Prosopis species have been introduced to many areas outside their native range to provide benefits to local communities. Several Prosopis species and their hybrids (hereafter "mesquite") have, however, become naturalised and invasive and now generate substantial costs. Management options are limited because of the complex conflicts of interest regarding benefits and costs. Management policies and strategies must take account of such conflicts, but further insights are needed on the dimensions of uses and impacts before such information can be usefully applied. Current policy in South Africa allows for the growth and use of mesquite in one province, but not in others where its control is mandatory. We report on a study to quantify the direct use and perceptions of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from mesquite and native trees in South Africa.
Semi-structures household interviews were conducted with various stakeholder groups to identify what tree products are used, to ascertain amounts used as well as to gauge perceptions of natural resource use between different tree species and use over time.
The direct household use value of native trees was higher than that of mesquite, and local stakeholders attached greater value to products from native trees than from mesquite. Therefore, native trees are and will still be preferentially harvested, and mesquite is unlikely to offer protection to native species by providing an alternative source of products. Mesquite pods do, however, provide valuable additional resources (fodder and medicinal products). The use of both native trees and mesquite is decreasing as the incomes of poorer households rise and as alternative energy sources become available. The benefits and reliance on mesquite are not as high as previously assumed and the impacts from mesquite invasions create large problems for local communities.
This study provides further evidence that the impacts of mesquite exceed the benefits, lending support for a policy to reduce negative impacts.
Thousands of plant species have been introduced to new locations by humans, especially during the last three centuries, to serve many purposes (Richardson 2011). Many have naturalised and some have become invasive (Rejmánek and Richardson 2013). Invasive plants often supply benefits to societies in their new ranges, but costs associated with these invasions often increase as the plants spread (Shackleton et al. 2007a; Kull et al. 2011). This typically results in the emergence of complex conflicts of interest, with some stakeholders calling for eradication or control of the invaders, while others promote their continued use (Shaanker et al. 2010; Kannan et al. 2014; Shackleton et al. 2014; van Wilgen and Richardson 2014). Some invasive plant taxa (e.g., Acacia and Pinus species) are commercially important for forestry and agroforestry (Richardson 2011), while many others (e.g., Acacia mearnsii, Opuntia ficus-indica and Prosopis species) provide useful resources such as fuelwood, fodder and fruit, and are important for local livelihoods (Pasiecznik et al. 2001; de Neergaard et al. 2005; Shackleton et al. 2007a, 2011; Richardson et al. 2015). However, these same species also cause substantial costs to local livelihoods and the environment (Shackleton et al. 2014; van Wilgen and Richardson 2014).
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are all biological materials other than timber that are harvested from trees for use and sale at the household level (De Ber and McDermott 1989). These include native and introduced species (Cunningham 2001). NTFPs are utilised for subsistence and commercial gain all over the world (Shackleton and Shackleton 2004) and account for 20 % of the incomes of rural poor communities on average and are used by more than 85 % of households in urban areas of southern Africa (Shackleton et al. 2007b; Davenport et al. 2012). The use and trade of NTFPs has potential to be used for poverty alleviation and social upliftment in developing countries in a sustainable way (Shackleton and Shackleton 2004); this includes various initiatives to promote the utilisation of invasive alien species of Acacia and Prosopis (Choge and Chikamai 2004; Pasiecznik et al. 2006; Shackleton et al. 2007a). The introduction of invasive species can bring benefits by supplying more NTFPs or novel NTFPs, but can simultaneously be detrimental to natural resources, changing traditional patterns of resource use in a positive or negative way (Shackleton et al. 2007a). For example, in South Africa's Eastern Cape province, 90 % of households used invasive alien Acacia species (wattles) as their primary heat source, and 19 % of households relied on wattles for cash incomes (de Neergaard et al. 2005). The sale of fruit from invasive stands of Opuntia ficus-indica in the Eastern Cape amounted to 9 % of the yearly income of collector's households (Shackleton et al. 2011). In Malawi, Prosopis (thereafter "mesquite") provided 44 % of households with an income source (Chikuni et al. 2004), and in India mesquite provided up to 70 % of fuelwood needs for households in arid regions (Pasiecznik et al. 2001; Walter 2011). NTFPs from mesquite such as medicine, fodder, flour alternatives and charcoal, are sold commercially on a large scale worldwide (Shackleton et al. 2014). However, mesquite also generates numerous costs in the same areas, which negatively affect local biodiversity, ecosystem services, economies and local livelihoods (Shackleton et al. 2014).
The services that these invasive alien species provide and the costs that they generate have resulted in conflicts regarding their use and management in many developing countries (Low 2012; van Wilgen and Richardson 2014). The introduction of new plants has been labelled as "dangerous aid" as many of these invasive non-native species harm the same communities that were targeted for assistance in the long term (Low 2012). The presumed benefits of these species limit management options and lead to contradictory policies in many developing countries, while costs associated with the invasions continue to rise. For example, in the Northern Cape province, South Africa, mesquite is listed as a "Category 3" invasive "species" which means that the genus may remain in the prescribed area/province, but further planting, propagation or trade is prohibited – expect for the pods from mesquite which are exempted, and may be used on private land. In other South African provinces, mesquite is a "Category 1" invader which means that invasive populations must be controlled (although the regulations do allow for ongoing use of pods) (NEM:BA, 2004; Act No. 10 of 2004: Alien and Invasive Lists 2014) (Department of Environmental Affairs 2014). This means that any trading of products derived from mesquite is illegal in South Africa. Similarly, policy in Kenya states that mesquite should be managed though utilisation to reduce rates of spread and impacts while at the same time benefitting local communities. This policy is controversial as it limits control options; for example biological control is excluded (Shackleton et al. 2014). Such policies that seek to reduce impacts while seeking to benefit communities are widespread in developing countries. The situation is very different in developed countries, where social upliftment does not feature in strategies for dealing with invasive species. In Australia, for example, mesquite is listed as a weed of national significance and legislation does not allow for utilisation (Australian Weeds Committee 2012). Similarly, European regulations issued in 2015 do not make it easy to utilise products from any invasive species (European Union 2014). Utilisation of natural resources is crucial for local livelihoods and social upliftment in developing countries (Shackleton and Shackleton 2004). Sustainable strategies for dealing with "conflict of interest" invasive species must address the relative value of useful invasive species, like mesquite.
The systematic study of the use and perceptions of invasive species relative to native species has been limited (Kull et al. 2011). People use many invasive species simply because they are there, and not to use them would be to forego an opportunity. This is exacerbated if the species provides a resource that is not available from native species (Shackleton et al. 2007a). However, the use and perceptions of conflict invasive species such as Australian acacias differ considerably in different areas (Kull et al. 2011). People often use both native and alien species for the same purposes, and it would be useful to understand the drivers and levels of such usage to develop policies that will minimise harm and maximise benefit. Both native and alien species must be considered when formulating broad conservation aims in rangelands (Milton et al. 2003). On the one hand the alien species could relieve pressure on native species, thus benefiting conservation. On the other hand, however, on-going invasion by the alien species could be very detrimental to native species and to ecosystem services. Furthermore, if the alien species is perceived to be useful, then there would be resistance to the implementation of control from those who benefit from the resource. A better understanding of the level of use, value and dynamics of NTPF uses and perceptions of invasive species is clearly important for formulating effective responses and to guide policy formation and management. The use of NTFPs is usually assumed to be sustainable, allowing for biodiversity conservation and economic development to co-exist (Negi et al. 2011), and this has been proposed for invasive species (Choge and Chikamai 2004). Sustainable outcomes are, however, rare. The situation is inevitably dynamic, with the net benefits that accrue shortly after introduction being steadily eroded as the species invades, resulting in net harm (van Wilgen and Richardson 2014). One needs to consider that even beneficial invasive species can also lead to negative externalities whereas native species do not. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that the use and perceptions on NTFPs from native and invasive species are incorporated in strategies dealing with invasive species to ensure that the needs of local communities are met while ensuring the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Mesquite invasions in South Africa provide a good case study for gaining further insights on these issues.
Several Prosopis species were introduced to a few localities in South Africa in the late 1800s. In the mid-1900s mesquite was widely promoted and planted by the Department of Agriculture as a fodder, fuelwood and shade resource to aid farmers who were struggling with a two-decade long drought in the arid parts of the country (Zimmermann 1991; Poynton 2009). Prosopis has since become the second most widespread invasive plant genus in South Africa after Australian acacias (van Wilgen et al. 2012). There is growing evidence that mesquite invasions in South Africa are having profound negative impacts on biodiversity (Dean et al. 2002; Steenkamp and Chown 1996; Schachtschneider and February 2013; Shackleton et al. 2015a, 2015b), ecosystem services (Ndhlovu et al. 2011; Dzikiti et al. 2013) and local livelihoods and economies (Wise et al. 2012; Shackleton et al. 2015c). Wise et al. (2012) estimated that the costs will soon exceed the benefits. Control efforts carried out to date have done little to arrest the rapid spread of invasive populations (van Wilgen et al. 2012). Three seed-feeding biological control agents (Algarobius prosopis, A. bottimeri and Neltumius arizonensis) have been released in South Africa, but have had limited effect. A. bottimeri failed to establish, and the other two have not substantially slowed rates of mesquite spread (Zachariades et al. 2011). Although almost 0.5 billion Rand (US$ 50 million) was spent on mechanical and chemical control measures between 1996 and 2008 (van Wilgen et al. 2012) by the state-run Working for Water programme, invasions continue to spread rapidly and the associated negative impacts continue to rise (Wise et al. 2012). Additionally, South Africa's policy for dealing with mesquite highlights the extent to which complexities still exist relating to the use and management of mesquite within South Africa with contradictory policy in different provinces. There is clearly an urgent need for a national mesquite management strategy as there are still conflicting ideas over the use and the benefit supply of the genus and the social and ecological costs it generates within South Africa. However, before more effective management policies can be developed, further insights would be required regarding the relative use, benefits and perceptions of this invasive tree in South Africa as well as to assess if other options are available if mesquite is better managed.
This study therefore compares (1) the use of NTFPs from native trees and mesquite by different stakeholders within the invasive range of mesquite in South Africa; and (2) perceptions surrounding mesquite and native tree NTFPs. It is hypothesised that; (1) mesquite is used more than native species due to introduction history and the fact that is it highly invasive and so widespread; (2) the introduction of mesquite has led to the prevision and use of novel resources in the area; and (3) mesquite will be perceived to be more useful than native species by local communities.
The study took place in 10 cities, towns and villages across South Africa's Northern Cape province (Fig. 1). This area covers the core of the invasive range of mesquite species in South Africa and represents a cross section of different environmental and socio-political conditions. Invasive stands of mesquite in South Africa comprise a complex mixture of several species and their hybrids (Mazibuko 2012), and we will simply refer to as "mesquite". The study included rural and urban areas and areas with private and communal land tenure. Sampled human settlements included large towns with over 50,000 people (Kimberly and Upington), smaller towns with between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants (Calvinia, Carnavon and Prieska), and towns and villages with fewer than 5000 people (Brandvlei, Loeriesfontein, Kenhardt, Mier and Madibeng).
The legacy of apartheid is still clearly reflected in the wealth, education, and distribution of different racial groups in the study area (Table 1) (Treiman 2007). Rural land is primarily owned by Whites and is run as game or livestock farms, although there are areas of communal land populated by Black and Coloured (mix-race) communities that were demarcated as "homelands" during the apartheid era. Stark contrasts are evident in urban areas, with moderately affluent suburbs (populated mainly by Whites) and informal settlements ("townships") populated by primarily Black and Coloured residents (Table 1). The economy of the region is based on mining, livestock, game and irrigated crop farming and tourism. The study area is semi-arid to arid, with mean annual rainfall averaging between 150 and 450 mm at different sites and falls within three biomes: the Succulent Karoo, Nama Karoo and Savanna (Mucina and Rutherford 2006).
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people from four main stakeholder groups - two in rural areas (land-owning farmers, and people living on communal lands) and two in urban areas (affluent suburbs and those living in poor informal settlements). These stakeholders provided a cross section of various groups who utilise natural resources and are influenced by mesquite. The interviews sought to uncover what NTFP products households used, the quantity of used, but also to understand perceptions and trends about the use of NTFPs from mesquite and native trees. Households were selected at random by conducting interviews with all available households on randomly selected streets - although some farmers were located through snowball sampling as many lived in towns rather than on their farms. The head of the household and/or those responsible for the collection of NTFPs were interviewed in their home language (Afrikaans, English, SeTswana, or isiXhosa). A translator was used for interviews in households where interviewees were not conversant in English.
A total of 639 household interviews were conducted across 10 sites between June and September 2014. These included 130 interviews with commercial farmers, 100 in rural communal land villages and 409 in urban areas – (276 in informal settlements, 133 in affluent town suburbs). Farmers were interviewed at all 10 sites. Respondents from urban informal settlements and urban affluent areas were not interviewed at Mier and Madibeng as these areas only had rural villages on communal lands. Sample sizes varied across the stakeholder groups and were based on the demographics of different groups and the availability and ease of access for household interviews (Shackleton et al. 2015a). Farms in the area are widely separated making it costly and time-consuming to do many interviews. Unemployment is high in urban informal areas, so it was possible to conduct interviews throughout the day. In most households in urban affluent areas all the adults in the household worked so interviews could only be conducted for an hour a day in the early evenings and on weekends.
The interviews were semi-structured and comprised three main sections: (1) information regarding the demographics of the respondent household; (2) questions relating to use of mesquite and native trees; and (3) questions relating to perceptions of NTFPs supplied by mesquite and native species, and changes in patterns of use over time. This allowed us to gather information on the products and species utilised, amounts used, and local prices which allowed for the calculation of direct use values.
The key resources obtained from trees included fuelwood, pods used for various products, and fencing poles. For households that had NTFPs at their houses, daily quantities were measured using a spring scale. Many households bought resources from local traders, and indications of amounts bought per time frame were gathered. Local prices were obtained from traders. Quantities that people bought were measured at the local traders. Many households did not have NTFPs available for measurement, but respondents were able to estimate their usage in common units such as donkey carts or bakkie (small truck/utility vehicle) loads per month or year. The contents of twelve bakkie loads and six donkey carts were weighed. This included eight bakkie loads of mesquite, two of Acacia erioloba and two of A. karroo wood and tree donkey carts of mesquite, two of A. erioloba and one of A. karroo wood. There were no significant differences in the mean weights of the different species. We standardised the data for wet bakkie loads (which still had fresh bark and were on average a third heavier) to that of dry bakkie loads by subtracting the mean difference between the two. The mean weight of a bakkie load of wood was 422 ± 119 kg. This is lower than the mean of 532 kg for three bakkie loads measured by Twine et al. (2003) - there was high variability based on the type of bakkie. The mean mass of a donkey cart load of wood was 156 ± 66 kg, marginally higher than the average of 132 kg per donkey cart found by Shackleton et al. (2006). Market values for fuel wood, honey and pods used to produce organic medicine were gathered from local traders at each of the study sites. Because there was no market for fodder and fencing poles, a substitute for mesquite pods for fodder -Lucerne pellets - was used (R 3.10 per kg) and the value of native tree fencing poles was substituted for 3 m-long Eucalyptus poles (R 40.00 per pole).
T-tests were used to compare the total use and value (numerical data) of native tree species relative to mesquite. One-Way ANOVAs and Tukey post-hoc tests were used to compare use and value (numerical data) between different stakeholder groups. Chi-squared tests were used to compare the differences between usage by stakeholder groups and perceptions of mesquite and native species for variables with categorical data. All assumptions for each test were examined before the tests were run. Some groups of products have very small sample sizes precluding statistical analysis.
Fuelwood was the most common NTFP collected or bought for both mesquite and native species (Table 2). The proportion of fuelwood from native species and mesquite varied between stakeholder groups, and fuelwood from native species was used more amongst three stakeholder groups but marginally less by those in Urban Informal settlements who use mesquite slightly more often. Annual household use and the economic value of the use did not differ between mesquite and native trees at a household level. However, total use and value of native species was higher as more households use native species for fuel wood as compared to mesquite. The mean price of fuelwood from native species (R 1.8/kg) was also slightly higher than that of mesquite fuelwood (R 1.4/kg). The overall household direct use value of native tree fuelwood across all stakeholders was 1.2 times higher than that of mesquite. Acacia erioloba, A. karroo and A. mellifera made up the bulk of native species used followed by Parkinsonia africana and Searsia lancea. The use of mesquite wood also differed between stakeholder groups (Table 2). Farmers used more mesquite fuelwood than other groups. There was no difference in use and value of mesquite between other groups. Annual use of wood and annual value of fuel wood from native species also differed between different stakeholders (Table 2). Farmers used the most, followed by residents in Communal Rural villages and there were no differences between the urban stakeholder groups who used substantially less than the rural stakeholders.
Mesquite provided more direct-use services than native trees (Table 3). This included the collection of pods for fodder, beer and the manufacture of an organic blood sugar stabiliser marketed as "Manna". Pods were collected by farmers and milled to break the seed, so that they could feed them to livestock while eliminating the risk of spreading the seeds in dung. The collection of pods to produce Manna was restricted to one town (Prieska). Some farmers also collected honey produced from mesquite flowers. Respondents also mentioned that children opportunistically ate the pods from mesquite, but this was not included in the study as children could not be included in the study for ethical reasons. In rural areas numerous native tree species were used to make fencing poles. The value of NTFPs other than fuelwood was approximately 9.4 times higher for mesquite than for native trees. However, fuelwood use overshadowed this and, all together, the value of direct use NTFP products of native trees averaged 1.1 times more than that of mesquite (Tables 2 and 3). Interestingly, no households in Urban Affluent areas used other (besides for fuelwood) NTFPs from mesquite or native tree species (Table 3).
Modes of obtaining NTFP products differed between stakeholder groups for both mesquite and native tree species (Fig. 2). Most farmers and people living in rural communal areas collected products from mesquite and native species themselves, whereas in urban areas most people purchased these products. The proportion of people selling NTFPs was very similar across all stakeholder groups with 2 %–3 % of people selling mesquite and native tree products in Rural Communal areas and Urban-Affluent areas and up to 7 % of respondents selling mesquite products from the Urban-Informal stakeholder group and 7 % of farmers selling native tree species products. Farmers and people from Urban Affluent areas normally had larger-scale operations compared to the more informal trade within the Rural Communal areas and Urban Informal areas and employed labourers to do the work, thus creating valuable jobs.
In general, most households viewed the products provided by mesquite as inferior to native species – particularly in the case of fuelwood (Fig. 3). There were several reasons for this, including that mesquite wood does not generate as much heat or form coals as well as many native species; mesquite logs have smaller diameters than those from native species; mesquite has thick thorns that some people consider poisonous, making it relatively difficult to harvest and utilise; when the mesquite wood is slightly wet it produces an unpleasant smoke, and the most commonly mentioned reason was that the wood is rapidly powdered by a boring insect as it dries (which means that large quantities of wood cannot be stored for long periods) (Table 4). A small percentage of respondents preferred mesquite to native species, because it produces a highly nutritious fodder; invasive mesquite stands are often closer and more accessible to towns (making wood collection cheaper and faster); and some households make beer out of the pods (Table 4). Another reason for preferring to use mesquite was because the wood could easily be collected from debris left by government-sponsored clearing projects. Many people in the Urban Affluent stakeholder group were unsure whether mesquite products were better than native tree products and had no particular preference (Fig. 3).
In general, most stakeholders were either using the same amount of mesquite or native tree species, or have decreased their use of fuel wood over the last 10 years (Fig. 4). The primary reasons for reduced use – particularly in Urban-Informal settlements and in Rural Communal villages – is the recent electrification of these areas, and increased incomes through grants enabling many people to move to alternative energy sources such as electricity and gas. Only a small proportion of people in all stakeholder groups have increased their use of mesquite or native trees for NTFPs. Reasons for increased use include: bigger families driving a greater demand for wood, and the lower cost of fuel wood compared to electricity. Some people have increased their use of mesquite compared to native trees as the mesquite has spread rapidly making the wood are more accessible. Some farmers have also increased their use of mesquite as they are making more effort to control it and so use the wood of trees that have been cut down. Most people in Urban-Affluent areas used the wood primarily for barbeques, a strong tradition in the area, and are using about the same amount of wood as in the past.
Many previous studies of NTFP use from invasive alien plants have focused only on the use value of a single species and provided no comparisons with usage of native species (Chikuni et al. 2004; de Neergaard et al. 2005; Shackleton et al. 2007c; Shackleton et al. 2011). Such a comparison is important to illustrate the potential value invasive species can provide but also gives insight into the other alternatives and the potential opportunity costs of their use. This study has shown that the direct use and value of resources provided by an introduced "wonder plant" which has now become a major invader - mesquite - is not as high as high as that of native trees in the arid parts of South Africa. This suggests that the benefits provided by mesquite are not as high as previously assumed, and with rising costs associated with spreading invasions, management interventions to reduce the extent and density of mesquite are becoming increasingly justifiable.
We hypothesised that mesquite would be used more than native species. Our findings indicate, however, that native species – particularly Acacia species - provide higher value for direct household use to local stakeholders than mesquite provides (Tables 2 and 3). The bulk of this use is for fuelwood which is the most commonly utilised NTFP in other parts of South Africa as well (Twine 2005; Davenport et al. 2012). This suggests that mesquite is less useful than previously assumed. It also means that the pressure on native tree populations remains high as they are still being utilised and are being displaced by invasive mesquite (Schachtschneider and February 2013; Shackleton et al. 2015b, 2015c).
We hypothesised that the introduction of mesquite would lead to the provision and use of novel resources in the area, which it has, as mesquite provides a greater diversity of products than native trees in the study area. The most important novel resource is pods which are valued for fodder and to a smaller extent for the production of an organic medicine and brewing alcohol (in one town) (Table 3). This study did not quantify the value of consumption of pods by livestock in rangelands, although this is high (Wise et al. 2012). However, any assessment of the value of pods as fodder would have to factor in the loss of grazing where mesquite invades (Ndhlovu et al. 2011), as well as the role of livestock in spreading mesquite seeds in their dung (Shiferaw et al. 2004).
We hypothesised that the natural resources provided by mesquite would be preferred to those of native trees. However, our findings indicate that the majority of stakeholders prefer native trees over mesquite and see products of native species as superior (Fig. 3). This is mainly because the wood quality of mesquite is perceived as poor for the reasons highlighted in Table 4, and fuel wood is the most widely used NTFP in the area. In Ethiopia when production of charcoal was legalised in an attempt to control mesquite through utilization, locals substituted mesquite with native Acacia tortilis and A. nilotica because these native species produced larger boles, had smaller spines and were easier to harvest, and because there were perceptions that the smoke from mesquite was poisonous (A. Witt: unpublished data). This provides another example illustrating that native species are favoured over mesquite, and highlights that planting alien species is unlikely to replace the use of native species, or to protect them. The supply of pods (a novel resource) from mesquite was the main reason why a small percentage of respondents preferred mesquite over native trees. Mesquite fuelwood was also favoured not because of its quality but because it could more easily be accessed. This has been noted elsewhere; for example, wood from A. mearnsii was perceived to be of lower quality than native species in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, but because it was more abundant close to villages it was used more (Shackleton et al. 2007a). Different perceptions relating to the use of natural resources of invasive species therefore often relate to their abundance, proximity, novelty, social contexts, factors surrounding introductions, cultural preferences and the opportunity costs of not using them (Shackleton et al. 2007a; Kull et al. 2011).
Most previous studies have assessed patterns of use within defined socio-economic groups (Twine et al. 2003; Shackleton et al. 2007c; Paumgarten and Shackleton 2009; Davenport et al. 2012; Thondhlana et al. 2012), and not between groups. Our study revealed that use patterns, methods of obtaining the resources, and use over time varied between stakeholders within different social-economic and land tenure contexts (Tables 2 and 3; Figs. 2, 3 and 4). We found that those living closer to invasions (farmers and people in rural communal land villages) mainly collected the NTFPs themselves, whereas people in urban areas relied more on purchasing these resources. People living in more rural areas also used a higher value of NTFPs compared to those in urban areas. Interestingly, the traditionally poorer stakeholders are moving away from use of fuelwood (Fig. 4) as they adopt alternative energy sources such as electricity, gas and paraffin. The decreasing reliance on natural products has also been highlighted in other parts of South Africa, and has been linked to increased electrification and increased incomes especially through state grants and pensions (Shackleton et al. 2013). However, other sources suggest that the use of NTFPs, especially on a commercial scale, is increasing in some areas (Twine 2005). Those in wealthier stakeholder groups still use similar amounts of NTFPs as there is a strong culture of using wood for barbequing.
Wise et al. (2012) estimated that mesquite invasions were providing a net benefit to local communities in South Africa, but that a net loss will result shortly as mesquite trees continue to spread. Although mesquite is providing about half of the farmers in the Northern Cape with a mean direct-use value R 2 000 per annum, the mean expenditure of farmers to control mesquite is over R 20 000 per farm per annum (Shackleton et al. 2015a). Mesquite invasions have also led to numerous other social, ecological and economic costs such as negative impacts on water, grazing potential, biodiversity and infrastructure that have not been fully valued (Ndhlovu et al. 2011; Dzikiti et al. 2013; Shackleton et al. 2015a, 2015c). This suggests that mesquite invasions in South Africa generate more costs than benefits. Some argue that mesquite invasions play a positive role in that they reduce the use and pressure on native trees (Food and Agriculture Organisation FAO 2004). However, mesquite invasions are having large-scale negative impacts on native tree population stability, abundance, density and mortality in South Africa (Schachtschneider and February 2013; Shackleton et al. 2015b, 2015c) and natives are still being harvested in preference to mesquite. Native trees will therefore decline as mesquite stands become more widespread and dense, possibly more so than as a result of direct harvesting. In Kenya, mesquite is negatively impacting populations of native species that supply specialised NTFPs, e.g., a palm (Hyphaene compressa) used for weaving and thatching (Stave et al. 2007).
This study, focussing on invasive mesquite species, illustrates the benefit of understanding the conflicts of interest caused by invasive species within the developing world, and how understanding natural resource use is important for informing policy and management. We suggest that similar studies in other parts of the world would help to highlight the relative values of the resources provided by invasive species and to determine whether invasive alien species provide any unique resources that may be affected by management. Our study has shown that people preferentially use native species over mesquite and are decreasing their reliance's on natural resources from trees in general. It also highlights that alternative native species are available, if mesquite was substantially reduced through more effective management. Current policy in South Africa is attempting to simultaneously maximise benefits and minimise harm, but this approach is likely to lead to growing negative impacts and continued spread. It would be better to base policy direction on overall net benefit or loss. Wise et al. (2012) predicted that a situation of net losses would arise soon, and that the magnitude of the net loss would grow rapidly as mesquite continues to spread. It would therefore appear to be better to adapt policy and treat mesquite as an undesirable invasive species everywhere (category 1), and consider using more damaging biological control agents (not only seed-attacking insects).
We thank all the participants who were interviewed and the translators for their hard work. This research was supported by the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology and Working for Water Programme through their collaborative research project on "Integrated management of invasive alien species in South Africa" and the National Research Foundation (grant 85417 to DMR).
All authors conceived the study. RTS collected the data, performed statistical analysis. All authors helped to draft manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


In KICKING & SCREAMING, funny man Will Ferrell's (OLD SCHOOL, ANCHORMAN: THE LEGEND OF RON BURGUNDY) humorous man-child antics meet actual kids on the soccer pitch. He plays vitamin salesman Phil Weston, a sensitive man easily capable of both crying and sewing. Unfortunately for Phil, these qualities have never quite endeared him to his tough-as-nails father, Buck (Robert Duvall) who will stop at nothing to one-up Phil. He goes so far as benching Phil's 10-year-old son--his own grandson--on the youth soccer team he coaches. Upon Phil's begging to get his son more playing time, Buck trades his grandson to the last-place team, the Tigers. Not just any normal cellar-dwelling outfit, the Tigers feature a cast of lovable losers who prefer eating worms and telling jokes to playing soccer. When the Tigers' coach leaves, putting the season on the line, an inexperienced Phil steps in to helm his son's new team. With help from Buck's neighbor and rival, real-life football coach Mike Ditka--hilariously playing himself--the Tigers turn their season around. Fueled by a raging caffeine habit, Phil starts to overly obsess with beating Buck, losing sight of why he took the job in the first place--to be a better dad to his own son. Director Jesse Dylan (AMERICAN WEDDING) is a natural for the storyline, being famed musician Bob Dylan's son. Farrell, for once, is content to play straight arrow to the crazy tykes in the first half of the film, before he unleashes his trademark zaniness in the latter half. Those attributes alone, along with fun-loving family themes, make KICKING & SCREAMING a treat for fans both young and old.


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Austin • 512-478-4795 • www.austinfilmfestival.com The Austin Film Festival furthers the art and craft of filmmaking by "inspiring and championing the work of screenwriters, filmmakers, and all artists who use the language of film to tell a story." The annual event attracts top movie executives, producers, screenwriters, and filmmakers.
Austin Convention Center, Austin • 512-467-7979 • www.sxsweco.com Join others who are passionate about the earth, seeking innovative solutions to move us beyond sustainability. Professionals from all walks of life gather to seek solutions on how to operate and stay green.
Austin • 512-477-4055 • www.texasbookfestival.org Established in 1995 by former First Lady Laura Bush – a former librarian and ardent literacy supporter – the Texas Book Festival celebrates authors and their contributions to the culture of literacy, ideas and imagination. The Festival has become one of the premier literary events in the country, annually hosting more than 200 Texan and nationally known authors. Approximately 40,000 visitors participate annually in a weekend of author readings and presentations, panel discussions, book signings, and musical entertainment. The Festival is held on the State Capitol grounds and surrounding venues.


text:
Road Trip? Don't Forget The 'Naki
July 15, 2021 July 19, 2021 / By nzrentacar / News, Updates & Fun Facts About Vehicle Rentals
When it comes to North Island driving holidays, we can provide an affordable, comfortable and reliable vehicle that is spacious enough to fit all of you in style – whether there are just two of you or a larger group. And when it comes to where you'll go during your North Island road trip, the range of choices is just as extensive as our vehicle fleet. The most popular places include the Bay of Islands, Coromandel, Rotorua, Waitomo, Hawkes Bay wine regions, and Wellington.
However, while we love all of those destinations, we recommend that you drive the road less travelled sometimes. It's often less crowded and can surprise you with some hidden gems. One of those places is Taranaki. The Surf Highway is a stretch of coastal road between New Plymouth and Hawera and it packs a lot of highlights into its relatively short 105-kilometre stretch. For example, Lake Rotomanu near New Plymouth is a man-made lake with a lovely scenic trail around it but the main reason for stopping here is to capture a postcard-perfect shot of Mount Taranaki in the background.
The Waiwhakaiho River is another must-see on any Taranaki excursion. There are surf breaks on either side of the river mouth and you can access the award-winning Coastal Walkway from here. On the way, you'll see the striking Te Rewa Rewa Bridge; it's shaped like a whale skeleton or a breaking wave, depending on which way you look at it.
Just off the Surf Highway, and right in the heart of New Plymouth is the Taranaki Thermal Pools, and at a cooler time of year, they're the perfect place to unwind and warm up after a day on the road. If you're feeling a little more energetic, nearby Paritutu Rock lets you climb to the top for incredible views all along the wild and rugged Taranaki coast.
A little further out of town, heading southwards, the Surf Highway has several access points to walks in Egmont National Park, with Mount Taranaki always at the centre of things. For example, Sefton Track is a two to three-hour loop that leaves at Lucy's Gully just south of Oakura and the longer Waimoku Track is renowned for its views of the North Island's West Coast as well as the iconic cone-shaped mountain. While you're in the Oakura area, check out the SS Gairloch shipwreck just off the beach at Timaru Road. This coastal steamer ran aground in 1903 and is a stark reminder of how punishing the Taranaki coast can be.
These are just a few reasons why the 'Naki should be on your list of places to visit when you rent a car from us in Auckland and head away on your North Island motoring holiday. You'll be pleased you headed west!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: .htaccess rule for language detection in subdirectory I have an URL that is https://www.myurl.com/subdir/language/login.php .
The "language" parameter is not an existing subfolder. The folder structure is:
root/subdir/.htaccess
As you can see the .htaccess file is located in https://www.myurl.com/subdir/.htaccess
I would like to do a .htaccess Rewrite Rule in order to change the called uri:
https://www.myurl.com/subdir/en/login (without .php)
to:
https://www.myurl.com/subdir/login.php?lng=en
My current apporach is:
# MultiViews must be disabled for the rewrite to work
Options -MultiViews
# Turn on the rewriting engine
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /subdir/

RewriteRule (en|de)(/login)$ login.php?lng=$1 [L]

But when I call the URI https://www.myurl.com/subdir/en/login I get an http error code 404.

A:
Yes thats it! One more question, what if the scenario is all the same, but I would like to get the (en/de) in front of /subdir/ ? So the url would be myurl.com/en/subdir/login:

In this case rule must be placed in site root .htaccess instead of subdir/.htaccess with this rule:
Options -MultiViews
RewriteEngine On

RewriteRule ^(en|de)/(subdir/login)/?$ $2.php?lng=$1 [L,QSA,NC]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


But my intentions have changed, partially because of several Twitter-sations I've been involved in lately with MoJo (@MoriahJovan), Theric (@thmazing), and William (@motleyvision) about Mormon lit. In fact, Saturday I came to this realization (in a series of Tweets): after wondering how the Mormon literary community has "been having the same critical conversation for 30 years," I pursued the thought that part of this may stem from the relative invisibility of the community's non-prescriptive critical cache—that is, the offline venues through which Mormon literary criticism has developed/been presented and published. Dialogue, Irreantum, and Sunstone contain some of this work, but I sense I'm missing something because I don't have access to the thirty years worth of proceedings from the AML annual meeting.
As a corollary to this epiphany, I realized that, for some reason, much of the online conversation about Mormon lit centers on drawing boundaries for the enterprise rather than on discussing specific works in a critical way. And, more importantly, that I need to spend more time exploring specific works of Mormon lit. So with this in mind, I'm springboarding into that renewed commitment today by (re)posting a short reading I offered on my own blog of Emma Lou Thayne's poem, "The Rose Jar," a text ripe with the tensions of memory and community and that I've read against another text of similar ripeness.
And with that: on we go.
-T.S. Eliot, "," line 17.
The poet's job, then, this implies, is to pursue the footfalls of memory into places we've never been. "But to what purpose," he asks, does "[d]isturbing the dust on a[n imagined] bowl of rose-leaves" serve (16-7)? Why pursue these "echoes / [that i]nhabit the garden[?] Shall we [indeed] follow" them "through the ["¦] gate" of meaning; "[i]nto our first world, shall we follow / The deception of the thrush?" (17-8, 20-2). And yet the voyage into and through deception, he suggests, is the end "which is always present" (48). So perhaps, though the past is ultimately "unredeemable," we can redeem ourselves, our identities, as the poet's efforts suggest, in the myriad possible passageways of and rhetorical passages written by memory.
Emma Lou Thayne takes this poetic cue in "The Rose Jar" wherein she quite literally (if we can take her at her word) disturbs the dust in her grandma's jar of rose petals, stirring up the fragrance of rose and memory as she runs her fingers and her mind over the intricate surface of the "four inch cloisonne [jar] on pointed golden legs / fat as a Buddha tummy" (lines 9-10). Finding this jar in the "cedar drawer" of her "Grandma's standing metal trunk" (1-2), she enters the intersection of several memories, some her own, some others'. The cedar musk reminds her of "some Arabian tale read by Father / in the hall between bedrooms to say goodnight" (5-6); the rose petals call forth "five generations of fragile crinkles" in lives "once supple, fresh," but now only "fragile" memories (7-8); the jar itself inspires visions of "centuries of Chinese hav[ing] their way" in an intricate culture, their "careful hands […] pluck[ing] each [intricate] piece in place" (18-9); and the fragrance of it all, of this "holy mash," becomes "tiny gusts / of history waft[ing]" community rituals—"the gatherings of births, graduations, / weddings, funerals, celebrations"—"into decades collecting / but never filling [the jar] to the top," instead infusing the space of life, of memory with the "subtle, still surprising breath of God" (20-7).
And that, I think, is one reason we disturb the dust on a bowl of rose-leaves: because doing so draws us together in bonds of imagination, kinship, and shared memory, such that, like Adam and Eve, we are infused with the breath of God and so become living souls, living communities.
And that, I think, is one thing poets and poetry, critics and criticism are for.
For the record, I enjoy the boundary drawing and theorizing too. But I think that also needs to be paired with deep engagement with texts.
That's really, in fact, part of what motivated me to start the three Friday features that I (try to) run on AMV: Short Story Friday, Payday Poetry and Weekend (Re)Visitor. Granted, the conversation around those doesn't always yield grand insights. On the other hand, I almost always learn something from the exercise either from my own readings or from the comments that are made by others. In particular, this last go round with Salvador really brought out some aspects to the novel that I had missed and that make it a much richer, more important work than it already is, in my opinion.
It's also why I try to review every issue of Irreantum (even if the review comes late).
And not to be flippant about your reading, which I think is great, but I also have to add that: disturbing the dust can also cause us to sneeze — and sneezes are both funny and orgasmic and a bit terrifying. Plus there's the danger of the devil sneaking in, which is why we say (God) bless you.
Good point. Since I'm 2200 miles away from BYU's library, I've been planning to make copies of all the annuals on a future visit or have someone do it for me.
I would have thought that the AML would at least get the Tables of Content for the annuals on line. Heck, if I had copies of the TOCs from each year, I'd prepare the file for them. It doesn't take that long!
That would be awesome, Kent. I'm feeling this lack as well.
The only issues I have are 1983, 2000, 2001 and 2003. I'll try to get copies or scans of the TOCs of other years. If I can get a significant portion of the total, I'll go ahead and compile a TOC for all years, post it here and offer it to the AML.
I may have the same issues you do (2000, 2001, 2003), but I'll see if I can track mine down and fill in any gaps (I might have 2002).
As do I, which is one reason I decided to get more textual today instead of engaging Givens' taxonomy as I'd like to—that is, in conjunction with literary texts. (I plan to come back to that as I continue to develop my theoretical perspective, but right now I have neither the time nor the intellectual reserves to get the job done as I'd like to. Darn grad school.) That's something I don't think Givens does particularly well in People of Paradox: use his taxonomy as a means of engagement with the cultural history he presents in the second half of book. I also think his tensions could be pushed a bit further in some instances, but that's something for another post.
As for your reading of dust and rose leaves and such: I like it. That's something I hadn't considered in my own engagement of the poem.
That would be awesome, Kent.
I second that, both hands waving in the air.


Yoni Eggs are beautifully hand craved from the highest quality semi-precious gemstones. They are traditionally known - have been used in ancient China for thousands of years. The Egg Practice is a profound journey of self-discovery for women. Yoni Eggs are for toning the pelvic floor muscles, which is great for pre-childbirth to help your muscles and post-childbirth to aid in faster recovery for your pelvic floor muscles. If you suffer from incontinence or have had any trauma to your sexual organs, or need to restore your hormonal balance these eggs and exercises are a wonderful aid.
Yoni eggs are none exchangeable or refundable.


text:
Virginia hospital hosts superhero-themed COVID-19 vaccine clinic
'Be a superhero and get your COVID-19 vaccine'
By: WTVR CBS 6 Web Staff
HENRICO COUNTY, Va. -- Henrico Doctor's Hospital held a superhero-themed vaccine clinic for kids Sunday.
"Be a superhero and get your COVID-19 vaccine," was the theme as healthcare workers donned costumes and capes while children ages 5 to 11 rolled up their sleeves.
"We really want to promote to the community vaccine support. And doing so with children, it's natural to do it with a super power," Canaan Stage, Henrico Doctor's Hospital VP of Women's and Children's Services, said. "So today I traded my suit for my Thor outfit and slightly longer hair, which I apologize is a little messy today."
Children got to play video games and take part in activities during that waiting period after they received their injection.
Seven-year-old Jamie, was immunized at the clinic, encouraged other kids to get the shot.
"It really doesn't hurt because the pain doesn't feel like anything," Jamie said. "And it's pretty much all in my mind, which is what my mom keeps telling me."
The hospital is planning a similar themed vaccine event next month.
Here's a look at child vaccination rates in Richmond, Henrico and Chesterfield:
WTVR
As of Sunday, 41.9% of 5 to 17-year-olds in the state have received at least one dose of the vaccine, according to the Virginia Department of Health.
For Virginia's 18+ population, 87.0% had received at least one dose of the vaccine and 76.6% of that 18+ population was considered fully vaccinated, according to the health department.
The U.S. opened COVID-19 vaccine boosters Friday to all adults, and urged them for anyone 50 and older, in hopes simplifying what has been a confusing list of who's eligible.
Now for anyone 18 or older, the only requirement is to be at least six months past their last dose of a Pfizer or Moderna vaccine or two months past the single-dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
The government is trying to get ahead of rising coronavirus cases that experts fear could snowball into a winter surge with upcoming holiday travel.
Mass COVID-19 vaccination clinic at Richmond Raceway.
Virginians age 5+ are eligible for COVID-19 vaccine. Pre-registration is no longer required, so go to Vaccine Finder to search for specific vaccines available near you or call 877-VAX-IN-VA (877-275-8343).
Depend on CBS 6 News and WTVR.com for the most complete coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Have You Been Fully Vaccinated?
People are considered fully vaccinated:
2 weeks after their second dose in a 2-dose series, such as the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, or
2 weeks after a single-dose vaccine, such as Johnson & Johnson's Janssen vaccine
What you can and should not do once you have been fully vaccinated.
How to Protect Yourself and Others When You've Been Fully Vaccinated
COVID-19 vaccines are effective at protecting you from getting sick. Based on what we know about COVID-19 vaccines, people who have been fully vaccinated can start to do some things that they had stopped doing because of the pandemic.
We're still learning how vaccines will affect the spread of COVID-19. After you've been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, you should keep taking precautions—like wearing a mask, staying 6 feet apart from others, and avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated spaces—in public places until we know more.
These recommendations can help you make decisions about daily activities after you are fully vaccinated. They are not intended for healthcare settings.
Click here for more information from the Virginia Department of Health.
Copyright 2021 Scripps Media, Inc. The Associated Press contributed to this report. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
COVID-19: Depend on WTVR.com and CBS 6 News for complete, in-depth coverage of the pandemic
Vaccinating Virginia Quick Links
Virginians aged 6 months+ are eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine:
Find specific locations/vaccines at Vaccine Finder website
Call 877-VAX-IN-VA (877-275-8343)
What you can do when you've been fully vaccinated
What you should keep doing
COVID-19 Quick Links
Virginia Department of Health COVID-19 Updates
CDC's COVID-19 Data Tracker
CDC: How to Protect Yourself and Others
Depend on WTVR.com and CBS 6 News for complete coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic.
💁Love good news? Meet the Heroes Among Us.


text:
Q: Como chamar um aplicativo nativo? Preciso chamar a calculadora a partir do clique em um botão, como posso fazer isto? Estou tendo dificuldades, sou iniciante em Android e me perdi completamente na implementação deste código.

A: A dificuldade é que alguns fabricantes substituem a calculadora-padrão do Android puro (pacote com.android.calculator2) por seus próprios aplicativos, que ficam em um pacote diferente, aí fica difícil adivinhar qual é o pacote da calculadora.
Mas você pode tentar localizar a calculadora-padrão assim:
ArrayList<HashMap<String,Object>> items =new ArrayList<HashMap<String,Object>>();
final PackageManager pm = getPackageManager();
List<PackageInfo> packs = pm.getInstalledPackages(0);
for (PackageInfo pi : packs) {
    if( pi.packageName.toString().toLowerCase().contains("calcul")){
        HashMap<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>();
        map.put("appName", pi.applicationInfo.loadLabel(pm));
        map.put("packageName", pi.packageName);
        items.add(map);
    }
}

e em seguida pode chamar o aplicativo fazendo:
if(items.size()>=1){
    String packageName = (String) items.get(0).get("packageName");
    Intent i = pm.getLaunchIntentForPackage(packageName);
    if (i != null) {
        startActivity(i);
    } else{
        // Aplicativo não encontrado
    }
}

Fonte: SOen

A: Nesta postagem http://www.intertech.com/Blog/android-intents-for-app-integration-call-a-calculator-play-video-open-an-editor/ encontrei o seguinte código:
Voce tera que usar Intent, adicione estas variaveis a sua classe MyActivity:
private static final String CALCULATOR_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.calculator2";
private static final String CALCULATOR_CLASS_NAME   = "com.android.calculator2.Calculator";

Adicione este metodo junto aos demais metodos:
public void launchCalculator()
{
    Intent intent = new Intent();
    intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_MAIN);
    intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_LAUNCHER);
    intent.setComponent(new Component Name(CALCULATOR_PACKAGE_NAME,
                                            CALCULATOR_CLASS_NAME));

    try {
        this.start Activity(intent);
    } catch (ActivityNotFoundException noSuchActivity) {
        // handle exception where calculator intent filter is not registered
    }
}

Voce usar launchCalculator no evento click do seu botão, por exemplo:
     final Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.ID_DO_SEU_BOTAO);
     button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
         public void onClick(View v) {
             launchCalculator(); //Chama o Intent
         }
     });

Faz algum tempo que nao trabalho com Java e Android, posso ter errado algo no codigo, me avise se falhar.

*

*Leia sobre Intent: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html

*Leia sobre Java: https://pt.stackoverflow.com/tags/java/info

*Exemplos android: http://developer.android.com/samples/index.html


text:
Pleocoma badia är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Henry Clinton Fall 1917. Pleocoma badia ingår i släktet Pleocoma och familjen Pleocomidae. Utöver nominatformen finns också underarten P. b. hirsuta.

Källor

Skalbaggar
badia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home » Biographies » Foote, Arthur (1853-1937)
Foote, Arthur (1853-1937)
Posted on February 21, 2014 by Susan Ritchie
Arthur Foote (5 March 1853 – 4 April 1937) was an American classical composer, and a member of the "Boston Six." The other five were George Whitefield Chadwick, Amy Beach, Edward MacDowell, John Knowles Paine, and Horatio Parker.
The modern tendency is to view Foote's music as "Romantic" and "European" in light of the later generation of American composers such as Aaron Copland, Roy Harris and William Schuman, all of whom helped to develop a recognizably American sound in classical music. In some sense, then, he is to music what American poets were to literature before Walt Whitman.
Foote was an early advocate of Brahms and Wagner and promoted performances of their music. Foote was an active music teacher and wrote a number of pedagogical works, including Modern Harmony in Its Theory and Practice (1905), written with Walter R. Spalding. It was republished as Harmony (1969). He also wrote Some Practical Things in Piano-Playing (1909) and Modulation and Related Harmonic Questions (1919). He contributed many articles to music journals, including "Then and Now, Thirty Years of Musical Advance in America" in Etude (1913) and "A Bostonian Remembers" in Musical Quarterly (1937).
Contemporary Information
A good part of Foote's compositions consists of chamber music and these works are generally among his best. The Chamber Music Journal, discussing Foote's chamber music, has written, "If his name is not entirely unknown, it is fair to say that his music is. This is a shame. Foote's chamber music is first rate, deserving of regular public performance." His Piano Quintet, Op.38 and Piano Quartet, Op.23, are singled out for special praise. With regard to the Piano Quintet, the author writes, "Each of the movements is a gem. The Scherzo is particularly fine and the rousing finale beyond reproach. I believe that the only reason this work never received the audience it deserved and deserves is because it was written by an American who was 'out of the loop.'" As for the Piano Quartet, the opinion is that "it is as good as any late 19th century piano quartet."
Resources Recommended by Harvard Square Library
Tawa, Nicholas E. Arthur Foote: A Musician in the Frame of Time and Place. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997.


text:
Two new KAWS exhibitions to open simultaneously
By Mark Westall • 11 March 2018
Not one but two KAWS exhibitions in Tokyo and Hong Kong at Perrotin galleries simultaneously. Continuing in the tradition of Pop Art, KAWS work crosses painting, sculpture and printmaking along with fashion, merchandise and toy production while drawing upon art history and popular culture.
In his paintings, KAWS deconstructs his appropriation of iconic characters into forms that draw on the tradition of abstract painting. KAWS is a product of and an answer to the Pop legacy left behind by famous progenitors such as Andy Warhol and Claes Oldenburg, and he shares ground with the Japanese eclectic film and print maker Keiichi Tanaami and the American satirical painter Peter Saul.
Together with Jeff Koons and Takashi Murakami, KAWS spearheads the contemporary Pop contingent1. As both disciples and rebels they have absorbed the lesson of historical Pop art, and have revised it in light of contemporary societal shifts. Pop is in fact a movement, which was never canonised as such by its makers (most artists refute categorically the Pop label), but was always premised on a constant engagement with the everyday. This makes it extremely malleable and fluid, capable of constantly reinventing itself according to the socio-political reality in which it operates. As such it has the potential of being more accessible to a wider public, yet remains firmly rooted in the vision of the individual artist. KAWS' practice is emblematic of this stance. He sets up a cast of faithful characters, with names such as COMPANION and CHUM, and sets them loose in different fields.
Still firmly entrenched in a Pop legacy, COMPANION—as does most of KAWS' work—provides a glimpse into Pop's contemporary evolution. No longer simply lifting iconic images and reinterpreting them, familiar characters undergo an overhaul and become something other. They are transformed into KAWS characters, depersonalised and repersonalised, ready to conquer the worlds of commerce and fine art.
By personalising the quintessential Pop icon, KAWS converts a branded figure into his own brand ambassador. Keith Haring with his radiant baby and Jeff Koons with his stainless steel bunny had devised a similar approach to Pop, moving away from pre-existing iconic figures and devising a set of unique characters to carry the flag of their trademark.
Flavia Frigeri
Extract of KAWSIFICATION OF THE UNIVERSE published in "KAWS – Yorkshire Sculpture Park", 2016. Flavia Frigeri is an Art Historian and Curator, currently Teaching Fellow and PhD candidate in the History of Art department at University College London. Previously she served as a Curator, International Art (2014-16) and Assistant Curator (2011-14) at Tate Modern, where she worked on exhibitions, acquisitions and permanent collection displays.
KAWS Mar 22 – May 12, 2018 Art Opening on Mar 22, 2018 – 5 – 7 pm Piramide Building, 1F, 6-6-9 Roppongi, Minato-Ku 106-0032 Tokyo Japan Opening Monday March 26, 11am -7pm March 26 – May 19 +
HONG KONG 50 CONNAUGHT ROAD CENTRAL, 17TH FLOOR – HONG KONG Opening Monday March 26, 11am -7pm
March 26 – May 19.
www.perrotin.com
More KAWS on FAD
KAWS (b. 1974, Jersey City, New Jersey; lives and works in Brooklyn), has exhibited internationally in major museums. His most recent solo exhibitions include KAWS: WHERE THE END STARTS at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth and Yuz Museum, Shanghai; and Yorkshire Sculpture Park and Longside Gallery (2016). His work has also been the subject of solo exhibitions at the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, Brooklyn Museum, New York, Centro de Arte Contemporáneo, Málaga, Spain, Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and the High Art Museum, Atlanta.
Perrotin


Commitment in Criminal Case No. 11781: United States vs. Gus Gargotta, Hallitt Perkins, Willie Cox, Fred Sorisso and George Evans, defendants. The document reports that Gus Gargotta was charged in four counts with violating the Prohibition Act. He entered a plea of guilty to the first count and was sentenced to serve two months at the Buchanan County Jail in St. Joseph, Missouri. Gargotta was delivered to the jailer on December 23, 1932.


text:
Q: Check whether each character in string is valid I am trying to create a method in java that would tell whether string is well formed. Each character in a string should be equal to one of the pre-defined characters and nothing else.
First character should be equal to one of the values in first array.
Second character should be equal to one of the values in columns array.
Third character should be equal to one of the values in rows array.
Fourth character should be equal to one of the values in fourth array.
I have this code so far.
public static boolean formedGoodOrNot(String input) {
    char[] first = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'};
    int[] columns = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
    char[] rows = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'};
    int[] fourth = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
    if(input.length()==4) {
      for (int j = 0; j < first.length+1; ) {
        for (int k = 0; k < columns.length+1; ) {
          for (int l = 0; l < rows.length+1; ) {
            for (int m = 0; m < fourth.length+1; ) {
              if (input.charAt(0) == first[j]) {
                if (input.charAt(1) == columns[k]) {
                  if (input.charAt(2) == rows[l]) {
                    if (input.charAt(3) == fourth[m]) {
                      return true;
                    } else{
                      m++;
                    }
                  } else {
                    l++;
                  }
                } else{
                  k++;
                }
              } else{
                j++;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    } else{
      return false;
    }
    return false;
  }

However, it gives me an error

java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 12

What is wrong here?
Thank you

A: All of your index checks should be
< first.length;

not
< first.length+1;

etc...
For example, your first array is 0..11 and your are accessing 12.
BTW Welcome to Stack Overflow!
public static boolean formedGoodOrNot(String input) {
    char[] first = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'};
    int[] columns = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
    char[] rows = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'};
    int[] fourth = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
    if(input.length()==4) {
      for (int j = 0; j < first.length; ) {
        for (int k = 0; k < columns.length; ) {
          for (int l = 0; l < rows.length; ) {
            for (int m = 0; m < fourth.length; ) {
              if (input.charAt(0) == first[j]) {
                if (input.charAt(1) == columns[k]) {
                  if (input.charAt(2) == rows[l]) {
                    if (input.charAt(3) == fourth[m]) {
                      return true;
                    } else{
                      m++;
                    }
                  } else {
                    l++;
                  }
                } else{
                  k++;
                }
              } else{
                j++;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    } else{
      return false;
    }
    return false;
  }

A: REGEX
You should use regex for this purpose! The regex matching this pattern is :
^[a-l][1-8][A-D][0-7]$
Now you just gotta plug this into a function :
 private static final Pattern PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^[a-l][1-8][A-D][0-7]$");

 public boolean formedGoodOrNot(String input) {
     return PATTERN.matcher(input).matches();
 }

and there you go, much more readable and short than your implementation!
Edit
To understand how this regex works, please check out this link that explains it : https://regex101.com/r/SDlnzi/1/

A: Since your question is What is wrong here?, let's have a look:

*

*Your loops are nested before you check each character, causing unnecessary checks. Hint: You don't need to enter the loops for the 2nd, 3rd or 4th character when the 1st isn't valid.

*Two of those arrays contain ints, not chars, yet you simply compare the chars in the String with the int values, which doesn't work.

*You compare your counters with length+1 instead of length, thus going out of bounds. (The length of those arrays isn't length+1, it's length.)

*You have an infinite loop for any invalid String that starts with at least one valid character, as you only increment the counter in the else branch, but have no break/return condition for a partially invalid String.

A: You've used nested for loops which is not necessary for your problem. And also array.length + 1 is causing the exception to throw. It should be array.length.
        char[] first = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'};
        int[] columns = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
        char[] rows = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'};
        int[] fourth = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};

        boolean firstTest;
        boolean columnTest;
        boolean rowsTest;
        boolean fourthTest;

        if(input.length()==4) {
          for (int j = 0; j < first.length; j++){
               if (input.charAt(0) == first[j]){
                   firstTest = true;
                   break;
               }
           }
           if(!firstTest)
                 return false;

           for (int j = 0; j < columns.length; j++){
               if (input.charAt(0) == columns[j]){
                   columnsTest= true;
                   break;
               }
           }

           if(!columnTest)
                 return false;

          // Do the same for other tests as well

          // if all tests are passed
          return true;
}

If you want a quicker method, you can use a Hashset and save the time for looping.
Set<Character> first= new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'));

Set<Integer> columns= new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8));

// create other sets

if(first.contains(input.charAt(0)) && columns.contains(input.charAt(1)) && /*other similar checks*/)
    return true;
return false;


text:
Activity companies offer chances to donate to charity
By Jessica Else | Monday, December 19, 2016, 1 a.m.
KOLOA — Offering a way for visitors to give back to the community wasn't a scheme to increase profits at Koloa Zipline, but that's what happened.
"Sales went up when we started offering these programs, these avenues of giving back to the island," said Derek Green, owner of Koloa Zipline — which also owns Kauai ATV, Koloa Bass Fishing and Aloha Kauai Tours.
The company's guides take photos of the activities and sell them to their customers at a discount if customers bring in three cans of food or a $5 donation.
Food donations go to the Kauai Independent Food Bank and the Kauai Humane Society's pet food bank. Cash donations go to Bandwagon Music Center and Kanuikapono Charter School in Anahola.
The response is encouraging for everyone, Green said.
"It feels amazing when you can facilitate something like that," he said.
The money is great for Bandwagon Music Center, whose mission is to make sure every Kauai keiki has the opportunity to learn to play musical instruments.
"It's enabled us to give out scholarships and partial scholarships," said Jeremy Hartshorn, owner of Bandwagon Music Center. "We're able to meet families part way, or completely cover membership dues."
There's more to the story than just cash, though, Hartshorn said.
"It's encouraging for us to have the support, not only financially, but the moral support, too," he said. "It's amazing to have people believing in what we're doing."
Customers of Koloa Zipline and its other activity companies have donated a couple of thousand dollars to Bandwagon Music Center.
"Derek said they were going to create a way for their customers to support (the community) through a discount as an incentive," Hartshorn said. "The people have really gotten behind it."
Annually, the company also funnels thousands of pounds of food to the Kauai Independent Food Bank and to the KHS pet food bank.
"Most of our customers end up donating more money that they save," Green said.
Kauai ATV, along with its affiliates, isn't the only company to connect visitor compassion with the needs of the island.
Skyline Eco Adventures, for example, occasionally offers kamaaina promotions in which Hawaii residents can get free zipline tours with the donation of 10 non-perishable food items per person.
The last one was in September and Skyline customers donated 5,614 pounds of food to Kauai Independent Food Bank.
Green said he hopes the idea will catch fire with companies all over the island and people will see more opportunities to give back woven into their daily lives — like Table 53 at RumFire in Poipu, where net proceeds go to local charities.
"I see people in need and as one person I can give a bit, but as an organization I get to inspire more people," Green said. "I want to work with anyone to find ways to get more things like this going."
Dance club sign-ups set
Andrew could use his own Christmas miracle


Christopher Bell moved past Kyle Larson on the final lap of Saturday night's Chili Bowl and raced his way into history. Close finishes in this race are nothing new, but this one had a special feel as two great midget drivers, each fully engaged in NASCAR career pursuits, battled down to the wire.
The Chili Bowl is one of those events where a great finish isn't necessary to make it an event to remember, it's a bonus. Bell and Larson will go down in Chili Bowl lore for what they did Saturday night.
And that's why Christopher Bell, who came out on top, is Area Auto Racing Newsmaker for the week of Tuesday, January 22, 2019.


Step Afrika! is the first professional company in the world dedicated to the tradition of stepping. We promote an appreciation for stepping and its use as an educational, motivational and healthy tool for young people. We accomplish this mission through arts education activities, international cultural exchange programs and performances world-wide.
Stepping is a rising art form and an important part of America's artistic and cultural heritage. In stepping, the body is used as an instrument to create intricate rhythms and sounds through a combination of footsteps, claps and the spoken word.
Over the past 20 years Step Afrika! has grown to become one of the top 10 African American Dance Companies in the US and Washington DC's largest African American arts organization. Step Afrika! began as an exchange program with the Soweto Dance Theatre of Johannesburg, South Africa, and has expanded to become a national and international touring company presenting performance, residencies and workshops worldwide.
Platanos, Collard Greens Y CALLALOO.


text:
Maxtrixport, Asia's largest crypto neobank, announced today a new partnership with global financial technology company Circle to enable international bank wire transfers to Matrixport accounts, with automatic settlement in USDC. Funds settled in USDC can be used for crypto investment and trading. Matrixport allows investors to purchase Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and other cryptocurrencies. Matrixport investors…
Maxtrixport, Asia's largest crypto neobank, announced today a new partnership with global financial technology company Circle to enable international bank wire transfers to Matrixport accounts, with automatic settlement in USDC.
Funds settled in USDC can be used for crypto investment and trading. Matrixport allows investors to purchase Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and other cryptocurrencies. Matrixport investors can also earn annual interest on deposits, starting at 11% APY for crypto investments. The partnership between Matrixport and Circle lays out a path for thousands of new users who are looking to join the cryptocurrency ecosystem with the reliability and assurances of USDC.
"We constantly strive to provide our customers with simple and effective ways of getting into the crypto investment landscape. Adding Circle to our payment infrastructure offers our users around the world a streamlined way to go from bank to crypto quickly and securely, relying on USDC as a core treasury and settlement infrastructure" said Matrixport Co-founder and CEO John Ge.
The partnership comes as demand for USDC continues to surge, with more than $16 billion USDC now in circulation, growing 30x over the past 12 months and over 400% since January of this year. Stablecoins help facilitate investment, payments, and settlement in the broader cryptocurrency market, with the total crypto market cap up more than 200% since the beginning of 2021.
"We have continued to see huge growth in the crypto sector and by partnering closely with Matrixport, this gives Circle a unique opportunity for reaching customers in Asia and around the world," said Circle Co-founder and CEO Jeremy Allaire.
To celebrate the new strategic partnership with Circle, Matrixport is offering all new users a 30% APY welcome offer on USDC fixed income products for 21 days.
About Matrixport
Established in February 2019 by Jihan Wu and John Ge, Matrixport is a digital asset financial platform that offers simple and accessible crypto financial products to retail and institutional investors worldwide.
It provides one-stop crypto financial services including institutional custody (Cactus Custody), spot and leveraged trading, fixed income, structured products, lending, and asset management. Matrixport currently has more than $10 billion in client assets and is among the fastest-growing crypto financial services platforms in the world. Learn more at https://www.matrixport.com/
Homepage: https://www.matrixport.com/home
Twitter: https://twitter.com/realMatrixport
Telegram: https://t.me/matrixport
Circle is a global financial technology firm that enables businesses of all sizes to harness the power of stablecoins and public blockchains for payments, commerce, and financial applications worldwide. Circle's platform has supported more than 100 million transactions by more than 10 million retail customers and more than 1,000 businesses.
Circle is also a principal developer of USD Coin (USDC), which together with Coinbase and the Centre Consortium oversees the standards and protocol for what has become the fastest-growing, regulated, fully reserved dollar digital currency. USDC now stands at more than $16 billion and has supported over $500B in transactions over the past year.
Today, Circle's transactional services, business accounts, and platform APIs are giving rise to a new generation of financial services and commercial applications that hold the promise of raising global economic prosperity for all through programmable internet commerce. Learn more at https://circle.com
Disclaimer: This is a paid post and should not be treated as news/advice.
Ethereum Price Analysis: 20 May
The ongoing case between the United States SEC and Ripple Labs was already seeing a lot of back and forth before John Deaton and XRP Holders filed a motion to intervene. While the defendants, for their part, have come out in support of the movants' motion in "limited capacity," the regulatory agency has vigorously argued…
The ongoing case between the United States SEC and Ripple Labs was already seeing a lot of back and forth before John Deaton and XRP Holders filed a motion to intervene. While the defendants, for their part, have come out in support of the movants' motion in "limited capacity," the regulatory agency has vigorously argued against both the motion and Ripple's "limited participation" idea.
The SEC's latest response to both has fueled quite a reaction within the crypto-community, with most on the fence with respect to what they expect might happen next. Jeremy Hogan, however, isn't one of them, with the popular attorney recently going on Twitter to air his views on the agency's response to XRP holders' motion to intervene.
According to Hogan, the aforementioned response "jumped the proverbial shark," with the attorney implying that the SEC's latest argument is unlikely to fly and be accepted by the court in the present case. Here, the argument that Hogan was referring to was the allegation that Ripple and Deaton and XRP holders are in cahoots with each other and are colluding to beat the SEC.
Such an allegation is an extension of similar statements made by the SEC in the past. In fact, in its initial reply to Deaton's motion to intervene, the agency had accused the movants of "reciting" the defendants' litigation position. Even in its present response, the SEC has alleged that the movants won't be impartial and objective participants, with the agency adding,
"….. Movants would act as friends of the defendants, not true friends of the court."
It's worth adding, however, that for his part, Hogan seemed to agree with the SEC's contention that XRP holders shouldn't be "injected as full litigants." Instead, he said,
"I think the Judge should (and will) grant limited "amici" participation – something obviously the SEC does NOT want to see happen."
Hogan, ergo, seemed to side with Ripple's conditions for XRP Holders' participation in the present case.
The popular attorney also took issue with the fact that the SEC has failed to recognize the value of the new insights and facts the movants might be able to bring to the said litigation.
What does the SEC's latest response, the sheer tone and animosity of it, mean for the prospect of settlement, however? Well, according to the attorney, "it doesn't change anything."
Finally, Hogan observed,
"Lawyers are not supposed to make baseless accusations against opposing counsel yet, here we are…"
This is a telling statement to make, especially since something similar was implied by the intervenors' latest memorandum of law against the SEC's opposition. In his submission to the court, Deaton had claimed that he was being "unfairly targeted as an unhinged conspiracy theorist crusader."
Jibin is a news editor at AMBCrypto. With over three years of experience as a political writer, he primarily focuses on the political impact of crypto developments. A graduate in Law and International Relations, his writing is by and large focused on cryptocurrencies from the political and financial perspective. A Liverpool FC fan. YNWA
With ETH's price back in the $2900 range, there has been a lot of debate on the level of security Layer 2s provide, their long-term ROI, and the sustainability of their price rally. After crossing the $4000 level on May 12, the price dropped, several times and the scaling solutions' have rallied. Consider the analogy,…
With ETH's price back in the $2900 range, there has been a lot of debate on the level of security Layer 2s provide, their long-term ROI, and the sustainability of their price rally. After crossing the $4000 level on May 12, the price dropped, several times and the scaling solutions' have rallied.
Consider the analogy, someone with $100 can save or store it in several ways as they would like. There is the option of storing it in a wallet, keeping it in a bank, or in the security of a vault. However, with Ethereum, a trader with $100 worth of ETH would have to use all ways at once – store in a wallet, bank and vault at once. Does that make it inefficient and unnecessary?
What L2 solutions do is that they offer the option of one way instead of many, making it efficient. These L2 solutions are projects like MATIC, Loopring, OMG. All three projects have offered high short-term ROI since the launch of ETH L2. In the case of MATIC, the number of transactions and the transaction volume have increased significantly since the launch.
The altcoin now ranks 14 in the top 25. The transaction volume for nearly all three projects has increased, on account of significantly high fees of settling transactions on the ETH network. According to data scientist @ASvanevik, MATIC has the largest inflow of stablecoins of any Ethereum address in the last 7 days. This signals increasing demand for MATIC, while the price rally extends beyond the 105% from last week.
In the case of Loopring based on the following data from Lunarcrush.com, the Galaxy Score Trend, a combined measure of health, quality and performance, is at 63, lower than the peak it hit the second week of May 2021. The social volume has dropped considerably and the demand across exchanges has dropped. It is anticipated that once the social volume recovers and trader sentiment is neutral, Loopring would offer high short-term ROI like other L2 scaling solutions.
L2 solutions are likely to remain relevant for a long time; as ETH transaction fees remain high, traders and ETH Maxis have been bullish about MATIC and Loopring. MATIC already offers side chains and plasma and has a roadmap to introduce optimistic and Zk rollups in the future which is likely to increase ease of use. In the war of L2 scaling solutions, ease of use is the key factor, after demand and ROI. Long-term ROI is anticipated to be high for ETH and scaling solutions alongside it.
Ekta is a full-time journalist at AMBCrypto and her specialization lies in spot markets. Currently pursuing her MBA, she is passionate about trading, fintech, and everything decentralized.
The ongoing legal battle between the SEC and Ripple has been somewhat of a rollercoaster for XRP traders and HODLers. There is uncertainty in the price of the altcoin, as a result of this legal debacle. The SEC has argued from the beginning of this enforcement action that XRP is a security. The impact of…
The ongoing legal battle between the SEC and Ripple has been somewhat of a rollercoaster for XRP traders and HODLers. There is uncertainty in the price of the altcoin, as a result of this legal debacle. The SEC has argued from the beginning of this enforcement action that XRP is a security.
The impact of the recent updates is that XRP's price is at $1.44, down nearly 5% in the last 24 hours. There has been an increase of nearly 50% in the trade volume in the last 24 hours. The altcoin's price is nearly 62% below the ATH of the $3.84 level based on data coinmarketcap.com.
The social volume hit a peak several times, following updates from the SEC vs Ripple hearing. It has dropped to 16258 based on the above chart, following SEC's argument that XRP holders are actually XRP investors. This is akin to an attack on XRP HODLers' portfolio given the impact on the ROI in the short-term. (Ironically, the SEC's motto is to "protect investors")
XRP Short term ROI || Source: Messari
Based on the above chart, XRP traders have earned less than 15% ROI in the past 30 days and that makes it less profitable than most altcoins in top 10. Similarly, for HODLers who accumulated when the price was at $1.9 level, they are currently unprofitable. The volatility has nearly dropped, with a few spikes following updates from the hearing. At the same time, XRP's correlation with BTC and ETH is above 80%. This has helped the altcoin's price sustain at the $1.6 level against the selling pressure on spot exchanges.
In its latest filing, the response from SEC makes the hostile stance towards XRP traders clear. The updates in court proceedings have by no means safeguarded the interests of XRP traders. The short-term ROI is expected to drop further following updates.
The enforcement action brought by the SEC may have never been intended to protect or negatively impact XRP's price, however, at a time when nearly every mid to small-capitalization altcoin is rallying this summer, XRP's rangebound price action is largely a result of the SEC proceedings against Ripple.
XRP traders have responded to this action, by consistent demand across spot exchanges and the market capitalization is currently above $51 Billion, the altcoin ranks 7 and there are currently no signs of dropping below the top 10.
Home | Latest News | Analysis | Matrixport partners with Circle to add International Bank Transfers with USDC settlement
Encrypted office suite CryptPad introduces 'Document' and 'Presentation' apps
Crypto derivatives exchange BitMEX enlists Fireblocks to drive the development of new offerings
Outlier Ventures opens applications for new Polygon x Base Camp Accelerator
Report: 65% of brands say commerce content is a vital component of marketing
Nvidia's GeForce Now for Edge means you can play your Steam games on Xbox
ZoidPay Chrome Extension Lets Shoppers Buy with Crypto on Amazon, eBay and 40M+ Online Retailers
Bybit Is Now Offering 3% Bonuses on Deposits


This kind of error can occur if you haven't performed a 'git gc' on your local repository. If you are using a Virtual Machine (VM) and have experienced a machine reboot accidentally or did not without quit the VM properly this same problem could occur in computer with games installed but need a good connection to the internet so they get it with routers for a 4k gaming experience online, so they can download all the graphics the games need.
No you are not up the creak without a paddle, there is a way to fix your branch repository.
You cannot remove 'git rm' or 'git fsck' your local repo.
Re-name that folder. DO NOT DELETE IT YET.
If your git file path is within the application folder. 'cd..' to go up a level and out of the folder.
You should start to see the project folder being re-cloned.


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text:
Home » ice hockey player » Glenn Critch Net Worth 2018: What is this ice hockey player worth?
Glenn Critch Net Worth 2018: What is this ice hockey player worth?
Glenn Critch is a hockey player who was born on November 10, 1946, in St. John's, Newfoundland, British Empire. Critch died on January 20, 2011, in Deer Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Critch's career began in 1974 and ended in 1985. This page will examine Glenn Critch's total career net worth.
Glenn Critch Career, Earnings
Critch has played for the Indianapolis Racers. In competition, Glenn Critch has played Centre (ice hockey).
Glenn Critch Net Worth 2018
Payments for hockey players can vary massively. Some NHL hockey players earn close to $15 million or more, although most earn quite a bit less. On average a professional in the NHL takes home around $2.5 million every year. In the AHL, the median player earns almost $65,000 a year. Olympic ice hockey players bring in around $100,000 per year, depending on country.
Glenn Critch net worth: ice hockey salary distribution
So what is Glenn Critch's net worth in 2018? Our estimate for Glenn Critch's net worth in 2018 is:
Looking for net worth articles about other hockey players? Check out these players' net worths: Randy Gregg, Dmitri Zyuzin, Carl Voss, Jan Guryca, Johan Jonsson, Roy Burmister, Patrick Galivan, Vladimír Sičák, Lou Yue, Thomas Greiss, and Jan Křivohlávek.
James Spader Net Worth: How Much this The Blacklist Star is Making?


Customer service is the act of taking care of the customer's needs by providing and delivering professional, helpful, high quality service and assistance before, during, and after the customer's requirements are met. But how is this done? How do you ensure it's consistent across your business? What are the benefits of delivering great customer service? This course will start by making it very clear exactly what we mean by customer service, and why it's so vital. It then goes into detail about the goals of great customer service, communication skills both verbal and non-verbal, discovering and understanding customer needs and much more.


text:
President Obama Just Went After Trump in a Rare Direct Attack
Twitter, cable-news binges, a bunch of staffers under federal indictment—it's all featured.
By Jack Holmes
Earlier today we highlighted the need for Democrats to come to grips with the nature of the threat posed by Trumpism and the Republican power politics that have been moving in the direction of someone like him for decades. Right on cue, this is...well, this isn't really it. But it is a former president criticizing the current president, which is something everybody says is a no-no, even if the current president regularly has meltdowns on the White House lawn and jumps on the Tweet Machine to announce he's "locked and loaded" to attack Iran as soon as the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia gives him the O-K. In spite of all of it, the extant ex-presidents have mostly abided by The Rule.
However, Barack Obama made the rare move of openly criticizing his successor on Wednesday. Obama was reportedly speaking at a tech conference organized by a data-services company called Splunk, which sounds like at least one other thing that presidents, former or otherwise, probably would not want to share a sentence with. Here's another thing you'd think a Democratic ex-president might want to stay away from in a time of rising skepticism around Silicon Valley's role in our society, particularly our systems of information, and growing calls to break up the sector's monopoly powers: a tech conference!
Anyway, here's what Obama said about Donald Trump, American president, via Axios:
Former President Barack Obama said at a tech conference Wednesday that one key to his decision-making was relying on staff and surrounding himself with a diversity of viewpoints, before adding:
"The other thing that is helpful is not watching TV or reading social media."
A real stinger. Obama had more criticism for social media elsewhere, particularly the "filter bubbles" it exacerbates. Again, weird forum for all this. But he also had more about our current fearless leader.
"I'm proud of the fact we didn't have indictments. I've said that before but that is pretty rare in modern day." Special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation resulted in the indictments of 6 former Trump advisers.
It certainly is good that Obama's staffers weren't served with federal indictments, though this feels like another area where Donald Trump has seriously lowered the bar. After all, his national security adviser was snapped up on charges that had nothing to do with the fact that he was secretly working for Turkey while serving on Trump's campaign. That was a whole different ballgame! What a world.
The Cynic and Senator Obama
Jack Holmes Politics Editor Jack Holmes is the Politics Editor at Esquire, where he writes daily and edits the Politics Blog with Charles P Pierce.
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Animal licenses may be purchased from the Treasurer's Office for the fee of $20 for unspayed / unneutered pets or $7 for spayed / neutered pets. Proof of rabies shots must be provided to obtain an animal license.
Acceptable methods of payment for animal licenses are cash or check. Our office DOES NOT accept debit / credit cards. All return checks are subject to a $25 return check fee.
The animal license is valid for the period of one year from the date of issuance.
The Calvert County Animal Ordinance addresses all regulations set forth in regards to animals, you can request a copy of the ordinance from the Animal Control Division or obtain a copy online.


Company Judy Morris is located in the city of Grand Junction. The legal address of the company is 2691 Mazatlan Dr. Other interesting information can be found on working days by phone (970) 241-3031. The scheme of travel to the company Judy Morris can be viewed on the interactive map.