text:
Justia Patents Plural Transmitters To Receiver Or Transmitter To Plural ReceiversUS Patent for Graphical data apparatus Patent (Patent # 4,564,928)
Graphical data apparatus
Sep 30, 1982 - New York Institute of Technology
The disclosure is directed to an apparatus for determining position in a data space. A generally flat tablet is provided, the tablet being formed of a solid acoustically-conductive material. A movable element, such as a stylus, is adapted to be manually movable over the tablet surface, the movable element having a tapered tip which contacts the surface of the tablet. An acoustic transducer is coupled to the tip of the movable element. Fixed transducer means are coupled to the tablet. Means are provided for energizing acoustic energy to propagate in either direction between the transducer of the movable element and the fixed transducer means. The midrange frequency of the energy is selected such that the wavelength of the energy mode propagating parallel to the tablet surface is a function of the tablet thickness. Means are provided for determining the time of propagation of the acoustic energy travelling, in either direction, between the transducer of the movable element and the fixed transducer means. Each time of propagation is indicative of a coordinate position of the movable element. In the preferred embodiment, the tablet is formed of plastic and the fixed transducer means are strips of piezoelectric plastic. In this embodiment, the tip of the stylus is horn-shaped and the material of the tip has an acoustic impedance which is between the acoustic impedance of the piezoelectric transducer and the acoustic impedance of the tablet material. This further facilitates coupling of acoustic energy between the stylus tip and the tablet. In a form of the disclosure, means are provided for determining the amplitude of the acoustic energy which has propagated through the tablet. The pressure of the stylus tip on the tablet controls the amplitude of transmitted or received (as the case may be) acoustic energy. Accordingly, the stylus pressure can be determined from the measured amplitude. The writing pressure can be used to convey information such as the thickness of lines being hand drawn. Adjustment of the amplitude based on the distance travelled through the tablet is achieved using a time-gain compensation technique.
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This invention relates to position determination apparatuses and, more particularly, to an apparatus for locating the position of a movable element in a data space. The apparatus also determines writing pressure, which can be used to convey information such as the desired width of hand-drawn lines. The subject matter hereof is related to subject matter in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 429,785, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,488,000, filed of even date herewith and assigned to the same assignee as the present application.
Graphical data systems are in widespread use for determining the position of a movable element in a data space. These equipments have many uses, the most common of which is for entering coordinate information into a computer or other processor. For example, digitizer systems are utilized to enter hand-drawn lines into a computer, to denote the positions of coordinates on a map that overlays a data area, to recognize hand-drawn characters, or to denote selected check-box areas on a worksheet. There are many other uses and potential uses as well, such as in conjunction with video games.
An early form of graphical digitizer employed a writing pen or pointer mechanically coupled to a set of arms for translating the movement of the pen into a sequence of useable information signals. More recently, graphical digitizers have been developed which are based on the principle of determining the propagation time of energy between a movable element and fixed coordinate references. Various types of energy and transmission media have been employed. In one system, a stylus generates periodic soundwaves, and circuitry is provided which measures the transit time of the soundwaves travelling through the air to spaced microphones. Since the speed of sound in air is essentially a known quantity, the coordinates of the stylus are readily determinable. Other types of systems use transmission through magnetostrictive wires or employ a resistive matrix.
In another type of system, a solid platen or tablet of sound-conductive material, typically of rectangular shape, is employed. A stylus includes a source of acoustic energy and a tip which couples the soundwave energy into the solid platen. Sound sensing transducers are disposed along to adjacent edges of the platen, and are coupled to circuitry which can be used to obtain the x and y coordinates of the stylus by determining the travel time of the sound energy in the platen between the stylus and the sensors. This type of digitizer has certain advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages is that the acoustic energy travels with relatively high efficiency through the solid sheet, and interfering objects or noise in the environment will not likely cause a problem. Also, the surface of a video display can be used as the tablet. However, there is a substantial problem in efficiently coupling the acoustic energy into the tablet and also in efficiently and inexpensively sensing the acoustic energy at the edges of the tablet. Difficulties have been encountered in launching the sound energy into the solid platen such that it radiates symetrically and with high efficiency, regardless of the angle of the stylus.
It is among the objects of the present invention to provide improvements in the type of digitizer that employs a solid sheet for transmission of acoustic energy.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus for determining position in a data space. A generally flat tablet is provided, the tablet being formed of a solid acoustically-conductive material. A movable element, such as a stylus, is adapted to be manually movable over the tablet surface, the movable element having a tapered tip which contacts the surface of the tablet. An acoustic transducer is coupled to the tip of the movable element. Fixed transducer means are coupled to the tablet. Means are provided for energizing acoustic energy to propagate in either direction between the transducer of the movable element and the fixed transducer means. The midrange frequency of the energy is selected such that the wavelength of the energy mode propagating parallel to the tablet surface is a function of the tablet thickness, so as to optimize coupling into or out of the tablet. Means are provided for determining the time of propagation of the acoustic energy travelling, in either direction, between the transducer of the movable element and the fixed transducer means. Each time of propagation is indicative of a coordinate position of the movable element.
In a first type of operation, the energy mode propagating parallel to the tablet surface is compressional mode energy, and the frequency is selected such that the wavelength of the compressional mode energy is about (where "about" is intended herein to mean plus or minus fifty percent) four times the thickness of the tablet. In this first type of operation, the energy coupled into the tablet thickness is shear mode energy (at a wavelength of about twice the tablet thickness), which causes the compressional mode wave to be launched parallel to the tablet surface.
In a second type of operation, the energy mode propagating parallel to the tablet surface is shear mode energy, and the frequency is selected such that the wavelength of the shear mode energy is about the same as the thickness of the tablet. In this second type of operation, the energy coupled into the tablet thickness is compression mode energy, which causes the shear mode wave to be launched parallel to the tablet surface.
By employing the operating frequencies hereof, applicant has found that the acoustic energy can more efficiently be launched or received from the tablet, and there is less dependance on having a consistent angle of the tip of the movable element.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the tablet is formed of plastic and the fixed transducer means are strips of piezoelectric plastic. In this embodiment, the tip of the stylus is horn-shaped and the material of the tip has an acoustic impedance which is between the acoustic impedance of the piezoelectric transducer and the acoustic impedance of the tablet material. This further facilitates coupling of acoustic energy between the stylus tip and the tablet.
In a form of the invention, means are provided for determining the amplitude of the acoustic energy which has propagated through the tablet. The pressure of the stylus tip on the tablet controls the amplitude of transmitted or received (as the case may be) acoustic energy. Accordingly, the stylus pressure can be determined from the measured amplitude. The writing pressure can be used to convey information such as the thickness of lines being hand drawn. Adjustment of the amplitude based on the distance travelled through the tablet is achieved using a time-gain compensation technique.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram, partially in schematic form, of a graphical data apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional representation of the stylus of the FIG. 1 embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown an embodiment of a graphical digitizer apparatus in accordance with the invention. A data surface 20 comprises a generally rectangular sheet or tablet of solid acoustic-conductive material. In the present preferred embodiment, a plastic such as polystyrene is used to advantage. However, other solid materials, such as glass, can be used. Disposed along the edges of the top surface of the tablet 20 are a pair of elongated transducers, an x-sensing transducer 21, and a y-sensing transducer 22. In the present embodiment, the transducers are preferably a piezoelectric plastic material, such as strips of polyvinyladine fluoride. These inexpensive transducers are secured to the surface with a plastic adhesive.
A movable element 30, which is illustrated as being a stylus in the present embodiment, is movable over the tablet and has a tip 31 which contacts the tablet and can be used to draw or designate lines or points on the data surface. The stylus, shown in further detail in FIG. 2, includes an elongated plastic pen-like body 32 having a wafer 33 of piezoelectric material, such as lead metaniobate, mounted near the bottom thereof and beneath an acoustic absorber 34. A horn-shaped tip 31 is secured to the bottom of the transducer 31, such as with a plastic adhesive. The material of the horn-shaped tip 31 preferably has an acoustic impedance that is between the acoustic impedance of the transducer 33 and the acoustic impedance of the plastic tablet 20. In the present embodiment an aluminum tip is used. A contact 31A, formed of a resilient material such as Teflon, can be employed to facilitate sliding of the tip on the tablet surface.
Energizing wires, coupled to the transducer, pass through the stylus body. These wires are coupled to energizing means shown in dashed enclosure 50. The output of a high frequency oscillator 51 is coupled, via gate 51 and isolator 52, to the stylus transducer 33. The gate 52, which may be a solid state switch, receives periodic pulses from the pulse control clock 55. Accordingly, the transducer 33 is periodically energized at the pulse control clock rate.
The x and y sensing transducers 21 and 22 are coupled to amplifiers 71 and 72, respectively. The outputs of amplifiers 71 and 72 are respectively coupled to threshold discriminator circuits 81 and 82 which, as known in the art, are operative to consistently detect the first arrival of the acoustic signal at the transducers.
The pulse control clock signal which is operative to enable the gate 52 is also applied to the reset and enable terminals of an x counter 91 and a y counter 92. Clock pulses from a basic clock 95 are counted by the counters 91 and 92 upon being enabled. The output of threshold discriminators 81 and 82 are respectively coupled to the disable terminals of x counter 91 and y counter 92. The outputs of these counters are respectively coupled to output buffers 101 and 102 which are enabled to read out the counter values by the same signal which disables the counters. The buffer outputs are typically coupled to a computer or other companion system.
In operation, each time the pulse control clock 55 allows the gate to pass an energizing signal to the transducer 33, the x counter 91 and the y counter 92 are enabled to start counting clock pulses from the clock 95. Upon respective arrival of the acoustic energy at the x and y sensing transducers 21 and 22, the counters 91 and 92 are respectively disabled and their counts are caused to be read out via output buffers 102 and 102 to a companion system which utilizes the digitized x, y coordinates.
In the embodiment hereof, time-gain compensation is employed to compensate for the attenuation of the acoustic signal as it propagates through the tablet 20. As the stylus 30 moves further from a particular sensing transducer (21 or 22), the signal received would normally be weaker, as a function of distance from the sensing transducer. Accordingly, in order to have more consistent signal amplitudes in the x and y processing channels, a time-gain compensation signal is applied to control the gain of amplifiers 71 and 72. The time-gain compensation characteristic may be determined empirically, but it is illustrated as being a simple ramp in the FIG. 1 embodiment. A time-gain compensation characteristic generator 125 generates the ramp signal, the ramp being triggered by the output of the pulse control clock 55. Accordingly, the gain applied to amplifiers 71 and 72 increases as a function of time from when the energy is first injected into the tablet 20. The time-gain compensation is also useful in the amplitude-sensing feature of the invention to be described below.
The present apparatus is preferably operated at ultrasound frequencies, such as between about 200 KHz and 800 KHz. In one functioning embodiment hereof, the thickness of the polystyrene tablet was about 1 mm, and the mid-frequency of operation was about 600 KHz. This resulted in an approximately mid-wavelength in the tablet thickness direction of about 2 mm in shear mode. This energy is converted to compression mode propagation parallel to the tablet surface, with a compression mode wavelength of about 4 mm.
In accordance with a further feature of the invention, the application of the acoustic energy through the horn-shaped tip 31 has pressure-sensitive characteristics that can be utilized to convey information in addition to the coordinate position of the stylus. The amount of pressure on the writing tip can be used to express various types of information. For example, when using the digitizer in a computer graphics system for entering line drawings into a computer, the pressure on the pen can be used to denote the width or thickness of the line to be entered in memory. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the output of amplifier 72 is coupled to an amplitude peak detector 150 which is reset for each transmission by the signal from pulse control clock 55. Time-gain compensation, as described above, is applied to amplifier 72. The output of amplitude peak detector can be converted to digital form, if necessary, by analog-to-digital converter 155, and then coupled to the companion system. If desired, the amplitude of the signal received at the other transducer can also be measured and used.
The invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment, but variations within the spirit and scope of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, while a stylus is shown, the movable element may take other forms. The embodiment hereof has been described in terms of a system wherein the stylus, cursor, or other movable element is used as a transmitter. However, it will be understood that the principles of the invention also apply when the transmission is effected from one or more fixed transducers, and reception is by the movable element. When operating in this fashion, the previously described features, such as with regard to the relationship between the tablet thickness and the frequency of operation, and also with regard to the tip structure of the movable element, yield advantages as were set forth. It can be noted, in this regard, that to prevent ambiguities when operating in "reverse mode", the x-detection and y-detection can be alternately implemented by having separate transmissions in sequence from an x transducer and a y transducer. Further, operation can be implemented with shear mode energy propagation parallel to the tablet surface by exciting compressional mode energy in the tablet thickness. Operation with the slower travelling and shorter wavelength shear mode has potential for obtaining higher resolution, but the compressional mode is presently considered to provide higher efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio. Also, each fixed transducer may comprise pairs of strips on the top and bottom of the tablet, or single strips on the tablet edge, preferably having a width of about the tablet thickness. Finally, it will be recognized that other types of fixed transducers, such as point transducers, could be employed in conjuction with computing means to determine coordinate position.
1. Apparatus for position determination in a data space, comprising:
a generally flat tablet formed of a solid acoustically-conductive material;
a movable element adapted to be manually movable over the tablet surface, said element having a tapered tip which contacts the surface of said tablet, said movable element having an acoustic transducer coupled to said tip;
fixed acoustic transducer means coupled to said tablet;
means for energizing compressional mode ultrasound energy to propagate in either direction between the transducer of said element and said fixed transducer means, the midrange frequency of the energy being such that the wavelength of said compressional mode energy is about four times the thickness of said tablet; and
means for determining the time of propagation of said acoustic energy travelling, in either direction, between the transducer of said element and said fixed transducer means.
2. Apparatus as defined by claim 1, wherein said tablet is formed of plastic.
3. Apparatus as defined by claim 2, wherein said fixed transducer means comprise strips of piezoelectric plastic disposed on adjacent edges of said tablet.
4. Apparatus as defined by claim 1, wherein said movable element is a stylus, and the tip of said stylus is horn-shaped.
6. Apparatus as defined by claim 4, wherein said transducer in said movable element comprises a disc of piezoelectric material, and wherein said horn-shaped tip is formed of a material whose acoustic impedance is between the acoustic impedance of the disc of piezoelectric material and the acoustic impedance of the tablet material.
8. Apparatus as defined by claim 6, wherein said tip includes a resilient contact which can slide along the surface of said tablet.
10. Apparatus as defined by claim 7, wherein said acoustic energy is ultrasound energy.
11. Apparatus as defined by claim 1, wherein said tablet is formed of a non-piezoelectric material.
12. Apparatus for position determination in a data space, comprising:
a stylus adapted to be manually movable over the tablet surface, said stylus having a tapered tip which contacts the surface of said tablet, and an acoustic transducer coupled to said tip;
first and second fixed acoustic transducer means coupled to said tablet;
means for energizing the acoustic transducer of said stylus, the midrange frequency of the energy being such that the wavelength of compressional mode energy propagating parallel to the tablet surface, via said tip, is about four times the thickness of said tablet; and
means for determining the times of propagation of said acoustic energy travelling from said stylus to each of said fixed transducer means.
13. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, wherein said tablet is formed of plastic.
14. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, wherein said fixed transducer means are formed of a piezoelectric plastic.
15. Apparatus as defined by claim 13, wherein said fixed transducer means comprise strips of piezoelectric plastic disposed on adjacent edges of said tablet.
16. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, wherein the tip of said stylus is horn-shaped.
17. Apparatus as defined by claim 16, wherein said transducer in said stylus comprises a disc of piezoelectric material, and wherein said horn-shaped tip is formed of a material whose acoustic impedance is between the acoustic impedance of the disc of piezoelectric material and the acoustic impedance of the tablet material.
18. Apparatus as defined by claim 17, wherein said tip includes a resilient contact which can slide along the surface of said tablet.
19. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, wherein said acoustic energy is ultrasound energy.
20. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, wherein said tablet is formed of a non-piezoelectric material.
means for energizing shear mode ultrasonic energy to propagate in either direction between the transducer of said element and said fixed transducer means, the midrange frequency of the energy being such that the wavelength of said shear mode energy is about the same as the thickness of said tablet; and
25. Apparatus as defined by claim 21, wherein said movable element is a stylus, and the tip of said stylus is horn-shaped.
26. Apparatus as defined by claim 25, wherein said transducer in said movable element comprises a disc of piezoelectric material, and wherein said horn-shaped tip is formed of a material whose acoustic impedance is between the acoustic impedance of the disc of piezoelectric material and the acoustic impedance of the tablet material.
means for energizing the acoustic transducer of said stylus, the midrange frequency of the energy being such that the wavelength of shear mode energy propagating parallel to the tablet surface, via said tip, is about the same as the thickness of said tablet; and
3134099 May 1964 Woo
3439317 April 1969 Miller et al.
3653031 March 1972 Hlady et al.
3692936 September 1972 Moffitt
3790709 February 1974 Heywang
3808364 April 1974 Veith
3846580 November 1974 Brenner
2042726 September 1980 GBX
IBM Tech. Dis. Bulletin, vol. 12, No. 3, Aug. 1969, by Gunn et al., p. 390. IEEE, Conference on Displays, Sep. 1971, by Veith, pp. 155-159.
Filed: Sep 30, 1982
Date of Patent: Jan 14, 1986
Assignee: New York Institute of Technology (Old Westbury, NY)
Inventors: William E. Glenn (Ft. Lauderdale, FL), John W. Marcinka (Lighthouse Point, FL)
Primary Examiner: Richard A. Farley
Attorney: Martin Novack
Current U.S. Class: Plural Transmitters To Receiver Or Transmitter To Plural Receivers (367/117); 178/18; With Time Interval Measuring Means (367/127); Coordinate Determination (367/907)
International Classification: G06K 1106; G08C 2100;


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Orchard.Environment.Extensions;
using Orchard.Localization.Services;
using Orchard.Utility.Extensions;

namespace Orchard.Localization.Providers {

    /// <summary>
    /// Provides an implementation of IDateTimeFormatProvider which uses Localizer to obtain
    /// property values. The strings used to resolve values through Localizer can be changed
    /// for other cultures using the normal string localization process. This is useful for
    /// adding additional or different translations than those provided by CultureInfo.
    /// </summary>
    [OrchardFeature("Orchard.Localization.DateTimeFormat")]
    [OrchardSuppressDependency("Orchard.Localization.Services.CultureDateTimeFormatProvider")]
    public class LocalizationDateTimeFormatProvider : IDateTimeFormatProvider {
        // Even though space is a possible character to be found in a month or day name in some cultures/languages,
        // those are not widely used and quite improbable to have Orchard translations.
        private static readonly char[] _valueSeparators = new char[] { ',', ' ' };

        public LocalizationDateTimeFormatProvider() {
            T = NullLocalizer.Instance;
        }

        public Localizer T { get; set; }

        public string[] MonthNames =>
            T("January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December").Text.StrictlySplit(_valueSeparators);

        public virtual string[] MonthNamesGenitive => MonthNames;

        public string[] MonthNamesShort =>
            T("Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec").Text.StrictlySplit(_valueSeparators);

        public virtual string[] MonthNamesShortGenitive => MonthNamesShort;

        public string[] DayNames =>
            T("Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday").Text.StrictlySplit(_valueSeparators);

        public string[] DayNamesShort =>
            T("Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat").Text.StrictlySplit(_valueSeparators);

        public string[] DayNamesMin =>
            T("Su, Mo, Tu, We, Th, Fr, Sa").Text.StrictlySplit(_valueSeparators);

        public string ShortDateFormat {
            get {
                return T("M/d/yyyy").Text;
            }
        }

        public string ShortTimeFormat {
            get {
                return T("h:mm tt").Text;
            }
        }

        public string ShortDateTimeFormat {
            get {
                return T("M/d/yyyy h:mm tt").Text;
            }
        }

        public string LongDateFormat {
            get {
                return T("dddd, MMMM d, yyyy").Text;
            }
        }

        public string LongTimeFormat {
            get {
                return T("h:mm:ss tt").Text;
            }
        }

        public string LongDateTimeFormat {
            get {
                return T("dddd, MMMM d, yyyy h:mm:ss tt").Text;
            }
        }

        public IEnumerable<string> AllDateFormats {
            get {
                return new[] { ShortDateFormat, LongDateFormat };
            }
        }

        public IEnumerable<string> AllTimeFormats {
            get {
                return new[] { ShortTimeFormat, LongTimeFormat };
            }
        }

        public IEnumerable<string> AllDateTimeFormats {
            get {
                return new[] { ShortDateTimeFormat, LongDateTimeFormat };
            }
        }

        public int FirstDay {
            get {
                var firstDay = 1;
                var t = T("firstDay: 1").Text;
                var parts = t.Split(':');
                if (parts.Length == 2) {
                    Int32.TryParse(parts[1], out firstDay);
                }

                return firstDay;
            }
        }

        public bool Use24HourTime {
            get {
                var use24HourTime = false;
                var t = T("use24HourTime: false").Text;
                var parts = t.Split(':');
                if (parts.Length == 2) {
                    Boolean.TryParse(parts[1], out use24HourTime);
                }

                return use24HourTime;
            }
        }

        public string DateSeparator {
            get {
                return "/"; // Since we can't do it with TimeSeparator why do it with this one...
            }
        }

        public string TimeSeparator {
            get {
                return ":"; // No good way to put a colon through a colon-separated translation process...
            }
        }

        public string AmPmPrefix {
            get {
                return " "; // No good way to put a single space through a string-based translation process...
            }
        }

        public string[] AmPmDesignators {
            get {
                var t = T("AM;PM").Text;
                var parts = t.Split(';');
                if (parts.Length == 2) {
                    return parts;
                }

                return new string[] { "AM", "PM" };
            }
        }

        public string GetEraName(int era) {
            var t = T("A.D.;A.D.").Text;
            var parts = t.Split(';');
            if (parts.Length >= era + 1) {
                return parts[era];
            }

            return null;
        }

        public string GetShortEraName(int era) {
            var t = T("AD;AD").Text;
            var parts = t.Split(';');
            if (parts.Length >= era + 1) {
                return parts[era];
            }

            return null;
        }

        public int GetEra(string eraName) {
            var t = T("AD;AD").Text;
            var parts = t.ToLowerInvariant().Split(';');
            if (parts.Contains(eraName.ToLowerInvariant())) {
                return parts.ToList().IndexOf(eraName.ToLowerInvariant());
            }

            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("eraName");
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Q: Compute factor data between two data frames in R I have not found a solution for this, and I think it should be very simple but now I can't think right.
I have two data frames, monthly traffic volume averages, and yearly traffic volume averages. I need to divide yearly averages by monthly averages.
   ano mes dias  Au_TPDM  Bu_TPDM  CU_TPDM CAI_TPDM CAII_TPDM    TOTAL
1  2012 Ene   31 4288.323 620.5161 236.7419 4635.097  139.0645 6112.258
7  2012 Feb   29 3268.862 593.0000 246.3103 5191.069  147.9655 6267.286
13 2012 Mar   31 3667.903 624.7097 289.0323 5341.774  154.7419 6740.226
19 2012 Abr   30 4668.767 647.2333 281.2667 4930.433  158.3000 7236.300
25 2012 May   31 3198.581 598.9677 256.1290 5384.742  202.2581 6612.581
31 2012 Jun   30 3609.067 605.8667 280.3333 5309.500  178.7000 6795.000

 anosDB  TPDA_Au  TPDA_Bu  TPDA_CU TPDA_CAI TPDA_CAII TPDA_TOTAL
1   2012 4271.096 617.4809 255.1967 5119.454  163.5055   10426.73
2   2013 4685.079 638.5616 259.8877 5287.822  154.0110   11025.36
3   2014 4969.277 656.3918 266.8986 5407.800  177.0932   11477.46
4   2015 5184.953 541.8822 400.2137 4941.422  271.6877   11340.16
5   2016 5220.872 408.6967 541.0519 5584.492  182.4399   11937.55
6   2017 5298.852 408.7562 556.5644 6033.652  266.1644   12563.99

So the first 12 rows of the TPDM table should divide the first row of the TPDA table and create a new data frame which should contain monthly factors.
Something like:
ano mes dias FA_Au
2012 Ene 31 4271.096/4288.323
2012 Feb 29 4271.096/3268.862

(Don't need to show the computation, just the result)
I am sure that selecting the data by year would do that but haven't found the right way to do it.

A: Merge by year and find columns to divide by position
As already mentioned by zx8754 this can be done by merging on year and dividing the corresponding columns in base R:
merged <- merge(TPDM, TPDA, by.x = "ano", by.y = "anosDB")
FA <- cbind(merged[, 1:3], merged[, 10:15]/merged[, 4:9])
# rename columns
names(FA) <- sub("TPDA_", "FA_", names(FA))
FA

   ano mes dias     FA_Au     FA_Bu     FA_CU    FA_CAI   FA_CAII FA_TOTAL
1 2012 Ene   31 0.9959828 0.9951086 1.0779532 1.1044977 1.1757530 1.705872
2 2012 Feb   29 1.3066003 1.0412831 1.0360781 0.9862042 1.1050245 1.663675
3 2012 Mar   31 1.1644517 0.9884285 0.8829349 0.9583809 1.0566337 1.546941
4 2012 Abr   30 0.9148231 0.9540314 0.9073122 1.0383376 1.0328838 1.440892
5 2012 May   31 1.3353096 1.0309085 0.9963600 0.9507334 0.8084003 1.576802
6 2012 Jun   30 1.1834349 1.0191696 0.9103332 0.9642064 0.9149720 1.534471

Caveat:
This approach works as long as the positions, i.e., column numbers, of the corresponding columns are known. With the given datasets, the columns are ordered in the same way. Therefore, only an offset has to be considered to match corresponding columns.
Merge by year and find columns to divide by name
If, for some reason, the positions are not known in advance we can find corresponding columns by matching the column names.
For this, both datasets are reshaped from wide to long format. In long format, the column names (now called variable) are treated as data. Now, we can join monthly and annual values on year and column name, divide annual values by the corresponding monthly values, and reshape back to wide format, finally:
library(data.table)

# reshape and prepare monthly data
longM <- melt(setDT(TPDM), id.vars = 1:3)
longM[, variable := stringr::str_replace(variable, "_TPDM", "")]
longM[, mes := forcats::fct_inorder(mes)]

# reshape and prepare annual  data
longA <- melt(setDT(TPDA), id.vars = 1)
longA[, variable := stringr::str_replace(variable, "TPDA_", "")]
setnames(longA, "anosDB", "ano")

# join
long_FA <- longA[longM, on = .(ano, variable),
                 .(ano, mes, dias, variable, FA = value/i.value)]

# reshape back to wide format
dcast(long_FA, ano + mes +dias ~ paste0("FA_", variable), value.var = "FA")

    ano mes dias     FA_Au     FA_Bu    FA_CAI   FA_CAII     FA_CU FA_TOTAL
1: 2012 Ene   31 0.9959828 0.9951086 1.1044977 1.1757530 1.0779532 1.705872
2: 2012 Feb   29 1.3066003 1.0412831 0.9862042 1.1050245 1.0360781 1.663675
3: 2012 Mar   31 1.1644517 0.9884285 0.9583809 1.0566337 0.8829349 1.546941
4: 2012 Abr   30 0.9148231 0.9540314 1.0383376 1.0328838 0.9073122 1.440892
5: 2012 May   31 1.3353096 1.0309085 0.9507334 0.8084003 0.9963600 1.576802
6: 2012 Jun   30 1.1834349 1.0191696 0.9642064 0.9149720 0.9103332 1.534471

Data
TPDM <- read.table(text = "
i   ano mes dias  Au_TPDM  Bu_TPDM  CU_TPDM CAI_TPDM CAII_TPDM    TOTAL
1  2012 Ene   31 4288.323 620.5161 236.7419 4635.097  139.0645 6112.258
7  2012 Feb   29 3268.862 593.0000 246.3103 5191.069  147.9655 6267.286
13 2012 Mar   31 3667.903 624.7097 289.0323 5341.774  154.7419 6740.226
19 2012 Abr   30 4668.767 647.2333 281.2667 4930.433  158.3000 7236.300
25 2012 May   31 3198.581 598.9677 256.1290 5384.742  202.2581 6612.581
31 2012 Jun   30 3609.067 605.8667 280.3333 5309.500  178.7000 6795.000
", header = TRUE)[, -1L]

TPDA <- read.table(text = "
i anosDB  TPDA_Au  TPDA_Bu  TPDA_CU TPDA_CAI TPDA_CAII TPDA_TOTAL
1   2012 4271.096 617.4809 255.1967 5119.454  163.5055   10426.73
2   2013 4685.079 638.5616 259.8877 5287.822  154.0110   11025.36
3   2014 4969.277 656.3918 266.8986 5407.800  177.0932   11477.46
4   2015 5184.953 541.8822 400.2137 4941.422  271.6877   11340.16
5   2016 5220.872 408.6967 541.0519 5584.492  182.4399   11937.55
6   2017 5298.852 408.7562 556.5644 6033.652  266.1644   12563.99
", header = TRUE)[, -1L]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Кредо журналиста — система правил журналистской этики, сформулированная в 1914 году Уолтером Уильямсом (Walter Williams), известным американским журналистом и основателем первой в мире школы журналистики в Миссурийском университете. Переведена на более чем 100 языков.

Кредо

 Я верю в профессию журналиста.

 Я верю, что публичный журнал опирается на общественное доверие; что всё, связанное с ним, в полной мере ответственности апеллирует к доверию общества; что любое умаление этой роли является предательством этого доверия.

 Я верю, что ясный стиль мышления, ясный язык, аккуратность и честность являются фундаментом хорошей журналистики.

 Я верю, что журналист должен писать только то, что он держит в своём сердце как правду.

 Я верю, что утаивание новостей, под любым предлогом, кроме благополучия общества, непростительно.

 Я верю, что никто не имеет права писать как журналист что-то, что он не станет утверждать как джентльмен; что подкуп одинаково неприемлем из любого источника; что невозможно избежать индивидуальной ответственности ссылкой на чьи-то инструкции или чью-то выгоду.

 Я верю, что реклама, новости и редакторские комментарии, всё в равной мере должно служить интересам читателей; что общий стандарт правды и ясности важнее всего остального; что высший критерий хорошей журналистики — служение обществу.

 Я верю, что журналистика, которой удаётся лучшее — а лучшее заслуживает успеха — чтит Бога и возвышает человека; что она твёрдо независима; она не подвержена влиянию самолюбивых оценок или жадности власти; конструктивная, терпимая, но ни в коем случае не легкомысленная, требовательная к самой себе, неутомимая, всегда уважительная к читателю, но всегда бесстрашная, она неизменно негодует при виде всякой несправедливости; она беспристрастна к ссылкам на привилегии или крикам толпы; она ищет возможность дать шанс каждому, и равный шанс, в такой же мере, в какой закон способен найти честную оплату и признание со стороны человеческого братства; она глубоко патриотична, и в то же время искренне способствует международной доброй воле и цементирующему мировому партнёрству, она представляет собой журналистику гуманности современного мира и для современного мира.

См. также
 Журналистские этика и стандарты

Литература

 Farrar R. T. A Creed for My Profession: Walter Williams, Journalist to the World. University of Missouri Press, 1998 ISBN 0-8262-1188-7

Ссылки

National Press Club
University of Missouri
Missouri Press Association

Журналистика
Кодексы поведения
Журналистская этика

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Getting Comfortable with Being Uncomfortable, Career Story with Laura Bull
Meet Laura Bull, mentee and mentor at OneUpOneDown and Digital Marketing Manager at an eco-conscious company in the UK. Laura started her career a little bit unsure of what she wanted to do for a living, but she persisted and developed herself each day to get to where she is now. She strongly believes that everyone should pursue a career that makes them happy and is a great example of how you can achieve that by never giving up. Find out more about Laura's journey from building her confidence to finding a job that aligns with her values and beliefs.
In 2-3 sentences, please tell us a little about you! (your background/story and anything you feel you'd like to share)
My name is Laura Bull. I am a digital marketing manager for a UK based subscription recipe box company. I've had quite a squiggly career so far. My first job was as an admin assistant at a magazine and events company, and at that point, I didn't know what I wanted to do for a living, let alone what marketing was. By setting small, realistic goals for myself I've managed to slowly get closer to the kind of role I eventually want to have.
Why did you sign up to be a part of OneUpOneDown?
I signed up for OneUpOneDown originally because I knew having other people to discuss my goals and plans with would help me get closer to achieving them. And although I've been lucky to be surrounded by strong female role models, I recognise the importance of having external support, outside the organisation I'm working in.
What does success mean to you? How do you align with your definition at the moment?
Success for me changes on a daily basis and is more about maintaining a positive mindset than achieving a certain goal. I live with two chronic health conditions, and it can be a lot to deal with, so I'm constantly adjusting the expectations I have of myself.
Some of the big goals I have are quite long term, and I find it easier to stay motivated when I count small daily successes. By doing that, I can always find something to celebrate, and those small wins amount to a whole lot of progress.
But ultimately, if I end the day as a kinder, stronger and more confident person I'll feel successful.
What prompted you to pursue the career or business you're working in/on now?
I love the balance of creativity and science that comes from being a marketer. One moment you're knee-deep in numbers, forecasting what business you could generate for your organisation, the next you're trying to come up with a creative concept that hooks in your audience and nudges them toward taking a certain action. I just find it so fascinating.
As a consumer, I'm careful about the organisations that I support – the only way we can make up for the damage humans have done to the planet is by making considered purchase decisions. I find it easy to get passionate about purposeful organisations that are making the world a better place, and I want to put my marketing superpowers to good use, so my current role in the food industry for an eco-conscious company is the perfect place for me right now.
How did you know this is what you wanted to do?
Truth is, I didn't – I'm still making it up as I go. The one thing that I do know is myself. I think once you've got a good understanding of what you value, and where your strengths and weaknesses lie, you can make better decisions about the path you want to take, and what you are and aren't willing to compromise on.
Have you made any big transitions or changes in your career? What were they? How did you do it?
I feel like every transition has been a big one! When I moved from a general office job into marketing, I actually ended up handing in my notice without having another job lined up. I knew that without forcing myself to take a leap of faith, I wouldn't make the kind of change I needed to.
This isn't the kind of decision everyone is in a position to make, but I had enough savings that I knew I could last a little while without a job, and I know myself well enough to know that I need to be under pressure to do my best work.
I think the two things I've relied on during every transition period is my support network (friends, family and colleagues), and confidence in myself and my abilities (which does not come naturally to me).
What is something that has been particularly challenging throughout your career?
I think the biggest challenge I've had in my career is my confidence. I'm very self-aware, but this tends to manifest itself in criticism of, rather than confidence in, my knowledge and skills. I've only been in my current role for a few months, but I'm still massively feeling the imposter syndrome I had when I got offered the job.
Truth is, no one should ever be doing a job they're 100% confident in because then there is no challenge. It's the getting comfortable with being uncomfortable that takes some getting used to!
What have been your go-to tools and strategies to overcome challenging experiences or people in your career?
I think I have a lot of these, depending on the situation. I'm a big fan of trying to think of things from everyone's perspective – you might have a challenging conversation with your boss that was really important to you, but to them, it was just another Wednesday. I tend to take things to heart, so reminding myself that business is just business is important.
The other general piece of advice I have is to build your network wherever possible, then you'll always have someone you can reach out to for support no matter what challenge you're facing. The caveat with this is that you need to be a genuine addition to them too – don't just connect with someone on LinkedIn so you can ask them for advice without offering to support them as well.
What is one personal or professional skill you're working on at the moment and why?
The biggest thing I'm working on at the moment is my confidence. I know that I often sell myself short and I have lots of limiting beliefs about what I'm capable of. If I'm ever going to make my freelance dreams come true then I need to figure out a way to overcome this or I'll just get in my own way!
What is something you wish you'd known when you were first starting out in your career?
That everyone is human and we all make mistakes and experience failure. It's how you bounce back from that that counts. I recently learnt that James Dyson made over five thousand prototypes before he created the Dysons we know today – it's just that we don't tend to brag about our failures!
I think the other thing I've learnt is that you don't need to have a certain kind of education or upbringing to achieve your goals (to a certain degree). I never dreamed I'd be able to land the job I'm in today, and I'm constantly grateful for it, although I recognise that there are people who've faced far more adversity than I have.
What is one piece of advice you'd give to someone who is about to embark on the journey that you have been on for the most recent period of your life?
Have faith in yourself. Find yourself a mentor who can remind you how valuable you are. Figure out what you want, and make a plan to get there. It might take a while, and you might have to take a few detours, but you deserve to have a career that makes you happy.
Follow OneUpOneDown on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram to stay tuned with the latest news.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Rent this lovely 4 bed 3 bath single storey home located on the ever popular community of Tuscany, Westside, Kissimmee. Close to Highway 192 and minutes from the local Theme Parks. Enter through the front door and step straight into the open concept living/family room fully tiled. A large dining/eat in kitchen has all the appliances you would need to make a lovely home cooked meal.This home has an open floor plan with living dining and kitchen areas being centrally located in the middle of the home with bedrooms on corresponding sides of the home. Make your way through the living/ family area through the patio door and step out onto the paved pool deck area with covered lanai and watch the wildlife on the pond whilst relaxing in the sun.
This home is fully furnished, has a complete kitchen and washing and drying facilities. Two Queen Master bedrooms are entered separately through opposite doors with their own private bathrooms. A further queen room is located towards the entrance hall having a shared Jack n Jill bathroom with a twin room located the other side of the jack n jill bathroom.
The Games Room contains a pool ball table, air hockey, fooseball and bicycles for guests use.


text:
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	Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
	with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
	under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES
	OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for
  the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
  -->

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Do we need to create two business systems in SLD while we are creating interface bitween SAP and legacy system.
1)With business system role as Integration server.
2)business system role as Apllication system.
Can any one help me understanding the concept..
You have to use 2 services (Business system in SLD for application system).
Business System for role as Integration server has to be there.
Not to confuse you more you will have 3 business system in SLD.
2 for the target and source system as a role of application syetem and one for XI integration server.
You import these two BS and start configuring.


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Project related work, research related to the project assigned, Administrative tasks and Content development for the website. Implementation of education and communication programmes, their documentation and assisting the project coordination head. I am also responsible for carrying out the relevant subject research and support development of project documents and educational products. I also maintain the company's social networking webpage and am responsible for its growth and promotion. Along with this I also design banners, certificates, brochures and pamphlets for their various events and programmes. I am also involved with the recruitment process of the organisation.
During the tenure, my job at Akiko Callnet was that of a recruiter. It required me to follow the carefully structured selection process, which starts right from understanding the client's needs and functions all the way to follow-ups with both clients and candidates, post recruitment.
During my tenure, I was exposed to various areas of Customer Service Delivery (CSD) while handling the day to day activities. I Worked with Company Owned Company Operated (COCO) outlet of the organization as a summer intern, with their marketing department. There I got an opportunity to acquire knowledge about the four verticals of the CSD department, namely- Billing; Customer Application Form (CAF); Identity Verification; and Retention.
Following the carefully structured selection process, which starts right from understanding the client's needs and functions all the way to follow-ups with both clients and candidates, post recruitment.
I am well acquainted with Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and Publisher.


What is R Form Slim Keto?
Why use R Form Slim Keto?
Where to buy R Form Slim Keto?
Losing weight can be a big effort if you've tried for a long time and you've seen little or no effect. He is also disappointed if he has been exercising for a long time or if he has been on a diet longer and there are no results. Being obese is something that can make you very insecure about yourself. Find it difficult to wear the clothes of your choice or feel safe in a social gathering. Therefore, it can be a great burden to live with.
One of the methods used to lose weight these days is surgery. This is the last method that people use to lose weight fast. The reason many people look for it is that it is a fast method. Moreover, it shows results in a very short time without having to wait for months or weeks. Furthermore, this method is the new trend and that is why everyone wants to try it.
Surgery has its advantages, but it also has some disadvantages. It can cause irregularities in the body. This is a very scary thought. Imagine being stuck with a figure that you didn't even want in the first place. To get rid of that irregularity, you have to go back to surgery and this is just a nuisance on its own. Furthermore, surgery is very expensive and it is not possible for everyone to pay. This is why many people, even if they want to try it, cannot undergo surgery because their pockets do not support the load.
R Form Slim Keto is a weight loss supplement that helps you lose weight. It is made with ingredients that are eaten suitable for weight loss. The ingredients used are chosen by people who have experience in this field. They look for the right ingredients in traditional medicine and other sources to get the best things to include in their formula.
Some of the ingredients are taken from traditional medicines. One of the exceptional ingredients in this regard is the green tea extract. Green tea has been used to lose weight longer. People in the past used it to lose weight and even today people use this tea to get rid of the extra pounds of their body. The best thing about this extract is that it also does other things in the body.
Helps purify the body. Since it has antioxidant effects, it helps keep the body clean of toxins. When toxins accumulate in the body, they can be really harmful, since they cause serious consequences to the body. Furthermore, these toxins can become the cause of a poor immune system and other problems. This ingredient also has anti-inflammatory properties that play a role in keeping the body safe from inflammation.
Inflammation is the main cause of many diseases that are becoming common these days. This is why it is important to keep the inflammation under control and the green tea extract helps to do so, in addition to making sure that the fats are burned at a significant rate.
There are also some other ingredients that are present in this supplement. All of these are useful when it comes to losing weight and everyone makes sure that your body is in the best possible condition. So let's take a look at the features of these ingredients to get a better idea of what they do.
Garcinia Cambogia is an ingredient for weight loss that has been used in many supplements to date. Even in the old days, it helped people lose weight and that's why it was also used in this supplement. Mobilizes the fats in the body. Under normal body conditions, all fat content does not end.
The fact that you do not consume daily is stored in your body and can be used later when the body needs it. Therefore, it is important to make this fat available to the body to burn as fuel. That's why R Form Slim Keto contains ingredients that help make this fat available to the body. When present, the body uses it in daily metabolic reactions.
This is another ingredient used in various weight loss supplements. Help the body in different ways. One of the things he does is suppress your appetite. This helps to make the person less hungry during the day. When you are less hungry, you will eat less and therefore weigh less. This is the easiest way to lose weight and avoid weight gain.
Having this ingredient in R Form Slim Keto is a good sign because it helps burn fat faster. When fats are burned faster, they have less time to accumulate or store them. This means that the purpose of this supplement is to make sure that fat metabolism is not stored. When they are metabolized, they give energy to the skeletal muscles of movement.
There are many reasons that push you to use R Form Slim Keto to use other means to lose weight. In the UK, people are lucky because they have the facilities to get this supplement because it makes the process of weight loss a lot easier.
This is normal This is good news for anyone who is a victim of harmful chemicals found in some other dietary supplements. It is very important that herbal supplements are as much as possible because they are more natural and less harmful.
Gentleness is available online. It is too complicated to find an accessory on the market. If you are trying to find a supplement in the market or in different stores, you will know how uncomfortable it is. That's why manufacturers make it available online so everyone can get it easily without any hassle or hassle.
R Form Slim Keto ADDITIONAL FREE. There are not many additional companies that can say they manufacture their products without adding additives. However, the company behind this amazing formula ensures that there is no harmful additive in the formula so the customer does not have to regret using R Form Slim Keto later.
As the name suggests, R Form Slim Keto has a Keto effect on the body. This means that the body uses fats instead of sugars or carbohydrates. Usually, it's good for people. However, there can sometimes be some problems that you must look for. Some people complain about losing their hair when they enter ketosis. For some people, this may not be a good compromise, while others may not find much interest. However, if you lose a lot of hair, you should talk to your doctor and get help for the continued use of this supplement.
just a dressing room before & after!
Other side effects you may face are acne breakouts. This can be a big problem for some people. In particular, if you have a history of acne problems, it is likely that you end up escaping when you start the Quito diet system. In addition, in this case, you should consult a doctor and ask your doctor if you should stop taking the supplement or do something to prevent this side effect.
Here are some tips for using the supplement with extreme caution and precautions.
When you receive the supplement, be sure to check the seal. If the seal is broken, turn the bottle over and ask for a new bottle.
Sometimes the seal can be broken and there is a risk of contamination. Do not risk using a contaminated supplement because it can cause side effects.
In addition, when using R Form Slim Keto, be careful not to leave the bottle open. If left open, the formula can be oxidized when it comes into contact with air or dust in the air.
The R Form Slim Keto manufacturers explained that users should not use this formula to treat any type of disease. USA customers need to understand that they need to see a doctor if needed rather than using the supplement to solve their problems.
If you are a resident of the United States, you are lucky enough to be able to order, receive and deliver your supplements online with the lowest shipping costs. Sometimes there are also discounts on the total cost or no shipping costs. So, look at these offers and get the formula on your doorstep.
Previous Article Premium Pure Keto Reviews (UPDATED 2019) – Is It Safe Or Not?


text:
Representative Side - Open Squad > Pat Geary Trophy
The Pat Geary Trophy is an annual prestige round robin sides tournament (6 teams x 4), played between the neighbouring Zones of Newcastle (Zone 2), Hunter/Manning (Zone 6), Mid North Coast (Zone 14) and the Central Coast (Zone 15). The trophy was named after William Patrick Geary who devoted all his free time to Bowls Administration. He was a loyal and dedicated club man at Sawtell Bowling Club where he was Secretary and Bowls Secretary before moving over to West Coffs Bowling Club where he also performed these roles before coming club President. He was a club coach and umpire and was well known in the local district for his bowl's programme on radio 2CHY. He took on all these jobs with great enthusiasm and was also an active administrator (Secretary) at District and Zone level, and also did a lot work at the RNSWBA. It was therefore fitting when the four Zones decided to conduct an annual tournament as a forerunner to the State Inter-Zone Sides Championship held in September every year, that it be named after such an active and dedicated Bowl's Administrator as Pat Geary.
The winners since its inception have been:-
1999 Zone 2
2002 Zone 15
The 2017 Zone 15 Pat Geary Winning Team


text:
Q: How to emberd microsoft word to asp.net web application i am trying to open Microsoft word document in asp.net web application  like this how do i do that on asp.net.

A: you can use Aceoffix plugin from this link.
and view demos of asp.net examples.
you can refresh try license every tree month.
and i use these code for open word in browser:
 Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Application application = new Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Application();
 Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Document document = null;

      //open word template:
 document = application.Documents.Add(Server.MapPath("Smear.docx"));

     //save word doc to folder:
 string NameReport = Server.MapPath(serial.Trim() + ".docx");
 document.SaveAs(NameReport);
 application.Quit();

before quit application you can edit fields text of document (for me is in header section):
foreach (Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Section section in document.Sections)
{
    document.TrackRevisions = false;
    Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.HeadersFooters headers = section.Headers;
    foreach (Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.HeaderFooter header in headers)
    {
        Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Fields fields = header.Range.Fields;
        foreach (Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Field field in fields)
        {
            switch (field.Result.Text)
            {
                case "example_field1":
                    field.Result.Text = "your text";
                    break;
                case "example-field2":
                    field.Result.Text = " your text";
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
}


text:
Library to provide session types to allow for static verification of protocols between concurrent computations.

Provides sessions types (currently binary session type) for statically verifying protocols between concurrent computations.
This library is based on the paper "Haskell Session Types with (Almost) No Class".

A session type `('a,'b) session` represents a protocol that a particular process carries out. Here `'a` and `'b` are duals of each other.

A process `('a,'b,'c) process` is parameterized by a starting session type `'b`, `'a` is it's return value and `'c` is it's final
session type. Two processes can be run only if they have dual initial session types a final session type of `unit`.

The following operations are duals of each other :
- `Stop, Stop`
- `Send of 'a * 'b, Recv of 'a * 'b`, where `'b` is a session type
- `Offer of ('a, 'b) session * ('c, 'd) session, Choice of ('b, 'a) session * ('d, 'c) session`, where `'a`, `'b`, `'c`, `'d` are session types

Here are some examples of processes which are duals :

```Ocaml
module BP = Binary_session_lwt.Make

let send_str_recv_int_stop = BP.(send "hello" >>= fun () -> recv () >>= fun (i : int) -> stop ())
let recv_str_send_int_stop = BP.(recv () >>= fun (s : string) -> send 1 >>= fun () -> stop ())

let _ = BP.run_processes send_str_recv_int_stop recv_str_send_int_stop
```

Note that the session type associated with the process `send_str_recv_int_stop` was inferred as

```Ocaml
([ `Send of string * [ `Recv of int * [ `Stop ] ] ],[ `Recv of string * [ `Send of int * [ `Stop ] ] ]) BP.session
```

as you can see it provides it's own session type

```Ocaml
[ `Send of string * [ `Recv of int * [ `Stop ] ] ]]
```
as well as it's dual

```Ocaml
[ `Recv of string * [ `Send of int * [ `Stop ] ] ]
```

The session type associated with the process `recv_str_send_int_stop` is

```Ocaml
([ `Recv of string * [ `Send of int * [ `Stop ] ] ], [ `Send of string * [ `Recv of int * [ `Stop ] ] ]) BP.session
```
we see that it indeed has the dual of `send_str_recv_int_stop` which means that `BP.run_processes send_str_recv_int_stop recv_str_send_int_stop` will type check.

If these two processes were to differ in such a way that they were not duals then `BP.run_processes send_str_recv_int_stop recv_str_send_int_stop` would not type check.

Here is another example using offer and choice as well as recursion.

```Ocaml
module BP = Binary_session_lwt.Make

let rec print_server () = BP.(
  offer
    (stop ())
    (
      recv () >>= fun (s : string) ->
      lift_io (Lwt_io.printlf "print server : %s" s) >>=
      print_server
    )
)

let rec print_client (i : int) = BP.(
  lift_io (Lwt_io.read_line Lwt_io.stdin) >>= fun (s : string) ->
  if s = "q"
  then choose_right (send (Printf.sprintf "Total lines printed : %d" (i+1)) >>= fun () -> choose_left (stop ()))
  else choose_right (send s >>= fun () -> print_client (i+1))
)

let () = Lwt_main.run (
    Lwt.(
      BP.run_processes print_server (print_client 1) >>= fun (server_fn,client_fn) ->
      async server_fn ;
      client_fn () >>= fun _ ->
      return ()
    )
  )
```
Documentation
-------------

The API documentation is available [here](https://essdotteedot.github.io/sessions/).
Example programs can be found in the [examples] (examples) directory.

License
-------

[MIT License](LICENSE)


Hi friends! It's Friday, Shopbop.com is running one of their fun sales and it's sunny out…talk about a fab day!! I always want all things on Shopbop's site, so I love when they do one of these fab little spend more, save more deals. Here are all the pieces I am eyeing…so much good!
Hope you all have a great weekend!! Colby has been gone all week, so I am looking forward to some much needed hubby time! And I am so excited about the weather- it's been so nice here. Gotta get out and enjoy it!


text:
Large indoor gatherings banned, schools to stay open, Scott Morrison tells Australians not to leave the country in face of coronavirus pandemic
By political correspondent Brett Worthington and political reporter Jack Snape
Posted Tue 17 Mar 2020 at 10:21pm Tuesday 17 Mar 2020 at 10:21pm Tue 17 Mar 2020 at 10:21pm , updated Wed 18 Mar 2020 at 2:04pm Wednesday 18 Mar 2020 at 2:04pm Wed 18 Mar 2020 at 2:04pm
Duration: 1 minute 4 seconds 1m 4s
Scott Morrison tells every Australian not to travel overseas, regardless of the country
abc.net.au/news/federal-government-cabinet-coronavirus-gatherings-aged-care/12065822
Non-essential indoor gatherings of more than 100 people have been banned by the Federal Government as the country responds to the coronavirus pandemic.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison also warned Australians not to leave the country as the disease spreads, saying: "We haven't seen this sort of thing in Australia since the end of the First World War."
The Prime Minister announced measures in the following areas:
Aged care: Residents of aged care homes will only be able to have one visit per day, of no more than two people
Gatherings: Indoor gatherings of more than 100 people are banned, with exceptions
Social distancing: A renewed call for Australians to stay 1.5 metres away from others
Shopping: A plea to end "un-Australian" panic buying
Schools: To remain open, for now
Travel: The Government recommends abandoning international travel
"This is a once-in-a-100-year-type event," Mr Morrison said.
"Life is changing in Australia, as it is changing all around the world. Life is going to continue to change.
"The travel advice to every Australian is do not travel abroad. Do not go overseas."
The new restrictions were agreed to during a phone hook-up with federal, state and territory leaders last night.
A human biosecurity emergency has been declared, giving the Federal Government extra powers to respond to the crisis
Work restrictions on 20,000 student nurses have been lifted, so that they can help with the health response.
Read our full coverage of the coronavirus pandemic
Duration: 3 minutes 5 seconds 3m 5s
Aged care facilities to place tough restrictions on visitors
Anyone who has been overseas or in contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 within a fortnight will be banned from visiting aged care homes.
Aged care residents will only be able to receive one visit a day, with a maximum of two people visiting.
"This could be very difficult for families," Mr Morrison acknowledged.
No school groups will be allowed to visit, and children under 17 are advised to visit "only by exception".
Non-essential indoor gatherings of more than 100 people banned
While imposing the 100-person indoor restriction, the Government is also considering further restrictions on crowded indoor environments.
Schools, universities, airports, public transport, medical and emergency services facilities, aged care homes, jails, courts, parliaments, supermarkets and many workplaces are exempt.
The Prime Minister said religious gatherings must comply with the new measures.
The pre-existing ban restricting mass outdoor gatherings to 500 people will remain in place.
Your questions on coronavirus answered:
Will Australia have a second wave of coronavirus?
How many people have died from coronavirus?
Can children pass on the coronavirus disease?
Duration: 39 seconds 39s
Work restrictions on 20,000 student nurses have been lifted
Chief medical officer Brendan Murphy urged Australians to continue social distancing and keep at least 1.5 metres apart.
"No more hand-shaking, no more hugging, except in your family," Dr Murphy said.
"You can do that in your family because you're already close to your family.
"No more scant attention to hand hygiene. Wash your hands all the time. Use hand sanitiser and just practice sensible practices."
Mr Morrison also pleaded with Australians to stop panic buying and hoarding, which has stripped supermarkets of supplies.
Coronavirus questions answered
Breaking down the latest news and research to understand how the world is living through an epidemic, this is the ABC's Coronacast podcast.
"I can't be more blunt about it. Stop it," he said.
The Prime Minister said there were no supply shortages and that health experts had advised the Government there was no need for "bulk purchases".
"There is no reason for people to be hoarding supplies in fear of a lockdown or anything like this," he said.
The Government's advice is for people to have a few days' worth of supplies. They have been urged to return to regular shopping habits to give supermarkets a chance to restock their shelves.
Duration: 2 minutes 36 seconds 2m 36s
Australia's Chief Health Officer Dr Brendan Murphy explains why the government is keeping schools open
Mr Morrison said health officials had advised federal and state governments to keep schools open.
"We all love our kids and there is nothing we wouldn't do for them," he said.
"I am telling you that, as a father, I'm happy for my kids to go to school."
But he said state governments had the power to close schools on a case-by-case basis if there was an outbreak.
Mr Morrison said if a school was to close today, it would likely not reopen until September at the earliest.
"That means the disruption that would occur from the closure of schools around this country, make no mistake, would be severe."
The Prime Minister declared air travel itself was low-risk, but said the movement of people from place to place was a problem.
The Government hopes travel restrictions will reduce the number of cases of the virus imported into the country.
However, travel bans and a fall in tourist numbers are having a major economic impact.
Mr Morrison said the aviation sector had been the "hardest hit" and on Wednesday morning the Government announced measures to support airlines.
Some parts of the country with vulnerable residents, such as remote Indigenous communities, will be restricted to visitors. A list of sites is currently being prepared by states and territories.
Public transport and ridesharing services remain operating, but social distancing is recommended.
Duration: 30 minutes 18 seconds 30m
Question of whether to close schools divides medical experts
Posted 17 Mar 2020 17 Mar 2020 Tue 17 Mar 2020 at 10:21pm , updated 18 Mar 2020 18 Mar 2020 Wed 18 Mar 2020 at 2:04pm
DFAT says Australian travellers who want to return home amid COVID-19 pandemic should do so ASAP
Glastonbury cancelled in 50th year, new travel advice issued — as it happened
The most important coronavirus news you might have missed on Wednesday
Airlines to get $715m coronavirus support package as Rex sounds alarm
Federal - State Issues
Infectious Diseases (Other)
More on coronavirus
See our full coverage of coronavirus
ABC中文 | 新冠疫情特别报道
Pandemik virus corona
How to look after yourself if you have COVID
Find out if you're eligible for the Pandemic Leave Disaster Payment
Omicron is moving quickly, and it pays to plan ahead. Here's what to consider
Worried about sending kids to school? This is what education might look like in 2022
'COVID has made it even worse': Matt McCracken relies on experienced disability carers just to get out of bed in the morning
The Loop: Djokovic detention spotlight, impact in Tonga revealed, and a crazy BBL score
Live: Sydney news: Second man arrested over Sydney pseudoephedrine haul


text:
Gold Fields: 'If we can't mine safely, we won't mine'
Louis Oelofse 02 May 2008 07:39
Gold Fields will shut down all operations at its South Deep, Kloof, and Driefontein mines in order to conduct an inspection of the ropes on mine hoists, its chief executive officer Nick Holland said on Thursday.
"If we can't mine safely, we won't mine at all," he said.
This follows the deaths of nine workers, who plunged 58m down a shaft when a rope on their conveyance snapped at the Gold Fields South Deep mine near Randfontein on Thursday morning.
Speaking at the mine on the first day of his appointment as chief executive, Holland said the integrity of all ropes on the lift cages that lower miners into the ground would be checked for safety, before the mine restarted operations.
An investigation into Thursday's incident has also started, with mine inspectors having already been transported 2 800m underground to the accident scene.
"We cannot tell you how long that investigation is going to take, and we can't tell you how long the investigation [into Thursday's incident] will take either.
"I want to convey our deep distress. It is a very, very sad day for Gold Fields and South Deep," Holland said.
The accident on Thursday occurred between the 105 level which is 2 804m below the surface and the 110 level, 2 882m below the surface.
Eight contract employees and one Gold Fields worker were being taken down on a service conveyance from 105 level to 110 level when the rope snapped.
They fell 58m and all nine occupants of the lift were killed.
Their next of kin were still being notified on Thursday evening.
Fourteen employees have died at Gold Fields this week.
A driller assistant was killed in a ground fall at the same shaft on Tuesday, while on the same day four miners died at Gold Fields' Driefontein mine in a rock fall.
Trade union Solidarity spokesperson Dirk Hermann implored Gold Fields to take all necessary steps to put the current cycle of accidents to an immediate end.
"There is a value problem—there is more focus on production than safety," he said after meeting mine bosses at South Deep.
This sentiment was echoed by National Union of Mineworkers spokesperson Thamsanqa Joko, who said the mining companies had a responsibility to ensure that everyone who went down in the mines must come up alive.
"Gold Fields are not doing enough but they are not the only ones.
The others as well, they are only after one thing and that is production," he said.
Vishnu Pillay, head of Gold Fields South African operations, however said safety was a priority as was proven by the fact that all its operations were halted after Thursday's incident.
"Our organisation has absolutely determined that safety is the number one priority at all our operations," he said.
Minerals and Energy Affairs Minister Bujelwa Sonjica is scheduled to visit the mine on Friday. - Sapa
Vishnu PillayThamsanqa JokoDirk HermannBujelwa SonjicaRandfonteinSouth Africa"OurMineworkers


text:
@implementation PendingMessageQueue {
  NSMutableDictionary *_lockbox;
  NSMutableDictionary *_databox;
}

- (id) init {
  self = [super init];
  if (self) {
    _lockbox = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
    _databox = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
  }

  return self;
}

- (Response *) waitForResponse:(int) xid {
  NSString *key = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", xid];
  NSConditionLock *lock = [[NSConditionLock alloc] initWithCondition:PENDING_WAITING];
  @synchronized(_lockbox) {
    [_lockbox setObject:lock forKey:key];
  }

  [lock lockWhenCondition:PENDING_ARRIVED];

  Response *response = nil;
  @synchronized(_databox) {
    response = [_databox objectForKey:key];
  }

  [lock unlockWithCondition:PENDING_WAITING];

  @synchronized(_lockbox) {
    [_lockbox removeObjectForKey:key];
  }

  return response;
}

- (void) submit:(int) xid with:(Response *)response {
  NSString *key = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", xid];

  NSConditionLock *lock = nil;
  @synchronized(_lockbox) {
    lock = [_lockbox objectForKey:key];
  }

  if (lock == nil) {
    NSLog(@"submit lock is null");
  }

  [lock lockWhenCondition:PENDING_WAITING];

  @synchronized(_databox) {
    [_databox setObject:response forKey:key];
  }

  [lock unlockWithCondition:PENDING_ARRIVED];
  return;
}

@end


Anyone noticed the calcium in most vit B supplements?
Discussion in 'Support' started by click, Sep 14, 2012.
Looking at the B vitamin supplements available I've noticed that most contain calcium in the form of Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate. As I've read that calcium can cause T this worries me. Just wondering if all those taking B vits are taking a brand without this?
Calcium causing tinnitus? that's news to me.
It may not be correct but someone did mention it to me during the past few months (since my T started). I remember it because mineral water high in calcium has always made me feel weird.
Apparently too much calcium can cause the blood vessels to the ear to narrow - this reduces the amount of oxygen that the ear receives and can result in T.
The Hard of Hearing site at http://www.hearinglosshelp.com/articles/tinnitus.htm mentions 'calcium build up' rather than the supplements..
so if a 'build up' of calcium' can cause it surely taking calcium can't be good? Or maybe it's a totally different type of calcium?
My T is screaming right now which is why I'm looking up supplements. Bought B vits ages ago but haven't taken any yet - went through the ingredients and found the calcium type additive.
And now that I think about it, it's possible calcium supplements could be detrimental to ears and its circulation too, especially without sufficient vitamin k2.
Have a good weekend I hope the T comes down soon.
Hello, some news about calcium spiked T?
Anyone on Erenumab (Aimovig) for Migraine? Have You Noticed Any Effect on Tinnitus?
Anyone Else Noticed That Their Tinnitus Suffering Has Actually Enhanced the Lives of Others?
Has Anyone Noticed a Spike Taking Metronidazole?
Has Anyone Noticed Tinnitus Being Louder After Working Out?
Has Anyone Noticed When They Swallow or Yawn That the Tinnitus Goes Away for a Few Seconds?


The book on the right on this photo, "La nuit, ailleurs"= " The night, elsewhere " is recently published as my second title in the series of "Papier Coupés", by the french publisher Grandir, The book on the left "Quand petit Tomo dort"= " While Little Tomo sleeps " is the one that already released in April.
All Illustrations are laser-cut, accordion folded structure, cloth covered case, wrapped by double paper jacket.
The color of the paper underneath --- silver for "la nuit ..." and bronze for "Petit Tomo" --- represent the light of the full moon.
The theme is "Paradise on Earth" or " Shangri-la".
Introduced here on the site of " illustration file WEB news ", is my technique of making " watercolor collage "(sorry, only in Japanese).
*click to enlarge the picture.
Wishing you joy and peace at the Holidays and throughout the coming New Year, -- and the precious thing -- not to be deprived of freedom to express yourself.
This version is entitled "RONDO MONDO".
I''d like to thank you for all who came to my exhibition, and for whom watching this site.
I'm happy to announce that I'll be the first to be featured in the new project of Gallery EF entitled "Monthly Art Shop" -- the space to be occupied by one artist for one month.
Here I have an opportunity to hold a solo-exhibition to propose my new project, and also to show and sell various works, from the beginning of my career until the latest, including : books published in France, books of limited edition, a variety of printed matters, products already finished selling, etc....... things unavailable except here !