ever overwhelmed.
A substantial effect on a website's performance is the amount of traffic it receives. Load balancing gives you the tools to handle the majority of large spikes in traffic by redirecting the traffic across multiple servers. If you are expecting a large spike in traffic, just spin up a few more webservers and simply add them to the balance pool!
In the circumstances where a company has scheduled downtime or server maintenance windows a load balancer can eliminate the downtime by channeling the traffic to other resources, thus allowing for maintenance on a server without impacting users.
When using multiple datacentres across different cloud providers, the load balancer can prevent failures by redistributing the resources to unaffected areas with little disruption.
Running only a single Load Balancer means that you still have a single point of failure. To avoid this, we recommend running them in pairs so that if one load balancer were to fail, the slack will be picked up by your secondary balancer.
What Is Layer 7 Load Balancing.
Layer 7 load balancing acts at the high-level application layer and routes traffic in a more advanced way than layer 4 load balancing. A layer 7 balancer terminates traffic and reads the message within. It then makes a routing decision based on the content of the data (URL or cookies are examples) and opens a new connection to the correct webserver.


text:
By Bryan Walsh @bryanrwalshJune 23, 2010
Over the past week or so, as BP has blunted the Gulf spill by channeling more and more of the oil into containers on the surface, it's been easy to think that the accident could be managed, even if sealing the well has proved impossible so far. But the challenge of working 5,000 feet beneath the surface of the ocean means that a mistake could happen at any time—and that mistake could easily disrupt BP's jury-rigged containment system.
Well, that accident has happened. At his daily noon press briefing today, Coast Guard Admiral Thad W. Allen announced that an underwater robot had bumped into a venting system that is part of the pipes connecting the drillship Enterprise on the surface to the containment cap over the bleeding wellhead. That bump sent gas rising through the vent that carries hot water down to the containment cap—necessary because the cold temperatures on the ocean floor can cause icy hydrates to form on the machinery, blocking oil capture. (That's what happened during BP's failed attempt to put a containment cap over the well last month.) As a result, Allen said, BP had to remove the containment cap, to see if any hydrates had indeed formed.
In the meantime, that now means that anywhere from 35,000 to 60,000 barrels of oil a day are flowing unchecked into the Gulf. (It's not fully clear how much—the estimates range—and the secondary containment system, which pumps oil up to the Q4000 platform to be burned, is still functional and has been processing about 10,000 barrels a day.) You can see the live feed of the spill here—oil is billowing out of the uncapped and sheared riser pipes like flame from a plane's afterburner. The orange-red you might see on the feed is the effect of chemical dispersants being applied to the oil as it comes out of the riser.
Allen said that if the containment cap is shown to be unaffected by the accident, BP should be able to reattach it by this evening, putting the company back on track for partially containing the spill. (Over the past few days, the company has managed to capture or burn about 27,000 barrels of oil a day.) But if hydrates have indeed formed on the containment cap, there's no telling how quickly BP would be able to repair it and resume containment—leaving the oil to gush. It's also worth remembering that when BP sheared off the riser pipe earlier this month to prepare for the containment cap, it increased the flow from the well by as much as 20%, according to Allen's numbers at the time, or perhaps more. That means that if the company can't reattach the containment cap soon, BP will have effectively made the situation worse than it was before—though perhaps that shouldn't surprise us by now.
But the entire debacle is a reminder of just how challenging it is to operate 5,000 feet below the surface of the ocean, in the deep gloom, where all work needs to be carried out by remote-controlled robots. We should also remember, in case we've forgotten, that this spill is far from contained, and that more trouble is to be expected during the stormy days between now and August, when the relief wells are scheduled to be finished. (And even those wells aren't a sure thing.) A day after a federal judge blocked a six-month government moratorium of deepwater drilling, on the grounds that the White House had failed to prove that the operations posed a significant threat to safety and the environment, this latest little catastrophe shows that we haven't even begun to reckon with the true dangers of drilling.
Update: Just in case you thought the day couldn't get worse, the Coast Guard also reported that two workers on oil spill response boats had died, though they haven't yet released details. (The Institute of Medicine is currently holding a two-day meeting in New Orleans to look at health and the oil spill—even if workers on spill response aren't being exposed to dangerous levels of chemicals, there is a major risk of heatstroke when working in the unforgiving Gulf sun.)
Oh, and Accuweater is raising the possibility of a tropical storm or hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico next week.
The idea that we can handle this is ludicrous.


Thu., November 8, 2018 8:24 a.m. | Thursday, November 8, 2018 8:24 a.m.
A Greensburg dialysis clinic will relocate to a lot along North Greengate Road in Hempfield, according to Fresenius Kidney Care regional vice president Mark Sciorilli.
Fresenius Kidney Care near Excela Health Westmoreland Hospital will close and all employees will transfer to the new, more modern location when it opens early next year, Sciorilli said.
The 8,000-square-foot clinic will be on 4.88 acres located next to Aroma Joe's. Crews have been working for weeks to clear a wooded area and prepare the land for development.
The land was purchased by COP Greensburg in October for $580,000, according to Westmoreland County deeds. COP Greensburg had no officers listed in filings with the Pennsylvania Department of State.


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UN Programs
The UN Is On The Frontline To Warn And Help Countries With Covid-19
In: UN Programs
As the Covid-19 spreads to over 200 territories and countries. The United Nations is redoubling its support for frontline responders that are currently working to save lives.
"Healthcare Workers are essentially the major response pillars that we have," said Jan-Eric Larsen. From Operations Support and Logistics in the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Western Pacific in a video tweet. "Without the healthcare employees, we won't have the ability to stop this transmission in time."
"The problem we are facing now is an extremely stretched market with limited supplies," he said. Explaining that when folks use those supplies irrationally. It is going to create a strain on the health care system.
WHO has published operational advice for maintaining necessary health services during an outbreak. A handbook for public health capacity-building at cross-border and ground crossings collaboration.
With the pandemic wreaking effect on even rich nations' healthcare potential. The question remains whether this huge outbreak can be handled by the world's poorest countries with limited healthcare settings.
The pandemic is quickly moving into the global South. United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres warned Friday at the joint briefing to the Member States by United Nations principle organs. Such as the Security Council, General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the UN Secretariat. Where he called for "massive international solidarity."
COVID-19 poses severe challenges to the potential of health systems around the globe. Medical personnel is under pressure. Equipment and supplies are in huge demand. And in several cases, temporary health infrastructure is required to deal with the influx of patients needing specialized treatment.
United Nations Teams
UN country teams are strengthening their support for federal authorities. In Timor Leste, where one case has been confirmed. The United Nations is supporting government steps to protect against the COVID-19 outbreak. Advised by the WHO and Resident Coordinator, the Prime Minister recently ordered to establish an Inter-Ministerial Task Force for coordinated actions to fight against COVID-19.
The UN team is also siding with a range of partners. Such as civil society organizations, youth representatives, news outlets, businesses, and women leaders. For a whole-of-society approach to prevention, preparedness, and response against COVID-19.
In South Sudan, while there are no confirmed COVID-19 cases according to WHO figures. The UN team is working with authorities to support the national preparedness and response strategy for COVID-19. A lab with the capacity to test COVID-19 has been put up. The UN has supported the building of a multi-purpose contagious disease unit to isolate and treat cases suspected. Furthermore, health workers have been trained to improve surveillance and early detection. Examine suspected cases, and handle patients with COVID-19 related symptoms.
In Argentina, the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) is encouraging COVID-19 response efforts by helping to urgently secure 10 fully-equipped emergency modular segments, which will provide 824 additional inpatient treatment beds. One-third of this space will be reserved as intensive care units.
"Our team of qualified advisers, architects, engineers, project managers, and experts are eager to assist nations, where needed, to deal with their health-related infrastructure needs in this crisis," stated Nick O'Regan, UNOPS Director of Implementation Practices and Standards.
UNOPS also stands prepared to support partners' emergency procurement requirements through its universal e-commerce solution, UN Internet Buys Plus. This includes the supply of ambulances, mobile health clinics, transportable biosafety labs, and buildings, which may be utilized as temporary health posts.
In Guatemala, UNOPS is helping with the acquisition of medical items to diagnose, treat, and monitor patients infected with COVID-19. It is also apprising on mitigation efforts that will assist in making sure that the provision of current health care services continues as planned — including the purchase of required equipment and medicines.
In Afghanistan, UNOPS is working with the WHO to raise awareness and provide information on COVID-19 through a call center. In February, 144 calls were received by the center from 22 provinces. From 1 March to 14, it filed 185 inquiries about COVID-19 from 28 provinces.
Face Masks Are Donated To New York City
The United Nations is donating face masks to the healthcare professionals in New York City who have been working selflessly, courageously, and tirelessly in response to the spread of COVID-19. "To us, New York isn't only our home or the headquarters of the United Nations," Secretary-General António Guterres said in a statement. "It's a vibrant global capital by which the world communicates, trades, disagreements, and prospers."
Research and Development (R&D)
WHO is also supporting COVID-19 research, bringing together 300 scientists, researchers, national public health specialists throughout the world on COVID-19 in February. To evaluate the present level of understanding of the new virus, agree on crucial research questions. That needs to be answered urgently and strategies to work together to accelerate and fund priority research which may contribute to curtail this outbreak and prepare for further outbreaks.
Experts identified research priorities and knowledge gaps, and shared scientific data on ongoing research, accelerating the creation of critical information to contribute to the control of the COVID 19 crisis.
WHO is gathering the knowledge and most recent scientific findings on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and placing it in a database.
Protecting Africa From COVID-19
As the Coronavirus (COVID-19) has swept through Europe, Asia, and North America. Medical experts are warning, it is just a matter of time until Africa would see an exponential increase in cases. The United Nations is working hard to protect Africa from the COVID-19 onslaught that would result in massive losses of lives. And unprecedented economic and social harm.
The novel Coronavirus is now ready to move quickly into the growing world "in a hazardous manner" into regions that lack the resources to respond, so the UN is calling for massive global solidarity required to help those nations.
As of April 7, based on daily updates by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 1,749 cases confirmed in South Africa, 364 in Burkina Faso, 287 in Ghana, 1,468 in Algeria, in Côte D'Ivoire, 237 in Senegal, 268 Mauritius, 238 in Nigeria, 658 in Cameroon, 68 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and 105 in Rwanda. Less than 50 cases were reported by other African countries.
In Kenya, where 172 cases of disease and 6 deaths have been confirmed, the United Nations and the Administration are working jointly to strengthen their preparedness and response for a further spread of the new Coronavirus(COVID-19).
"Suggestion to protect ourselves is clear: self-isolate if you feel unwell, wash your hands well and frequently, maintain social distance by avoiding public and crowded places and, also if your symptoms worsen, contact medical services," said Siddharth Chatterjee, the United Nations Resident Coordinator in Kenya, and Mutahi Kagwe, the Cabinet Secretary for Health in Kenya, in a joint op-ed. "Just by following this advice rigorously can we hope to stem the tide of new infections."
"In Sub-Saharan Africa as elsewhere, the pressure on the health care workforce will increase in the coming months," they warn, emphasizing the importance of securing adequate amount supplies of protective gear, including gowns, gloves, and medical-grade face masks for use by health care personnel.
Even in the Nations, a lack of protective gear is currently causing a strain on nurses, physicians, and paramedics that are at the forefront of the struggle against COVID-19. "The problem in poorer countries will be worse." They write, adding that the Government of Kenya, the United Nations, and the global community are exploring every avenue to ensure all the potential support for the healthcare professionals.
In Nigeria, The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is helping awareness campaigns by health educators. In all 376 wards in the local government areas of Lagos State. Making up more than 14 million individuals, and similar programs in many parts of Nigeria, such as Delta State.
A campaign is underway to describe what Coronavirus is, its symptoms, mode of transmission, and strategies to prevent it. A team carried out simulations on how to cough or sneeze accurately into the elbow in public and how to wash hands with soap and water for a minimum of 20 seconds. School kids were curious and excited to see that the handwashing demonstration.
The country is also struggling due to false information circulated. Which includes that the virus can't survive in Africa due to the hot weather. That having a high dose of chloroquine medication can prevent the virus and that consuming large amounts of garlic and ginger can protect you.
Tanzania declared its first case on 16 March. A girl had traveled from Tanzania to Belgium on 3 March and returned on 15 March. The news quickly spread in the nation, and normal life seemed to change overnight, reported UN staff Stella Vuzo at Africa Renewal, a United Nations publication focused on that area.
In Dar-es-Salaam and other cities, people rushed to shops for stocking up on food products, beverages, and other items. Government authorities have continued to update residents on the virus. The Health Ministry has provided a hotline number to call in the case of symptoms. President John Magufuli has requested Tanzanians to help stop the disease from spreading.
"This disease is bad; I'm losing my customers quickly. I rely on selling food to feed my family and to pay for my rent. I am wondering how I will survive if people do not come to purchase due to this Coronavirus," said a food vendor, Ms. Hassan. She's not alone in this situation, with many other small-scale traders across the continent are facing this difficulty, the author writes.
In The Gambia, the UN team is working to support the preparedness of the Government program. As COVID-19's third case confirmed in the country base on the latest statistics of WHO. WHO and the Resident Coordinator are monitoring the UN team's efforts. With WHO strengthening surveillance and lab preparedness, while several UN entities are helping the Government's communications attempts to prevent a COVID-19 outbreak.
Social Distancing & Handwashing Is Difficult in Africa
The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) is calling for aid in preparing for a health emergency, and for a subsequent financial fallout. The steps being taken in Europe, Asia, and North America, such as hand washing and social distancing, will be a challenge for nations with dense populations, limited internet connectivity, inadequate social safety nets, and unequal access to water.
"Africa may lose 50% of its gross domestic product (GDP). With growth falling from 3.2 percent to about 2% because of several reasons. Including the severance of global supply chains," said Vera Songwe, Executive Secretary, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in the mid of March.
Ms. Songwe further said that the continent's interconnectedness to affected markets of China. The European Union and the US is causing ripple effects. She said the continent would require up to $10.6 billion in unexpected increases in health expenses to stop the virus from spreading. At the same time, on the other side, revenue losses could result in unsustainable debt.
Wealthier Countries Are Asked To Help
The ECA is calling the Group of 20 nations to support Africa in immediate health and human response. Deliver a direct emergency economic stimulus to African governments. In their efforts to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic and implement emergency measures to safeguard 30 million jobs. Directly at risk throughout the continent, especially in the airline and tourism sectors.
The ECA Quotes COVID-19 could lead to the export earnings of Africa from fuels falling at around $101 billion in 2020. Ms. Songwe said COVID-19 could reduce Nigeria's overall exports of crude oil in 2020 by between $14 billion and $19 billion.
UN Peacekeeping Efforts Impacted
Africa hosts seven of the 13 UN peacekeeping missions. There are concerns that COVID-19 negatively affects the ability of those critical operations to fulfill their mandates. During a briefing to the Member States on 27 March, the Secretary-General stated that to support special political missions and peacekeeping operations. A Field Support Group developing solutions to support missions to deal with the health crisis when providing on their mandates. The United Nations, operating with troop-contributing nations, postponed rotations of troops, as transferring forces between countries during a global health pandemic is very risky.
The United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) has declared that caregivers have increased consciousness among the leadership of the nearly 28,000 internally relocated people staying at the UN protection site in Malakal on how to protect against an outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19 among themselves. Till now, there are no confirmed cases in the country.
UNMISS stated that as the youngest and one of the poorest countries. South Sudan is at high risk, provided the severely insufficient health services at its end. The densely populated protection places for internally relocated folks are of significant concern. Given that practicing social distancing in these surroundings is harder than in most other sites. However, it has to done to the greatest extent possible to keep everyone, including humanitarian workers, safe.
"As leaders of your community, your responsibility is to keep your people informed about prevention measures. From now on, it is our collaborative responsibility," insisted Hazel Dewet, head of the UNMISS field office in Malakal.
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I go on a trail around a hidden gem the art school of Henrique Resende in Itaocara Brasil – A short documentary full of breathtaking art, nature and culture.
This time I am exploring a magical art school hidden in the depths of a tropical forest. A surreal and up lifting experience, join me as I follow this enchanted trail.


When some of the most knowledgeable voices in marketing were surveyed about their top challenges, many of them agreed: Data is abundant. How though, do you crunch all that data, and make it actionable so you can win with your campaigns?
Watch this webinar to find out how Versium has been leading organizations and their marketing agencies on their journey to become data-driven, providing solutions to some of the most common problems marketers face to improve marketing efficiencies and ROI.


SACRAMENTO, June 20, 2017 – The California Association of Winegrape Growers (CAWG) has requested the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) exempt winegrapes from its produce safety rule under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and place them on a list of produce commodities rarely consumed raw. The action would exempt growers and wineries from having to comply with unnecessary and burdensome requirements and paperwork under the rule.
On June 15, CAWG President John Aguirre sent a letter and 10-page white paper to FDA detailing CAWG's request. More than 30 commodities, such as potatoes and asparagus, are listed as rarely consumed raw and thus exempt from the produce safety rule. FDA determined these commodities are nearly always cooked or otherwise processed before consumption, thus eliminating risks of foodborne illness. CAWG argued that winegrapes are also not grown, harvested or sold to consumers for fresh consumption; they are almost universally grown and sold for processing into wine. As such, winegrapes should also be exempt from the produce safety rule.
Currently, winegrape growers can only obtain an exemption from the produce safety rule by adhering to specific notice and assurance requirements under the rule's processing exemption. Beginning with the 2018 harvest, FDA will require growers provide written notice with each load of winegrapes shipped that the grapes have not been processed. Starting in 2020, wineries will need to provide assurance to growers that the winegrapes received were indeed processed into wine. Growers are required to maintain a record of these notice and assurance transactions for up to two years. Failure to follow these steps precisely may invalidate the processing exemption and force winegrape growers to comply with the many provisions of the produce safety rule.
The letter to FDA and white paper can be viewed here.


Christie Fischer : WOMENS WELLNESS CONFERENCE PART 7: DAVID WOLFE !!
WOMENS WELLNESS CONFERENCE PART 7: DAVID WOLFE !!
Where do I start on this guy? So David Wolfe is perhaps the single most driving factor to having gotten most people to the Womens Wellness Conference. I think. He is the guy who hosts and runs it, but there are so many other speakers there that perhaps a few weren't so fussed to hear David Scrap that! Anyone who has ever seen David Wolfe speak live knows how freakin incredibly amazing he is; how his passion, enthusiasm and energy for what he talks about oozes outta him and you can't help but want what he's having! The generosity, kindness and genuine support he wishes you when you speak to him is not common these days, and you can easily see how special this man is.
Ontop of that, he is a bloody genius. Einsten. Close too. I'm not kidding. I've met and seen him before, had too much cacao and danced the evening away with him also, and will continue to do so as long as I live.
This weekend he was focusing on COLOUR, and specifically the colour BLUE, due to his latest research for his next book. It was fascinating, rewarding, exciting, and beyond educational to say the least. So I've kinda chunked it down as best I can and have all my notes below for you my lovelies.
I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I did scribbling it all down for you.
COLOUR. David Wolfe has been researching and writing a new book all on COLOUR. And he has discovered that it is in fact the COLOUR that is the most important nutrient in the fruits and vegetables - not the vitamin C or the magnesium - but the colour!
- Underneath green there is always yellow. So your old kale that was once green and is now yellow, it didn't turn yellow... it always was yellow! The green chlorophyll disintegrates over time and thus why we see yellow!
Chocolate is also a very effective delivery system for herbal medicine. Magnesium in chocolate works as a dilator. So does the theobromine, and the anthocyanins. Blood vessels opened, nutrients in.
EXTRA: If you want to really drive the colour pigments into your cells better, use alcohol or fermenting. So your kombucha... add red raspberries for nutrients as well as supporting your heart and blood, and the fermentation will drive those reds into your cells!
Additional bits n pieces you won't wanna miss!!
Sea Buckthorn ---> has 50% fruit pigments and 50% vegetable pigments and the only food to have so. This means a very broad antioxidant spectrum going on! And it has been taken to outer space!! As food for the astronauts, which means this stuff is GOLD (and it is)!!
Insects ---> Ants are intact the highest food source of zinc. And raw food bars made from crickets are about to hit Aussie shores. Other countries eat insects yet we find it disgusting. Only time will tell where we all go with this... Personally I've taken Ant Extract in supplement form with no problems.
Carotenoids ---> Yellow, Orange, Red and are always present in green foods!!
They are oil soluble (think of them like oil paints) so they need FAT/oil to be absorbed in to the physical body. GREEN JUICES NEED OIL IN THEM IF YOU WANT TO ABSORB THE CAROTENOIDS!! Beta carotene is 3x more powerful than vitamin C. And AVOCADOES are one of the richest sources of all carotenoids PLUS they contain fat so absorption is off the charts!
ALCOHOL ---> If you're going to consume alcohol the way to do it is to really pump up what you put in it, as alcohol (and ferments like kombucha) go straight into your bloodstream! Superfood it up! Add fresh berries, goji berries, turmeric, reishi or chaga mushroom tinctures.
WATER + SALT ---> are the most important nutrients of all. More so than food. And apparently most scientists agree on this one.
Anti-Stimulants ---> SALT is the most common of all! Put a pinch in your coffee next time to balance out your adrenals. Another substance that I use daily is Mucuna. Another anti-stimulant I put it in my cacao smoothies to balance the cacao. Mucuna is also super duper high in naturally occurring L-Dopa, which is the precursor to Dopamine, which makes you feel less anxious. And if you didn't already put 2 and 2 together... Parkinsons disease is from a lack of Dopamine forming.... get these patients onto Mucuna! (Side note: other foods that you want to use in Parkinsons cases include coconut oil, omega 3 essential fatty acids, and chaga). The Chinese herb He Shou Wu is another anti-stimulant (and naturally high in resveratrol), as is Reishi.
Melanin ---> Is the most energy-intense compound for our body to make, and why vitiligo/albinism.grey hair are all so common. Chaga tea is very rich in melanin as are mushrooms.
Any skin condition such as vitiligo, tinea, or fungus needs melanin to help treat it. And you're gonna get the best melanin from the sun! I had what looked like eczema that started on my arm and ended up all over my torso, back and crotch. A week lying in the sun on the beach was all it took to disappear!
OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTATION ---> I'm so glad he went over this because I get asked everyday at work. How much should you be taking?
But again I will emphasise checking with your Nutritionist on this issue for you personally, as I would be suggesting even higher dosages for certain individuals. If you're vegan, algae is often a better source than flax.
I absolutely loved this post. I learned more from this one than from any other! I agree that David Wolfe is amazing, and I will be anxiously awaiting his Colour book ! Thanks for sharing your knowledge with us readers, I am grateful for you!
It's great news that there might be a cure through black pepper finally. I have waited so many year to hear some progress for a cure for vitiligo.
BREAKFAST OF CHAMPIONS IS HERE!!


Bahlorg uttered these words shortly before he was vaporized by the Beholder.
I have not played Dungeons and Dragons for 15 years but I recently came upon a buddies blog that is dedicated to the drawing of D & D mishaps. This is a sketch inspired by their shenanigans.
hahha, classic! DnD friggin rules. I honestly think it hones story and improvisation skills. Some of my favorite characters of all-time come from RPG campaigns with friends.
This is very funny and, of course, a beautiful drawing.
good job. I just lose a hit point.
Aww cool! Those are some fierce warriors to take on that creature!
This is a beautiful drawing with fierce-looking characters.
i only 'get' this cuz my hubby is a nerd. but nice job!
Dang! I would not go near that fierce-looking thing.