Please use HF5RC3 in the mean time.
So scratch everything we did before (to those of you who updated fine like I did, you may forget this post - well maybe except for the new package installer that takes care of VoodooHDA installation as well).
1) Mac OS X 10.6.3 Combo Updater from Apple's site.
2) HPM311DP_HF5RC3.pkg - I renamed this installer repacked by me to continue (and NOT undermine) the legacy that is left of the HP Mini 311 Darwin Project.
In case things don't go well after the reboot - that said, you create this tool BEFORE running the 10.6.3 Update, or if went ahead already, at least before restarting your machine.
3) HF4 USB Booter - which you make by installing *HP Mini 311 USB Install Package w/ HF4 on to a USB flashdrive that you know and have tested to boot your 311 fine.
NOTE! Make sure you install the package onto the USB flashdrive and NOT your internal hard drive. The pkg defaults to your current OS X install (internal) disk which you would want to change very much.
In short, don't just click absentmindedly as you, I, we all normally would but please do read this time, paying attention to details - specially that pertaining to the install location.
1) Run the Mac OS X 10.6.3 Combo Update. DO NOT RESTART yet.
2) Install the HPM311DP_HF5.pkg. DO NOT RESTART yet.
A) Your Mini 311 restarted just fine but your trackpad isn't working. => No worries, it's just that ApplePS2Controller doesn't really load in -f mode. Also beats the hell out of me why it behaves likes that. Just restart your machine, but this time, just let it do it's own thing and you should be fine.
B) Your Mini 311 is experiencing a "boot loop" problem. => You created that "HF4 USB Booter" right? Right??
If you didn't against all my insistence for you to do so, but you can get to another hackintosh or Mac and create one, now, while it isn't too late and proceed to B.1.
Or if you can't get to another hackintosh or Mac (nope, a PC won't do cause I don't want us to go as far as there), please jump to C.
B.1) Use "HF4 USB Booter" to boot your Mini 31. => Press F9 as you turn on the machine, choose your flashdrive, press Enter, and choose your internal hard drive, press Enter.
B.2) Reinstall Chameleon (Cham2NBI - by Meklort).
(2) run this applet I created for you "Reinstall Cham".
Tank you for your post, it's nice to see that there are people working on the 311. I was meaning to ask, how long battery life do you get in OS X? I've heard rumours of 2 hours and less.. which admittedly doesn't sound so fun.
I'm afraid the rumors are more or less correct. It's around 2.5 - 3 hours for the 311 based on my experience.
The screen is very bright so you might wanna set that lower, and also turn off AirPort when not in use to save up on juice.
Hi! Thanks for the guide!!
Battery Life, in my experience, grow up to 3.5 hours max! And I think it's great!
Good luck to you then!
An advice on the partition: when you boot off with the Win7 DVD installer, you'll see a message below the dialog box telling you that you can't install Windows in that MS-DOS partition you just made. Just click on "partition" and then click OK when the warning message appears (data will be lost blah blah on that partition).
Then just click on "Next".
Let the machine boot back into Win7 until you've configured your user account and see your Win 7 Desktop.
Now is the time that you fix Chameleon. Boot up with the Win 7 DVD and after selecting the language, press Shift+F10 to bring up the command prompt.
boot up again with the Win 7 DVD installer. This time we'll activate EFI partition as well.
press Shift+F10 to bring up the command prompt.
restart your machine once more and now you should be able to load Chameleon. Press F8 to refresh Cham's disk list.
Hey, Thanks a lot for the useful directions!
The only thing that I can do is to use the automatic system repair from the Windows 7 DVD.
I'm trying different methods to repair all things.
Hmmm I believe when I ran the HP Mini 311 10.6.3 installer it may have unloaded my EFI partition?
It now goes through says loading Darin x86 and then just reboots. Tried booting the HF4 bootable disk, and booting it from there and same thing.
Or is it just a kernel panic?
then restart again to activate EFI this time.
Yeah, all things goes right with your instructions!
Thanks for all this stuff.
My Mini311 with SnowLeopard 10.6.2, has updated automatically with apple software update and I has not any problem. Could I do any aditionals steps for get more battery or anything?
Now I'm wating for a new BCM94322 HP brandend bought in ebay to try to have the wireless lan enabled, with actual BCM94312 I can't do it, I can't rebrand, I can't update bios to try something, any ideas?
that's really interesting. So you updated via auto sys update and when you rebooted, you didn't experience any of that boot loop issue? Could you confirm? It might be the answer to how people should update.
Thank you very much for the instructions - it's much appreciated! I was able to load the Retail copy of SL with no issues, however (and I blame this on the fact I am VERY MUCH a newbie) I can't get 10.6.2 or 10.6.3 to load properly.
Whenever I go do the auto update, it installs everything, however, when it reboots, I get a Mac drive that has a pulldown menu with several boot options. No matter which you pick - or if you pick none at all - it keeps rebooting itself.
Any step-by-step ideas for someone as inexperienced as I am?
can you guys comment on the cpu fan activity? In my 10.6.3 machine (built with a combination of nbi 0.8.4 RC1 and other kexts/dsdt) the fan will kick in very soon after boot and never turn off. Any ideas?
Thanks for the tip regarding the .pkg installer... dissected it and even though i don't use an hp mini (im eeePC 1005HA), i was able to find the root of my boot KP: the EFI (i dunno bout sleepenabler though, but i kept the new one). I've been using the hacked 10.6.2 kernel from teateam up till i stumbled on your blog, and was surprised to find out that you still use the vanilla one, thanks to the EFI injected by netBookInstaller 0.8.3 and later 0.8.4.
As for the random kernel panics, did you re-org the locations of the default utility apps? I stopped having em when i moved them back to the utilities/ directory. I got a clue from monitoring the console, twas telling me it couldn't find activity monitor.
P.S. thanks too for the wi-fi rebrand hint.
at first i would thank all guys working on that project!!
I have the same phenomenon as Ricardo Luis said. At my first install with OSX i updated my 311 via Apple Auto Update. No Kernel Panics or other strange things. Only Sound wouldn't work.
So i've found this new How-To and made a reinstall of my system. After installing 10.6.3 and HPM311DP_0410HF5RC1.pkg i dont get access to the boot option with F8. So on, the System started successfully but i have no sound again.
Press any key while Chameleon loads. As soon as you see that rotating cursor of sorts at the top most left edge of your screen when you press on the power button, press and hold any key if F8 won't work - Enter, Spacebar.
It will work. It should work for you.
It worked for me and I wasn't imagining things up.
Oh and the reason why you want to interrupt Chameleon is because you wanna initially boot with -f flag to ignore previous system caches.
i just installed OSX 10.6 with your how-to LeMaurien.
I have problems with the graphic. The welcome screen is very lagy. Must i install any graphic files to get full support of the graphic adapter.
After reboot I have no experience any problems, all is alright. But you are in the right, no problems with boot loop, or anything, but I have no audio.
Could you tell me how I can restore the audio?
As I have not got audio, searching in google I found and installed http://www.tonymacx86.com/Public/10.6.2-AppleHDAInstaller.zip from it. After reboot, booting with -f and now my fabolous mini does not boot well.
PS: I decided Install all from the scratch to try to do better.
What is the OS recomended, Snow or Snow leopard?, thanks.
Dami pa ring nagkakamot ng ulo a.
Here's what i have though.
Try: If you used NBI, Rebuild your extension caches with that shoe-icon-app in your /Extra/ folder.
Please do not confuse "Netbook BootMaker/Netbook Installer" with "EFI boot" - they're different setups.
This guide is "EFI boot".
Netbook BootMaker: stores /Extra/Extensions on main "/" directory, on the same level as System, Library, Users, etc.
What about booting in verbose mode?
Are there any new insights?
Mon Compaq (malheureusement pas "Hp" Mini) a tres bien supporté le hackintosh avec ton guide. J'ai cependant une petite question de perfectionniste^^ Voilà, apres avoir installé TA version de chameleon (HPMini311 HF4 -i v1.1) j'ai trouvé mon systeme tout bonnement parfait! Ce theme est magnifique!
C'etait super...jusqu'à l'update en 10.6.3v1.1.. (je n'ai jamais pu installer la 10.6.2, allez savoir pourquoi..).
Quand j'utilise ton utilitaire "reinstall Cham" tout se passe bien, et je peux booter normalement.. Cependant, ton theme est maintenant tout moche^^ Il n'y a plus la "spinning weel" au debut avec l'icone, mais plein de lignes de commande qui avant etaient cachées..
Merci beaucoup d'avance, et tres bonne continuation!
Quant à ton petit pb avec le "spinning wheel" manquant, c'est parce que ton boot mode a été changé en verbose - d'où les lignes de commande que tu vois à l'écran.
Normal car sous 10.6.3, le hibernate ne marche pas sans verbose. En fait c'est le HF5 RC1 qui change le boot mode et pas "reinstall cham".
Mais si tu veux absolument pouvoir booter en mode graphique (avec l'icône pomme et spinning wheel), t'as qu'à accéder à la partition EFI et modifier le fichier com.apple.Boot.plist.
Launce Finder, et tu devras trouver un disque EFI dans la Sidebar. Cliqu là-dessus, et tu vas voir un dossier "Extra" dans lequel tu vas trouver com.apple.Boot.plist. Double-clic pour l'ouvrir (normalement c'est TextEdit qui va se lancer).
Chercher le key "Kernel flag" et supprimer le string "-v".
*Si tu arrives pas à enregistrer, tu peux copier com.apple.Boot.plist sur ton Bureau et ce sera ce que tu modifies avec TextEdit. Puis remplace le fichier d'origine dans EFI/Extra avec celui-là.
Attention car dès lors tu ne pourras pas mettre la machine en sommeil et puis la réveiller sans avoir un kernel panic. Si tu prévois de mettre ton compaq en sommeil, il faut spécifier -v verbose mode au chargement de Chameleon.
Sinon, je me propose pour une traduction de tes guides en français. Je sais que tu pourrais surement le faire, mais j'ai un peu de temps libre, donc si ca t'interesse..
Thanks for all the amazing work and the great help. I hope that you can help me resolve one lingering issue that is driving me mad. I was running 10.6.2 beautifully. I followed this guide to upgrade to 10.6.3, and everything still works except that now I can't resume from sleep, even with verbose mode.
Then, I went ahead and did a full install figuring that would clear up any conflicts I was missing. I installed 10.6 from usb, then H4, then the 10.6.2 combo update, disabled secure virtual memory and restarted. I tested the system, and everything, including resume from sleep was working well. Next, I installed the 10.6.3 update, then the H5 RC1 pkg on this page. I restarted, and everything was working except for resume from sleep again.
Just for the hell of it, I went ahead and re-installed the H4 pkg and restarted. Sure enough, I could resume from sleep with no problem, but, of course, there is no sound with H4 and 10.6.3.
So it seems that I can have everything with 10.6.2 and H4, or everything except sound with 10.6.3 and H4, or everything except resume from sleep with 10.6.3 and H5 RC1. Of course, what I really want is everything with 10.6.3 with no exceptions, but it's making me crazy.
Can you offer any further tips on troubleshooting this? Perhaps you could tell me how to just fix sound in 10.6.3 without changing the sleep and power kexts? Or, could you point me to the specific method for getting to 10.6.2 that allowed you to then progress to this guide? Any suggestions are greatly appreciated.
I'm afraid I can't offer you anything else. This is what works for me, I'm only sorry it didn't work for you.
For your information, for one, HF5 RC1 is a, well, Release Candidate. Meaning the team (yes, there's a bunch of people who are willing to put effort on this to help others get OS X on their Mini 311's as well) is still in progress of finding out what's best for 10.6.3.
Also contrary to your claims that HF5 RC1 installs new PowerManagement kexts, I'm telling you it does NOT. It's basically HF4 (which I only got from the original HP Mini 311 Darwin Project by theproto). If you really wanna vent out your frustrations on sleep/resume, take it out on Cupertino and the developers of 10.6.3 update - it's the same thing I want to do cause they had to make 10.6.3 a problem for the HP Mini 311.
For installation procedure, find it in this very blog. Everything I ever did on my system is in here - no trickery, no secrets of the trade.
To finish off, I invite you to join us in the HP Mini 311 Darwin Project thread and learn along with the rest of the team.
Bizaaaaare ça. Normalement si tu vois le spinning wheel, tu doit voir aussi la pomme. . .
Tu peux consulter ton com.apple.Boot.plist encore pour vérifier si tu as "Boot Graphics"=Yes là-dedans.
Thanks for the super quick response. Please understand that I didn't mean to vent my frustration at you, I was just venting in general. I am eternally grateful for all of the help that you've already provided. Your blog has been an incredible resource for me, and I'm certain that countless others feel exactly the same way. Thank you.
I think my trouble might have something to do with my specific 311. I almost gave up when I was trying to flash my bios because I kept finding the exact same steps on every guide, and those steps failed on my system every time. Then, I found a post that mentioned some 311s now ship with a 2 MB bios instead of a 1 MB bios. I kept digging, eventually found a modified 2 MB bios, and it worked instantly. Now, with resuming from sleep in 10.6.3, it seems like I have another problem that almost no one else has. I'll report back if I find a solution, but I'm getting tired of experimenting so I'll probably just go back to 10.6.2 for a while.
Anyway, if it weren't for you and people like you in the community, this stuff would be completely impossible. Please keep up the great work, and thank you, thank you, thank you.
I didn't know about the 2MB Bios. I did find it weird when digging inside F.14, I found two files: a 2MB one and the other 1 MB.
So the newer 311's use the 2MB bios file. A friend's 311 got bricked cause he flashed it with the 2MB one when it's the 1MB he should've used.
I used this guide to update to 10.6.3 but now i get a kernal panic caused by sleepenabler. How can I fix this?
Try using HF5RC3 instead. I'll have a look at HF5 again.
First we need to get you to your desktop so you can run the installer. For that, use the HF4 USB you were instructed to create to boot up your Mini.
I already reinstalled my mini and got it up to 10.6.2. Should I try te guide again but this time with HF5RC3?
Yes, try with HF5RC3, it works. If you must really update to 10.6.3 - understand that you should only boot verbose mode in 10.6.3 because it's only that way that sleep is stable.
We're struggling with non-verbose mode boot (graphical boot) in the InsanelyMac development thread.
I tried again using HF5RC3 but I still get the same kernel panic.
I actually don't really need 10.6.3, I just want the speedstepping and ion to work.
I have OS X and Windows 7 on my 311. I'm locked out of OS X because I guess by installing Windows it got rid of Chameleon. So I followed your diskpart steps to activate certain partitions but when I rebooted it said "Missing operating system". Not sure how to repair this. Could you help me out?
Thanks for the .iso, but I didn't use it. Before I read your comment, a few hours ago I used my flash drive which contains Windows 7 on it to boot and I repaired the startup problem I was having. I'm still blocked out of Snow Leopard because Chameleon is not showing up. I still have theproto's old HF4 laying around but I don't have access to a Mac. I also don't have an external CD/DVD drive. Is there any way to restore Chameleon back on my 311 using a flash drive? Many thanks.
You have a Windows PC?
Create a MultiBootISO USB with BootCD-altPS2.iso inside.
You can use this guide. BootMyISO is the old name/version of MultiBoot but it works the same way.
oh and just replace "HPM311DP_1109CHF4.iso" with "BootCD-altPS2.iso", if you hadn't done that already.
Check if your installations, both Mac OS X and Win 7 are still ok.
Still running 10.6.0 on my mini and does everything for me :) No interest in updating unless the updates improve battery and performance?
I have everything working on my mini ie: sleep, sound, webcam etc) It just gets really hot compared to a windows boot with the mini fan sounding like a 737 getting ready for take off most of the time.
I'd like some advice. I have installed Snow Leopard on my HP Mini311, works well, have resolved the sleep issue, no problem. However whenever I install the upgrade for iLife 08 to iLife 09, I always get a kernel panic at the point of installation when the installer is running the package scripts. Does anyone have any idea what needs to be tweaked to resolve the kernel panic?


The Harmony Club Hotel is a typical city hotel in an exceptionally convenient position. It dominates the Marinske Hory part of the town and is situated close to the city centre's main road connection to the international route I/II. The hotel is also close to the Moravskoslezské Beskydy mountain range, which is the largest area of protected countryside in the Czech Republic, with its unique nature. The hotel is easily accessible both by car and by public transport (bus, tram).


text:
Watermelon Woman, The (1996): Cheryl Dunye's Significant Lesbian Film (LGBTQ)
April 14, 2009 by EmanuelLevy
The Watermelon Woman, Cheryl Dunye's saucy, daring, smart directing debut, is the first theatrical feature directed by an African American lesbian.
The film tells the story of Cheryl, played engagingly by Dunye herself, who develops a fascination with 1930s actress Fae Richards—a fictional character confined to playing "Mammy" roles in movies by a Dorothy Arzner-type director.
As part of the production, New York photographer Zoe Leonard shot cleverly constructed still images of Fae Richards and in the process (re)invented a history running counter to the invisibility of black women in early Hollywood and black lesbians in general.
The winner of the Teddy (The Berlinale) and Outstanding Narrative Feature (Outfest) awards, The Watermelon Woman also raised the hackles of unreconstructed reactionary Jesse Helms, who called the work "flotsam floating down a sewer."
If you want to know more about gay/queer cinema, please read my book:
Gay Directors, Gay Films? By Emanuel Levy (Columbia University Press)
Written, directed and edited by: Cheryl Dunye
Producers: Alexandra Juhasz, Barry Swimar
Cinematography: Michelle Crenshaw
Original Music: Paul Shapiro
Fae Richards pictures: Zoe Leonard
Cast: Cheryl Dunye, Guinevere Turner, Valarie Walker, Lisa Marie Bronson, Camille Paglia, Sarah Schulman
Cheryl Dunye, a native of Liberia, holds an MFA from Rutgers University. Her first short was Wild Thing: A Poem by Sapphire (1989). Her debut feature, The Watermelon Woman was awarded the Teddy Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. Her second feature, HBO Films Stranger Inside (2001) garnered her an Independent Spirit award nomination for best director. Her third feature film, Miramax's My Baby's Daddy (2004) was a box office success. Her other works have premiered at film festivals and museums worldwide. Dunye served on the boards of Outfest, the DGA, and the IFP. She has been honored with a Community Vision Award from National Center for Lesbian Rights, a Creative Excellence Award from Women in Film and Television, and a Fusion Award from Outfest and was selected as one of the 2008 PowerUp Top Ten Women in Showbiz.
Alexandra Juhasz, Professor of Media Studies, Pitzer College, teaches video production and film and video theory. She has a Ph.D. in Cinema Studies from NYU and has taught courses at NYU, Swarthmore College, Bryn Mawr College, Claremont Graduate University, and Pitzer College. Juhasz has written multiple articles on feminist and AIDS documentary. Her current work is on and about YouTube and other more radical uses of digital media. She produced The Watermelon Woman, as well as nearly fifteen educational documentaries on feminist issues like teenage sexuality, AIDS, and sex education. She is the author of AIDS TV: Identity, Community and Alternative Video (1996), Women of Vision (2001) and F is for Phony: Fake Documentary and Truth's Undoing, (2006, edited with Jess Lerner). www.aljean.wordpress.com.
The quintessential lesbian icon, Guinevere Turner started her career in Rose Troche's Go Fish (which she also co-wrote) (1994), and has appeared in a number of productions since, such as Kevin Smith's Chasing Amy (1997) and Dogma (1999), Tony Vitale's Kiss Me, Guido (1997), Q. Allan Brocka's Rick and Steve the Happiest Gay Couple in the World (1999), Jamie Babbit's Itty Bitty Titty Committee (2007), Angie Powers and Elizabeth Stark's Little Mutinies (2008) and (as Gabby Deveaux) in four episodes of the L Word (2004-2009). A true Renaissance woman, she has also collaborated to a number of screenplays, including Mary Harron's American Psycho (2000) and The Notorious Bettie Page (2005), and written two episodes of The L Word. She has directed a series of short films: Spare Me (2001), Hummer (2003), Hung (2005), Quiet Please (2008) and Late (2008).
A multimedia artist who has worked in sculpture, installation, and film, Zoe Leonard first exhibited her photographs in 1979 and has since established photography as her principal artistic medium. She has exhibited at Documenta IX and XII (1992 and 2007) in two Whitney Biennials (1993 and 1997), the Centre National de la Photographie in Paris, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Kunsthalle Basel and the Tate Modern in London, among others. In The Fae Richards Photo Archive (1993–96), created in collaboration with Cheryl Dunye, she stages an archival ruse through scripting, casting, staging, and performing the life of an imaginary black Hollywood actress and blues singer Fae Richards, whose accomplishments have supposedly disappeared into the pit of American cultural amnesia. In the seventy-eight images that comprise this work, we follow Richards's carefully annotated story from the earliest images of her as a teenager in Philadelphia in the early 1920s, to her heyday as a screen ingenue in the 1930s and '40s, to the Civil Rights era of the 1960s, to the final image of her as an older woman in 1973.
Curated by Bérénice Reynaud and co-presented with Kristin Pepe/Outfest.
Funded in part with generous support from Wendy Keys and Donald Pels.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
O primeiro-ministro da Jordânia é o chefe de governo do Reino Hachemita da Jordânia.

O primeiro-ministro é indicado pelo Rei da Jordânia, junto com outros ministros e membros do governo que recomendam o novo primeiro-ministro. O Parlamento da Jordânia, em seguida, aprova o programa legislativo do novo governo, antes que o novo governo assuma formalmente o gabinete. Não há limites constitucionais sobre o mandato de um primeiro-ministro, e vários deles serviram múltiplos mandatos não-consecutivos.

Os últimos cinco anos viram seis primeiros-ministros diferentes serem nomeados. Enquanto o governo cita essa variação como um sinal de abertura do rei para uma reforma, os críticos alegam que possa ser uma tentativa de desviar a atenção da percepção do absolutismo do rei.

Lista
Esta é uma lista de primeiros-ministros da Jordânia desde 1921.

Ligações externas
Rulers.org - Jordan
World Statesmen.org - Jordan

Jordânia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Happy Friday, my peeps! and happy Cinco de Mayo!!! I hope you're having a great week! I am ready for the weekend…although, my kids have swim time trials in the am and we have to be at the pool at 6:45 am. Yes, that's right, 6:45 am. No more sleeping in for us on Saturdays for the time being! But, the kids love swim team, so I am happy that they can do it! But, I will miss sleeping in, I must admit! Ha! Here are some of my Friday Favorites!
I'm not sure if you missed MONDAY'S POST, but if you did, you can see it HERE. I shared this fabulous DRESS and CLUTCH, both under $50. You can't beat the price on either of these closet staples!
This TOP is on sale for 40% off and it's such a cute one, you guys! The original post is HERE.
I shared our new favorite margarita recipe last week and you can see the recipe HERE. You might need to make these tonight for Cinco de Mayo! They are awesome!
I was invited to an event at Nordstrom a few weeks ago and got to get my makeup done by this amazing artist who works with CHARLOTTE TILBURY. I loved how my makeup looked. Wish he could come do my makeup everyday! PS I am OBSESSED with this TOP!
My kitchen is still one of the favorite topics around here. I still can't believe the transformation! Did you see the KITCHEN REVEAL POST yet? If not, you can see that HERE.
I shared my 30 day Pure Barre update last week! You can see the post HERE. I am still loving it so much and you can see more of my progress and what I'm loving about it, in this POST!
Mother's Day is a week from Sunday! I shared some gift ideas in THIS POST!
Well, I think that about covers it all, you guys! I really hope you have a fabulous weekend! XO!
I'm crushing on your kitchen! It's so pretty! I love the idea of open shelving, but I don't know if I'd be that dedicated to make it look nice all the time! Looks great!


"Gateway to the Scenic Conejos Canyon"
We have 3 primitive fishing cabins with electricity, close to bath house. A perfect place to lay your head down to rest after a long day on the river. Rent for $55/night.


text:
What does success look like?
Andy Murray (Photo credit: Carine06)
Even if I had the right skills at 25 years of age I could not have held my own against Roger Federer as Andy Murray did in SW17 yesterday.
Going up against a skilled older professional, in a grand slam tournament, in front of an audience of millions, takes some mental stamina.
Andy didn't win, but to my mind he also did not fail. He lost, that's all.
He was successful in reaching his first Wimbledon final. My sense is that he will have learned from the experience and will come back stronger next time.
Maybe it is me, but some of the language in the press coverage – Murray was 'beaten' and 'denied' – seems to put across too negative view of his achievement at Wimbledon this year.
Hopefully his coach Ivan Lendl will celebrate his experience on Centre Court this year. Playing in the final will take him one step further toward his ultimate goal. Who would bet against Mr Murray winning an Olympic medal, or the Wimbledon Championship sometime in the future?
Tagged: Andy Murray, Centre Court, Grand Slam, Ivan Lendl, Roger Federer, Wimbledon, Wimbledon Championship
Sharing Your Goals (Or Not)


Digital transformation can seem daunting, but it's also an imperative if businesses want to keep up with the fast-changing digital economy. Forty-seven percent of CEOs are being challenged by the board of directors to make progress in digital business, and 56 percent said that their digital improvements have already improved profits, according to a 2017 Gartner survey. Business leaders are quickly realizing that automation tools provide the agility needed to reap the rewards of a digital workplace.
At the core of many digital transformation strategies is business process management (BPM). As the need for improved efficiency continues to grow, however, many business leaders are looking to robotic process automation (RPA), an emerging technology that enables employees to train software "robots" to complete repetitive tasks.
The potential benefits of implementing RPA are impressive. According to an article published by McKinsey & Company, one organization reduced processing cost by 80 percent and saw a tremendous improvement in process quality after implementing RPA. In order to effectively leverage the technology, however, it's important to first understand how it differs from traditional BPM, as well as how both BPM and RPA work together to achieve common business goals.
BPM concentrates on reshaping an organization's existing business processes to achieve optimal efficiency and productivity. BPM software provides the foundation for large-scale projects that improve and streamline how business processes are performed. BPM software components can include business analytics, workflow engines, business rule management, web forms and collaboration tools.
RPA is a software technology that mimics the repetitive, routine human activities within a process, such as logging into and out of multiple applications, triggering responses or inputting data. Non-technical users can self-serve, configuring robots for themselves to solve their own automation challenges. These robots work directly across application user interfaces, performing tasks across multiple systems on the behalf of an employee. As a result, employees can better focus on high priority tasks and more interesting work.
While both BPM and RPA have similar goals, it's important to note that they are not competing approaches, since they can be implemented together in order to enhance process automation and bring more value than leveraging one tool alone.
Data entry, reporting and procedural tasks are critical to every organization. The person or team handling these activities, however, is using valuable time that could be redirected to projects that require more complex decision-making.
Below is an example of an automated network access request process, powered by BPM. After being approved by a supervisor, IT can then review and complete the request as appropriate.
In this example, the request has been automated with a BPM system but still involves methodical, manual work by IT. Some of the manual tasks required to complete the request could include logging into multiple applications, opening up the appropriate pages to grant access rights, applying the appropriate settings, logging out of the applications, and marking the request as completed.
While an IT professional may still need to monitor requests access requests, adding an RPA bot to perform the repetitive tasks in this process—as employees change roles, join the organization, etc.—will streamline and expedite the overall workflow. The person or team once responsible for fulfilling these requests reclaims valuable time to focus on projects that require more human intervention, reasoning and judgment.
According to a recent McKinsey Quarterly, RPA has quietly digitized 50 to 80 percent of back-office operations in some industries. With that much success, RPA is destined to join BPM as a core tool in most organizations' digital transformation strategies.
One reason for the rapid adoption of RPA software is because it can be used in conjunction with existing systems, enabling quick implementation without requiring backend changes. Existing systems remain in place and bots are added as an additional "layer" to perform the monotonous actions a person would typically need to perform. Once the bot has completed its task, BPM can take over and push the follow-up actions.
Strategic implementation is the key to successful deployment of these two technologies. BPM and RPA work together to enable organizations to offload time-consuming, repetitive tasks to bots, helping employees focus on higher priority work that allows them to use their talents on more interesting and impactful projects.
is a product marketing manager at Laserfiche, a leading global provider of enterprise content management software. He works closely with the marketing and development teams to develop strategy for Laserfiche's business process automation product suite, including robotic process automation, case management and prepackaged process templates that enable rapid business process automation and deployment. In his role, Buccowich builds Laserfiche demand through marketing campaigns and generates educational and training resources to promote the understanding of business process automation and its benefits. Buccowich received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles.


I've just added a new component to my HTML5 Web Components gallery. X-Gravatar is a custom tag, using Gravatar's REST API to display Gravatar profiles.
hash – Required username of the gravatar profile to show or MD5-hashed email of the user. You can create MD5 hashes here online. Examples: johnsmith or 14804fe005550d42595e1c2adb65c234.
mode – Optional display mode of the component, one of the following "full" (default), "compact" or "minimal".
width – Optional width of the component in pixels or percentage. Default: "100%".
height – Optional height of the component in pixels Default: "auto".
Have a great weekend, and don't forget to check the demo on this page.


LCD Backlit Display, with maximum reading of 3999.
AC voltage range: 0 to 1000V.
AC Current range: 0.1µA to 10A.
DC Current range: 0.1µA to 10A.
Auto power off (15 minutes).
ACV, DCV, ACA, DCA, Resistance, Diode, Frequency, Capacitance, Duty Cycle, Continuity, Temperature, Range Hold, Data Hold, REL.


© 2019 Next Generation Lighting, LLC.
Next Generation can provide continuing education credits to all types of industry professionals and is an approved AIA CES Provider.
Please contact us to schedule a training session. Training sessions focus on the latest industry trends, technology and applications of products.


KARACHI: The Pak Rupee ended down by nine paisas against dollar on Monday after gaining value earlier in the day.
The rupee ended Rs141.39 to the dollar from last Friday's closing of Rs141.30 in interbank foreign exchange market.
The interbank foreign exchange was initiated in the range of Rs141.10 and Rs141.20. The market recorded day high of Rs141.40 and low of Rs141.20 and closed at Rs141.39.
The buying and selling of dollar was recorded at Rs142.50/Rs142.80 the same last Saturday's level in cash free market.


We have plenty of rock climbers and mountaineers in our club. The use of certain types of climbing gear is banned altogether at some crags due to the risk of damage to the rock face.
There are many other grades but these are the most used. Either learn to deal with it or move on, because they are not going to want some worrywart ruining their psych day-in and day-out. One of these YouTube videos might help. Showering becomes a luxury. Whether you are just looking for an active friend to share a rope, or to meet someone special, this is the right place to find a partner.
Dating a climber means getting used to the fact that most of your nights together will be spent without freshly-washed sheets stretched across an expensive Sealy posturepedic. Climbing harnesses are what attach you to the rope and help you carry any important Stars In the Sky Dating Agency Jobs climbing gear with you. Even if they are the safest climber you know, climbers are still risking their lives every time they tie in and start scaling another rock face. Many find that it's easier to make friends as part of a group, and a brilliant way to meet other men and women who love rock, hemorroides internas sintomas yahoo dating whether climbing road-side crags or scrambling the high summits.
Theres a swimming pool, spa, gym, cinema, pub, shops and climbing walls for beginners. Eventually, the placement of bolts with the use of quickdraws led to the rise of sport climbing.
Many climbing area land managers institute nesting season closures of cliffs known to be used by protected birds of prey like eagles, falcons and osprey. For inspiration and to see for yourself what our members get up to, just browse the Pictures gallery. Greasy hair, dirty clothes, and that unmistakable climber musk are all points of pride. Find Climbing and Mountaineering Partners Searching for someone who shares your passion for climbing or mountaineering? The wrong conditions might just be the one thing keeping your climber from sending their project.
What has Outdoor Duo done for me? Solo climbing, or soloing is a style of climbing in which the climber climbs alone, without the assistance of a belay. However, climbing techniques, equipment and ethical considerations have evolved steadily. Hotels in New Zealand Share.
Find new friends at the rock lovers club Outdoor Duo can act as a climbers club for those who want to meet up in a group. Climb or scramble for a first date For single rock climbers or mountaineers looking to meet someone special, it makes sense to make your first date an active date. The stunning photos show brave climbers in danger of falling at any minute as they pose standing on the Kjeragbolten boulder in Norway, which has been wedged between two rock faces for years.


text:
By DMUAdmin News & Releases Ronald L. Rice
23 Jan: Rice Introduces Bill To Provide Equal Employment Opportunities For Projects Involving Federal Disaster Relief
TRENTON – In the wake of the rebuilding effort following Hurricane Sandy, Senator Ronald L. Rice, the Chairman of the Legislative Black Caucus, recently introduced legislation which would require that women and minorities in New Jersey receive equal employment opportunities when it comes to projects funded through federal disaster relief.
"As we pick up the pieces from one of the most devastating storms ever to hit New Jersey, we should treat the rebuilding effort as an opportunity to put people back to work, regardless of their race, creed, color or gender," said Senator Rice, D-Essex. "Historically, women and minorities have struggled for equal standing in our society and in the eyes of potential employers, and so we have crafted laws to preserve employment opportunities for them, particularly when government dollars are being spent. This bill extends that philosophy so that whenever the federal government grants New Jersey disaster relief aid – not just as a result of this storm, but moving forward into the future as well – that we give people an opportunity to earn a living."
By DMUAdmin News & Releases Paul A. Sarlo
03 Jan: Senate Advances Anti-Gang, Gun Crackdown
TRENTON – The Senate today approved a bill, S-2431, designed to crack down on gang activity in New Jersey by increasing penalties for illegal possession of handguns to up to $150,000 in fines and up to 10 years in prison.
The bill passed 32-0 and was forwarded to the Assembly.
"Targeting illegal gun possession is a way for law enforcement to crack down on gang members who can avoid prosecution for other crimes by intimidating witnesses," said Senator John A. Girgenti, a prime sponsor of the bill. "With charges of illegal gun possession, a police officer's testimony alone can take dangerous, violent offenders off our streets for up to 10 years."
19 Dec: Sarlo Anti-Gang Initiatives Moving Forward
TRENTON – Senator Paul A. Sarlo today said that he expects legislation he is sponsoring to combat gang violence and help rehabilitated gang members get jobs will come up for a vote before the Senate soon after clearing key Senate committees.
"There's a strong sense in the Senate right now that we need to be doing more to combat street gangs in our communities," said Senator Sarlo, D-Bergen, Hudson and Passaic. "It's a problem that affects all areas of our state. It's no longer just an urban problem."


Boko Haram militants continue their daily rampage across northern Nigeria, as they invaded the Shani Local Government Area of Borno State. They have reportedly set ablaze the Divisional Police Station in Borno State late Monday afternoon.
The militants stormed the Divisional Police Station, among other nearby houses, including shops, and vehicles using Improvised Explosive Devices and petrol bombs, and had opened fire indiscriminately with policemen reportedly fleeing the scene.
Shani is located about 250 kilometers south of Maiduguri, which also shares a boundary with some parts of Taraba state.
The Boko Haram reportedly preceded their attack inside the town, and started shooting sporadically. They also snatched one of the police patrol vehicles of the police residents, before they fled towards Gwaskara village.
On Sunday, gunmen fired at worshippers, and reportedly burned down four churches in a town near Chibok, the site of the Mid-April kidnapping of over 270 school-girls who remain missing. More than 30 bodies were recovered, with more turning up in the bushes from violence in the town of Kwada.
In Washington, U.S. State Department Spokeswoman, Jen Psake, was peppered with a series of questions regarding American efforts at assisting the Nigerian government in the recent spike in Boko Haram violence of recent weeks. Psake, was vague about those 'increased capacity and efforts' announced by State Department officials nearly five weeks ago. In the late question and answer session, Psake, said she could provide "no new information" about the church bombings, and continued reports of Nigerian military forces arriving late, fleeing, or addressing the recent attacks with a reported 'lackluster' effort on the part of defending Nigerian residents.
The half dozen questions posed to the State Department Spokeswoman centered on a perceived view that the Nigerian military is a force in 'disarray.' Psake, said that there was "no validation of these recent reports," only that the U.S. Government was "increasing the assistance" to the Nigerians. She cited the on-going training efforts, including assisting local law enforcement officials, and said that the U.S. had "boosted their capacity" inside the country.
The Nigerians, she said, "remain in the lead" in the fight against Boko Haram.
A resident of Shani told newsmen that the hinted news of the terrorists invasion into Shani was made public at 9am on Monday, local Nigerian time, when they were sighted by some women on their farmlands around Walama. It was there where the terrorists told them that they should vacate their farms as they have a deadly mission to execute in some undisclosed places in Shani.
A SaharaReporters reports that no lives were lost at that point, but the terrorists succeeded in burning down the police station, patrol vehicles, and had destroyed local properties running into the millions of Naira.


text:
Possible association of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) genotype with sporadic Alzheimer disease
Günther, C; von Hadeln, K; Müller-Thomsen, T; Alberici, A; Binetti, G; Hock, C; Nitsch, R M; Stoppe, G; Reiss, J; Gal, A; Finckh, U (2004). Possible association of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) genotype with sporadic Alzheimer disease. Neuroscience Letters, 369(3):219-223.
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is essential for transcription and replication of mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Disturbance of maintenance of mtDNA integrity or mitochondrial function may underlay neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD). TFAM, the gene encoding TFAM maps to chromosome 10q21.1, a region that showed linkage to late-onset AD in several study samples. We screened TFAM for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genotyped the G>C SNP rs1937, coding for S12T in mitochondrial signal sequence of TFAM, and the A>G SNP rs2306604 (IVS4+113A>G) in 372 AD patients and 295 nondemented control subjects. There was an association of genotype rs1937G/G with AD in females and an association of a TFAM haplotype with AD both in the whole sample and in females. The findings suggest that a TFAM haplotype containing rs1937 G (for S12) may be a moderate risk factor for AD.
45 citations in Web of Science®
46 citations in Scopus®
04 Faculty of Medicine > Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM)
Life Sciences > General Neuroscience
General Neuroscience
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.070
Günther, C
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf und Medizinische Fakultät, Hamburg, Germany
von Hadeln, K
Müller-Thomsen, T
Alberici, A
Scientific Institute for Research and Patient Care, Brescia, Italy
Binetti, G
Hock, C
Nitsch, R M
Stoppe, G
Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Reiss, J
Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany
Gal, A
Finckh, U


A resolution in favor of a fourth round of Iran sanctions cleared the UN Security Council Wednesday, 12 to 2 (with one abstention). China and Russia, increasingly unhappy with Iran's noncooperation regarding its nuclear program, joined the majority.
The members of the UN Security Council vote on Iran sanctions during a session Wednesday.
The United Nations Security Council on Wednesday approved a US-sponsored resolution of sanctions on Iran aimed at Tehran's advancing nuclear program, ending a six-month diplomatic push by the Obama administration to signal international displeasure with Iran's current course.
Passed by a 12-to-2 vote, the resolution focuses on Iran's nuclear-related investments and what some nuclear experts see as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps' growing involvement in the nuclear program, which Tehran insists is solely for providing nuclear power to Iran's civilians. The resolution also targets Iran's ballistic missiles program, and it authorizes countries to board Iran-bound ships to search them for banned cargo.
But unanimity in support of the resolution among the council's five permanent members – including China and Russia – represents a blow to Iran and its international standing. The resolution is also seen as a green light for the US, the European Union, and other countries to proceed to even harsher and more comprehensive sanctions on their own.
The Obama administration has been working with Congress, for example, to hold off on some popular bipartisan legislation targeting Iran's energy sector until the US completed its diplomatic press at the UN. And some European officials in Washington have said recently they expect momentum for additional European Union measures to grow with passage of the UN resolution.
Speaking in London Tuesday, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said the new resolution would provide a "legal platform" for "individual nations to then take additional actions that go well beyond the resolution itself." He added, "I believe a number of nations are prepared to act pretty promptly."
China and Russia did whittle out some of the resolution's toughest measures – notably on Iran's energy sector – during weeks of negotiations on a draft text. But in the end the two powers, increasingly unhappy with Tehran's lack of cooperation with the UN about its nuclear program, went along with a list of measures aimed at Tehran's nuclear advances and weapons systems.
A vote on the resolution – the fourth set of sanctions approved by the Security Council in the long-running international standoff with Iran over its nuclear ambitions – was delayed when Turkey and Brazil last month brokered a fuel-swap agreement with Tehran designed to reduce international concerns over Iran's continuing uranium enrichment.
Turkey and Brazil announced the agreement as a way of staving off new international sanctions. But the US and other Western powers quickly rebuffed the proposal as too little too late – especially since it did not require Iran to stop enriching uranium.
Some diplomatic experts see Wednesday's "no" votes from Turkey and Brazil as reflecting the two countries' disappointment over international rejection of their fuel-swap plan. Still, US officials in New York, including US ambassador to the UN Susan Rice, were adamant that the resolution, once passed, includes a set of "binding" measures that must now be internationally enforced.


Cropped and cleaned up copy of the RAW comic originally uploaded on CB+ by narfstar.
Activity (4 pages) Swing It!
Synopsis: The story of Marine Lieutenant Colonel Elmer Glidden, who survived more than one hundred Pacific combat dives, without getting wounded.
Synopsis: The story of Clarence Chamberlain, who flew non-stop from New York to Berlin, but only after Charles Lindbergh had already made his historic flight to Paris.


text:
import { Map, Set, List, fromJS } from 'immutable';
import { expect } from 'chai';

import reducer from '../../client/reducers/viewingReducer';

describe('reducer', () => {
  it('handles SET_VIEWING_STATE', () => {
    const initialState = Map();
    const action = {
      type: 'SET_VIEWING_STATE',
      state: new Map({
        username: 'testUser',
        currentFolder: '',
        currentFolderPics: new Map(),
        currentTags: new Set(),
        currentTagsPics: new Map(),
        currentCollection: new Set(),
        currentImage: '1',
      }),
    };
    const nextState = reducer(initialState, action);
    expect(nextState).to.equal(fromJS({
      username: 'testUser',
      currentFolder: '',
      currentFolderPics: new Map(),
      currentTags: new Set(),
      currentTagsPics: new Map(),
      currentCollection: new Set(),
      currentImage: '1',
    }));
  });

  it('handles FOLDER_SELECTED', () => {
    const initialState = new Map({
      username: 'testUser',
      currentFolder: '',
      currentFolderPics: new Map(),
      currentTags: new Set(),
      currentTagsPics: new Map(),
      currentCollection: new Set(),
      currentImage: '1',
    });
    const action = {
      type: 'FOLDER_SELECTED',
      payload: {
        folderName: 'myFolder',
        folderObj: new Map({
          f1: true,
          f2: true,
          f3: true,
        }),
      },
    };
    const nextState = reducer(initialState, action);
    expect(nextState).to.equal(fromJS({
      username: 'testUser',
      currentFolder: 'myFolder',
      currentFolderPics: new Map({
        f1: true,
        f2: true,
        f3: true,
      }),
      currentTags: new Set(),
      currentTagsPics: new Map(),
      currentCollection: List.of('f1', 'f2', 'f3'),
      currentImage: '1',
    }));
  });

  it('handles SELECT_TAG', () => {
    const initialState = new Map({
      username: 'testUser',
      currentFolder: '',
      currentFolderPics: new Map(),
      currentTags: new Set(),
      currentTagsPics: new Map(),
      currentCollection: new Set(),
      currentImage: '1',
    });
    const action = {
      type: 'SELECT_TAG',
      payload: {
        tagName: 'myTag',
        tagObj: new Map({
          t1: true,
          t2: true,
          t3: true,
        }),
      },
    };
    const nextState = reducer(initialState, action);
    expect(nextState).to.equal(fromJS({
      username: 'testUser',
      currentFolder: '',
      currentFolderPics: new Map(),
      currentTags: Set.of('myTag'),
      currentTagsPics: new Map({
        t1: true,
        t2: true,
        t3: true,
      }),
      currentCollection: List.of('t1', 't2', 't3'),
      currentImage: '1',
    }));
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Cletodes hartmannae är en kräftdjursart som beskrevs av Lang 1965. Cletodes hartmannae ingår i släktet Cletodes och familjen Cletodidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hoppkräftor
hartmannae


Hopping through my favorite knitting blogs — and even on new ones that I'd discover — I'd come across occasional mentions of bead-based stitch markers, with pictures of the cute ornaments. Seeing that I love both yarn and beads, I don't know why it took me so long to make some of my own. Maybe it's the fact that they're not removable? But I've even used rings made of scrap yarn for marking, so that's not it. Well, whatever the reason, it doesn't matter now because I made a few stitch markers!
These are real simple ones that just involve stringing combinations of glass beads and seed beads through head pins, making an eye loop and adding a jump ring. That's all a stitch marker needs, right? Here's one of them doing its thing with a shawl that I knit for my mom. I don't know if I'll make more anytime soon, but I saw quite a collection of markers in a blog post by Bethany (Orange Swan), and most of these markers don't have a jump ring in them, so I'm gonna try my hand at least a few.
I used large pearl beads (about 1.5cm in diameter), bead caps, head pins and jump rings for these pieces. And of course, earring findings for the dangles. I only had to string the pearl beads and the bead caps on the head pins, and make eye loops from the wire, so the set came out pretty quickly. I think the longest time amongst them all was for shaping the wire for the pendant hook. (Man are those head pins hard…) I then decided to add a jump ring to it so it's not really a hook now, it's a decorative addition.
I'm glad I chose these bead caps — they make the pieces look somewhat traditional, don't they?


text:
EKG, Gerontology, or Phlebotomy
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
Nursing Options
Healthcare Options
See all programs Apply now
About Labouré
Student Announcement
HEERF Quarterly Report (period ending 9/20/2020)
HEERF Quarterly Report (period ending 12/31/2020)
HEERF Quarterly Report (period ending 12/31/2020) - updated 2/4/21
HEERF Quarterly Report (period ending 12/31/2020) - updated 9/30/22
HEERF Quarterly Report (period ending 3/31/21)
HEERF Quarterly Report (period ending 3/31/21) - updated 10/6/21
HEERF Quarterly Report (period ending 12/31/21)
HEERF Funding Reports
HEERF II Funding 03312021
HEERF III Funding 06302021
HEERF III Funding 10/31/2021
CARES Act 30-Day Reports
CARES Act 30-Day Report (1)
CARES Act 30-Day Report (2nd)
CARES Act 30-Day Report (3rd)
CARES Act 30-Day Report (4th)
CARES Act 30-Day Report (final)
HEERF 30-Day and Quarterly Reports
The CARES Act Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund (HEERF) provides funding to institutions for emergency financial aid grants to students whose lives have been disrupted by the coronavirus pandemic.
Below is Labouré College of Healthcare's report through December 31, 2021.
HEERF III Funding: December 31, 2021 Funding Report
The American Rescue Plan Act of Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund (HEERF) provides funding to institutions for emergency financial aid grants to students whose lives have been disrupted by the coronavirus pandemic. Below is Labouré College of Healthcare's 6th 30-Day report and final report, pertaining to the ARP Funding awards.
With regard to the CARES Act Section 18004(a) (1), Labouré College of Healthcare acknowledges and assures that:
A signed Certification and Agreement was returned to the Department of Education on April 29, 2020 with the intention of using 50% of the funds received to provide Emergency Financial Aid Grants to students.
The total amount of funds that Labouré is scheduled to receive for the benefit of students is $1,158,602.00. The College committed to awarding $1,374,763.00 in emergency financial aid grants to students. Of the $1,374,763.00, $216,161.00 will be funded by the institutional portion that the College received.
$1,519,100.00 in Emergency Financial Aid Grants have been provided to students as of December 31, 2021.
The estimated number of students eligible to participate in programs under Section 484 in Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 and thus eligible to receive Emergency Financial Aid Grants under Section 18004(a)(1) of the CARES Act is 1,641.
As of December 31, 2021, 1,641 students have received funding.
Strategic members of Labouré College of Healthcare staff developed the methods used to determine which students will receive the emergency funding, as well as how much they receive. 1,641 students were awarded $1,000.00 or $750 each.
Labouré College of Healthcare will post instructions and guidance for students regarding ARP Act funding on its website. Eligible students will be emailed an application/certification form to request funding.
CARES Act 30-Day Fund Report
© 2022 Labouré College of Healthcare. All Rights Reserved.
Website Security and Privacy Policy


Click here to view the Maple Cornice pressed in aluminium.
The Maple Cornice features a small maple-leaf style design surrounded by vertical impressions and is available in the standard cornice length of 1840mm. The Maple Cornice is now available to be pressed in mill grade copper for a stunning ceiling effect! It can be matched with any Pressed Tin Panels® copper panel design. It can be left un-coated to discolour over time or please read our Panel Coating Information on clear coating in order to retain it's natural shine.


Sign a lease now through April 30th and receive your first 2 full months free with a 14 month lease.
KM Holdings-Highwood is located south of 13th Ave right off 32nd St S. This property is conveniently nestled in a residential area yet close to restaurants, shopping, interstate access, grocery and so much more! These apartments come with single and double stall garages, washer and dryer hook-ups, a balcony or patio, a dishwasher, and a fireplace in select units.
Cats are allowed at this property with an additional deposit.
Copyright © 2017–2019 Fargo Rents. All rights reserved. Website by Ecliptic Technologies, Inc.


How to Contact Yahoo Help Number?
The communication today is becoming more sophisticated than the previous years. There are lots of changes happening in terms of sending telegram or mails because of the advanced technology being used today that makes the communication easier. This can be in a form of sending messages, phone call or through webmail services wherein Yahoo is one of the popular modes of communication used by the public.
Yahoo is considered as one of the services nowadays that offers the best features. For many people, this is a great answer for them, especially for those who are seeking impressive email services. So, if you want to opt for this service, there is a need for you to find the best Yahoo support provider that can offer you an excellent service.
Through this service, there is no longer a need for you to worry about how to communicate because you can just simply sit down then ask for our assistance and then the proper solution regarding your problem would be delivered to you. Thus, they can help you create your email account and resolve some email issues. As you contact Yahoo providers, they can provide you assistance that can help deal with your email account issues efficiently and effectively.
Log in error or unable to open an account. They can help you reset your password through the use of modern technology. In case you forgot your password, they have well-experienced technicians that can help you evaluate your case before they come up with the right solutions.
Unable to receive or send emails. They can help you fix this problem and allow you to read the messages you need to receive.
Hacked Yahoo account. If your account has been hacked, it simply means there is someone who stole your password and acquires access on all your personal information and they can help you deal with this kind of problem.
Yahoo blocked. If your Yahoo is blocked, there is someone who might be using it intentionally and a Yahoo Technician can help you fix your Yahoo Account and resolve your problem.
Yahoo customer care 24/7. They can help you whatever time you need our help that will guarantee you to have better results from real experts including a professional Yahoo support. Since they have dedicated and hardworking team, they can help you fix all of your problems.
Contacting our Yahoo phone support can help you get the right support and get back to your own Yahoo account. Also, all of the questions you have in mind will be provided with the right answers. So, if your account has been hack or blocked, then Yahoo help will be the best option for you. Just contact our Yahoo phone number and we are ready to provide you the help that you need.
I can't get into my account I no longer have access to my old phone number.. help!
I can't get into my email. I don't have access to that phone number or old phone.


text:
Information technology -- Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods -- Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
ISO/IEC 18000 defines the air interfaces for radio frequency identification (RFID) devices used in item management applications. ISO/IEC 18000-6 defines the air interface for these devices operating at frequencies from 860 MHz to 960 MHz.
The purpose of ISO/IEC TR 18047 is to provide test methods for conformance with the various parts of ISO/IEC 18000.
Each part of ISO/IEC TR 18047 contains all measurements required to be made on a product in order to establish whether it conforms to the corresponding part of ISO/IEC 18000. For ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2006, each interrogator needs to be assessed for operation with both types A and B, while each tag is only required to support at least one of the types A or B.
It should be noted that measurement of tag and interrogator performance is covered by ISO/IEC TR 18046.
ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2006 defines test methods for determining the conformance of radio frequency identification devices (tags and interrogators) for item management with the specifications given in ISO/IEC 18000-6, but does not apply to the testing of conformity with regulatory or similar requirements.
The test methods require only that the mandatory functions, and any optional functions which are implemented, be verified. This may, in appropriate circumstances, be supplemented by further, application-specific functionality criteria that are not available in the general case.
The interrogator and tag conformance parameters in ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2006 are the following:
type-specific conformance parameters including nominal values and tolerances;
parameters that apply directly affecting system functionality and inter-operability.
The following are not included in ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2006:
parameters that are already included in regulatory test requirements;
high-level data encoding conformance test parameters (these are specified in ISO/IEC 15962).
Unless otherwise specified, the tests in ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2006 are to be applied exclusively to RFID tags and interrogators defined in ISO/IEC 18000-6.
ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2006 also describes all necessary conformance tests.
Automatic identification and data capture techniques


Thermal behavior of palm stearin (PS) and palm olein (PO) was explored by monitoring peak temperature transitions by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fatty acid composition (FAC), isothermal crystallization kinetics studied by pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (pNMR) and isothermal microstructure were also compared. The results indicated that the fatty acid composition had an important influence on the crystallization process. PS and PO both exhibited more multiple endotherms than exotherms which showed irregular peak shapes. An increasing in cooling rate, generally, was associated with an increase in peak size. Application of the Avaimi equation to isothermal crystallization of PS and PO revealed different nucleation and growth mechanisms based on the Avrami exponents. PS quickly reached the end of crystallization because of more saturated triacylglycerol (TAG). The Avrami index of PS were the same as PO under the same isothermal condition at lower temperatrue, indicating that the crystallization mechanism of the two samples based on super-cooling state were the same. According to the polarized light microscope (PLM) images, crystal morphology of PS and PO was different. With the temperature increased, the structure of crystal network of both PS and PO gradually loosened.
Palm oil is extracted from the mesocarp of the fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis. It is semi-solid and high in saturated fat at room temperature, with a natural melting point of about 306 K. Palm oil exhibits several excellent properties such as high productivity, low price, ease of the formation of β' type crystal, high thermal oxidative stability and plasticity at room temperature conditions . Therefore, palm oil is considered to be the most economical and abundant edible oil worldwide in the near future  and has been widely used as cooking oil, margarine, shortening in cooking, confectionery, bakery etc. However, the application of palm oils in their original form is limited due to their specific chemical composition. Palm oil consists of high melting point triacylglycerols (TAGs) and low melting point TAGs, resulting in a broad melting range. In practice, the modification operation of hydrogenation or interesterification (chemical or enzymatic) or fractionation on the physicochemical properties of palm oil would extend its use in food industry. Among these modification methods, dry fractionation is a fully reversible modification and is the simplest and cheapest fractional crystallization processes, due to the absence of effluent, no chemical consumption and no losses . In the dry fractionation process, according to the differences in melting points of TAGs, palm oil can be fractionated into many components containing liquid fractions (oleins, super oleins and top oleins) which can be used as cooking and salad oils, and harder fractions (stearins and mid fractions) which have applications as ingredients of frying fats, margarines, shortenings, as well as specialty fats . With the increasing health questions about trans fatty acids, replacement of partially hydrogenated fats by palm oils and palm oil fractions has attracted more and more attention. Palm stearin and palm olein manufactured by dry fractionation have different triacylglycerol compositions, thus resulting in oil-based margarine and shortening to present complex crystallization behaviors and different physical properties. Busfield and Proschogo observed several thermal transitions of palm stearin within their differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profiles . Braipson-Danthine and Gibonb pointed out that there was a clear relationship between TAG composition, melting properties and polymorphic behavior and of palm oil and fractions after analyzing a series of palm oil, solid and liquid fractions (stearins, mid fractions, oleins and superoleins) . Zaliha et al. studied the crystallization of palm oil in relation to the dry fractionation process, and found that the physical properties of the fractions were dependent on the cooling sequence . Using polarized light microscope (PLM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Chen et al.,found that during two-stage dry fractionation process of palm oil at temperatures below 295 K, the spherical crystals formed from the first fraction were in α form, whereas the needle-like crystals that nucleated later from the second fraction were in β' form . Palm oil fractions originated from different dry fractionation operation conditions exhibit different TAG composition and physical properties, moreover, crystallization behaviors of palm oil fractionations will also affect the physicochemical properties of the end products such as margarine and shortening, therefore it is of great significance to explore the crystallization behavior of the palm oil fractions.
Palm stearin (PS) of iodine value (IV) 8 and palm olein (PO) of iodine value (IV) 48 are the elementary palm oil fractions, which along with palm oil are the base oil when mixing to produce a lot of palm oil mixture products with different melting points and iodine values being applicable in many kinds of foods.
In this study, in order to gain a better understanding of the isothermal kinetics of PS and PO, the thermal behavior of PS and PO was investigated using DSC, and their isothermal crystallization kinetics was compared by pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (pNMR). From the isothermal crystallization kinetics, the crystallization process and the mechanisms of crystal forming and growth can be described in detail , which are very important for the quality of the end products. Isothermal crystallization exotherms obtained in this work were used to calculate the kinetic parameters according to the Avrami equation. The Avrami model was used primarily in the determination of n, the exponent in the Avrami equation, the value of which is associated with the mechanisms of crystal growth. A crystallization process in homogeneous nucleation with n = 4 follows a polyhedral crystal growth mechanism, a value of n = 3 a plate-like crystal growth mechanism, and n = 2, a linear crystal growth. Noninteger values of n are associated with heterogeneous and secondary nucleation . Also, their non-isothermal crystallization respectively at a cooling rate of 1, 5, 10 and 20 °C/min was tested.
The fatty acid composition of PS and PO is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Fatty acid composition of PS and PO (%).
As indicated in Table 1, PS and PO had the same kinds of fatty acids, but were different in content. PS was high in saturated fatty acid content, while PO was high in unsaturated fatty acid content. The content of C16:0 and C18:0 accounted for 46.70% fatty acids in PS, the content of C16:0 in PS was 26.18% higher than that in PO. PO contained 49.18% unsaturated fatty acid (C18:1 and C18:2), the contents of C18:1 and C18:2 in PO were respectively 22.90% and 38.62% higher than those in PS. The composition difference was attributed to the dry fractionation process where as crystallization proceeds, the more saturated triglycerides are gradually concentrated in the solid phase (stearin), leaving behind a more unsaturated liquid phase (olein) . Contents of the fatty acids composition matched with the iodine values of PS and PO. Higher iodine value was related with more unsaturated acid. Moreover, both PS and PO contained a small amount of carbon-chain fatty acids which made TAG compositions more complex. Generally, as a mixture of TAGs, natures of oil were closely related to the compositions . As a result, the thermal behavior of PS and PO will be closely related to their compositions.
The most important aspect of the physical properties of oils and fats is related to their melting and crystallization behavior . If crystallization conditions changed, crystal habit, crystal size and crystal numbers would be influenced. These changes will eventually be reflected in the product performance. In order to study the physical properties of PS and PO, their crystallization and melting behaviors were analyzed by DSC and shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Figure 1. Crystallization curves of PS (a) and PO (b).
Figure 2. Melting curves of PS (c) and PO (d).
As Figure 1 shows, exothermic peak changes appear during the crystallization process, which may be due to polymorphic changes. In the crystallization profiles for PS and PO samples, three similar exotherms emerged, indicating that these two samples had similar crystallization thermodynamics. The crystallization profile is characterized by the beginning of fat crystal formation, which is related with the rearrangement of molecules due to the presence of high saturated TAGs, and the end of crystallization, which is generally reflected by aggregation and compaction of molecules . The peak temperature and the required enthalpy variations of crystallization thermograms of PS and PO with 5 °C/min have been calculated, the exotherms temperature and enthalpy variations of the four peaks of PS are −9.52 ± 0.08 °C and 0.37 ± 0.10 J/g, 2.08 ± 0.08 °C and 21.93 ± 0.37 J/g, 11.10 ± 0.06 °C and 0.12 ± 0.01 J/g, 20.62 ± 0.44 °C and 15.76 ± 0.42 J/g, when those of PO come to −9.30 ± 0.12 °C and 0.34 ± 0.09 J/g, 1.39 ± 0.11 °C and 19.12 ± 0.32 J/g, 14.36 ± 0.35 °C and 8.51 ± 0.32 J/g. Exothermic peaks of PO were sharper compared to those of PS; this was due to the fact that the TAG distribution of PO was not as broad as that of PS. The temperatures and enthalpy variations of the two main exothermic peaks of PS were higher than those of PO. In essence, as the melt is cooled from above the crystallization temperature to below the crystallization temperature, it can be explained by the reason that there are more higher melting components in PS and more less melting components in PO. It can clearly be seen that the higher melting component exhibit more rapid crystallization. These results are in accordance with those reported for palm oil samples . Tan and Che Man  and Saadi et al.  have reported that the exothermic thermogram was affected only by the chemical composition of the oil and not by primary crystallization state, and the changes in the temperature transition of cooling thermograms display the behaviour of triacylglycerols contents as principal feature. The peak temperature of SUS(S- saturate fatty acid; U- unsaturated fatty acid)TAGs and SSS TAGs was −11.22~−1.69 °C and 13.72~27.64 °C when the cooling rate was 5 °C /min for the crystallization process studied by Che Man . According to Figure 1, it can be obtained that the exothermic peaks of PS and PO corresponded with those for SSS TAGs and SUS TAGs.
Figure 2 shows that the melting curves are more complicated than the crystallization curves, being broad and overlapping. The broadening effects between the four peaks were due to the broad TAG distribution of the samples . The melting peaks are multiple and irregular with four endotherms in Figure 2. According to Fredrick et al. , the melting profiles gave an indication of the amount of crystallized fat and the occurrence of polymorphic transitions. For Figure 2, the complexity of the melting curves shows there are different amount of crystallized fat and several types of homogeneous polycrystalline of PS and PO. The peak temperature and the required enthalpy variations of melting thermograms of PS and PO with 5 °C/min have been calculated. The peak temperature and the enthalpy variations of PS are −9.39 ± 0.12 °C and 0.19 ± 0.05 J/g, −1.41 ± 0.14 °C and 0.69 ± 0.08 J/g, 7.15 ± 0.12 °C and 13.06 ± 0.21 J/g, 38.99 ± 0.35 °C and 67.61 ± 0.48 J/g , while those of PO come to −7.22 ± 0.18 °C and 0.50 ± 0.11 J/g, −2.11 ± 0.09 °C and 0.66 ± 0.10 J/g, 6.94 ± 0.07 °C and 10.53 ± 0.24 J/g, 17.79 ± 0.11 °C and 14.66 ± 0.18 J/g. According to Kawamura , the different type of homogeneous polycrystalline presented with different enthalpy variations. Garti et al.  studied the role of emulsifier on the stabilization of the β' form and found that the first peak of the heating thermogram corresponded to the melting of the α form, while the last peak corresponded to the melting of the β form, and the intermediate peak indicated the melting of the β' form. Also, Che Man and Swe  found that the low-temperature peaks represented polymorphs β2' and α, while the high-temperature peaks represented polymorphs β1' and β1 according to the heating curves of refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil. Busfield and Proschogo  analyzed from the heating thermogram that the structures of palm stearin were α, β', and β. Che Man  have studied the heating thermogram of palm oil and palm stearin and pointed out that the peaks of PS around 39.2 °C and 6.9 °C represented polymorphs β1' and α, the peaks of PO around 19.4 °C and 6.2 °C represented polymorphs β1' and α, and the other peaks at the temperature below 0 °C could not be confirmed the polymorphs. Consequently, it can be proved that there were different types of homogeneous polycrystalline PS and PO for this study.
Figure 2 also demonstrates that the endothermic peaks of PO were sharper compared to those of PS. When the temperature was lower than 10 °C, the endothermic peaks of PO were larger than those of PS, indicating that there was more low-melting fatty acids in PO. When the temperature ranged from 17 °C to 40 °C, the endothermic peaks of PS were larger than those of PO, which was consistent with the higher content of high melting crystallized fat in PS.
DSC crystallization profiles and data under different cooling rates are summarized in Figure 3 and Figure 4. The scanning rate was 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 °C/min, respectively. The curves in Figure 3 are similar with those in Figure 4, so it can be considered that PS and PO have similar crystallization profiles changing with the cooling rate. From the figures, it can be seen that the position of the exotherms is dependent on the cooling rate, while the amount of the exotherms is independent on the cooling rate. The crystallization exotherms came to lower temperature as the cooling rates increasing. Also, the crystallization exotherms got broadened with the cooling rate increasing. For PS, two small exothermic peaks and two big sharp exothermic peaks can be seen in the range of 1 °C/min to 20 °C/min, when there is one small exothermic peak and two big sharp exothermic peaks in PO (Figure 3 and Figure 4), it may be caused by the dependence of the heat history of crystallization process. These results are in accordance with the study reported for milk fat and lard . It may correspond to the differential crystallization of higher melting TAGs firstly and lower melting TAGs secondly. When the crystallization process is slow, TAGs of similar chain lengths have time to associate with each other, co-crystallize, and fractionate. As the cooling rate increases, so does the rate of crystallization. As the system is crystallized rapidly, higher melting TAGs will be rapidly undercooled and initially crystallized, developing a solid within the liquid phase , and the polymer chains which come into crystalline lattice require a certain "relaxation" time, resulting in a "lag period" compared to the cooling process and it increases with cooling rate increasing . In addition, this is accompanied by a rapid increase in viscosity, thus heat transfer and mass transfer may be limited. Lower mobility of molecular chain prevented rearrangement of the crystal, thus forming unstable crystal.
Figure 3. Crystallization curves with different cooling rate of PS: 1 °C/min (a), 5 °C/min (b), 10 °C/min (c), 15 °C/min (d), 20 °C/min (e).
Figure 4. Crystallization curves with different cooling rate of PO: 1 °C/min (a'), 5 °C/min (b'), 10 °C/min (c'), 15 °C/min (d'), 20 °C/min (e').
Although the amount and shape of exothermic peaks for PS and PO in crystallization curves at different cooling rates are similar, the height and width of these peaks are quite different between PS and PO. The peak temperature and the required enthalpy variations of the main two big sharp peaks of PS and PO with different cooling rate have been calculated in Table 2. As Table 2 shows, all of temperatures of the main two exothermic peaks of PS and enthalpy values were higher than those of PO at the same cooling rate. This meant that PS was more easily crystallized with existing saturated TAGs. Crystallization at slow cooling rates gave more time to allow interactions between TAGs. The observed exothermic peak was attributed to the crystallization from transition of the saturated TAG. For PS and PO, with the cooling rate decreased, crystallization temperature of the peaks shifted to higher temperature while the enthalpy values became lower. Both enthalpy values of PS and PO provide a good expression on enthalpy requirements during interactions. This event was possibly attributed to the saturated TAGs.
Table 2. Peak temperature(Tp)and enthalpy variation(∆Hc) of PS and PO with different cooling rate.
It can be seen the cooling rates have strong effects on the crystallization behavior of PS and PO from the above results, so different crystallization behavior at different temperatures was exhibited, and this may affect the quality of oil and its products. In this section, for further study of the crystallization mechanism of PS and PO at constant temperature, PS and PO were crystallized respectively at −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C and 20 °C isothermal crystallization curves of PS and PO were examined by pNMR and analyzed. Solid fat content versus time profile during isothermal crystallization of PS and PO under the temperature of −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C can be seen from Figure 5 and Figure 6. Noticeable differences in the shape of the curves of the component fats can be observed.
Figure 5. Solid fat content vs. time of crystallization for PS.
Figure 6. Solid fat content vs. time of crystallization for PO.
There are two crystallization steps, one is nucleation forming, and the other is crystal growth. In order to form crystal nucleii, the fat system should stay in super-cooling or as a supersaturated system. Once the nucleation forms, they continue to grow and form crystals . Fat crystal generally experiences a fat-free period, nucleation form, rapid crystal accumulation period and endgame of crystallization with slowing down of speed and reaching the maximum. The shape of crystal SFC vs. time can give important clues for the crystallization mechanism of a particular substance . In a study of the interaction of partial acylglycerols and triacylglycerols in milk fat, Foubert et al.  reported two mechanisms of interaction with the triacylgycerol crystals. The first resulted in slower crystal growth, due to competition in binding with the triacylglycerols. The second form involved organization in a micelle structure of partial acylglycerols, acting as nucleation facilitators.
As indicated from the Figure 5 and Figure 6, when PS and PO stayed at lower temperature, higher SFC emerged. In this study, PS and PO were all heated up to 80 °C and held at this temperature for 20 min to clear the crystal history, then cooled to −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C for crystallization. Super-cooling level was higher when isothermal crystallization temperature was lower, so the nucleation rate exhibited rapid change as the crystallization rate did. Both the samples showed obvious S-curves at 10 °C and 20 °C, however, S-curves was not so obvious at −10 °C and 0 °C. The reasons were that nucleation and crystallization were at a faster rate when isothermal crystallization occurred at −10 °C and 0 °C. The fat-free period was inconspicuous, the fat could reach the end of crystallization quickly.
The crystallization curves of PS and PO show sharp slopes when the crystallization began at −10 °C and 0 °C. The slopes of PS and PO are almost the same. However, when the temperatures come to 10 °C and 20 °C, the slopes of PS were larger than those of PO, indicating crystallization rate of PS was higher. When the crystallization time came to 10 min, PS reached a stable crystalline form basically at −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C. Then the SFC changed very slowly, PO showed a slower changing rate at the same temperature. It may be due to the complex compositions of the samples. PS would crystallize faster and quickly come to the stable crystal form under the same crystallization temperature condition. At 20 °C, the SFC changing rates of PS and PO both slow down.
Different isothermal crystallization curves signify different crystallization mechanisms. Temperature changing not only affected the solid fat content of products but also affected the crystallization behavior of the product. Thus it would affect the nature of the products. In order to describe the crystallization behavior in more detail, the Avrami crystallization theory has been used, the Avrami equation fitted with the percentage of crystallinity, as a function of time by linear regression. The equation fitted the data very well over the entire range of fractional crystallization values. Correlation coefficients obtained were always higher than 0.96 for the linear regression of log[−ln (1−X)] on log(t). The Avrami exponent (n), Avrami constant (K), and the half-times of crystallization (t1/2) determined from the curve fits has been calculated and the results were shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Isothermal crystallization kinetic parameters for PS and PO.
As it can be seen in Table 3, the Avrami exponent n for PS and PO increased with increasing crystallization temperature, however, at a set temperature, the difference between the values of n between PS and PO was slight. It meant that PS and PO have the same mechanism of nucleation and crystal growth. The value of n reflects the nucleation and growth mechanism for details, the high value of n means a more complex mechanism of crystal growth. Kawamura  has tabulated values for the Avrami exponent n for various types of nucleation and growth. The value ranges from 0.5 to 4. For example, an n of 4 indicates a polyhedral crystal growth mechanism, where an n of 3 represents a plate-like crystal growth mechanism, and an n of 2 indicates a linear crystal growth. The smaller the n value, the faster nucleation forms and grows. Wright et al.  also pointed out that the n value of 1 corresponded to rod-like growth from instantaneous nuclei, whereas spherulitic growth from sporadic nuclei is expected when a value of 4 is obtained. Litwinenko et al.  have found that margarine system was generally a heterogeneous nucleation when the Avrami exponent (n) generally increased with increasing temperature, from approximately 1 to 4. For Table 2, the value of n increases with the temperature rising indicated that the temperature changes the mechanism of nucleation, it turned to low super-cooling sporadic nucleation from the high super-cooling instantaneous nucleation with the temperature increasing.
Besides, from the figures, apart from 20 °C of PS, the crystallization temperature increasing resulted in an decrease of crystallization rate constant(K) of PS and PO. This may correspond to the different driving forces of crystallization. The driving force depends on the super-cooling or super-saturation conditions, so the higher super-cooling was, the more rapidly crystallization happened. The crystallization would become slower with the lower super-cooling due to increasing temperature. The rate constant K of PS was higher than PO indicated that the crystallization rate of PS was higher than it of PO at the same temperature. The values of K and n had a significant change at 10 °C where K increased and n reduced significantly. This indicated that high temperature could greatly decrease the crystallization rate when the temperature was from −10 °C to 10 °C.
The half-time of crystallization (t1/2) defined as the time which the extent of crystallization is 50% complete. The shorter the half-time was, the faster the crystallization rate obtained. As shown in Table 3, a higher temperature leads to a lower super-cooling degree, thus the nuclei for the crystallization had more difficulty to form. PS had more saturated TAG, so it would result in higher super-cooling and nucleation could occur easily, so the t1/2 value of PS was lower than PO at the same temperature.
The disagreement between the SFC and TAGs of PS and PO, together with their different nucleation and growth mechanisms at different temperatures, as discussed in the preceding sections, implies differences in the crystal morphologies of the two samples. The most popular method to visualize the microstructure of fat crystal network is PLM. For the food with high fat content, the strength of crystal network determines the 60–80% hardness . After concluding the previous research of macroscopic physical properties of solid lipids, Narine et al. found that compared with other crystallization behaviors, the microstructure of fat is more significant to the macroscopic physical properties .
Figure 7 shows the isothermal photomicrographs of crystals of PS and PO at −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C and 20 °C. As indicated in the images, PS showed different crystal morphology compared to PO at the same temperature. Also, PS and PO formed different shapes of crystals at different temperatures. At −10 °C, both particles sizes of PS and PO are small, and well-distributed throughout the crystal system, and the crystals of PS were smaller than PO. Crystal aggregations can be seen in the photograph of PO while few were found in PS. At 0 °C, the number of spherical crystals of PS and PO were both decreased. PO formed a larger number of crystals and a denser network compared to PS, indicating that there were stronger interactions between the crystals of PO. When the temperature come to 10 °C, PO formed needle-like, clear frame crystals while PS showed spherical crystals and smaller particle sizes than that of PS. As to PS, the decreasing number of crystals indicated that the interaction between the crystals was reduced. When the temperature rises to 20 °C, disordered links between spherical crystals of PO were melted. Both of them showed independent, few, and larger size crystals, where PO still formed needle-like crystals and PS still formed spherical crystals. Summarily, a conclusion can be drawn that with the temperature increased, the structure of crystal network gradually loosened.
Figure 7. PLM images (×100) of PS and PO at −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C.
To further investigate the nature of the crystals produced under isothermal crystallization, the melting profile of PS and PO was obtained by heating the sample at the end of each isothermal crystallization process. The results are shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. According to Figure 8 and Figure 9, the crystals of PS formed at −10 °C showed a small low-melting endothermal peak around 2.68 °C, a sharp endothermal peak around 8.72 °C and a broad high-melting endothermal peak around 41.67 °C in the melting thermogram. At this temperature, fast nucleation with small spherulitic crystals was observed (Figure 7). The crystal structure was consistent with the growth mechanism which was presented above. For the size of the crystal of PS increased which formed at 0 °C, the low-melting endothermal peak with temperature of 2.68 °C disappeared and the endothermal peak around 8.72 °C and 41.94 °C decreased in size and increased in peak temperature. It can be interpreted by that there were more high-melting components in PS at higher temperature and different polymorph states were developed with different super-cooling. This is consistent with the crystal structure in Figure 7. Then with the temperature increasing to 10 °C, PS showed spherical crystals with increasing size (Figure 7), and the low-melting endothermal peaks disappeared and the higher melting peak showed an increase in its peak temperature (Figure 8). It indicated that a more stable polymorph state was developed . When the temperature rises to 20 °C, the size of spherical crystals increased (Figure 7) with the peak temperarue of endothermal peaks increased (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Melting thermogram at 5 °C/min on PS at the end of isothermal crystallization at various temperatures of crystallization.
Figure 9. Melting thermogram at 5 °C/min on PO at the end of isothermal crystallization at various temperatures of crystallization.
For the well-distributed small crystals of PO formed at −10 °C (Figure 7), there were two small endothermal peaks around −6.37 °C and 19.64 °C, two sharp endothermal peaks around 1.62 °C and 8.90 °C. When the temperature arrived 0 °C, there was only a big sharp endothermal peak around 9.91 °C while other peaks disappeared which appeared at 0 °C. At this temperature, small spherulitic crystals was observed in Figure 7. The needle-like, clear frame crystals formed at 10 °C (Figure 7) when there was only one small broaden endothermal peak around 16.84 °C in the melting thermogram. Then the size of this peak decreased and the temperature increased to 22.69 °C at 20 °C, melting spherical crystals of PO were presented (Figure 7). The complexity of the melting curve shows there are different amounts of crystallized fat and several types of homogeneous polycrystalline forms . It can be concluded that with the temperature increased, the different types of homogeneous polycrystalline form were developed with different nucleation and growth mechanisms.
PS with iodine value (IV) of 8 and melting point of 44 °C, and PO with IV of 48 and melting point of 24 °C were purchased from Yi Kerry Co. (Guangzhou, China). All chemicals used were of analytical or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.
Fatty acid composition of palm oil fractions was determined through direct methylation with sodium methoxide and methanol. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared according to the AOCS Official Method Ce 2-66  and subsequently analyzed on a GC-14B gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a fused silica capillary column (CP-Si188, 100 m × 0.25 mm × 0.2 mm i.d.) with a flow rate of 1 mL N2/min, and a flame ionization detector (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The temperatures of the injection port and detector were both 250 °C. The column temperature was controlled as following: initial temperature was set at 50 °C for 1min, then, heated to 190 °C with the rate of 8 °C/min and held for 2 min, finally increased to 220 °C with the rate of 3 °C/min. The fatty acid species was identified using the retention time of the FAME standard solution and quantified based on relative peak area. The triplicate measurements for each sample were performed.
The thermal properties of the samples were measured using a DSC (Texas Instruments, Diamond-1, PerkinElmer, Dallas, TA, USA) with a Refrigerated Cooling System (Texas Instruments, Diamond-1, PerkinElmer, Dallas, TA, USA). Nitrogen was used to purge the thermal analysis system at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The melted sample (4–5 mg) was weighed into an aluminum pan and sealed. An empty hermetically sealed aluminium sample pan was used as the reference.
In recording the cooling and melting curves, the samples were first rapidly heated to 80 °C with the rate of 30 °C/min from room temperature and held for 10 min to ensure that the fats were totally melted and all the nuclei were destroyed. Then, the samples were cooled to −20 °C at the cooling rate of 10 °C /min and held for 20 min to make them fully crystallized, then heated to 80 °C at the heating rate of 5 °C /min.
Prior to investigate the effect of the cooling rate on crystallization, samples were rapidly heated to 80 °C with the rate of 30 °C/min from room temperature to erase the crystallization memory, then the samples were cooled to −20 °C at a cooling rate of 1 °C/min, 5 °C/min, 10 °C/min, 20 °C/min, respectively. The cooling thermogram was recorded.
For investigating melting profile of PS and PO under isothermal crystallization, the samples were heated at 80 °C for 10 min and then cooled (100 °C/min) to a preset temperature (−10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C), and hold at that temperature for 50 min for crystallization, then heated to 80 °C at the heating rate of 5 °C/min. The melting thermogram was recorded.
For further study the crystallization kinetics of PS and PO, isothermal crystallization of palm oil fractions were performed in a Bruker PC20 series pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR) analyzer (Bruker, Mississauga, ON, Canada). A rapid cooling and an accurate temperature control were realized by a water bath (DC-3006, Xin Zhi Instrument Company, Ningbo, China) equipped with pNMR. The samples in the NMR tube were initially heated to 70 °C and held for 20 min to eliminate any thermal history before measurement, then crystallized respectively at −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C and 20 °C in the pre-equilibrated thermostatted water bath. The values of % solid fat content (SFC) were measured by NMR every minute. Each analysis was executed in duplicate.
where SFC(t) describes the SFC as a function of time t, SFC(∞) is the limiting SFC as time approaches infinity.
Crystal morphology of the PS and PO were obtained under the same isothermal conditions utilized in the pNMR studies using a polarized microscope with Polarizing Microscophy (PLM) (DMRX, Leica, Solms, Germany) with a Canon A640 digital camera attached (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). The samples were melted at 80 °C and a drop was transferred onto a glass slide with the aid of a capillary tube. A cover slip was then placed parallel to the plane of the carrier glass and centered on the drop of sample to ensure uniformity and desirability of sample thickness. After this period, the slides were transferred to a place at −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C and 20 °C. Images were taken from three different visual fields at a magnification of 500. A single image was selected for the analysis .
PS and PO were separated from palm oil. The crystallization of PS and PO were closely associated with their chemical characteristics. PS and PO have the same kinds of fatty acids, but differ in content. Both of them showed quite similar exotherms. Compared to PO, exotherms of PS are sharper. The position and magnitude of the exotherms were dependent on the cooling rate. In respect to isothermal crystallization, when the crystallization temperature rose, the n value in Avrami equation increased, but n values were almost the same at the same temperature. The mechanism of nucleation changed from the high super-cooling instantaneous nucleation to low super-cooling sporadic nucleation. PS showed different crystal morphology compared to PO at the same temperature, also PS and PO formed different shapes of crystals at different temperatures. By controlling the crystallization process of PS and PO, its application in specific processes could become possible.
This work is supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (No. 31130042 and No. 20976061), the National Key Technology R&D Program (No. 2012BAD37B01), NCET-10-0395 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, SCUT (No. 2011ZZ0084).
AOCS Official Method Ce 2-66: Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. In Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 5th; Firestone, D. (Ed.) American Oil Chemists' Society: Champaign, IL, USA, 1997.