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Social norms regarding alcohol use and associated factors among university students in Turkey
Anil Gündüz1, Sibel Sakarya2, Ekin Sönmez3, Cengiz Çelebi4, Hüseyin Yüce5, Yildiz Akvardar6
1 Department of Clinical Psychology, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey.
2 Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Campus, Istanbul, Turkey.
3 Department of Psychiatry, Zonguldak Çaycuma State Hospital, Çaycuma/Zonguldak.
4 Department of Psychiatry, Afyonkarahisar State Hospital, Merkez/Afyonkarahisar.
5 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Marmara University, Kadıköy/Istanbul.
6 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Marmara University Researcy And Educational Hospital, Pendik/Istanbul.
Received: 07/25/2018 Accepted: 03/18/2019
Address for correspondence: Anil Gündüz. Istanbul Kent University, Department of Clinical Psychology. Cihangir Mahallesi, Sıraselviler Cd. No: 71, 34433 Beyoglu/Istanbul. Telephone: +905333511574. E-mail: [email protected]
Background: Misperceptions on the higher rates of peer alcohol use are predictive of increased personal use among university students. Objectives: This study aims to assess the prevalence, perceived peers' social norms and other predictors of alcohol use in a sample of Turkish university students. Methods: This study is established upon the baseline Turkish data on alcohol use of the project Social Norms Intervention for the prevention of Polydrug usE (SNIPE). The data was obtained by a self-reported, online questionnaire from 858 students of Marmara University who were registered to the study web page. Results: Alcohol use and drunkenness rates were 62.6%, and 40.9%, respectively. Twenty point two percent of students reported drinking alcohol at least once a week in the last two months. Majority of students (70.4%) reported that religion has an important or very important role in their lives. Perceived higher frequency of peer alcohol use (p < 0.000) and drunkenness (p < 0.000) were significantly associated with personal alcohol use frequency. Tobacco use rate was 60.2% and positively associated with alcohol use frequency (p < 0.000). In all participants, male gender (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.07-2.28), giving less importance to religion (OR: 20.91; 95% CI: 10.95-39.95), tobacco use everyday/almost everyday (OR: 17.88; 95% CI: 9.33-34.29), perceived positive peer attitude towards alcohol use (OR: 2.192; 95% CI: 1.25-3.82) and perceived higher frequency of peer alcohol use (OR: 3.487; 95% CI: 1.66-7.31) were found to be associated risk factors for alcohol use. Age (OR: 1.186, CI 95%: 1.03-1.36) and perceived positive peer attitude towards alcohol use (OR: 3.86, CI 95%: 1.84-8.09) were the additional risk factors among female student whereas perceived positive peer alcohol use frequency (OR: 8.08, CI 95%: 2.40-27.10) among male students. Discussion: As the first study conducted in Turkey applying social norms theory, our results indicate the noticeable misperceptions of students regarding their peers' alcohol use. Based on our results, targeting both tobacco and alcohol use, and a gender-sensitive approach employing social norms interventions may enhance the preventive strategies for risky alcohol use among university students.
Gündüz A et al. / Arch Clin Psychiatry. 2019;46(2):44-9
Keywords: Social norms, Alcohol use, Risk factors, University students.
Harmful alcohol use is one of the significant mortality and morbidity associated risk factors. Compared to other WHO Europe Zone countries, alcohol use, heavy drinking rates, and alcohol use disorders in Turkey are among the lowest1-3. Lifetime alcohol use rate is 13% in the general population and 23.4% in males and 4.4% in females aged between 15-24 in Turkey based on the national resources4. Moreover, per-capita consumption is estimated to be around 17 liters of pure alcohol per year5. Nevertheless, recent decades saw an increasing trend in the consumption rates of both alcohol and other substances by youth6,7. The onset of alcohol use becomes earlier by age, which is a significant determinant of the development of alcohol-related health problems8.
Lifetime alcohol and drug use among youth are associated with both immediate and long-term physical, psychological and behavioral disturbances7,9 including risky and illegal behaviors, violence, development of alcohol use and related disorders and many other adverse social consequences10. University is a unique social medium characterized by vast interaction between peers. Moreover, peers become the most crucial social reference determining youth's attitude towards social aspects of life during university education, including alcohol use11. In Turkey, young people generally migrate from their hometowns to universities in large cities, which means not only a separation from parents' home but also an adjustment to a new cultural environment. On the one hand, the rather liberal atmosphere of university campuses can both bear the risk of dissemination of alcohol and related risky behaviors, which tend to cluster together in that age group12, but on the other hand, can serve as a medium for implementing preventive measures and health promotion activities with greater success.
Status of and preventive interventions related to alcohol consumption and related problems have been largely studied in university students13-17, and various intervention approaches are targeting this population.
The Social Norms Approach developed by Perkins and Berkowitz18 which can be summarized as the detection of social misperceptions or distorted norms which lead to engagement with risky or unhealthy behaviors or attitudes and the positive impact of providing corrective norms in their improvement. This approach has gained credibility in recent decades regarding promoting individual and social progress among university students19,20. It categorizes the two main sets of social norms as descriptive and injunctive norms. Descriptive norms indicate perceptions on the rates and frequency of a behavior, whereas injunctive norms refer to the assumed peer attitude towards that behavior. Studies reflect the influence of perceived descriptive norms on how much and how frequently alcohol is used among peers of a university student11,21. It is also stated that injunctive norms or misbelieves about how positive alcohol use is perceived also play an important role in increased alcohol consumption to a risky level22,23.
As part of a European multisite project Social Norms Intervention for Polydrug usE (SNIPE)24, this study aimed to assess the extent and nature of alcohol use and perceived social norms regarding alcohol use among university students in Istanbul, Turkey, and to examine the associated factors about perceived social norms and predicting factors of alcohol use.
This study is established upon the baseline Turkish data on alcohol use of the project SNIPE21, funded by the European Commission (LS/2009-2010/DPIP/AG). SNIPE is a multisite, web-based project, aiming to survey university students' substance use and their perceived social norms about substance use, and secondly to utilize social-norms related personalized feedback. Project sites consisted of universities from seven European countries; Belgium, Denmark, The Slovak Republic, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. More detailed information on the project design and protocol can be found in Pischke et an>'s article24. This article is based on the baseline survey data on alcohol use from Turkish students. Students were recruited from Marmara University in Istanbul from a wide range of faculties including arts, business, education, engineering, humanities, medicine and so forth. Study participation was voluntary. Ethical approval of the study was obtained from Marmara University's Local Ethical Committee, and the permission to recruit university students was received from the university rectorate before data collection.
Sample and measures
The project was promoted via emails, face to face invitation in the campus, announcements laid out at the campus cafeterias, and printed flyers. The invitation was sent to all students of Marmara University. Students first registered on the SNIPE website, then a link to the survey webpage was emailed. 858 students were recruited for the study. (Each country aimed to recruit 2000 students, but since the other countries recruitment is less than ours, it was decided not to increase Turkey's recruitment). The data was obtained by a self-reported, online questionnaire developed for the project SNIPE which was translated into Turkish by researchers, who were experienced in the implementation of similar surveys.
The survey included questions on the student's personal use of alcohol, their attitudes towards the use of alcohol and their perceptions of peers' alcohol use behaviors (descriptive norms) and attitudes (injunctive norms). Sociodemographic data included age, gender, year of study, living situation (with parents or friends), the importance of religion in their life (very important-not important at all). Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST)25 was considered while developing the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted with 15 medical intern volunteers to control possible comprehension problems for Turkish translation of survey. No further revisions were required due to any negative feedback.
Simultaneously with other study sites, the online survey was conducted in the autumn semester of 2011. Researchers did not have access to emails or any personal data of the participants. In line with the general protocol of SNIPE project, informative emails about the study and for registration were sent to students twice, and for all students and for those who registered to study, reminder emails were sent three times.
Age, sex, main area of study, year of education, accommodation, income, the importance of religion in their life, were the sociodemographic characteristics and typicality of the student ("How typical do you consider yourself as a student of Marmara University?") was one of the variables of the survey. The question about the frequency of alcohol use was 'How often did you use alcohol in the last two months?' and perceived peers' alcohol use frequency was asked as: 'How often in the last two months do you think most (at least 51%) of the students of your sex (female/male) at Marmara University used alcohol?'. Additionally, questions about perceived peer frequency of drinking to drunkenness "How often in the last two months do you think most (at least 51%) of the students of your sex at Marmara University drank enough alcohol to become drunk?". Attitudes of the students and perceived attitudes of peers towards alcohol use were assessed by "Which of the following best describes your attitude to using alcoholic beverages?" and "Which of the following do you think best describes the attitude of most (at least 51%) of the students of your sex at Marmara University to the use of alcoholic beverages?", correspondingly. Students' own attitudes for drunkenness were assessed by the question of "Which of the following best describes your attitude to people drinking enough alcohol to become drunk?". Perceived attitudes of peers were evaluated by "Which of the following do you think best describes the attitude of most (at least 51%) of the students of your sex at Marmara University to drinking enough alcohol to become drunk?".
Data regarding sociodemographic variables, rates of individual alcohol use and drunkenness, attitudes towards alcohol and being drunk, descriptive (perceived frequency alcohol use and drunkenness of peers) and injunctive social norms (perceived attitudes of peers towards alcohol and drunkenness) were assessed using descriptive statistics. For univariate analysis, Chi-square and one-way ANOVA tests were used. For comparison of multiple groups, a statistical significance level of 0.017 was accepted following Bonferroni correction (k = 3). Alcohol use was assessed within three groups as 'never used in a lifetime,' 'less than once a week in the last two months' and 'once or more than once a week in the last two months' for the univariate analysis. Predicting factors of individual alcohol use were assessed by logistic regression analyses in which, alcohol use was the dependent variable and where gender, age, income, faculty, typicality of the student, religiousness, the perceived descriptive and injunctive peer norms regarding alcohol use were independent variables. SPSS 22.0 was used as a software program to compute data.
Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol and tobacco use
Four hundred and one (46.9%) male and 454 (53.1%) female students with the mean age 21.3 ± 3.1 participated in the study. Around half of the participants (51.2%) were in their first three years of education, 46.9% were living with their parents. Disposable income of students was on average 464 ± 127.50 Turkish Liras (app. 100 Euro). Majority of students (70.4%) reported that religion has an important or very important role in their lives. 63.4% expressed themselves as an atypical or very atypical student of the university as compared to the average (Table 1).
Tobacco, alcohol use and drunkenness rates were 60.2%, 62.6%, and 40.9%, respectively (Table 1). 37.4% of the students reported that they never used alcohol; whereas 20.2% of them drink alcohol once or more than once a week in the last two months.
Table 2 presents the relationship between alcohol use and sociodemographic data and social norms. Male students use alcohol more frequently than female students (p = 0.007), alcohol use increases with age (p = 0.028), higher disposable income is associated with more frequent alcohol use (p < 0.000), students who live with their parents drink less frequently (p < 0.000), as religion gets important in the students' life, alcohol use rate decreases (p < 0.000) and if the student considers him/herself as a typical student of university drink less (p < 0.000). Except for the perceived peer attitude towards alcohol use (p = 0.75) and drunkenness (p = 0.18); own attitude towards alcohol use (p < 0.000) and drunkenness (p < 0.000) and perceived frequency of peer alcohol use (p < 0.000) and drunkenness (p < 0.000) were significantly associated with alcohol use frequency. Tobacco use was also positively associated with alcohol use frequency (p < 0.000).
Living with parents compared to other living conditions was associated with lower rates of tobacco use (53.8% vs. 65.8%, p < 0,000), alcohol use (60.3% vs. 64.6%, p < 0,000) and being drunk (38.3% vs. 43.9%, p < 0,035) in the last two months.
Considering self as a typical student compared to an atypical student was significantly associated with lower rates of tobacco use (50.8% vs. 65.5%, p < 0.000), alcohol use (53.4% vs. 67.6%, p < 0.000) and being drunk (31% vs. 47.1%, p < 0.000) in the last two months.
The higher importance of religion in student's life is significantly associated with lower rates of tobacco use (56% vs. 70.3%, p < 0.000), alcohol use (48.9% vs. 94.9%, p < 0.000) and being drunk (27.7% vs. 73.4%, p < 0.000) in the last two months compared to lower importance of religion.
Logistic regression analysis was first run for all participants (n = 800) for the predictors of alcohol use. Afterward, the analysis was repeated for male and female students separately. The independent variables included in the logistic regression analysis were; age, disposable income, year of university education, student typicality, accommodation, faculty, religiousness, tobacco use frequency, descriptive and injunctive social norms. Table 3 summarizes predicting factors for alcohol use for all students. Male gender 1.56 (Cl 95%: 1.07-2.28), using tobacco every day/almost everyday 17.88 (Cl 95%: 9.33-34.29), less religiousness 20.91 (Cl 95%: 10.95-39.90), perceived positive peer attitude towards alcohol use 2.19 (Cl 95%: 1.25-3.82) and perceived positive peer alcohol use 3.48 (Cl 95%: 1.661-7.316) times increase the risk for alcohol use.
Table 4 and Table 5 present logistic regression analysis results for female (n = 428) and male (n = 372) students. Among both female and male students, using tobacco frequently increases the risk for alcohol use (OR: 83.54, CI 95%: 10.88-641.58; OR: 9.9, Cl 95%: 4.58-21.39, respectively). If religion is not so important for the student, alcohol use risk increased 50.99 (Cl 95%: 14.82-175.33) and 12.25 (Cl 95%: 5.55-27.04) times in males and females, respectively. Additionally, age (OR: 1.186, CI 95%: 1.03-1.36) and perceived positive peer attitude towards alcohol use (OR: 3.86, CI 95%: 1.84-8.09) were risk factors for alcohol use among female students whereas perceived higher peer alcohol use frequency (OR: 8.08, CI 95%: 2.40-27.10) was risk factor for alcohol use among male students.
Table 2. Relationship between alcohol use, sociodemographic variables & social norms
We aimed to find out the association between alcohol use, social norms, and other factors among university students. Our results contribute to the literature regarding the social norms being among the significant predictors of university student drinking. In our sample, variables accounted for alcohol use were demographics, religion, tobacco use, and social norms. Perceived peer descriptive norms, perceived peer injunctive norms, gender, religiousness, and tobacco use were the predictive factors for alcohol use.
Lifetime alcohol use rate was 62.6%, which makes our sample comparable to previously reported lifetime alcohol use among university students26,27 and postgraduate students28 in Turkey. However, German university students' alcohol use rates were ranged between 81.9 % and 90.2%29, comparing our results to this higher frequency, a lower rate of alcohol use in our study might be due to alcohol is not freely allowed in university campuses in Turkey. It should be noted that alcohol use rate in our study is quite higher than Turkey's alcohol use rate in general population1,5. Male students had a higher lifetime alcohol use rate than female students, as same in other studies6,7,27.
Religiousness was also related to alcohol use, which has been reported in studies conducted in Turkey7,8, with 95.9% of students who never use alcohol defined religion as important or very important in their lives. Low rates of alcohol use among Islamic countries have also been discussed related to religion prohibitions8.
This research indicates that increased tobacco use frequency is strongly associated with higher rates of alcohol use and tobacco use increased the risk of alcohol use which was in accordance with literature30.
In the present research, perceived alcohol use and perceived rate of drunkenness of peers are much higher than the actual level of consumption. When compared to the actual rate of lifetime abstinence, those who do not drink themselves (37.4%) are found to overestimate the rate of lifetime abstinence (75.6%), whereas it is underestimated by those who drink (24.4%). Most of the participants also believed that their peers' attitude towards alcohol consumption and being drunk were more acceptable than their own. Both findings reflect the significant role of misperceived social norms on alcohol use. Our findings were parallel to the degrees of overestimating misperceptions regarding perceived peer use of alcohol and peer attitudes towards alcohol use among university and college students in the other six European countries that collaborated for project SNIPE21. Similar overestimations were also found in studies conducted among university students13,17,22,27,31 in other countries. These findings are in favor of the appropriateness of social norms approach for intervention, prevention, and improvement of alcohol-related problems among university students.
Table 3. Predictors of lifetime alcohol use among all students (logistic regression)
Alcohol use frequency is associated with the frequency of tobacco use and positive attitudes towards alcohol use and being drunk. Regarding social norms, the perception of peers' drinking more frequently or becoming drunk more frequently (descriptive norms) and perceived positive peer attitude towards alcohol use or drunkenness (estimating that majority of students approve it– injunctive norms) are associated with more frequent drinking.
In logistic regression analysis according to gender separately, different results were determined for male and female students. For male students, tobacco use, attitude towards religion and perceived higher peer alcohol use frequency (perceived descriptive norm) were found to be increasing the risk for alcohol use. Increasing age, using tobacco, perceived positive peer attitude towards alcohol use (injunctive norm) were found to be increasing the risk of alcohol use among female students. These different findings may be interpreted through cultural reasons since women in Turkey tend to be more sensitive to social acceptability whereas men are more competitive in engaging risky behaviors. Cultural factors might also be one of the reasons why alcohol use is less frequent among women than men.
Table 4. Predictors for alcohol use among female students (logistic regression)
Our findings can drive several clinical implications. First of all, taking the close relationship between tobacco and alcohol use into account, planning primary and secondary preventive measures targeting both seems more effective. Moreover, dissemination of corrective messages regarding descriptive norms could help to decrease the rate of alcohol use and its consequences among university students. Finally, considering the different predictive factors associated with alcohol use in male and female students, a gender-specific approach can increase the success of social norms interventions.
This study has some limitations; the sample size of the study may limit the generalizability of our findings. We do not know the distribution of alcohol use and social norms about alcohol use among non-participated students. As it was a cross-sectional study, causality was not explored. Nevertheless, this study presents perceived peer norms, and personal drinking behavior is found to be reciprocally related as in the literature, which implies the role of social norms approach in the prevention of alcohol use among university students.
Table 5. Predictors for alcohol use among male (logistic regression)
Despite these limitations, this research proposes an assessment of the importance of various factors related to alcohol use among university students in Istanbul, Turkey. Social norms studies for alcohol and drug use are mostly from the United States of America and Europe, whereas this is the first social norms research in Turkey. Finally, the systematic assessment of the contributing variables may lead to improved understanding of the underlying processes associated with alcohol use and create further efficient interventions for strongly related components of problematic alcohol use.
Every two out of three university students used alcohol at least once in their lifetime, which is comparable to the youth alcohol use rate in Turkey. However, this result is significantly higher than Turkey's alcohol use rate in the general population. Our findings confirmed that gender (male), tobacco use, a low degree of religiousness and perceived positive peer social norms on drinking are the main factors contributing to alcohol use among university students. Gender differences seem to be an important aspect of social norms related to alcohol use. Social norms approach specific to gender may be more helpful to prevent problematic alcohol use among university students.
Ethical approval of the study was obtained from Marmara University's Local Ethical Committee and the permission to recruit university students was received from the university rectorate before data collection
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Freshman Kennedy Bridgforth scored No. 27 Texas Tech's first point en route to a 5-2 women's tennis victory over No. 30 Oklahoma on Friday at the McLeod Tennis Center.
Bridgforth dealt Jasmine Asghar a 6-2, 6-0 loss for her fifth win on court three and in Big 12 Conference play.
Lana Rush improved her record to 11-2 at the No. 6 position and won her fifth conference match via a 6-2, 6-1 victory over Ivana Corley for the Lady Raiders (16-6, 6-2). Playing at the No. 1 spot, Felicity Maltby posted back-to-back 6-3 sets to beat No. 22 Oleksandra Korashvili for her sixth win over a ranked opponent. She is now 16-5 at the first singles spot.
Denise-Antonela Stoica supplied the Lady Raiders with the match-winning point by taking a 6-3, 6-3 win over Camila Romero at the fourth spot. Stoica improved to 10-4 at the position and 5-2 in conference action.
Olivia Peet won a third-set tiebreaker to top Kianah Motosono, 6-2, 6-7 (3-6), 10-6 for the Lady Raiders' final victory of the day.
Martina Capurro had the Sooners' lone victory, beating Nell Miller in three sets on the second court.
Texas Tech hosts Oklahoma State for Senior Day in the regular season finale at noon Sunday.
WACO — Trenity Edwards hit a two-run home run as Texas Tech earned a 6-2 win over Baylor to start the Big 12 weekend series on Friday.
Edwards' home run, which also plated Breanna Russell, capped off the Raiders' four-run fifth inning that provided a 5-2 advantage.
Miranda Padilla tied the ball game at 2-2 after she scored on Jessica Hartwell's sac fly in the top of the fourth inning.
Taylor Satchell put the Raiders in front an inning later, running home on a passed ball. Russell notched an RBI double to left field to bring in Karli Hamilton, who also hit a double in the contest. Russell finished with two RBI after her groundout scored Heaven Burton in the first inning.
The Red Raiders maintained the lead and held the Lady Bears scoreless for the final four innings. Madi O'Neal led the Lady Bears with two hits and an RBI.
Sidney Holman (10-14) allowed six earned runs on seven hits with two walks and four strikeouts over seven innings in the loss.
Missy Zoch (13-5) gave up only one earned run on five hits, hit one batter, walked five and fanned three in 6 1/3 innings pitched for Texas Tech. Erin Edmoundson had one strikeout in 2/3 of an inning of relief.
The two teams play at 2 p.m. Saturday.
MORGANTOWN, W. Va. — West Virgina opened the Big 12 Conference weekend series with a 2-0 win over Texas Tech on Friday.
Darius Hill scored both Mountaineers' runs, getting home on Marques Inman's single in the first inning and Paul McIntosh's base hit in the third.
Erikson Lanning (0-1) and the Red Raiders' defense prevented the Mountaineers from scoring again, but couldn't get on the board.
Gabe Holt had a leadoff hit in the top of the ninth inning to get the Red Raiders started, but the Mountaineers had other plans as they recorded three straight outs to end the game.
Holt ended with three of Texas Tech's four total hits. Cameron Warren doubled for the other.
Alek Manoah (5-2) won the pitcher's duel with 15 strikeouts and didn't issue a walk.
Lanning (0-1) allowed six hits and a walk while fanning four batters in 4 1/3 innings on the mound for the Red Raiders (22-10, 5-5). John McMillon threw the 3 2/3 innings of scoreless, hitless relief and walked one with six strikeouts.
Texas Tech will try to even the series against West Virginia (21-12, 5-5) in the second game set for 3 p.m. Saturday.
EL MACERO, Calif — Ivan Ramirez carded a 73 to help No. 10 Texas Tech to a sixth-place spot after the opening round of the El Macero Classic on Friday at El Macero Country Club.
Ramirez shot three birdies, 13 pars and two double-bogeys to tie for 13th overall. Sandy Scott's 15 pars and three bogeys allowed him a 3-over after the first round. He and Markus Baraadlie, who shot three birdies, are tied for 25th with a 75.
Kyle Hogan is one shot behind his two teammates with a 76 after shooting a birdie on hole No. 12. Despite Jansen Smith's three birdies, he is 5-over after the first round.
The Red Raiders combined for a 299, nine shots behind host UC Davis' first-place spot with a 2-over. Riley Elmes of Loyola Marymount and Oregon State's Kyosuke Hara lead the tournament with a 2-under through 18 of 54 holes.
Tournament action continues Saturday and wraps up on Sunday.


Re: Oh, has Iceland gone under?
Gashlycrumb tinies-related but I don't know the story.
Yes, Iceland is seriously screwed, as are the local authorities in this country who have invested millions -- in one case £40m -- in their high interest savings funds. They've gone bust.
I have no idea what the hell is going on in the world. Sometimes I wish I felt no desire to find out.


text:
Secrets of Tasty Riffs & Solos
Unlocking I IV V
Guitar Scale Patterns
Dynamic Rhythm Guitar
Bar Chords Made Simple
Blues Jam Tracks
Rock Jam Tracks
Open Riffs in G
Decoding The Bass Guitar
The Top 10 Richest Guitar Players
Ever wonder who the richest guitar players are? Wonder no more, my friend – here they are, from "poorest" to richest.
Photo by David Shankbone
David Bowie (Approx. Net Worth $150M)
A man of many talents, Bowie is one of the most eccentric, iconic and influential figures in rock and roll. The release of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars with it's singles, Starman and Ziggy Stardust, cemented Bowie's place in music history. Bowie remains a presence in the music world as a composer, producer and performer.
Photo by Yummifruitbat
Eric Clapton (Approx. Net Worth $200M)
Now a guitar legend, Clapton rose to fame as the guitarist for the 1960s rock band Cream. In 1970 Clapton would earn his place in music history with the release of the legendary song "Layla" with his band Derek and the Dominoes. For years after he would battle with addiction before continuing one of the most successful solo careers ever.
Photo by Gina Benedettie
Sean Lennon (Approx. Net Worth $200M)
As the son of John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Sean's music career was launched through the success of his parents. Through the 90s Sean collaborated with many musicians before releasing his solo debut Into the Sun in 1998. Spike Jonze directed the music video for his successful single "Home." Sean continues to collaborate, as a guitarist and musician, with various artists.
Photo by Craig ONeal
Bruce Springsteen (Approx. Net Worth $200M)
The now legendary Bruce Springsteen, was not an overnight success. He struggled for nearly a decade, playing small time shows and receiving little acclaim. In 1975 he broke into the pop world with the release of Springsteen and the E-Street Band's Born to Run. The band would go on to produce one of the best selling records of all time: Born in the USA. The album contained seven singles that reached the Top 10 on Billboard.
Photo by Lindsay from Pittsburgh
Dave Grohl (Approx. Net Worth $225M)
Grohl got his start as the drummer for the grunge rock band Nirvana. Following Kurt Cobain's death, Grohl embarked on a solo venture at Robert Lang Studios. He recorded a fifteen song album in which he played nearly all of the instrumentals. In 1995, after the album received interest, Grohl drafted a band to support his lead vocals and guitar. The Foo Fighters began touring in spring of 1995. The band has experienced considerable longevity, releasing their most successful album Wasting Light in 2011.
Photo by Scott Penner
Prince (Approx. Net Worth $250M)
This eccentric pop legend has released ten platinum albums and thirty top 40 singles. Prince has had one of the most successful music careers of all time. In addition to his solo success he has contributed songwriting and guitar playing to Madonna and other superstar musicians. "When Doves Cry" on the album Purple Rain spent five weeks at the top of the charts.
Photo by Susan Beals
Dhani Harrison (Approx. Net Worth $275M)
Another Beatles' progeny, Dhani Harrison is a singer, songwriter and guitarist. In 2001, following the death of George Harrison, Dhani completed his fathers album Brainwashed. In 2006 Dhani formed the band, thenewno2, and he continues to contribute to various music projects.
Photo by Artur Bogdanski
Jon Bon Jovi (Approx. Net Worth $275M)
Jon Bon Jovi has released eleven albums with his band Bon Jovi in addition to producing two solo albums. He was once ranked 50th on Billboard's "Power 100" as one of the most influential figures in the music business. The release of Slippery When Wet with single "You Give Love a Bad Name" was the first in a series of hugely successful music projects.
Photo by Anthony Chu
Keith Richards (Approx. Net Worth $280M)
The Rolling Stones, with lead guitarist Keith Richards, are one of the most famous bands of all time. Formed in 1962 with front man Mick Jagger, the band has possibly been seen the longest runs of success in the history of Rock and Roll. The band released 20 studio albums from 1964-2005, cementing Richards as one of the guitar greats of all time.
Photo by The_Admiralty
Paul McCartney (Approx. Net Worth $820M)
Paul McCartney is probably the greatest living icon in the music world. As a bass, acoustic and electric guitar player for The Beatles, McCartney helped to start the "British Invasion" and the proliferation of Rock and Roll in the United States and abroad. McCartney wrote "Yesterday" that has been covered an incredible 2,200 times by various artists. In addition to his success with the Beatles, McCartney has also remained a huge presence in music with The Wings and through his solo career that continues to the present day.
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Leave a Reply 38	comments
Manhattan Mark - May 9, 2014 Reply
Funny thing.. I went to a jam on Weds. night and told a story about my dog eating the first $20 I ever made as a musician in 1980.. A friend commented..
"Hey… These days there's DOZENS of Dollars to be made playing music out there." … LOL
circlej - May 9, 2014 Reply
Not exactly great guitarists there, and the Beatles offspring most likely inherited their wealth, I don't think they earned it playing guitar.
skattech - May 9, 2014 Reply
Terrible list!
I agree – only three credible guitarists…definitely don't think of Bon Jovi or Bowie as guitarists…really…c'mon…
And while I'm being my cynical self, maybe there should be separate list: richest off-spring of guitarists!
My guitar playing is therapeutic for me, and I don't 'play out/perform'. It would probably take me years to break even as far as the cost of my guitars, amps, replacing stings and PUPs here and there, and all other accessories. I play 'cause I LOVE to play!
tilghman55 - May 9, 2014 Reply
The amount of money they make. Did you read???
Skr8pr - May 9, 2014 Reply
No one cares why you play. And I'm sure if you could make 200 million dollars playing you would take the money you self righteous d-bag.
Ruth - February 24, 2017 Reply
HAHAHAHAHAHA. ..LOL.? !!
KUMBAYA I!! ??
You would be very surprised at the talent at the level of talent that those kids have.
Jonathan Boettcher	- May 9, 2014 Reply
That may be a fair point!
On that note… I recently heard Joe Bonamassa tell a story on his podcast/radio show: he was participating in an auction for a bunch of rare Eric Clapton memorabilia, including one of his guitars.
Unfortunately for Joe, so was a particular Russian billionaire who happened to be in an Eric Clapton tribute band!
So, no matter how much Joe was willing to throw at that guitar, the billionaire just outbid him… and he took the whole lot, everything that was at the auction.
So there's one incredibly well setup Russian Eric Clapton tribute band running around out there… and none on this list has a "B" in front of their net worth, their guitar player is actually richer than Clapton himself!
swamfox - April 15, 2017 Reply
Not very humerous or else I missed something
swampfox - April 15, 2017 Reply
My reply was not for your comment jonathan. It was was for the dog eating 20 bucks story.
roughrufus - May 9, 2014 Reply
Kinda strange, John Mclaughlin, arguably the best guitarist in the world, is not even rated with the top 10 richest.
With the *possible* exception of perhaps Eric Clapton, I don't think any on this particular list would actually have a shot at being present on a "Top 10 Guitar Players" list.
That sort of list would indeed be quite a different one, though of course far more subjective than a simple one such as this.
As others have noted, most of these are better known as artists/performers than "guitar players" per se, although all undoubtedly play guitar, and quite well too.
Django Smooth - May 29, 2014 Reply
Hold on Jonathan; Prince can play his ass on. Check him out playing purple house: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVspVHcIgFw
Get Blind - May 29, 2014 Reply
He may not have been wealthy. But Gary Moore could kill them all except for Prince. No brag, just facts….
Lowell Smith - September 1, 2016 Reply
i like what you got going on there..although Mr Moore is one kick ass ax handler..look at Frank Zappa..hell he made up his own chords..Stevie Vie..etc ..etc..Rory Gallagher..Roy Buchanan..Mark Knopfler…list keeps going..
Jim Conlon - March 14, 2015 Reply
Hi Johnathon,
Here you are again!
I used to think that if anybody wanted to know what type of guitar player I was somehow remotely like, it would be Eric Clapton Particularly so on acoustic.
Unc_George - May 10, 2014 Reply
If Mahavishnu got paid per the amount of notes he plays, one could line up the dollar bills from New York to the planet Saturn and still have enough left over to pay for one of Santana's Dumble amps.
Billy - October 17, 2015 Reply
Imagine that, an accomplished artist who has not managed to become rich! This must be a first.
Rmw - January 28, 2017 Reply
Hahaha. .So funny, huh. ? And it's a shame. ..most of these early bands, re: Beatles, Etc…, were "ripped off " by Music Industry and Taxman, ..!!! ( Mr. Wilson and Mr. Heath. …) !! LOL.? Plus, I agree on the "inherited "part, as a lot of FANTASTIC GUITAR PLAYERS , are deceased ( SRV, JIMMY, …). Unfortunately, a lot of "genius", was ruined by people ( leeches), and drugs !! Either to their demise, or bankruptcy.
We'll never know the $ worth, these musical geniuses, would have achieved.
A quote from Sir Paul McCartney : " To achieve success, you have to survive it "!
Eric - February 22, 2019 Reply
Oddly enough, I happen to look up how much McLaughlin is worth about a half hour before reading your comment. He's worth 12 million. Not a bad lifetime haul for spending one's life in the pursuit of creating and expanding music. I was told he lives in the south of France, too. Not bad at all.
Devilscucumber - May 9, 2014 Reply
Strange, no mention of Jimmy Page, rumoured to be worth between 125 and 275 million
mjt11860 - May 9, 2014 Reply
i was surprised too. it could b that he contributes a lot of his money to worthy causes.
Exactly! ! Was wondering that, too. Come on. ..it's The Who !!! Maybe, it's his lifestyle.
Mike D. - May 9, 2014 Reply
When You said "Top 10 Richest" I thought the list would be of the "Top Ten Richest Sounding", guitar players? The Guitar Players that can make their guitar sing and wail !!!!
But this is for their money, I find it hard to believe that the sons of John and George are making that kind of money, making music.
Paul he's an icon, but concert wise its the same old songs over and over, I Love him, but paying to see him more than once, not!!!!
Rich Guitar Players: Carlos Santana, Lindsey Buckingham, Steve Howe, Neal Schon??????
Corporate manufactured images, parasites, posers, talent and all of the above.
The exceptions, IMHO are Keith and EC. Paul deserves equal credit, but not for guitar playing.
I think Springsteen came from the Village People, originally hired to play the homosexual contraction worker. Soon, he mastered three chords, the pentatonic scale, posing for the camera, got the grunting, drooling, screaming and yelling down, made easy passages look difficult, and the rest is history.
Farley Fox - May 10, 2014 Reply
Well, didn't say most accomplished, just the wealthiest. No mention of Leo Kottke, John Fahey, or Carlos Santana.
bonzomoon - July 31, 2014 Reply
http://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-celebrities/rock-stars/jimmy-page-net-worth/
Jonathan Boettcher	- July 31, 2014 Reply
Thanks for the link – I see they've pegged him in at 170M.
cush - December 3, 2014 Reply
I haven't made nearly that much money and I'm a super star on the flute circuit here in Boise.
blonuck - February 7, 2015 Reply
What about Mark Knophler. Surely one of the world's best guitarists. But for me unfortunately can't sing half as good
Also how about Hank B Marvin. What a player
I was surprised to see Hank B Marvin mentioned. I liked his playing way back when and often wondered what became of him over the years.
Lee	- March 28, 2015 Reply
How about dead guitarists as in Jimi Hendrix. I m sure his estate has to be on this list somewhere. The city of Seattle, who have claimed him now, arrested him then, are gathering money to build a memorial to Jimi, who incidentally my own father shared a plot right next to in Greenwood memorial park in a Seattle suburb, Renton, WA. also known as the practice field of the SEAHawKS 2ND GREATEST NFL TEAM, 1ST IN BAD DECISIONS. I sincerely doubt whether my father who also died tragically via the drug alcohol at age 50, which I myself passed 15 years back, was terribly enamored with having Jimi as an eternal neighbor, The first time I brought a friend home in 65 with long hair, he was flabbergasted even sober. At any rate they moved Jimi to a cooler spot as he was making my DAD's neighborhood look like the Woodstock mess, with beer bottles, joints left for Jim to smoke in the afterlight (very soggy joints) and constructed a memorial of sorts, which matters not to him I am sure. Nor does his money for that matter. Interesting aside to a conversation that has little meaning in their guitar playing. Elvis wasn't even mentioned and if you look closely in his lamer movies his guitars, acoustic look like something from JC Penneys or SeARS & FUNNY THEY ARE MAGIC, NO STRINGS. Bossa NOVA HOOTCHIE KOO!
John Alder - January 1, 2016 Reply
Oh, come on . . . John mclaughlin! Hasn't anyone heard: Yngwei Malmsteen, Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, Guthrie Govan and the list goes on.
brian t bayer	- May 23, 2016 Reply
first off bowie was worth well over a half a billion . whatever mclaughlin makes he keeps
as monaco is a tax free country. the numbers thrown around here have little i common !
would you rather make lets say 50 million and keep all of it or live in the uk and lose
90% of it ? its not what you make its what you keep that's the important part of
the equation !
theloveman02 - January 22, 2017 Reply
Ernie Isley is better than them all but not as rich as none of them
Thank you, Jonathan Boetcher !! I follow you on my Gmail and took the free courses you provided. …!! Always lookin' for a challenge, too !! I don't know, but I think I have " song block " !! LOL.? Any remedies for that ?? Have much enjoyed your emails and have learned a lot from your instructions, tips, and funny stories. ..
Thank you for sharing !!. Ruth Watson
Jonathan Boettcher	- February 25, 2017 Reply
Hi Ruth, glad to hear you're enjoying the lessons! I'm not sure exactly what you mean by song block – do you mean in regards to learning new songs, or to writing your own? I suppose the answer would be quite different, depending on which it is.
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My swimming has improved over this last month. I can do more laps with less rest stops. I added fins to my swimming now. I got the idea from my granddaughter's coach. It helps to strengthen my legs while doing my laps. I can absolutely feel the difference.
After swimming my laps, I have added some pool exercises. I added various leg kicks, stretches and push ups on the side of the pool.
My walking has been somewhat sporadic this week due to my granddaughter spending the week. She's is only here for a week and I am spending all my free time making memories.
I completed my goal of 30 minutes of gym times 2x /week. I am slowly adding more weight. I don't have the extra money for a trainer so I try to watch and learn from regulars. It has helped me to improve my form and to add variety to my exercises.
I swam laps 2 days & walked a total of 5 miles. Walked a total of 5 miles so far this month. I did complete 2 days of strength training.
I swim with fins also.....LOVE IT!


Original - 100% natural unflavoured - Slight coconut/chocolate taste.
Peppermint Cream - Refreshing peppermint & chocolate.
Chocolate Orange - Sweet orange with creamy chocolate.
Turkish Delight - Chocolate with fragrant rose Turkish delight.
Rocky Road - Marshmallow, cherry & chocolate flavour.
Millionaire's Shortbread - Rich caramel with chocolate.
Prosecco - Celebrate with this classic!
Irish Cream- Creamy, just like a glass of Baileys.
Gin & Tonic - Refreshing gin and tonic flavour with a twist of lemon.
Strawberry Daiquiri - Juicy strawberries with tangy lime.
Pina Colada - Creamy coconut with juicy pineapple.
Buck's Fizz - Sweet orange with champagne flavour.
Peach Bellini - Juicy peach with prosecco flavour.
Mojito - Refreshing spearmint and lime flavour.
Rich creamy nourishing lip butter, handmade in small batches in Scotland using the finest natural ingredients. We use organic ingredients where possible, our lip butters are at least 78% organic. With cocoa butter, shea butter and coconut oil these lip butters smell good enough to eat! These skin loving ingredients melt into your lips to leave them soft and moisturised.
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Tocopherol (vitamin E).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Mentha piperita* (Peppermint) Oil (contains limonene, linalool).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Citrus sinensis (Orange) peel oil*(contains limonene, linalool).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma (contains citral, citronellol, geraniol, limonene, linalool,alpha iso methyl ionone), Tocopherol (vitamin E).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, Tocopherol (vitamin E).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, (contains Anisyl Alcohol, Cinnamic Alcohol), Tocopherol (vitamin E).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Citrus Medica Limonium (Lemon) peel oil* (contains Citral, Geraniol, Limonene, Linalool).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Citrus Aurantifolia (lime) oil* (contains Citral, Geraniol, Limonene, Linalool).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma,Tocopherol (vitamin E).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, (contains Amyl Cinnamal, Geraniol, Limonene, Linalool), Tocopherol (vitamin E).
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter*, Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil*. Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil*,Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*,Simmondsia chinensis seed cera (jojoba wax), Aroma, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Mentha Spicata Herb (spearmint) oil*, Citrus Aurantifolia (lime) oil* (contains Citral, Geraniol, Limonene, Linalool).
At Blushberry Botanicals, we try to keep packaging to a minimum as we care about our planet. Our lip butter comes in a fully recyclable 10ml slide tin. We don't use any unnecessary boxes but your lip butter will arrive packaged in recycled tissue paper and carefully packaged to protect it in transit.
Apply to lips as often as required. In the unlikely event that you are allergic to this product, discontinue use. Store in a cool dry place away from sunlight. Use within 6 months of opening.


text:
Aindileas Ua Chlúmháin (died 1170) was an Irish poet.

Aindileas was the son of Gilla Aenghus Ua Chlúmháin, ollamh of Connacht in poetry, who died in 1143.

No surviving poems by either are known to still exist, except perhaps anonymously. A later bearer of the name, who died in 1438, is listed as O'Clumain, Chief Poet to O'Hara, a Chief of the Name in County Sligo.

See also

 Ó Chlúmháin

External links

References

 The Surnames of Ireland, Edward MacLysaght, 1978.
 The Life, Legends and Legacy of Saint Kerrill, Joseph Mannion, p. 93, 2004.

People from County Galway
Medieval Irish poets
12th-century Irish writers
1170 deaths
Year of birth unknown
12th-century Irish poets
Irish male poets

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Arab League Priorities Clash with the Israeli Election Outcome
The question for liberal western democracies is, "Can democracy, religious extremism, and apartheid policies co-exist?" The Arab League met in Algeria for the first time in two years, and their final declaration called for freedom for the Palestinian people who have suffered under a brutal Israeli military occupation for almost six decades. The meeting of…
Read More Arab League Priorities Clash with the Israeli Election OutcomeContinue
Lavrov's Latest Tour Proved That Russia Is Far From Isolated
Russia and its over one hundred partners across the Global South are at the forefront of the global systemic transition while the US and its vassals are being left in the dust as they delusionally attempt to cling to an outdated world order. The US-led Western Mainstream Media (MSM) has claimed for over the past…
Read More Lavrov's Latest Tour Proved That Russia Is Far From IsolatedContinue
Is Foreign Meddling in Ethiopia Actually a Proxy War Against China?
The US, its Western allies, and the Arab League must stop meddling in Ethiopia's internal affairs and the GERD issue should be resolved via African Union-led talks, not the UNSC. Africa's second most populous country of Ethiopia has recently experienced a surge in foreign meddling over the past year. This former kingdom, which was among…
Read More Is Foreign Meddling in Ethiopia Actually a Proxy War Against China?Continue
How the Arab League Helped Dissolve the Palestinian Question
As one Gulf state after another embraces formal ties with Israel, some have looked to the Arab League to condemn normalisation. Yet to understand why the league will do nothing of the sort, one has to go back to its founding. The League of Arab States was founded in 1945 at the instigation and planning…
Read More How the Arab League Helped Dissolve the Palestinian QuestionContinue
Attack on Iran would be an Attack on Russia
Russia is meticulously advancing Eurasian chessboard moves that should be observed in conjunction, as Moscow proposes to the Global South an approach diametrically opposed to Western sanctions, threats and economic war. Here are three recent examples. Ten days ago, via a document officially approved by the United Nations, the Russian Foreign Ministry advanced a new…
Read More Attack on Iran would be an Attack on RussiaContinue
The Arab Emergency Summit in Mecca: Provocative and Invective
When an Arab emergency summit is called to convene, one would naturally assume the existence of an urgent Arab crisis which requires immediate attention. So, when king Salman of Saudi Arabia called for an emergency Arab summit to convene in Mecca, the holiest Muslim city, the natural assumption was that there is an urgent Arab…
Read More The Arab Emergency Summit in Mecca: Provocative and InvectiveContinue


text:
Antsy McClain
Antsy McClain brings his unique blend of music and "humor with heart" to the stage, combining his original songs with a hilarious slide show, including Antsy's own life observations, social commentary and imaginary sponsors from his home town trailer park of Pine View Heights. As a master storyteller with the likes of PBS, NPR and TEDTalks under his belt, Antsy includes humorous and serious songs in his shows. Songs such as "One Less Trailer Here in Pine View Heights," My Baby Whistles When She Walks," and "The Junk Drawer of Your Heart," are keenly humorous observations about love and loss, while his more serious songs, like "Field Trip," "I'm Everyone," or "Falling in Love in America," are more akin to personal journal entries written in the act of living. It's this tightrope walk between humor and heart that makes Antsy McClain a true original.
Antsy McClain's newest album (his 18th), "Somewhere Past These Gravel Roads," is a collection of songs inspired by Antsy's roots in 1970's and '80's guitar rock, and chronicles a period of great change in the artists' life. It takes the listener on a journey that touches upon life's darker edges but ends with the happiness of new-found love and the soul-stretching exuberance of self discovery.
Antsy McClain is one of those rare performers who can have you laughing hysterically and shedding a tear – often within the same song. In the last few years, McClain has been playing a lot of solo acoustic shows, but still plays with his band, The Trailer Park Troubadours, who bring their masterful touch to his live shows. Whether alone with his guitar, or with a group of other musicians, Antsy McClain creates an unforgettable night of music, theater and storytelling. Others have called him "a national treasure" (Modesto Bee), and "a creative force whose roots lie in songwriters like John Prine, Kris Kristofferson and Guy Clark" (Houston Chronicle), and "a happier, funnier Bob Dylan." (his Uncle Fred). Whoever you think his influences might be, you will likely think of him as a friend after attending one of his concerts, due to his casual, approachable presentation and the relatable nature of his songs.


text:
Q: How tp speed up looping arrays as inputs for pandas calculation? I have two arrays named x and y. The goal is to iterate them as the input for pandas calculation.
Here's an example.
Iterating each x and y and appending the calculation result to the res list is slow.
The calculation is to get the exponential of each column modified by a and then sum together, multiply with b. Anyway, this calculation can be replaced by any other calculations.
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

np.random.seed(0)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0,5,size=(5, 1)),columns=['data'])

x = np.linspace(1, 24, 4)
y = np.linspace(10, 1500, 5)

res = []

for a in x:
    for b in y:
        res.append(np.exp(-df/a).sum().values[0]*b)

res = np.array(res).reshape(4, 5)

expected output:
array([[  11.67676844,  446.63639283,  881.59601721, 1316.5556416 ,
        1751.51526599],
       [  37.52524129, 1435.34047927, 2833.15571725, 4230.97095523,
        5628.78619321],
       [  42.79406912, 1636.87314392, 3230.95221871, 4825.0312935 ,
        6419.1103683 ],
       [  44.93972433, 1718.94445549, 3392.94918665, 5066.95391781,
        6740.95864897]])

A: You can use numpy broadcasting:
res = np.array(res).reshape(4, 5)

print (res)
[[  11.67676844  446.63639283  881.59601721 1316.5556416  1751.51526599]
 [  37.52524129 1435.34047927 2833.15571725 4230.97095523 5628.78619321]
 [  42.79406912 1636.87314392 3230.95221871 4825.0312935  6419.1103683 ]
 [  44.93972433 1718.94445549 3392.94918665 5066.95391781 6740.95864897]]

res = np.exp(-df.to_numpy()/x).sum(axis=0)[:, None] * y

print (res)
[[  11.67676844  446.63639283  881.59601721 1316.5556416  1751.51526599]
 [  37.52524129 1435.34047927 2833.15571725 4230.97095523 5628.78619321]
 [  42.79406912 1636.87314392 3230.95221871 4825.0312935  6419.1103683 ]
 [  44.93972433 1718.94445549 3392.94918665 5066.95391781 6740.95864897]]

A: I think what you want is:
z = -df['data'].to_numpy()
res = np.exp(z/x[:, None]).sum(axis=1)[:, None]*y

output:
array([[  11.67676844,  446.63639283,  881.59601721, 1316.5556416 ,
        1751.51526599],
       [  37.52524129, 1435.34047927, 2833.15571725, 4230.97095523,
        5628.78619321],
       [  42.79406912, 1636.87314392, 3230.95221871, 4825.0312935 ,
        6419.1103683 ],
       [  44.93972433, 1718.94445549, 3392.94918665, 5066.95391781,
        6740.95864897]])

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text:
Cancer Stem Cell
Record Numbers Stand In Line To See If They Are A Donor Match
A record number of some 5000 people showed up to stand in line in the rain to see if they were eligible to be a stem cell donor for a 5 year old patient battling cancer, and left the event organizers breathless.
Oscar Saxelby-Lee was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer called T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia this past December. This form of leukemia is aggressive and causes the bone marrow to release immature white blood cells, the the child's treatment required 4 weeks of intense chemotherapy, and he now requires stem cell transplant within three months. According to the National Health Service this disease afflicts about 650 people a year in Britain.
The child's primary school in Worcester, England was largely responsible for organizing the event. Sue Bladen, Pitmaston Primary School business manager, said that they had decided to do whatever they could to help find a donor for Oscar.
A crowdfunding page was set up by Oscar's parents in February to help pay for medical costs, and has raised around $11,300 which has surpassed the amount of voluntary aid they had requested or could even dreamed to have received.
When stem cell transplant was insisted on being needed by doctors, Oscar's parents and school decided to organize a donor event through DKMS in order to help facilitate finding a match for the young boy. For the donor every anyone between the ages of 17-55 was allowed to register as a potential donor.
For the donor event more than 200 volunteers showed up from around the country to offer their help. The first day of the event was live was on Saturday March 2, 2019 and over 1,800 people showed up to register as potential donors. Sunday had even more people as some 3,000 people showed up to register as possible donor, setting a record for the most people to volunteer as stem cell donors, by far exceeding their optimistic expectations.
Numbers continued to rise even after the event had ended, with another 1,000 people registering to be potential donors online bringing the total to approximately 6,000 people having registered.
According to the no-profit DKMS 4,855 people showed up at the school event to register breaking Britain's record, and another 1,000 registered online with DKMS bringing the total to 5855 people registering as potential donors. DKMS is an international nonprofit organization focused on finding donors for blood cancer patients.
Ms. Bladen says, "The spirit we had here was absolutely incredible, and the generosity of people. There were people queued all around the back of the block in the pouring rain, and nobody moaned about it."
The screening/matching process will take around 6 weeks to determine whether or not any of the potential volunteer donors are an eligible match for Oscar's stem cell transplant. "It is difficult to find a suitable match as there are 17,000 HLA characteristics that have to be looked at," explains Lisa Nugent, head of donor recruitment.
Here's hoping a suitable match can be found for the young boy from the generous people who showed up to offer their help in a very uplifting display of kindness and compassion.
https://realfarmacy.com/record-setting-5000-people-stand-in-the-rain-for-hours-to-see-if-they-are-a-stem-cell-match-for-5-year-old-battling-cancer/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/05/world/europe/stem-cell-donation-oscar-saxelby-lee.html
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia/
https://www.dkms.org/en/about


text:
Subscribe to European Commission
Goodbye Cookie Banners? The European Commission Proposes to Simplify the Cookie Law
By Natalya Northrip, CIPP/US, CIPP/E & M. James Daley, CIPP/US on January 12, 2017
Posted in Data Privacy, Legislation
This week, the European Commission released its proposal to repeal the existing Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communication (the ePrivacy Directive (Directive 2002/58/EC)) and to replace it with a new Regulation. Unlike the current EU Data Directive and the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) effective May 2018, the ePrivacy Directive primarily addressed practices of traditional telecommunication providers and new providers of electronic communication services (e.g., Gmail, and others listed below). The reason behind the proposal is to catch up the existing law to the realities of the technological evolution that occurred since the passage of the ePrivacy Directive. The proposal is also expected to ensure consistency in the protections afforded by the ePrivacy Directive, particularly with respect to confidentiality of communications, with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which will take effect in May 2018.
The two most impactful proposed changes are: (1) extension of the application of privacy rules from traditional telecommunications operators to the new providers of electronic communications services, such as Gmail, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, and others, and (2) simplification of the rules on cookies. The former proposal would prevent email services, such as Gmail, from scanning the contents of their users' email for the purposes of delivering targeted advertising, without obtaining the users' explicit consent. Obviously, this could significantly impact ad revenue of online email and messaging services that rely on targeted advertising for their funding.
The simplification of cookie rules, however, is a welcome relief to business. Article 5(3) of the current ePrivacy Directive requires websites to obtain prior informed consent from a user before storing cookies and similar technologies (e.g., web beacons, Flash cookies, etc.) or accessing information stored on the user's terminal equipment. For consent to be valid, it must be informed, specific, freely given, and must constitute a real indication of the individual's wishes. Certain cookies are exempt from the consent requirement, including user-input cookies (session ID first-party cookies), authentication cookies (to identify the user for the duration of a session), user-interface customization cookies (e.g., language or font preferences, for the duration of a session), and third-party social plug-in content-sharing cookies (for logged-in members of a social network). In other words, cookies that are used for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication, or are necessary to provide the requested service are likely to be exempt. Some businesses, however, read this exemption narrowly and request user consent even for the use of these "experience-enhancing" cookies.…
Continue Reading Goodbye Cookie Banners? The European Commission Proposes to Simplify the Cookie Law
European Commission's Guide to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield
By Natalya Northrip, CIPP/US, CIPP/E on October 3, 2016
Posted in Data Privacy
As we previously reported, on August 1, 2016, the United States Department of Commerce launched the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield self-certification process on its Privacy Shield Website. Several hundred companies, including Microsoft, Salesforce, Panasonic Avionics, and Workday, have already self-certified and many others have submitted their applications and are awaiting DOC's approval. Those companies who submitted their applications before September 30, 2016 were granted a nine-month grace period to conform their existing contracts with third-party processors to the new onward transfer requirements under the Privacy Shield, thereby being allowed to achieve compliance sooner.
For those considering participating in the framework, the Privacy Shield website offers factual information about the framework, including instructions and details on how to join Privacy Shield, requirements of Privacy Shield participation, and administration of Privacy Shield Program. Likewise, amidst some continued criticism of the framework in the EU, the European Commission published a Guide for citizens, outlining how the Privacy Shield guarantees individuals' data-protection rights and what remedies are available for individuals who believe their personal data was misused in violation of the framework.
Specifically, the Guide provides detailed information on the following.
Continue Reading European Commission's Guide to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield


Imamu Amiri Baraka, formerly known as LeRoi Jones and the co-founder of the Black Arts Movement (BAM), passed away in 2014. The duty of remembering is a unique opportunity to assess Baraka's legacy, the movement, and the direction taken by African American literature. Baraka's poetic productions and general body of work have garnered mixed appreciation. According to David L Smith, "Some observers have regarded him as confused and unstable, others have hailed him as the apostle of the Black Aesthetic or as the Father of Contemporary Black Poetry".
Anyways, Baraka contributed to redefining the Black Arts Movement (BAM) by way of recalibrating the western aesthetics' relations with African-American literary expressions and the socio-political role of the artists. Thanks to the movement, African orality and the call-response tradition on plantations have been given a new life. Even today, it is not exaggerated to say that the fact that rap and dub tradition continuingly making forays into American cultural expressivity and extending its wing to the world outside is largely creditable to the BAM. Even the past millennium witnessed some writers, poets and other artists who attempted to reshape and redefined African-American literary aesthetics by espousing the cultural, political and social concerns of both the last millennium and the one we are living (in).
Using the Black Arts Movement as a focal point, we are seeking critical contributions offering an inter-/multidisciplinary approach for redefining and evaluating African-American aesthetics in our day and age. For this edited book, we are looking for a wide range of genres covered by Baraka and his colleagues of the BAM and bearing a similarity with contemporary "Black" cultural expressions seeking to reshape and redefine African-American aesthetics.
Rap, dub poetry and Baraka's legacy.
Contributions using Amiri Baraka and/or the Black Arts Movement as their concentration will be most favored. Potential authors are encouraged to consider exploring contemporary African-American works for their analysis. Interested authors are invited to submit a 300-word abstract of their paper by October 31, 2018 to Siendou KONATE or N'GUESSAN Kouadio Germain at the following addresses: siendouk@gmail.com, kouadiogermain@yahoo.fr. The final papers of accepted abstracts are expected on February 28, 2018.


text:
Q: maven read pom.xml containing multiple modules and write file We have "master" pom.xml file and has multiple modules, using maven-antrun-plugin or other plugin, how do we be able to achieve by means of writing a file to all module folders in this master pom.xml? Want to store a file containing "${project.version}". For instance, we run mvn clean verify, we want to retrieve the version from this master pom.xml and store as file to all multiple modules.
project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.mp</groupId>
<artifactId>parentApp</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<name>parentApp</name>
<description>This is just to test pom inheritance</description>

<properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>

<modules>
        <module>../example1</module>
        <module>../example2</module>
        <module>../example3</module>
        <module>../example4</module>
        <module>../example5</module>
..
..

A: Never mind - we can add exec-maven-plugin  to run the bash script to list all multiple modules, for loop - copy the folder to all modules.


Farmers in Ukraine have harvested around 16.7 million tonnes of grain from the 2018 harvest and the yield averaged 3.13 tonnes per hectare, according to figures released by the Agriculture Ministry. Having completed around 38% of the total planted areas.
Dry conditions continue to be supportive to EU Wheat markets. From a UK standpoint sellers have limited appetite for fresh business at the moment with wheat harvest just around the corner.


In April, the Draper Historic Theatre "stepped in time" to "Mary Poppins." This beloved story came to a life in a big way on a small stage. The show ran 12 nights, two more nights than originally planned because shows began selling out.
As promised, here are some favorite ways to put a simple gift card to work for you.


With the Senate ending filibusters against federal district court and court of appeals nominees, another rule remains unchanged. The Senators of the home state of the judicial nominee can block a nomination under the blue slip rule. This New York Times article describes the practice.


The Vatican seems to be introducing a married priesthood, Passau Bishop Stefan Oster, Germany, told Passauer Neue Presse (March 23).
Oster is considered the most "conservative" German bishop.
Pope Francis has asked for "new ways," Oster reminds that celibacy is "not a dogma" [as if the dogmas were taken seriously in the present Church].
He points to the Amazonian Synod where he expects married priesthood to be discussed.
Oster believes that celibacy will disappear and only survive in monasteries.
Francis came to destroy what little faith was left. Pray that Jesus will find faith when he returns. The church is being purified by fire.
I hope everybody is prepared. The modernists unending repetitions force us to repeat ourselves as well.


Top 7 Best VR Headsets – This is the era of virtual reality. Even though the idea of virtual reality has been buzzing around us for the past few years it has finally taken a shape. With some development in the technology now you can easily connect your smartphone or PC or a gaming console with a VR headset and enjoy the beauty of the virtual world. So without wasting any time let me bring to you the best VR headset out in the market. Even though some of them are still to strike the market, they are definitely good to be known.
When it comes to VR systems, Oculus Rift had caused much hullabaloo in the market. After its project launch, Facebook acquired it and it became the most thrilling VR system out there in the market. The system comes with a headset with sensors which supports two lenses and headphones. In order to detect the movements, a camera is added to the system. The end result has been impressive and it provides amazing experiences through the VR world. The product is available at all the major outlets in UK and US. If you are looking for some cheaper deals then simply make use of the Currys voucher codes from Dealslands Uk.
Just like Oculus Rift, HTC Vive also needs a PC to run it. But something that makes it different from others is that you can roam around the room with this VR system. HTC Vive finds your location in the real world through the IR sensors mounted on the wall and connects it with the virtual world. This way it allows you in the movement where others fail. To enjoy the system completely better use additional headphones.
PlayStation VR is an amazing alternative for gaming PCs. PlayStation VR works with PlayStation 4 rather than with the PC. The PS VR works as an accessory for the PS4 console. For these reasons, it is a cheaper solution rather than purchasing a complete gaming PC. It uses the same technologies as the other top brands in the field, but the screen resolution is in no position to beat Oculus and HTC. The product is due to launch on October 13, 2017.
Sulon Q VR works on Windows 10 architecture. Chances are more that the newly launched VR can turn out to be a competitor for HTC Vive and Oculus Rift. The VR system does not need a PC to run it. It comes with a device having a high processing power to run applications and games thus nullifying the need for a wired connection. Again, it comes with built-in earbuds to provide a 3D audio experience to the people. The product is still to reach the market and is expected to be pricey. Still, if you are excited to buy it, better keep an eye on Dealslands.co.uk site. You will be able to grab a deal once it is out.
Unlike its competitors, Samsung Gear VR is designed to work with smartphones rather than with gaming consoles and PCs. A good number of Gear VRs have been developed to work with different Samsung smartphone models. Moreover, you will be able to enjoy slick visuals as the Samsung handsets now come with high resolution.
The Loop VR from OnePlus is similar to the Gear VR headset. The headset is compatible with most of the smartphone headsets of the size 5 and 6 inches. Here you will find a slot in the front to insert your smartphone and a head strap giving it feeling of Google cardboard. The best thing about the OnePlus Loop VR is that the product is absolutely free and all you have to pay is for the shipping charge. The company has developed 30,000 products and they are sold at first come first serve basis.
You can connect this VR system with LG G5 using a USB cable. Here you don't have to slip your phone into the slot like the above one. The VR is just like any pair of glasses and so you don't have to hold it to enjoy the VR. This VR system comes with motion sensors which allow you to look around in the room.
With more number of apps coming up with virtual reality games the market of VR headsets is exploding. So it is for sure that you will be able to witness more number of headsets in the future. If you strongly feel to have one for yourself then choose one from the list of these best VR sets for 2017.