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Media & Journalism · December, 2010
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Stories about Media & Journalism from December, 2010
Russia: Internet 2010 Overview
Eastern & Central Europe 31 December 2010
2010 highlighted several important trends of Russian Internet. Online audience grows very fast with people getting more news online and actively using social networks. In a lot of ways, 2010 brought a recognition of the power of the Internet into Russian society.
Hungary: "Viktor #Censorbán"
Kosmopolito writes about Hungary's new media law and suggests ways to draw attention to the situation; "transforming" PM Viktor Orbán into Viktor #Censorbán is just one of the strategies – and there's already a Censorban account on Twitter, as well as a hashtag. More relevant info and reactions – at...
Russia: Media Coverage of Khodorkovsky Verdict
Overview of media reactions to the verdict and sentence in the case of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev – by Robert Amsterdam, Global Chaos, and Sublime Oblivion.
South Asia: Looking Back at the Citizen Media Storylines in 2010
South Asia 30 December 2010
You cannot leave South Asia region out of the picture as with nearly twenty three percent of the world's population, events in this region exert an enormous impact on the international system. Global Voices covered some of these events from a citizen media perspective. Let us review the popular posts of 2010 in this region.
Afghanistan: Afghan Radio Wars
Central Asia & Caucasus 30 December 2010
Sanjar writes about continuing war between the insurgents and the Afghan government – both on the battlefields and on the information field – and says that Taliban-sponsored radio stations seemingly get wider audience due to better technical accessibility.
Kazakhstan: Echo of the OSCE Summit
Since mid-2000s Kazakhstan was craving to head the Organization for Cooperation and Security in Europe, OSCE, the largest international pro-democracy organization on the continent. The bid was criticized by some member countries because of the Kazakhstan's poor human rights record. Eventually the chairmanship was granted in result of a set...
Ukrainian Blogosphere 2010: Still Enough Room for Everyone
Tetyana Bohdanova translates reports on the state of the Ukrainian blogosphere and the situation with other social media tools in Ukraine.
Taiwan: Concerns about press freedom
East Asia 30 December 2010
Media freedom has come into the spotlight in Taiwan recently. Michael Turton has a good summary of the issues. A Taipei Times reporter writes about how the proposed changes to the child welfare law would affect her work.
Chile: Students from Citizen Journalism Project "Young Reporters" Talk About Their Work
Latin America 28 December 2010
A group of school-age citizen journalists who create content for Jóvenes Reporteros [es] (Young Reporters) describe their work in a video for the site Periodismo Ciudadano [es] (Citizen Journalism).
Japan: A year of blogs
As the character 暑 (sho) meaning 'hot or heat' was chosen to represent the year 2010 at the annual ceremony in Kyoto, let's see a selection of "hot topics" that Global Voices covered this year.
Wikileaks, Thaileaks, Indoleaks, Pinoyleaks
There are Wikileaks clones in Southeast Asia: Thaileaks from Thailand, Indoleaks from Indonesia and Pinoyleaks from the Philippines. These websites were established/revived this month to support the work started by Wikileaks and to expose secret government documents in their respective countries.
Cambodia: Jailed for printing an article from the internet
vutha doubts if there is freedom of expression in Cambodia after a UN staff member was sentenced to 6 months in prison for printing an article from a website and sharing it to his co-workers.
Honduras: Media Ignores Recent Reports on 2009 Coup
Honduras Culture and Politics states: "[…] we find it extraordinary that the US media completely ignore even high profile international organizations that continue to call attention to the serious failures of Honduras to redress any of the circumstances that the coup d'etat of June 2009 set in motion."
USA: Indigenous Youth Media Project Recovers History
North America 27 December 2010
For a Navajo community, video has become a way to connect youth with their ancestors and the history of their people through the story of the Yellow Woman.
Tragedy bookends Year 2010 for Francophone Citizen Media
Caribbean 26 December 2010
It appears that tragedy will bookend yet another year rich in remarkable events in the world of francophone citizen media. The month of January set the tone with the fallout from the earthquake in Haiti and December saw the elections in Cote d'Ivoire take a dramatic turn. Here is the year 2010 reviewed through the lenses of francophone citizen media users.
Philippines: Filipinos welcome new year with new banknotes
The Philippine Central Bank has issued a new set of generation bank notes which features not only improved security measures, but more so it heralds a new design highlighting historical events, figures in history and tourist spots in the country. But experts instantly detected errors in the new banknotes. Bloggers react
Singapore: Weaknesses of the media
Caroline Ng proposes the liberalization of the media landscape in Singapore to foster democracy and free access to information.
Poland: Blog Forum Gdansk
Arzu Geybullayeva writes about this year's Blog Forum Gdańsk, highlighting Polish bloggers' views on some of the issues discussed at the event.
India: Doctor Gets Life Sentence On Sedition Charges
On 24th December, 2010, a Sessions Court in Raipur, Chattisgarh, convicted civil rights activist Dr. Binayak Sen on charges of sedition and conspiracy. The court found Dr. Sen guilty of aiding Maoist rebels in the State and have sentenced him to life imprisonment. Netizens reacted to the verdict.
Guyana: Inner Beauty
The Guyana Groove is convinced that true beauty comes from within.
Brazil: Act in support of WikiLeaks
The video of a debate in support of WikiLeaks, with the participation of its Brazilian representative, Natália Viana, and many cyberactivists, is available at the blog Maria Frô [pt]. The event was promoted by Intervozes [pt] – an organization advocating for freedom of expression and the democratization of communication.


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Oklahoma Astronaut "Shocked"
Friday, February 9th 2007, 8:10 am
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) -- An Oklahoma native who's a former NASA astronaut says he's shocked by the arrest of a fellow astronaut.
John Herrington of Wetumka says the charges against Lisa Nowak are not representative of the person he worked with.
Nowak is charged with attempted murder and attempted kidnapping of an Air Force captain in what police call a love triangle involving a space shuttle pilot.
Herrington and Nowak were classmates in the NASA astronaut class of 1996 and trained together and later worked together.
He calls Nowak a dedicated and hardworking person and says she didn't especially stick out.
Herrington is now vice president and director of flight systems for Oklahoma City-based Rocketplane Limited which is working to develop a vehicle for use in commercial space flights.
News On 6 OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) -- An Oklahoma native who's a former NASA astronaut says he's shocked by the arrest of a fellow astronaut.
John Herrington of Wetumka says the charges against Lisa Nowak

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


SAN DIEGO—Porter24, a digital advertising company providing hospitality solutions through an interactive touchscreen concierge service, has expanded into the Los Angeles marketplace. The DoubleTree by Hilton LAX-El Segundo and Residence Inn Los Angeles Torrance/Redondo Beach implemented the touchscreen application at their properties.
Porter24 recently unveiled its Complete Suite feature equipped with free charging stations compatible with Apple and Android devices. According to the company, users can plug in, interact and stay up-to-date on all things travel including monitoring flights, checking weather and finding local restaurants with the swipe of a finger. Users can also snap a selfie to be shared directly to social media. The interactive touchscreens come in various sizes between 50-in. to 65-in. and custom builds are available.


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Last updated: 09:11 AM ET, Tue July 28 2015
Former Porn Star Allegedly Invited Into Cockpit to Party with Pilot
Impacting Travel	Donald Wood July 27, 2015
Photo via chloe.khan/Instagram
A Kuwait Airways pilot is likely in serious trouble after a story was leaked that he had reportedly invited a former porn star and her friend into the cockpit during a flight and made sexual advances at the women.
According to a report from Isobel Dickinson of the Daily Star, the transatlantic flight from London Heathrow Airport to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City over the weekend had around 300 people onboard at the time of the incident.
The former actress has been identified as Chloe Khan—her stage name is Chloe Mafia—and she claims she was invited to the cockpit by the pilot and was served champagne. She also alleges that the pilot allowed her to smoke cigarettes on the plane and gave her permission to press buttons while the plane was on autopilot.
The pilot also reportedly asked to see Khan's breasts and said he was part of the Mile-High Club.
When asked to detail the ordeal for the Daily Star, Khan explained how crude the pilot was to the women and how he used his leverage to bend the rules on several occasions in the past as well:
"We were sitting in business class about 30 minutes after take-off. The seatbelt signs had just gone off and a stewardess came and said the pilot wanted us to go to the cockpit. They locked the door and the captain introduced himself and said 'Hi, I'm the naughty pilot'. He said he lets sexy girls in the cockpit, even though he's not supposed to, because he 'made the rules'. The pilot told the stewardess to get us a bottle of champagne, which me and my friend drank. He started smoking, which I thought was odd, but he said he was the pilot and could do what he wanted. I asked if it was safe as I was worried and he just said people were 'too fussy' about safety. I was stunned."
Khan claims the pilot sang to the women throughout their journey across the Atlantic, but the co-pilot was not part of the madness. She claims the co-pilot was quiet for the majority of the flight and did not smoke in the cockpit.
As wild as this incident is, this is not the first time something like this has happened. In June, TravelPulse reported that two Aerolineas Argentinas pilots were fired when they allowed a model into the cockpit and gave her permission to take control of the plane temporarily.
Follow @Donald_Wood
For more information on London, New York City
More by Donald Wood
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Anything Can Happen While Traveling Brian Major


Intravertebral clefts have been radiographically recognized for decades, appearing traditionally as a vacuum or air-filled cleft inside a vertebral body and usually associated with previous fracture. This cleft was presumed to represent a sign of avascular necrosis or nonunion and at times could be associated with visible motion when viewed fluoroscopically (1). With the advent of MR imaging, the clefts seen radiographically have been correlated with high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images in the location of the cleft (2). It was thought that the MR imaging was detecting fluid within the cleft, and some authors described a radiographic change in the appearance of the air-filled cleft over time with the air being replaced by some type of fluid when the patients were positioned supine (3).
Percutaneous vertebroplasty has been used since 1984 to treat the pain resulting from vertebral compression fractures resulting from osteoporosis or neoplastic invasion. Authors have previously listed avascular necrosis or Kummell's disease as a treatable cause of pain observed in some cases of compression fracture. These were identified usually as having an air-filled cleft, and some were noted to show motion fluoroscopically (4). Motion has been associated with a high probability of severe, persistent pain and very good result with percutaneous vertebroplasty. Pain relief was thought to be due to the elimination of excessive motion after cementing. Often, these patients described pain relief immediately after the procedure. These cases represented a small percentage of the patients evaluated and treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty. Nevertheless, the motion during fluoroscopy and the rapid recovery after percutaneous vertebroplasty make these patients interesting and notable.
High signal intensity zones observed within fractured vertebrae on MR images may represent fluid. This is commonly seen in sub-end plate regions after fracture and less often in the central vertebra marrow space. Some authors have suggested that this may represent the same pathologic entity as air-filled clefts seen on radiographs. Data are available to indicate that this is true in at least some of the cases (3). The MR imaging data are not, however, well correlated with the pathologic findings, and the presumption that all these situations represent the same pathologic cause is not well established.
In this issue of the AJNR, Lane et al describe their findings and the results achieved when attempting to treat "intravertebral clefts" with opacification during percutaneous vertebroplasty. This is a retrospectivereview and has all the usual built-in problems associated with this type of data analysis. Their longest follow-up period includes only 40% of the patients compared with the starting population. They not only lump together patients with radiographic and MR imaging evidence of vertebral cleft (for which there is some support in the literature, albeit inconclusive) but also patients who seem to have clefts after percutaneous vertebroplasty that were not shown on images obtained before percutaneous vertebroplasty. In almost 36% of the cases designated as including clefts in this article, the clefts were found only after percutaneous vertebroplasty was performed; these were considered to be clefts, without any pathologic proof or previous literature evidence that this is correct.
The authors found that patients with "intravertebral clefts" responded in a similar manner as did patients with compression fracture without clefts. There was no statistical difference at any reference point in their data (although they suggest a trend to better outcome in the cleft population during long-term follow-up). There is a small population of patients who had clefts seen on the initial images that were not filled with cement during percutaneous vertebroplasty. These had a poor long-term pain response, suggesting that when a cleft is identified, it should be filled for dependable pain relief.
The results presented in this article are disappointing. Most physicians with substantial experience with percutaneous vertebroplasty would expect a better outcome differentiation between patients with proven intravertebral clefts than those without. It may be that this article does not show that expected difference because it does not exist or because the population chosen for analysis did not actually represent a homogeneous pathologic population. The presumption that clefts found only during percutaneous vertebroplasty are equivalent to those seen on imaging studies prior to vertebroplasty is certainly suspect and possibly inaccurate. Further pathologic data examining these suspected clefts are needed before a firm conclusion can be reached regarding this part of the authors' grouping. Even the suspected clefts in the remaining population, as revealed with both MR imaging and radiography, could be the result of different pathologic processes and could respond variably to percutaneous vertebroplasty.
It does seem evident that when one sees an intravertebral cleft shown by MR imaging or radiography (before percutaneous vertebroplasty), an effort should be made to fill the cleft with bone cement. This usually occurs regardless of where the needle is placed in the vertebral body. Even with the needle placed away from the cleft, cement will usually track to the cleft and fill the region, because there is little resistance to flow into the rarefied zone. In the rare case in which this does not occur, repositioning the needle or repeat injection may be indicated to ensure a final fill that is biomechanically stable and results in good pain relief.


Marketing in RPGs is a vast topic that I have spoken about a few times in the past. Now we have a proper expert to tell us some secrets!
Ed Healy has been doing marketing in RPGs for a very long time now and his company has specialised in both marketing and logistics for companies that, being in a niche market like RPGs, have some very specific requirements.
But things are changing now. Crowdfunding makes it relatively easier to budget for extras that in the past were out of reach but now could mean the difference between funding or not funding.
And that is what I wanted to talk to Ed about. Being a publisher in its starting stage, I find marketing and advertising a massive deal and very important to reach as many people as possible that will give me a chance to create a customer base to keep me going.
I have to say this interview was a bit hard because I didn't want it to be just about me and my needs as a publisher. Thinking of questions that would interest everyone and not just me made me go blank in places!
Nevertheless, I hope you enjoy the interview and listen to it more than once. There is so much information in there that it is hard to assimilate it all in one go. Ed dishes out an immense wealth of knowledge!
Social skills – Are gaming geeks as bad as they say we are?


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Work Package
SO-CLOSE Team
Historylines
Historyline 9
The Unbreakable
Do you remember Lefteris Apostolou, whose story we shared last week?
His sister Ilektra Apostolou is the protagonist of today's Historyline. She was an emblematic figure of the Resistance during WWII, a member of the KKE, and a proponent of women's rights. She was executed by the collaborationist State Special Security Directorate, which was a section of the Hellenic Gendarmerie, in 1944, because of her resistance activity.
Besides her actions, she is known for the questioning she had with her interrogator:
"Where are you from? I am from Greece. Where do you live? In Greece. What is your name? Greek. Who are your collaborators? They're all Greeks. What is your job? I work for the Greek people".
We believe it's important to remember our protagonists and their stories.
From so far to so close.
* These materials are licenced under a CC BY-NC License for free access.
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The ending of the novella is seen as a tragedy to the readers following the death of Lennie, nevertheless is holds the key ideas that Steinbeck wanted to present to the reader concerning society during the Great Depression such as how they were unable to understand the concept of friendship. It also shows to the reader the death or beginning of themes that ran throughout the novella.
The opening of Chapter Six is seen as a mirror to the beginning of the book and description of the setting in Chapter One. This cycle created by Steinbeck may be used to hint at the cyclical nature of the ranch workers and how they will keep moving onto new ranches and jobs. This cycle is shown by referencing the "pile of ashes" in Chapter One and then again in Chapter Six by saying "near the pile of old ashes". This theme is further referenced in the description nature when it says "As quickly as it had come, the wind died" which can be seen as referencing the time spent on the ranch by George and Lennie, a fleeting moment in time. Nevertheless, an alternative interpretation for mirroring the two descriptions is in order to reference the idea of the Garden of Eden. In chapter one nature is described using adjectives which hold majestic and fairy-tale connotations and through this strong imagery a picture of the Garden of Eden is created in the reader's mind where "two men" enter. In chapter six the imagery used is similar but nevertheless Lennie is killed in this setting so it may be him leaving the Garden of Eden. This would also suggest that Curley's Wife was the temptations and symbolised the forbidden fruit to Lennie which ultimately would cause him to be forced to leave the ranch. Therefore, this mirroring of description could hint at the religious aspect in 'Of Mice and Men' created through the description or could hint at the monotone and cyclical life of a Ranch Worker during the Great Depression.
Additionally, Chapter Six has a semantic field of death infused within the description. The overall description used in this chapter and the actions of the heron described as "swallowing the small snake" all hints at the theme of death which runs throughout the novella. Furthermore, the phrase "The mountains seemed to blaze with increasing brightness" could be seen as representing heaven and a spotlight over Lennie as he lives his final moments. A different way of interpreting this phrase is that there is hope for George because now he has a fresh start. Furthermore, it may be seen that for George the depression is over suggesting that Lennie was the one standing between him and the 'American Dream''. Nevertheless, it may also be suggested that when Lennie dies the dream dies with him shown through the phrase the "sun left the valley". This loss of dreams is a consequence of the actions of humans. Therefore, Steinbeck may be attempting to show how the lack of hope that society held and the loss of dreams and ambitions were ultimately due to humans and that we are an obstacle to our own future. Thus, Chapter Six is used to reference the theme of death but then also show the death of one of the key themes – dreams.
Chapter Six also helps to reference the concept of friendship which is seen as strange and foreign to other ranch workers. When Lennie and George first arrive at the ranch the boss doesn't understand the connection between them and thinks that George is trying to "pull one over" Lennie and take advantage of him. Furthermore the final sentence of the book is "Carlson said 'Now what the hell ya' suppose is eatin' them two guys?'" when describing the pain that George felt after shooting Lennie. This shows that the rest of the ranch workers don't understand the concept of friendship and couldn't understand what George had been through losing someone close to him. The idea of friendship is also explored when Lennie is hallucinating and the rabbit says to him "He gonna leave you" but Lennie refusing to listen because he understands that him and George are friends and that they "travels together". Furthermore, this shows that even Lennie, who is mentally challenged, has a grasp on the concept of caring for other people but its harder for the rest of the ranch workers because they are lonely and travel alone when changing jobs. Therefore Chapter six helps to present to the reader the isolation the ranch workers felt during the 1920's.
Furthermore, the death of Lennie can be seen as significant because it shows how nothing innocent can survive on the ranch. Lennie, due to his mental disability, is seen as innocent and naïve to the horrors of the world. Nevertheless, the ranch results in Lennie killing puppy and Curley's wife showing that how the ranch life can corrupt even the purest of minds. Furthermore, it is the ideas and actions of fellow ranch workers which lead to the hunt for Lennie and ultimately his death. This may show that they don't understand him or his innocence but just label him as belonging in a hospital and "looked up", as Crooks described. It also shows to the audience how due to humans nothing innocent can survive or that we are afraid of concepts we don't understand like how the brain of Lennie worked.
The significance of Chapter Six is to show to the audience how humans are responsible for the death of dreams, being forced to abandon the Garden of Eden but it also shows the constant idea of humans destroying nature even though we are a part of it due to the disturbance in the environment when Lennie enters, similar to Chapter One. It also shows how the ranch workers don't understand the idea of friendship or innocence and are afraid of concepts they don't understand to react using violence as the solution. Therefore, Chapter Six is arguably one of the most significant chapters as it referenced all of the key ideas and themes that ran through out the novella and delivers the final message which Steinbeck wished to present to the reader.
"The Concept of Friendship During the Great Depression in Of Mice and Men, a Novel by John Steinbeck." GradesFixer, 27 Feb. 2019, https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/the-concept-of-friendship-during-the-great-depression-in-of-mice-and-men-a-novel-by-john-steinbeck/. Accessed 24 April 2019.


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Next Article in Journal / Special Issue
Variation of Oriental Oak (Quercus variabilis) Leaf δ13C across Temperate and Subtropical China: Spatial Patterns and Sensitivity to Precipitation
Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations for Individual-Tree Diameter Growth and Mortality Model of Natural Mongolian Oak Forests in Northeast China
Regulation of Water Use in the Southernmost European Fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.): Drought Avoidance Matters
10.3390/f6072281
Mitchell, P. J.
O'Grady, A. P.
Full Article Text
Adaptation of Leaf Water Relations to Climatic and Habitat Water Availability
Patrick J. Mitchell
Anthony P. O'Grady
CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
Academic Editor: Steven Jansen
Forests 2015, 6(7), 2281-2295; https://doi.org/10.3390/f6072281
Received: 8 April 2015 / Revised: 4 June 2015 / Accepted: 17 June 2015 / Published: 30 June 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Forest Trees to Drought)
Successful management of forest systems requires a deeper understanding of the role of ecophysiological traits in enabling adaptation to high temperature and water deficit under current and anticipated changes in climate. A key attribute of leaf water relations is the water potential at zero turgor (πtlp), because it defines the operating water potentials over which plants actively control growth and gas exchange. This study examines the drivers of variation in πtlp with respect to species climate of origin and habitat water availability. We compiled a water relations database for 174 woody species occupying clearly delineated gradients in temperature and precipitation across the Australian continent. A significant proportion of the variability in πtlp (~35%) could be explained by climatic water deficit and its interaction with summertime maximum temperature, demonstrating the strong selective pressure of aridity and high temperature in shaping leaf water relations among Australian species. Habitat water availability (midday leaf water potential), was also a significant predictor of πtlp (R2 = 0.43), highlighting the importance of species ecohydrologic niche under a set of climatic conditions. Shifts in πtlp in response to both climatic and site-based drivers of water availability emphasises its adaptive significance and its suitability as a predictor of plant performance under future climatic change.
Keywords: drought tolerance; leaf water potential; turgor loss; water deficit; climatic distribution; eucalyptus drought tolerance; leaf water potential; turgor loss; water deficit; climatic distribution; eucalyptus
Predicted increases in extremes such as drought events and heat waves, in conjunction with long-term changes in water availability (increasing or decreasing) and temperature regimes (increasing) will potentially drive significant changes in forest productivity. Successful management of existing or new forests to deliver a range of commodities and environmental services under these conditions must include careful consideration of species capacity to absorb future climatic disturbances and adapt to future climate regimes. This requires a deeper understanding of the role of ecophysiological traits in enabling adaptation of species and genotypes to high temperature and water deficit.
Adaptation to water deficit can be defined in relation to mechanisms that control leaf water status and cell turgor [1]. Maintenance of leaf turgor is critical to the continuance of growth and gas exchange in the face of declining water availability [2,3,4]. The water potential at zero turgor or turgor loss point (πtlp) and the corresponding relative water content helps to define the operating water potentials over which plants actively regulate water status and is often lower in species with greater dehydration tolerance [1,5]. Plants actively accumulate solutes in order to lower their osmotic potential during water deficit, thereby sustaining turgor and prolonging water uptake [6]. Similarly, leaves with highly elastic tissues reduce steep declines in cell turgor because their cells contain more water at full turgor and can sustain larger declines in volume [1]. Pressure-volume relationships are routinely used to estimate these key parameters of leaf physiology [7] and are often interpreted as indicators of species drought tolerance i.e., the ability to maintain physiological function at low water status [8,9].
A large body of work has documented the significance of leaf turgor maintenance traits that enable survival and growth under a range of habitats and climates (see [10] and references therein). The water potential corresponding to zero turgor has been shown to be similar to the point at which stomata close as evidenced by studies involving four tropical [11] and three temperate species [12] and represents an important trait in defining plant hydraulic strategies [13]. Global analyses show that πtlp can vary 3-fold between crop and native arid-land species and lower πtlp appears to be associated with drier environments [10]. These leaf water relations traits have also been shown to correlate with leaf structural attributes in dry [14] and wet habitats [15], indicating either a direct functional link between leaf water management and leaf construction or co-selection for structural and physiological leaf traits. Differences in the ability of species to access and manage water within a particular habitat, i.e., their ecohydrologic niche, also drives a significant amount of variation in species responses to water deficit and associated traits such as πtlp. While meta-analyses by Bartlett et al. [10] demonstrated a decline in πtlp with increasing aridity across different biomes, it is unclear how the relative contribution of climatic water availability (across a species climatic envelope) as opposed to local habitat factors and species water management strategies influence patterns in leaf water relations, specifically πtlp. Assessing the significance of both climatic and habitat water availability in driving variation in πtlp may help to clarify role of turgor maintenance in defining species distributions at both the landscape and regional scales.
Until recently, the influence of functional traits such as πtlp on species distributional limits has been unclear and species distribution modelling has relied predominately on the known presence and/or absence of species based observations of their occurrence [16]. The inclusion of definitive functional attributes that can link a species climatic niche back to relevant physiological or ecological thresholds offers much promise in better utilising the rapidly improving species databases and high resolution climate data. This may be achieved by gaining a better understanding of how particular traits or clusters of traits control plant performance and survival under stressful (or non-stressful) conditions and how these traits vary within and between species with respect to their observed climatic envelope and their ability to access and regulate water within the landscape. In the context of water deficit and heat stress, such analyses would help clarify the extent to which a trait plays an adaptive role in defining species distribution and vegetation function. This information will assist in characterising species sensitivity within existing and new environments, making it possible to quantify the likely impact associated with exposure from future climates.
Australia is a predominately water-limited environment and its vegetation has been shaped by water availability [17,18]. The long history of water relations research in Australia provides a unique data resource and opportunity to test the adaptive significance of leaf water relations traits across well delineated aridity and temperature gradients. This study tests the hypothesis that πtlp is a key adaptation to water stress and lower values of πtlp enable survival in drier and warmer environments. Specifically, we addressed the following questions: (1) Which climatic indices, derived from a species observed climatic niche (including the middle and tail regions of this distribution), are more closely associated with variation in πtlp among Australian species? (2) What is the significance of species habitat water availability or ecohydrologic niche and associated leaf water relations traits in modulating adaptation to drier and warmer climates?
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Leaf Water Relations Database
A traits database was compiled using published literature from Australian studies (n = 45) or studies involving Australian species conducted elsewhere (n = 2). A literature search, using Web of Science and Google Scholar, as well as locally available library databases (CSIRO Library) was conducted to find studies that had measured key plant water relations traits, in particular, studies that had conducted pressure-volume analyses and collected leaf water potential on Australian species. All studies included in the meta-analysis used the bench-drying technique to derive leaf water relations parameters [7]. Thus, all entries included, at a minimum, osmotic potential at zero turgor (πtlp) as well as osmotic potential at full turgor (π0) and bulk tissue elasticity (ε). The database also included details on species name (updated where necessary), experiment type and treatment, vegetation type, tree size/age, site location and study timing.
The extent to which plants were subjected to water deficit, whether it was imposed experimentally or was experienced as part of a seasonal pattern, was classified into three levels: Well-watered—no evidence of water deficit relative to seasonal patterns; moderate—Usually the initial or intermediate level of water stress imposed inducing partial stomatal closure or coinciding with a marked dry season; severe—Water deficit invoking full stomatal closure and/or significant drought damage or mortality. An assessment of the levels of water deficit experienced during a study allowed us to compare species at relatively similar levels of water stress and investigate the significance of osmotic and elastic adjustment among different studies. Where studies involved intra-specific comparisons of populations and/or provenances, a species mean for all corresponding leaf water relations data across different populations/provenances was used in the analysis.
2.2. Species Climatic Envelope Analysis
The approach in this study was to use observed values of πtlp obtained at a particular site as being representative of the species more broadly and relate these data to different portions of the species climate niche across its observed range. The climatic conditions of observed species distributions were assessed using the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA). The ALA is one of the most sophisticated national biodiversity databases offering access to high quality data on individual observations of species occurrence and high resolution climate surfaces [19]. The ALA now includes more than 40 million records of plant and animal species distributions and more than 300 layers of information on environmental, social and economic factors across Australia [19]. The species occurrence records include natural and introduced locations collected from a range of sources that are either specimens (records managed as part of a scientific collection) or observations (records of the sighting by an individual or member of an organisation). These data are supplemented by a range of other data such as images, molecular DNA data, identification keys or relevant literature describing the species. Species occurrences (using only validated records) were downloaded from the ALA using the "mapping and analysis" portal.
The climate layers used in the analysis were based on a gridded dataset (~ 1 km × 1 km) extracted from the environmental layer portal on the ALA. These climate layers were derived using version 3 of the national, 9 second DEM, re-sampled to 0.01 degrees, with the ESOCLIM module of ANUCLIM version 6.0 (beta) with the Australian Climate Surfaces version 2.1 [20]. The derived climate variables are 12-monthly mean values for minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, evaporation, wind and others. Three statistics were derived from the 12 monthly layers—Annual minimum, annual maximum and annual mean. The key climate variables used in the analysis were mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual aridity index (mean annual evaporation divided by mean annual precipitation), mean annual precipitation deficit (MAPD; mean annual precipitation minus mean annual evaporation), mean annual temperature (MAT) and maximum temperature of hottest month (MTHM). These climate variables were chosen based on their relevance to the characterisation of water deficit and high temperature stress for a given species distribution.
From the extracted climate data we computed indices based on the middle (median) and the driest and warmest tails of the observed species climatic envelope to provide an indication of the climate at the middle region and the margins of the species climatic niche (see Figure 1 for an example). A 0.02 percentile value was used to represent the dry tails of the MAP, aridity index and MAPD data and a 0.98 percentile value was used to represent the warm tails of the MAT and MTHM data. These percentile values were used to represent relatively "extreme" edges of the species climatic niche based on previous work that identifies these values as important thresholds for plant survival under drought across Australian vegetation types [21]. The presence of outliers in the species occurrence data was identified as either any value less than 0.05 percentile and less than one and a half times the inter-quantile range (IQR) or greater than 0.95 percentile and greater than one and a half times the IQR. Unless otherwise stated, reference to the five climatic variables derived from the species distribution refer to their median value.
Figure 1. Scatter plot of mean annual precipitation (MAP) versus maximum temperature of hottest month (MTHM) for all recorded species locations for (A) Eucalyptus globulus and (B) E. pauciflora. The solid vertical and horizontal lines denote the interquartile range and the dashed blue lines denote the 0.02 and 0.98 percentile for MAP and MTHM respectively. Black symbols denote outliers, that weren't included in calculations of climatic indices, whereas red symbols were included in the analysis.
Single and multiple regression analyses were done on non-transformed data at p < 0.05 significance level. Model comparisons of two-way relationships between climate indices versus πtlp were undertaken using the model selection function in MuMIn package [22]. The Alkalike information criterion (AIC) was used to select candidate models. Correlation tests were performed between trait data using Pearson's moment correlation tests. All statistical analyses were performed in R (v2.15.0, R Foundation for Statistical Computing).
The Australian water relations traits database included 174 species and 74 genera for which there were data for πtlp, π0 and/or ε. About half of these studies also measured predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) and/or midday leaf water potential (Ψmd). The vast majority of studies were conducted on plants that were either sampled during periods of high water availability or under well-watered conditions (in the case of experimental studies). Values of πtlp obtained under non-stressed conditions have shown to be good predictors of any subsequent changes in πtlp in response to water deficit [23].
According to Whitakers global biome classification [24], the majority of species in the database belong to the savanna, grassland, Mediterranean and desert biomes (Figure S1). The bulk of the species within the database were derived from climates with MAP < 1000 mm and MAT > 10 °C, reflecting the relatively dry and warm climates experienced across much of the Australian landscape. The number of records obtained from the ALA for describing the climatic niche of the 174 species in the traits database ranged from 4 to 30,560 (mean = 2376).
3.1. The Relationship between Turgor Loss and Climate
Of the five climatic indices examined, the median value of MAP and the MAPD were the best single predictors of πtlp (Table 1, R2 = 0.29–0.30). πtlp was positively correlated with MAPD and MAP and showed a consistent decline across all four bins in response to decreasing MAPD (y = 0.006x − 2.23, Figure 2). Overall, πtlp varied from −1.16 to −4.72 MPa and showed largest statistical dispersion (based on interquartile range and standard deviation) at values of MAPD between −150 and −50 mm (−1.43 to −4.72 MPa). Mean annual precipitation deficit was also a strong predictor of the πtlp for the eucalypt species within the database (Figure 2; R2 = 0.32, n = 47). In contrast to MAPD and MAP, there were negative correlations between mean annual temperature and πtlp, and while the relationship was statistically significant, this relationship was weak (Table 1, R2 = 0.06). However, maximum temperature of the hottest month (MTHM) performed reasonably well (Table 1, R2 = 0.21). We also tested how well the values of these climate variables at the warm and dry edges of the species' climatic distributions could predict πtlp. The results show that values that represent either warm or dry tails of the distribution (0.98 and 0.02 percentiles respectively) consistently explained slightly less of the variation in πtlp but were still significant (Table 1; R2 = 0.06–0.27). The climate variables evaluated here were only weakly positively correlated with π0 (e.g., MAP, R2 = 0.17, p < 0.05) and there were no relationships between any of the climate indices analysed and bulk tissue elasticity (data not shown).
Table 1. Results from regression analysis between osmotic potential at zero turgor versus five different climate indices (aridity index, mean annual precipitation, precipitation deficit, mean annual temperature and mean maximum temperature of hottest month) extracted from observed species occurrences (n = 174). The 0.50 and 0.98/0.02 percentile values from the species climatic distribution.
Percentile of Distribution
Parameter Estimate
Adjusted R2
0.50 Aridity index 0.33 0.05 <0.001 0.16
Mean annual precipitation 0.001 0.0001 <0.001 0.29
Precipitation deficit 0.006 0.0007 <0.001 0.30
Mean annual temperature −0.05 0.01 <0.001 0.06
Max. temperature of hottest month −0.07 0.01 <0.001 0.21
0.98 Mean annual temperature −0.04 0.01 <0.001 0.05
Figure 2. Relationship between species climatic water availability and osmotic potential at zero turgor for all species in the database (n = 174). Scatter plot of (A) mean annual precipitation deficit (R2 = 0.30, p < 0.001) and (B) mean annual precipitation versus osmotic potential at zero turgor (R2 = 0.29, p < 0.001) and box (spanning the 25th to 75th percentiles and bold line at the median) and whiskers (spanning the 5th to 95th percentiles) of binned data for (C) mean annual precipitation deficit and (D) mean annual precipitation. (A) and (B) are fitted with linear regression (red dashed line) see Table 1 for details. The solid square symbols in (A) and (B) represent values for Eucalyptus spp. (n = 47).
While MAP and MAPD were the best single predictors of πtlp, using an interaction term between MAPD and MHMT (at 0.98 percentile) improved the fit to the data (Figure 3; R2 = 0.35, p < 0.001). Species climate envelopes that included extremely high summer temperatures (MHMT > 35 °C) tended to have more negative πtlp than those species with cooler summer maximum temperatures (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Relationship between mean annual precipitation deficit versus the osmotic potential at zero turgor (R2 = 0.30, p < 0.001). Data are binned by maximum temperature in hottest month (0.98 percentile) and box and whisker plots are drawn based on this binned data. Data are fitted with linear regression (red dashed line), see Table 1 for details.
3.2. Relationship between Turgor Loss and other Leaf Traits
We observed a positive relationship between πtlp and Ψmd (Figure 4, R2 =0.43, P < 0.001) and for Ψpd (Figure 4, R2 = 0.42, p < 0.001). For some of the species in the database the πtlp was less than Ψmd indicating periods of zero turgor during the study period (Figure 4). A similar relationship was observed between Ψmd and the relative water content at zero turgor (Figure 5). We observed a strong positive relationship between π0 and πtlp (Pearson's r = 0.90, Figure 5). There was a negative relationship between π0 and ε (Pearson's r = 0.44, Figure 5). There were fewer species data for many of the additional traits included in the database including; specific leaf area and wood density and these showed weak correlations to the plant water relations traits (Figure 5).
For 57 species in the database, there were data for changes in π0 between well-watered conditions and either seasonal water deficit under natural conditions (for saplings and adults, n = 42) or water deficit imposed through an experimental treatment (for seedlings, n = 23) (Supplementary Figures S2 and S3). Several studies involved comparisons among different clones or provenances for species ability to adjust π0 in response to water deficit. The majority of species showed osmotic adjustment within 1.0 MPa, while some species adjusted π0 by up to 1.7 MPa (Figure 6) and π0 (under well-watered conditions) was a good predictor of the extent to which species adjusted πtlp during periods of water deficit. The largest adjustments (negative) in π0 was observed in species from drier environments (MAP < 600 mm), however these species also showed greatest variation in osmotic adjustment (R2 = 0.06, not significant, Figure 6) and this relationship (change in π0 versus MAP) was particularly weak for the data that included seedlings only (data not shown).
Figure 4. Relationship between the midday water potential and osmotic potential at full turgor (n = 92). The data are grouped by four different levels of mean annual precipitation deficit (mm). The data are fitted with linear regression (red dashed line; r2 = 0.43, p < 0.001).
Figure 5. Correlation matrix of all plant traits included in the database. Scatter plots in lower, left quadrant are fitted with a linear function for significant correlations (p < 0.01). Values in the upper right quadrant are Pearson's correlation coefficients with bold text denoting significant correlation (p < 0.01).
Figure 6. Relationship between osmotic adjustment and (A) osmotic potential at full turgor (under high water availability) and (B) mean annual precipitation. Data in (A) are fitted with linear regression (red dashed line; r2 = 0.22, p < 0.001).
We compiled a database of species leaf water relations that spanned almost 50 years of plant water relations research in Australia and covered a considerable range of vegetation and plant functional types across the Australian continent. In this study, key climatic indices were extracted from different middle and tail regions of species climatic envelopes in order to assess the role of aridity and high temperature as selection pressures on leaf water relations among a large group of species (n = 174). By also evaluating the influence of habitat water availability across these climatic gradients, our study builds on a growing body of work that links key functional traits to a species habitat and climatic range and strengthens efforts to predict shifts in forest distribution and function under a changing climate.
A significant proportion of the variability in πtlp was explained by climatic indices based on precipitation (MAP) or climatic water deficit (MAPD). This observation supports the finding of Bartlett et al. [10,23] and others [25] that πtlp is an adaptive trait whereby a lower πtlp allows species to tolerate increased aridity in terms of lower precipitation and/or increased evaporative demand. Furthermore, the relationship between πtlp and MAPD was also maintained among the eucalypt spp. (n = 47) in the database, supporting the suggestion that turgor maintenance traits explain much of the distribution of the dominant genus in forests across Australia [26]. However, our study furthers our understanding of leaf physiological adaptations to climate by showing a significant interaction between maximum temperature (MHMT) and MAP in influencing variation in leaf turgor maintenance (R2 = 0.35). This result indicates an important role for high temperature in modulating πtlp among species. There is likely to be strong selection for low πtlp in dry climates with high summer temperatures given the potential for additional heat stress if turgor loss triggers stomatal closure. High temperature stress is amplified under water stress when leaf cooling via transpiration ceases after stomatal closure [27]. This could trigger leaf or whole-tree mortality if leaf temperatures exceed ambient air temperatures and reach critical temperatures for maintaining cell function [28,29]. It remains to be tested whether πtlp also co-varies with those leaf traits associated with resistance to high temperature stress. These data support recent studies that highlight the strong interaction of drought and high temperature stress in affecting tree functioning and survival in Australia [21] and globally [30]. Our findings demonstrate a role of both aridity and high temperature in controlling leaf water relations and πtlp presumably because conditions of high evaporative demand and high temperature exert strong selection pressure on species to adequately regulate their physiology over a given range of leaf water potentials and temperatures.
In general, the inclusion of climate indices based on the dry tails of the species distribution (e.g., MAP and MAPD) did not strengthen the relationship between climatic indices and πtlp, compared to climate indices derived from the median (Table 1). It is likely that these climate-trait relationships are maintained at both parts of the distribution because values derived from the median scale linearly with those at the dry or warm tail of the distribution.
This study also elucidates the role of species habitat water availability and water management strategy, in addition to species climatic envelope in driving species leaf water relations. Species that experience lower Ψmd (and lower Ψpd) tended to have lower πtlp, particularly for those species from more arid environments. Variation in habitat water availability is also reflected in the larger dispersion in πtlp at observed in MAPD between −50 to −150 mm (Figure 2). This suggests that increasing aridity drives greater selection pressure for different strategies to exploit a wider range of potential water sources and ecohydrologic niches [31]. Regulation of water use must also closely align with spatial and temporal patterns in water availability thereby promoting strong divergence in water status, particularly during dry periods [32]. The tendency for larger trait variation in drier climates is consistent with other drought trait databases such as the global analysis of stem embolism resistance (defined using the water potential at 50 percent loss of hydraulic conductivity), that shows increasing trait variation with climatic water availability [33]. In this study, climatic water deficit explained only ~ 30% of the variation in πTLP. These patterns among drought resistance traits indicate the significance of contrasting water management strategies that may diminish the importance of a single trait πtlp in enabling survival under water deficit. Hence, at the whole plant level, species responses to increasing aridity involves the coordination of multiple traits and provide differential responses to drought and rates of recovery following drought.
Shifts in turgor maintenance are a good example of how alternative strategies may bring about similar outcomes for tolerating low water availability. Osmotic adjustment is widely evaluated in order to compare drought tolerance among differing species and genotypes [23], however elastic adjustment or increased elasticity (lower ε) can potentially buffer against steep declines in water status [5,34]. The relatively weak relationship we observed between differential modes of turgor maintenance; osmotic adjustment and bulk tissue elasticity versus aridity suggests no consistent shift in determinants of leaf turgor. The negative relationship between π0 and ε is consistent with the trade-off observed among many species exhibiting either lower elasticity or osmotic potential (less negative) or higher elasticity and osmotic potential [10,25,35]. This trade-off probably originates from a biophysical requirement of tissues and cells to either accumulate solutes accompanied by a decrease in elasticity to avoid cell rupture or increased elasticity without having to incur the cost of producing compatible solutes [35]. Several studies in dry climates show strong divergence in turgor maintenance patterns among sympatric or closely related species that confer resistance to water deficit [13,35,36].
Intra-specific variation in πtlp may also drive adaptation across the species distribution. Evidence for systematic variation in πtlp under well-watered conditions is limited in woody species and most studies included in the database showed non-significant differences in πtlp among genotypes [37,38,39], whereas variation among genotypes tends to occur in response to seasonal or short-term water deficit suggesting plasticity in ability to adjust πtlp among genotypes [39,40]. Nevertheless patterns in πtlp presented here would suggest that single parameters of species climatic envelope and corresponding mean trait value provide a fairly robust indication of inter-specific patterns in adaptation to aridity.
We showed that among the 174 woody species for which there were data for πtlp, a large proportion of the variability in πtlp could be explained by mean annual precipitation or climatic water deficit (precipitation deficit). While similar biome and species-level patterns in πtlp has been demonstrated in global meta-analyses that considered species aridity values from the study site [10,23], our study also confirmed the significance of an interaction between hottest monthly maximum temperature with climatic water availability. This provides evidence for strong selective pressure from both water deficit and high temperature in defining physiological strategies among Australian species. Furthermore, habitat water availability and plant water management patterns as reflected by differences in midday leaf water potential was a slightly better predictor of πtlp across these gradients in aridity, highlighting the fundamental importance of these factors, in addition to the prevailing climatic conditions, in modulating the operating range over which plants may actively sustain turgor. Further research is required to examine the relationship between turgor maintenance parameters and other traits known to exert strong controls on plant performance under water deficit across a broad range of species, e.g., leaf hydraulic conductance. This study suggests that πtlp plays a central role in defining plant performance and could be incorporated in species distribution modelling given its responsiveness to climatic and site-based drivers in water availability.
Supplementary File 1
We are grateful to Maria Ottenschlaeger for helping to retrieve data and assemble the database. Margaret Cawsey also provided significant advice on use of the Atlas of Living Australia. This project was funded by the Co-operative Research Centre for Forestry. The authors also acknowledge the useful insights and discussions of all of their colleagues during recent workshops on forest mortality hosted by the Australian Centre for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (www.aceas.org.au), a facility of the Australian Government's Terrestrial Ecosystems Research Network, a research infrastructure facility established under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy and Education Infrastructure Fund—Super Science Initiative—Through the Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education.
Patrick J. Mitchell and Anthony P. O'Grady compiled the database, Patrick J. Mitchell analysed the data and wrote the paper with significant input from Anthony P. O'Grady.
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The most striking characteristic of this work is it's lack of spacial definition. There is no sense of scale, of place, we can't tell where sound is coming from, how loud it is, when it begins and ends. There is no scale of calibration for any of the things we naturally use to place sound. The prevailing information we take from sound is spacial. we need to know how close an animal, car, wall, falling piano is. Köner willfully eschews all positioned sounds and all spacial relativity. In a way he isolates and starves a sense we depend on. The effect after hearing this work is a great attenuation of hearing and a sensitivity to aural minutia we rarely experience.
"You take it's cool, smooth substance into your mouth and it is as if the very darkness of the room were melting on your tongue; even undistinguished yokan can then take on a mysteriously intriguing flavour."


text:
One episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation made Canada put a warning in front of it [Warp Factor 4.1]
September 22, 2020, 1:11 PM ET
By Brian Silliman
It's rare that a moment of Star Trek is so over the top that a warning has to be put in front of the episode. Before the usual "this episode contains" briefings became standard on CBS All Access (where Star Trek: Lower Decks often warns of language and violence), Trek episodes just played with no warning at all. This changed, at least in Canada, for a very special Season 1 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.
"Conspiracy" was too much for Canada, so they put a disclaimer at the top. Why? This episode is gross on many levels and often disturbing, but if you've already seen the episode, then you know exactly why. It's the fantastical, magical, over-the-top exploding head of poor Dexter Remmick.
The BBC just cut the moment entirely, as the added bit plays out like something from Alien. It comes when Picard and Riker are cleaning up a coup-by-parasite at Starfleet Command, and they turn their Season 1 dustbuster phasers on Remmick, who houses a mother parasite. It's really blows Remmick's mind.
The parasites are only a part of the episode because Trek creator Gene Roddenberry could not accept that a real coup would ever happen in the Federation. Since his passing, real coups happen in the Federation every other week. Heads have stopped exploding, though. For the most part. Some get chopped off. Choose to live.
It's disgusting and it's crazy, so naturally it fits right in with the rest of TNG's first season. These parasites are left as a "they could return" thread at the end, but they never do. Lower Decks recently had some parasitic fun, but they didn't look or act like the same parasites.
Welcome back to Warp Factor, where we're getting to the bottom of this "Conspiracy." Vitamins do wonders for the body. Do eat up, Picard!
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When Janeway killed Tuvix! Inside a heartbreaking hour of Star Trek: Voyager [Warp Factor 3.6]


As designers, we constantly strive to search for fresh, unique, and innovative ways to simplify designs/work flow without compensating on quality, thus ensuring our designs are efficient, functional, and of course, awe-inspiring.
At RCA, we strongly believe in using less and achieving more, as the statement "less is more" holds true pertaining to our projects. A project doesn't necessarily depend on the cost, but rather how efficiently resources have been maximized, which is why we're extremely particular with our design process. Great efforts are made to decrease time on re-working on drawings, BOQ preparation, and during the construction itself.
Exercising our 4D Process, we streamline activities to effectively use our time and resources, successfully weeding out the processes that don't add value. We also focus on continuous improvements from the "bottom up," which ensures that every member is adhering to requirements. With this mind-set, we have gone above and beyond our clients' expectations.
RCA is always upto something. If you'd like to know about it, sign up.


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Q: Is there any standard way to refer to college level education? I'm looking for a way to say college level on the abstract of a paper. In Portuguese we say ensino superior. A direct translation for that would be higher education, but I don't think that fits the language expected on academic writing. Am I right? If so, then what should I say?

A: In Australia formal studies pursued after high school are known as tertiary education, in the same vein as primary and secondary education. The term encompasses technical and vocational education in addition to undergraduate university degrees.

A: In British-English I would say higher education. In America I think college level would be more common. In formal Bureaucratese "post secondary education" is probably the most correct term

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In a stock server, with warmup mode not being used at all, clients will be asked to /ready up.
1. Run a 0.4 server.
2. Connect with a client → the server is in singleplayer mode.
3. Connect with a new client → the server will switch to multiplayer mode, and clients will be asked to /ready up.
4. The match begins, and everything is normal.
I don't think setting se_matches to -100 in gGame::Analysis() is necessary, but perhaps I don't understand the intentions behind that value.
I guess this is a duplicate of bug #1040388.


An elderly Sidbury woman who was trapped in an overturned car has thanked those who came to her and her husband's aid.
Anne and David Gibbons, who are both in their 80s, were driving along Fortescue Road, in Sidmouth at about 8pm on Wednesday, November 1.
The couple's Nissan collided with a parked car and ended up on its side, leaving Anne trapped in the car.
Firefighters managed to free the pensioners, who escaped without any serious injuries and did not need to go to hospital.
Anne, who lives in Harcombe Lane with her husband, said: "It was very dramatic with police cars and sirens. An awful lot of people were not able to get past.
"The emergency services were very quick, the car was on its side and the trouble was getting us out.
"I did not realise that my husband was worried that the car might catch on fire – then the fire engine arrived.
"Lots of people had appeared with blankets and hot drinks.
"We just wanted to say thank you.
Anne said a paramedic who was on holiday had also come to their aid and was with them until the ambulance arrived and took over, along with a doctor who was on his way home from work and stopped to see if there was anything he could do.
Anne said she suffered some bruising and a cut to her leg while her husband needed an x-ray on his hand to see if any glass had got stuck in it.
Anne said: "They were just marvellous.
"Since we have been home, we have also had people come around with meals and flowers, we have been overwhelmed with kindness from people we do not even know who had heard about what happened.


I've been enjoying the Marvel suite of shows on Netflix: Jessica Jones, Daredevil, Luke Cage, Iron Fist, and their team up in the Defenders. One of the things I've liked, particularly in Daredevil and again in Defenders, is some of the fight choreography and cinematography. In Daredevil episode 2 "Cut Man", there's this sweeping fight scene in a hallway. A door is kicked out, half-crumpled and in the way, and as the camera sweeps up and down the hallway in a seemingly continuous shot, Daredevil (he's wounded—and winded) trades staggering blows with foes while working around, and sometimes using, the fallen door. It was innovative and new. It wasn't just foes squaring off in a wide alley with the same old off-the-shelf fight moves. It was something I hadn't seen.
Throwback to 1999 and Episode 1, the Phantom Menace. Say what you will, but Ray Park brought fresh breath to the Jedi fight scenes, executing the flips, twirls, and tricks that are now standard in Jedi/Sith battles across all the Star Wars media. Before that, we had just Ben, Luke, and Vader facing off in one-dimensional hack and slash. I read somewhere that Ray Park told Liam Neeson and Ewan McGregor to actually try and hit him with their lightsabers, and he put all the drama and flourish into his defense. I'm sure much of it was not improvised, and again, say what you will about the rest of the film, but that choreography, with John Williams' Duel of the Fates cranking up the intensity, made for a fresh fight scene.
And then in Mad Max: Fury Road, the fight scene that made it for me, more than all the other way-the-hell-over-the-top road rage clashes (although those were awesome), was the three-way brawl between Furiosa, Max, and Nux, with Max handcuffed to Nux via a long chain that went through a car door. The choreographers worked in all their motives: Max wants Furiosa's truck. Furiosa wants those guys gone. Nux wants to be free of Max. Max defends against Nux. All of this happens while two of their arms are restrained through the chain and car door, which then become fight props. Oh, and Furiosa had removed her prosthetic arm to give her stump some relief, so she's fighting one and a half handed. I cannot do this fight scene justice. You just have to see it.
What all three of these examples have in common was their innovation. None of them were just two brutes slugging it out, or little more than a martial arts exhibition. They incorporated the combatants' surroundings, they stayed true to their motives, and they were new. They showed us something we hadn't seen before, and so instead of tired, obligatory fisticuffs that daisy-chained a story together, the fight scenes themselves moved the story and revealed the characters.
And of course, I'm scratching my head trying to figure out how to apply this principle to my own writing. The Togahan world has a lot of detail, backstory, motive and violence, but with every confrontation, I remind myself that it can't just be "the thing you've seen before". It should be true to the players. It should use the surroundings. It should move the story, and not just bridge two talking scenes. Successful or not, that's my goal.
What other movie (or book) fight scenes did you think were new and innovative? What made them so? Tell me your thoughts.
This entry was posted in Behind the scenes, Popular media, Writing & Music. Bookmark the permalink.


Princeton Racing Days Association is ready to run in 2013.
The annual general meeting of the Princeton Racing Days Association was held at the library conference room on Thursday, Nov. 15.
President Karrie Crucil welcomed all in attendance and then asked for a moment of silence to be held in remembrance of Roberta Baron, a long time member of the association who passed away in August of this year.
Crucil thanked the board for their efforts in 2012 saying, "We had great race days this year, my family and I had a lot of fun." "We are looking forward to next year," she added.
Crucil then tabled all ongoing business and asked Councillor Doug Pateman to officiate the annual general meeting and election of officers.
President, vice-president, and treasurer positions were filled by acclamation. President for 2013 is Karrie Crucil, vice president Yvonne Liddicoat and treasurer is Bill Vowles. The position of secretary was chosen via ballot vote and was filled by Mariah Liddicoat.
Association directors for 2013 are; Jennifer Bernard, Della Osbourne, Dino Crucil and Sue Gereau.
The Racing Days Association will recess for the month of December barring making application for their dates in 2013 and then will return to business as usual with their first meeting on January 17, 2013 at 6:30 p.m., in the Princeton Linrary conference room.


On this luxury Patagonia vacation, enjoy daily excursions into Torres del Paine with an expert guide. Marvel at waterfalls, glaciers, jagged mountain peaks, and more. At night, relax at Hotel Lago Grey with delicious meals and an open bar. Fall asleep in a comfortable bed with a priceless view of mountain, lake, and sky.
The view from Hotel Lago Grey is unlike anything you've seen in your life. Nestled on the bank of a Patagonian lake and framed by the towering Torres del Paine mountain range, the hotel and its all-inclusive Patagonia experience are designed to showcase the breathtaking landscapes of Patagonia's Torres del Paine National Park.
Your experience includes an array of daily excursions into Torres del Paine with an expert bilingual (English/Spanish) guide. Hike the stunning landscapes of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, and marvel at cascading waterfalls, mammoth glaciers, spiraling jagged mountain peaks, and more.
At the end of your exciting and exhausting days, relax with delicious meals and an open bar. Fall asleep in a comfortable bed with a priceless view of mountain, lake, and sky.
The payment of 100% of the program must be made within 30 days before Check-In.
Important Notice: we strongly recommend hiring a travel insurance, because Hotel Lago Grey does not take responsibility for refunds due to bad weather conditions, natural phenomenon, closed roads, issues due to flight connections, social or politic protests, or any other problems external to the hotel or tour operator.
All excursions depend on weather conditions.


36 High Street is a period property with three good sized bedrooms, a pretty enclosed courtyard garden and a bright modern dining kitchen. It is a charming property with lots of original features and a great layout stemming from its heritage of originally being two cottages. This is a lovely family home with special touches designed to make younger guests feel welcome.
Situated in the heart of Wells on the old High Street, and just five minutes walk from the Quay and the Buttlands. Wells is full of independent shops, cafes, restaurants and pubs.
Please Note: This property will accept a maximum of 4 adults.


Earth Guardians Phx Kids Tribe - Fairies in the Garden - Free Spirit & Mind!
In the last meet up we met up at our Earth Guardians headquarters The Enchanted Forest CommUnity 🙂 and we set our New Years intentions to kick off the new cycle of things.
For this event one of our Earth Guardian parents John & Lauren will be showing us how to make the cutest little fairy like jewelry. It's so easy to make anyone can do it… Their two little ones Morgan & Quentin, both under six, will also help us all make our own fairy jewelry to take home. Thanks guys for this generous contribution!


As UMBC prepares for its major celebration of its 50th anniversary this weekend, the #retriever50for50 countdown heads into the home stretch, beginning with today's No. 6 "greatest moment" in UMBC Athletics' history.
The event took place on May 13, 2007 in College Park, Md., one of several great moments that UMBC has experienced against the university system's flagship campus.
After a six-year drought, Don Zimmerman's men's lacrosse program made it back to the NCAA Tournament in 2006 by winning the America East title. The 2007 squad actually experienced an up-and-down month of March, dropping four of seven games, including a 13-9 decision at Albany in the league opener.
The Retrievers rebounded in a big way in April, posting a 5-0 mark and defeated Binghamton in the league semifinals. But, in an epic battle in Albany, UMBC dropped a heartbreaking 15-14 decision to the Great Danes, who secured the league's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament.
With five losses, the Retrievers were on the bubble for an at-large bid, but were awarded a spot and sent 20 miles down the road to take on 7th-ranked Maryland at Byrd Stadium. The Terps had handled UMBC with relative ease in March, bolting to an 11-3 lead in an 11-7 triumph.
Trailing 4-2 early in the second quarter, the UMBC offense caught fire. Over the next 28 minutes, the Retrievers outscored the Terrapins, 9-1, and led, 11-5, after 45 minutes.
Maryland threw everything they had at UMBC in the fourth quarter, but goalkeeper Jeremy Blevins made six of his career-high (at the time) 18 saves in the final 15 minutes and UMBC came away with a sound 13-9 victory.
Attackman Cayle Ratcliffe, a.k.a "Tugboat", paced a balance offense with four goals. Linemates Drew Westervelt and Andy Gallagher scored two goals each and unheralded midfielders Josh Porcell and P.J. Kimener contributed three points each.
The 2007 Retrievers became the first UMBC team to advance in NCAA Tournament competition and the victory was UMBC's first over a top-ten ranked squad since 2003.
In the other part of the bracket, Delaware upset Virginia, so UMBC appeared to have a favorable match-up to get to the national semifinals. But the physical battle against Maryland took its toll on the Retrievers. Deadlocked at 4-all midway through the third quarter, UD scored a pair of late goals in the stanza and outlasted the Retrievers, 10-6.
That defeat could not detract from the huge amount of support seen in Annapolis that afternoon. The tailgate lots were overflowing with Retriever alumni, faculty/staff and friends as the Retriever Nation came of age that spring.


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Home / Libya / Ghassan Pushes For Quick Response Against Violators Of Arm Embargo In Libya Under UN Security Council Resolution
The UN envoy to Libya is pushing hard for security council resolution that will commit foreign powers to stop an escalating proxy war and also work towards making the arms embargo a reality.
Ghassan Pushes For Quick Response Against Violators Of Arm Embargo In Libya Under UN Security Council Resolution
U.J.M Writer October 15, 2019 Libya, Security, US 21 Views
Ghassan Salame communicated this before an international conference to be organized in Germany that intends to bring together the five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council as well as the United Arab Emirates, Italy, Turkey, and Egypt. The date for the conference has not been decided as yet.
The conference is one-of-its-kind being organized to end the turmoil facing Libya and is being said to be the first-ever diplomatic push. Speaking to the media over the intent of the conference, Salame said, "Expressions of hope and encouragement and verbal support are not what I'm looking for – I'm looking for a clear expression of the will to end the war in Libya."
Ghassan is also pushing for a clear expression of the action in a UN Security Council resolution and asking for a 'follow-up' mechanism for full accountability.
A panel of experts that monitor the arms embargo have discovered dozens of violations and that foreign interference has made the situation worse. It has been confirmed that such foreign interference has made more blatant violations of the arms embargo and freely used foreign mercenaries and operators of foreign supplied drones.
Libya has been divided into rival, shifting camps based in the east and west since 2014, three years after a NATO-backed uprising overthrew former leader Muammar Gaddafi. The offensive against Tripoli was quickly stalled on the capital's outskirts. But it did expose international divisions with no country taking onus for innocent lives lost to air bombings.
Haftar launched his campaign on April 4 during a visit to Libya by U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, just 10 days before a national conference at the center of a peace process planned by Salame was due to take place.
Salame feels that it is time to push for more reactive and quick reporting systems where those who violate should be sanctioned and make countries that have been supplying arms and ammunition to make a public declaration of adherence.
Read more related articles about TheCrystalEyes Political News https://www.thecrystaleyes.com/category/politics/
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Tags Ghassan HAFTAR Libya Tripoli UN Security Council
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I never know what to make of Betsey Johnson. She's kinda like your great Aunt that's a total wild card, who curiously resembles your thirteen year old niece, who's currently finding herself by defying convention. When it comes to fashion, she's a great reminder of how far fashion can go and how much you don't have to give a hoot about other people's opinions so long as you're happy.


The Shade Tree has put out an urgent SOS on their facebook page. They have 25 babies at the shelter and are in dire need of bottles, pacifiers, size 4 and 5 diapers, clothing, newborn supplies… basically everything. Please do what you can. You can call them for more details or to schedule a pickup: 385-0072.
September 29, 2011 in Uncategorized.


We take pride in our company and would love to work for you!
Here at CSDI we take great pride in Building Success. From a small TI remodel to a large multi-story downtown office building our experienced team listens, executes and succeeds.


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Q: Touchend or Touchcancel not fire on iPad JQuery Dialog Really test a lot of time, getting frustrated.
I want to hide the Jquery Dialog content when dragging/moving (Touchmove) the dialog, then showing back the content when the drag/move is stop (touchend/touchcancel).
I can hide the content when dragging(touchdown), but cannot showing up back the content after stop.
So far I realize it can only perform "mousedown" and "mouseout" which mean if I don't move it, only touch it then leave my finger, the content show up back....
Please help. Thanks a lot in advance.
var drag_keyboard = $( "#keyboard" ).dialog({width: 670, height: 300});
drag_keyboard.parent().find('.ui-dialog-titlebar').bind( "touchstart", function(e){
$('#keyboard').hide();
});

drag_keyboard.parent().find('.ui-dialog-titlebar').bind( "touchmove", function(e){
e.preventDefault();
});

drag_keyboard.parent().find('.ui-dialog-titlebar').bind( "touchcancel", function(e){
$('#keyboard').show();
});

drag_keyboard.parent().find('.ui-dialog-titlebar').bind( "touchend", function(e){
$('#keyboard').show();
});


The model is ZJX8211. This one is a cyclone and Bagless Vacuum Cleaner. There are some colors in this style. Now I will introduce the blue one for you. It is turely a Cyclone Vacuum Cleaner always with strong power. Its cleaning efficiency is always high. Its filter system is 5 stages,so it can use for a long time. We have gotten international patent for the cyclone system used on our Vacuum Cleaner. So you can use more reliablely. In a word,it is worth to own this vacuum cleaner. Now let's see some data blow.
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Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread is a moist and delicious dessert bread that cooks in the Instant Pot or Pressure Cooker.
Banana Bread is one of those sweets that just about everyone loves. Jan Borden Freeman is a wonderful baker, as a result of her Grandma Mills teaching her to bake when she was in her 20's.
Jan purchased an Instant Pot, Mealthy MultiPot or Pressure Cooker last year and has been cooking up a storm. Her most favorite and prized recipe from her Grandma is the Grandma Mills Banana Nut Bread.
She realized that baked goods were not only possible in an Instant Pot, Mealthy MultiPot or Pressure Cooker, but they come out very moist and delicious.
Jan decided to convert her Grandma's famous Banana Nut Bread and the very popular Pressure Cooker Grand Mills' Banana Nut Bread was born.
Click to purchase this Nordic Ware 6 cup Bundt Pan.
The above photo of Jan's cake is so beautiful, so I wanted to show case it. However, Jan says she gets her best results using this little Nordic Ware 6 cup Bundt Pan.
Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread is always a hit with Jan and her family. All the kids' kids, still make this wonderful bread and remember their Grandma.
Jan wanted to give the history behind the bread and talk a little about Grandma Mills.
She says: "Lottie Mills was a dear Christian woman from Oklahoma City. She loved to cook meals and bake desserts.
Just Take Me To the Best Banana Bread Recipe Ever!
Get yourself a second and third silicone gasket/seal. They are super cheap.
They come in colors. We use one for sweets, one for savory and one for strong smelling recipes like my incredible Instant Pot Butter Chicken recipe.
In a Medium Mixing Bowl, add butter, sugar and eggs. Using a Hand Mixer, beat until combined. Make sure to scrape down the sides of the bowl. There should be no sugar granules left in the bowl.
Place bananas in a Small Mixing Bowl and mash well. Add the mashed bananas to the butter, eggs, sugar mixture and gently beat to combine.
Some people like nuts in their bread, others don't. This is a personal choice.
I don't want you to end up with a rubbery or a brick Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread and then blame the recipe.
Besides incorrectly measuring the flour, over working a batter will also lead to a heavy and dense bread.
So, now that you know How to Properly Measure Flour, measure out the two cups of Flour. You did read that article, right????
Okay, then, add the rest of the dry ingredients into the Medium Mixing Bowl and beat just until combined. Do not over work your batter. Doing so will cause a very heavy and dense bread.
If using walnuts or your favorite nut, gently fold them in now and combine by hand. If you want to use Chocolate Chips, hand fold them in now.
Grandma and Grandpa Mills had five children. The above photo shows the lovely couple with their children.
Jan goes on to say: "This Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread is just one of her many recipes. She created this Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread many, many years ago.
Her recipe was in her head and she measured the ingredients with the palm of her hand or by the pinch.
One day we made a loaf of banana bread with her. As she eyeballed the ingredients in the palm of her hand or by a pinch, we measured everything and wrote it down.
If you don't have a 6 cup Bundt Pan, grease a 7 inch Push Pan or 7 inch Cake Pan and place a Parchment Round in the bottom. Grease the Parchment Round too.
Pour the batter in and jiggle the Bundt Pan, so that the batter is even. You may need more time, if using a Cake Pan instead of a Bundt Pan. The Bundt Pan is the preferred pan and will give you better results, time and time again.
"A few months after I got the Instant Pot, I saw a pressure recipe for a carrot bread or cake.
I thought I would experiment with Grandma's recipe. I love the way it turned out.
The taste reminds me of Grandma Mills, but the Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread is more moist because cooking it in the pressure cooker.
The Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread cooks for about the same amount of time as in the oven. As I said, it's more moist…and it's fun being able to use my Instant Pot.
Jan also uses a 6 cup Bundt Pan (which I find gives a more even bake) for this recipe to change things up a bit. Grease and flour the bottom of the pan, since parchment paper wont work well.
Add some water to the bottom of your Instant Pot, Mealthy MultiPot or Pressure Cooker and place a Trivet inside.
Place the cake pan of batter on top of the Stainless Steel Trivet.
A 6 cup Bundt Pan works best.
If you don't measure the Flour properly, you WILL end up with a rubber/brick Banana Bread.
Please read my article How to Properly Measure Flour.
Over working the batter will cause a dense and heavy bread.
Allow the pressure to release for a bit. Grandma Mill's Banana Nut Bread will rise nicely.
Allow it to cool, before slicing.
Jan hopes you will enjoy her Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread, as much as she and her family have been enjoying this for years.
Pressure Cooker New York Cheesecake [Instant Pot] – the BEST recipe ever! You must make this right away.
Enjoy this recipe from the oven or from the Instant Pot, Mealthy MultiPot or Pressure Cooker.
In a medium bowl, mix together butter, sugar and eggs.
Beat at high speed until light and creamy, making sure to scrape the sides of the bowl, so that all sugar is mixed into the butter and eggs.
Add all dry ingredients, except walnuts and beat until just combined.
Fold in walnuts and/or chips, if using.
Pour into greased/floured 8 inch loaf pan.
Bake at 350° 60-70 minutes.
Grease a 6 cup Bundt Pan. Line the bottom with a parchment round or paper, if you like.
Pour in batter and smooth it out so batter is level.
Add 1.5 cups of water into Pressure Cooker cooking pot. Place Trivet in Pressure Cooker cooking pot.
Place cake pan on Trivet. Lightly cover the pan with a piece of paper towel and then a piece of foil.
Lock on lid and close Pressure Valve. Cook at High Pressure for 55-60 minutes.
When Beep sounds, allow a 10 minute Natural Pressure Release. Allow cake to cool in pan.
Turn it into French Toast!
PIN this Pressure Cooker Grandma Mills' Banana Nut Bread!
Do you think this could be made in an air fryer? This is my go to recipe for banana bread.
Spectacularly delicious! Used a 6 cup ceramic bundt pan, added chopped walnuts and Ghirardelli dark chocolate chips per the recipe, vanilla, and a rounded teaspoon of Penzey's Baking Spice. About a third of the flour was King Arthur white whole grain. Also gave it about a teaspoon of a natural banana extract to enhance the flavor. Allow plenty of time for it to cool in the ceramic pan. Will definitely make again.
I made this and it was the best banana bread I've ever made. I read all about how to measure flour (thank you). I only had a springform pan so I used that. I had to put in back in And cook it for another 20 minutes and it was perfect. I would leave off the paper towel and use parchment covered with foil next time. Thanks for the recipe.
I got the bundt pan, followed the directions exactly and it came out perfect. Thank you, my family is exuberant and everyday ask if I'm going to make it. Our kids showed me this banana bread hell yeah video. Caution, a lot of F word.
This bread looks amazing and who doesn't like banana bread. I appreciate all the time and effort you put into your blog. However, I hate to waste my time and ingredients. Cover or don't, cover the pan which one?
Do you have any suggestions for butter replacement in this recipe?
I used all purpose gluten free flour by weight and it worked perfectly! It's so light and fluffy you would never know it's gluten free! Thank you!!


Window film also enhances your business's appearance to your customer, allowing them to remain focused on what's important. Accidents, environmental effects and vandalism can instantly turn a pane of glass into life-threatening shards. Window film can act as a "safety net" by holding shattered glass together.
We carry several different brands of film to choose from (see below) to suit your business needs. We have worked with many thriving small and large businesses in the mid-Michigan area. Our services come with a lifetime limited warranty that covers against cracking, peeling, bubbling, delamination and de-metalization.