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Public Health Workers Face Threats, Unemployment While Fighting Virus
Published June 14, 2020 at 8:00 AM EDT
Physical threats, personal attacks on social media, lack of support from politicians - public health officials are dealing with an onslaught of anger as they try and deal with this pandemic. The United States already has a poorly funded and patchwork public health system, and its officials organize the infrastructure that allows it to work. Now an alarming number of them are either leaving or being forced out of their jobs when the country needs them the most.
A review by Kaiser Health News and The Associated Press found that at least 27 state and local health leaders have resigned, retired or were fired since April across 13 states. And one of those health officials is Emily Brown. She was let go as the director of the Rio Grande County Public Health Department last month. We reached her in Del Norte, Colo.
Welcome to the program.
EMILY BROWN: Hi. Thank you so much for having me.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: So tell me about your experience. What kind of pressure did you face when this pandemic was underway?
BROWN: I think the biggest piece was just trying to take in and understand just the onslaught of information that was constantly changing and then trying to take that information and translate it back to our community. And then, as there started to be restrictions put in place at the state level, there was an initial reaction of a lot of support and people coming together. And then as this went along and then especially as different communities and counties across the state started to open back up, there just was this rise of vitriol throughout the community to get back to normal living. And it was extremely intense and scary to navigate at some points.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: Tell me - when you say scary, can you give me an example?
BROWN: It was really interesting timing that our state public health directors association had held a meeting about a week before I had gotten more personal threats, and our state agency director said that about 80% of the directors that were on this call noted that they had received some sort of personal threat to themselves or to their property.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: Eighty percent.
BROWN: It was a huge number. And about a week later, we had seen a picture of the six of our public health directors posted on a Facebook page that was about reopening businesses. And there was threats around firearms and around stringing people up, comments about the fact that we were women or the fact that, just based on what we looked like, we obviously weren't health experts and shouldn't be listened to. But there was so much stress on our system that to be attacked that personally just added to the struggle of trying to go on with the behind-the-scenes pandemic response.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: What happened during the meeting when you were told you were being let go?
BROWN: I was asked to come into the meeting. I was told things weren't working out and that I either needed to step down or that - would need to be fired. Whenever there's a public health situation, it often gets political, and this pandemic response for coronavirus has just been unprecedented. And I could really see for myself that - from very early on, with my board of health, what I thought were important steps to take - some of those times that was either uncomfortable or not the direction that our leadership wanted to go. And I kind of say I just finally pushed too hard.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: Are you worried about what you're seeing as a former public health official?
BROWN: It's very scary. The state of Colorado, over the last several years, has acknowledged how poorly funded the public health infrastructure is nationally and in Colorado. And at the very start of the pandemic - early March - I had some optimism that this would be an opportunity for the broader public to see the value of what public health does and hopefully push for a better system - that we would transform the system. And at this point, I worry that things will be gutted even more and there will be even less willingness to have a strong infrastructure.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: Emily Brown is the former director of the Rio Grande County Public Health Department in rural Colorado.
BROWN: Thank you so much. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Andrew McDowell
An Author of Many Parts
Author Interview with M. J. Patrick
June 18, 2019 June 11, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 4 Comments
If you haven't yet, check out my interview with fellow author and MWA member M. J. Patrick! Many thanks M. J. for this opportunity!
via Indie Author Spotlight: Andrew McDowell
Believe in Your Writing, and Yourself
October 24, 2018 / Andrew McDowell	/ 3 Comments
My latest guest appearance on the blog of the amazing author Sharon Ledwith, where I discuss the importance of self-confidence for writers, and dealing with self-doubt:
Many thanks to Sharon for this opportunity! I highly recommend her blog for all you writers and readers out there.
Questions of Narrative and Tense
July 8, 2018 September 20, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 10 Comments
One has a story in mind, and wants to tell it well. It then becomes a question of how you want to tell it. I've learned there's more than one way to write a novel. In fact there are many, and like all details run the risk of being overthought or overdone. Sometimes one can get so worried about them it leads to writer's block and one cannot move forward, sort of like when when choosing a book title or character name. These are among the first details to choose at the beginning. Yet at other times, they seem to manifest themselves and/or change in the process.
One of the first questions that comes to mind is whether to write in first person or third. I find it often depends on the type of story being told. When writing Mystical Greenwood, I chose to write in third person as I felt it was the right way to tell a fantasy story set in an imaginary world no reader would have personally lived in, but could still observe and imagine. But there are many subdivisions of third person, and that was not so easily defined for me.
I flirted between third person limited and subjective. Subjective is trying to convey more than one characters' thoughts and feelings at the same time, whereas limited focuses on chiefly one character. After sending Mystical Greenwood to Mockingbird Lane Press, at my editor's request I made it third person limited throughout because there were originally some scenes with slight POV shifts that caused confusion. While some chapters and scenes are told from the perspective of characters other than Dermot, and there are scene breaks and a change to another character's POV in others, I still tried to limit it to one character at a time.
I could've written in third person objective, but that would've left out every character's feelings and thoughts, which I felt could detach readers from the narrative. Third person omniscient is often used for high and epic fantasy, where all character's thoughts and feelings are presented. That can sometimes make it hard for readers to attach themselves to the story, as there would be too many characters to choose from to bond with while reading. But that certainly doesn't mean it can't work.
I'm presently trying I-narrative with the neglected pets story. I feel first person works best with realistic fiction (as it's a setting readers and writers live in and understand), mysteries, and thrillers. I would like to try an epistolary format (telling a story in the form of diary entries and letters), perhaps for historical fiction. Some authors have alternated between third and first within the same book (using the latter for their protagonist), which I might also try. News articles could also be used in epistolary stories, and be another way to alternate. Other writers have changed narrative within a series, like the late Stephen J. Cannell did with the Shane Scully books.
With first person, one can also make it plural or use an unreliable narrator. Some novels try to replicate the thought-process, or stream of conscious – third or first could work, but I personally find it hard to follow. Some classic books have had chapters or scenes written in the format of plays; another thing I could try.
I should also mention second person narrative: "You". It's rarer in literature, as is writing in future tense. Most stories are in past tense, but some have been written in present, just like plays and screenplays. But there have been some well-told stories written using one or both, most famously perhaps Oh, the Places You'll Go! by Dr. Seuss. It's always good to experiment and try new things with writing. Writer should use whatever they feel is best for your story.
Writing in Third Person Omniscient vs Third Person Limited.
Aldridge, Ally. Point of View.
Wolf, Kalesjha H. First Person vs. Third Person.
Kindle Users, It's Finally Here!
April 15, 2018 October 24, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 4 Comments
That's right! Mystical Greenwood is now available in Kindle from Mockingbird Lane Press on Amazon AND Amazon.co.uk!
As a friendly reminder, you can reserve the paperback through Amazon and Barnes & Noble. If you're in Britain, it's also available through Amazon.co.uk and Foyles Bookstore. Additional outlets can be found for both versions via Goodreads.
You can also try ordering directly at your local bookstore. That can help get it on shelves for other readers to find. If you belong to a book club, I hope you'll recommend it to your fellow members! Your reviews will help me and this book immensely. Spread the word!
And don't forget, if you become a fan you can order merchandise with the cover art at Deviant Art!
Errors and Typos
March 9, 2018 July 30, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 8 Comments
They range from misspellings and repetitions to grammar and formatting errors. Some are more noticeable than others. I see Facebook posts all the time about how "errorists" win when there are typos like an unmatched parenthesis. Writers and editors try to catch all of them before publication, but they've been slipping past for centuries, even with famous works, to the point where they've become the fascination that they are.
Mystical Greenwood it turns out is no exception. I spotted some after going through a copy from my first order. I've notified Mockingbird Lane Press and we are working on making corrections for future copies. Certainly there is a benefit of second and third editions and so on: typos can be caught and fixed in between, although the initial copies remain as they are.
Certainly for any writer, it's a frustrating feeling to see your work in print with errors. But good friends have given me encouragement, feeling typos won't be a big deal, and the overall story will outweigh them. Well, certainly classics, even modern classics, are still around and people continue to read and enjoy them. To you reading this right now, if you've bought one of the early prints of Mystical Greenwood, let me express my hope that you will still enjoy the story.
The simple truth is perfection is impossible, but we still try to get as close as we can. It's fair to say that future books I will write will no doubt have some typos in their first printing. Lesson learned.
Ellis-Petersen, Hannah. Go Set a Watchman books missing text from final pages after printing error.
Heffernan, Virgnia. The Price of Typos.
Van Huygen, Meg. 15 Famous Typos in First Editions.
Order Mystical Greenwood Now!
February 17, 2018 July 30, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 9 Comments
Yes! I'm very happy to announce that the paperback version of Mystical Greenwood is now available on Amazon!
Mockingbird Lane Press will also soon be offering an e-book version (which can be downloaded to Kindle and Nook)! It should be available in a couple weeks.
Mystical Greenwood will also soon be offered on Barnes & Noble.
I hope you enjoy it! Please read, review (be honest), and help spread the word!
The cover art is also available on Deviant Art! If you're a fan, you can now buy merchandise!
Count your Lucky Length
January 20, 2018 December 10, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 12 Comments
Often when works of fiction are discussed, word and/or page count comes up. When you see books on a shelf, one of the first things you'll notice, apart from the author's name and book title on the spine, is how thick or thin they are compared to each other. Some people like J. R. R. Tolkien enjoy reading long stories. Others prefer shorter works. What is it about length? Does it matter?
Often when you look at a book's title page, there will often be a subtitle saying "A Novel" or something similar. "A Novella" and "A Novelette" appear to be less common. Instead perhaps you might see "A Short Novel". Furthermore, when it comes to defining types of writers we have novelist, poet, essayist, playwright, short story writer, and screenwriter. There are no set terms that I'm aware of for writers of novellas or novelettes. I sometimes feel novel is an umbrella term under which any fictional work longer than a short story can be labeled. Often, it seems word count is what it really comes down to, as I've seen so many sets of word count ranges that are used to define these works. Or is it?
In my senior year at St. Mary's College, I took a high level creative writing class called "The Novella". Some of the books we read felt like novels or long short stories. We each had to write a novella, and I started writing that story about neglected pets. It fit into a novella word count range. However, my classmates and the professor felt it should be expanded into a novel. I admit before that class, I'd first imagined it as a novel. Perhaps a work of fiction is what the author believes it to be, and subsequently calls it.
Writing for the stage and screen can be more restrictive, though it's by page count rather than words. Once at a meeting of the MWA Annapolis chapter it was stated a page of a screenplay equals a minute of screen time. Thus an ideal film script should be 100-120 pages. A TV episode script would be 50-60 pages. Plays too it seems have page count limits these days. Audiences I can understand would rather not sit in a theater all day.
Some classic plays and films are long. Hamlet is usually abridged when staged or filmed. The 1996 unabridged film version lasted over four hours. Sometimes I wonder what Hamlet's stage and screen history would've been like had Shakespeare written it as two plays, as he did with Henry IV (which has appeared onscreen only as TV films). I also wonder what the movie Gettysburg would've been like had it been a TV miniseries as initially planned.
Charles Dickens's works were first published as a serial (like novelettes or novellas) before being printed as complete books. The serial versions were cheaper, making his novels available to the masses, whom, with a cliffhanger, would be enticed to buy the next installment. The novels of the Brontë sisters were published in "volumes" – but like Dickens's books they're are only published as complete works nowadays. Some people feel novellas and novelettes have difficulty getting published these days, and if they do they are usually combined with similar works.
In the end, it all comes down to the writer. It's up to the author whether they want to define their work as novels, novellas, novelettes, short novels, or short stories. Length is applied in the public consciousness, but maybe it doesn't have to. Does length and its description on the title page affect the customers decision to purchase or pass? What do you think?
Meer, Syed Hunbbel. Differences Between a Short Story, Novelette, Novella, & a Novel.
Playwriting 101. Chapter 1: The Play's the Thing.
Edit, Revise, Rewrite
October 4, 2017 October 25, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 14 Comments
Any writer who takes their craft seriously will have edited their work many times over. I can pretty much guarantee that any bestselling novel or literary classic you take off the shelf is not in its first draft. Novels go through several drafts before they are published. It can be said of any form of creative writing too, really. It can even feel at times while you write that you are editing too, and the editing takes over the writing process. Some say to not edit at all with the first draft, to just write it and get it done. Also, others will say that you eventually have to stop editing and move on, otherwise you never will. Both of those sentiments make total sense, but editing is still a vital stage of the writing process.
Perhaps you remember from writing school papers the concept of rough drafts and final copies. Editing enables you to polish a rough draft so that you have a final copy. It is the same with novels. So what chance does a work have without being edited, or without at least one other pair of eyes not your own offering critical feedback? Taking feedback is never easy, but it should be constructive, so you can see it as a way to ask yourself what can be done better.
Going beyond grammar and spelling, the book itself goes through many drafts. Plot points are altered. New ones come in. Old ones are eliminated. It's same with characters, names, and the elements and rules of world-building. Plot holes are identified, along with anything that does not fit. The problem is tackled, usually more than once. It might be necessary to start over from scratch, using the old draft for reference. Format can change too: chapter titles come and go, length can be altered, and the format of chapter numbers (word numbers, Roman numerals, number numbers) can change.
With Mystical Greenwood, I've learned the power and importance of editing. It's always beneficial to have another pair of eyes look at what you wrote, so you might see what potential readers might say. Whether they're beta readers, critique group members, or professional editors, their opinions will go a long way. At a time when I thought Mystical Greenwood was good and the plot solid, an insightful and encouraging critique from author John DeDakis showed me that more work still needed to be done. To quote Ewan McGregor's character in The Ghost Writer, I came to think of it as a case where "all the words are there. They're just in the wrong order." Some scenes were moved around and rewoven together as a result.
Originally I had around half as many chapters that were twice as long, but then I started to wonder if they were too long. I've read books with really long chapters and found it to be frustrating finding a place to stop before bed. So about two thirds through a draft, I split those I had in two (excepting the prologue). I also switched from word numbers to number numbers. I once had chapter titles, but grew to dislike them, and after failing to think of new ones, I discarded them altogether. I felt they had become unnecessary.
The main reason I approached Mockingbird Lane Press was its founder, Regina Riney-Williams, has a great reputation as an editor. Over the course of two rounds of editing, I have found her insights and opinions invaluable. She has been constructive and encouraging, and I'm very grateful for her feedback as much as her willingness to take my book on. I've learned not only that so much can change through editing, but as a writer to never stop with one draft. To be a good writer, one must seek and accept feedback, subsequently editing, revising, and often rewriting, which must continue with every novel to come.
The Four P's of Getting Published
September 7, 2017 / Andrew McDowell	/ 4 Comments
My uncle first came up with the concept of the P's of getting published. He came up with three: patience, politeness, and professionalism. I added a fourth: persistence. One could call them principles, or perhaps even virtues (although that doesn't begin with P). Each is important when corresponding with agents, editors, and publishers, and ultimately towards becoming published authors.
Everyone knows patience is a virtue. It's also something I brought up when I discussed rejections and criticism. One writer is a fish in a deep ocean when it comes to editing and publishing. People in this industry have to judge every query and submission carefully, and with great thought. They have to decide whether or not it is an investment worth the risk, which like the publication process itself, takes time. Another saying people know is that good things come to those who wait. It's especially true for writers. Believe me, I've learned the hard way never to rush when it comes to writing or getting published. It's important to respect publishers and editors for taking quality time to be thorough in their jobs so that a writer's work reaches its full potential.
I already discussed the importance of persistence over a year ago when I talked about facing rejection and criticism. Writers have heard it said before and I'll say it again: don't give up. Now, once a contract has been signed, it isn't a good idea to press agents, editors, or publishers, or sound pushy. Rather writers should be persistent to a degree that shows they care about their work and accomplishing goals, but are patient and respectful of those with whom they're working.
A writer must never forget once they have a contract that he or she is not the only writer under contract. Agents, editors, and publishers alike have to work with and help many writers. So writers should always respect their position and what they're doing for them. They should respect what they say in their critiques, even if they the writer disagree with it. Now, being a little rude is one thing. But I recall one editor's story of how a client went beyond being merely rude to being outright vile and foulmouthed, calling the editor offensive names. That editor wouldn't work with that client again. Now this case, as I said, goes beyond mere rudeness. If writers are a little rude such as when defending their vision of their work, publishers and editors can handle that. Sometimes, people can be rude without realizing it. Still, it's important to remember editors and publishers are people and have feelings, as do writers. Being polite and respectful goes a long way.
A writer should be professional in his or her correspondence, something that's apparent from the beginning when querying and submitting work. No doubt everyone recalls dressing professional when going for a job interview. One certainly wouldn't think of dressing too casual then or when hired. It's a similar situation when approaching and communicating with those who's job is to edit, publish, and market writers' creations. Only in this case it'll usually take the form of words both written and spoken rather than clothing and hairstyle. Acting casually or even sarcastically can give the impression writers aren't serious about their work being a success, that they don't care. Publishing is a business. Writers must take it seriously as they would their work, so as to increase the likelihood of getting it and themselves out there.
Cover Art: Mystical Greenwood
August 2, 2017 July 30, 2019 / Andrew McDowell	/ 6 Comments
I'm very happy to reveal the cover art for Mystical Greenwood! Many thanks to Jamie Johnson of Mockingbird Lane Press for her excellent design!
I'm also delighted to announce it will be available before long on Deviant Art, where items can then be purchased with the cover art on them!
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Updates on Works in Progress
Establishing Characters' Motives
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mambo Cha Cha Cha and Guarachas for dancers and listeners.
Here it is! Grupo Caribe just completed its second CD titled "Ritmo Nativo". Yomo Toro Y La Lloroncita are special guests.
The title track is an Aguinaldo composed by Emilio Rodriguez and arranged by Jose Madera. It features Yomo Toro on Cuatro and La Lloroncita on lead vocals with Luisito Ayala.
The other songs included in this recording have most of the rhythms summed up by the phrase "Salsa Music". Each song is unique in what it has to offer to the listener and dancer. The music is very upbeat and danceable.
The second song is titled "Homenaje A Ismael Rivera". It is a tribute to Ismael Rivera, who is considered one of the best improvisational singers "Salsa Music" had to offer. The song was composed by Emilio Rodriguez and arranged by Sergio Rivera. The rhythms included in this arrangement are Mambo, and Rumba, climaxing with a strong montuno a la Eddie Palmieri.
The third song entitled "Machito Puente y Rodriguez is a cha cha cha written in memory of the three greatest band leaders Salsa Music had to offer. The song was composed and arranged by Sergio Rivera. It is a cha cha cha that includes the rhythms of Danza, Bolero, Mambo and of course the steady pulse throughout of the One Two Cha Cha Cha.
The fourth song is titled "Preparate". It was composed by Lino Iglesias and arranged by Jose Madera. The song is about a guy telling a gal to get ready to dance the best dances of the Caribbean. The rhythms included hear are Bomba, Guaguanco and Mambo. We also included two songs from our first CD and two previously recorded songs by La Lloroncita and Yomo Toro.


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ManagementCybersecuritySecurity NewswireSecurity Enterprise ServicesSecurity Leadership and ManagementLogical SecurityCybersecurity News
How to protect cybersecurity budgets
By Raj Dodhiawala
SARINYAPINNGAM/ iStock / Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
Market volatility and inflation are forcing companies to slash spending. In uncertain times like these, there's a tendency toward across-the-board cuts, so every department shares in the pain. But if you plan to include cybersecurity in your cuts, you're likely putting your company at risk.
Economic upheaval breeds a natural vulnerability, which only makes hackers more active. According to Kaspersky, the number of attacks has increased by 3 million in the last year. And a Washington Post headline says it all: "Elevated cyber threats are the 'new normal.'"
For chief information security officers (CISOs) and their organizations, the question is not whether to cut the cybersecurity budget. It's how much risk they are willing to take.
Damaged Security Defenses
Due to COVID, the Great Resignation, and the rise in working from home, chances are your organization's security was already compromised before the latest market turmoil began. Tech workers resigned in droves; there wasn't enough talent to replace them. And now you're connected like never before — with remote work adding doorways to your data. All of this leaves organizations exposed in ways you might never have considered.
Then come the changing modes of attack. Twenty years ago, hackers were content with low-and-slow breaches. The idea was to stay under the radar with small, barely detectable sorties. Today they're striking with speed, disabling as many systems as possible or stealing everything they can in mere seconds. The assaults are coming with such frequency — and such a wider arsenal — that there's barely time to deconstruct today's attack before a new method arrives tomorrow.
Meanwhile, your cybersecurity is likely understaffed. Lay off a few cybersecurity team members included in a larger cut, and you're placing enormous stress on the available resources needed to respond.
Think of your defenses in the way you would a murder investigation. You need detectives, forensic investigators, coroners, and lab technicians, each doing their part. A similar cast is needed in cyber response. If you pull out one or two — or cut their budget for tools — the odds of repelling an attack correspondingly decline.
In real terms, that might mean using an outdated response plan that hasn't been properly tested and updated. It could mean dated software defenses that no longer meet the times. It may require employees to assume multiple roles, whether they have the expertise or not. The result: You're slower and more vulnerable. These are the ingredients for an incident that could easily spiral out of control.
As a result, your security budget is only discretionary if you're willing to assume the risk. Not just the risk to your data or public reputation. But to your cyber insurance as well. Last year, premiums rose by 92%. Companies are now finding that without the people and systems in place, they can't get insurance at all.
How to Reduce Cyber Risk
The best defense is a layered defense. You have to protect the on-premises data center, cloud, and Software as a Service (SaaS) applications. You have to guard remote employees working on their own islands. Each requires a specialized approach with the people and technology to handle them.
The shortage of talent is increasingly moving companies to turn to outside firms to fill in gaps. Yet these contracts also make inviting targets for chief financial officer (CFOs) searching for cuts. Take away your providers, and it's not much different than bringing the knife to your own security department.
In trying times, there's also a tendency to turn to large, name-brand providers. The idea is that they're better suited to weather the storm. Yet this presents another risk that needs to be reckoned. In short: companies should be sure they're buying the latest expertise, rather than the biggest name.
If you have to reduce budgets, be cognizant of the risks those cuts produce. Instead of simply protecting a general dollar amount, CISOs need to outline exactly what each expense buys. Let the CFO know the exact amount that is needed to keep an incident response plan current, and the exact amount that is required to fill the holes with outside help. With this kind of specificity, the risks become clearer: some tasks will knowingly be de-prioritized, and some others simply won't be done.
It's the only way to keep a CFO informed, providing them the data to properly assess exposure. After all, no company has unlimited resources for cybersecurity. There will always be risks. The question is how to know, manage and adapt to the risks for your organization.
This article originally ran in Today's Cybersecurity Leader, a monthly cybersecurity-focused eNewsletter for security end users, brought to you by Security magazine. Subscribe here.
KEYWORDS: Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) cyber security risk management security budgets
Raj Dodhiawala is president and CEO of Remediant.
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Canadian company given all clear to sanitize and reuse PPE
Ontario-based Clēan Works has been approved by Health Canada
Last week, Clēan Works announced that it was given approval by Health Canada to start helping in sanitizing N-95 masks. This piece of protective equipment is highly sought-after during this current COVID-19 pandemic and there have been shortages of the mask all over the world.
Dr. Theresa Tam, Canada's public health chief, had previously stated that the government was looking into potentially disinfecting PPE so as to be able to reuse it. This is now possible thanks to Clēan Works' novel system which it has developed over the last few years. The system, called the Clēan Flow Health Care Mini, was initially used in the agri-food industry, to rid produce of pathogens, molds and viruses without using water. It uses a combination of ultraviolet light, vaporized hydrogen peroxide and ozone to kill these pathogens and viruses.
The company has now adapted its production facility in Niagara, Ont., to be able to produce equipment specifically for the N-95 masks. It will do so through its new affiliate, Clēan Works Medical. The device can sanitize up to 800 N-95 masks per hour, this new affiliate will be able to produce 15 of these units a week.
The units are available to order and many major hospital and health networks across the country have ordered units, including Hamilton Health Sciences, Trillium Health Partners, Niagara Health Region, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Toronto EMS and the National Research Council in Ottawa.
Canadian company partners with Chinese firm to manufacture N95 masks
Top Canadian public health official looking to reuse PPE


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Das Torneo de las Américas 1997 () ist die achte Auflage der Basketball-Amerikameisterschaft und fand vom 21. bis 31. August 1997 in der uruguayischen Hauptstadt Montevideo statt. Bei dem Turnier ging es um die Qualifikation für die Basketball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998. Im Nachhinein wurde das Turnier in die Reihe der Amerikameisterschaften aufgenommen und zählte als Kontinentalmeisterschaft für nationale Auswahlmannschaften der Herren des Kontinentalverbands FIBA Amerika. Von den zehn teilnehmenden Mannschaften qualifizierten sich die unter den ersten vier platzierten Mannschaften direkt für die Weltmeisterschaften. Da die Vereinigten Staaten als Olympiasieger und WM-Titelverteidiger bereits für die Weltmeisterschaften qualifiziert waren, hätte noch eine weitere Mannschaft die Möglichkeit zur Qualifikation, sofern die Vereinigten Staaten unter den ersten vier Mannschaften der Zwischenrunde platziert war. In diesem Fall entschied das Spiel um Platz 5 über den letzten Startplatz für die Weltmeisterschaft.

Teilnehmer
Regionale Qualifikation nach den Subzonen des Kontinentalverbands. Neben den beiden Nationalmannschaften der nordamerikanischen Subzone nahmen die vier Halbfinalisten der zentral- und südamerikanischen Meisterschaften, zu denen auch der Gastgeber Uruguay als Sieger der Basketball-Südamerikameisterschaft 1997 gehörte.

Nordamerika

Zentralamerika & Karibik
  (Sieger Centrobasket 1997)
  (Finalist Centrobasket 1997)
  (Bronzemedaille Centrobasket 1997)
  (Halbfinalist Centrobasket 1997)

Südamerika
  (Gastgeber & Sieger Campeonato Sudamericano 1997)
  (Silbermedaille Campeonato Sudamericano 1997)
  (Bronzemedaille Campeonato Sudamericano 1997)
  (Vierter Campeonato Sudamericano 1997)

Modus
Beim Turnier wurde eine Vorrunde in zwei Gruppen zu je fünf Mannschaften als Rundenturnier ausgetragen. Die beiden am schlechtesten platzierten Mannschaften der Vorrunde schieden anschließend aus dem Turnier aus, während die anderen Mannschaften unter Mitnahme ihrer Vorrundenergebnisse eine Zwischenrunde als Fortführung des Rundenturniers gegen die besten vier Mannschaften der anderen Vorrundengruppe ausspielten. Bei gleicher Anzahl von Siegen und Niederlagen entschied der direkte Vergleich. Anschließend entschieden Platzierungsspiele der ersten sechs Mannschaften über die endgültige Platzierung. Um den fünften Platz, der aller Voraussicht nach für die Qualifikation zur Weltmeisterschaft reichen würde, gab es ein zusätzliches Spiel zwischen der fünft- und der sechstplatzierten Mannschaft der Zwischenrunde.

Vorrunde
Die Spiele der Vorrunde fand zwischen dem 21. und 25. August 1997 statt.

Gruppe A

Gruppe B

Zwischenrunde
Die Spiele der Zwischenrunde, die die sechs Teilnehmer an den Platzierungsspielen ermittelten, fanden zwischen dem 27. und 30. August 1997 statt. Die mitgenommenen Ergebnisse der Vorrunde sind kursiv gekennzeichnet. Die vier erstplatzierten Mannschaften waren für die Weltmeisterschaft 1998 direkt qualifiziert.

Platzierungsrunde

Siehe auch
 Basketball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998

Weblinks
 1997 Championship of the Americas for Men – Turnierergebnisse bei archive.fiba.com ()

1997
Amerikameisterschaft
Sportveranstaltung in Montevideo
Amerikameisterschaft 1997

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
South African MNO, Cell C, is Transitioning from Telco to Techco
If you can't beat them, join them says the old proverb. The South African MNO Cell C has taken this seriously. A news article back in September said:
In a bid to give its customers access to world-class network quality, excellent service and innovative value offers, Cell C has over the last eight months deactivated 39% of its physical radio access network (RAN) towers with 100% migration in the Eastern Cape, Free State, Northern Cape and Limpopo.
Over the next four months, Cell C plans to decommission a further 5% of its towers, with a focus on parts of Kwa-Zulu Natal and Mpumalanga.
Rather than spending billions building network infrastructure to compete with its fellow mobile giants, the company concluded roaming agreements with network partners like MTN and Vodacom to use the spare capacity that they have on their networks.
Prepaid customers will roam on the MTN network, whilst post-paid customers will be on the Vodacom network.
We see a dual approach by Cell C here. Rather than putting all their eggs in a single basket, they have spread their risk portfolio.
In our blog post last year, we saw that both MTN and Vodacom has similar coverage and capabilities. This would mean that Cell C subscribers will win regardless of whichever network they are on.
With Vodacom, it looks like Cell C is using a roaming agreement and will act like a Thick MVNO. We have explained the different types of MVNOs here but if you prefer to watch a video then see here.
The approach with MTN, based on the above slide shared by them seems to be a combination of MVNO and MORAN. To understand what MORAN is, read here or watch the video here. Cell C explained it as follows back in June:
Cell C has successfully decommissioned 34 percent of its physical Radio Access Network (RAN) sites, while seamlessly migrating prepaid and Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) customers to roam solely on its partner network, MTN, via a virtual RAN.
The initial Cell C and MTN roaming agreement from 2018 provided coverage in areas outside of the main metros. The decommissioning of sites in these provinces means that where Cell C customers previously moved between Cell C and MTN towers, they will now only roam on MTN's network through the virtual radio network provisioned for Cell C, which has wide network coverage.
Based on technology advances it is possible for network operators to avoid duplication of investment in RAN infrastructure. In this model, Cell C will decommission its physical RAN, which includes towers, base stations, antennae, radio and transmission equipment, while MTN will provision a virtual RAN. Cell C will use its own spectrum on this virtual RAN and manage the customer experience. As a mobile network operator Cell C is still responsible for its spectrum licenses, core network, transport network, billing system and subscriber management.
While Cell C continues to refer to the arrangement as 'virtual RAN', it shouldn't be confused with vRAN / Open RAN. It would be interesting to see how this arrangement works and if this will continue for 5G going forward.
Cell C's FY 2020 annual results presentation slides and video may be worth a watch.
Operator Watch Blog: High Data Prices in South Africa means Great 4G coverage but Poor Subscription Rates
The 3G4G Blog: MNO, MVNO, MVNA, MVNE - The different types of operators
Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Passive and Active Infrastructure Sharing
The 3G4G Blog: Quick tutorial on Mobile Network Sharing Options
By Zahid Ghadialy at October 27, 2021 No comments:
Labels: Continent Africa, Country South Africa, Infrastructure Sharing, Network Sharing, Operator Cell C, Operator MTN, Operator Vodacom South Africa, Spectrum
Hungary's MNOs are keen for Nationwide 5G Rollout
Hungary has the advantage of a developed telecom infrastructure, with a focus among operators to develop the 5G sector and upgrade fixed networks to provide a 1Gb/s service. Services based on 5G have been supported by the January 2021 multi-spectrum auction for spectrum in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands. Digi Mobile failed to secure spectrum, which prompted the operator's parent company to sell the unit to 4iG.
As in many other markets in the region, the number of fixed-lines continues to fall as subscribers migrate to the mobile platform for voice and data services. Operators have thus looked to bundled packages to boost revenue and retain subscribers. This strategy encouraged Vodafone Group to acquire UPC Hungary in mid-2019.
The dynamic mobile market is served by four MNOs and a small number of MVNOs. Mobile penetration is relatively high for the region, and there remains considerable growth in mobile broadband services delivered via upgraded networks. Revenue growth is focused on mobile data as operators struggle with competition and regulated tariff reductions.
Maygar Telekom is at the forefront of 5G developments, supported by the government, universities, other telcos and vendors forming the Hungarian 5G Coalition. By March 2021, Vodafone Hungary managed about 300 5G base stations in Budapest and its surrounds, as well as in a number of other cities.
The four mobile operators in Hungary are: Magyar Telekom (a.k.a Telekom, formerly T-Mobile/Westel), Telenor Hungary (formerly Pannon, partly state-owned), Vodafone Hungary and DIGIMobil (limited coverage, postpaid only)]
For the three major providers Telekom, Telenor and Vodafone 2G is on 900 and 1800 MHz, 3G is on 900 and 2100 MHz, while Digi works only on 1800 MHz with 2G/4G. The big three carriers are offering 4G/LTE services since 2015 on 800, 1800 and partly 2100, 2600 MHz (bands 1, 3, 7 and 20). LTE-A is available by big three providers in bigger cities in up to 300 Mbit/s. Telekom and Telenor have network sharing agreement for 4G on 800 MHz (B20) outside of Budapest and have therefore almost the same coverage on 4G/LTE. Generally Hungary has a quite good coverage with 4G/LTE networks and high speeds in most areas except Digi.
According to the recent Opensignal report on operators in Hungary, it was found that Telekom is the dominant operator when it comes to national mobile network experience. The operator won five out of the seven awards outright — Video Experience, Games Experience, Voice App Experience, Upload Speed Experience, and 4G Coverage Experience — and further jointly won the Download Speed Experience award with Telenor. It was noteworthy that Telekom users saw strong results for the experiential metrics — Excellent rating in Video Experience, Good ratings on Games Experience, and Voice App Experience. Telekom also had a considerable lead in Upload Speed Experience, with the users on its network observing 18.9% to 306.5% faster speeds compared to their peers. However, this was not the case for other metrics, as Telenor came close to challenge Telekom on most of them.
Hungary has held a strong position globally when it comes to mobile network experience and is striving to establish the same level of global success in the 5G era. The country opened its doors to 5G earlier last year with the auction of 5G capable bands in which three national operators — Telekom, Telenor, and Vodafone — acquired three bands of which the 2.1 GHz and 3.6 GHz bands were ready to be used immediately, while the 700 MHz band was available for use from September 2020 onwards. Since then, 5G deployments have been evolving in the country.
In terms of commercial 5G service, Vodafone claimed to be the first to launch services covering downtown Budapest in late 2019, using its existing 3500 MHz band frequencies. Telekom has claimed to have expanded 5G mobile services using the 2100 MHz band, via Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) technology and launched its commercial 5G network in April 2020 using the 3600 MHz band in selected areas of downtown Budapest and central Zalaegerszeg. In contrast, Telenor is yet to launch commercial 5G services, while the newest mobile operator — DIGIMobil — did not acquire any spectrum from the 5G auctions. The measurements from 5G users contribute to the overall scores included in this report.
In the future, as Hungary's operators continue to make strides for a nationwide rollout it will be interesting to see how the mobile network experience in the country shapes up.
In this report, Opensignal used real-world data to compare the experience of our users on the country's four key national operators — DIGIMobil, Telekom, Telenor and Vodafone — for a period of 90 days starting October 1, 2020.
Magyar Telekom Nyrt., often simply called Telekom, is the largest Hungarian telecommunications company. The former monopolist is now a subsidiary of (German) Deutsche Telekom.
It has the best and fastest network according to Opensignal. 4G/LTE is available on 800, 1800 and 2600 MHz and covers 98% of the population coverage map in up to 150 Mbit/s.
Telekom launched its commercial 5G network in April 2020 with spectrum in the spectrum from the 3.5GHz band, connecting areas in downtown Budapest and county capital Zalaegerszeg, it also switched on 5G base stations in the Lake Balaton region in July 2020.
Magyar Telekom stated 5G services are live in four other county capitals Debrecen, Szeged, Kecskemet and Szombathely. There is also 5G connectivity in the town of Budaors and 21 settlements around Lake Balaton.
DSS technology enables spectrum to be shared between 4G and 5G to a millisecond, allowing operators to rely on spectrum they already possess.
Telenor in Hungary was sold by Telenor to the Czech PPF Group in 2018, and since 2019 25% of it is owned by the state. It has pretty good coverage throughout the country. Their 3G is on 900 and 2100 MHz up to 42 Mbit/s and their 4G/LTE is available on 800, 1800 and 2600 MHz covering 99% of the population up to 150 Mbit/s.
Vodafone is the smallest provider in Hungary what the number of customers is concerned. It covers about 98% of the population on 2G and 3G and about 95% on 4G.
For 3G your device should be capable of the 900 MHz frequency, because most of its 3G antennas are based on it up to 21 Mbit/s. 4G/LTE network started in 2015 on 800 MHz and now available on 1800 and additionally on 2100 and 2600 MHz available for prepaid users in up to 75 Mbit/s.
Vodafone has signed a cooperation agreement Huawei along with Hungary's East-West Intermodal Logistics and British telecommunications operator, in a joint effort to build Europe's first smart railway hub managed by a 5G private network to be empowered by Huawei.
Vodafone Hungary and Huawei's Hungary subsidiary will provide a 5G private network for the project. 5G technology will be used to remotely control fully automatic gantry cranes for intelligent loading and unloading operations. It will be able to handle 1 million standard containers per year after project completion in the first quarter of next year.
A 4th LTE license to Romanian-backed RCS & RDS company (brand name: 'DIGI') was given out in 2014. They started their own 2G and 4G network on 1800 MHz (band 3) in May 2019.
Their coverage is very limited and there is no domestic roaming on other networks. They sell only postpaid packets.
Operator Watch Blog: Hungary Allocates 5G Spectrum in 700 MHz, 2.1 GHz and 3.6 GHz
By Zaffareen Khan at October 13, 2021 No comments:
Labels: 5G, Company OpenSignal, Continent Europe, Country Hungary, Operator DIGI Hungary, Operator Telenor Hungary, Operator Vodafone Hungary
Telefonica Presents Strategy for Systems and Network Evolution
Last month, speaking at Morgan Stanley Telecoms CTO Symposium, Enrique Blanco, Global CTIO of Telefónica laid out their strategy for 'Systems and Network Evolution'. This included mobile as well as fixed line evolution.
As part of the presentation, he covered the following topics:
Evolution of Fiber technology towards 50G-PON by means of a multiservice approach
Providing differential customer experience through excellent Wi-Fi quality and home equipment
Moving forward to Wi-Fi 6, using home devices ecosystem as an open service platform at home and providing FWA solutions
Completing coverage and capacity deployments of 4G networks as 5G networks are activated
5G deployment at the right pace according to business needs
5G, in its final version (SA), will provide differential attributes for the provision of new services
5G is an attractive technology to promote new enterprise businesses that demand specific use cases in Industrial IoT
5G and Edge computing as enablers for new services requiring low latency and locality
Evolution of networks and systems towards virtualized and open architectures to ensure the strength of industry ecosystems
This is being carried out in all the segments of the network and the systems
Open RAN and Open Broadband: enabling the evolution of our access while managing the vendor map by creating robust ecosystems
Follow IT Architecture principles to progress towards the cloudification and digitalization, and provide differential value to the market and customers
While building a new operating model where AI would be a key component…
Create value with 5G beyond improvement in browsing, speed and latency
Working with active sectors in 5G and approaching horizontal multi-sector 5G applications
Serving Society as a whole while supporting sustainability
Become leaders in cutting-edge digital services by unlocking the power of integrating technology
You can get the slides for the above presentation from here. Pablo Eguiron, CFO at Telefónica Tech also did a virtual presentation on 'The partner to fully capture the B2B opportunity' at 18th Caixabank BPI Iberian Conference. Slides from that are available here.
Operator Watch Blog: Is Telefónica the Greenest Network Operator ?
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Operator Watch Blog: Big Data & Artificial Intelligence at Telefónica Deutschland
The 3G4G Blog: Telefonica and open source
The 3G4G Blog - Telefonica: Big Data, Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Connect the Unconnected
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The 3G4G Blog: 5G and Industry 4.0
Telecoms Infrastructure Blog - Internet para todos: Telefonica and Parallel Wireless on a mission to connect 100 Million Unconnected
Labels: 5G, Operator Telefónica Group, Technology Fiber, Technology Open RAN, Technology Wi-Fi
South African MNO, Cell C, is Transitioning from T...
Telefonica Presents Strategy for Systems and Netwo...


On the morning of September 24, 2014 (India time), the Mangalyaan-1 space probe entered into orbit of Mars. Mangalyaan-1 was designed and built in India, financed by Indian taxpayers, and launched on an Indian PSLV rocket from Shriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. Over the course of a month, the probe orbited the Earth, progressively climbing to higher orbits before using Earth's gravity to slingshot it toward Mars. When Mangalyaan finally reached Mars almost eleven months later, it became the first probe built in Asia to reach the Red Planet. This was also the first time that any nation successfully sent a probe to Mars on their first attempt.
This proved to be an elusive goal. Certain industries became fully indigenous, but other remained out of India's grasp. India's military-industrial complex has so far failed to satisfy the nation's needs, and India became, and remains, the world's largest arms importer. Where India has succeeded in indigenization is in high-tech, big-science fields. India makes its own nuclear reactors and space probes, but still has to import more mundane equipment such as passenger jets.
Itty Abraham argues in The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb that when India became a nuclear power in 1974, it was too late to matter.1 In other words, by 1974 the ability to detonate a nuclear warhead no longer entitled a nation to membership in the elite club of the most technologically-sophisticated nations. Sadly, this seems to be the case for India's space accomplishments as well. In his speech at ISRO, PM Modi declared, "With this particular success, ISRO joins an elite group of only three other agencies worldwide to have successfully reached the Red Planet." True as this may be, the world seems not to have taken much notice. Although the Indian media was thrilled by Mangalyaan's arrival at Mars, the American media, at least, has remained unmoved. Mangalyaan was not even mentioned in today's issue of the New York Times.
The launch of a NASA rocket was an example of especially close Indo-American technical cooperation in the early independence period. That same month, the US Air Force offered training to the Indian Air Force on portable radar sets that the American government had donated to India. The Nike-Apache and its launching equipment likely came to India on one of the same cargo planes that brought supplies for Exercise Shiksha, as the joint air exercise was called. Throughout the 1960s and beyond, the United States would continue to offer technical aid to India on programs as diverse as agriculture, public health, and power generation. But except for the period around Exercise Shiksha, the United States hoped to avoid alienating its ally Pakistan by keeping its distance from any Indian programs with a clear military application. Despite Dr. Bhabha's hopes for increasing Indo-American cooperation, rocketry had an especially obvious military application. Thus it would be the French, rather than the Americans, who would pass knowledge of rocket construction on to India.


text:
Hans Eschenbrenner (ur. 7 października 1910 w Oberbexbach, zm. 9 lipca 2007 tamże) – strzelec z Protektoratu Saary, olimpijczyk.

Brał udział w Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 1952 (Helsinki). Wystartował tylko w konkurencji karabinu małokalibrowego leżąc z odl. 50 metrów, w której zajął 52. miejsce (na 58 zawodników).

Razem z Ludwigiem Gräfem byli jedynymi strzelcami reprezentującymi Protektorat Saary na igrzyskach w Helsinkach. Z racji tego, że reprezentacja tego protektoratu tylko raz wystartowała na igrzyskach olimpijskich, pozostają do dzisiaj jedynymi strzelcami-olimpijczykami z Saary.

Zaraz po Gräfie Eschenbrenner był najstarszym członkiem swojej ekipy na igrzyskach w Helsinkach. Pozostaje on również drugim najstarszym olimpijczykiem tejże reprezentacji w historii (w chwili startu miał ukończone 41 lat i 296 dni).

Wyniki olimpijskie

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Niemieccy strzelcy
Olimpijczycy z Protektoratu Saary
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1952
Urodzeni w 1910
Zmarli w 2007


TELL this tο the king; the decorated court has fallen tο the ground, Phoebus nο longer has a cell, nor laurel of prophecy, nοt babbling fountain; even the chattering water has dried up.
The medicæval Greek or "Byzantine" mind was the product of the fusion of several intellectual, cultural, and religious traditions of antiquity, such as the Greek, Roman, Hebrew, Iranian, and Christian. But it was the humanistic mind of ancient Hellas and the Christian faith that contributed the most to the genesis, formation, and evolution of the Byzantine mind. The thought of the ancient Greeks was very much alive during the Byzantine era because the Greek classics -literatιιre, philosophy, history, art, education and even mythology- constituted the curriculum of education throughout the Byzantine millennium.
Because the Byzantine era was profoundly religious, the future of the ancient Greek cultural heritage -especially literature and philosophy- in the Byzantine Empire was determined primarily by the attitude of the Church toward secular learning.
Tο appreciate the place of the classics in the Byzantine state, one needs to understand the nature of the conflict between Greek thought and Christian faith as it evolved in the early Christian centuries. The encounter between Christianity and classical padeia (education) produced the forces which determined the future of the Byzantine Greek mind.
As early as the Apostolic age, attempts were made to present the new faith in a way that nοn Jews would understand. St. John wrote the fourth Gospel for people of Greek background. John's opening words "Ιn the beginning was the Logos," as well as his meditative, mystical, symbolic and philosophical terminology are borrowings from Heraclitus, the Stoics, and Hellenic thought in general. His well chosen words logos, light, darkness, flesh, birth, son, life, eternal life, bread of life, water of life, sign, spirit, resurrection, and many more were intended to stress not only the pre-existence of Logos the Christ, but also God's involvement in history outside of ancient Israel. The implication was that the God of Israel was the God of the Greeks, Romans, Scythians, and others, that there was nο essential conflict between Greek thought and Christian faith.
Part of Western Christianity adopted a different line of thought; for example, Tertullian, the second century Christian apologist, scornfully satirized those who "advocated a Stoic or a Platonic or a dialectic (Aristotelian) Christianity." Latin Christianity wrestled for several centuries with Tertullian's question "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?"(2) Greek Christianity had achieved from an early age a balance between the wisdom of the two cities: the Thyrathen, or Hellenic and the sacred, or Hebraic. Christianity received Hellenic thought as a gift of Divine Providence.
The Western attitude toward the classical humanities was determined by the literacy or lack of it that prevailed in the West following the barbarian invasions. While Christianity had made little progress among the Roman aristocracy in the Western Roman Empire, and the educated classes there displayed a strong resistance to the new faith, those ordinary people who had converted to Christianity regarded contact with classical learning dangerous; its study was, if not sinful, playing with fire. This fear, which corresponded to the mentality of the more conservative and traditional Roman (in contrast to the more restless and inquisitive Greek) affected even the cultivated Christians who had accommodated the new faith to classical culture.
At the end of the sixth century, Pope Gregory the Great (AD 590-604) caustically reproved the bishop of Vienna for teaching literature. Gregory said: "One mouth cannot contain the praises of Christ and the praise of Jupiter."(4) He was bitterly opposed to classical learning even though he proved to be a progressive and reforming pope.
That some Roman popes distrusted clerics who had been educated in the classics is illustrated by another story from the seventh century. Theodore of Tarsus had received an excellent training in the classics in both Tarsus and Athens. When he was elected Archbishop of Canterbury, Pope Vitalian, who consecrated him in 668, expressed fear and doubt of Theodore's orthodoxy. The Roman pontiff charged Abbot Hadrian to accompany Theodore to Britain and keep "a diligent eye οn Theodore lest he teach anything contrary to the true faith after the manner of the Greeks."(5). Gilbert Highet writes that "there was always strong opposition within the Church (Western) to any study of classical civilization, because it was the work of a world which was corrupt, pagan, dead, and damned."(6) Nevertheless, at least the Roman classics were preserved in the West, through study and transcription in certain monastic communities of the Western Church.
But let us move back to the East. Ιn addition to Justin the philosopher, Aristides and Athenagoras of Athens and later Clement and Origen of Alexandria exerted great efforts to present Christian teachings in a 1anguage and style that educated gentiles would understand. During the early Christian centuries and, in particular, in the fourth and fifth centuries, Christian intellectuals, such as Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzos, and Gregory of Nyssa; perceived that many aspects of classical thought, philosophy, ethics and the thought of Plato in particular, came very close to Christian teachings. Thus Greek philosophy, anthropology, political thought, ethics, and psychology were placed at the service of Christian theology. Classical literature nο longer was considered unsuitable for the Christian faithful. "Like a bee, Ι shall gather all that conforms to the truth, even extracting help from the writings of our enemies (pagan authors),"(7) writes the eighth century theologian John of Damascus.
The Greek Church arrived at the conclusion that the study of Hellenic wisdom was both useful and desirable, provided that the Christian rejected the evil and retained all that was good and true. Christianity was baptized in the Greek stream of language and thought, in the Greek cultural milieu and Hellenistic historical setting. As a whole, however, the Fathers of the Greek Church did not seek to borrow essence and content from ancient Greek thought, for these they possessed in their sacred Scriptures. They intended to borrow methodologies, technical means, terminology, and logical or grammatical structures in order to build up the Christian edifice of theology, of doctrine and thought. Nevertheless, in this effort Christian revelation did not escape infiltration by Greek thought, and Greek cultural and intellectual influences became interwoven with Christian faith. A harmonious convergence was achieved between Greek thought and Christian faith, and a balance has prevailed in the Eastern Church to the present day.
Tο be sure, attempts were made to upset the balance. For example, the Emperor Julian (360-363) made serious efforts to restore not only classica1 learning but also the Olympian deities. John Italos in the eleventh century and George Plethon Gemistos in the fifteenth maintained that the classical religious and intellectual tradition offered everything, if not more, that man needs to know and to possess than Christianity. Other ecclesiastics, such as Epiphanios of Cyprus and Anastasios of Sinai, believed that Christianity was self sufficient and that it could not be reconciled with the classical tradition. But neither the enemies of Christianity nor the adversaries of the classics prevailed. Apollinarios the Younger established the equilibrium when he stated that "the good wherever it is found is a property of the truth."(9) The Church recognized in this principle the legacy of the Greek classics and united them with the Christian tradition. Thus we observe in the Byzantine era the continuity of the Greek past, the Hellenistic heritage united with the new element of the Christian faith.
Whether in the fifth, the ninth or the twelfth centuries, Christian professors and scholars wrote οn both theological and classical themes. The study of the Holy Scriptures and the writings of the classical Greek poets, historians, rhetoricians, philosophers and literary men formed the core of the curriculum. The same teachers who supervised classical studies also wrote treatises and commentaries οn Christian theology and Biblical exegesis. Byzantine paideia was Hellenic Christian paideia. Because of the survival of the classical tradition, we find in the mediæval Greek era many men who dared to question not only theological opinions but even dogma, and a few restless minds ventured even to emulate the speculative mind of the ancients. Of course, they were characterized as "heretics." Heresy derives from the Greek "hairesis," which means choice, and there was room for intellectual and religious choices.
Intellectual, cultural and social historians increasingly realize that Byzantine society was not as rigidly conservative or static in its ideology or as inflexibly bound by its religious dogma as was maintained in the past. Admittedly, the Byzantines viewed theology as the inner and superior learning, but the outer, or "secular" learning was not neglected for it was part and parcel of their paideia. For example, Eustathios, the twelfth century Metropolitan of Thessalonike, was not timid in writing commentaries οn Homer and was not afraid to quote passages from Sappho. John Mauropous, the bishop of Euchaita, directed special prayers to Christ asking him to accept Plato and Plutarch in his kingdom because they differed very little, if at all, from the Old Testament prophets. Ιn the fourteenth century, George of Pelagonia utilized more material from the Greek wisdom of antiquity than from the Christian Scriptures in his composition of the vitα of Emperor St. John Vatatzes. It was because of its attachment to Greek learning and its broadmindedness that the Greek Church and Byzantium as a whole were accused by the Latin West of being "worldly," "heretical" or "schismatic." The Latin Christian West for several centuries, in particular from the late sixth century to the age of Thomas Aquinas, had proscribed profane Hellenism. Even though certain important minds, such as Macrobius and Jerome, had tried to bridge the gap between pagan and Christian Hellenism, Western monasticism contributed to a drastic decline of Greek thought in Western culture for four centuries (600-1000). Champions of Greek thought such as Boethius ran the risk of being charged with heresy and magic. At times even civilized practices that had been introduced from the Greek East were condemned as sinful. For instance, the Byzantine Princess Theophano, wife of Otto II (973-983) and regent for Otto III (983-1002) and one of the ablest empresses ever to reign in Germany, was seen after her death by a visionary Western nun to be burning in Hell because of her habit of taking baths; the early death of her cousin Maria Argyre, the wife of the Doge of Venice, was similarly considered by Peter Damian to deserve divine punishment because Maria had introduced the use of forks to Venetian dining tables.(10) Ιn the Greek East, heresies and religious sects were dissident forms which emerged from the mainstream of cοntemporary intellectual and spiritual life, or offspring born from the fusions and matings of Judeo-Hellenic Christianity and Greek thought. The very fact that many of them kept cropping up in the course of more than ten centuries is indicative of a fertile intellectual ground and the tolerant religious atmosphere there. It was the broad and variant religious and spiritual climate that made the old issues-theological, philosophical, Judaic, Greek, or Oriental-far from obsolete or academic in any given centιιry.
The Greek Christian mentality concerning the place of the classics in the Church may be illustrated by another text preserved in a questionnaire attributed to Anastasios of Sinai (d.ca.700 A.D.). The question was: "Shall Christians pray for the salvation of those pagans (Hellenes) who had died before the coming of Christ, or should they anathematize them?"(11) Anastasios answered that the faithful should indeed pray for them and not condemn any one of them because both John the Baptist and Christ Himself had descended to Hades and had preached the gospel of salvation to all who had died before the Christian era (1 Pet. 3:19).
It was not unusual to find Christian intellectuals attacked because of their great attachment to classical learning. For example, the fifth-century prefect of Constantinople, Kyros Panopolites, who wrote beautiful lyrics, was banned from Constantinople as a "Hellene." But even though he was accused of paganism, he was ordained Bishop of Kotyaion, a remote diocese in Phrygia. During the reign of Theophilos (829-842), Leo the Mathematician, a professor at the University of Constantinople, was accused of paganism because of his attachment to ancient lore. The tenth-century scholar and diplomat, Leo Choirosphaktes, was assailed for his devotion to ancient drama and music and for his leaning toward classical culture. However, very seldom do we find an intellectual being burnt at the stake because of his love for the classics. Many of those accusations were politically motivated and often proved harmless. The study of the mind of ancient Greece was too long-standing a tradition to be overthrown by personal jealousies. Even monks, the most conservative element of Byzantine society, were advised to study ancient or secular writings. Nicholas Kabasilas, a fourteenth-century mystic, maintained that the saints themselves are incomplete personalities if they have not received sufficient instruction in profane or worldly literature.
Furthermore, intellectual challenges to the established tradition and faith were not uncommon in the Greek East and even dogma was never petrified and stifling. There was growth and development. Divine revelation was viewed not as a sudden heavenly lightning or as an unpredictable thunderbolt, but as a cosmic sun, slowly rising with the origin of man, culminating in the person of Christ, and continuing under the guidance of the Paraclete (Holy Spirit); that is, they believed in a revelation whose rays penetrated many minds and thoughts through various ways and channels.
The balance between Greek thought and Christian faith became more and more precarious after the eleventh century. But it was after the thirteenth century that intellectuals attempted to upset the balance by stressing the significance of Greek knowledge over Christian dogma.
But what in particular of the classical tradition survived in the Greek, or Byzantine Middle Ages which contributed to the formation of the Byzantine mind? Practically everything. The Byzantines took pride in being the inheritors and preservers of the Hellenic classical tradition. Byzantine society was an educated society, and its education rested οn two legs, the Greek and the Christian. The first included, of course, the Greek language, the official language of the empire. Ιn fact, many Byzantine intellectuals felt so strongly about the Greek language that they mimicked the language of the ancients. Byzantine historians imitated Thucydides, Xenophon, and Herodotus. Hagiologists imitated Plutarch, and the writers of religious drama emulated the great tragedians. Ιn other words, continuity with pagan Hellenism remained alive, and public education was in the hands of the laity. Revivals of humanistic and classical activities arose from both ecclesiastical and publicly sponsored education.
By the eleventh century, Constantinople had three schools of higher learning where medicine, botany, zoology, mathematis, philosophy, law, rhetoric and other disciplines were studied. But the classical tradition was taught even in primary and secondary education. Grammar, syntax, reading, writing, arithmetic, geometry, music, anatomy and astrology were the usual subjects in the curriculum. After the sixth century most children of freemen were being educated free of charge in state-owned or church and monastic schools. The state schools were open to all children regardless of nationality or class.
As in Greek antiquity, when the pupil was made to read Homer and poems by good poets and learn them by heart, so also in Byzantine times the student was obligated to read Homer (and later the epic of Digenis Akritas) as well as the Bible. Aesop's fables were memorized at the age of 14 or later, and students often had to memorize all of Homer. They began by memorizing five lines of the Odyssey, and after they knew the whole of the Odyssey, they moved οn to the Iliad.
The art of public speaking required the study of the great rhetoricians, particularly Aeschines, Isocrates and Demosthenes. Education was offered to both sexes. There were outstanding women either in letters and history or in politics. Athenais-Eudokia, the wife of Theodosios II (408-450), was a renowned fifth-century classicist. Ιn the eighth century, Irene, who preferred the masculine title basileus, became the first female emperor of the Christian era, while Anna Komnene in the twelfth became a leading historian of the Middle Ages. Women became physicians and even prominent literary figures. But the education of the Byzantine woman was usually moderate or even poor, nοt extending beyond the fourteenth year of age.
Tutorial teaching was very common, but we find public schools even in remote villages in Cappadocia. For example, we learn that St. Theodore of Sykeon, even though born out of wedlock, faced nο disability in receiving his early education in his native village in central Asia Minor, the eparchy of Galatia.
Higher education was available in several well known academies. Athens, Alexandria, Antioch, Beirut, Gaza, Constantinople, Thessalonike, Mistra, Nicæa, Nikomedeia and Trebizond were the most important centers of higher learning. Some of them, of course, fell to the Arab conquerors after the first quarter of the seventh century.
Emperors who did not patronize higher learning were the exception. Some became great patrons of learning, such as Constantine the Great (307-337), Theophilos (829-842), Constantine ΙΧ (1042-1055), the Komnenoi emperors, John ΙΙΙ Doukas Vatatzes (1221-1254), Michael VIII Palaiologos (1259-1282), and Andronicos II (1282-1328).
The fifth century marked a definite turning point in Byzantine higher education. Theodosios ΙΙ founded in 425 a major university with 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric and other subjects. Fifteen chairs were assigned to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university was reorganized by Michael ΙII (842- 867) and flourished down to the fourteenth century.
The ninth century was more important for the future of the classics than any previous century. There was a reorganization of the university and a definite and serious revival of classical learning. And since the boundaries between the lay and ecclesiastical spheres of interest were nonexistent, Christian and classical learning were conjoined.
From the middle of the ninth century we have several figures who cοntributed to the survival and indeed the promulgation of the Greek classics, such as Patriarch Photios, John Geometres, Leo the Mathematician, Arethas of Caesarea, Leo Choirosphaktes, Michael Psellos, John Italos, John Mavropous, Eustathios of Thessalonike, Anna Komnene, Theodore Lasaris, Theodore Metochites, Plethon Gemistos and George Scholarios.
We must note here that the term "revival" does not imply that classical learning was dead in the previous three centuries. The Greek East did not experience a revival like the Western Renaissance because the classica1 tradition was an integral part of Byzantine education, and Greek learning was not confined to isolated monastic communities. It was taught in Constantinople, in Thessalonike, in Nicæa, in Mistra and elsewhere. Even the iconoclastic controversy reveals the existence of Greek learning, for the victory of the iconophiles has been viewed as the victory of the Greek mind over the Semitic.
Photios in the ninth century was deeply versed in the classical authors, including the mythographers. His Myriobiblos is a collection of notes οn various classical books read by himself his pupils, and his friends. Photios gave preference tο Aristotle in philosophy and to the Athenian orators and historians in literature. Ιn contrast to Photios and his school, there were others who admired and read Plato, the Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus, and the tragedians and lyric poets.
Arethas of Caesarea, who lived in the tenth century, had all kinds of manuscripts copied, including Euclid, Plato, Lucian and Aristides, and was a student of many classical writers.
The survival of the Greek classical tradition is reflected not only in philosophical thought or in the teaching of the Greek language but also in the secular and even the religious art of the period. It was fashionable to decorate amphoras, glass buckets or other items with mythological scenes and images of classical influence. Marble slabs as well as floor mosaics depict similar secular themes.
Even ancient Greek religious concepts and practices survived into the Christian Middle Ages. Ιn Greek antiquity, the deity moved freely in history and religion was a very real force. Ιn the Greek Middle Ages, religion was of vital importance to the state as well as in the daily life of the individual. Ιn Greek antiquity temples, sacred groves and statues were dispersed everywhere, reminding the people of the nearness of the supernatural. Ιn Byzantium, icons of Christ and symbols of the saints decorated churches and houses, public buildings and city gates, perennial reminders of the presence everywhere of God and the sacred.
Ancient Greek religious mysticism, too, influenced Christian mysticism. The teaching concerning theosis is a recurrent theme in the writings of Greek Fathers of the Bγzantine era. According to Byzantine theology, the ultimate destiny of the faithful is to achieve theosis (deification, divinity), that is eternal life in God (but not absorbed and annihilated by God, as in pantheism). Theosis became synonymous with salvation, and salvation meant the state in which the human lives eternally in the presence of God; damnation meant the absence of God from the life of the human. For Byzantine theology, the theosis of being is achieved through religious experience.
Last but not least, the survival and the contribution of the Greek classics to the development of the Byzantine mind can be inferred from the fact that there were many libraries stocked with volumes of the classical heritage. For example, the Imperial Library of Constantinople in 475 possessed 120,000 volumes, including the famous parchment, 120 feet long, upοn which were inscribed Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. The library was destroyed by fire but it was rebuilt in the sixth century.
Ιn Byzantine society, the better-off families took education for granted. Education was available to clergymen and laymen alike. There were church schools and academies as well as secular schools and universities. There were public as well as private tutors, secular as well as clerical patrons of learning. Even in their worst days, the Byzantines never lost their sense of priorities. Libraries had to be built along with hospitals, hospices, orphanages, old-age homes and other public institutions. Ιn the fields of historiography, ecclesiastical poetry, liturgical writings, doctrinal and spiritual expositions, art and mosaics, the Byzantines proved outstanding. The Byzantine mind was dynamic, changing and developing throughout the ten centuries of its existence. Continuity of established tradition as well as new life can be found in the art, music, spirituality, literature and learning of every period including some years after the fall of Constantinople.
The term paideia means both civilization and education. When Werner Jaeger used the term paideia to describe the ideals of Greek cιιlture, he meant to indicate that the Greeks believed that men progressed in civilization not by gaining power or wealth, but by educating themselves.(24) It is a well known fact that the Byzantines much preferred negotiation to confrontation, and most of their wars were defensive. They measured their achievements and their international status not by their power or their wealth but by their spiritual values and their education. The great books of antiquity as well as their οwn histories, poetry, epics, theological works, philosophical treatises and speeches served to educate their readers. The Byzantines did not create literature or art for their οwn sake. Both were designed to serve their people. Thus the best of classical literature was transformed by the admixture of Christian thought in order to serve intellectual and spiritual needs. The Byzantine mind was primarily a spiritual mind.
Byzantine civilization was primarily a spiritual civilization active in the cultivation and the ultimate salvation of the human person. It was gιιided by the principle that it was the duty of each human being not to extend his or her power or multiply his/her wealth beyond the necessary needs but rather to enrich the mind and save his οt her soul. The first was provided by the Greek classics and the second was promised by the Christian faith. Therefore, the Greek classical humanities and Christian doctrine were the two most important elements of the Byzantine mind.
1. Justin, Apologia Ι.46, II.13, ed. Bibliotheke Hellenon Pateron, vοl. 3 (Athens, 1955), 186, 207.
2. Tertullian, De Praescriptione haereticorum VIII. 9-11, ed. R. F. Refaule and P. De Labriolle, Sources Chrétiennes (Paris, 1957), 98.
4. Gregory the Great, Ep., ΧΙ. 34.
5. Venerable Bede, Ecclesiestical History, 4.1, ed. Β. Colgrave and R. Mynors (Oxford, 1969).
6. Gilbert Highet, The Classical Tradition (Oxford University Press, 1957), 8.
7. John of Damascus, De Fide Orthodoxa, PG, 94, 524-5.
8. Basil the Great "Exhortation tο Young Men ..." PG 31, 563-590.
9. Socrates Scholastikos, Historia Ecclesiastica, 3.16, PG 67.
10. Steven Runciman, "Byzantium and the Renaissance" Tbe University of Arizona Bulletin, (1970), 506.
11. Anastasios of Sinai, "Questions," Νο. 3, PG 89, 764.
12. Donald Μ. Nicol, "The Byzantine Church and Hellenic Learning in the Fourteenth Century," SChH, 5 (1969), 23-57.
13. D.J. Constantelos, "The Last Phase of the Conflict between Greek Thought and Christian Orthodoxy in the Greek Middle Ages" Alumni Lectures 2. (Hellenic College, Brookline, Mass. 1972), 9-18.
14. J. Μ. Hussey, Church and Learning in tbe Byzantine Empire, 867-1185 (New York, 1963 reprint of 1937 edition), 33-36.
15. John Geometres, "Carmina νaria," PG 106, 917, esp. poems 13 and 14.
16. P. De Lagarde, Editor, Iohannis Euchaitorum metropolitae (Gottingen, 1882), p. 24; also in PG, 120, Poem 43.
17. Michael Psellos, Epistulae, ed. Sathas, ΜΒ, 5,444 and Hussey, οp.cit., 86.
20. Plato, Republic, Χ.12.613; Porphyry, Isagogen sive V νοces, ed. by A. Busse, Commen. in Artist. Græca IV, pt.III, (Berlin, 1891); Themistius, Orationes quae supersunt 21.32d, ed. N. Schenkl, G.Downey, and A.F.Norman (Leipzig, 1965-74), 43. 6-7.
21. Konstantinos Manaphes, Hai en Konstantinoupolei Bibliothekai (Athens, 1972), 25-31.
22. Socrates Scholasticos, Historia Ecclesiastica, 3.16, PG 67.
23. Cf. J.Μ. Hussey, "Gibbon Re-written: Recent Trends in Byzantine Studies" in Re-Discovering Eastern Christendom, eds. A.N. Armstrong and E.J.Β. Fry (London, 1963), 95-105.
24. Werner, Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet, νοl. 1 (Oxford, 1946), xiii-xxiv.
25. Platο, Republic 372, 4; Gilbert Highet, The Classical Tradition, οp.cit., 546-49.


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Trafficking in human beings Exceptional mating ring run by Romanians caught in Helsinki – Victims have lived in such conditions – Pledge Times
Women enrolled mainly in the mating ring from Craiova in southern Romania were locked up in apartment hotel studios or one-bedroom apartments.
Pairers lived on the same stretch of street and at least in the same block in the city of Craiova in southern Romania. They were a group of familiar men and partly also relatives who decided to concentrate their activities in Finland.
They first started leading a large mating ring in Helsinki in 2013 and spread to numerous other Finnish cities. It is suspected that this Romanian network of pimps operated in Finland until May this year.
Helsinki the police have recently completed the case preliminary investigation. Five men and one woman have been imprisoned in Finland on suspicion of human trafficking and aggravated mating. One man is imprisoned in Romania.
Bulk the women exploited by the mating ring were also from Craiova, some from the rest of Romania.
With more than 300,000 inhabitants, Craiova is located in a part of the country that has not benefited much from membership of the European Union. In the south and east, especially in rural areas, there is a shortage of food, even clean water. Violence and difficulties in accessing school are familiar to women who have grown up in poor conditions in Romania.
Dozens of women were recycled in a mating ring in Helsinki over seven years. They are not members of the most vulnerable mobile ethnic groups in Romania and familiar in Helsinki. According to police officers who investigated the case, the women belong to the majority population of Romania.
"They are not beggars by any means. We know they are from poor conditions, "says the criminal constable Kenneth Eriksson Helsinki police.
"If they had had a job, they wouldn't have come here. This is not a dream, "he adds. In the preliminary investigation, Eriksson focused on finding out the situation of the victims.
The women recruited as prostitutes were under the age of 40, mostly the peers of suspected pimps. Some women have been a nip button adult. Some of them have known each other and also the men who pulled the ring.
But there were so many women in the end that the case was not investigated by the crime commissioner Jukka Larkio can say exhaustively what everyone knew.
Monetary and the compulsion to earn a living most apparently involved women in prostitution. Some of them have been in the ring for up to seven years and have toured other European cities as well.
"Even though we are a large population, there is still a lot of poverty in the countryside and that is why they are potential victims," Larkio says.
There have been prostitutes from Romania in the past. However, there are now indications that Romanian pimps, in addition to their own backpacks, have forced independent Romanian prostitutes to power in Helsinki.
The situation has been monitored by the Pro support point organization, which helps sex workers and victims of human trafficking in Finland. Its executive director Jaana Kauppinen says that in recent years the organization has come to ask for help from some women who have said they come from Romania. Some of them have also told about the activities of pimps.
"A compatriot has appeared behind the door to demand some of the money," Kauppinen says.
"So after the women have organized their own income and managed their own workspace here."
Pro support point searches for potential helpers by sending messages to online sex notices. They describe the support and services available from the organization. In situations like the ring that has now been revealed, it can easily happen that the messages do not reach women.
"In these cases, the messages will probably be read by the pimps that run the activity," Kauppinen says.
Women harassed by pimps have been directed to seek help from the police. The pattern is also familiar to Eriksson, who has worked with prostitutes in his career.
"Quickly someone is behind the door and says' you need protection, '" Eriksson confirms.
Because pimps want as many sex buyers as possible in their own ring, Romanian pimps are cooperating, according to Eriksson. So they are not arguing with each other, but they are also trying to take over independent women from Romania.
Romanian the prostitute is in many ways on the fringes of society. Externality is indicated, for example, by the fact that the researcher and the Deaconess Institute's Development Manager had not heard of the mating ring that had been operating for years Anca Enache.
Enache is from Romania and works with Roma, ie the mobile population, who came to the capital from Romania and Bulgaria. He is in close contact with a partner organization in Romania.
According to Enache, Craiova will not become people belonging to ethnic minorities in Helsinki. According to data from a partner organization, the position of women in poor parts of the country is often weak. Criminal Commissioner Larkio also knows from previous cases involving Romanian prostitutes that there have been "women from extremely poor conditions" in Helsinki.
The structures of society are non-existent in poor areas. According to Enache, local authorities often do not take violence experienced by women seriously.
Schools usually do not have education on sexual health issues. Elementary school ends in 8th grade, and many girls do not have the opportunity to continue school because there is no money for books and other necessities. There are no schools in every village in the countryside, and there is no way to get around the city.
"Young girls drop out of school and have no prospects unless they have good parents," Enache describes.
Own identifying, let alone demanding, rights has also been difficult for Romanian prostitutes who have ended up in Helsinki. Although the sale and purchase of sex is partly permitted in Finland, for example, part of the activity related to mating is illegal.
The situation creates conditions in which it has been easy to exploit women. In the ring, women are suspected of being victims of human trafficking, ie long-term and serious exploitation.
"Even if one's own conditions deteriorate radically and are a victim of a serious crime, there is a long way to go to contact the police from a deep margin," says Kauppinen.
According to Kauppinen, many victims may think that when they have left and agreed to sell sex, they are to blame for their situation. That "I just got bad luck now," even though women are actually victims of crime.
Although Women in Romania's mobile population are discriminated against and vulnerable in many ways, they have one security, according to Anca Enache. They are usually on the move with their family. Women recruited mainly from Craiova to the mating ring, on the other hand, were locked alone in apartment hotel studios or one-bedroom apartments.
They definitely had to have a wide bed. There was no real chance to leave because, for example, the pimp kept at least most of the money. Unless it was time to move to another locality or another country.
"The business is that you always have to get new faces online and in different places," says Larkio.
Tagged: beings, caught, conditions, Exceptional, Helsinki, human, lived, mating, Pledge, ring, Romanians, run, Times, trafficking, victims
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Emil Ábrányi ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Emil Ábrányi (Schriftsteller) (1851–1920), ungarischer Schriftsteller, Journalist und Opernlibrettist
 Emil Ábrányi (Komponist) (1882–1970), ungarischer Komponist und Dirigent


Years before he joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Nick Fury, Samuel L. Jackson lent his talents to another superhero universe. As the voice of Frozone in Pixar's The Incredibles, Jackson's familiar voice provided scene-stealing comic relief, bringing to life the super-powered Parr family's best friend and partner in crimefighting.
Now, Jackson is back for Incredibles 2 and if you think someone was going to ask him a Marvel-related question at the press conference for the latest Pixar sequel…well, you'd be right. Jackson responded to the question by playfully complaining about being left out of the latest Avengers adventure and the Marvel "secret sauce" that makes their movies work. Oh, and he also explained that kids couldn't care less that he voices Frozone.
Family! Family. Well, as I remember, that family fell out in Infinity War. It happens. And nobody called me to make them be good. I did bring all these people into SHIELD and all of a sudden I'm not there! So I don't know what you're talking about. I can't relate!
The genre has grown and it has grown inside this one place. Sure, there's that other company that makes movies that are like this…some of them are good. There's a real interesting playbook that I look when I watch all the movies and they have this secret sauce…sometimes I wonder because I'm there and I'm looking at the directors and I go "These guys did a TV show. Why are they doing this? If this person does these serious dramas, why is he doing this?" There's something that they know, or they find that makes it work. The relationships among the people on the inside of those films always become intimate and intricate. Sometimes, the people who are really related, like Loki and Thor, they don't like each other or there's family discord. And the people that don't know each other that are looking for that connection become tied together in a very interesting sort of way. You've got your bratty brother in Iron Man. You've got your special needs kid in Hulk. You've got your sister who turns out to be Black Widow, a real killer. All these things come together and these people find a common goal or they're all working toward the common good, which brings them together in a very unique and interesting way.
I'm just saying! They let me work on all of those movies for a reason. Because I really don't know what's going on but I can pretend I do. Kind of like this one. I really don't know what's going on, but I know they need me and I make the icy stuff and I make things happen.
Kids don't do that. Their parents do. And then they try to make the kids know who you are. That's Frozone, honey! And then they're looking at you like "You don't have a blue suit on. You're not making ice stuff. Nah!" "Where's my super suit, honey? I don't know!" They don't know who we are from Adam. Now as they get older, the kids who were four when they saw the movie are now 18. They've been waiting. They're knocking little kids over to get in line. My daughter's 35, she's knocking big kids over to get in line. We don't get a new audience because we did a movie kids really like. They have no idea who we really are, in our real selves.
It's embarrassing, really. The moms and dads are saying "Look, Bill! That's Mr. Incredible!" And the kid's just staring at you. "Well, say something like Mr. Incredible!" It's been 14 years, I don't remember what I said in the first one. How about this? "It's showtime!" It's just embarrassing.
Incredibles 2 opens on June 15, 2018.


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HDMS Ørnen (1694) (also known as Sorte Ørn - the black eagle) was a frigate in the Royal Danish Navy active during the Great Northern War

Launched on 17 November 1694 in Copenhagen (Nyholm), this frigate had been built to a design by Schøits.
With a crew of 70, and armed with twenty four-pound cannon, she had a length of 90 (Danish) feet, breadth of 21 feet and a draft of 11 feet 4 inches.

In 1709, under the command of Michael Bille (1680-1756), she captured numerous Swedish ships in the neighbourhood of Bornholm.
From April 1710 the captain was senior lieutenant Christian Güntelberg, with his ship collecting copper from Norway in 1711.  Commodore Frantz Trojel took passage on Ørnen that year to organise the collection of naval recruits for the fleet.
Friderich von Rehdern, an officer trained largely in Holland, was captain of this ship from 1712 operating in the Baltic squadron of Vice Admiral Barfœd, and later in the Danish main fleet under Gyldenløve. Employed on convoy duties in the Baltic for three years, the ship was captured near Rügen by the Swedish frigate Vita Örn (White Eagle) captained by C. Printz.

Fate
The ship was captured by the Swedes on 12 April 1715

References

Citations
Project Runeberg : C F Bricka on Mikkel Bille in Danish Biographical Dictionary
Royal Danish Naval Museum website - Skibregister
T. A. Topsøe-Jensen og Emil Marquard (1935) "Officerer i den dansk-norske Søetat 1660–1814 og den danske Søetat 1814–1932" (Danish Naval Officers). Two volumes Volume 1 and Volume 2.

Frigates of the Royal Danish Navy
Ships built in Copenhagen
1690s ships


Persecute and prosecute are occasionally mixed up. Persecute means to torment or cause suffering, usually because of some perceived difference. School bullies persecute those whom they perceive to be weaker than they are. In the adult world, people may be persecuted because of their religious beliefs, political beliefs, ethnicity, sexual orientation or social grouping.
Prosecution, on the other hand, involves bringing legal charges against someone. In some US states jaywalkers are prosecuted. That means that they face court charges because they crossed the road at the wrong time. And these days, if you have been persecuted for your beliefs, you are often able to prosecute your persecutor.
what's the difference between pursue and persecute?


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HomeSportsProject Restart: Another Premier League Player Tests Positive For Coronavirus
Project Restart: Another Premier League Player Tests Positive For Coronavirus
The Premier League club's chief executive, Paul Barber has said that a third first-team player from Brighton & Hove Albion tested positive for COVID-19 on Saturday.
Two Brighton players had earlier contracted the novel coronavirus in March and April and the latest positive result could cast doubts on the Premier League's plans to resume the season that has been suspended due to the pandemic.
Clubs are due to meet on Monday to further discuss "Project Restart" which envisages a return to play in June once given the green light from government, with the remaining 92 matches held behind closed doors at neutral venues.
"It is a concern. Unfortunately we've had a third player test positive yesterday," Barber told Sky Sports on Sunday.
"So despite all of the measures that we've been taking over the past few weeks, where the players haven't been involved in any significant training at all, we've still suffered another player testing positive for the virus."
"There are concerns and I think it's normal for all clubs to have those concerns. We want to make sure we do everything that we can to ensure those protocols are in place and are safe and secure and mitigate the risk as far as we can," Barber added.


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