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5 Things You Need to Know About Protecting Yourself from Chemotherapy Drugs
Protecting healthcare personnel from hazardous drugs has been a topic of concern for decades. There is growing evidence that occupational exposure to over 200 drugs commonly used in healthcare settings can lead to acute and chronic health effects.1 In an effort to address this, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) published chapter USP <800> of the USP Compounding Compendium in December of 2017, to help increase awareness, provide uniform guidance to reduce the risk of managing hazardous drugs (HDs) and help reduce the risk posed to patients and the healthcare workforce. 2
USP <800> is broader than previous standards, as it covers handling of hazardous drugs (HDs) from the loading dock all the way through to patient administration and disposal.3 The guidance includes environmental and engineering controls and drug handling guidelines, as well as guidelines for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Importantly, regulations issued by USP and OSHA are enforceable, and apply to all healthcare workers who handle chemotherapy drugs.2
To help protect yourself and your team and ensure compliance with these latest guidelines, here are the five things you need to know:
There is no safe level of exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs for healthcare workers
Exposure to chemotherapy drugs increases your risk of chromosomal damage, cancers and adverse reproductive outcomes. 1 That's why regulations issued by OSHA and USP on handling hazardous chemotherapy drugs are enforceable and apply to all healthcare workers. Additionally, any drug used in cancer treatment (except those in solid oral dosage forms that require only counting or packaging) listed in National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) group 1 requires full compliance with the USP standards.4
Tight control of each step in the HD life cycle is necessary
USP <800> delineates requirements that cover the responsibilities of personnel handling HDs; facility and engineering controls; procedures for deactivating, decontaminating, and cleaning; spill control; and documentation. Properly educating pharmacy workers and healthcare providers—as well as risk management, legal, and drug delivery personnel—is crucial to protecting patients and their healthcare team.3
USP <800> provides guidelines for the use of PPE2
To protect yourself and your team, it's important to follow the latest guidelines for PPE to reduce your risk of exposure. PPE for use in administering chemotherapy includes:
Coverage for hair and beards
Goggles and a face shield
A fit-tested N95 respirator mask
2 pairs of gloves tested against drugs commonly used in chemotherapy
A chemo-rated impervious gown that extends below knees and closes in the back (or is fully covered in the back)
Shoe or boot covers
Each type of PPE has specific requirements to ensure safe handling2
Gloves must be appropriately tested for use with chemotherapy drugs. The American Society for Testing and Materials has established ASTM D6978, which is the Standard Practice for Assessment of Resistance of Medical Gloves to Permeation by Chemotherapy Drugs. The USP requirement for double gloving is meant to reduce cross-contamination rather than increasing permeation time. In addition, gloves should be replaced every 30 minutes.There is no comparable test for gowns, but gowns for chemotherapy use must be poly-coated, disposable and seamless, with long sleeves and knitted or elastic cuffs. They also must close in the back, not the front and should be replaced every two to three hours, or immediately after a spill or splash.Speaking of splashes, healthcare personnel should also wear a full face shield to protect their eyes from splashes. And goggles should be added to protect the eyes if there is a potential for splash exposure. A fit-tested NIOSH-certified N95 respirator mask should also be worn to protect against airborne particles and provide a barrier to splashes, droplets, and sprays around the nose and mouth. OSHA regulations for training and fit-testing respiratory protection (OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.134) should be followed.Wearing full-coverage head and hair covers (and beard and mustache covers if applicable) is recommended. Donning a second pair of shoe-covers before entering a spill area and removing the outer pair on leaving, is also recommended. Shoe covers worn in HD handling areas must not be worn to other areas, to avoid spreading HD contamination and exposing other healthcare workers.
You need to put on, take off and dispose of PPE appropriately4
There are specific directions for donning, doffing and disposing of PPE used in the administration of chemotherapy. Hair covers, shoe covers, a N95 respirator mask, goggles and a face shield should be put on before entering patient treatment areas. Wash hands and then don a chemo-rated procedure gown, followed by two pairs of gloves, placing the inner glove underneath the cuff of the chemo gown, and the outer glove over and completely covering the cuff of the chemo gown.When taking off your PPE, remove outer gloves first, followed by the gown and other PPE before removing the inner pair of gloves. A best practice is to consider all PPE worn when handling hazardous drugs to be contaminated and disposing of it immediately in an appropriate, designated waste container.
4 Things You Can Do Right Now to Get Ready for USP <800>
Safety First Means People First
In 2008, NIOSH estimated eight million workers are at risk of exposure to hazardous drugs. Yet according to a recent study conducted by NIOSH, many female nurses acknowledged not wearing PPE when administering chemotherapy. The study, one of the first to delve into the use of PPE by pregnant and non-pregnant female nurses, gathered the results of nearly 40,000 respondents over an eight-year period. Surprisingly, many respondents reported not even wearing gloves and gowns – the minimum PPE requirements.1
Earlier studies have revealed a few reasons why healthcare personnel may not take the recommended safety precautions when it comes to PPE. 5 These reasons include:
Prioritizing care for patients over their own personal health
A lack of concern about or awareness of the toxicity of these drugs
Protective gloves and gowns were not available
Nurses were not given the opportunity to put on PPE
The results of these studies clearly indicate the need for more education for both healthcare personnel and employers about the hazards of exposure to chemotherapy drugs. Proper training on the use of PPE when administering chemotherapy helps to ensure appropriate use. It's important that everyone on the clinical team knows: 6
When it is necessary
What kind is necessary
How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
The limitations of the equipment
The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the equipment. 6
Empowering healthcare personnel and others to advocate for their own safety requires up-to-date information and easily enacted protocol reforms. After all, the best way to serve patients is to protect healthcare professionals from unnecessary hazards.
CDC Web Site: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/healthcarehsps/antidrugeffects.html
USP General Chapter <800> Hazardous Drugs – Handling in Healthcare Settings, (p. 6-7). United States Pharmacopeial Convention, USP 40 -NF 35, Second Supplement (2017). www.usp.org
NIH Web Site: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398627/
Kienle et al, The Chapter <800> Answer Book, ASHP Publications, Kienle, Patricia C, , 2017, p vii.
NIH Web Site: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766408


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The Queen and the Royal Family go to the Christmas Day Service
{youtube}83fAd93s5-o{/youtube} Queen Elizabeth II joined members of the Royal Family for a Christmas church service in Sandringham.The Queen, who had been recovering from a recent cold, wore a turquoise coat dress and matching...
Read more 30/12/2012 at 12:34 PM acm001
A Happy New Year for 2013
Australians for Constitutional Monarchy wish all members, supporters and visitors, and all those dear to you, a Happy New Year for 2013. On all indications 2013 will be another Royal Year with ever strengthening support for...
Read more 28/12/2012 at 7:24 AM Professor David Flint AM
The Queen of Australia's Christmas Broadcast for 2012
{youtube}aZ0A9BKKmzs{/youtube}
The text of Her Majesty's broadcast follows:
This past year has been one of great celebration for many. The enthusiasm which greeted the Diamond Jubilee was, of course, especially...
Read more 26/12/2012 at 8:16 AM acm001
Australians for Constitutional Monarchy wish you and all those dear to you, A Merry Christmas and for 2013, a Happy New Year .
Republican lawyers tipped to lead the rush to Brisbane.
The Attorney-General for Queensland, the Hon. Jarrod Bleijie, has announced the restoration of the title Queen's Counsel. This is the subject of a report by Michael Madigan in The Courier-Mail on 12 December,...
We are pleased with the polls.
We have seen three polls this year on support for constitutional change to a republic , that is changing our Federal Commonwealth under the Crown to a politicians' republic.
According to these,...
Read more 12/12/2012 at 9:04 PM Professor David Flint AM
Monarchy – an ideal above reproach
"In a bizarre way I feel sorry for the Australian Republican movement," wrote former Minister of the Crown and former Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party in the eighties, Neil Brown QC.
"In Praise of The Prince of Wales" – Introduction
{youtube}kLjYcXpd5Zw{/youtube} On the occasion of the 64th birthday of the Prince of Wales, the English-Speaking Union (New South Wales Branch) and Australians for Constitutional Monarchy assembled at the Sir Stamford Hotel in Sydney on...
Read more 04/12/2012 at 12:00 AM acm001
The tragic loss of HMAS Armidale
It is the 70th anniversary of the loss of HMAS Armidale about 100km off the coast of East Timor, recalled John Bradford of Eden Hills, South Australia in a letter to The Australian on...
"In Praise of The Prince of Wales" – Part 3 – Will he succeed?
{youtube}rCnssbS713Y{/youtube} In the final part of this address, Professor Flint answers several questions concerning the succession. These include: 1. Will Prince Charles succeed the Queen? 2. Will Australia become a republic? 3. And what...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: How much maths can we do in NF(U)? I have recently become interested in non-standard set theories, particularly in NF and NFU and have been reading some things here and there. Of course, I don't know much about it and I'm still trying to get my head around the very basics.
There is something I am very confused about and it's the issue of how much maths we can do within these theories. This is not a very precise question, but I think that's also not a very precise issue. I have been following some discussions in this site, but I haven't been able to find a clear answer. To be clear, I'm not interested in how (counter)intuitive or cumbersome NF(U) is, but in how it relates in terms of interpretability (and maybe in other terms) to other mathematical systems.
I know that both NF and NFU are supposed to be quite weak. NFU is weaker than PA and it has the same consistency strength as MacLane set theory (Z with bounded quantifiers).
So, (some of) my questions are:

*

*How strong is MacLane set theory? Can we interpret some small (but "useful") system of arithmetic within it?

*Do Gödel incompleteness theorems apply to NF and/or to NFU? That is, can we interpret Robinson arithmetic within it? (Maybe this is very naïve. I suppose we can, but I'd like to have some confirmation of this fact.)

*And what about NFU + Inf + AC? In the SEP entry (on Alternative Axiomatic Set Theories) it is said that it is mathematically serviceable. But I don't really understand what that means.
Thanks a lot and sorry if my question is naïve, I'm a complete beginner in this field!

A: Most of the answers given above to this question were correct and to the point.  One was not:  NFU without infinity, or even with the negation of Infinity, does quite easily interpret Robinson arithmetic.  The domain of strongly Cantorian natural numbers is a model of Robinson arithmetic (in fact, I believe, of bounded arithmetic with exponentiation).

A: To augment Randal Holmes's answer, let me state for the record that Robinson's arithmetic is interpretable already in the so-called adjunctive set theory, axiomatized by
$$\exists z\:\forall t\:t\notin z,$$
$$\forall x\:\forall y\:\exists z\:\forall t\:(t\in z\leftrightarrow t\in x\lor t=y).$$
(That is, there exists $\varnothing$, and for any $x$ and $y$, there exists $x\cup\{y\}$; but note that extensionality is not included.) This result goes back to Szmielew and Tarski (Mutual interpretability of some essentially undecidable theories, in Proc. International Congress of Mathematicians, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1950). Thus, any set theory that proves these two weak axioms is subject to Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
The adjunctive set theory is of course included in NFU without Infinity.

A:
I know that both NF and NFU are supposed to be quite weak. NFU is weaker than PA and it has the same consistency strength as MacLane set theory (Z with bounded quantifiers).

MacLane set theory is significantly stronger than PA. It has the same consistency strength as Russellian unramified typed set theory (TST). In an answer to another question, I tried to explain in which sense this quite a strong impredicative theory.

How strong is MacLane set theory? Can we interpret some small (but "useful") system of arithmetic within it?

We can represent all of PA within it. We can also represent second-order arithmetic, and second-order arithmetic is sometimes called "analysis". We can also represent impredicative n-th-order arithmetic (for finite n) within it.

Do Gödel incompleteness theorems apply to NF and/or to NFU? That is, can we interpret Robinson arithmetic within it?

Without Inf, we won't be able to interpret Robinson arithmetic. But with Inf (and that's probably what I would expect when I hear NFU), we get a sufficiently strong theory such that the Gödel incompleteness theorems apply.

And what about NFU + Inf + AC? In the SEP entry (on Alternative Axiomatic Set Theories) it is said that it is mathematically serviceable. But I don't really understand what that means.

You can use it instead of ZFC and it will just work most of the time. It's consistency strength is a bit weaker than ZFC, and the stratification can sometime be tedious, but on the other hand you have a "universe set" and "type level" tuples.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Jihadist Infiltration
by David Meir-Levi
Judging from the progress that anti-Israel "Lawfare" and pro-Shari'a movements have made in advancing the "Palestinian Cause" and Shari'a compliant programs in a distressingly vast array of our society's institutions over the past decade, one must conclude that the Muslim jihadist forces working to infiltrate our society are winning.
The most obvious peril arises from terrorist infiltration. Terrorists identified as al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas and Iranian agents continue to enter our country via Mexico as illegal immigrants. Yet, almost a decade ago the present writer and others published analyses of the danger posed to our country's security by such infiltration. If these agents were not bent on doing us harm, they could easily enter our country via normal ports of entry. The fact that they disguise themselves as Mexicans and try to sneak past our border guards is a very good indication that they are here on jihadist missions and know that if they were to try to enter the USA via normal channels, they would be identified as wanted terrorists. Once in the USA, they easily disappear into the American Muslim community, undocumented, untraceable, invisible and unstoppable.
The problem on our southern border has grown only worse since then, with continued jihadist entry via Mexico and the new alliance between Iran and Venezuelan dictator Hugo Chavez. The Iran-Venezuela connection and Iran's quest for deployable WMDs create the threat of a nuclear armed Venezuela under Iranian influence holding the USA hostage with nuclear-armed missiles having in their cross-hairs all of the southern USA from San Diego to Sarasota.
Expert witnesses reporting to congress have indicated that Iran has active agents, both Hezbollah and Iranian government operatives, in the USA: sleeper cells awaiting orders while conducting surveillance in preparation for future attacks. While some pundits are convinced that Iran does not plan to attack the USA on its home front, the operative word that they ignore is "yet." Iran has successfully laid the groundwork for future terrorism inside the USA with Hezbollah and other Iranian terrorist agents primed, ready and invisible.
Less obvious, but no less perilous, is the quiet, gradual and peaceful infiltration of Muslim operatives and their supporters into our social, legal, educational and political systems under the guise of legitimate democratic activism in the form of the Divestment movement, the BDS movement, the "One-State Solution" proponents, lawyers implementing "Lawfare," those who seek to legitimize Sharia law, and a host of socio-political organizations including "Jewish Voice for Peace" and other "Peace and Justice for Palestine" groups.
The Divestment movement, which sought to pressure institutions (mostly churches and universities) to divest their retirement funds from companies doing business with or in Israel, began more than twenty years ago and soon became a nation-wide phenomenon gaining support and followers in churches, on campuses, and in a variety of other institutions holding substantial retirement funds. While few assets were actually divested, the real purpose of the movement was achieved: create a new podium from which to demonize Israel and by means of which to grab public attention and mainstream media coverage. Over time interest in divestment waned, and presenters found themselves preaching to the choir. So the movement morphed into" BDS," boycotts, divestment, sanctions. By including calls for boycott and sanctions, the proponents of this movement created a wider panoply of audiences, since boycotts and sanctions do not need investment funds that can be divested. And as was the case with the divestment movement, the BDS movement cut a swath through college campuses enjoying large audiences on accommodating campuses with little opposition. Later, as audience interest diminished and presenters found themselves again preaching to the choir, the forces waging the campus war against Israel re-organized to create the newest front, the "One-State Solution" movement. Starting at the top, "One-State Solution" conferences were recently held at the University of Pennsylvania and at Harvard University, schools of international repute whose status lent credence and legitimacy to this new venue for Israel-bashing. None of this could have happened were there not already on campuses a cadre of willing enablers, student and faculty activists and complicit or complacent administrative leadership, who energetically support these anti-Israel and anti-Jewish efforts.
The advance of Shari'a law displays a similar trajectory. From modest beginnings in the USA and Canada as local Muslims petitioned to have family disputes adjudicated by a Muslim religious court, Shari'a law and Shari'a finance have now become institutionalized. Thanks to Justice Elena Kagan and Professor Noah Feldman at Harvard, and other promoters of Shari'a as an alternative form of jurisprudence compatible with American secular law, we are witness to a gradually growing number of states accommodating the institutionalization of Shari'a courts into American legal venues; and we see the struggle of Shari'a supporters to prevent or overturn state-sponsored regulations that would exclude Shari'a from American law. Facilitating this struggle to give Shari'a credence, legitimacy, and legal valence are a host of lay folk, cheer leaders for Shari'a, including some rabbis, encouraging our legislators to grant Shari'a legal status in America. The dire and existential peril that Shari'a poses to women and Jews, to all Americans, to America, and to Western Civilizations has been adumbrated elsewhere. Suffice it to say here that much of Shari'a legislation is diametrically opposed to our society's cornerstone freedoms and to our fundamental concept of all citizens' equality before the law.
The "Lawfare" movement presents another new front in the infiltration of anti-Israel, anti-Jewish and anti-American forces into our legal system. The present writer attended the conference in San Francisco in 2010 where academics and lawyers enumerated the ways and means whereby American courts could be turned into staging grounds for anti-Israel lawsuits which could later be used as precedents for future legal battles against Israel, Israelis, and any legal or natural persons supporting Israel. Then it is only one step from legal decisions to legislation.
The proliferation of the organizations such as the "Jewish Voice for Peace" and numerous other groups claiming to be "for peace and justice in Palestine" on campuses, churches, world-wide Christian organizations, and on the grass-roots level of local communities, is another form of infiltration. Almost without exception, these groups promote the Arab side of the Israel-Arab conflict, ignore the reality of Israel's need for defense against vicious genocidal terrorism, and act as mouthpieces for Arab anti-Israel propaganda. Rank and file membership may be dominated by benighted do-gooders whom Lenin would have classified as "useful idiot," but leaders and funders know that the real purpose of these groups is to create an almost limitless supply of new venues for Israel-bashing and for the dissemination of Arab lies about Israel and the "Palestinians."
All of the above are aggressively agitating in the here-and-now to convince us that Israel is evil and the "poor Palestinians" are victims of that evil. But there is also the long-range battle for American hearts and minds. From Harvard to high schools our education system has become the target of Arab revisionism. Decades of Arab oil money pouring into our universities and colleges is now well documented. That oil money's influence goes well beyond the university classroom. Saudi and other Arab largesse has targeted universities with Title VI federal funding, funding which supports university outreach programs that teach our children about the beauties and blessings of Islam.
A Saudi-owned publishing house in New Mexico churns out curriculum supplements which are aggressively marketed to public and private school teachers from kindergarten to college. Using a well-honed strategy of deceit and tactic of serial lying, this mendacious material not only demonizes Israel but also whitewashes Muslim history by purging it of its jihadist imperialism, and exonerates Islam by ignoring the religious and gender apartheid inherent in its doctrine of Muslim and male supremacy.
Once the invasions and conquests and murders and massacres and genocides of 1,400 years of Muslim jihad are magically retold as nothing more than a gentle religious revivalism; and 1,400 years of religious repression and discrimination are recast with literary sleight of hand as a Golden Age of religious tolerance; then our younger generations can be convinced that the current Muslim war against Israel and Western Civilization is really justified self-defense against evil Zionist land theft and brutal western imperialism.
This year's sophomore is next year's Senator.
If we do not stop this tsunami of infiltration, we will lose this war.
David Meir-Levi
Source: http://frontpagemag.com/2012/04/02/jihadist-infiltration-they-are-winning/
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92Y Residence
92Y Residence is located on New York City's Upper East Side at 1395 Lexington Avenue, NY, NY 10128. Free New York City transit apps for directions around town include Citymapper and Transit.
By Subway
We are blocks away from the brand new Q train extension at 86th and 96th Streets on Second Avenue, and close to the 4/5/6 trains at 86th Street and 6 train at 96th Street on Lexington Avenue. New York City subways run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Buses run right outside our door. The M101, M102 and M103 buses run north on Third Avenue and south on Lexington Avenue. The M1, M2, M3, M4 and X90 buses run north on Madison Avenue. The M86 and M96 run across town, so you can easily get to the west side (across Central Park).
Get detailed driving directions via Google Maps. Several parking garages are located nearby. In addition to taxis, numerous ride-sharing services (such as Lyft) operate in New York City.
The closest airport to 92Y Residence is La Guardia (LGA). To get to 92Y Residence from LGA, take the M60 bus to East 125th Street/Lexington Avenue, and transfer to the 4/5/6 train downtown to the 86th Street stop. JFK and Newark (EWR) are alternatives. Taxis from airports charge metered fares.
Details on many neighborhood restaurants can be found on Menupages. Numerous restaurant delivery services operate in New York City, including Seamless and Grub Hub. You may even order Peapod or FreshDirect grocery delivery (you must be present to receive it).
Nearby movie theaters are the AMC Loews Orpheum 7 (1538 Third Avenue) and the East 86th Street Cinema (210 East 86th Street).
Broadway shows frequently offer discounted tickets to students with ID and for rush (same day) tickets.
Sports venues include Yankee Stadium, Citi Field, Madison Square Garden and Barclays Center.
Info on attending television show tapings may be found here.
UCB (Uprights Citizens Brigade) Theatre presents many comedy and improv shows for as little as $5 per ticket.Coney Island beach and boardwalk (with amusement park) is just over an hour away by subway.
Museum Mile, a famous stretch of museums, is just blocks away on Fifth Avenue. There you'll find the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, El Museo del Barrio, The Jewish Museum, the Museum of the City of New York, the National Academy Museum, Neue Galerie, and the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum.
92Y's Resident Liaison arranges group trips throughout the year to events and local attractions such as the above.
Contact 92Y Residence
For more information, email or call the Residence at 212.415.5660 or 800.858.4692.


Daniel, Raymond. Annotations, South Texas College of Law (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 19, No. 7, Ed. 1, February, 1991, newspaper, January 1991; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth144473/m1/1/: accessed April 21, 2019), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, texashistory.unt.edu; .


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Before 'n Afters sets feature a "before" and "after" image that works great on the outside and inside of cards, or with the Magic Picture Changer die!
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clouds: 1 1/2" x 5/8"
rainbow with sun and clouds: 1 1/2" 1 1/2"


Geography aims to provide pupils with an understanding of the environment in which they live, from a local to a national scale. Topics studied include exploring Britain, extreme environments and weather/climate.
As well as offering a broad knowledge base, the course enables pupils to use a range of skills both specific to geography and relating to other subjects.
In Year 7, pupils develop map skills and become more familiar with the Geography of the UK, and participate in a field visit to Manchester to study urban regeneration through sport. We also investigate a range of extreme environments around the globe, as well as developing a deeper understanding of the structure and history of planet earth.
Fieldwork plays an important role in Year 7 with pupils participating in an orienteering event in the school grounds and exploring York as part of the Humanities Day.
In Year 8, Geography helps pupils to understand the nature of the physical and human world around them and, importantly, how they are interconnected. Interesting topics include ecosystems and the rainforest biome, coasts and an investigation of the links we have with Africa.
Map work is taken further in Year 8 along with communication, numerical and graphical skills.
Primary data collection analysis and interpretation are encouraged throughout the year and through fieldwork.
The coastlines unit of work is supported and enhanced by a fieldtrip to Flamborough Head and the Holderness Coast.
In Year 9, Geography pupils will gain an awareness of physical environments and resources, an understanding of the differences between places and the diversity of cultures on a global scale, with particular reference to global development and inequalities, Fairtrade, the Geography of crime and coping with natural hazards.
Problem solving, thinking skills and decision making exercises form essential elements of the course, preparing students for the challenges of GCSE. Homework is 30 minutes once per week for all year groups.
All of our GCSE pupils follow the AQA Geography specification (8035 Teaching from September 2016 onwards), which allows them to explore geography in a balanced framework of physical and human themes and investigate the link between them. There is a focus on 'real world' examples and case studies in the United Kingdom, higher income countries (HICs), newly emerging economies (NEEs) and lower income countries (LICs). Topics of study include a balance between physical and human geography, building on ideas and themes that pupils have experienced at Key Stage 3. Pupils are therefore encouraged to understand their role in society by considering different viewpoints, values and attitudes in a broad spectrum of geographical themes.
Pupils will be required to take part in fieldwork during the course which will be assessed as part of the examinations in Year 11. Pupils participate in two fieldwork days during Year 11. We investigate coastal processes and management along the Holderness Coast and visit Beverley to assess the sustainability of the Flemingate retail and leisure development.


GaN films were grown on AlN buffer layers on sapphire substrates.
The growth speed of GaN was investigated.
Samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction, ellipsometry, and cathodoluminescence.
GaN grown at ~60 nm/min exhibits characteristics nearly identical to ~15 nm/min.
Films of gallium nitride were grown at varying growth speeds, while all other major variables were held constant. Films grown determine the material impact of the high flux capabilities of the unique nitrogen plasma source ENABLE. Growth rates ranged from 13 to near 60 nm/min. X-ray ω scans of GaN (0002) have FWHM in all samples less than 300 arc sec. Cathodoluminescence shows radiative recombination for all samples at the band edge. In general material quality overall is high with slight degradation as growth speeds increase to higher rates.