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text:
\section{Introduction}

In multiferroic materials magnetic and electric orders coexist
simultaneously and the coupling between spin and charge degrees of
freedom gives rise to a wide range of magnetoelectric phenomena
\cite{eerenstein06,tokura06,cheong07}. Recent research has centered on
the origin and symmetry of magnetoelectric coupling. The crucial
question is how the coupling between two spins depends on electric
field:
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\rm{me}} &=& \sum_{nm}\left[J_{nm}({\bf E})\hat{{\bf S}}_{n}\cdot \hat{{\bf S}}_{m}
+ {\bf D}_{nm}({\bf E})\cdot \hat{{\bf S}}_{n}\times \hat{{\bf S}}_{m}\right.
\nonumber\\
& &+ \left.\hat{{\bf S}}_{n}\cdot {\bf A}_{nm}({\bf E})\cdot \hat{{\bf S}}_{m}
\right].
\label{fme}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\hat{{\bf S}}_n$ and $\hat{{\bf S}}_m$ are spins at lattice
sites $\mathbf{R}_n$ and $\mathbf{R}_m$, and the electric field ${\bf
  E}$ can be either internal, i.e., from the electric polarization in
the material, or external, as is the case of incident light.  The
first two interactions in the right hand side of Eq.~(\ref{fme}) are
well understood.  The first one, exchange interaction $J$, is
electric-field dependent because atomic positions are modulated by
${\bf E}$ (the phenomena of magnetostriction). The second one, the
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction, is first order in spin-orbit
coupling and is antisymmetric under spin interchange.
The third and final interaction, the anomalous tensor ${\bf
  A}$, is instead symmetric under spin interchange; it is known to
originate from second order spin-orbit effects \cite{moriya60}, but is
usually believed to be weak or hard to probe. Nevertheless, its
electric field dependence has not been studied.

Most interesting effects take place when one of the coupling
coefficients depends \emph{linearly} on electric field. For instance,
simple models based on electronic \cite{katsura05} or lattice mediated
polarization \cite{sergienko06} predict that the DM vector is
electric-field dependent according to $\bm{D}_{nm}\propto {\bf E}\times
({\bf R}_n - {\bf R}_m)$; this gives rise to the phenomena of
magnetically induced ferroelectricity observed in a large class of
materials, the cycloidal multiferroics \cite{kimura03,katsura05,sergienko06,mostovoy06}.

In addition, the linear magnetoelectric effect makes magnetic
excitations electrically dipole active. This gives rise to the
electromagnon, the quasiparticle of the multiferroic state
\cite{baryakhtar69,pimenov06,katsura07,takahashi08,aguilar09,kida09,lee09,stenberg09,mochizuki10,rovillain11}.
The observation of electromagnons in optical experiments provide
invaluable clues on the symmetry and magnitude of the magnetoelectric
coupling present in Eq.~(\ref{fme}). Moreover, the ability to launch, detect, and control
magnons electrically also holds promise for novel applications in
information processing \cite{desousaAPL08,rovillain10}.

The observation of magnetically-induced ferroelectricity
\cite{kimura03} and electromagnons \cite{pimenov06} in the class of
perovskite manganites $R$MnO$_3$ has made this material the prototype
for studies of strong magnetoelectric effects.  Here $R$ is a
rare-earth ion such as Dy, Tb, Gd or their mixture, {\it e.g.},
Gd$_{x}$Tb$_{1-x}$. In the $R$MnO$_3$ family, spins are typically
ordered with a period incommensurate with the lattice
\cite{kimura03,kida09}. Below the first N\'eel temperature ($T=39$~K in
DyMnO$_3$), the ground state of the Mn spins forms the collinear
sinusoidal density wave depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig1}(a). At even lower
temperature ($19$~K in DyMnO$_3$), another phase transition takes
place where the Mn spins order non-collinearly in the cycloid ground
state shown in Fig.~\ref{fig1}(b).

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig1}
  \caption{(Color online) Schematics of low temperature phases of $R$MnO$_3$: (a) Collinear sinusoidal phase and (b) Non-collinear cycloidal phase.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

The detection of electromagnons in the cycloidal phase of $R$MnO$_3$
led to a surprising observation. Optical experiments showed that two
quite strong electromagnons are observed in the cycloidal phase,
provided the electric field of light was directed along the
crystallographic direction $\hat{\mathbf{a}}$
\cite{kida08,aguilar09,lee09}. This remained true even when the cycloid plane
was flipped, leading to the conclusion that the DM interaction ${\bf D}$ could
not explain the origin of the observed strong electromagnon resonances (but in
recent experiments a weak electromagnon resonance consistent with the DM model
was observed \cite{shuvaev10}). This is a surprising conclusion in view of
the fact that the DM interaction is known to be responsible for
ferroelectricity in these materials.

Optical experiments have also produced a puzzling observation:
{\it The lower energy electromagnon, unlike the higher energy one,
survives also in the collinear sinusoidal phase}. This is observed, e.g.,
in DyMnO$_3$ \cite{kida08}, Gd$_{0.7}$Tb$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ \cite{kida08jpsj},
and Eu$_{1-x}$Y$_x$MnO$_3$ \cite{takahashi09}, but in TbMnO$_3$
no electromagnons are discernible in the sinusoidal phase \cite{takahashi08}.

Currently, there exists a consensus that the high energy electromagnon
originates from magnetostriction, the first term in Eq.~(\ref{fme})
\cite{aguilar09,stenberg09,mochizuki10}.  However, no consensus exists
on the origin of the low energy electromagnon.  Two quite different
models were proposed for its explanation: In [\onlinecite{stenberg09}], we
showed that magnetostriction plus spin-orbit coupling is
able to explain the origin of both electromagnons even when the
cycloid ground state is purely harmonic. In [\onlinecite{mochizuki10}],
Mochizuki {\it et al.}  showed that pure magnetostriction plus cycloid
anharmonicity (without a tensor ${\bf A}$) is able to explain the two
electromagnons of the cycloid phase, suggesting that anharmonicity
plays a vital role (similar results for BiFeO$_3$ were proposed in
[\onlinecite{desousa08b}]). {\it But neither of the two above-mentioned models
is able to explain the optical activity of the low energy electromagnon in the
sinusoidal phase}.

\section{Model for $R\rm{MnO}_3$}

Here we present a model of electromagnon excitations that can explain
the optical experiments in both the sinusoidal and in the cycloidal
phases. Our model Hamiltonian consists of spin and phonon couplings,
$H=H_{S}+H_{\rm{ph}}+H_{\rm{me}}^{(1)}+H_{\rm{me}}^{(2)}$. Here $H_S$
describes exchange interactions and single-ion anisotropies,
\begin{equation}
H_{S} = \sum_{n,m}J_{n,m}\hat{{\bf S}}_{n}\cdot\hat{{\bf S}}_{m}
+D_a\sum_{n}(\hat{{\bf S}}_{n}\cdot \hat{\bf{a}})^{2}-
D_b\sum_{n}(\hat{{\bf S}}_{n}\cdot \hat{\bf{b}})^{2}.
\label{eq:H_S}
\end{equation}
We assume $D_a>0$ and $D_b>0$, favoring alignment along the
$\hat{\mathbf{b}}$ direction.  The spins are coupled by exchange
interactions $J_{n,m}$, with nearest-neighbor interactions in the ab
plane denoted by $J_0$, next-nearest-neighbor interaction along ${\bf
  \hat{b}}$ denoted by $J_{2b}$, and interaction along the ${\bf
  \hat{c}}$ direction denoted by $J_c$. The interaction $J_0<0$ is
ferromagnetic while $J_{2b}>0$ and $J_c>0$ are both antiferromagnetic.

At sufficiently low temperatures, provided that the stability
condition $J_{2b} > -J_0/2$ is satisfied, the competition between the
nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic exchange, and the antiferromagnetic
next-nearest-neighbor exchange favors incommensurate spin ordering.
Between the first and second N\'eel temperatures
the spins order in a sinusoidal density wave,
\begin{equation}
\bm{S}_{0}({\bf R},T) =
\pm S(T)\cos({\bf Q}\cdot {\bf R}+\phi)\hat{\bf{b}},
\label{groundstate}
\end{equation}
with $S(T)$ a temperature dependent amplitude [see Eq. (3.14) in
Ref.~\onlinecite{nagamiya67} for its dependence on model parameters].
The magnitude of the sinusoidal wave vector $Q$ is given by $\cos(Qb/2) =
-J_0/(2 J_{2b})$. The upper sign in Eq.~(\ref{groundstate})
corresponds to ab layer spins with the integer c-coordinate, while the
lower sign applies to spins in the neighboring ab layers a distance
$c/2$ above and below them.

Our phonon Hamiltonian is
\begin{equation}
H_{\rm{ph}}=\frac{1}{2}m^{*}\sum_n \left(\dot{\bm{x}}_{n}^{2}
+\omega_{0}^{2} \bm{x}_{n}^{2}\right)
-e^{*}\sum_n \bm{x}_n \cdot \bm{E},
\label{hph}
\end{equation}
where $\omega_0$ is the (bare) phonon frequency, $m^{*}$ is the
effective mass, $\bm{x}_{n}$ is the relative displacement between
anions and cations in the $n$th unit cell, $e^{*}$ is the Born charge,
and $\bm{E}$ is the electric field of light.

We divide the linear magnetoelectric couplings in our model into two
separate terms, $H_{me}^{(1)}$ and $H_{me}^{(2)}$.
The first interaction,
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\rm{me}}^{(1)} &=&
e^{*}\sum_{n}x_{n}^{a}[
g_{c}(\hat{S}_{1,n}^{c}-\hat{S}_{1,n+b}^{c})(\hat{S}_{2,n}^{c}
+\hat{S}_{2,n+a}^{c})\nonumber\\& &+g_{b}(\hat{S}_{1,n}^{b}
-\hat{S}_{1,n+b}^{b})(\hat{S}_{2,n}^{b}
+\hat{S}_{2,n+a}^{b})\nonumber\\& &+(1\rightarrow 3, 2\rightarrow 4)],
\label{eq:linear_pbnm1}
\end{eqnarray}
does not give rise to electromagnons in a collinear ground state, but
is necessary to explain the origin of the low frequency electromagnon
in the cycloidal phase \cite{stenberg09}.
The second interaction is instead given by
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\rm{me}}^{(2)} &=&
e^{*}\sum_{n}x_{n}^{a}\{[
g_{bc}(\hat{S}_{1,n}^{b}-\hat{S}_{1,n+b}^{b})(\hat{S}_{2,n}^{c}
+\hat{S}_{2,n+a}^{c})
\nonumber\\& &+g_{ab}(\hat{S}_{1,n}^{a}
-\hat{S}_{1,n+b}^{a})(\hat{S}_{2,n}^{b}
+\hat{S}_{2,n+a}^{b})
+(1\leftrightarrow 2)]\nonumber\\& &+(1\rightarrow 3, 2\rightarrow 4)\},
\label{eq:linear_pbnm2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $g_{ab}$ and $g_{bc}$ are coupling constants that can be obtained
by microscopic calculation (e.g., using density functional theory).
Like Eq.~(\ref{eq:linear_pbnm1}), this
spin-symmetric interaction is also invariant under the $Pbnm$ space-group
operations of $R$MnO$_3$, and is therefore consistent with lattice symmetry.
Both interactions represent anomalous magnetoelectric coupling, with
particular forms of the anomalous tensor $\bm{A}$ [Eq.~(\ref{fme})].
A generalization of Moriya's theory \cite{moriya60} to allow for
magnetostriction effects shows that such interactions can originate
from cross-coupling between spin-orbit and magnetostriction effects.
However, a full microscopic theory is still needed to confirm this
expectation.

\section{Electromagnon spectra}

We adopt the molecular field approximation and expand the Hamiltonian
$H$ by keeping only terms quadratic in the fluctuation operators,
e.g., $\delta\hat{S}^2_c$, $\delta\hat{S}_a\delta P_a$, $\delta P_a^{2}$, etc.
We parametrize the spin excitations $\delta
\hat{\bm{S}}=\hat{\bm{S}}-\bm{S}_{0}$ by $\delta \hat{\bm{S}}_{i,n}= \hat{s}^{a}_{i,n} \hat{\mathbf{a}}
\pm  \hat{s}^{c}_{i,n}\hat{\mathbf{c}}$, and compute the equations of motion
using the canonical commutation relations,
$[\hat{s}^c_{j,n},\hat{s}^a_{k,m}]=i\delta_{jk}\delta_{nm}\hat{S}^{b}_{k}$.
In addition, we also adopted the random phase approximation (RPA),
i.e., we made the substitution $\hat{S}^{b}_{k}\rightarrow
\langle\hat{S}^{b}_{k}\rangle=\bm{S}_{0}(\bm{R}_k,T)\cdot
\hat{b}$ in the commutator above. Such an approximation is expected to
hold when the fluctuation effects are not too large (i.e., we are
sufficiently far from the N\'{e}el temperature).

After some manipulation the coupled equations of motion for spins and polarization is given by,
\begin{subequations}
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(\omega^{2}-\Omega_{\rm{C},q}^{2}\right)
\left(s^{\alpha}_{1q}+s^{\alpha}_{2q}+s^{\alpha}_{3q}+s^{\alpha}_{4q}\right)&=&\Omega_{\rm{C},q}\Gamma_q,
\label{cyclon}
\\
\left(\omega^{2}-\Omega_{\rm{C},q+k_0}^{2}\right)
\left(s^{\alpha}_{1q}-s^{\alpha}_{2q}+s^{\alpha}_{3q}-s^{\alpha}_{4q}\right)&=&\Omega_{\rm{C},q+k_0}\Gamma_{q+k_0},
\label{zecyclon}
\nonumber\\
\\
\left(\omega^{2}-\Omega_{\rm{EC},q}^{2}\right)
\left(s^{\alpha}_{1q}+s^{\alpha}_{2q}-s^{\alpha}_{3q}-s^{\alpha}_{4q}\right)&=&0,
\label{extracyclon}
\\
\left(\omega^{2}-\Omega_{\rm{EC},q+k_0}^{2}\right)
\left(s^{\alpha}_{1q}-s^{\alpha}_{2q}-s^{\alpha}_{3q}+s^{\alpha}_{4q}\right)&=&0,
\label{zeextracyclon}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{subequations}
where $\alpha = a,c$.  Here $s^{\alpha}_{iq}$ is the momentum
representation of the spin fluctuation $s^{\alpha}_{in}$. Equations
(\ref{cyclon}) and (\ref{zecyclon}) are related by a shift in momentum
space, ${\bm q} \leftrightarrow \bm{q}+\bm{k}_0$ where $k_0=2\pi/b$ is
the Brillouin zone-edge for magnons.  Such a relationship corresponds
to the fact that ``anti-phase'' fluctuations of neighboring spins with
wave vector $q$ are equivalent to ``in-phase'' fluctuations at $q +
2\pi/b$. They describe a mode here referred to as a cyclon, with
dispersion $\Omega_{C,q}$. Similarly, Eqs.~{(\ref{extracyclon}) and
  (\ref{zeextracyclon})} share the same momentum shift relationship,
but describe a different mode referred to as an extra-cyclon. The
cyclon and extra-cyclon dispersions are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}.
We note that the cyclon has a gap proportional to $D_b$, while
the extra-cyclon has a gap proportional to $(2J_c+D_b)$.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig2}
  \caption{(Color online) Typical dispersion curves for magnon wavevector ${\bf q}$ along $\hat{\bf{b}}$
in the sinusoidal phase: cyclon (black solid) and extra-cyclon (red dashed).
In the sinusoidal state, only the low-energy electromagnon (filled circle)
is activated, through $H_{me}^{(2)}$ [Eq.~(\ref{eq:linear_pbnm2})].
In the cycloidal state, $H_{me}^{(1)}$ [Eq.~(\ref{eq:linear_pbnm1})]
activates also the zone-edge electromagnon (hollow square).}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

Equations (\ref{cyclon}) and (\ref{zecyclon}) show that $H_{me}^{(2)}$
couples only a single electromagnon, the cyclon at $q=k_0-2Q$, to the
polar phonon. This takes place through dynamic magnetoelectric
coupling $\Omega_{\rm{C},q}\Gamma_q$ with
\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma_q&=&\Gamma_q^{ab}-\Gamma_q^{bc},\quad \Gamma_q^{bc}=\Gamma_q^{ab}(g_{ab}\rightarrow g_{bc}),\\
\Gamma_q^{ab}&=&\frac{g_{ab}S(T)^{2}v_0\sin{\left(\frac{Qb}{2}\right)}\delta
P_0^a}{\hbar}\left[e^{-2i\phi}\delta_{q-k_0+2Q}\right.\nonumber\\
&&-e^{2i\phi}\delta_{q-k_0-2Q}+\left.e^{-2i\phi}\delta_{q+k_0+2Q}-e^{2i\phi}\delta_{q+k_0-2Q}\right].\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}

Optical experiments such as transmissivity or reflectivity probe the frequency dependence of the
dielectric function $\epsilon(\omega)$. After a linear response calculation we obtain
\begin{equation}
\varepsilon(\omega)
=\frac{\mathcal{S}_{em}}{\Omega_{C,k_0-2Q}^2-\Delta^2-\omega^2}+\frac{\mathcal{S}_{ph}}{\omega_{0}^2
+\Delta^2-\omega^2}+\varepsilon_\infty.
\end{equation}
Hence $\epsilon(\omega)$ can be written as two Lorentzians, with poles
at downshifted magnon and upshifted phonon frequencies. The pole at the magnon
frequency shows that the cyclon at $q=k_0-2Q$ is actually an
electromagnon, with spectral weight given by
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{S}_{em}=\frac{4\pi\chi_0 \omega_0^2 \Delta^2}{\omega^2_0-\Omega_{C,k_0-2Q}^2}.
\end{equation}
Here $\chi_0=e^{*2}/(m^{*}v_0\omega_{0}^{2})$ is the zero-frequency
susceptibility, with $v_0$ the unit cell volume. The frequency shift
$\Delta$ is calculated to be
\begin{equation}
\Delta^2\approx \frac{
S(T)^2e^{*2}(g_{bc}-g_{ab})^2\tan^2\left(\frac{Qb}{2}\right)\Omega_{C,k_0-2Q}^2}{2m^{*}(\omega_0^2-\Omega_{C,k_0-2Q}^2)\left[\sin^4
\left(\frac{Qb}{2}\right)+\cos^4\left(\frac{Qb}{2}\right)\right]J_{2b}},
\end{equation}
apart from smaller terms of order $(g_{ab}-g_{bc})g_{ab}$.
Since the magnitude of the frequency shift $\Delta$ is the same for the
magnon and the phonon, we confirm the oscillator strength sum rule
$\mathcal{S}_{em}+\mathcal{S}_{ph}=4\pi\chi_0\omega_0^2$.

\section{Additional consequence of anomalous magnetoelectric interaction: Incommensurate oscillatory polarization}

In addition to the sinusoidal electromagnon, the couplings described
by Eqs.~(\ref{eq:linear_pbnm1})~and~(\ref{eq:linear_pbnm2}) have an
important observational consequence: They lead to an incommensurate oscillatory
polarization (IOP) with wavevector $2Q$ \cite{stenberg09}. Minimizing
Eqs.~(\ref{hph})--(\ref{eq:linear_pbnm2}) with respect to the
polar phonon displacement ${\bf x}_n$ and plugging in the cycloidal
spin order we get
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{e^*{\bf x}_{n}}{v_0}&=&4\chi_0 S^2 \sin{\left(\frac{Qb}{2}\right)}\left\{(g_b-g_c)\sin{[Qb(2n+1)]}\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left. -g_{bc}\cos{[Qb(2n+1)]}+g_{bc}\right\}\hat{\bf{a}}.
\label{piopcycloidal}
\end{eqnarray}
Note how $g_{bc}$ generates a combination of static and oscillatory polarization along the $\hat{\bf{a}}$ direction.

When the system goes into the sinusoidal phase, this polarization changes discontinously to
\begin{equation}
\frac{e^*{\bf x}_{n}}{v_0}=4 \chi_0 S(T)^2
\sin{\left(\frac{Qb}{2}\right)} g_b\sin{[(2n+1)Qb]}\hat{\bf{a}}.
\label{PIOP}
\end{equation}
Such an oscillatory polarization can be detected by X-ray scattering.
Indeed, Kimura {\it et al.} detected an oxygen oscillation with
wavevector $2Q$ in both the cycloidal and sinusoidal phases [see blue
dots in Fig.~1(c) of [\onlinecite{kimura03}]].
Just like our prediction, the X-ray intensity in [\onlinecite{kimura03}] showed an apparent discontinuity
in oxygen displacements in the transition from cycloidal to sinusoidal phase.

Table I shows how a combination of optical and X-ray scattering
experiments are capable of measuring the magnetoelectric coupling
constants individually, and even cross-check some of them. For
instance, for DyMnO$_3$, we obtain from the measured electromagnon
spectral weights \cite{kida08} and X-ray diffraction intensities
\cite{kimura03prb} in the sinusoidal and cycloidal phases the values
of $g_b\sim 170\ {\rm erg/(cm\ esu)}$, $g_c\sim -40\ {\rm erg/(cm\
  esu)}$, $g_{ab}\sim 100\ {\rm erg/(cm\ esu)}$ $\gg$ $g_{bc}$.
In TbMnO$_3$, the sinusoidal electromagnon could not be observed
experimentally \cite{takahashi08}. This indicates that $g_{ab},g_{bc}$
$\ll$ $g_{b}$, $g_{c}$, i.e., $H^{(2)}_{\rm{me}}$ is much weaker than
$H^{(1)}_{\rm{me}}$ in TbMnO$_3$.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c ||c | c }
 & Electromagnons (Far-IR) &  Atomic disp. (X-ray) \\
\hline\hline
Cycloidal &
\begin{tabular}{c}
$(g_b+g_c)$\\
$(g_b-g_c)$\\
\end{tabular}
&
\begin{tabular}{c}
$(g_b-g_c)$\\
$g_{bc}$\\
\end{tabular}
\\
\hline
Sinusoidal & $(g_{bc}-g_{ab})g_{ab}$ & $g_b$\\
\end{tabular}
\caption{This table relates our predictions for optical and X-ray
  experiments to the anomalous magnetoelectric coupling parameters
  $g_\alpha$ and $g_{\alpha \beta}$ introduced in this paper
  ($\alpha,\beta=a,b,c$ are crystallographic directions). The first
  column refers to measurements of electromagnon spectral weight using
  far-IR optical experiments, and the second column refers to the
  measurement of magnetically induced lattice distortions using X-ray
  spectroscopy.  Each experiment has different magnetoelectric
  signatures, depending on whether the ground state is cycloidal or
  sinusoidal.  All parameters can be measured individually, and in
  addition, parameters $g_b$ and $g_c$ can be cross-checked.}
\label{table1}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\section{Discussion and conclusion}

We now consider the justification of our model and other possibilities
for the activation of the electromagnon in the collinear sinusoidal
phase. First, we note that the presence of DM interaction in principle
also predicts an electromagnon in the collinear sinusoidal state
\cite{chupis07,senff08}. However, this scenario is ruled out
by the experiments where the electromagnon is activated with ${\bm E}$
along $\hat{{\bm a}}$ only. In addition to the DM interaction, there
are no other linear magnetoelectric couplings anti-symmetric under the
exchange of spins that would be allowed by lattice symmetry.

The anharmonic cycloid model of Mochizuki {\it et al.}
\cite{mochizuki10} would give rise to no electromagnon activity in the
sinusoidal phase. One possibility for the activation of sinusoidal
electromagnons in this scenario would be to include additional
single-ion anisotropy so that the spins in the ground state are tilted
off the $\hat{b}$ axis \cite{mochizuki09}. However, in this case {\it
  both high and low energy electromagnons get activated}. We found no
scenario where deformation of the sinusoidal ground state activates
the low-energy electromagnon without activating the high-energy one.

Concerning other possible symmetry-allowed magnetoelectric
interactions, we note that the other couplings quadratic in spin do
not couple electric field linearly to magnons. More specifically,
terms of the form $x^a_n S^a_i S^a_j$, $x^a_n S^c_i S^c_j$, and $x^a_n
S^a_i S^c_j$ lead to contributions that are third order in fluctuation
operators, and the term $x^a_n S^b_i S^b_j$ does not couple
polarization to magnons. Hence in the collinear sinusoidal state only
the couplings linear in $S^b$ considered in the present work
[Eq.~(\ref{eq:linear_pbnm2})] can be responsible for the
electromagnons in collinear sinusoidal state.

In conclusion, we showed that anomalous magnetoelectric coupling gives
a natural explanation for the origin of electromagnons in both the
cycloidal and sinusoidal phases of $R$MnO$_3$. It remains an open
question to study, e.g., through ab-initio methods, the microscopic
mechanism of anomalous magnetoelectric coupling.

We acknowledge support from NSERC discovery.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Single member contatins only one member, and it is also kind of normal annotation.
The only difference we can make is the value assignment.
We can assign the value without specifing the member name as shown in the below example. This only works when we declare name of the member as value.
If you come across any mistakes or bugs, please email me to java2nov[email protected].


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Applicants must provide at least one letter of reference from a principal or a faculty or staff member. Student board members are accepted in September and serve throughout the school year.
Download an application below or pick up one at the DeSoto Parks and Recreation Department, located at DeSoto Town Center, 211 E. Pleasant Run Road in DeSoto.


Dr. Xie is a professor of economics at HKUST Business School. He was awarded a doctorate in economics by the University of Chicago in 1992. He used to serve as an associate professor at HKUST, a senior economist at International Monetary Fund, a senior researcher at the Department of Economics of HKUST, Director of HKUST Shui On Economics and Management Center, President of the Economics and Management School of Wuhan University and a member of Hong Kong Currency Board. The research fields of Professor Xie cover endogenous growth theory and macroeconomics.


While we certainly love our DC TV shows around here, we're not afraid to question if it's really worth it for Greg Berlanti and company to add more to their plate, so to speak. But when a trailer for something like Black Lightning drops, it becomes very tempting to continue gorging on the genre.
Despite the new show not premiering until around the midseason mark, lead actor Cress Williams and some of his colleagues are wasting no time when it comes to making their press rounds and attempting at getting fans on board. What he had to say is in line with what we've been hearing from the get-go, but the fact that his character is channeling The Dark Knight Returns and donning his costume after being retired for nine years certainly separates his series from the rest of its CW brethren. In other words, juxtaposing this with other shows that followed superheroes from their origins and on makes for a different brand of storytelling, to say the least.
What you should also take note of, though, is what co-stars Nafessa Williams and China Anne McClain – who play Jefferson Pierce's daughters, Anissa and Jennifer, respectively – had to say. Basically, those two will be developing powers of their own, no doubt making life all the more interesting for their father who is a principal by day and a vigilante by night.


text:
How Disney worker Bella Golden was scouted as a plus-size model
By Imogen Dewey| 2 years ago
The powers of Instagram
Bella Golden was working at Disneyland in California when she was scouted as a plus-size model.
A post shared by Bella Golden (@bellaagolden) on Aug 20, 2017 at 12:16pm PDT
"When people found out I worked at Disneyland they would always ask me if I was a Princess but I wasn't," Golden tells Cosmopolitan UK.
"I was the one dressed in a full-on animal suit completely sweating."
But it wasn't while she was guiding tours that she was spotted.
One day Golden left a comment on a post by curvy model Iskra Lawrence.
"Something like, 'You look great, girl,'" Golden recalls.
A post shared by Iskra ✨ (@iskra) on Jan 23, 2018 at 11:14am PST
She didn't think much of it.
But her now-agent (through whom Golden recently signed with international agency Wilhemina) saw her note, reached out and sent Golden a direct message via Instagram – even though at that point, her account was private.
"I really thought it was a scam at first," Golden tells Cosmo, saying she'd never modelled before, "unless watching a lot of America's Next Top Model counts."
Fans have expressed confusion and even frustration about the fact that even someone as conventionally 'model-esque' as Golden is put into the plus-size category.
A post shared by Bella Golden (@bellaagolden) on Feb 21, 2018 at 11:23am PST
She explains that since it's something of a technicality in fashion – where 'plus-size' is anything over a US size 4 (Australian size 8) – she's not personally too bothered by it.
The only reason she doesn't like it is that she's against labels in general.
RELATED: Kmart drops the term plus size, swaps it for "Fabulously Sized"
"I don't like the idea of separation, that one group of people is superior to another," she tellsCosmo. "I hope we can get to a point where diversity is a given... that way young girls who are growing up now will have something they can identify with."
It was seeing other women celebrate their own gorgeous bodies, on Instagram in particular, that first helped Golden embrace her own.
"For most of my life, being curvy wasn't something to be proud of. You were expected to diet your way to a slim figure," she wrote in a post last year.
A post shared by Bella Golden (@bellaagolden) on Oct 30, 2017 at 2:51pm PDT
"I used to dread going to the beach and wearing a bikini. My tummy always rolled. My thighs always chaffed when walking on the pier."
RELATED: Plus-size model: 'Stop telling me to lose weight'
"It took me way too many summer days hiding away under a beach umbrella and covered up to realise that my body is beautiful and I should be as confident as any other girl on the beach. Now I celebrate the skin I'm in."
And now, it's all go for her.
A post shared by Bella Golden (@bellaagolden) on Apr 7, 2018 at 1:32pm PDT
Next on the list, she tells Cosmo, she wants to work with Lawrence herself.
"She changed my life."
LISTEN: How women can lift each other up:
Property News: Eco-conscious ways to keep your home cool this summer - domain.com.au

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


While traveling I joined two support groups in California; Neutral Corner in San Diego, and Powder Puffs of California in Los Angeles (PPOC). These were instrumental in helping me to develop confidence and become part of a community of diverse, intelligent, and interesting friends. Upon returning to Florida, I founded two support groups - Gender Society of the Palm Beaches and Starburst, Clearwater FL. Both of which I believe still exist. At my insistence, these were open groups allowing all transgender individual to attend and fully participate.
This was a time when support groups were important, providing a safe place to meet and discuss life's issues. Remember, this was a time per-internet, and little or no information was available mainstream. Our discussion points ranged from accepting wig shops and makeup artist, to spouses who wanted additional information.
It was during this time I appeared on a local Tampa Florida daytime talk show "Eye on Tampa Bay". The host Kathy Fountain, somewhat of a local celebrity allowed me to pull together a panel from my support group and the Orlando group. The show was telecast live and presented before a studio audience. In the tried and proven talk show format, questions were asked by Kathy, questions were taken from the live audience and telephone call-in. It went very well. At the conclusion, I was allowed to promote the local support group and provide a post office box address for questions/comments. In a future post, I will print some of those. I had over a 100 letters of which 99% were supportive; some very touching.
If by chance I am able to get an electronic copy of this show or a two night news piece on "The Cross Dresser Next Door" I will post them.
This exposure helped do much to expand the Tampa support group and helped attendance at the Orlando support group as well. Orlando was within the Tampa television viewing coverage area.


Ali Fourney '09 has become the all-time leading scorer for Wesleyan women's basketball.
The 18 points Founey scored 18 during a 66-55 loss at Emmanuel College in Boston, Mass. on Feb. 4. gave her a career total of 1,424 points, the most in Wesleyan's program history. She surpassed the previous career points scoring record of 1,416 held by Angie Palmer '95.
Fourney, and Wesleyan Women's Basketball still have two more regular season games before the NESCAC tournament begins Feb. 21.


text:
Press Release: Senate Conservatives Stand with Female Student-Athletes
By Doreen DennySeptember 22, 2020Legislative Updates, News and Events, Press Releases, Sexual Exploitation, Women's Sports
Contact: Doreen Denny, Vice President of Government Relations
Senate Conservatives Stand with Female
Student-Athletes to Protect Title IX from Bostock Fallout
Washington, D.C. – Today, Sens. Kelly Loeffler (R-Georgia), Marsha Blackburn (R-Tennessee), Mike Lee (R-Utah), James Lankford (R-Oklahoma), and Tom Cotton (R-Arkansas) introduced the "Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2020." This legislation would clarify schools' responsibility under Title IX to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex from being overruled by allowing males claiming transgender status to participate in women's sports.
Penny Nance, CEO and President of Concerned Women for America Legislative Action Committee, welcomed this landmark bill as necessary to protect women's rights in the fight for a fair playing field for female student-athletes who are being forced in interscholastic competition and the NCAA to compete against athletes who are physically male but asserting identity as women or girls:
"Concerned Women for America Legislative Action Committee thanks Sens. Loeffler, Blackburn, Lee, Lankford, and Cotton for standing with us at the forefront of the fight to protect equal opportunity in women's sports. We applaud their leadership in the U.S. Senate introducing the "Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2020," which recognizes that female student-athletes are denied their rights when Title IX is not used to defend them.
"Today, our daughter athletes are being bullied by activists and sidelined by silence. They simply want to compete on a level playing field against athletes of their own sex. That is what Title IX achieved for female student-athletes over 40 years ago. We urge all members of the Senate to work to preserve the rights of women and girls on the basis of biological sex. Women and girls, regardless of political persuasion, deserve to have the laws that protect us respected and followed, ensuring equal opportunities and benefits in sports for all female athletes."
Concerned Women for America Legislative Action Committee (CWALAC) is the legislation and advocacy arm of Concerned Women for America, the nation's largest public policy women's organization with a rich 40-year history of helping our members across the country bring Biblical principles into all levels of public policy.


text:
Camps for Children & Families
Classes for Children & Families
Events for Children & Families
Courses for Teens
Internships for Teens
Courses for Higher Education
Fellowships for Higher Education
Internships for Higher Education
Events for Educators
Degree Programs for Educators
Seminars on Science
Evaluation, Research, and Policy
Kwanzaa 2016: Songs for the Soul main content.
Kwanzaa 2016: Songs for the Soul
Part of Kwanzaa
Photo credit: Phillip Douglas courtesy of B!Ent
American Idol champion Ruben Studdard ushers in a year of faith, love, and unity when he makes his Museum debut in the Milstein Hall of Ocean Life. Hosted by Dr. Linda H. Humes, Museum festivities kick off with an international marketplace and a dynamic opening performance by students from the Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music.
Support for Kwanzaa 2016: Songs for the Soul is provided, in part, by the May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation, Inc.; the Sidney, Milton and Leoma Simon Foundation; and the family of Frederick H. Leonhardt.
Kwanzaa 2016: Songs for the Soul is co-presented by Community Works and New Heritage Theatre Group.
The Kwanzaa marketplace is organized by the Harlem Arts Alliance.
Special Thanks: Jazz at Lincoln Center, Paper Source, and Westside Market NYC.


text:
cask 'alfred' do
  version '4.0.9_1144'
  sha256 '951dcffa20c84eb1f17ade16df67aae7eebb9a145dd48e0de32c17f1d3497a1e'

  url "https://cachefly.alfredapp.com/Alfred_#{version}.dmg"
  appcast "https://www.alfredapp.com/app/update#{version.major}/general.xml"
  name 'Alfred'
  homepage 'https://www.alfredapp.com/'

  auto_updates true

  app "Alfred #{version.major}.app"

  uninstall quit: 'com.runningwithcrayons.Alfred'

  zap trash: [
               '~/Library/Application Support/Alfred',
               '~/Library/Caches/com.runningwithcrayons.Alfred',
               '~/Library/Preferences/com.runningwithcrayons.Alfred.plist',
               '~/Library/Preferences/com.runningwithcrayons.Alfred-Preferences.plist',
               '~/Library/Saved Application State/com.runningwithcrayons.Alfred-Preferences.savedState',
             ]
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
News |Chapter News
Active Design Goes Public
by Bill Millard
Event: Active Design Planning Workshop: Design Professionals
Location: Center for Architecture, 07.08.10
Speakers: Ernest Hutton, Assoc. AIA, FAICP — Principal, Hutton Associates; Suzanne Nienaber — Training Coordinator, NYC Active Design Program; Karen K. Lee, MD, MHSc — Director, Built Environment Program, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Reena Agarwal — Design Policy Analyst; Joseph Sopiak — Senior Design Liaison, NYC Department of Design and Construction; Charles McKinney, Assoc. AIA, ASLA — Principal Urban Designer, NYC Department of Parks; Donald Burns — President, APA New York Metro Chapter; Lauren Yarmuth, LEED AP — Principal, YRG / Urban Green; Tricia Martin — President, American Society of Landscape Architects, New York, & Principal, WE Design; Rick Bell, FAIA — Executive Director, AIANY
Organizers: AIANY; NYC Active Design Guidelines Team
Matthew Serban
Through the combined efforts of five city agencies, a group of academic advisors, AIANY, and a host of editors and consultants, the Active Design Guidelines: Promoting Physical Activity and Health in Design (ADG) was launched in January. This document combines research about the relation of the built environment to public health with practical recommendations for constructing urban spaces that respect the human body. The ADG team is now taking steps to make sure this volume moves off the shelves of architects, planners, and civic officials and into the public discourse.
The first in a series of outreach workshops — first addressing design professionals, with further meetings planned for educators and the real estate industry — gathered a small interdisciplinary group to brainstorm about ways to increase awareness of the ADG's potential to reshape urban space. Karen Lee, MD, MHSc, reprised the case she has made at the Fit City panel series, describing the sea change from design strategies aimed at infectious disease to a new priority, the "diseases of energy," a category of clinical conditions resulting from the societal-scale substitution of motorized movement for human activity.
If the designers of 21st-century public space can implement epidemiologic knowledge as effectively as their early-Modernist predecessors did, history offers reasons for encouragement. Thanks to aqueducts, sanitation, and construction standards that brought light and air into dank urban spaces, the city's infectious-disease mortality statistics from 1880 to 1940 improved dramatically — predating the discovery of penicillin (1939) and the antibiotic era, one should note. America's most significant health victories have more to do with spatial design and public health measures than with medical technologies, applied one patient at a time. For a comparable re-engineering of built space to encourage better use of human energy, the design professions have the tools at hand already: e.g., replacing mechanical transport with inviting, prominently-placed stair designs, augmented by skip-stop elevators where possible. (Where it isn't, slowing the elevators down is an effective way to encourage people to take the stairs.)
Charles McKinney, Assoc. AIA, ASLA, observed that no one disagrees that the ADG's measures are worthwhile. The challenge is one of rhetoric, memetics, and motivation, weaving the ADG principles into city policies and everyday practices. Discussion recurrently touched on the synergies between environmental and public-health progress: architect and sustainability consultant Lauren Yarmuth cited the experience of the U.S. Green Building Council in promulgating the LEED system, noting that these standards became far more effective once they were linked not just with honorable intentions, but with measurable incentives, such as the marketing advantage developers could claim once a building earned its precious-metal plaque.
Through a broad range of mechanisms, from social media to sponsored events to incorporation into RFPs, codes, and awards criteria, the ADG message will soon be spreading through the professional and local communities most directly affected by the bodily consequences of design.
Bill Millard is a freelance writer and editor whose work has appeared in OCULUS, Icon, Content, The Architect's Newspaper, and other publications.
Chapter News | 1/18/23
Call for Co-Chair Applications: Diversity and Inclusion Committee
Benjamin Prosky to Depart AIA New York, Jesse Lazar to Serve as Interim Executive Director
Chapter News | 1/4/23
AIANY Welcomes New Leadership, Announces "Our City, Ourselves" Presidential Theme at Board Inaugural
Civic Leadership Program | 12/14/22
Design for Deconstruction: CLP Explores Circularity in the Built Environment
Biking in NYC Now: CLP Explores the Future of Biking Infrastructure in NYC


text:
After sprinting past them, Florida Atlantic running back Devin Singletary leaves Conference USA opponents in awe
Devin Singletary #5 of the Florida Atlantic Owls runs for a touchdown against the Florida International Golden Panthers at FAU Stadium on November 18, 2017 in Boca Raton, Florida. (Joel Auerbach/Getty Images North America)
Make no mistake, there are no signs of ruffled feathers from Conference USA's elite defenders when it comes to FAU star running back Devin Singletary's talents.
If anything, as Marshall linebacker Chase Hancock explained at the C-USA Media Kickoff in Texas earlier this month, those tasked with stopping the American Heritage alumnus can't help but respect him.
"It's unreal," said Hancock, who joined Singletary on the league's All-Preseason Team. "He gets through holes that (you wonder) how the heck did he get through there? We have to be for sure tacklers when it comes to him."
Singletary ran for a league-high 1,920 yards and a conference-record 32 rushing touchdowns last season. Still only going into his junior season, Singletary's 32 touchdowns were the third-most in FBS history behind only Oklahoma State's Barry Sanders (37 in 1987) and Wisconsin's Montee Ball (2011).
The first AP All-American in program history, Singletary was named C-USA MVP last year and was picked as the league's Preseason Offensive Player of the Year. FAU has begun pushing for Singletary, 21, to be considered for the Heisman Trophy and placed a "Heisman in Paradise" billboard featuring the junior on I-95.
Singletary was also named to the Maxwell (best overall player), Doak Walker (best running back), and Walter Camp (best offensive player) watch lists this month.
"(He) almost rushed for 2,000 yards, that speaks for itself," said FIU running back Napoleon Maxwell. "He's a great back. … He's a great kid. I just want to see him play this year and do great things."
Some of the conference's top defenders have long accepted defending Singletary will be a challenge. Singletary has run for at least 100 yards in ten straight games against C-USA teams and 14 of his past 16 games dating back to 2016. In that span, Singletary has four games of at least 200 yards and seven games with at least three touchdowns.
"As defenders, we really have to put emphasis on wrapping up like we always do. But with him, he's not going to go down just by throwing your shoulders into him," said Western Kentucky defensive back DeAndre Farris. "You really have to run your feet, wrap up and gang tackle."
Singletary ran for 1,021 yards and 12 touchdowns as a freshman, not fully breaking out until the season's final month. After running for 295 yards and two touchdowns in the season's first eight games, Singletary ended his freshman year with 726 yards and ten touchdowns in his last four games, a stretch which saw him post the first two 200-yard games in program history.
Though Singletary looks small at 5-foot-9 and 200 pounds, Middle Tennessee safety Jovonate Moffitt said Singletary is, "actually stronger than he might appear."
"I think he's quicker than a lot of people might think he is," Moffit said, "an explosive back and he breaks a lot of tackles, which helps him a lot in the run game."
(FAU Athletics/Stadium)
North Texas linebacker E.J. Ejiya saw his Mean Green defense give up 287 rushing yards, six rushing touchdowns, and 43 receiving yards to Singletary in two games last season. After defeating North Texas 69-31 on Oct. 21, FAU hosted the Mean Green in the C-USA Championship Game on Dec. 2 and left with a 41-17 victory.
"He's kind of got a (Pittsburgh Steelers All-Pro running back) Le'Veon Bell-type of vision," Ejiya said. "He'll be very patient in the holes. He's got a nice jump cut and then once he explodes out the hole, he's gone."
Through his first two seasons, Singletary has run for 2,420 yards and 36 touchdowns on 357 carries against C-USA opponents. Middle Tennessee and Marshall have allowed Singletary to run for a combined 682 yards – including two of his four 200-yard games – and nine touchdowns in four games.
Louisiana Tech defensive end Jaylon Ferguson, a likely pick in next year's NFL Draft and a potential C-USA Defensive Player of the Year candidate, said he's a fan of Singletary's game.
"I wish I could've gotten to play him at least once last year because he looked like he was hot last year," said Ferguson, who missed the Bulldogs' 48-23 loss to FAU on Nov. 11 with an injury. "We caught him right in his prime."
As one of two players representing FAU – senior linebacker and Preseason Defensive Player of the Year Azeez Al-Shaair was the other – at the Media Kickoff, the soft-soft-spoken Singletary had an opportunity to interact with his on-field rivals off the field. Moffitt admitted to "messing around" with the AP All-American who has run for 368 yards and seven touchdowns in two games against the Blue Raiders.
"It's nice to see what these guys are like outside of football," Hancock said. "You know their number and you know their name, you don't really get to see what their face looks like. You're focused on the game."
[Who will start for the Owls this year? Which role players could emerge as possible stars? Make sure to check out our FAU position previews]
[NFL Owls: Where are former Florida Atlantic football stars playing in 2018?]
[Florida Atlantic officially adds former Florida Gators guard Antonio Riles to roster]
[Florida Atlantic quarterback De'Andre Johnson opens up about career-threatening blood clots in "Last Chance U" special]
[FAU coach Lane Kiffin: "What's the most important thing? Long-term health, or how the game looks?"]
(Steve Hunt contributed to this story)
Author Jake ElmanPosted on July 30, 2018 July 31, 2018 Categories 2018 football season, Devin SingletaryTags Conference USA, Devin Singletary, faufocus, football, sports, sportsfront
6 thoughts on "After sprinting past them, Florida Atlantic running back Devin Singletary leaves Conference USA opponents in awe"
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text:
using System;
using Org.Apache.REEF.Driver.Task;
using Org.Apache.REEF.Tang.Annotations;
using Org.Apache.REEF.Utilities;

namespace Org.Apache.REEF.Examples.AllHandlers
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A sample implementation of TaskCompletedHandler
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class HelloTaskCompletedHandler : IObserver<ICompletedTask>
    {
        [Inject]
        private HelloTaskCompletedHandler()
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Sample code to print out a completed task's details.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="completedTask"></param>
        public void OnNext(ICompletedTask completedTask)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Received CompletedTask: {0}, with message [{1}].", completedTask.Id, ByteUtilities.ByteArrarysToString(completedTask.Message));
        }

        public void OnError(Exception error)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void OnCompleted()
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}


2018-02-27T14:16:06-05:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/5cc/20180227141624002_hd.jpgThe Senate confirmed Elizabeth Branch to be a judge on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Senators also voted to limit debate on the nomination of Russell Vought to be deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
The Senate confirmed Elizabeth Branch to be a judge on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Senators also voted to limit debate on the nomination of Russell Vought to be deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).


Ohio Valley Drywall Supply carries an extensive in-stock inventory of metal framing and accessories one of the best in the marketplace. We can also have your steel cut to length to meet the specifications of your jobsite. Our steel comes in a variety of sizes and lengths, and includes light gauge steel, heavy gauge steel, shaft wall separation and a full selection of steel accessories.
Special orders - special order metal framing items are available upon request and delivered with prompt lead time.
We use mill-certified galvanized steel in all of our steel framing products while also being mindful of the need for an economic solution. Our goal is to provide customers with high quality steel to attach drywall to internal and non-load bearing partitions, fire and acoustic rated walls, stairwells, bulkheads and corridor ceilings.
We provide the best steel framing brands in the business.
When you order your steel framing from us, Ohio Valley Drywall Supply's skilled professionals will deliver it to your jobsite in the exact location you need it (stock and scatter service). As another option, customers may will call orders ahead of time for pickup at a local yard.
We carry a selection of steel accessories, too.
We understand that steel framing has become one of the most sought-after alternative building materials for modern construction projects, so we make sure that we've got everything you need to properly install and finish your metal framing and track.
Will your jobsite also require acoustical ceiling tile? Check out our selection of acoustical products and add what you need to your delivery.


text:
Lawmakers search for long-term budget solution as Christmas approaches
Politicians are back at state Capitol for second special session
Bret Buganski
WEBVTT UGANSKI IS LIVE ATTHE STATE CAPITOL, WITH WHATCOULD BE IN THIS PLAN.>> LAWMAKERS DID NOT SAY WHATWAS IN THE FINAL PLAN, WE DIDFIND OUT THERE WAS A MEETINGBETWEEHOUSE AND SENATELEADERSHIP ALONG WITH MEMBERS OFTHE BUSINESS COMMUNITY, WHICHESSENTIALLY GAVE THEIR BLESSINGTO CERTAIN PROPOSALS AND THATINCLUDES PAYING MORE IN CERTAINTAXES.ONE OF THE NEW PROPOSALS,INCREASING INCOME TAXES RATESFROM 5% TO 5.25%.OTHERS HAVE BEEN BROUGHT UPBEFORE LIKE INCREASING TAXES ONCIGARETTES, AND FUEL, BUT ITALSO INCLUDES INCREASING THE GROSS PRODUCTIONTAX ON CERTAIN WELLS TO 4% ANDWE'RE GETTING MIXED REACTION TOTHESE MEETINGS.>> THEY WERE AN OPPORTUNITY TOSTART A CONVERSATION.>> WHEN WE HAVE TRUENEGOTIATIONS -- >> WE WERE TALKING ABOUT THEFORM IDEAS.ONE OF THE SURPRISING ONES ISLOWERING THE SUPERMAJORITYTHRESHOLD IN THE HOUSE FROM 75%TO 60% AND INCREASING THE TERM
Christmas is one week away, and Oklahoma lawmakers are back at the state Capitol for a second special session, looking at ways to address a long-term budget solution.While lawmakers won't say what's included in the final plan, officials said there was a meeting between House and Senate leadership and members of the business community, who gave their blessing to certain proposals.One of those proposals includes paying more in certain taxes. Another proposal calls for the increase of income tax rates from 5 percent to 5.25 percent.Others, such as increasing taxes on cigarettes and fuel, have been brought up before. The proposals also includes increasing the gross production tax on certain wells to 4 percent.Lawmakers have had mixed reactions about the meetings. "I would say they were solid ideas," said Rep. Jon Echols, R-Oklahoma City. "They were ideas that had good support, and they were kind of a jumping-off point. They were an opportunity to start a conversation.""We're willing and ready to sit down and present our viewpoint on not only revenue issues but also some reform issues," said Rep. Steve Kouplen, D-Beggs. "When that happens, we can have some true negotiations."Some of the reform ideas that have people surprised include lowering the supermajority requirement for revenue-raising bills in the House from 75 to 60 percent and extending term limits for state lawmakers. Officials have not said if they'll consider those two ideas during the second special session.
OKLAHOMA CITY —
Christmas is one week away, and Oklahoma lawmakers are back at the state Capitol for a second special session, looking at ways to address a long-term budget solution.
While lawmakers won't say what's included in the final plan, officials said there was a meeting between House and Senate leadership and members of the business community, who gave their blessing to certain proposals.
One of those proposals includes paying more in certain taxes. Another proposal calls for the increase of income tax rates from 5 percent to 5.25 percent.
Others, such as increasing taxes on cigarettes and fuel, have been brought up before. The proposals also includes increasing the gross production tax on certain wells to 4 percent.
Lawmakers have had mixed reactions about the meetings.
"I would say they were solid ideas," said Rep. Jon Echols, R-Oklahoma City. "They were ideas that had good support, and they were kind of a jumping-off point. They were an opportunity to start a conversation."
"We're willing and ready to sit down and present our viewpoint on not only revenue issues but also some reform issues," said Rep. Steve Kouplen, D-Beggs. "When that happens, we can have some true negotiations."
Some of the reform ideas that have people surprised include lowering the supermajority requirement for revenue-raising bills in the House from 75 to 60 percent and extending term limits for state lawmakers. Officials have not said if they'll consider those two ideas during the second special session.


Section 4 of the Limitations Act, 2002 provides that "a proceeding shall not be commenced in respect of a claim after the second anniversary of the day on which the claim was discovered". Section 5(1) sets out the circumstances in which a claim will be taken to have been "discovered". Section 5(2) provides that the claimant is presumed to know the matters giving rise to discoverability – unless the contrary is shown –"on the day the act or omission on which the claim is based took place".
[O]nce the plaintiff knows that some damage has occurred and has identified the torfeasor, the cause of action has accrued. Neither the extent of damage nor the type of damage need be known. To hold otherwise would inject too much uncertainty in the cases where the full scope of the damages may not be ascertained for an extended time beyond the general limitation period.
 This is precisely the analysis the motion judge carried out here. On Mr. Liu's own evidence, it is clear that he was fully aware that he had problems with his knee immediately following – if not during – the removal of the staples by Dr. Wong in September 2012. He says he thought that Dr. Wong had "botched the job", that he experienced sharp pain and called an ambulance later that same evening. He told the attending physician during a follow-up appointment on September 16, that Dr. Wong had caused the injury to his knee.


When her client, Vicky, came in with months-old, faded ombré and asked for an update, Allie Villa of Mimi's Salon in Belmar, NJ knew exactly what to do. So she got to work refreshing Vicky's ombré—adding hints of gold, ashy blonde and pearl violet to brighten the look.
And best of all? Allie captured photos of her beautiful, hand-painted masterpiece and shared them with us! Below is her formula and application steps. Happy painting!
1. Working from the nape up, paint Formula A in "V" sections while blending toward the middle of each V by feathering the brush up and down.
2. Continue painting Formula A on the side sections in diagonal slices, following the part and painting higher toward the face and lower toward the back of the head.
3. Cover the entire head in balayage wrap and process for 20 to 30 minutes or until the ends are a level 9 or 10.
4. Shampoo and towel-dry, then apply Formula B. Process for 15 minutes under heat.
5. Rinse, condition and blow-dry. For smooth, glamorous waves, wrap hair around a 1-inch curling iron facing down and away from the face. After curling, spray with a working hairspray and brush through.


It's here! Sneaky peeks with TCP Stamps! This release is a little smaller than the one's you are used to, but it is still packed with cuteness, humor, and sophistication.
For my peeks, I am sharing with you two cards I made. One is with the set called Doodled Shells. I could not resist embossing this and water coloring the insides to make a CAS sophisticated card.
Isn't this set just beautiful? As you can see, the top panel of the card is embossed using Ranger's ep in Liquid Platinum. First, I had arranged them in the order I liked using my MISTI. Once I was happy with that, I inked up all the stamps with my Versamark ink and stamped the panel twice to ensure good coverage. Before adding the powder, I used the starfish to accent a few areas for filler. Once heat embossed, I used my watercolor pens to color the inside of the shells. The sentiment was stamped and my Copics used to color in the words. I can see myself using this set a lot this summer!
For my second card, I am using the super fun and cute set of Bunnies at Sea. I mean, how could you not love a bunny pirate?! :) It was a hard toss up of using the snorkeling bunny or the pirate ship for this card. But, the sentiment is hilarious that I had to use the snorkeling bunny.
In addition to using this set, I am also using the new release Cut Up of Beach Waves. I just love the added stitched marks to the wave. I used this Cut Up to create the water bunny will be snorkeling in using two different colored shades of blue. Once the image was stamped and colored in using Copics, I fussy cut him out to be popped up over the "water." The fish were stamped in different colors and the card was completed by adding the sailboat, which comes with the Beach Wave Cut Up, and the sentiment was stamped directly onto the top panel. I did add a few drops of Glossy Accents to the water and added some to the bubbles.
Thank you for stopping in and sure hope you join us next week for the new release blog hop! Are you IN IT TO WIN IT? You could win a $10 gift certificate to the TCP store just for leaving a little love as you hop around!
Both pure fun and beautiful projects. I love how you colored the shells.
Super cute. Love the layered waves and Buns!
Love the sophistication of the Doodled Shells card and the wonderful whimsey of the Bunny. I also love the way you stacked "the waves"! Great card!
LOL...i love them both but your 2nd card has me cracking up!
Wonderful cards Deborah! Love how you colored the shells. Great release too!
Love the way you colored the shells in your first card, and the big earred bunny is just adorable with his scuba diving gear! Great cards! Lovin' the release!


Love them. They work well with my brushes. I love how they protect the brushes. All are different sizes and love that as well.
These are great for reshaping your brushes while drying. They are great also to make sure no water settles on the glue which can cause the glue to loosen and to ruin your brush.
I love packing my make up brushes with these covers when I travel...it keeps the bristles where they belong. I also love that you can put them on when washing your brushes and it helps shape the bristles as they dry! Definitely recommend this.
I love these products! I travel a lot and always have an issue keeping my brushes in good condition when I packing them away in a makeup bag. These guards slide onto your brush and protects them from dust while keeping them in their original shape. I often times use this product when I was my brushes (after it's begun to dry) to ensure the bristles to do fall off or change shape.
Protects brushes well, love love love this purchase! You will not be disappointed! Never have my brushes been cleaner after a trip then when I used these!


File-swapping suit has implications too broad for Supreme Court?
According to an Associated Press story, Supreme Court justices seemed sympathetic to fears that if the recording industry prevails in its suit against Grokster, the effect will discourage technological innovation. " Justice Antonin Scalia said a ruling against Grokster, a developer of leading file-sharing software, could mean that if 'I'm a new inventor, I'm going to get sued right away.'" Other justices seemed to agree, with Justice David H. Souter, noting that Apple iPod users could play illegally downloaded music, wondering if the industry hadn't acted arbitrarily in suing Grokster, not Apple.


If what interest you the most is Olympic Weightlifting Style, look no further, we have created several budget friendly packages. Weather you are a seasonal weightlifter, home weightlifter, or a pro weightlifter we have created the Olympic Weightlifting package just for you. Browse thru the different packages Raptor Fitness has to offer and gear up your garage, basement or weightlifting facility with a click of a mouse.


"This production is Barrymore Recommended, no doubt for the splendid performances of Jennifer Summerfield as Sonya and Jared Reed as Dr. Astrov. The production reaches its high point in the second act scene between the two: she wants to express her love for him, but he is in love with someone else. The dialogue is punctuated with small glances and feeble jokes, and the audience melts. Who hasn't been in a similar situation?


Do you think our conference would be of interest to your colleagues or students?
Then we would be pleased if you would inform them about our neuroscience meeting or if you would print and hang up our flyer or poster in your institute. You can download the save the date flyer and the poster as a PDF file.


If your map light, stereo, heated seats, headlights, power windows or other electronic components suddenly stop working, chances are you have a fuse that has blown out. I also need 1 of the fuse box diagram. You will feel that there is a soft metal clip in the middle. The end of the dashboard does not look like an access panel but it is. Next, open the glove compartment.
Wiring color 2003 acura rsx fuse box diagram including fvd also with d civic del sol fuse panel printable copies fuse diagrams here picture furthermore shot including silverado tail light wiring diagram kappote moreover flasher furthermore relay additionally acura rsx fuse box diagram for rsx wiring diagram along with c bd along with civic fuse box honda civic fuse box honda wiring diagrams civic within honda civic fuse box diagram including replaced sensor persistent cel acura mdx forum acura mdx throughout bank sensor location honda odyssey as well as d offical k a swapped ep thread k a water pump furthermore cvrl c 2003 Acura Rsx Fuse Box Diagram Comments and Responses on Wiring diagrams, engine problems, fuse box, electrical diagram, transmission diagram, radiator diagram, exhaust system, suspension diagram. So Acura couldn't freaking make a cover for those fuses there?. First, you have to open up that little door and insert your fingers in the upper part of the compartment. About 15 seconds later, the self diagnosis will finish and the Ay'C indicator goes off. Answer I too have an owners manual for my 2001 Passat and it shows an access door on the drivers side end of dashboard and there is no access door there! If checking and replacing the fuse for the component in question doesn't work, we recommend seeking assistance from a trusted professional mechanic.
Pry off the plastic cover. Wiring color code or symbols, wiring harness, radio and audio wiring, circuit diagram, light switch wiring diagram. If checking and replacing the fuse for the component in question doesn't work, we recommend seeking assistance from a trusted professional mechanic. May 10, 2011 could be the spring release in the lever on the trunk itself. Sorry, I was just looking for the same thing and too lazy to walk out to the car and check the book.
After completing repair work, run the self-diagnosis function again to make sure that there are no other malfunctions. Some components may have multiple fuses, so make sure you check all of the fuses that are linked to the component in question. Wiring color code or symbols, wiring harness, radio and audio wiring, circuit diagram, light switch wiring diagram. They are a pain to get off with the heat shield in the way. Rsx engine diagram of 03 schematic diagram knock sensor diagram 03 rax wiring diagram all data 2003 acura rsx 2d coupe rsx sensor. You must push on this upward in order to bypass the stopper that prevent the door to open to it's full extend. Are you talking about the clock on the radio? I know u don't see the box unless you get down there under the dash but damn.
. Best tool to use is a 22mm open ended heavy wrench. Some components may have multiple fuses, so make sure you check all of the fuses that are linked to the component in question. Fuse Box 2003 Acura Rsx Service Layout about fuse box 2003 acura rsx that brings alongside 14 pictures additionally acura rsx computer also with acura rsx fuse box diagram including 2002 acura rsx under hood fuse locations including underhood fuse box diagram additionally electrical diagrams 2002 rsx type-s also with 03 rsx type s fuse box together with acura rsx led circuit along with 03 rsx under dash fuse box along with 06 acura rsx fuse box diagram furthermore acura rsx eld circuit moreover rsx fuse location including acura rsx engine fuse box also with 2000 acura integra fuse box including 2003 acura rsx headlight bulb along with 2001 acura integra fuse box as well as 1998 acura rl fuse box along with 2003 acura rsx heater valve furthermore 2003 acura rsx throttle body additionally 2010 acura mdx fuse box along with 2003 acura mdx fuse box. Then you will notice that in the lower part of the little door, there are some small pins on each side. At the driver's seat open your car door all the way then look at the dashboard end. Your email address will not be published.
I was actually searching for that and couldn't see anyone else asking that as a thread. Wire scheme fuse box 2003 acura rsx along with rl climate panel bulb replacement including renault megane fuse box diagram k m together with acura rl wiring diagram seat belt warning v additionally bmw x moreover civic fuse box honda civic fuse box honda wiring diagrams civic within honda civic fuse box diagram as well as explorer windshield wiper additionally honda civic lx wiring diagram on images free download in honda accord relay location as well as rsxo sensor including similiar honda civic fuse box diagram keywords throughout honda civic fuse box diagram also with acport as well as nissan teana j fuse box diagram rear window defogger relay along with b f c f Fuse Box 2003 Acura Rsx Comments and Responses on Wiring diagrams, engine problems, fuse box, electrical diagram, transmission diagram, radiator diagram, exhaust system, suspension diagram. The fuses are for everything in the interior. On the underside of the cover is the diagram for what the fuses are for. I would like to add a few more d … etails concerning the way that little fold door compartment can be opened without damaging it. There's one under the hood, on the right side. It looks nice, Iv'e always been a fan of white rsx's vBulletin Security provided by - Copyright © 2019 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.
You need to lift the door to remove the pins out of their holes. Your email address will not be published. Parts® acura rsx radiator ponents oem parts diagrams 2003 acura rsx types l4 20 liter gas radiator ponents. Your email address will not be published. Universal sensors do not work. On the end of the dash, there is a small panel with a hole in it.
Inside the panel is a not very clear and upside down diagram f … or which fuse controls which electrical item. Once you have removed the fusebox cover, the diagrams for what each fuse does is provided under the lid. This will pop out and give you access to the fuses that you can see thru the side panel. Thanks for posting your suggestions. Btw, the fuse box doesn't come with a cover.
Jake Posted on Sep 19, 2009 This cars has three fuse boxes, theres one under the hood and another under the dash driverside and last theres one under the dash passenger side. Its amazing what a difference just removing 1 thing from the engine bay will do. User Alert System provided by - Copyright © 2019 DragonByte Technologies Ltd. Information tech area 0204 prb rsx types ecu pin out diagrams 0204 prb rsx types ecu pin out diagrams. Here is a post I found that worked for my 2005 caravan. Acura mdx engine diagram best part of wiring diagram acura rdx engine schematics schematic diagram2007 acura rdx engine diagram wiring diagram acura rdx seating 2008. Acura rsx under dash fuse box diagram wiring schematic diagram rsx fuse diagram wiring diagram rsx fuse location 2002 acura rsx fuse box wiring diagram data.
Thanks for pointing out that the fuse boxes don't come with covers. I know you said it has been fine driving in the rain but I would still want the peace of mind of having the gasket idea I mentioned earlier. I will try to pry the end off as suggested. C , and the mode control dial to Vent. For the wired, i just extended them. Electrical components such as your map light, radio, heated seats, high beams, power windows all have fuses and if they suddenly stop working, chances are you have a fuse that has blown out.


California is a state in the southwestern part of the United States of America. It is nicknamed The Golden State. The capital city is Sacramento, and the largest city of California is Los Angeles. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the West and Nevada in the East. Oregon State is in the North, and Mexico is in the South. California is characterized by a Mediterranean climate.
California is a popular tourist destination due to its fascinating landscapes. It encompasses mountain ranges, lakes, and deserts. Read and discover the beauty of California's landscapes.
The Sierra Nevada, in the west.
The Pacific Ocean coastline is beautified because of the white sandy beaches, with the crystal blue-green water. Just a few miles from the coastline, California's landscape rises into rocky cliffs. The foothills of the Coastal Mountain Ranges follow the steep cliffs.
Death Valley: Death Valley is located within the Mojave Desert. It features varied landscapes, including mountains, valleys, waterfalls, a basin, a lakebed, and a dry lake.
Lake Tahoe: Lake Tahoe is in Sierra Nevada. It is a large crater lake, with mountains and forested areas in the background.
Yucatan Peninsula: Yucatan Peninsula is composed of limestone. It features a tropical rainforest.
Rivers of California: California is home to many rivers, particularly Colorado River, Kings River, Sacramento River, Trinity River, Salmon River, and a lot more.
Lakes of California: California hosts a large number of lakes, including Clear Lake Reservoir, Lake Tahoe, Eagle Lake, Honey Lake, and many others.
Coastal California: The Golden Coastline which is so scenic with diverse landscapes, which include sandy beaches and rocky cliffs.
California is endowed with three desert areas.
The Mojave Desert: extends from the Northwest into the Southeast of California. Its boundaries include the Tehachapi Mountains in the North to the Cummings Mountains in Western California, and it goes down into the mountain ranges of San Gabriel and San Bernardino in Southeast California.
The Colorado Desert: ranges from the Northwestern part of California into the Northwest Mexico border. Its border includes the Colorado River in Eastern California and it goes to the Laguna Mountains in the Peninsular Ranges in the west.
The Great Basin Desert: is renowned as a cold, snowy desert. The geographical location of the Great Basin from the Pacific Ocean. Its border extends from Sierra Nevada mountain ranges in the west into the Pacific Ocean.
California is so mesmerizing with its fabulous landscapes. Its landscape diversity makes California a top destination for tourists. California's panoramic has featured in many postcards and travel brochures.
To organize a tour of California, contact an online travel agency like Opodo in order to fully explore the beauty of California's fabulous landscape.
Book your accommodation with your flight through Opodo for the best deal ever. Opodo coordinates trips and tours in many parts of the world with its partner tour operators and hotels.


Vacations are NOT Luxuries - Here's why you need a vacation!
I know that seems like a self-serving statement when you hear it from a travel agent but I'm really not trying to sell you a Disney vacation (unless you want one) - instead, I just want you to understand why vacations are such a powerful part of good relationships. My dad died of cancer when I was sixteen and my sister was fourteen. I appreciate the fact that my dad worked hard every day to provide for us but what I remember most is the times we stepped away from the demands of everyday life to spend time together. My dad was a truck driver with failing health so you know we weren't wealthy but we went camping, took weekend trips to the beach or Seattle and even had two "real" vacations to Canada. Something about time together doing something out of the ordinary anchored those memories in me and I treasure them. My dad's struggle with cancer and his death just before Christmas left us exhausted and grieving. My mom felt we needed something to jump start us back into the land of the living so one day she announced, "I know it is hard but just get through the school year and I'll take you to Hawaii". We were SO excited! Mom wasn't sure how she was going to pull that off with the mountain of doctor bills piling up around her but somehow she did it and it was AMAZING!!! It was my first time on a commercial plane, first time in a tower-style hotel and it was Hawaii - what an experience! Mom later decided we needed to see that we could do real stuff, even without dad's help, and she took us on a road trip in a green 1972 Ford Country Squire Station Wagon to Yellowstone National Park where we tent camped for several days. It rained, we had two tires blow out in Montana and it was a great adventure that showed us that we could do all kinds of things we never thought we could.
I hope and pray that your family doesn't go through a loss like that but even if you don't, vacations are still important. I know a family who has done an excellent job of raising 5 kids who are all still close to one another as adults - the dad said something that really struck a chord with me, "If your family doesn't have inside jokes, you may just be roommates and not a family." He went on to say that it is important for parents to intentionally set aside time for shared experiences. We have four children and vacations have given our family wealth of inside jokes and shared memories - a crazy salesman on a bus in Newark, monopoly played by lantern light while being dive bombed by bugs, fearless seagulls, and any number of hotel related incidents have given our family a unique language of half sentences punctuated by wild laughter that is ours and ours alone. Any sensible person might say that we spent too much money along the way with nothing to show for it but I know it paid off in big and important ways with our kids.
One of the shared memories added to our vault was the night we stayed in the Wigwam Hotel to prepare ourselves "mentally, spiritually and emotionally" for Cars Land at Disney's California Adventure Park (Disneyland). This classic Route 66 motel was built in 1949 and was the inspiration for the Cozy Cone Motel in the Disney-Pixar movie Cars. My 17-year old daughter and her friend squealed with delight when we pulled up to this adorable hotel. Even better, as we lay in our beds in our Wigwam that night, we watched the decidedly different TV show Swamp People for the very first time - it was life changing in all the most magical ways.
Wigwam Hotel along Route 66 in San Bernadino, California - a great addition to a Disneyland vacation.
I know life is busy and budgets are tight but please figure out a way to spend some time with the ones you love, away from chores and life's regular demands - they're worth it. Go camping, spend a couple of lazy days playing board games in a hotel with a pool and an elevator (kids love elevators), or get some crazy-cousin time in with the relatives. If your plans include a trip to a Disney Destination, let us know and we'll help you plan a wonderful trip where full of happy memories and silly stories that make you laugh so hard you spray soda through your nose. I promise.
Your Travel Agent - You have one agent from start-to-finish who knows your name and your priorities and who wants to do everything possible to help you have a wonderful experience.
"Best Days" Itinerary - We'll help you build an itinerary that includes your priorities for fireworks, parades, and shows. We'll help you manage crowds and minimize lines by giving you excellent theme park touring plans and we'll help with your dining and FastPass+ reservations.
Saving Money - Of course we watch for discounts and promotions and automatically apply the best available offer to your reservation but we also help you avoid up-sells and options you won't use.


La Puente was known for its fruit and walnut groves during the 1930's. The city was even home to the world's largest walnut packing plant. Today, the city is heavily-urbanized, but the area still has some historical landmarks from its founding days nearby, for instance, the Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum in neighboring City of Industry, California. There have been on going Redevelopments of the business districts in La Puente, however, the local government has been relatively unsuccessful in its attempts to attract big-box retailers and restaurant chains, as such, businesses have gone to the adjacent city of West Covina. It is located approximately 20 miles east of Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.5 square miles, all land.


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HOME EVENTS & ENTERTAINING
Japanese Birthday Gifts
By: Crystal Bonser
Information About Coin Pearls
Egyptian Wedding Gifts
What Is Cotton Plisse?
Thank You Ideas for Awana Leaders
About Celtic Knots
gift image by Albert Lozano from Fotolia.com
In Japanese culture, gifts are exchanged for various occasions; however, birthday gifts are not traditionally given. That being said, influences from the West have altered this tradition, making it not uncommon for friends and family to exchange birthday presents. When purchasing a Japanese gift, avoid items that consist of the number four or comes in four parts as this number is believed to cause bad luck.
Daruma Dolls
Daruma dolls, traditional Japanese good luck charms, are modeled after the Indian priest Bodhidharm who introduced Zen Buddhism to China. Daruma dolls are traditionally made of paper mache and are weighted on the bottom, causing the doll to wobble when pushed. These dolls are believed to be a symbol of good fortune and strong determination.
Cherry Blossom Room Divider
Cherry blossoms are highly symbolic in Japan. Among other things, the form and color of cherry blooms are believed to reflect the traditional Japanese values of purity and simplicity. A cherry blossom room divider beautifully displays this symbolic flower on a piece of furniture that can serve a functional or aesthetic purpose.
Caligraphy Set
Calligraphy is a popular Japanese hobby that many people learn in elementary school. A calligraphy set includes a shitajiki (mat), bunchin (paper weight), hanshi (calligraphy paper), fude (brush), suzuri (ink container) and sumi (material that produces ink).
Origami Paper and Book
Paper was first introduced to Japan during the sixth century C.E. by Buddhist monks. It is from that point that paper folding evolved into the art form known as origami. Thousands of origami designs exist at all skill levels and can be personalized by using origami paper of different sizes, textures and colors. An origami instructional book for beginning or advanced paper folders along with unique origami paper makes a great gift for the creative person in your life who loves all things Japanese.
Bonsai Tree and Book
The word "bonsai" means "tree-in-a-pot" in both the Japanese and Chinese languages. A tree-in-a-pot becomes a bonsai when it has been pruned, shaped and trained to grow in a specific shape. Although a basic form of bonsai originated in China, it was in Japan that the art of bonsai was refined. If the Japanese person in your life loves gardening, consider buying him a bonsai tree and a book detailing how to care for the tree.
Japan-Guide.com: Superstition
Japan-Guide.com: Giving Gifts
Japan-Guide.com: Japanese Calligraphy
JUN Japanese Gifts and Souvenirs: Daruma Dolls
St. Olaf College: Cherry Blossoms in Japanese Art and Culture
Origami Resource Center: History of Origami
Room Dividers: 6 ft. Tall Cherry Blossom Shoji Screen
Bonsai Site: A Detailed History of Bonsai
Bonsai Clubs International: What Is Bonsai?
Crystal Bonser has been working as a freelance writer and editor for an educational website since 2009. She is also the creator of a pet-loss website on which she facilitates weekly grief support groups. Bonser holds a Bachelor of Social Work and a minor in psychology from Ryerson University.


Washington Reagan Airport is a popular rent a car destination, there are many car rental companies in Washington Reagan Airport with a wide range of different car categories. Many of our clients have rented a car in Washington Reagan Airport and had good experiences. Do not wait with booking your car for Washington Reagan Airport before you know prices will go up and the availability will get low.
Last month, the average car rental length at Washington Reagan Airport was 8 days.
The average rental car length at Washington Reagan Airport is 1 days.
The most booked rental car type currently at Washington Reagan Airport is INTERMEDIATE cars.
Last year, the most booked rental car type at Washington Reagan Airport were STANDARD cars.
How much does it cost to rent a car at Washington Reagan Airport? Last month, the average car rental price was 361 USD.
Last year, how much did it cost to rent a car at Washington Reagan Airport? Last year, the average car rental price was 132 USD.
What is the current average daily price to rent a at Washington Reagan Airport? Last month, the average rental price was 46 USD per day.
How much did it cost to rent a car at Washington Reagan Airport over the past 12 months? Last Year, the average rental price was 132 USD per day.
The car rental companies available at Washington Reagan Airport are: Alamo, National, Dollar.
See below last 5 customer reviews. Our customers rated Washington Car Rental with an average of 0.00 based on 0 ratings.


Some songs just sound better at night. Check out Paul's curated playlist of late night music.
Some songs just sound better at night. These are the songs that don't have that aggressive car shaking production and bass that is a guaranteed go-to when we get the AUX, but the songs that soothe us no matter where we are. These are the songs that wrap us in a blanket of chillaxity (yes, I made that word up) whenever we hear them as the music envelops in a smooth melody and warm vocals. Sometimes these vocals aren't exactly warm, but their smooth delivery and calm execution dance with the production in their own special way, such is the case with Nujabes' "City Lights" which was produced by him and features Pase Rock and Substantial on the verses. In some cases vocals are not even needed such as with DJ Shadow's "Midnight In A Perfect World" , as a warping sample stimulates our ears as we reflect on life and our many decisions in it. These songs are often overlooked by those who act like "hype music" is the only genre that exists, or are just completely overshadowed by those looking for a more sensual mood as opposed to a purely relaxing one. In some cases, the feelings experienced in these songs can relate to those of slower psychedelic rock songs or dream pop songs. The tranquility of the music makes the listener feel as though time is standing still and nothing but them and the music exists in a realm of pure bliss.
When I hear these types of songs I often envision images of night skylines, rain and stars. Or, a combination of these such as a lone individual walking through a neon lit downtown area after midnight as rain falls around them. I also tend to think about the past and reflect on multiple "what if" scenarios. From talking to different people, I've learned that this practice is actually quite common. Usually I'm listening to these songs while in bed at night so my mind is somewhat already on that subject matter, but the music also enhances it. People often say that people are their most vulnerable at this time of night and it's when you truly connect with a person. I believe this is true for some people but, not me personally as I am a pretty open book. However, I do enjoy having deep conversations at night – as long as it's a topic I'm interested in. In contrast, when I am having a conversation like this I am not listening to music as I believe the two should be separate experiences. When listening to late night music I like to be in my own world.
I made a playlist of Late Night Music that captures all the emotions and vibes I mentioned in this post. I put them in a particular order so please don't hit shuffle lol. Check it out here!


There's a new disease spreading across the modern workforce. No doubt it's always been there, but now, more than ever, this malady is becoming a serious problem for employees and employers. It's Mondayistis. Heard of it? Experienced it? It has many causes, it probably only has one permanent cure, but as the retirement age creeps up, and our resolve declines, can we beat Mondayitis and still keep our jobs?
First, a look at the numbers. One third of all sick days are taken on Mondays – which I guess means we feel a whole lot better those other six days of the week. Back pain and viruses are cited as the main cause of Monday sick-days, but there's no secret the upswing in Mondayitis can be largely attributed to people not wanting to go back to work after a couple of days off. And if for some reason you think the latter is an assumption, how about this – January, the traditional holiday month, records the highest number of sickdays during the year. The long and short of it is that most of us prefer our days off to our days at work.
So, to ask that all so common 21st century question, who's to blame?
Well, the answer, is…drum roll please…EVERYONE. Employers and their efficiency drives, employees and their ruts, banks and their loans, governments and their policies, the kids, you, me, even the family pet. We're all to blame, some because they give you more enjoyment than your salary, and some because you need your salary to keep them happy. And, more often than not, it all hits home Sunday night before going to bed, or Monday morning when you try to get up. It can be simply a case of the blues, or just not being bothered…or it can actually be your stress and anxiety manifesting into migraines, tension headaches, even colds and flu as your stressed immune system decides it's all too much.
The simple truth is that we like doing things that make us happy. We crave enjoyment and excitement, and if work is not offering that, then we are going to start having problems wanting to do the morning commute. So can we beat this problem? You might be able to make the ultimate change and find a new job that challenges and interests you daily…however for most of us, the dream job usually stays a dream, which means it's more often than not up to you to make the best of your situation. How? Stay tuned.


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Supreme Court to decide on meting out Sharia punishments
Amendments brought to the new penal code today state that the Supreme Court must pass a final sentence before convicts found guilty of offences for which penalties are prescribed in Islamic Sharia are punished.
The parliament today amended the new penal code to require all appeal processes be exhausted before Islamic sharia punishments can be meted out to convicts.
The amendments proposed by ruling Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM) MP Ahmed Thoriq state that the Supreme Court must pass a final sentence before convicts found guilty of offences for which penalties are prescribed in Islamic Sharia are punished.
These offences include murder, fornication, theft, apostasy and drinking alcohol, for which punishment ranges from death penalty to public flogging.
The amendments also authorises the president "to make decisions" on such punishments in accordance with Islamic Sharia. The president has the authority to pardon convicts and commute sentences under the clemency law.
Both provisions were added to Thoriq's amendment bill during a review by the national security committee. The revised bill was passed unanimously with 51 votes in favour at today's sitting.
Thoriq had submitted the bill earlier this month to amend the section on hudud offences, which had stated that persons found guilty of an offence with punishments prescribed in the Quran shall be punished in accordance with sentencing guidelines in the penal code.
Thoriq proposed replacing 'Quran' with 'punishments or qisas [retaliation in kind] determined in Islamic Sharia.'
The Quran prescribes punishments for six hudud offences: theft (amputation of the hand), fornication (death by stoning or one hundred lashes), making unproven accusations of illicit sex (eighty lashes), drinking intoxicants (eighty lashes), apostasy (death or banishment), and highway robbery (death).
Islamic Sharia encompasses both the Quran and the Prophet's sunnah (teachings or traditions), which also prescribes punishments.
The new penal code that came into force on July 16 provides for the application of some Sharia punishments to hudud offences (including flogging and death penalty), but the "retaliation in kind" aspect or qisas was not incorporated. The qisas category of crimes in Islamic jurisprudence includes murder, assault, and damage to private property.
"Notwithstanding other provisions of this law to the contrary, if an offender is found guilty of committing an offence to the extent of practical certainty as per the standard of proof established in Islamic Sharia, for hudud offences or for which punishments or qisas are determined in the Islamic Sharia, that person shall be punished in accordance with Islamic Sharia," reads the amendment passed today.
The penal code has been hailed as a landmark law that codified Islamic sharia for the first time while upholding minimum international human rights standards.
However, a day before it was due to come into force, religious NGO Jamiyyathul Salaf contended that the law "completely does away with" the sunnah under a "secular philosophy".
The sunnah is one of the "fundamental sources" of sharia law and specifies how punishments prescribed in the Quran must be enforced, Salaf said.
Several punishments fixed in the Quran such as amputation of the hand for theft, death by stoning for adultery, death for highway robbery, and death or banishment for apostasy are not enforced in the Maldives.
However, flogging for pre-marital sex is implemented while the current administration has ended a six-decade moratorium on the death penalty.
In April, the pro-government majority in parliament delayed the enforcement of the new penal code by three months, claiming that more time was needed to raise public awareness and address concerns raised by religious scholars.
Days before the penal code came into force, the Supreme Court drafted a penal code of its own, prompting fears that the new law could be overhauled.
The Supreme Court's draft proposed lowering the age of criminal responsibility to seven years and sets hefty fines and jail terms for defaming a state employee.
However, the parliament suspended its sittings to block MPs from submitting any changes. Explaining the decision to suspend sittings, a senior ruling party MP told Maldives Independent: "We will not allow the judiciary to dictate laws and overstep its mandate."
A source familiar with the apex court's draft said it will undo ten years of work put into modernising the Maldives' criminal justice system.
Correction: The tenth paragraph of this article was amended on August 30 to state that only some Shariah punishments were outlined in the new penal code. It previously incorrectly suggested that the penal code allowed for the application of all Shariah punishments for hudud offences.
The eleventh paragraph of this article was amended on September 1.
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