Living Streets interview: is the drive towards low emissions coming at the expense of pedestrians?
The charity Living Streets has launched a campaign called 'Pavements for People' which aims to stop clutter including EV charging infrastructure being installed on pavements.
They believe the mobility needs of pedestrians have been forgotten in the drive towards electric vehicles, and would like to see guidance on where they can be put.
AirQualityNews spoke to Dr Rachel Lee, policy and research coordinator at Living Streets, to find out more.
How big of a problem is EV charging points on pavements?
It's a growing problem. In September, the Prime Minister announced a suite of actions to support the uptake of electric vehicles, including measures to create 200 fast-charging stations throughout the UK. They are going to be more and more visible on our streets and we have to get in there now to get it right, otherwise, we'll be stuck with a legacy of really rubbish infrastructure from the pedestrian's point of view.
In terms of vehicle charging points and where they are put, there is guidance on technical specification points but there's absolutely none on where you can put them.
That's the first challenge and local authorities are putting them wherever they like.
In some places, they cause an obstruction for pedestrians. Why should they be on the pavement? We'd much rather they are put in places like car parks or off-road. You can create build-outs or parklets that take them off the pavement entirely.
Why are they put on the pavement?
This is a personal opinion but it's easier to stick something on a pavement than to inconvenience car drivers. Once you start putting things on the road you're reducing parking spaces and that's a sensitive topic. Walking, cycling and transport are the most efficient ways of moving people around an urban area – so taking space away from them is not really the most sensible option.
I think it's also because they haven't thought about other road users and what the implications will be. Walking, as a mode of transport, is quite often forgotten.
I drive to get to the train station to get into London – I'd like to have an electric vehicle but where can we put charging points? I visited some friends in the Netherlands and we went to a museum and they got preferential parking because they had an EV so they could plug his car in. That's where we want to be doing it. It should be linked to a destination and not taking space away from pedestrians.
Other places such as Manchester are forward-thinking and have a walking and cycling commissioner, Chris Boardman, and have staff within the city council promoting air quality. There is an appetite for change.
Are you in favour of innovations such as the lamp post that has an EV charging point inside it?
You're going to have leads coming across the pavement from the car which are trip hazards. EV chargers are not just bollards on the pavement they have these leads. If you're blind or partially sighted you're not going to be seeing this stuff.
We'd like to see guidance developed on where they can be put, ideally off the footway altogether.
Whilst we're not against the uptake of electric vehicles, they aren't going to be completely zero-emissions. You've got the particulate matter from the tyres and they don't solve congestion on our streets. They are not the solution to all our air quality problems.
Do you welcome Clean Air Zones or the Ultra-Low Emission Zone in London?
Yes, we do. Anything that will improve air quality and encourage a shift to more cycling, walking and public transport is a good thing in our view.
Should all city centres be completely pedestrianised?
Some places like Paris are going down this route. The issue is sometimes we focus too much on cars when half the traffic is service vehicles like lorries and vans. How are we going to service our city centres is a big issue, particularly in London when there's an awful lot of construction going on.
We should be looking at consolidating deliveries, maybe doing the last mile with cargo bikes, thinking about times of delivery better. These solutions need to come into play.


JOHN MANT. It's not less population but better planning.
The claim that Britain's economic model is systemically unjust was recently deemed radical and extreme. Now it is indisputable.
John and Susie wish you a peaceful Christmas and a meaningful new year. We do appreciate the help that we have received from contributors, readers and supporters. There will be no posts on 24, 25 and 26 December.
ABUL RIZVI. What do the new ABS Population Projections tell us?
The ABS has released its latest population projections, updating those it produced in 2012 (see here). So what has changed and how should we interpret these in terms of current policy?
Posted in Uncategorized	| Comments Off on ABUL RIZVI. What do the new ABS Population Projections tell us?
Posted in Uncategorized	| Comments Off on IPCC -The various risks from global warming.
MICHAEL WEST-Dee Why RSL: pokies, prodigious profits and personal tragedy.
KIM WINGEREI. Condemning Neoliberalism is not enough. Democratic reform is long overdue.
Posted in Uncategorized	| Comments Off on KIM WINGEREI. Condemning Neoliberalism is not enough. Democratic reform is long overdue.


This is the blue line you will see in all of our 3-Day Video Forecasts. It provides a forecasted indication of whether precipitation in alpine areas will be snow or rain.
When the this line moves north of a ski-field area in Australia or New Zealand (or south of a ski-field in the Northern Hemisphere) it is very likely that if snow does fall, it will be able to reach ground level in alpine areas without melting.
Technically, the Mountainwatch Snow Line is an "isopleths", which displays a depth of 5400 metres between the 1000hPa and the 500hPa pressure levels in the atmosphere. The thickness of this 1000-500hPa layer is largely dependent upon the average temperature in the layer and to a lesser extent on the moisture content. During a cold outbreak, the air is very dense and so this layer is thinner. When the thickness is less than 5400 metres it indicates that the air is cold enough that frozen precipitation (e.g. snow) will be able to reach ground level in alpine areas without melting.
A level in the atmosphere defined by a set pressure. The height of a pressure level will vary depending upon the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. On average, pressure levels are highest at the equator where the air is relatively warm and lowest at the poles where it is relatively cold.
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Atmospheric pressure is analogous to the weight of the column of air directly above the point where pressure is being measured.


text:
Q: CSS selector hierarchy? How to reverse engineer to get the styling? .post .post_author div.author_avatar img {

}

edited: to be clear, I have a given CSS ruleset, that I would like to apply to my html, and i would like to know how to set up the html to apply the ruleset when the rules specify a collection of classes.
how do i reproduce that selector in html from the CSS?

doesnt that give me the css styling?

A: Try .post.post_author.author_avatar img.

A: Your selector represents

an img element
  that is a descendant of a div element with the .author_avatar class
  that is a descendant of an element with the .post_author class
  that is a descendant of an element with the .post class.

Each of these classes is represented by a separate element. The space between each selector is a descendant combinator. So you will need to create up to three divs (or other elements depending on your layout, but .author_avatar must be a div):

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This entry was posted in บริการ, เทคโนโลยี, โทรผ่านเน็ต on July, 2018 by admin.
This entry was posted in เทคโนโลยี and tagged โปรแกรมขายหน้าร้าน on September, 2017 by admin.
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text:
Q: How i can disable ping request in Ubuntu 16.04? I want to disable ping request in Ubuntu 16.04 through Terminal. So another host in the network can not know about my system.

A: you can add following iptable rule to deny the response to ping requests
iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp -o eth0 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -s 0/0 -i eth0 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type destination-unreachable -s 0/0 -i eth0 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type time-exceeded -s 0/0 -i eth0 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -i eth0 -j DROP

A: It won't help.
Every packet your system transmits contains your 48-bit Ethernet address (so systems on the same LAN can respond). Any system on your Local Area Network that you have sent a packet to (or which has its network interface card configured to be promiscuous) will see this address (something like 00:21:9b:22:5c:c2).  They can arp -an to see it.
Any system on some other LAN that you send a packet to has to know your IP Address, again, so it can respond.


I just returned from my second trip in the Philippines and I'm thinking about my third. This trip was a bit better than my first time there because we had more time, but also because I already knew what to expect, and this made traveling easier.
You may be thinking about the Philippines as an exotic country with beautiful beaches where there's not much to do besides taking perfect Instagram photos. Happily, you're wrong. Travelers who've been to more Asian countries say that the Philippines are what Thailand used to be 20 years ago, because it's less touristic and much of its natural habitats still seem untouched.
The following report is written by Antonin Bonnet. He's french, but he's been living in New York for five years now. Back in our lesser active days we shared a flat for a while in Bucharest. I asked him to share some details about his experience in case any of you are interested in running the famous NYC Marathon, the biggest in the world, with 50.000 runners at this year's event.
Although it was his first marathon, Antonin finished it with an awesome time. Looking back, he admits he made some mistakes prior to the race, just like all of us do.
Ok here is a little report about my marathon. Sorry, but this is honest, not the perfect runner's story!
A few years ago I used to have a neighbour who, during summer, would start cooking at 6 am to avoid the daytime heat. Since we would sleep with all the doors and windows open, hoping for the faintest breeze, we would wake up smelling her meat stew and her baked aubergines. What a horrible way to wake up at that hour, especially when the fridge was empty.
Summer is not to be spent in the kitchen if you don't have AC, but when you miss a delicious season dish, it's worth the sacrifice. And if you can't stand the heat you can always set the alarm before sunrise for an extrem experience. Just make sure your hangry neighbours don't line up at your door.
I've been thinking for a while about this vegetarian stuffed peppers dish and I adapted it a bit. Instead of the white rice people usually add to the meatless peppers I added buckwheat because it has better carbs. The result is a lighter, lower carb, healthier and at least as delicious version of a traditional recipe.


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Webology, Volume 3, Number 4, December, 2006
Egyptian and American Internet-Based Cross-Cultural Information Seeking Behavior. Part I: Research Instrument
Paul L. Hover
Virginia Tech, University Libraries, P.O. Box 90001, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 24062. Email: phover (at) vt.edu
Received November 4, 2006; Accepted December 13, 2006
This article is the first of three in an exploratory study of the cross-cultural, cross-language information-seeking (IS) behavior of a group of eighty-four academic and public reference librarians from Egypt and the USA. The present article describes the design of the cross-cultural research instrument used to record the behavior of participants when presented with a choice of information resources in several languages unfamiliar to them. A review of literature demonstrates the need in cross-cultural investigations for a multi-tiered approach that allows analysis from different perspectives. A detailed description of the design rationale for the interview model is given, which includes a cultural background questionnaire providing data designed to enable comparative analysis of the search performance of sub-groups. Instructions on how to manage cross-language searches complete the interview. A discussion of the usefulness of the methodology in discerning cultural universals, differences, and the IS needs of cross-cultural researchers is followed by conclusions and suggestions for further research.
Information seeking behavior; Reference librarians; Cross-language information retrieval; Academic and public libraries; Cultural anthropology; Cross-cultural psychology; Global web site design; Online catalog usage; Foreign language anxiety studies
This article is the first of three in an exploratory study of the cross-cultural, cross-language information-seeking (IS) behavior of a group of eighty-four academic and public reference librarians from Egypt and the USA. Data was collected from these research professionals in interviews between November, 2005, and July, 2006. The present article describes the design of the cross-cultural research instrument used to record the behavior of participants in the interviews, and assesses the usefulness of its methodology in discerning cultural universals, differences, and the IS needs of cross-cultural researchers. Part II of the research, in preparation and to be presented in a subsequent article, will provide an overview of Islamic book and information culture. Part III, the data for which has been collected, will examine results and applications, using salient points of the cultural overview of part II to assist in assessing findings.
Sharing in multilingual scholarly research
The technology enabling instant sharing of new ideas in many languages is rapidly becoming viable around the world. Spearheaded by the cross language information retrieval (CLIR) congresses and the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF), increasingly accurate access to written work through provisional, machine translations (MT) is opening the way to international information exchanges across cultures. Although technological challenges remain (el Hadi, 2003), it is clear that people who use sophisticated cross language search tools to harvest ideas from non-mainstream, non-English language thinkers, will be rewarded with unique resources.
The abundance of current cross-cultural research projects confirms that culture is an important consideration across many disciplines. Scholars thinking in different languages and living in diverse cultures approach research questions differently and problem solve in ways that are influenced by their culture. Factoring in these variations in mind-set can yield enhanced results, heightened productivity, and extraordinary creativity.
In contrast to the large number of scientists researching CLIR and MT, the IS behavior of scholars who will be using those systems to search for ideas in other cultures is a relatively understudied field. The following research questions were formulated to explore this area of cross-cultural studies, and constitute the design focus of the research instrument. They will be answered in part III of the research, in which data from the interviews is analyzed.
How do information-seeking professionals react when presented with choices of foreign language resources originating in cultures unfamiliar to them? Do researchers routinely examine retrieved web sites written in languages they do not read, or do they skip them as unusable or too much trouble?
What are the reasons information-seeking professionals give for choosing one resource over another among multicultural/multilingual possibilities? What clues do researchers look for in an online information resource "hit" when faced with, to them, incomprehensible text?
Are there similarities and differences apparent between the IS behavior of Egyptian and American searchers?
Do other cultural factors, such as education, work experience, linguistic training, ethnic background, family, travel experience, or gender, influence IS behavior in a cross-cultural information environment?
Is a difference in user performance discernable that can be attributed to cultural subgroup influence?
If researching scholars want information across languages and cultures, do they know how to access such information? Can they use multilingual resources to enhance search performance?
Need for a new research model
Lessons from related research strongly suggest the need to create innovative tools used in cross-cultural studies. In constructing a combined methodology specifically aimed at addressing the research questions listed above, research directions were derived from the disciplines of cultural anthropology; cross-cultural psychology; cross-cultural IS behavior; cross-cultural interface, web site, and digital library design; library online catalog usage; anthropological linguistics; and foreign language anxiety studies.
Culture and cross-culture
The relationship between culture and personality has been studied by anthropologists and psychologists since the late 1920s. Culture as a concept is difficult to pin down, and cross-cultural, interdisciplinary studies are even more complicated. A precise idea of what one means by culture is needed if one intends to isolate cultural universals and differences. Callahan (2005) gives a good overview of the discussions relating to culture and provides a useful working definition: "culture can be understood as a complex construct encapsulating shared values, group behavioral patterns, mental models, and communication styles." These components describe human attributes, and therefore must be seen as dynamic in nature. By the 1950s, "a cross-cultural comparative approach was introduced into the 'Culture and Personality' school by Whiting, using the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)" (Kağıtçıbaşı, 1996). In cross-cultural psychology, the most important distinction between cultures is the different relational conceptualizations of self. The self in some cultures (mainly in the West) is seen as a self-contained, independent individual, whereas in much of the rest of the world the emphasis is on a relational, collectivist oriented self with more fluid boundaries.
The fundamental distinction in conceptualizations of self continues to play a role in the current literature of cross-cultural communication and anthropology. Hall (1990) and Hofstede (1997) are seminal thinkers in this field. The thrust of their work isolates cultural dimensions that are used to categorize and differentiate various cultures. Hall created the six dimensions of space, message velocity continuum, context, time concept, information flow, and action chains. Hofstede's five-dimensional model includes short-term vs. long-term orientation, power distance, collectivism/individualism, femininity/masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance. Hofstede's work is based on broad national characteristics, the data for which was collected from fifty international subsidiaries of IBM between 1967 and 1973.
There is rigorous questioning taking place of the theoretical basis of these cross-cultural concepts. Jacob (2005) criticizes them for their over-extended, global sweep approach, stating that "the grand typologies of Hofstede . . . may now have outlived their utility." She recommends a more robust methodology that uses various levels of analysis and different approaches supported by case-studies. This is similar to questions from the Digital Libraries across Cultures workshop: "What methods are best to use to study cross-cultural differences in information seeking? Methodological issues: combined approach of quantitative and qualitative methods; asking the appropriate questions to determine a user's cultural belonging, etc." (Caidi & Komlodi, 2003).
Jacob (2005) also outlines two emerging cross-cultural theoretical frameworks, crossvergence (related to hybridization), and multiculturalism. Crossvergence merges practices from different cultures into new management systems specific to individual projects, thus avoiding lumping everyone in a nation into monolithic groups that disregard the dynamic nature of culture. Multiculturalism has to do with subgroups within nations and cultural heterogeneity. The object of both concepts is to shore up the weaknesses in cross-cultural constructs that oversimplify the role of individuals and approach culture as a static snapshot of countries or regions rather than as a dynamic representation of human beings transforming and being transformed by society.
Cross-cultural IS behavior
In spite of structural shortcomings, existing cross-cultural theories are being widely applied in spirited research projects in many fields. Komlodi and Carlin (2004), for instance, use Hall's and Hofstede's cultural dimensions to address issues of cross-cultural IS behavior. Oard (1997) calls for "a comprehensive exposition of the user needs that motivate all of this [CLIR] activity." Komlodi and Carlin (2004) echo Oard when they state that "There is a long tradition of studying user IS behavior in electronic environments, however, the study of the impact of end-user national culture on the use of information systems to find, retrieve, and use information is very limited." They construct a table wherein nine of the eleven cultural dimensions created by Hall and Hofstede are ranked according to each dimension's probable impact on IS behavior.
Cross-cultural interface, web site, and digital library design
Callahan (2005) provides a detailed overview of work being done in cross-cultural interface design, and touches on a number of interesting issues. First, she answers the fundamental question of whether cultural factors matter with "a resounding 'yes.' The more important and harder question is which cultural differences matter most, and under what circumstances." It is clear that broad, general statements will not answer her question. She is careful to ground her work in existing cultural theories, while recognizing their weaknesses, and suggests accounting for other variables through multifactor studies, as do Evers & Day, (1997). Cross-cultural researchers are urged to delineate membership in cultural (sub)-groups and provide some historical background on the cultures studied. She cautions about the inherent limitations of this type of work, mentioning methodological issues in cross-cultural studies, including non-homogeneity, the dynamic nature of culture, complexity, and various forms of bias, including research bias.
On another level, certain cultures exert strong influences on others via the Web, possibly causing web users to perceive them as a threat to their cultural sovereignty. Although this has obvious implications for Egyptians and other cultures whose native language is not English, it may also play a role in some Americans' attitude towards foreign language web sites. Also relevant to this study are Callahan's comments on the importance of language and translations as the most visible signs of culture on the Web. All material in a study with participants from different linguistic backgrounds must be available in all the language groups covered.
Human-computer interaction studies have considered issues of cross-cultural usability, and surveys from studies in cross-cultural web site design show that cultural differences are important to user performance. Barber and Badre (1998) discuss the merging of culture and usability into what they term "culturability," and suggest that the manipulation of cultural markers, custom made to fit various cultures when constructing web sites, would work better than trying to develop a generic global interface. Online library catalog IS behavior studies have thrown light on why participants act in certain ways when searching. Typified as the "I don't think I click" reaction, phenomena observed by Novotny (2004) explain some recurring observations in the present study. The "Cross-Cultural Usability for Digital Libraries" workshop at the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL)'03 typified their users as "often just as international as those of globally marketed software products or Web sites" (Caidi & Komlodi, 2003). In the report of the outcomes of that workshop a call was made for comparative behavior studies of culturally diverse users of information resources.
Anthropological linguistics
Work done on the empirical universals of language can be used as an analytical tool to differentiate cultural attributes. Numerous scholars have undertaken empirical investigations, isolating conceptual universals in long-term studies across many languages and domains (Wierzbicka, 2005). These concepts provide a framework for cross-cultural comparisons that go beyond the accepted models described in "dimensions" conceptualizations, thus enabling analysis of standardized elements embedded in statements of individuals from different cultures.
Foreign language anxiety
Information seekers react in a number of ways when a search returns resources in languages unfamiliar to them. Foreign language anxiety studies are useful in explanation of these behavior patterns, especially those studies that specifically target anxiety that occurs when reading foreign language texts. It has been shown that reading in a foreign language provokes anxiety in some students, and that foreign language reading anxiety is different from foreign language anxiety linked with oral performance (Saito et al., 1999). The lessons learned from these studies, set in educational environments, can give insights into the cross-cultural IS process. In tracing the roots of this anxiety, it should be noted that first language reading difficulties are also well-known in educational literature. The role of background and cultural knowledge in foreign language anxiety studies needs exploring, and interviews will be useful in determining why people react the way they do, and how anxiety intervenes in the process (Saito et al., 1999).
The cross-cultural research instrument
The cross-cultural research model that emerges from these considerations consists of a hybrid methodology with a multi-tiered approach, allowing analysis from different perspectives. The interview model records the following data:
quantitative data that can be analyzed to describe how researchers react to certain choices. This data also provides evidence of elements described in existing theories of cultural dimensions, and enables assessment of their validity
qualitative data that records recurring themes that participants express in answer to the question of "why" they behave in certain ways. This data also supplies a source of statements that can be analyzed using empirical universals of language
observation of emotional behavior that may be a sign of foreign language anxiety
cultural background information that may influence sub-group behavior
The interview model is constructed to supply clear instructions in all languages of the interviewees, observe cultural details that minimize interviewer bias, and alert the interviewer to evidence of culturally dynamic changes occurring in individual user profiles. In addition, an information literacy component is built into the model at the end of the process to provide instruction in retrieval and management of foreign language resources.
Interview model
Participants: Reference librarians were selected as participants because they are research professionals, and because they form a recognizable, literate sub-group with comparable educational and work background. During the month of November, 2005, the author, funded by a grant from the Office of International Research, Education, & Development of Virginia Tech, traveled through Egypt, visiting the Library of Alexandria, the Library of El-Zagazig University, the Greater Cairo Public Library, the Cairo University Library, the Library of the American University of Cairo, the Mubarak Public Library, the Egyptian National Scientific and Technical Information Network (ESTINET), and the Cairo branch of the Library of Congress. Upon his return to the USA, the author interviewed at San Antonio Public Library and Trinity University Library in Texas, and the University Libraries of Virginia Tech, the Radford University Library, and the Blacksburg High School Library in Virginia.
Introduction to the interview: The interviewer explains to participants that the study is designed to observe the IS behavior of research professionals, in this case reference librarians and staff from Egypt and the USA. No names are recorded in the interview data, and the research project has been granted an exempt approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Virginia Tech. A copy of the IRB report is given to library directors when setting up the interviews. All interview material is explained verbally in either Arabic or English, printed in both languages in order to avoid misunderstandings, and prepared by native speakers. Interviews usually last about an hour.
Procedural instructions: Participants are asked to act as if they are searching for information on the Internet and in online databases in a simulation of their day-to-day procedures with students, faculty, or other patrons. The interviewer explains that a topic page will be used to clarify each topic, as if patrons have come to the reference desk with topics written down on a piece of paper. After introducing each topic, participants are given the results of an Internet search, not actually on the computer, but on computer generated, printed "hits" lists, from which they are asked to choose which resources to click and pass on to their imagined patrons. In order to simulate a real reference interview in a busy library, librarians are informed that they are somewhat limited in the time they are allowed to peruse the hits lists. It is stressed at this point that the hits on the lists are not arranged in any order of relevance -on such a short list of five hits each resource is to be considered equal. It is also stressed that for each topic, the identity and characteristics of the user, the "know your patron" item of a typical Reference 101 course in library school, must be determined by the participants themselves. In this way, the interviewer minimizes his influence on participants' subsequent choices of reference materials to pass on to their simulated users. After the four hits lists, a few questions are asked to gather information for the delineation of cultural sub-groups. Comments and discussions are encouraged throughout the interview.
Topic pages: Four printed pages with clear, simple textual topics printed in large, bold fonts are presented one by one to the participants, explaining their imaginary patron's information needs. The topics are "ESL (English as a second language)," "Rice diseases," "Nanotechnology in Germany," and "Zhou Yu's Train (Chinese Movie)." In order to ensure that all participants understand the topic, each sheet is illustrated with pictures representing it. For example, the first topic page includes three photographs. The first is of a group of students gathered around a teacher, and the second and third are pictures of Big Ben in London and Central Park in New York City, suggesting possible venues suitable to enroll in ESL programs.
Resources Hits lists: Four photocopied lists of five Google hits each are constructed to simulate the look and feel of typical results from a returned search. The hits are kept simple, each consisting of the link at the top left corner, a "translate this page" button at the top right, descriptive material in the middle, and the URL at the bottom. For example, this is the fifth hit from the second topic, "rice disease:"
Missouri Rice Disease Control [Translate this page]
Description, control and management of diseases, with information on seed treatment and foliar fungicides.
http://agebb.missouri.edu/rice/diseases.htm
The four lists are composed of resources in several languages, arranged so that the lists become progressively more "foreign" in look, as follows:
#1. Topic: ESL (English as a Second Language)
Design rationale: The first topic is tagged as the example, "practice" topic, and time is taken to point out that every hit has a link, a "translate this page" button, descriptive matter in the middle, and a URL at the bottom that goes to the same place as the link above it. This one is an "easy" choice, linguistically speaking, with an English hit at the top and an Arabic one in the second slot. Special attention is given here to the translate button, the interviewer reiterating that at any time a translation can be had for the asking. Participants are then asked to point to or tap the link they would click on the computer to select a resource for their patrons. At this point many of the participants wonder who their patron might be, and even if they do not, the interviewer reminds them that they themselves will need to imagine who the patron is. After choosing a resource and telling why they do so, the interviewer again points out to the participants that even though the English and Arabic hits are placed at the top of this list, the lists are not in any particular relevance ranking. Arrangement on the page is, however, important to the research design of the project.
#2. Topic: Rice diseases
French, with the first words Afrique Science in the link
German, with .ac.at in the URL and some Latin scientific terminology
Japanese, with .ac.jp in the URL and some English in the description
Spanish, with the acronyms USDA and ARS prominently displayed
English, with .edu in the URL
Design rationale: this page is designed with French and German listed at the top, on the assumption that they are two foreign languages that many Egyptians may be expected to have been more directly exposed to than Americans. Spanish, more commonly used in the USA, is placed near the bottom, with English, in order to see if there will be a pattern of choices along geographic lines of the two cultures of the study. The reference to Africa is prominently displayed in the expectation that Egyptians may be attracted to a resource referring to their own continent, while Americans will be less attracted to such a geographic tag. Latin was included in the German language resource description for librarians with scientific backgrounds, and the USDA (United States Dairy Association) and ARS (Agricultural Research Service) are included to test the attraction of well-known government agency acronyms. Japanese is inserted in the middle of the page to see if the foreign script will evoke avoidance, even though there is some English in the description. Finally, .ac and .edu tags in the URLs are included to measure the effect these well-known Internet academic elements have on user choices.
#3. Topic: Nanotechnology in Germany
Japanese, with some English in the description
Arabic, with some English in the description
German, with some English in the link and description
Design rationale: This specifically German topic's hits list offers no purely English resource available to click. Three of the five are in the German language, and four of the five sites are .de sites (located in Germany). This is to test if participants, having no clear choice for an English resource, will try a machine translation of a hit that is emphatically German in origin. The first hit has a direct, "clean" URL, with www followed simply by nanotechnology.de. The Japanese hit has the English word "symposium," and the Arabic hit has "2006 - 5th International" displayed prominently, testing the reference power of the concepts of gatherings and recent dates on information seekers. The last link, the only German one that has some English, is a little off topic, with the words "Life Science Agency" in the link and "German sport school" in the description. This is designed to test the attraction of descriptive material in a language familiar to participants (English), in spite of the less relevant nature of the hit's content.
#4. Topic: "Zhou Yu's Train" (Chinese Movie)
Chinese, with the words "movies" and "Chinese" in the URL
Greek, with the word "pathfinder" prominent (in larger font) in the URL
Russian, with the words "paradisegroup" and "movies" in the URL
Design rationale: This is the last of the lists, and linguistically speaking, the most difficult, as all are non-roman scripts. Few of the participants find choices that look familiar or readable. Of interest here is, faced with five unknown scripts in the links and descriptions, what information in the URLs, which are always in roman script, will motivate researchers to choose them? This page causes discomfort to some participants, and the interviewer is prepared to quickly suggest the translate button when people seem to be out of ideas.
Information literacy instruction: Many participants are frustrated with the last hits list, as it only offers resources that are, to almost all of them, in unreadable scripts. The sixth research question is, "If researching scholars want information across languages and cultures, do they know how to access such information?" By the last hit list the answer to this question is clear: some do, most do not. Their professionalism makes them curious about how they might deal with such a situation if it comes up in their work, so a short section is included to provide instruction. In this way, the interviewer is able, at the end of the interview, to facilitate a small increase in the productivity of participants when they need to engage in IS behavior across cultures and languages. Instruction is given on how to navigate foreign language sites, search strategies across languages, ways to recognize web elements in foreign scripts, and the workings and locations of Internet machine translation engines.
Questionnaire: After completion of the hits lists, the interviews end with a questionnaire covering cultural affiliation and background information. The following cultural variables are included: education, work experience, languages spoken, gender, foreign travel, and family members or friends living abroad. This differentiation into multicultural sub-groups and individual typologies will assist in dealing with some known complexities of culture and provide further possibilities for in-depth analysis.
Application of the data
In part III of this study data derived from the interviews will be analyzed in order to provide a multi-perspective analysis of issues that emerge from the study. The results of quantitative graphs will be compared and contrasted, and tested against the cross-cultural tables constructed by Komlodi and Carlin (2004). Recurring themes will be compared between the cultures and analyzed using the linguistic tools derived from Wierzbicka's related research on empirical universals of language. These qualitative themes will also bring to light concepts that can be applied across the data to confirm or call into question quantitative findings. Both data sets will be compared to salient cultural aspects emerging from part II's overview of Islamic book and information culture.
This research instrument is designed to examine how researchers react when confronted with foreign language resources, how they view the prospect of having access to such information, what they need to improve user performance, and if cultural differences or similarities affect them in their work. The basic instrument of the research consists of a multi-leveled interview process in which quantitative and qualitative data is collected. The quantitative data is derived from three sources. First, a record is kept of which resources are chosen from various multilingual hits from four lists of search results. Second, observations are made of which parts of the hits are being clicked on for clues as to suitability. Third, in order to distinguish cultural subgroups, some cultural variables are surveyed. Qualitative data is derived from conversations during the interview, comments about observations of participants' reactions to hits lists, and the spoken responses to the question "why did you choose this resource?"
The interview model may be criticized for not being administered on a computer. "Clicks" are recorded by the interviewer observing the spot on the hits lists where participants point. The lists are made on the computer from actual search results, and then printed. The web sites where the resources are found and all translations are printed and made ready for instant participant access as well. The choice was made to use paper because not all of the reference rooms visited had computers. In interviewing reference librarians in these situations, it was felt that the results would be more valid if a medium were used with which all participants feel comfortable. On the other hand, one of the requirements to participate was that a reference librarian had to have some computer experience, so the search results format was readily recognized and accepted. Another possible criticism of the interview model was that it was necessary to work from topic pages without real patrons. The request to imagine a user needing reference help was good naturedly accepted, but it nevertheless proved difficult for some participants, who were trained to take clues about the information needs of actual persons sitting in front of them.
Collecting and analyzing data alone would be insufficient without background knowledge of the cultures under examination. As Robert Hillenbrand states in his introduction to Johannes Pedersen's The Arabic Book (Pedersen, 1984), "The world of books was very different in the two cultures." We have seen that the inherent complexity of cross-cultural interdisciplinary work necessitates a multi-leveled approach. The usefulness of providing historical background knowledge of the individual cultures is noted by several cross-cultural investigators (Callahan, 2005; Jacob, 2005). This can be narrowed down to a specific aspect of the culture, in this case the history of Islamic book culture, including literacy issues and modern information dissemination practices. It is beyond the scope of the present research to offer a comprehensive review of both the Egyptian and American information cultures, but it will be useful, especially for readers in the West less familiar with Islamic history, to provide a perspective in the form of an overview of Islamic book and information culture, which is the subject of part II of this research.
Cross-language information resource retrieval programs and machine translation engines are becoming more intelligent, using millions of pages -instantly accessible online- to contextualize their search results. The Internet is thus enabling a process of global cross-pollination of ideas. While administering the interviews in areas distant from each other, the author noticed that the convergence of masses of users from different localities, searching for information on the World Wide Web, has the effect of churning users together in an evolving interaction. A useful next step might be to study a phenomenon that could be described as an international cultural information dynamic. This dynamic consists of a mix of ethno-cultural groups, sub-groups, and individuals, contributing collectively -in ways unique to their distinct cultures- to the construction of an international system of user interfaces, resources, and other information facilities. In contrast to the forced homogenization of generic global interface efforts, this amalgamation of the requirements of many cultures can be seen as a natural part of the evolution of the information infrastructure.
Anthropologists have long pondered the question of whether thinking varies with language. Recent research has proved that it does: "because languages vary, thinking varies too -a point studied in NSM [natural semantic metalanguage] research through detailed semantic investigation of numerous culture-specific concepts across a wide range of languages and semantic domains, including emotions, speech acts, moral concepts, values, cultural norms, and many others" (Wierzbicka, 2005). While English speakers will now have the option to tap into other cultural modes of expression, the other side of this coin is equally noteworthy. Large segments of the world population, unable or unwilling to master the English language, are being set free from lingua franca illiteracy. Taken together, this opens to a vast public an even vaster library of information.
I would like to thank the Office of International Research, Education, and Development (OIRED) at Virginia Tech for a New Initiatives Grant; Professors Sidke Riad, Ali Nayfeh, and Phillip Kreyenbroek for their generous assistance in cultural and linguistic matters; and all the Egyptian and American librarians who gave so generously of their time and suggestions to make this study meaningful.
Barber, W., & Badre, A. (1998). Culturability: the merging of culture and usability. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Human Factors and the Web. Basking Ridge, NJ, USA, June 1998.
Caidi, N., & Komlodi, A. (2003). Digital libraries across cultures: design and usability issues. JCDL SIGIR Forum.
Callahan, E. (2005). Interface design and culture. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 39, 257-310.
Evers, V. D., & Day, D. (1997). The role of culture in interface acceptance. INTERACT '97.
el Hadi, W. M. (2003). Human language technology and its role in information access management. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 37(1/2), 131-151.
Hall, E.T. (1990). Understanding Cultural Differences. Yarmouth. ME: Intercultural Press.
Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
Jacob, N. (2005). Cross-cultural investigations: emerging concepts. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18(5), 514-528.
Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (1996). Family and Human Development Across Cultures. Mahwah, New Jersey, Laurence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Komlodi, A. C., & Carlin, M (2004). Identifying cultural variables in information-seeking behavior. AMCIS, New York, NY.
Novotny, E. (2004). I don't think I click: a protocol analysis study of use of a library online catalog in the Internet age. College & Research Libraries, 525-537.
Oard, D. W. (1997). Serving users in many languages: Cross-language information retrieval. D-Lib Magazine, (December). Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december97/oard/12oard.html
Pedersen, J. (1984). The Arabic Book. Princeton, N.J, Princeton University Press.
Saito, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Garza, T. J. (1999). Foreign language reading anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 83(ii), 202-218.
Wierzbicka, A. (2005). Empirical universals of language as a basis for the study of other human universals and as a tool for exploring cross-cultural differences. Ethos, 33(2), 256-291.
Hover, Paul L. (2006). "Egyptian and American Internet-Based Cross-Cultural Information Seeking Behavior. Part I: Research Instrument." Webology, 3(4), Article 31. Available at: http://www.webology.org/2006/v3n4/a31.html
Copyright © 2006, Paul L. Hover.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
More Drugs Than Ever Can Dangerously Interact
With Grapefruit
London, Ontario—More than 20 years ago, researchers warned health care professionals that grapefruit could have dangerous interactions with prescription drugs. Now, the number of prescription drugs that can have serious adverse effects when combined with grapefruit is increasing, but awareness has not kept pace.
That's according to a new review published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal) by the researchers who discovered the interactions more than 2 decades ago.
"Many of the drugs that interact with grapefruit are highly prescribed and are essential for the treatment of important or common medical conditions," writes David Bailey, PhD, of the Lawson Health Research Institute in London, Ontario, with coauthors. "Recently, however, a disturbing trend has been seen. Between 2008 and 2012, the number of medications with the potential to interact with grapefruit and cause serious adverse effects…has increased from 17 to 43, representing an average rate of increase exceeding 6 drugs per year. This increase is a result of the introduction of new chemical entities and formulations."
While some adverse effects can be mild, others can be extremely serious, even deadly. Among those are sudden death, acute kidney failure, respiratory failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, bone marrow suppression in immunocompromised patients, and renal toxicity.
"Unless health care professionals are aware of the possibility that the adverse event they are seeing might have an origin in the recent addition of grapefruit to the patient's diet, it is very unlikely that they will investigate it," the authors write. "In addition, the patient may not volunteer this information. Thus, we contend that there remains a lack of knowledge about this interaction in the general healthcare community."
The article noted that more than 85 drugs can interact with grapefruit, with 43 having the potential for serious side effects. Among those are atorvastatin and other common heart medications—including verapamil and amiodaron.
Simvastatin, for example, produced a 330% systemic concentration of the drug when combined with a 200-mL glass of grapefruit juice once a day for 3 days, compared with water, according to the review.
The effect is not limited to grapefruit. Other less-sweet citrus fruits such as Seville oranges, limes, and pomelos also contain the active ingredients furanocoumarins. Those cause the interaction by irreversible inhibition of the drug metabolizing CYP3A4 enzyme that normally inactivates the effects of an estimated 50% of all medication.
According to the study, drugs that interact with these chemicals have three characteristics:
• Oral administration;
• Low-to-intermediate bioavailability; and
• Drug metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract by CYP3A4.
The review notes that, for drugs with very low bioavailability, one-time ingestion of a normal amount of grapefruit can be analogous to consuming multiple doses of the drug alone. In fact, the authors note, as little as one grapefruit or one 8-ounce glass of grapefruit juice can cause an effect that may last more than 24 hours. Frequent daily consumption of a regular amount can heighten the effect.
The review notes that consumers of grapefruits tend to be older than 45—an age group that also is more likely to have drug prescriptions.
"The current trend of increasing numbers of newly marketed grapefruit-affected drugs possessing substantial adverse clinical effects necessitates an understanding of this interaction and the application of this knowledge for the safe and effective use of drugs in general practice," the authors conclude.


Removed the standard sash and added the San Patrick crystal sash by Pronovias. The dress has been altered to a street size 6-8 with a 34-36 bust, the length is best for those 5ft 3 or shorter.
The dress has never been worn outside of alterations, the wedding was canceled.


F.B.Badar Training & Consultancy (FBTC) services strives to deliver a complete package of services and focus on clients' most critical issues and opportunities across industries and geographies. At FBTC we are known for a holistic approach towards providing solutions. We capture value across boundaries and between the silos of organizations. With the utmost care in taking care of all customers needs, FBTC has proved to demonstrate a multiplier effect for optimizing the sum of the parts, not just the individual pieces.


Question 1: Do you agree with Gerald Friedman that the labor movement needs to become more radical (through the use of strikes) in order to stay relevant, or is there something else needed to "reignite" it?
Question 2: We talked about many of the problems of egalitarian communities and workplaces – free riding, brain drain, and negative selection. Do egalitarian societies also fail because they are forced to exist in an economic system that is predominantly capitalist? Why or why not?
Question 3: We talked about how American families are working more hours today than they did 30 years ago. Will this trend continue over the next 10 years? Why or why not?
College PapersGet Cheap College Papers Online-Do egalitarian societies also fail because they are forced to exist in an economic system that is predominantly capitalist? Why or why not?


This dress is the kind of dress that you want to live in during warm weather. It's breezy and comfortable, and can be worn pretty much anywhere, with flats or heels, dressed up or down. Every girl needs a couple of dresses like this in their closet!


text:
Michael Burkhart passed away of cancer (Charles LeClaire - USA Today Sports)
Cubs mourn the death of visiting clubhouse manager
by Press Release - Wednesday, April 8, 2020, 4:44 PM
CHICAGO – The Chicago Cubs are saddened to announce the death of Michael Burkhart, the club's longtime visiting clubhouse manager. Burkhart lost his battle with cancer yesterday at the age of 63.
The club issued the following statement today in "Burky's" memory:
"The Chicago Cubs are mourning the death of Michael Burkhart, our beloved visiting clubhouse manager. 'Burky' was supremely authentic, truly one-of-a-kind and loved his Cubs family as much as we loved him back. The only thing he enjoyed more than his time at Wrigley Field was his time spent on his farm in Iowa with his wife, Felicia.
"We are comforted to know Burky is no longer suffering and no longer in pain. We send our deepest condolences to Felicia, his family and his countless friends across baseball and beyond."
In 2019, Burkhart completed his 16th season as the visiting clubhouse manager at Wrigley Field, a campaign that also marked his 34th year in the Cubs organization. Prior to his time in Chicago, Burkhart spent the previous 18 seasons as the club's minor league equipment manager.
Very saddened to see Michael Burkhart has passed away. Burky ran the visitor's clubhouse at Wrigley Field and always went out of his way to make me feel at home. My deepest condolences to his wife Felicia and the entire family.
— Len Kasper (@LenKasper) April 8, 2020
Some sad news: Cubs announce passing of longtime visiting clubhouse manager Michael Burkhart, 63, after a bout of cancer.
— Mark Gonzales (@MDGonzales) April 8, 2020
Sad to hear #Cubs visiting clubhouse manager Michael Burkhart has died after battling cancer. Condolences to his family.
— Carrie Muskat (@CarrieMuskat) April 8, 2020
Tags: Cubs Baseball


Varied colours, can be dark green striped with white, ripening to orange, brown colour. Named after its shape (pawpaw or papaya). Grown in Australia.
Black Paw Paw. Completely black skin.
Oblong fruit. Taste : Sweet. Named after Goiana, a city in Brazil. Also called Mini Paulista.


sustained in a single style and have a single graphical language.
This applies to all images, illustrations, elements in the interface including icons.
Choosing the icons for your application.
which are presented in the platform's guidelines.
you must create them by yourself or buy a set of icons from appropriate sources.
all the icons that you use inside your application.
But before you begin to develop or search for icons, let's see what they are.
The first thing you should understand is that the icon is a sign.
that it is equally perceived by most people.
There are three of signs, icons, indexes and symbols.
And icon sign, represents an objects or meaning directly.
the sign displays exactly what it means.
Similarly, for the other two examples, home and message.
The index sign is more complicated.
It is used when a direct display of an object or event is impossible.
Your index sign is the result of a cause-effect relationship.
signifies astonishment, and the trace of your dog's paws denotes a pet.
Symbolic signs are those that are created by a certain agreement among people.
Look at the examples on this slide.
Currency sign does not relate to a specific object.
for example, denote the Euro.
It's the same with symbols of other examples.
including in the interfaces, but it has no analog in life.
icon signs are usually used as they are most simple to understand by most people.
However, some of those signs are symbols and they are called icons from habit.
They are signs to which users are used to and they do not think about their meaning.
The most proper example is the floppy disk sign, indicating saving.
Initially it was an icon, which meant transfering information to a floppy disk.
But can it be called an icon now?
I think it can be attributed to as a sign symbol.
think about what you want to represent.
Then look for prototypes of this object in real life.
Learn the shape of this object, highlight the most important things in it.
Ask yourself a question, what distinguishes this object from all others?
trying to use only simple geometric shapes.
because simple forms are quickly perceived and easily reproduced.
will be correctly interpreted by many people is higher.
on the basis of which a sign was built.
Then a scheme was made, it displays the structure of this object.
After that, a full-fledged composition was created.
A sign was drawn with the help of geometric figures.
the same style as a graphic.
The set of icons to the left is made with lines.
They are achromatic and have no fill.
they all have the same shape.
Looking at these icons, you can immediately tell that they make up a set.
This should be the case for you.
All applicable principles should be traced from all the icons in the application.
Moreover, they should also be generally suitable for the style of the application.
how to build a sign step by step.
and decide if system icons match your app or not.
which need to be illustrated and should have icons.
objects in real life and look for photos in the Internet.
these situations, if you have to create such icons.
After that you can start making a sign.
only then build a sign with the help of simple, geometric forms.
the color schemes we have discussed.
be recognizable, and have the same compositional principles in its base.
That's all for now, see you in the next lecture.


text:
chile urban population percentage
Skilled labour force (% of labour force) n.a. Chile. Definition:This entry provides two measures of the degree of urbanization of a population. Urban areas in OECD countries are classified as: large metropolitan areas if they have a population of 1.5 million or more; metropolitan areas if their population is between 500 000 and 1.5 million; medium-size urban areas if their population is between 200 000 and 500 000; and, small urban areas if their population is between 50 000 and 200 000. Some portion of the population counted as "working age" may actually be unemployed or not in the labor force whereas some portion of the "dependent" population may be employed and not necessarily economically dependent. Countries. File 16: Percentage of the Total Population Residing in Each Urban Agglomeration with 300,000 Inhabitants or More in 2018, by country, 1950-2035: WUP2018-F17a-City_Size_Class.xls: File 17a: Urban Population, Number of Cities and Percentage of Urban Population by Size Class of Urban Settlement, region, subregion and country, 1950-2035 PopulationPyramid.net Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100. A Population pyramid (also called "Age-Sex Pyramid") is a graphical representation of the age and sex of a population. Factbook> Countries> Chile> Demographics. To recapitulate, then, the urban population of Chile for the purposes of this paper consists of the three provincias encom passing Chile's three metropolitan areas—Santiago, Valparaiso and Concepcion. Chile rural population for 2019 was 2,341,903, a 0.55% increase from 2018. Its highest value over the past 58 years was 87.56 in 2018, while its lowest value was 67.84 in 1960. This is the population pyramid for Chile. Aggregation of urban and rural population may not add up to total population because of different country coverages. Its rate of population growth has been decreasing since 1990, due to a declining birth rate. In 2019, urban population for China was 60.3 %. chile is pronounced like child without the d. it's sometimes used when someone does something questionable sort of like "wtf" nicki minaj popularized it when someone commented on her big boobs on instagram live. Urban population (%) n.a. Much of this growth occurred during two periods: the 1930's and from 1940-60. We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your data export is now complete. In Nigeria, 84 million people were living in cities in 2014; by 2050, their number will have increased to 295 million. Please check your download folder. About 80% of Chile's population is urban. The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater … 1950 328,000. 1 - Data have not been adjusted for underenumeration, estimated at 5.0 per cent for urban population and 10.0 per cent for rural population. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban ratios from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects. 2 - Excluding nomad population. Population Pyramids: Chile - 2025. Population Pyramids: Chile - 2020. Urbanization means the share of urban population in the total population of a country. The data is taken from the CIA World Factbook with estimates from 2020. That year, the country reached a total population of approximately 1.4 billion people. CSV XML EXCEL. Valparaiso Urban Area Population History. Poverty in Chile has a fairly low percentage of 14.4 percent, which is lower than the United States. Note: Proportion of urban population in the current country as compared to its subregion and region. We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your image export is now complete. View live population, charts & trends: Population of Chile, A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility: the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration. The first, urban population, describes the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. Adjusted net savings (% of GNI) n.a. The urban population of Austrialia is about 20,264,893 people in 2012. There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total. Definition: Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. Note: Urban and rural population in the current country or area as a percentage of the total population, 1950 to 2050. Chile rural population for 2018 was 2,329,158, a 0.8% increase from 2017. The trend continues still, with the percentage of the world's population living in urban areas projected to touch the 60% mark by 2025 per current estimates. This page provides - Chile Population - actual values, historical data, … The proportion is expressed as a percentage of the total population, 1950 to 2050. Urban population (% of total population) in Chile was 87.56 as of 2018. Aggregation of urban and rural population may not add up to total population because of different country coverages. This statistic shows the degree of urbanization in Chile from 2009 to 2019. The total population in Chile was estimated at 19.1 million people in 2019, according to the latest census figures. A perhaps better indicator of the degree of urbanization of a country is the extent to which the population lives in agglomerations of more than 20,000. With a low fertility rate of 1.65 million, net migration (about 111,000) contributed to the majority of Chile's population growth. Chile: Regions and Urban Agglomerations with population statistics, maps, charts, weather and web information. 1951 337,000 The population of all Chilean urban agglomerations and isolated cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants according to census results. Chile rural population for 2016 was 2,290,337, a 0.84% … The 2019 population density in Chile is 25 people per Km2 (66 people per mi2), calculated on a total land area of 743,532 Km2 (287,079 sq. Population growth: Percentage by which country's population either has increased or is estimated to increase. Formula: ([Population ages 0-15] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100, Elderly dependency ratio Definition: population ages 65-plus divided by the population ages 16-64.Formula: ([Population ages 65-plus] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100, Total dependency ratio Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios. In 2019, urban population for Chile was 87.6 %. The second, rate of urbanization, describes the projected average rate of change of the size of the urban population over the given period of time. The graphic displays urban agglomerations of more than 300,000 inhabitants with the highest growth rates worldwide in the period from 2010 to 2015. In 2019, about 848 million people lived in urban regions in China and 552 million in rural. NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. Concentration index (exports) (value) n.a. miles). Chile's percentage of growth from 2019 to 2020 is 0.87%, adding about 164,000 people to the population. Chile urban … 00:04 Urban population growth (annual %) Population ages 25-29, female (% of female population) Survival to age 65, female (% of cohort) Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Completeness of death registration with cause-of-death information (%) Download. Urbanization: urban population:87.7% of total population(2020) rate of urbanization:0.87% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.) Currently, 84.8 % of the population of Chile is urban (16,070,807 people in 2019) Population Density The 2019 population density in Chile is 25 people per Km 2 (66 people per mi 2 ), calculated on a total land … During this time, and since, the cities have grown from distinct and individual, into a sprawling urban mass smeared through the vallies, contiguous. Latest census figures World from 1950 to 2100 there was a time when urbanization occurred primarily within developed,! 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And sex of a population pyramid ( also called `` Age-Sex pyramid '' ) is graphical... By national statistical offices by 2019, urban population increased to 295 million and.. 3 - data refer to the poor education systems is 0.87 %, adding about people... ) in Chile was 87.6 % Chilean children who do not attend school future population... Can copy and paste to your site: your data export is now complete maps, charts, and... Population in the year of 1960, Chile had a population is occurring! Cities with more than 300,000 inhabitants with the highest growth rates worldwide in the year of 1960, had! But today rapid urbanization is increasingly occurring in developing countries as well population of Australia in... Will have increased to 55.7 per cent ( also called `` Age-Sex pyramid '' is... Of more than 20,000 inhabitants according to census results number will have increased to 55.7 per cent have a.
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chile urban population percentage 2021


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L'zzie draws inspiration from the romantic Parisian country side and incorporates its soft feminine charms into our designs. From understated floral dresses to executive workwear that preserves the softness in confidence, L'zzie tailors timeless pieces that are easy to wear. Dress in L'zzie, Dress easy.


Most of us think a crime scene needs a dead body, detectives and Special Task Forces that interrogate everyone. We assume that to solve a case, you'll need forensics, DNA samples, weapon analysis, etc.--the list goes on. However, to catch a criminal, you need to first and foremost learn how to profile a criminal: their psyche, behavior patterns, actions and timing of those actions, their upbringing and personal history or past crimes, and most importantly, how they communicate--verbiage, tone, format, etc.
In order to profile fraudsters, we need to get our hands on concrete evidence. Most of the time, this evidence comes in the form of simple documents, letters, emails, texts, twitter posts, Facebook updates and even little post-it notes with handwriting samples--these are the most vital and beneficial products that a fraud examiner needs to find the perpetrator. When investigating crimes that don't involve blood and gore, we analyze words, handwriting, dates and hours, and any documents that are at our disposal--these are our sources of DNA, our blood from the crime scene, our method of tracking down the criminal mastermind behind the crime. Everything revolves around not only what was said, but how it was phrased; it falls back on the tense, the adjectives, the adverbs, the repetition of statistically incriminating words and phrases, and whether or not there is either too little or too much information provided in a certain document necessary to make it official.
A forger can produce imitations and fraudulent copies of originals to create a false paper trail, but like everyone else around us, good or bad, a forger is still human. When we are the victims of such a crime, we tend to forget and overlook that obvious fact. Being human means we make mistakes, and in cases like this, a forger's patterns never change, so we need to look at similarities in how the content of documents is phrased, what vital information is missing, what format is used to date letters, how similar or different signatures appear to be, etc. For example, if the signatures are too similar, then they were cut and pasted from another document and photocopied over and over again until the edges of the cut paper are unnoticed on the copies. If the documents pay a great deal of attention on the "good character" of the person who is being accused of fraud, then it's definitely a forged document.
There was a domestic violence case once where the perpetrator did not want to appear in court and produced a document to the court arguing that they were admitted to the emergency room. When a fraud examiner looked at the document, they noticed that the patient name was typed in small letters, there was no information on their condition and what they were admitted with, no treating physician, and no medication that was provided to them. If this was an official paper, there would be a treating doctor signature, it would have been sent as a certified copy and sealed, and it would include all of the above information necessary to prove that the patient was in a critical condition to be admitted to the ER! And yet...it contained nothing more than the patient name on a hospital letterhead with the phone number of the hospital. Naturally, the opposing party and the court, had to confirm that this was a real document, especially since it was sent to the court on the eve of the trial, but not to the opposing party, so they called the number and discovered that no such patient under the given name was ever admitted to the hospital. Of course, the perpetrator lost the case and the opposing party got a 5-year restraining order against them, but if it were not for the analysis of such an obvious forgery, the scales may have tilted the other way.
The lesson to be learned from this: question everything. If a document does not come from a law enforcement agent and given to you personally, call and ask if the individual who sent you that document exists. If you have a gut feeling that a situation is either too good or too impossible to be true, research what you have, analyze what you hold in your hands, compare and contrast dates, times, faces, words and signatures--chances are that you are the victim of a fraud scheme.


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Q: KnockoutJS : separate model from modelview I have a model being used by multiple view models, and i need some other javascript components to update the model, observed by my vm's. I have no idea how to do this since in the tutorial, they "mix" the model in the viewmodel.
Here is my code :
var ConversationModel = {
    conversations: ko.observableArray(),
    open: function(userId){
        for(var i = 0; i < this.conversations.length; i++){
            if(this.conversations[i].userId == userId){
                return;
            }
        }

        var self = this;
        var obj = ko.observable({
            userId: userId
        });

        self.conversations.push(obj);

        UserManager.getUserData(userId, function(user){
            $.getJSON(Routes.messenger.getConversation, "receiver=" + userId, function(data){
                obj.receiver = user;
                obj.data = data;
            });
        });
    }
};

function ConversationDialogViewModel() {
    var self = this;

    this.conversations = ko.computed(function(){
        return ConversationModel.conversations;
    });

    console.log(this.conversations());

    this.conversations.subscribe(function(context){
        console.log(context);
    });
}

A: You can find a (reasonably) good example here how to combine:

*

*Components

*Per page ViewModel

*Central ServiceProviders (for example, to call APIs or to provide state information between different components)

Please note the code is ES2015 (new Javascript) but you can also write in plain Javascript if you want.  The gulp script includes stringifying any html templates in the components, so they get combined and loaded as one file but are edited as separate elements.
An example component:
const ko = require('knockout')
    , CentralData = require('../../service-providers/central-data')
    , CentralState = require('../../service-providers/central-state')
    , template = require('./template.html');

const viewModel = function (data) {

    //Make service providers accessible to data-bind and templates
    this.CentralData = CentralData;
    this.CentralState = CentralState;

    this.componentName = 'Component One';
    this.foo = ko.observable(`${this.componentName} Foo`);
    this.bar = ko.observableArray(this.componentName.split(' '));
    this.barValue = ko.observable("");
    this.bar.push('bar');
    this.addToBar = (stuffForBar) => {
        if(this.barValue().length >= 1) {
            this.bar.push(this.barValue());
            CentralData.pushMoreData({firstName: this.componentName,secondName:this.barValue()});
        }
    };
    this.CentralState.signIn(this.componentName);
    if (CentralData.dataWeRetrieved().length < 10) {
        var dataToPush = {firstName : this.componentName, secondName : 'Foo-Bar'};
        CentralData.pushMoreData(dataToPush);
    }
};
console.info('Component One Running');
module.exports = {
    name: 'component-one',
    viewModel: viewModel,
    template: template
};

and component template:

Foo is currently:

Bar is an array. It's values currently are:

    <form data-bind="submit: addToBar">
        <input type="text"
               name="bar"
               placeholder="Be witty!"
               data-bind="attr: {id : componentName}, value : barValue" />
        <button type="submit">Add A Bar</button>
    </form>

Central State

The following components are currently signed in to Central State Service Provider

Central Data

The following information is available from Central Data Service Provider

            Component Name	Second Value

End of Component One!

For your purposes, you can ignore the Central state provider and psuedo APIs, but you might find the model useful as your app gets more complicated.


Ladies and gentlemen, I honestly didn't think it was possible, but I believe we have officially reached peak caucasity. Like, there is literally nothing that can surpass the level of "WTF, WYPIPO?!" in this story.
In what can only be described as the most white people sh*t you will probably ever hear in your lifetime, a man has admitted to serving his friends tacos made from his amputated foot … and his friends were in on the whole thing. Happy Taco Tuesday!
Doctors allowed him to keep his amputated foot, and on Sunday, July 10th, 2016, just three weeks after the accident, the man (who prefers to remain anonymous for obvious reasons) invited 11 of his most open-minded friends to a special meal. 10 out of the 11 friends agreed.
Their meal consisted of apple strudel, quiche puff pastries, fruit tarts and chocolate cake. They sipped on gin lemonade punches and mimosas. And their main course? Fajita tacos made from the man's severed foot.
The man, known simply as his Reddit username IncrediblyShinyShart, detailed the whole experience in a Reddit AMA (Ask Me Anything) as well as a recent interview with Vice.
And just in case you're one of those "pics or it didn't happen" type of people, he documented the entire ordeal in a photo gallery on imgur, which you can see here … but be warned, the photos there are EXTREMELY GRAPHIC. No, seriously, the very first photo might make you empty your entire stomach contents. YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED.
So my friends and I always had this joke, If you could try human flesh in an ethical and healthy way, would you. And we always said of course. Well the opportunity came up and I called them on it.
Originally I wanted to have [my foot] taxidermied or freeze-dried. How cool would it be to have my freeze-dried or taxidermied foot standing around the house as a lamp or a doorstop or something? All of this came out of the idea that it's my foot. It's not going to be cremated and chucked into a landfill. It's a part of me, and I want it back.
How did he convince the doctor to just hand over his severed foot?
Most hospitals have policies where they will release your body parts to you because of some religions where you have to be buried whole, so I just signed the paperwork. My mom, who was helping me get back on my feet, so to speak, drove me back to pick it up. She doesn't know I ate it, though. I went inside and the hospital gave me my foot in a red plastic biowaste bag. I brought it to the car and immediately put it in a cooler. It was pretty bizarre.
How did he preserve the foot, and how did he prepare it for cooking?
I got back to my place and I froze it. I couldn't find a taxidermist who would take me seriously and freeze-drying was too expensive. It would have been $ 1,200 to freeze dry the thing. If I had the money I would have done it. Eventually, I decided to cast it in plaster to use as a doorstop, then capture a 3D rendering so I can make little keychains.
When we got back to my house, I took the foot out, and it was so gross, man. It was covered in blood and had iodine all over it. After I cleaned it off, I was pleasantly surprised by how well-preserved it was. It's not like they preserved it in formaldehyde or anything. But when you think about beef, which can be dry-aged for months, I suppose it makes sense.
I had four friends with me at the time, and it was all surreal. We picked it up and were playing with it. It didn't seem like it was a foot. It just seemed like an object, not a piece of a person. There was no emotional connection. I could think, "Yep, that's my foot right there," but there wasn't some deep part of me that felt weirded out by it. In fact, that was the weirdest part, was that it wasn't weird.
After we cast the leg, I took a bunch of pictures, put it in a box of flowers, and cremated it.
I invited 11 people. I said something like, "Remember how we always talked about how, if we ever had the chance to ethically eat human meat, would you do it? Well, I'm calling you on that. We doing this or what?" Ten said yes. I guess we're a weird group.
There were several different friend groups involved. I approached one group with the idea and they were like, "Totally." Because how often are you going to get this chance? One friend said she'd ask her boyfriend, a chef, if he would do the cooking. Perfect.
The final tally was the chef and his girlfriend, my ex-girlfriend, one friend from college, two friends I'd had for a couple of years, two I'd known for over 10 years, and one of their daughters, who had also helped me cast the foot. It was a close group.
Another obvious question: How did he cook the foot?
And the most obvious question of them all: What did the foot taste like?
People think it tastes like pork because in movies we hear it called "long pig." But that term originated in places like Papua New Guinea, where they eat wild boar. They're not eating our big, fat, domesticated pigs that have white meat. Boars don't have white meat. They just don't. I remember eating a heritage pig and it was some of the reddest, most flavorful meat I'd ever had. It was almost like venison. And I think it's more akin to that.
On this scale, I would give it a solid 6.5, but keep in mind that I have had a lot of good food. So it's way better than a hot dog or regular burger. Maybe equal with regular bacon, which is pretty decent. But nowhere near as good as butter seared sea scallops or a rare sous vide tenderloin seared in grapeseed oil in a cast iron pan.
It was from a healthy part of the amputation, I'm a healthy person, waste not, want not, and they [my friends] all consented. As far as I know, they are all still cool with it. It's a fun weird thing.
There was a sense that this was a bonding experience. We could share this really unique experience together. And it was a way for me to close a lid on this part of my life.
It's a story that's great to tell someone who already knows you, but it weirds a lot of people out. It's taken me time to get comfortable with it. It's pretty out there. I put it out on Reddit because it's pretty much anonymous. I like the really outrageous stuff that some people post there, and I felt this was a way I could properly contribute to this community.
What I did was technically not illegal. I didn't sell it. I didn't give it to people without their consent. It was mine. We couldn't find any real laws against weird stuff like this. So I'm not worried about legal stuff. I just don't want to be known as that weird cannibal guy. It doesn't really represent who I am.
It has a stigma. It's associated with cultures that aren't perceived as civilized, or situations where people are forced into it to survive. They see it as barbaric, so they wonder why I would go out and do it on a whim. But people eat the placenta after a child is born. That's cannibalism, I don't see any way around it.
I think you can ethically be a cannibal in certain situations. I don't have some hunger to go hunt people down and gnaw off their faces. This was one experience where I had the chance to do something unique in a healthy and ethical manner. I did it and it was fun and cool, and I have a great story.
If this isn't the most white people sh*t you've ever heard of, I don't know what is.


text:
Q: HOSTS File Edit in Windows 7 Not Effective - Pinging URL Still Shows Original IP Address I've edited my HOSTS file on my Windows 7 Ultimate PC to re-route a couple of URLs so that they point to 127.0.0.1, but after saving the file (and re-opening to verify the changes were written) and pinging them they still reply with the actual IP instead of being redirected to 127.0.0.1 as they should be. At least, that's how it worked in XP, Vista, etc. I even went so far as to restart my DNS service on the machine via services.msc; but no dice.
So - I would imagine that Windows 7 keeps the HOSTS file there for legacy purposes and doesn't actually use it anymore. Is there a way to make W7 pay attention to the HOSTS file? In the event that you can't do that, where would I go to edit where these URLs point to?
Thanks in advance!
-Sootah

A: Alrighty guys, apparently Win7's hosts file is screwy in some way. If you copy the contents of the file and then paste it into a new txt document (Notepad), then go and delete the original hosts file out of Windows\System32\Drivers\etc followed by saving a new copy of hosts (in the etc directory, obviously) then it works.
I had this problem on both my Win 7 desktop as well as my laptop and the copy/delete/save new method worked on both.

A: I had the same problem and was due to Trend Micro Antivirus. Go to your network device, in the properties (where you can see the IPv4, IPv6, etc.) uncheck the checkbox for "Trend Micro NDIS 6.0 Filter Driver". Wasn't enought deactivating the firewall! If you have installed another antivirus solution check if it's interfering.

A: First, make sure your DNS Cache is empty:
ipconfig /flushdns

Then, go to the properties of your network device, in the advanced settings of the Internet Protocol you can enable the LMHOSTS look-up functionality, it should work if both were done; Windows 7 still supports the HOSTS file like in previous versions.

A: The user indicated he fixed the problem though properly overwriting the contents of the host file in notepad (https://superuser.com/a/245561/201262) However:
There's a lot of discussion going on related to why the user needs to copy the contents of the host file to a new text document, delete the old, etc.
None of that is necessary.
When editing the hosts file, you need to first run notepad as administrator, then open the hosts file. Doing so will allow you to edit changes without having to save to a new location and replace.

A: Changes in file: hosts wasnt working for me, since I had an automated configuration script turned on in my LAN Settings. Please turn off the config script and hosts changes should show up.