text:
County - ZIP Code Database TM (January 2021 data)
The County - ZIP Code Database lists every county-ZIP code combination in the USA and its territories!
The County - ZIP Code Database lists all ZIP codes and counties in the United States and its territories to which the US Postal Service (USPS) delivers mail. What makes this database unique is that it lists every county-ZIP code combination which exists in the real world. Other databases list only a single county for each ZIP code.
In the real world, ZIP code boundaries often cross county boundaries. This means that a particular ZIP code may lie in several counties. In fact more than 20 percent of all ZIP codes lie in more than one county. For example, ZIP code 38583 covers portions of five different counties! Clearly, you cannot assume that a particular ZIP code lies completely within the one county listed by other ZIP code databases.
This means that you cannot determine the correct county with 100 percent accuracy using only the 5-digit ZIP code. If you want to find the correct county with 100 percent accuracy for a given address, you must use an address matching product, such as our product Perfect Address, which can find the correct county for every address to which the USPS delivers mail.
Using the County - ZIP Code Database, you can find every ZIP code which lies partially or completely within a given county. Or you can find all counties which contain some portion of a particular ZIP code. You also can find the preferred city name associated with any ZIP code, and the county FIPS code associated with any county.
The database contains approximately 55,000 records.
We update every record in County - ZIP Code Database monthly, so you always receive the latest and most up-to-date data. You can't get more accurate and timely ZIP code data from any other source! We license our ZIP code data directly from the US Postal Service.
Record Layout
County Name Variable length 25 alpha maximum, mixed case
ZIP code Fixed length 5 numeric characters
ZIP code type Fixed length 1 character (P, U, M, or blank)
County FIPS Code Fixed length 5 (2 + 3) numeric characters
City Name Variable length 28 alpha maximum, mixed case
State Code Fixed length 2
Address Record Count Variable length 5 numeric characters
Prevalent-County Flag Fixed length 1 char (Y or blank)
Multiple-County Flag Fixed length 1 char (Y or blank)
The County Name field identifies a county which contains some or all of the ZIP code identified by the ZIP code field.
The ZIP Code field identifies one ZIP code which lies at least partially within the boundaries of the county identified by the County Name field. Note that portions of this ZIP code may also lie within the boundaries of other counties. The ZIP code field is treated as a text field, not a numeric field. This is to prevent the loss of the leading zeroes in certain ZIP codes when the data is imported into a database program.
The ZIP Code type field identifies special ZIP codes used for PO Boxes, companies, or the military.
The County FIPS Code is a 5-digit field containing a unique numeric identification assigned to each county in a given state by the US government. We have combined the 2-digit state FIPS code with the 3-digit county FIPS code to yield a 5-digit code which can be used to uniquely identify each county in the USA. The County FIPS field is also treated as a text field to prevent the loss of leading zeroes.
The City Name field identifies the one city associated with that particular ZIP code (and NOT necessarily the County) by the USPS. Note that, in some cases, the city may actually reside in a different county. This apparent error exists because the USPS associates a ZIP code with one "preferred" city name, even if that city is physically in a different county. This city name is the name preferred by the USPS for use on mail sent to that one ZIP code.
The State Code is the USPS 2-character state abbreviation, such as CA for California.
The Address Record Count field identifies the number of ZIP+4 address records that list both that one particular County and that one particular 5-digit ZIP code. This field provides a method of determining the relative portion of a given ZIP code which lies within a given county. Note, however, that this number is not based on area or population, but on actual ZIP+4 address records in the USPS ZIP+4 address database (not included with this database).
The Prevalent-County flag is set to "Y" if that county countains the largest portion (or all) of the ZIP code. For each ZIP code there should be only one record containing a "Y" in this field. If the ZIP code lies in more than one county, there will be multiple records containing this ZIP code, but only one record will have the Prevalent-County flag set to "Y".
The Multiple-County flag is set to "Y" if the ZIP lies in more than one county. If this flag is set to blank, the ZIP code lies completely within the boundaries of the specified county.
Sample Records
This is an example of a ZIP code that lies in five different counties:
ZIP Type
Cnty FIPS
ST Code
Address Records
Prevalent County
Multi-County
Click here to download sample records in comma-delimited ASCII (CSV) format.
Click here to download sample records in comma-delimited ASCII (CSV) format, compressed with WinZip.
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text:
Spencer és una població dels Estats Units a l'estat de Dakota del Sud. Segons el cens del 2000 tenia una població de 157 habitants.

Demografia
Segons el cens del 2000, Spencer tenia 157 habitants, 64 habitatges, i 44 famílies. La densitat de població era de 233,1 habitants per km².

Dels 64 habitatges en un 31,3% hi vivien nens de menys de 18 anys, en un 59,4% hi vivien parelles casades, en un 6,3% dones solteres, i en un 31,3% no eren unitats familiars. En el 31,3% dels habitatges hi vivien persones soles el 20,3% de les quals corresponia a persones de 65 anys o més que vivien soles. El nombre mitjà de persones vivint en cada habitatge era de 2,45 i el nombre mitjà de persones que vivien en cada família era de 3,05.

Per edats la població es repartia de la següent manera: un 28,7% tenia menys de 18 anys, un 6,4% entre 18 i 24, un 25,5% entre 25 i 44, un 21,7% de 45 a 60 i un 17,8% 65 anys o més.

L'edat mediana era de 37 anys. Per cada 100 dones de 18 o més anys hi havia 80,6 homes.

La renda mediana per habitatge era de 21.250 $ i la renda mediana per família de 34.688 $. Els homes tenien una renda mediana de 26.250 $ mentre que les dones 22.500 $. La renda per capita de la població era de 13.164 $. Entorn del 7% de les famílies i l'11,4% de la població estaven per davall del llindar de pobresa.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

Entitats de població de Dakota del Sud

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The second single released as the double A-side of Do The Dugs Digs/Hip Hopola in 1993.
The track featuring live instrumentation samples a number of records, namely The Beastie Boys Car thief scratch effect and Melvin Bliss Synthetic Substitution break throughout.
A more harder remix by a certain "Bob Muslim" was released also, and features a extra verse by Oatie.
11. ¿Do the Digs Dug?


The Italian Program in the Department of European Languages and Literatures at Queens College, The City University of New York, is seeking to hire a year-long Substitute Lecturer of Italian for the 2018-19 Academic year. The preferred candidate will have a completed PhD in Italian. The program is looking for a dynamic instructor with expertise in teaching Italian language at all levels, the ability to teach courses in 19th and 20th century Italian literature in English or Italian, competency with academic digital technology and technology in the classroom.
Send a copy of CV, cover letter, teaching philosophy statement, and three letters of recommendation to Dr. Eugenia Paulicelli, Chair Search Committee. Only electronic submissions will be accepted. Please send all items to Ms. Ivette Maldonado at Ivette.Maldonado@qc.cuny.edu with the subject line "Italian Search." Review of applications will begin on April 16, 2018.


Fifteenth Week in Ordinary Time - My Catholic Life!
This is not a common experience. It is clear that people were in such awe of our Lord that they were drawn to Him with a holy and divine attraction. The crowds were mesmerized by Jesus and they hung on His every word. They were so drawn to Him that they crowded along the shore to listen as Jesus spoke from the boat.
This Gospel story should pose a question to you on a personal level. Are you drawn to Jesus in a similar way? There are many things we find ourselves drawn to. It may be some hobby, or a personal interest, perhaps it's your job or some other aspect of your life. But what about our Lord and His holy Word? How drawn to Him are you?
Ideally, we should discover within our hearts a burning desire to be with Jesus, to know Him, love Him and encounter His mercy more fully in our lives. There should be a tug on our hearts that is placed there by Jesus Himself. This tug becomes a divine attraction that becomes the central motivation for our lives. From this attraction we respond to Him, listen to Him and give our lives more fully to Him. This is a grace given to those who are open and are ready and willing to hear and respond.
Reflect, today, upon the merciful Heart of our Lord calling you to turn to Him with all the powers of your soul. Allow Him to draw you in and respond by giving your time and attention to Him. From there, He will lead you where He desires you to go.
Lord, my life is Yours. Please draw me into Your most merciful Heart. Help me to be mesmerized by Your splendor and goodness. I give to You all the powers of my soul, dear Lord. Please take me and lead me according to Your most holy will. Jesus, I trust in You.
Does God care about the smallest details in your life? Does He care about you receiving proper food and housing? Does He care about your proper emotional, material and spiritual support? He certainly does!
Sometimes it can happen that we fail to realize how completely God cares for us. We can fall into the trap of getting consumed by the fear and anxiety of daily concerns. We can worry that we will not have enough for tomorrow or even today. This worry can concern us regarding all parts of our lives — relationships, emotions, material needs, spiritual strength, etc.
What we need to know, with complete certainty, is that God is attentive to every detail of our lives. He knows all and loves us in such a complete way that He will not abandon us ever. He will never allow us to be without those things we need to live a full and fruitful life.
Do you believe that? At times it can be hard to believe. At times we can feel overwhelmed and believe that we must take care of everything ourselves. It is true that we are called to offer all our energy and talent to God so that He can use us and work through us. But we should never forget that God is ultimately the one taking care of us and is the one most attentive to our every need.
Reflect, today, on the level of abandonment that you have to divine providence. Pray this prayer below and reflect upon how completely you can make it yours. Jesus, I trust in You!
These words were spoken by a scholar of the law to Jesus. He was quoting the Old Testament Law of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (Leviticus 19:18, Deuteronomy 6:5, 10:12). Jesus commended him for speaking these words. But then the scholar asked Jesus, "And who is my neighbor?" Jesus responded by telling him the familiar story of the Good Samaritan.
The story of the Good Samaritan is one that should wake us up to some not-so-pleasant truths about love of neighbor, or the lack thereof. First, a priest and a Levite walked by the beaten and suffering man on the side of the road and ignored him, passing on the opposite side of the road. Then the Samaritan walked by, was filled with compassion, and went out of his way to help the man.
The conclusion is obvious. We should be like the Good Samaritan who showed mercy to the man in need. On an intellectual level it is easy to conclude this fact. However, in practice, it is not always the case.
It's interesting that Jesus used a priest in the story as the first person to walk on the opposite side of the road. One thing this tells us is that too often we seek a so-called "exterior holiness" while, in truth, we lack authentic "interior holiness." The priest can be seen as a symbol of those who claim to be Christian on the surface but fail to live their holiness in their actions. Without living true love of neighbor, we are frauds and do not live up to our sacred calling.
Reflect, today, upon the difference between exterior and interior holiness. The ideal is that your inner life is so completely consumed by the love of God that it overflows into your exterior actions. If your love of God is not fully alive within the depths of your heart, there is no way that you can, in fact, be truly holy.
Lord, help me to authentically love You with my whole heart, mind, soul and strength. Help me to have such an honest love for You that it also overflows into my love for others. May Your precious gift of holiness permeate my life and enable me to love You and others in a total way. Jesus, I trust in You.
Hmmm…was this a typo? Did Jesus really say this? This is one of those passages that can leave us a bit baffled and confused. But Jesus does this all the time so we shouldn't be surprised. So what does Jesus mean? Does He really want to bring the "sword" and division rather than peace?
It's important when reading this passage that we read it in light of everything else Jesus has ever written. We must read it in light of all His teachings on love and mercy, forgiveness and unity, etc. But with that said, what was Jesus talking about in this passage?
power to deeply unite us to God when we fully accept it as the Word of Truth. But another effect is that it divides us from those who refuse to be united to God in the Truth. We are not intending this and we ought not do so by our own will or intention, but it must be understood that by immersing ourselves in the Truth, we are also putting ourselves at odds with everyone who may be at odds with God and His Truth.
Our culture today wants to preach what we call "relativism." This is an idea that what is good and true for me may not be good and true for you but that, in spite of all having different "truths," we can still all be one happy family. But that's not the Truth!
The Truth (with a capital "T") is that God has established what is right and what is wrong. He has set His morallaw over all of humanity and this cannot be undone. He has also set forth the truths of our faith and those cannot be undone. And that law is as true for me as it is for you or anyone else.
This passage above offers us the sobering reality that by rejecting all forms of relativism and by holding onto Truth, we also run the risk of division, even with those in our families. This is sad and this hurts. Jesus offers this passage especially to strengthen us when this happens. If division happens as a result of our sin, shame on us. If it happens as a result of the Truth (as offered in mercy), then we should accept it as a result of the Gospel. Jesus was rejected and we should not be surprised if that happens to us, too.
Reflect, today, upon how fully you are ready and willing to accept the full Truth of the Gospel no matter the consequences. The full Truth will set you free and will also, at times, reveal the division present between you and those who have rejected God. You must pray for unity in Christ, but not be willing to compromise so as to bring about a false unity.
Lord, give me the wisdom and courage I need to accept all You have revealed. Help me to love You above all things and to accept whatever the consequences are of me following You. Jesus, I trust in You.
ve that comes in the form of a clear chastisement. It may just be the key to helping those you love to love God all the more.
Life is complicated. Or is it? That's a good question. At times things can seem very complicated. Situations we find ourselves in, relationships with family and friends, our future, our past, etc., can all seem burdensome and complicated at times. But the truth is that it doesn't have to be. The truth is that God's answers to the most "complex" questions in life are often simple enough for a child to understand.
In the passage above, Jesus affirms that the Father reveals His answers and wisdom to those who are childlike. Interestingly, He also states that the Father has "hidden these things from the wise and learned." So this begs the question…is it better to be "wise and learned" or "childlike?" Obviously the answer is that it's better to be childlike.
This may seem confusing at first. It can seem strange to say that it's not good to be "wise and learned." But what that means is that it's not good to be a person who thinks they have it all figured out. It's not good to be arrogant and a know-it-all. It's not good to be so filled with pride that we think we have all the answers.
The ideal is to have certain characteristics of a child. In particular, it's good to be one who is open, curious, and willing to learn. It's good to look at life in the simplest of ways and to stick to the basics. Sure, it's good to grow in wisdom and knowledge of the things of God. But true wisdom and knowledge always maintain a certain innocence and simplicity. They maintain a basic goodness and acceptance of right and wrong. Life does not have to be complicated, it needs to become exceptionally simple.
Reflect, today, upon how ready and willing you are to turn to God for the simple and clear answers to life's most difficult questions. Reflect upon how willing you are to turn to God in trust and hope knowing that God has all the answers to your life.
Lord, once again I turn to You in trust. Help me to realize that all wisdom comes from You rather than myself. Help me to always turn to You as a child would and help my life to remain simple as You desire. Jesus, I trust in You.
This invitation from Jesus is one that we may need to hear far more often than we realize. It's a gentle invitation to let our Lord lighten our daily burden, relieve our worries, our stress, our concerns and all that weighs us down. It's an invitation of love and mercy and is one we should always accept.
What is it that burdens you? What is it that weighs you down and tempts you to fall into depression, sorrow or even despair? Is there something that you tend to think about obsessively? Is there some concern that you can't seem to shake? Whatever it is that troubles your heart, Jesus wants to lift it.
Sometimes we can go through life with heavy burdens that we are afraid to let go of. We can be fearful of coming to Jesus and fearful of letting Him in. Coming to Jesus means we must face whatever it is that burdens us with honesty and openness and we must face these burdens in the presence of Jesus.
But the key thing we need to know is that Jesus is gentle, merciful and generous in forgiveness and grace. He longs to lift our burdens far more than we long to have them lifted. He sees the oppression many face and so deeply desires to have that oppression eliminated.
Reflect, today, upon that gentle invitation from Jesus: "Come to me." Come to Him without fear and without hesitation. Turn everything over to Him and let Him sort things out. He loves you more than you know and will set your feet on the right path.
ing. Jesus, I trust in You.
The Apostles of Jesus were hungry and they picked heads of grain as they walk along to satisfy their hunger. As a result, the Pharisees condemned the Apostles for doing what they claimed was "unlawful" on the Sabbath. They claimed that picking heads of grain as they walked along was considered "work" and, thus, they violated the law requiring rest on the Sabbath.
Really? Did the Pharisees seriously think that the Apostles sinned by picking grain as they walked along to satisfy their hunger? Hopefully it's not hard for us to see the absurdity and irrationality of this condemnation. The Apostles did nothing wrong but were condemned nonetheless. They were "innocent men" as Jesus points out.
Jesus responds to the irrationality of the Pharisees by reminding them of the Scripture, "I desire mercy, not sacrifice." And He points out that the Apostles were wrongly condemned because the Pharisees do not understand this passage and this command from God for mercy.
The Sabbath commandment to rest was from God. But the commandment to rest was not a requirement for its own sake. This was not some legal requirement that somehow honored God just by strictly keeping it. The Sabbath rest was primarily a gift from God to humanity in that God knew we needed rest and rejuvenation. He knew we needed time each week to slow down, offer special worship to God and enjoy the company of others. But the Pharisees turned the Sabbath rest into a burden. They made it out to be a strict legalistic observance that did nothing to glorify God or refresh the human spirit.
One key truth we can learn from this passage is that God calls us to interpret His law through the eyes of mercy. Mercy always refreshes us, lifts us up and fills us with new energy. It motivates us to worship and fills us with hope. Mercy does not impose a heavy legalistic burden upon us; rather, God's mercy and law together rejuvenates us and refreshes us.
Reflect, today, upon how you look at God's commands and His law. Do you see it as a legalistic and burdensome requirement? Or do you see it as a blessing of God's mercy meant to lighten your load?
Lord, help me to love Your law. Help me to truly see it in the light of Your mercy and grace. May I be refreshed by all You command and be lifted up by Your will. Jesus, I trust in You.


Kythnos Bay Hotel is situated in the Cyclades, on the beautiful island of Kythnos in the gulf of Loutra, accessible through a small road 20 meters from the sea anf offering a breathtaking view on the picturesque gulf. Kythnos is famous for its numerous beaches, among which Schinari and Loutra are in walking distance from the hotel, with the latter being in the heart of several bars and close to the Diving Center. The churches of Agia Ekaterini and Agia Eirini are at short distance from Loutra, ideally situated for a wedding or a baptism in an island atmosphere.
The thermal springs are on your door step from the hotel. The area combines the calmness of a village by the sea with the cheerful ambiance of summer nights in vivid taverns and bars in front of the sea.


text:
package polecalc

import "math"

// One-parameter scalar self-consistent equation
type SelfConsistentEquation interface {
	// return the absolute error associated with this equation under the given interface{}
	AbsError(args interface{}) float64
	// set the appropriate variable in args to value
	SetArguments(value float64, args interface{}) interface{}
	// range of possible values for SetArguments
	Range(args interface{}) (float64, float64, error)
}

// Return an interface{} which solves eq to tolerance of BisectionFullPrecision
func Solve(eq SelfConsistentEquation, args interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
	eqError := func(value float64) float64 {
		args = eq.SetArguments(value, args)
		return eq.AbsError(args)
	}
	leftEdge, rightEdge, err := eq.Range(args)
	if err != nil {
		return args, err
	}
	left, right, err := FindBracket(eqError, leftEdge, rightEdge)
	if err != nil {
		return args, err
	}
	solution, err := BisectionFullPrecision(eqError, left, right)
	if err != nil {
		return args, err
	}
	args = eq.SetArguments(solution, args)
	return args, nil
}

// Return a slice of interface{}'s which solve eq
func MultiSolve(eq SelfConsistentEquation, args interface{}) ([]interface{}, error) {
	eqError := func(value float64) float64 {
		args = eq.SetArguments(value, args)
		return eq.AbsError(args)
	}
	leftEdge, rightEdge, err := eq.Range(args)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	brackets, err := MultiBracket(eqError, leftEdge, rightEdge)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	solutions := []interface{}{}
	for _, bracket := range brackets {
		left, right := bracket[0], bracket[1]
		solution, err := BisectionFullPrecision(eqError, left, right)
		if err != nil {
			return solutions, err
		}
		solutions = append(solutions, eq.SetArguments(solution, args))
	}
	return solutions, nil
}

// A group of self-consistent equations which may be coupled and must all be
// solved for the group to be considered solved.
type SelfConsistentSystem struct {
	Equations  []SelfConsistentEquation
	Tolerances []float64
}

// Solve the self-consistent system, returning the resulting interface{}
func (system *SelfConsistentSystem) Solve(args interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
	i := 0
	for !system.IsSolved(args) {
		// this should never be true: if it is, failed to iterate
		if i >= len(system.Equations) {
			panic("self-consistent system overran bounds")
		}
		// set args to the value that solves the equation
		newEnv, err := Solve(system.Equations[i], args)
		if err != nil {
			return args, err
		}
		args = newEnv
		// check if we need to iterate
		if !system.solvedUpTo(args, i) {
			// previous equations have been disturbed; restart
			i = 0
		} else {
			// ok to continue to next equation
			i++
		}
	}
	return args, nil
}

// Check if the first (maxIndex + 1) equations are solved
func (system *SelfConsistentSystem) solvedUpTo(args interface{}, maxIndex int) bool {
	for i, eq := range system.Equations {
		if i > maxIndex {
			break
		}
		if math.Abs(eq.AbsError(args)) > system.Tolerances[i] {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

// Are all the self-consistent equations solved?
func (system *SelfConsistentSystem) IsSolved(args interface{}) bool {
	if len(system.Equations) == 0 {
		return true
	}
	return system.solvedUpTo(args, len(system.Equations)-1)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In the old days people read the classic books, there wasn't all this competition.
His classic book on group theory was well received when it came out and is still useful today.
After the war, he wrote a classic book on intelligence analysis, which attracted the attention of government officials.
"You approach such a classic book with much trepidation," she said.
He was the author of a classic book in atmospheric diffusion.
They may be original stories, but many are shorter, easier versions of classic books.
He also wrote a classic book in the fly-fishing genre.
Considered one of the classic books on the subject, and includes many sample ciphertext for practice.
He is well known in the field of public administration for his classic book about street-level bureaucracy.


text:
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Korea Taekwondo Association, originally the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (1961), is the first...
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Deaths in 2021
The following deaths of notable individuals occurred in 2021. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality, what subject was noted for, cause of death, and reference.
Pebble to a Pearl
Nikka Costa
K. S. Manilal
Slaves of Sleep
Scot Young
Novinar
Fast Mail (Southern Railway)
Erotic comics
Sri Utama School
Animal Jam

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cardi B has probably become one of the biggest artists around right now but there are still people asking 'who is Cardi B?' Belcalis Almanzar (known by her stage name Cardi B) is probably best known for her 'no filter' attitude and her debut single 'Bodak Yellow' which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, making her the second-ever female rapper to do so, following Lauryn Hill in 1998. Her first album 'Invasion of Privacy' debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums and Time magazine labelled her one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual list in 2018.
But where did she begin? Cardi B was born in The Bronx, one of New York City's five boroughs and was associated with gangs in her teens. She faced domestic difficulties, which she escaped by turning to exotic dancing at the age of 19 to be able to earn money and get by. Cardi B has also said becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: "It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started stripping I went back to school." She says stripping was her only way out, a way to earn enough money to escape her dire situation and get an education. Cardi's fame first started to grow on platforms such as Instagram and Vine back in 2013. Between 2015 and 2017 Cardi B appeared on the VH1 reality show 'Love and Hip Hop: New York' and she first showed her over the top personality and the world was first showed her now well-known catchphrases 'Eeeow', 'Okurrt' and 'shmoney'. She is considered the breakout star of the show's sixth season. The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music.
Cardi B's debut album 'Invasion of Privacy' was released on April 6, 2018. During a performance on Saturday Night Live in April 2018, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy after much media speculation. The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on Billboard Hot 100, for the chart issue dated April 21.
Cardi B has recently exploded onto the scene and she continues to grow in popularity. How long will she last? Are her 15 minutes of fame going to run out? Only time will tell.


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Former soldier finds new career in cannabis industry
CTVNews.ca Staff Published Sunday, November 25, 2018 4:38PM EST
After serving in the military for seven years, Cody Lindsay was kicked out of the Canadian Armed Forces after he was caught using cannabis. Now, he's using cannabis to launch a new career.
"I got caught using cannabis for my own medical needs and I got released for it," he told CTV Ottawa. "On my way out I got (told) 'you're a loser, you're going to be nothing.'"
Determined to prove them wrong, Lindsay worked in Ottawa-area kitchens, developing his culinary skills.
Stay up to date on marijuana news with our newsletter, The Pot Post
Then, he started a business called The Wellness Soldier which teaches people how to incorporate cannabis into baking, juices – even fine-dining meals.
Lindsay was one of dozens of business people selling their products at the Cannabis and Hemp Expo in Ottawa over the weekend.
He showed the audience how to make steak with chimichurri and horseradish cream sauce that incorporates cannabis, along with a tomato and bacon pasta with a herb vinaigrette salad.
Show director Kevin Blackburn said the two-day event in Ottawa was a good educational forum, meant not just for recreational users but also people who want to use it for medical reasons.
"People want to learn how they can use cannabis in different ways and not just to get high," he said.
Deloitte has estimated that the growing cannabis industry could add 150,000 jobs in Canada.
The expo has already stopped in Winnipeg. It heads to Calgary and Edmonton in the new year.
With a report from CTV Ottawa's Mike Arsalides
Cody Lindsay shows how to cook with cannabis at the Cannabis and Hemp Expo, in Ottawa, Ont.
Complete coverage on CTVNews.ca
How long should police officers abstain from pot? Depends whom you ask
Canadian military unveils pot policy
TheWellnessSoldier.com
Bombardier's financial challenges worry ratings agencies, prompting downgrades
China's 2019 economic growth weakens amid trade war


text:
Christopher Kent, Senior Editor
Published 9 July 2020
Glaucoma: When Visual Fields & OCT Disagree
Conflicting data is a common occurrence. Surgeons offer their advice on how to proceed.
Today, surgeons managing glaucoma rely largely on optical coherence tomography (which measures ocular structure) and visual fields (which assess function) to detect disease and monitor progression. However, disagreement between them is a frequent occurrence. That raises the question of what to do when a disagreement arises.
Disagreement between OCT and visual field data can happen for a number of reasons, ranging from the nonlinear relationship between changes in structure and function as glaucoma progresses, to artifacts in measurements, to nonglaucomatous pathologies and anomalous optic discs. Here, surgeons with expertise in this area discuss some of the reasons OCT and visual field data may disagree when assessing glaucoma, and what you can do when it happens.
Structure Vs. Function
"Disagreement between structure and function measurements in glaucoma is very common," notes David S. Greenfield, MD, a professor and Douglas R. Anderson Chair in Ophthalmology, vice-chair for academic affairs and co-director of the Glaucoma Service at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. "Our group analyzed data from 147 glaucomatous eyes that were followed annually for six years with serial visual field testing and OCT measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer and macula.1 Only 7 percent of these eyes showed consistent progression in all three parameters."
Certainly one of the most common reasons for a disagreement between OCT and visual fields is the best-known one: Measurable changes in structure don't always parallel measurable changes in function. "As biological changes associated with glaucoma progression occur, ganglion cell axons die and eventually become atrophic," notes Dr. Greenfield. "Longitudinal changes in retinal nerve fiber layer and macular ganglion cell thickness should [in theory] agree with serial changes in visual function using standard automated perimetry, yet many patients with glaucoma progression develop isolated changes in structural tests without detectable changes in visual function, and vice versa."
"There are definitely times when one measurement shows signs of worsening while the other seems stable," agrees Philip P. Chen, MD, a professor and Grace Hill Chair in the department of ophthalmology at the University of Washington and chief of ophthalmology at the UW Medicine Eye Institute. "For example, in early glaucoma the visual field often continues to look fine, but OCT may indicate that structural change is taking place. Harry Quigley's lab showed many years ago that it took a 20-percent loss of ganglion cells to produce a 5-dB loss detectable on automated perimetry.2
"If the OCT suggests structural change in early disease," he adds, "I'd get a confirmatory OCT and then explain to the patient that although we can't detect any symptoms yet, starting to treat is the smart thing to do."
Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS, director of the NYU Langone Eye Center, and Elaine Langone Professor and chairman of ophthalmology and professor of neuroscience and physiology at NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, points out that the same disconnect applies when disease is advanced, although in the opposite direction. "If a more advanced glaucoma patient has a very thin nerve fiber layer, let's say below 55 µm, you'll typically have both an abnormal visual field and abnormal OCT," he says. "However, if you're following for progression, the mean OCT nerve fiber layer thickness may not be changing, even though the patient is actually getting worse. That's because of the OCT floor effect. Meanwhile, the visual field can still show progression because it has more dynamic range remaining at the low end."
"The OCT RNFL measurement may lose its usefulness sooner than visual field testing does," agrees Dr. Chen. "Because of glial scar tissue or other nonfunctional structural tissue in the retinal nerve fiber layer, the measurable thinning stops—even though damage is continuing. As a result, OCT RNFL thickness may reach a measurement floor, while areas on the visual field are still followable, especially if you're using a 10-degree test rather than a 24- or 30-degree test."
Other Reasons for Disagreement
Conflicting data can arise for other reasons as well. These can be loosely grouped into three categories: technology-related issues; ocular-structure-related issues; and pathology-related issues. They include:
• Different testing strategies. "For example, regions of retinal topography may not directly correspond to the same regions in visual field testing," Dr. Greenfield explains.
• Poor OCT scan quality. Dr. Schuman points out that it's essential to have good-quality testing, particularly with OCT. "If the scan quality isn't good enough, the device won't be able to properly segment the layers of the retina," he says. "That's a big cause of what Richard Lee, MD, likes to call 'red disease.' Improper segmentation causes a false reading of a thin nerve fiber layer, and it shows up on the report as red."
• The visual field learning effect. "This can have a big impact," notes Christopher A. Girkin, MD, chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences at Callahan Eye Hospital, University of Alabama. "It's not uncommon to get a few points and even clusters that can mimic a real visual deficit and cause a structure-function disparity."
Eyes that aren't average can also cause misleading readings:
• Very thick or thin nerve fiber layer. Dr. Schuman notes that conflicting visual field and OCT data can happen when the nerve fiber layer is very thick or thin, even with good-quality testing. "Suppose the patient has a relatively thick nerve fiber layer, but it's below the normal range," he says. "Approximately 75 µm of nerve fiber layer thickness is what we call the tipping point. If the mean nerve fiber layer thickness is greater than that amount, even though an area on the OCT may show up as being abnormal—and it may really be abnormal—it's unlikely that you'll find an abnormality in the visual field. This can also be true over time; if you're following a patient with a nerve fiber layer thicker than 75 µm, OCT progression analysis may detect progression as the NFL thins, while the visual field remains normal. It's more unusual to get conflicting data when the nerve fiber layer thickness falls in the intermediate zone."
• Variability in the optic nerve head. Dr. Girkin points out that normal variability in the optic nerve head can cause glaucomatous readings. "Larger optic nerve heads can appear abnormal on scans," he notes. "A tilted disc, in particular, can look abnormal when it's really just anomalous."
He points out that the appearance of the optic nerve on visual examination can be misleading as well. "Probably the most common cause of non-artifactual pseudo-structure-function disparity—in the presence of real disease—is the glaucomatous microdisc," he says. "In an optic nerve head with a small neural canal, even a small degree of cupping can represent significant injury that can be missed if the impact of the scleral canal size on the appearance of the nerve isn't appreciated."
Nonglaucomatous pathology can also cause a disagreement between OCT and visual fields:
• High myopia. "In a myope—especially a high myope—the retina has to cover a lot more area than in an emmetropic eye," Dr. Schuman explains. "That results in a thinner retina overall. As a result, someone with moderate to high myopia may have a nerve fiber layer or macular measure that's thinner than the normal thickness range, despite the retina being normal. That abnormal measurement may be perfectly normal for them.
"Unfortunately, the normative OCT databases don't include people with highly myopic eyes," he explains. "In general, the people included in those databases only have up to -6 D of myopia—if that much. So a high myope may show up as abnormal on an OCT but produce a normal visual field. You may be left wondering whether or not that patient really has glaucoma."
• Macular degeneration or edema. "You have to be careful about interpreting OCT measurements when the patient has macular degeneration or macular edema," Dr. Schuman notes. "Moderate to advanced macular degeneration can cause retinal thinning. On the other hand, macular edema can make the nerve fiber layer measure thicker than it otherwise would be, so you have to be careful with that interpretation as well. Such a patient may have an abnormal visual field that reflects true thinning of the nerve fiber layer, but you can't measure it with the OCT because the tissue has been thickened with fluid."
• Non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Dr. Girkin says this is another important—and potentially life-threatening—cause of structural and functional disparity. "Compressive lesions, retrobulbar optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy and other lesions that affect the visual pathways can all cause visual field defects that defy the typical structural and functional relationship seen in glaucoma," he says.
Resolving the Discrepancy
What should clinicians do when assessing discordance between structure and function? Some options involve using the technology differently to seek clarification; other options involve looking for explanations that involve the eye or nonglaucomatous pathology. In terms of using the technology differently, ophthalmologists offer these suggestions:
• Repeat the testing. "This is the first thing to do, particularly in eyes with poor-quality imaging or unreliable visual fields," Dr. Greenfield says.
• Look at the raw OCT data. "Probably the most common cause of discrepancy between OCT and visual fields is an artifact in either the structural or functional test," says Dr.
Girkin. "On the imaging side, edge-detection artifacts are very common, as well as artifacts associated with epiretinal membranes and other structural abnormalities unrelated to glaucoma. So, if you encounter a discrepancy between OCT and visual field, scan the visual field for artifacts. Look at the raw, cross-sectional B-scans from the OCT. That's very important because you can't rely on the interpreted OCT data—the color printouts. Many OCT scans have edge-detection errors, so unless you look at the raw data, you're not going to know whether the anomaly is an artifact."
"Poor-quality data and measurement variability will often lead to discordance between structural and functional measurements," agrees Dr. Greenfield. "OCT measurement artifacts exist in up to 30 percent of scans; they often result from eye movement, shadowing associated with ptosis or eyelid blink, or algorithm failure."
• Focus on the macula. "The idea of targeted structure and/or functional analysis makes a lot of sense," says Dr. Girkin. "It's been known for a while that macular damage can occur early and can progress, but I think that fact is appreciated a lot more today. Looking at the macula, or specific segments of the nerve that are prone to damage, is very important."
"You can rely on the macula to show change late in the disease," notes Dr. Chen. "The macula has large reserves of ganglion cells, so it's one of the first areas to show damage in early disease, and it's one of the last areas in which you can follow damage in advanced disease. It's useful at every stage, although it may be harder to use it for this purpose in early disease, because the changes will be fairly subtle."
As noted, macular edema can also cause misleading OCT measurements. "If there's any doubt about whether or not edema is present," says Dr. Schuman, "a macular scan will often reveal it."
• Look for localized areas of change. Dr. Schuman notes that if progression is occurring, you may be able to find specific local areas changing on the OCT. "That's especially easy with the progression analysis that's available on the Zeiss Cirrus OCT device," he says. "If you don't have that option, but you're able to look at the volumetric scan for areas of statistically significant change, you may be able to see small areas that show up as thinning."
• Increase the visual field stimulus size. "One way to improve your ability to measure change when disease is advanced is to concentrate on 10-degree visual fields while increasing the stimulus size," notes Dr. Chen. "A standard visual field is done with a size-III stimulus, which has a surface area of 4 mm2. But when you approach the point at which the patient can't detect those stimuli any longer, resulting in a totally black visual field, you can switch to a size-V stimulus, which is 64 mm2. This can allow the patient to detect the stimulus again, despite advanced glaucomatous damage, giving you more useful data to follow over time.
"Of course," he adds, "once you switch to a different stimulus, you won't be able to compare the results to earlier tests. You'll have to get a new baseline, but then you can follow the change over time again. Unfortunately, some test algorithms—for example, SITA-standard, -fast, and -faster—are not available with all stimulus sizes."
• Use optic disc photos. Dr. Chen says that when pathology causes OCT scans to be unreliable he sometimes turns to optic disc photography to get a better idea about the patient's condition. "Sometimes I still use a stereo photograph as a final arbiter," he says. "At our academic medical center, we have ready access to stereo fundus photography. When seeing a new patient I get a baseline OCT, but at the next visit I'll get a stereo fundus disc photo to have that baseline as well.
"One reason disc photos are often valuable is that they're sort of an obsolescence-proof technology," he notes. "OCT technology advances all the time; I won't be surprised if I'm using a different OCT in five years than I'm using today. That means it's entirely possible that my current OCT data will be unreadable by the newer machines, and that makes old-school disc photos very valuable."
Dr. Schuman points out, however, that most ophthalmologists today rarely take disc photos. "Part of that has to do with subjective vs. objective interpretation, and part of it has to do with the difficulty of getting simultaneous stereo disc photos," he says. "To a large extent, clinicians today rely more on OCT data. However, there's still value in a disc photo, especially when a patient has difficulty cooperating during the physical exam. You can look at a snapshot for as long as you like, whereas if the patient's eyes are darting around during the exam, evaluating the disc will be a challenge. I'd have a very low threshold for taking a photo in that situation."
Taking the Eye Into Account
As noted earlier, structural abnormalities and pathology can result in visual field-OCT disagreements.
• If the patient is a high myope… . Dr. Schuman says deciding whether a high myope really does have glaucoma often comes down to the doctor's experience. "The ophthalmologist's expert knowledge and experience play a significant role in this situation," he says. "You need to consider all of the relevant factors, including risk factors, IOP, the appearance of the optic nerve, and so forth. The decision-making process is a little bit more difficult. Here, OCT technology is more useful for longitudinal follow-up than for the initial exam."
When you're doing an initial exam on a high myope, Dr. Schuman notes that the location of the thinning documented on the scan can be helpful. "If you look carefully at the optic nerve head scan, you may see more thin nerve fiber layer nasal to the major bundles of the RNFL," he says. "That can be a clue that the thinness is the result of myopia, not glaucoma. But you have to be very careful in moderate to high myopes when deciding whether the OCT findings are real, especially when they disagree with the visual field. Sometimes, even in myopes who don't have glaucoma, you can find an arcuate defect in the nerve fiber layer and an abnormality on the visual field that looks like glaucoma. It can be an artifact of the myopia and perhaps an abnormal insertion of the optic nerve."
• Look for disc hemorrhages. "Clinicians should carefully examine the optic nerve for disc hemorrhages, a useful biomarker of progression," says Dr. Greenfield. "OCT imaging can't detect them."
"A physical examination of the fundus can tell you things the OCT can't—especially with regard to color," agrees Dr. Schuman. "You can't see a disc hemorrhage on OCT. There are OCTs like the Topcon device that give you a fundus photo in addition to the OCT, but most of the other OCTs have infrared or scanning laser ophthalmoscopic images, or they use the en face OCT as the fundus image. As a result, you can miss details, especially with regard to color, that you would see if you looked at the fundus during the physical exam. I think a visual inspection of the retina is very important."
"You still have to rely on your clinical exam to detect hemorrhages," says Dr. Chen. "I'm pretty compulsive about checking for them, so I'd like to think I don't miss too many. But sometimes they're very small and hard to detect, and patients' pupils are not dilated at most visits. In addition, clinicians are dealing with pressure to maintain speed and efficiency in patient throughput. It's theoretically possible to identify a hemorrhage on an infrared OCT scan, but in most cases you'd probably miss it."
Dr. Greenfield notes that optic disc photography may be more sensitive for detecting disc hemorrhage than clinical examination. "In the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study," he says, "optic disc hemorrhage was a strong predictor of progression and was more frequently identified by review of optic nerve photographs (75 percent) than by clinical examination (10 percent)."3
"It's definitely easier to identify hemorrhages on a stereo photograph," agrees Dr. Chen. "The problem, of course, is that patients don't get photographed at every visit. For all of these reasons, if there's one part of the exam you really need to spend time on, it's looking at the disc and checking for hemorrhages. Of course, if you can, review a photo at your leisure after clinic."
• Look for paracentral defects associated with acquired pits. Dr. Girkin says this is one sign that should cause you to look closely at the central visual field. "These are very common in our tertiary referral clinic," he notes. "Whether it's an inferior notch, or a superior notch with a pit with some beta-zone atrophy around it, this type of lesion is generally associated with central loss.
"Targeted focused imaging of the macula in those cases is really helpful, even if the patient's fields are full, because you might miss a central defect," he says. "I also get a 10-2 visual field when the eye has pits, if there's injury within the macular vulnerability zone, if there's a defect that's primarily paracentral on the 24-2 visual field, and in advanced cases when the patient has dense constriction."
• Check for non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Dr. Girkin points out a number of things that can be used clinically to decide whether a discrepancy between OCT and visual field indicates the presence of a nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy. "Probably most important on that list are color vision and central acuity," he says. "Glaucoma generally attacks side vision, at least as detected in conventional testing. While it can cause some macular damage, it generally doesn't affect color vision and acuity until very late in the disease.
"On the other hand, conditions that affect the retrobulbar nerve tend to cause central damage and color vision loss very early on," he continues. "So color vision deficit and a drop in central visual acuity can be a big clue. When there's a disparity between OCT and visual fields in any glaucoma patient, it's important to check color vision—although I don't think many of us do. It's one of the key ways to differentiate nonglaucomatous neuropathy from glaucomatous neuropathy. If there's any question, make sure the cranial nerves are intact. Carefully evaluate for an afferent pupillary defect, and perform a complete neuro-ophthalmic assessment and history."
Confirming OCT Data
OCT data can be challenging to interpret. Dr. Schuman offers these suggestions:
"There are a couple of things to look at that would convince me that what I'm seeing in an OCT scan is real," he says. "One is the location of the progression. Is the thinning located in an area such as the superior or inferior temporal part of the nerve fiber layer where it exits the optic nerve, an area I would expect to be getting thinner in glaucoma? If so, that suggests the thinning is real. If your device can give you a volumetric scan, the shape of the thinning area can be another clue. If it's expanding out from the optic nerve head toward the macula in an arcuate pattern, that also suggests that the thinning is real.
"A third way to look for supporting evidence that a change is real is to do a macular scan in addition to the optic nerve head scan," he continues. "You should see thinning in the macula that corresponds to the thinning in the nerve fiber layer. Actually, I always scan both the optic nerve head and the macula, partly as a way to make sure my findings are real. Of course, you won't get reimbursed for doing two scans; one of them has to be gratis. But I think the information I'm able to get, and the increase in certainty with which I'm able to make a decision, makes it more than worthwhile.
"A fourth strategy is to look for enlargement of the cup-disc ratio," he says. "If that cupping enlargement is occurring in the setting of thinning nerve fiber layer and thinning macular parameters like the ganglion cell complex or the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer, that's internal corroboration that the measurements on the OCT are real, even in the absence of visual field changes.
"Finally, it's worth looking carefully at the visual field again," he says. "Often there are subtle visual field abnormalities or changes that, in the absence of these OCT measures, you might not consider to represent real change. If they match the changes in the OCT spatially, that's corroboration that what the OCT is measuring is real. All of these strategies can be helpful when you're trying to decide whether to treat the patient."
However, Dr. Schuman adds an important caveat. "The threshold for making the decision to treat should be based on what the next treatment step is," he says. "Your threshold should be higher if your next treatment step is the OR than if the next treatment step is adding a medication or doing laser trabeculoplasty."
What about OCTA?
One of the latest iterations of optical coherence tomography is OCT angiography, which can reveal the functioning vasculature in parts of the retina. Could this help determine whether glaucomatous disease or progression is present when the OCT and visual field data disagree?
"OCT angiography has the potential to detect glaucoma progression," notes Dr. Greenfield. "OCTA can measure vessel density with high repeatability and reproducibility. Studies have shown that capillary density measurements with OCTA are well-correlated with structure and function, and may be useful across a wide spectrum of disease severity."
"Many of us are hoping that OCTA may be able to show that vascular changes occur before structural changes like retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thinning and optic disc hemorrhages," notes Dr. Chen. "If that turns out to be true, this technology might allow us to detect glaucoma and glaucoma progression even earlier than we can today using changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer or ganglion cells. Some longitudinal data supporting this has been published, but more studies are needed."
"I think OCT angiography is very promising, in terms of what it might predict," says Dr. Girkin. "It's good for looking at the superficial and deep retinal vasculature. However, the critical vasculature that's damaged in glaucoma is likely the intrascleral branches of the short posterior ciliary artery that feed the lamina cribrosa. I suspect that the defects seen in OCT angiography are just related to a loss of ganglion cells that, in and of itself, probably doesn't cause glaucoma, although causality remains elusive."
Dr. Girkin adds that the technology is very sensitive to background "noise." "The whole idea behind OCTA is that it uses that noise to determine motion, so even a slight change in the signal-noise ratio can have a pretty significant effect on the OCTA scans," he points out. "Despite these caveats, OCTA is showing great promise. But so far, I don't think we fully understand how to use it in routine clinical practice."
Dr. Schuman agrees. "A number of papers suggest that OCTA in the lab can provide additional information about eyes with glaucoma, but I'd say that in terms of clinical utility we're probably not there yet," he says. "We haven't figured out how best to use that technology to detect disease or progression in glaucoma, but several groups, including our own, are working on this." REVIEW
Dr. Girkin has received research support from Heidelberg Engineering in the past. Dr. Schuman is a consultant for Zeiss. Dr. Chen has consulted for Allergan in the past. Dr. Greenfield reports no relevant financial disclosures.
1. Nguyen AT, Greenfield DS, Bhakta AS, et al. Detecting glaucoma progression using guided progression analysis with OCT and visual field assessment in eyes classified by international classification of disease severity codes. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2019;2:36-46.
2. Quigley HA, Dunkelberger GR, Green WR. Retinal ganglion cell atrophy correlated with automated perimetry in human eyes with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107:5:453-64.
3. Budenz DL, Anderson DR, Feuer WF, et al. Detection and prognostic significance of optic disc hemorrhages during the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Ophthalmology 2006;113:2137-43.


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text:
Books 📚
Misc Literature Awards
Thread starter Tom
Quick Award List: Agathas * * Arthurs * * Atorox (in Finnish) * * Auroras * * Author Emeritus * * Aztlans * * Bookers * * Bradbury * * BSFA Caldecott * * Campbell (writer) * * Canadian * * Carnegies * * Clarkes * * Compton Crooks * * Daphne du Maurier * * Darrells * * Dicks * * Ditmars * * Edgars * * Enchantment * * Endeavours * * European SF * * Fasslers * * Firecrackers * * Franklins * * French SF * * Gaughans * * Grand Master * * Hugos * * Ignotus * * International Fantasy * * IHG * * Kate Greenaways * * Kerrys * * Kings * * Lambdas * * Locus * * Macavity * * Minnesota * * Mythopoeics * * National Book * * National Outdoor Book * * Nebulas * * Newberys * * Nobels * * Prometheus * * Pulitzers * * Rhysling * * Russian SF * * Russian SF (in Russian) Sapphires * * SF Hall * * Sidewise * * Sir Julius Vogel * * Skylarks * * Spectrums * * Stokers * * Sydney Taylor * * Tiptrees * * Vogels * * Whitbread * * World Fantasy
Major Science Fiction Awards
For a detailed index to science fiction and fantasy anthologies up to 1983, visit the Contento Index site. For an index to anthologies, 1984-1998, visit the Brown/Contento Index site.
To the Author Emeritus list. SFWA gives out a special award to a senior writer.
To the Bradbury Award list. Occassionally, SFWA gives out a special award to a screenwriter.
To the Bram Stoker Award list. The Stokers are given out each year by the Horror Writers Association for excellence in horror writing.
To the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer list. The Campbell Award, while voted on by the members of the current World Science Fiction Convention, is administered by Dell Magazines.
To the SFWA Grand Master list. Occassionally, SFWA gives out a special award to a senior writer for a career of work.
To the Hugo Award list. The Hugos are given out each year by members of the current World Science Fiction Convention for the best in science fiction. Photos from the MagiCon Hugo Exhibit. More photos of Hugos added to the '90sand '80s pages. The WSFS Official Hugo Site is now up.
To the Hugo and Nebula Multiple Award Winners List. All the works that won these two awards.
To the SFWA Nebula Award list (includes all nominees as well as the winners). The Nebulas are given out each year by members of the Science-fiction & Fantasy Writers of America for the best in science fiction and fantasy professional publishing.
To the International Horror Guild Awards (IHG).
To the Sapphire Awards. For the best science fiction romance.
To the World Fantasy Awards. The World Fantasy Awards are given out each fall by the members of the World Fantasy Convention with final selections made by a jury for the best in published fantasy.
To the Rhysling Awards. For the best SF poetry of the year.
To the Arthur C. Clarke Award list. The Arthur C. Clarke Awards are given out each year for the best science fiction novel published in Britain the previous year.
To the British Science Fiction Awards (BSFA) list. The BSFAs are given out each year for the best science fiction published in Britain the previous year.
To The Prix Aurora Awards. The Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy Association annual SF awards.
To the Ditmar Awards Page. For the best SF published in Australia.
To the European SF Awards Home Page. For the best SF published in Europe.
To the Atorox Awards. For the best SF or fantasy published in Finnish. Atorox is given by Turku Science Fiction Society; judges consists of various Finnish SF clubs and fans.
To the French SF Awards Page. For the best SF published in French.
To the Sir Julius Vogel Awards. For excellence in Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror by New Zealanders.
To the Russian SF Awards Page. For the best SF published in Russian. Here's the Russian award information in Russian.
To the Ignotus Awards/AEFCF Awards. These national awards are for science fiction written in Spanish.
Awards Sponsored by Science Fiction Clubs or Other Sub-groups
To the Compton Crook Award. For the best first novel by a new writer, awarded by the Baltimore Science Fiction Society.
To the Eneavour Award. For the best science fiction or fantasy written by an author from the Northwestern US.
To the Locus Poll Winners. Given out annually by the readers of Locus magazine for the best in science fiction and fantasy for the previous year.
To the Prometheus Award for best Libertarian fiction.
To the Science Fiction Hall of Fame Inductees List. Selected by the board of directors of the J. Wayne and Elsie M. Gunn Center for the Study of Science Fiction at the University of Kansas, and the members of the Kansas City Science Fiction and Fantasy Society to four individuals on the basis of their continued excellence and long-time contribution to the science fiction and fantasy field.
To the Skylark Award list. Given out annually by the New England Science Fiction Association, it honors the science fiction professional who most exemplified E. E. "Doc" Smith, the creator of the Lensmen series.
To the Gaughan Award list. Given out by a jury of artists selected by the New England Science Fiction Association to the "Best New Professional Artist."
To the Mythopoeic Award list. Given by the members of the Mythopaeic Society for new fantasy literature, and scholarship in the areas of Inklings studies and general Mythic and fantasy studies.
To the Darrell Award. Given by the Memphis Science Fiction Association in honor of Dr. Darrell C. Richardson, to a work set in the Memphis area or written by a local writer.
To the Walton Award. Given by the Friends of Jerome Walton for prolific consistency.
Juried Awards
To the Philip K. **** Award list. Awarded annually for distinguished SF published as a paperback original in the U.S.
To the International Fantasy Awards. A juried award given out during the 1950s.
To the James Tiptree, Jr. Award Home Page. "The James Tiptree, Jr. Award for the work of science fiction or fantasy published in one year which best explores or expands gender roles."
To the Sidewise Awards for Alternate History. Given by a small jury of SF and history fans, this award acknowledges excellence in alternate histories.
To the Gaylactic Spectrum Awards. Given by a jury to honor science fiction, fantasy and horror which include positive explorations of gay, *******, bisexual or transgendered characters, themes, or issues.
To the Endeavor Award. Given by a jury of SF writers for the best SF or fantasy novel by a Pacific Northwest writer.
To the Whitbread Book of the Year Awards. Given by a jury for the best in contemporary British writing.
Awards with a Jury of One
To Janice's Sorta Annual Worldcon Awards. Not really literary or even annual but highly amusing if you're a con-goer.
Major Mystery Awards
To the Agathas. Given out annually by Malice Domestic to the best "cozies" of the year.
To the Edgar Allan Poe Awards. Awards given out annually by the Mystery Writers of America.
To the Macavity Awards. Given out annually by Mystery Readers International.
Poisoned Pen Awards List
To the Arthur Ellis Awards, awarded to Canadian fictive crime writers
Major Literary Awards
To the National Book Award Page. Given by the National Book Foundation to honor the best books of the year.
To the Nobel Prize list. Founded by Alfred Nobel, they honor achievement in many areas, including Literature.
To the Pulitzer Prize list. Endowed by Joseph Pulitzer, these journalism and writing awards are given by Columbia University.
To the Lambda Awards for best gay fiction.
To the Firecracker Awards for best alternative literature.
To the National Outdoor Book Awards for best book about nature. It is sponsored by the Association of Outdoor Recreation and Education, and Idaho State University.
To the Aztlan Prize. Sponsored by Rudolfo and Patricia Anaya and the University of New Mexico, it is given each year for the best work of fiction in English by an emerging Chicana or Chicano writer.
To the Minnesota Book Awards. To acknowledge writing and illustration by Minnesota residents, overseen by the Minnesota Center for the Book.
Major National Literature Awards
To the Miles Franklin Award list. Established in honor of the Australian author, it is given annually for the novel or play of the highest literary merit, written by an Australian, presenting aspects of Australian life, and published during the preceding year. The award is adminstered by the Permanent Trustee Co Ltd of Sydney.
To the Australian/Vogel Award list. Sponsored by Vogel's Bread, it is awarded to a writer under 35 years of age for an original unpublished manuscript of fiction or Australian history or biography.
To Canada's major national literary awards page.
To the Kerry Ingredients Book of the Year list. Presented annually at opening of the The Listowel Writers Week since 1995. Awarded to the best work of fiction published in Ireland during the previous year.
To the Booker McConnel Prize list. Referred to colloquially as the "Booker", this is sponsored by Booker McConnell Ltd. and is administered by the National Book League in the United Kingdom. It is awarded to the best full-length novel written in English by a citizen of the UK, the Commonwealth, Eire, Pakistan or South Africa.
To the Daphne du Maurier awards. Two sets of awards, one for adult short story writing, and the other for best fiction by a young person living in Cornwall.
Major Children's Literature Awards
To the Newbery Medal award list. The Newberys are given out each winter by the American Library Association for outstanding children's literature. There is also a site with text excerpts from some recent medal winners.
To the Caldecott Medal award list. The Caldecotts are given out each year by the American Library Association for outstanding illustration of a children's book.
To the Coretta Scott King award list. These awards honor a black author and a black illustrator for outstanding contributions which promote better understanding and appreciation of the culture and contribution of all peoples.
To the Land of Enchantment Children's Book Award. Voted on by the children of New Mexico for their favorite current book.
To the Joan Fassler Memorial Award. It is given annually for excellence in children's literature dealing with medical or health-related issues by the Association for the Care of Children's Health.
To the Sydney Taylor Awards. Given annually for the most distinguished contributions to Jewish children's literature.
To the British Library Association Carnegie and Kate Greenaway Awards. Given annually for excellence in British children's literature.
A Catalogue of Clone Literature
bchev88
The CoolSciFi Literature Poll
actionavenue
Getting the Most from Your Literature
eBook Movies: The Future of Literature?
British Science Fiction Awards Announced


WASHINGTON — "Last year's White House budget proposal failed to invest in American's most cherished places as well as the clean air and water birds and people need—and it was largely rejected. It's time to align the budget with our values and find real solutions to the challenges facing birds and the American people," said Sarah Greenberger, Audubon's senior vice president of conservation policy, in response to the latest federal budget proposal from the White House.
"Millions of birders, hunters and outdoor lovers—from all political backgrounds—rely on bedrock environmental protections and strong federal investment to protect the cherished natural resources that the White House's budget and infrastructure proposals put at risk.
Smart infrastructure investments help communities throughout the nation address 21st century challenges and support for nature-based solutions can protect and sustain communities while providing important habitat for birds and other wildlife. Advancing infrastructure at the expense of clean air, clean water, and healthy fish, bird and other wildlife, however, will only undermine local efforts to secure a prosperous future for their community.
"Climate change shows no sign of softening the blows literally raining down on America's communities, and we need to adapt to this new reality in a way that protects both people and birds," said Dr. Karen Hyun, Audubon's vice president of coasts.
Department of Agriculture: Important programs include: Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Regional Conservation Partnership Program, Conservation Stewardship Program, Conservation Reserve Program, US Forest Service.
Bird at risk if Trump budget implemented: Tricolored Blackbird. This bird is found almost exclusively in California. Last year, roughly 55,000 vulnerable Tricolored Blackbirds, more than one-third of the estimated population, were saved by cooperation between California's farmers, Audubon, the dairy industry and the US Department of Agriculture, as part of the Regional Conservation Partnership Program.
Department of Energy: Important programs include: Solar Energy Program (SunShot Initiative), Wind Energy Program.
Bird at risk if Trump budget implemented: Common Loon. The Common Loon is one of the 314 species of North American birds that could disappear from current ranges due to shifting and shrinking climatic suitability. The Department of Energy's renewable energy programs help America transition to a clean energy future at the speed and scale that birds and people need.
Department of the Interior: Important programs include: the Land and Water Conservation Fund, North American Wetlands Conservation Act, Neotropical Migratory Bird Protection Act, State and Tribal Wildlife Grants, US Geological Survey's Ecosystems Science Programs, and WaterSMART.
Bird at risk if Trump budget implemented: Western Yellow-Billed Cuckoo. Listed as federally threatened in 2014, this bird depends on riparian habitat across the Colorado River Basin, but its population has fallen as its habitat has dried up and disappeared. Fewer than 2,000 birds are estimated to remain. The WaterSMART program is a critical water conservation program that sustains water resources in the West needed by birds and people.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Important programs include: South Florida Ecosystem Restoration.
Bird at risk if Trump budget implemented: Roseate Spoonbill. Audubon has been studying this bird's response to changes in America's Everglades for 75 years. The evidence is clear that restoring freshwater flows to areas like Florida Bay that are vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise are critical for this species and other wading birds. Progress on projects like Kissimmee River Restoration has demonstrated that when wetlands are restored, the birds will return.
Environmental Protection Agency: Important programs include: Geographic Programs, National Estuary Program.
Bird at risk if Trump budget implemented: Snowy Plover. The National Estuary Program has restored and protected more than 2 million acres of estuaries in the United States since 2000. The Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary in Louisiana has received funds to monitor and protect nesting and foraging sites for threatened birds like the Snowy Plover, Wilson's Plover, American Oystercatcher and Least Tern. The Geographic Programs managed by the EPA are especially beneficial to birds dependent on healthy aquatic ecosystems like the Puget Sound, the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, Long Island Sound and the Gulf of Mexico.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Important programs include: Coastal Zone Management Grants, Regional Coastal Resilience Grants, National Estuarine Research Reserve System.
Bird at risk if Trump budget implemented: Reddish Egret. Audubon leases and manages 15 islands protecting critical nesting habitat for more than 20 species of birds, including the Reddish Egret. These islands lie within the Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve along the Texas coast.
These are just a few examples of the hundreds of bird species that benefit from federal support and could disappear forever if collaborative conservation efforts like those listed above are made impossible by draconian budget cuts.
For more than 100 years, Audubon has worked with local, state and federal officials from both parties. With more than 1.2 million members from across the entire political spectrum spread out in red states, blue states and purple states, Audubon will continue fighting to protect birds and the places they need.


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text:
STOP THAT! NOW GO BACK AND SIT DOWN!
The Desilu Lot
By mark bale,
April 8, 2012 in STOP THAT! NOW GO BACK AND SIT DOWN!
JoeySanJoaquin
LocationHooterville/Pixley adjacent
First, it was a woman's picture and therefore passe, second it was a musical in an era where musicals were finished. Another film Lucy wanted to do was Hello Dolly but that bombed also, directed by Gene Kelly yet and starring a woman who was too young for the part, Streisand, whereas with this one, they said Lucy was too old for the part and they made fun of her for trying to hide her age, make up your mind jerks, my favorite part after the Mame number is the Loving You medly, especially the scene where she's dancing in that long black gown in the ballroom. You can only imagine how Lucy felt, doing a dance sequence in a big splashy musical like the ones she started in with Astaire and Rogers where she only had bit parts, well now, she WAS the STAR!
Gee I never thought of it as a "woman's picture", at least not in the way I think you mean.... Listen, this is like LWL, we'll never all agree but I look at it this way: if she had not ever done either project, we wouldn't have those treasured performances and memories now to relive over and over. Could both have been better, differently, etc. etc.? Surely but that's not the cards she was dealt. But as always, she made filet mignon out of hamburger!
C L A U D E 82 posts
Neil 57 posts
Mot Morenzi 36 posts
JoeySanJoaquin 29 posts
Coming soon! The NEW movie version of Mame. Tighter, sharper and, I think, a better movie at 108 minutes instead of 132. I'll probably have to upload to youtube in 2 sections...and am not sure th
Is there anything she can't do? :HALKING:
Irene Kampen Tripp
Mame does suffer from bad direction and terrible editing.. and it doesn't help that a 63 year old is trying to be fourtysomething.. all of these factors combine to rub some people the wrong way... I t
Annaleigh
Well yes all valid points but Lucy wanted that movie to be a success because she was so proud of it. No matter how much it flopped, Lucy still did great.
She looks the most gorgeous in that number. I love that white flowy gown she wears dancing by the fountain.
Plus who doesn't just love the character Mame? No matter who plays it, such a wonderful character.
C L A U D E
LocationMontreal, Canada
Oh, come on! Onna White could get you in shape and when Beau said "You know why, Claude? 'Cause you've done more for the north than anyone since Robert Goulet", you'd rise to the occasion.
You my man, are unbelievably hilarious at all times.
("Who makes the bored webmaster turn purple and then mutter 'oh, my God'?")
Oh i'm sure i've raised his blood pressure a few times, but he's done it to me also, LOL!
Not to quibble but Lucy was a mere 61, not 62, during the filming of "Mame" which was done from January to June in 1973.
Considering Lucy's healing leg, her conquering the Mame choreography is even more impressive. Especially the last stanza of the song with the high kicking---landing with so much pressure on that leg.
I dun't thin a year makes that much difference at THAT age, but that MAME number with the high kicking is my absolute favorite part of the whole movie. Now most of you are watching it on regular size tvs, imagine what it was like on a giant screen at the theater when it first came out! Mesmerizing. Goose bump inducing. Thrilling.
TRUE! But Lucy herself called it a woman's picture on that Phil Donahue interview and many times in print also. A movie about an eccentric aunt who shows her little nephew the world but finds romance in between, yup, that ain't no action movie. LOL! And yes, it would have been a hit if she hadn't broken her leg which delayed the picture and therefore losing her WOMAN's director in the process, the GREAT George Cukor, she couldn't very well fire Bea Arthur's hubby from the job although i'm sure she wanted to after seeing how badly he was directing the film.
Plus who doesn't just love the character Mame?
By the way, it never flopped, it made it's money back with sales later on on tv and dvd and so on. Howard the duck was a bomb, Heaven's Gate was a disaster, Mame just didn't become another monster hit for her the way Yours mine and ours was, but it never lost money or ruined Warner's bottom line. You know how studio accounting goes, to them, Gone with the Wind still has not recouped it's cost, LOL!
By the way, it never flopped, it made it's money back with sales later on on tv and dvd and so on. Howard the duck was a bomb, Heaven's Gate was a disaster, Mame just didn't becme another monster hit for her the way Yours mine and ours was, but it never lost money or ruined Warner's bottom line. You know how studio accounting goes, to them, Gone with the Wind still has not recouped it's cost, LOL!
Yes. Big money did come from the picture. But it was a flop to critics.
If I was around then I would've wrote a few choice words to those critics.
Lucyilove
LocationLUCYville
I respect Bea's opinion on that but I can't say I agree with her. Lucy played serious roles too in movies, I don't see why she thought she was "terribly miscast." That's some BS.
Well, I don't respect her opinion or her for that matter. Why put all the blame on Lucy when her husband was a bad director and Bea herself was not ideal casting for a movie musical. You can get away with a honk of a voice on Broadway if you've got personality but not on film so Lucy was certainly no more miscast than her.
Not all critics dislike the movie some praised Lucille's performance. She did have guts to kick her legs up so high. Her figure made her look younger than she was till the end. I find that Loving You is a nice number because it is beautifully done. The dramatic ending is so well done compared to the fast paced beginning.
I take issue with that, totally disagreeing: Bea was a marvelous musical comedy performer, stage or screen and later in her career, had a very successful, well reviewed one woman Broadway show by critics and attendees alike. I think she may have had her bias toward her pal and original Mame co-star Lansbury -- and who in her place probably wouldn't have felt the same way?? -- but I think she was still fond of or at the very least, friendly and professional with Lucy. I'm betting what she was getting at was that at 61 or 62, Ball was a good 20 years too old for the part! And I can't say I totally disagree: I'm sure most of us feel that Lucy would have come across better in the film had she not broken her leg; I contend it would have been fine had she done it say, 5 or 6 years earlier, around 1968/69, between TLS and HL.
Not all the critics though. Some of the reviews were quite good.
I just don't know where you people get the idea that Mame should have been played by a forty year old woman, she had been around so long, drinking and carousing, travelling the world, what 40 year old has lived a life like that, and angela REALLY would have made the film FLOP big time as she was a nobody when it came to putting peoople in the seats in a movie theater. And how old was Roz Russell in the other movie version of Mame? Actually, the more i think of Dolly, the more i think Lucy would have done a better job than Streisand although she certainly could not match her voice. Shirley Booth had played the original Dolly Levi in the dramatic version of it called The Matchmaker. I just saw Lucy playing The Matchmaker on ILL tonight and she was terrific, LOL!
That was kind of gross, huh? Pedophile much??
The whole point of that scene was to show that attending that school were free thinkers, nudity did not matter, nothing mattered, it did not have the conotation that Penn state has today, LOL!
What a couple assholes.
But at least it's bad movies they L O V E ! LOL!
Don't know much about Ms. Davis; but, books indicate that Lucille favored her, as an idol, in her early film career, and before, when she was 'in training' at Rogers' Acting School.
I've been thinking, maybe Ms. Davis was rude to her early on, and the reason for her saying 'Ms. Ball doesn't want me'... (later, of course, MUCH LATER, after Lucille had become a much bigger star, weighing the differences, of course, in TV, that it was Lucille's way of getting back at her, for Ms. Davis' possibly snubbing her years before.
A possibility....what? what? JK
I think there's loads more to the Lucy/davis relationship, problem is davis thought she was the greatest star ever and Lucy eclipsed her in many ways, marriages, money, running her own studio etc. When la davis was her usual impossible self on her last motion picture, WICKED STEPMOTHER, they quickly went to Lucy to have HER do the part, knowing they'd never have any problems on the set with Lucy.
And Bea's part was such a nothing part also, no wonder she did not want to play it.
LocationSt. Louis
It may have been a nothing part.. but Bea is wonderful in it.. I think they work well together.. I personally like the movie.. I just think it is poorly edited.. and poorly directed.. Lucille and Bea are not the problem at all.
Your new name has to be one of the most original i have ever heard, LOL!
Mot Morenzi
The main reason she didn't want to do it wasn't because of the part but because she felt she was betraying Angela. They'd become really close during the B'way run. Her husband was directing though and said she owed it to him to do it. Also Lucy wanted her to do it so she reluctantly went along, but she regretted it later because the film was badly shot. You can sort of tell her heart's not really in it, but she still did a fine job.
Hey, you are about to HIT a thousand posts kiddo!!!!!
Wonder how much longer before she divorced Gene.
Soon as she saw the first cut of the movie!
No, seriously?


To support excavation and analysis at Tell Raqa'i, a small rural village of themid-3rd millennium B.C. in the middle Habur Valley of northeastern Syria. The analysis will provide information about urban-rural interaction.


text:
[Statement] The Paradox in Eliminating the Enforced Disappearance in Asia -Asia Alliance against Torture and Ill-Treatment
Posted on September 1, 2020 by Human Rights Online Philippines Leave a comment
Joint Statement of the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances: The Paradox in Eliminating the Enforced Disappearance in Asia
Asia Alliance against Torture and Ill-Treatment
The Asia Alliance Against Torture (A3T) condemns the practice of enforced disappearances that continues to occur in Asia. It is a cruel practice that perpetuates impunity, where the government shows no political will to investigate and solve cases of enforced disappearance. Marking today's annual commemoration of the International Day of the Disappeared, the A3T would like to highlight the paradoxical process in eliminating the enforced disappearance in Asia.
The enforced disappearance is not a new phenomenon in Asia. It has become a scourge that haunted civilians' rights, safety, and dignity, significantly the protection of human rights defenders. The practice of enforced disappearance has been systematically used by the state to suppress opposition and terrorize society. In some armed conflicts, the militant organizations also adopted this practice to deal with their opponents. In the past, the political condition often forced the state to oppress any disturbance, without fulfilling its responsibility afterward. In most Asian countries, it is experienced that families of enforced disappearances are waiting for justice from 1960 until today, which is shameful, and at the same time, painful for the families of the disappeared.
According to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the state shall take appropriate measures to investigate the enforced disappearance promptly, impartially, and without delay and bring those responsible to justice. The state also shall take the necessary steps to ensure that enforced disappearance constitutes an offense under its criminal law. This international instrument should have been a comprehensive and solid foundation to eliminate enforced disappearance in every country in Asia. But, in reality, the enforcement process is ambiguous. The paradox in eliminating the enforced disappearance in Asia is shown by some countries in Asia that ratified the Convention but still violating it at the same time. It is also a regular affair of the judiciary, which is reluctant to hear the matters of enforced disappearances. There are examples where vital documents are missing from the police and the courts. Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippine, China are heading the list. Widji Thukul, Wanchalearm Satsaksit, and others as human rights defenders have been missing, and their fate and whereabouts are still unknown.
By ratifying the Convention, the state binds to the commitment to protect all persons from enforced disappearance and investigate enforced disappearance cases. Also, the state binds to the victims' responsibility, such as restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition. Unfortunately, thousands of people remain victims in Asia. Investigations have not been conducted, and the victims' whereabouts remain unknown. The victims and their families still suffer from past wounds, and no full reparation is guaranteed. While many human rights defenders criticize the lack of political will in investigating the enforced disappearance cases, they are also vulnerable to the enforced disappearance itself. While they fight for the victims and their families' rights, they are subjected to enforced disappearance. This situation is the paradox where the state is already committed to upholding human rights and simultaneously failing its commitments. It also evolves into a cycle where the state could not investigate the past and recent enforced disappearance; then, civilians urged the state to resolve the cases; the state oppresses the critics by practicing the enforced disappearance. In the end, no cases were resolved. No victims were found and returned to their families. No victims' families obtained the reparation that they deserve, and the cycle goes back to the start and going on like that for years.
This paradox needs to end immediately. Any state in Asia shall comply with the convention in the right manner without adding another enforced disappearance case. Hence, A3T urges the states in Asia to:
1. Fully respect the rule of law regarding human rights and the enforced disappearance;
2. Impartially investigate the past and recent cases of enforced disappearance, and bring those responsible to justice with appropriate penalties which take into account the offense's extreme seriousness;
3. Effectively provide fair, accessible protection for the rights of the victims and their families;
4. Adequately protect human rights defenders, activists, and academics seeking accountability and responsibility for enforced disappearance.
5. Immediately ratify International Convention on Enforced Disappearances by those nations that have not ratified it yet.
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tagged with Asia, Asia Alliance against Torture and Ill-Treatment, Enforced Disappearance, Human Rights, International Day of the Disappeared