Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Tadanobu Takahashi graduated from the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, in 1999. He completed his master痴 degree at the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, in 2001, and obtained his Ph.D. in 2004 from the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka. He worked as a research fellow in the Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST) program in Japan Science and Technology Agency from 2004 to 2006, was assistant professor in the Department of Clinical Molecular Cell Biology from 2006 to 2007, and is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.
A sulfated glycolipid, 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide), is ubiquitously present in various tissues such as the brain, kidney, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. Sulfatide is localized mainly in the Golgi apparatus, cellular membrane, and lysosomes, or cytosol especially in many cancer cell lines. The metabolism of sulfatide is very simple compared to that of many gangliosides. The synthesis of sulfatide starts at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the addition of galactose from UDP-galactose to ceramides. This reaction is catalyzed by the UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT; EC 2. 4. 1. 45)1. Galactosylceramide (GalCer), which is the precursor of sulfatide, is transported to the Golgi apparatus, where sulfatide is finally synthesized by 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS): cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST; EC 2. 8. 2. 11)2. CST has been reported to be a homodimeric protein localized to late Golgi apparatus3. The sulfate group of sulfatide is hydrolyzed by arylsulfatase A (ASA; EC 3. 1. 6. 8) in lysosomes. This reaction requires the help of a sphingolipid activator protein-1 (SAP-1), also called saposin B (SapB), which extracts sulfatide from membranes and thereby making it accessible to ASA4 (Fig. 1). Recently, an alternative sulfatase-independent pathway of sulfatide degradation has been suggested by indications in a neuroblastoma cell line for direct generation of ceramide from endocytosed sulfatide without prior desulfation5. Sulfatide exhibits various structures, including different lengths of the acyl chain and ceramide moiety, which can also be hydroxylated as well as other sphingolipids.
Deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme ASA6 or mutations in the gene coding for SapB7 cause metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), a demyelinating disease, due to the accumulation of lysosomal sulfatide. Sulfatide is a biologically multifunctional glycolipid involved in the nervous system, diabetes, the immune system, hemostasis/thrombosis, bacterial infection and virus infection such as human immunodeficiency virus. We found that sulfatide promotes translocation of newly synthesized viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes with viral nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza A virus from the nucleus to cytoplasm and progeny virus production by association with a viral surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA), delivered to the cell surface8. In this review, we describe the role of sulfatide in influenza A virus infection.
Fig. 1 Metabolism of sulfatide.
The chemical structure of sulfatide is shown. Sulfatide (red characters) is synthesized from cerimide through galactosylceramide by two transferases (CGT and SCT). Then the sulfate group of sulfatide (red atoms in the sulfatide structure) is degraded by ASA and metabolized to galactosylceramide. All enzymes essential for sulfatide metabosim used in our study are shown in blue.
Influenza A virus infects and is transmitted among avian and mammalian animals including human. Influenza A virus recognizes and binds to various sialo-glycoconjugates on the host cell surface via the viral envelope glycoprotein, HA. Sialic acid plays an essential role as the virus receptor in the influenza A virus life cycle. Another envelope glycoprotein, neuraminidase (NA), has sialidase activity for cleaving sialic acid residue and facilitates release of the progeny viruses from the cell surface membrane9. Recently, it has been suggested that sialidase activity of NA under viral entry into cells through endocytosis plays an important role in the virus infection and replication10, 11. Sulfatide has been ubiquitously detected in various epithelial cell lines and animal tissues that permit sufficient influenza A virus replication. We have found that influenza A virus binds to sulfatide, which has no sialic acid12.
We investigated the function of sulfatide in the influenza A virus infection cycle by knockdown of sulfatide expression in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which are known to adequately support the virus replication, and by genetic up-regulation of sulfatide expression in COS7 cells, which lack sulfatide expression and sufficient influenza A virus replication.
Specifically, we genetically produced sulfatide-enriched cells from parental COS7 cells defective in sulfatide. Sulfatide accumulation leads to a feedback inhibition of GalCer synthesis. We therefore transfected COS7 cells with both CST and CGT genes from MDCK cells and established two cell clones (SulCOS1 and SulCOS2) that stably express sulfatide. Enhancement of influenza A virus (A/WSN/33 H1N1 strain) multiple replications in sulfatide-enriched cells was clearly confirmed by immunostaining of the cells (Fig. 2). Progeny virus titers of the supernatant from cell clones were increased by 500-3000 times in comparison with that from the parent COS7 cells, which showed little replication of the virus. In contrast, sulfatide-enriched cells showed reduction of about 28% in the initial infection in comparison with that of the parent cells.
To evaluate the impact of sulfatide depletion on influenza A virus replication, we generated sulfatide-knockdown cells from MDCK cells by transfection with the ASA gene and by RNA interference (RNAi) targeting CST mRNA. We obtained MDCK cells stably expressing the ASA gene. The sulfatide-knockdown cells showed an approximately 60-fold reduction in progeny virus titers generated by the virus replication and a slight increase in initial infection. Application of RNAi targeting endogenous CST mRNA to MDCK cells also resulted in a significant reduction of the virus replication. Sulfatide-enriched cell clones also showed increased replication of other influenza A virus strains regardless of viral subtype (H1N1, H3N2 or H5N3) or host (human or avian). Taken together, these results indicate that sulfatide expression in mammalian cells greatly enhances multiple replications of influenza A virus and that sulfatide is not the initial receptor in the virus infection.
Fig. 2 Sulfatide promotes influenza A virus replication.
Two sulfatide-enriched cell lines (SulCOS1 and SulCOS2; red characters) were generated by transfection to the parent cells, which could not synthesize sulfatide, with two sulfatide-synthesis transferase (CGT and CST) genes. Influenza A virus-infected cells are observed by blue staining of viral antigens. Cells cultured for 24 h at 37ºC after infection are shown in images under optical microscopy at a magnification of 40 (upper) and in images of wells in culture plates (lower). Virus replication in the sulfatide-enriched cells is much higher than in the parent cells.
We previously established a mouse anti-sulfatide monoclonal antibody (named GS-5)13. To determine whether GS-5 has an inhibitory effect on influenza A virus infection, MDCK cells were treated with GS-5 before, at the same time as, and after virus infection. Treatment with GS-5 after virus infection induced a great reduction in virus multiple replications, but GS-5 treatment before and at the same time as virus infection had no effect on viral initial infection and replication. Additionally, GS-5 treatment induced distinct inhibition of virus replication for 4-24 h but not for 0-2 h after virus infection. GS-5 also had the same effect on other strains independent of viral subtype (H1N1, H3N2 or H5N3) and host (human or avian). These results suggest that sulfatide on the cell surface is involved in influenza A virus replication.
To assess whether the anti-sulfatide antibody can inhibit virus replication in vivo, C57BL/6 mice were intranasally infected with pathogenic influenza A virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1) strain. GS-5 was administered intranasally once daily for 5 days beginning 1 day preinfection. Administration of GS-5 protected 50% of mice against 100% lethal challenge with pathogenic influenza A virus and markedly reduced progeny virus titers in the lungs of the mice.
NP of influenza A virus forms vRNP complexes together with the viral polymerases (PB1, PB2, and PA), and viral genome RNA segments in the nucleus and the vRNP complexes are then exported to the cytoplasm. On the other hand, two surface spike glycoproteins, HA and NA, are transported to the cellular surface membrane through an exocytic pathway. In sulfatide-enriched cells (SulCOS1) at 7 h after infection at 37ºC, most of the newly synthesized HA and NA was localized to the cell surface, and most of the newly synthesized viral NP had translocated from the nucleus to cytoplasm. In the parent cells, most of the newly synthesized viral HA and NA was localized to the cell surface, but most of the newly synthesized viral NP remained in the nucleus. In sulfatide-enriched cells that were treated with GS-5 after virus infection, most of the newly synthesized viral NP remained in the nucleus despite normal localization of newly synthesized viral HA. The results suggest that sulfatide, which is expressed on the cell surface during the process of influenza A virus replication, promotes nuclear export of vRNP complexes, resulting in a significant efficient formation of infectious progeny virus.
To elucidate the involvement of HA and NA in nuclear export of the viral NP regulated by sulfatide, SulCOS1 cells infected with influenza A virus A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) strain were treated with anti-H3 HA MAb (2E10), which blocks the binding between the virus and sulfatide. Translocation of the newly synthesized NP from the nucleus to cytoplasm in the cells was almost completely suppressed by 2E10, similar to the effect of GS-5. In contrast, anti-H3 HA MAb (1F8), which does not block the binding of IAV to sulfatide, and anti-N2 NA MAb (SI-4) as well as TU-1 did not suppress nuclear export of the viral NP. These results indicate that association of sulfatide with HA delivered to the cell surface induces translocation of the newly synthesized viral NP from the nucleus to cytoplasm.
To clarify the binding activity of HA to sulfatide, we selected a baculovirus protein expression system to obtain a large amount of HA glycoprotein in influenza A virus A/duck/Hong Kong/313/4/78 (H5N3) strain. The recombinant HA expressed in insect cells was extracted by detergent and purified by affinity column for the histidine tag sequence added to the C-terminus of the HA. The recombinant HA expressed on insect cells showed hemadsorption activity of red blood cells and reaction with specific monoclonal antibody. The purified recombinant HA exhibited high hemagglutination unit itself and hemagglutination inhibition after reaction with specific monoclonal antibody. These results indicate that the recombinant HA expressed in insect cells possesses both receptor binding ability and antigenicity similar to influenza A virus. The recombinant HA bound to sulfatide in a dose-dependent manner as well as α2,3-sialylparagloboside, which was preferentially recognized by avian influenza A virus. The binding of the recombinant H5 HA to sulfatide was prevented by re-incubation with anti-H5 HA MAb, but not with anti-H3 HA MAb, in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-H5 HA MAb, which probably recognizes the epitope neighboring the receptor binding site on each HA and prevents viral hemagglutination by steric hindrance of HA binding to the sialic acid moiety, inhibited binding of the recombinant H5 HA to sulfatide. The results indicate that HA binds to sulfatide, possibly through the region near the receptor binding site on HA14. On the other hand, sulfatide also inhibits sialidase activity of viral NA under acidic condition only15. It may be necessary to investigate the interaction of not only HA but also NA with sulfatide.
Our data show that sulfatide promotes translocation of the newly synthesized vRNP complexes from the nucleus to cytoplasm by association with HA delivered to the cell surface8 (Fig. 3). Administration of anti-sulfatide antibody resulted in strong inhibition of influenza A virus replication, even after virus infection, and protected mice against lethal challenge with the virus. The development of antiviral drugs will probably play a critical role in the next influenza pandemic. NA inhibitors such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are currently being used for protection against and treatment of influenza. However, an oseltamivir-resistant strain (a Russian H1N1 type) that emerged in North Europe in 2007 spread worldwide until 2008. The emergence of such drug-resistant viruses has become a serious problem. Most current human influenza A viruses have also become resistant to viral M2 ion channel inhibitors such as amantadine. The binding inhibitors between influenza A virus and sulfatide have potential as novel and more efficient antivirus drugs that can be used against conventional drug-resistant viruses or for patients with serious symptoms caused by advanced infection.
Sulfatide is a highly multifunctional glycolipid involved in the nervous system, diabetes, the immune system, hemostasis/thrombosis, bacterial infection and virus infection, as described in this review. Therefore, if sulfatide in the host cells is blocked or down-regulated by a direct binding agent, genetic technique or pharmacodynamic agent affecting sulfatide metabolism, it is very likely that many side effects associated with sulfatide will occur.
For treatment of influenza A virus infection, inhibitors specifically and directly targeting the sulfatide binding site on viral HA may be useful for preventing the predicted side effects and confer more powerful antiviral activity due to inhibition of progeny virus particle formation than NA inhibitors that inhibit the release process but not the virus particle formation process.
Fig. 3 Promotion mechanism of sulfatide on influenza A virus replication.
Influenza A virus binds to sialic acid, as a virus receptor, located in the terminal of glycochain on the host cell surface. The endocytosed virus particle then induces the fusion process to the endosome/lysosome membrane by acidic condition-triggered conformational change to fusogenic HA and release viral internal proteins and genomes to cytosol. Replicated viral RNA genomes in nucleus form vRNP complexes, together with newly synthesized viral NP and viral polymerases. vRNP complexes in nucleus are exported to cytosol. Newly synthesized viral envelope glycoproteins, HA and NA, are transported to the cell surface membrane. These proteins and other viral structural proteins form progeny virus particles through budding from the cell surface membrane. When sulfatide binds with HA transported to the cell surface membrane, it initiates unknown intracellular signals (intracellular narrow red arrow) that promote nuclear export of vRNP complexes (intracellular thick red arrow). This promotion results in increased formation of progeny virus particles.
1. Schaeren-Wiemers, N., van der Bijl, P., Schwab, M.E. The UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase: expression pattern in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells during myelination and substrate preference for hydroxyceramide. J Neurochem 65, 2267-2278, 1995.
2. Honke, K., Tsuda, M., Hirahara, Y., Ishii, A., Makita, A., Wada, Y. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding human 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:galactosylceramide 3'-sulfotransferase. J Biol Chem 272, 4864-4868, 1997.
3. Yaghootfam, A., Sorkalla, T., Haberlein, H., Gieselmann, V., Kappler, J., Eckhardt, M. Cerebroside sulfotransferase forms homodimers in living cells. Biochemistry 46, 9260-9269, 2007.
4. Kolter, T., Sandhoff, K. Principles of lysosomal membrane digestion: stimulation of sphingolipid degradation by sphingolipid activator proteins and anionic lysosomal lipids. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 21, 81-103, 2005.
5. Zeng, Y., Cheng, H., Jiang, X., Han, X. Endosomes and lysosomes play distinct roles in sulfatide-induced neuroblastoma apoptosis: potential mechanisms contributing to abnormal sulfatide metabolism in related neuronal diseases. Biochem J 410, 81-92, 2008.
6. Sevin, C., Aubourg, P., Cartier, N. Enzyme, cell and gene-based therapies for metachromatic leukodystrophy. J Inherit Metab Dis 30, 175-183, 2007.
7. Rafi, M.A., Amini, S., Zhang, X.L., Wenger, D.A. Correction of sulfatide metabolism after transfer of prosaposin cDNA to cultured cells from a patient with SAP-1 deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 50, 1252-1258, 1992.
8. Takahashi, T., Murakami, K., Nagakura, M., Kishita, H., Watanabe, S., Honke, K., Ogura, K., Tai, T., Kawasaki, K., Miyamoto, D., Hidari, K.I., Guo, C.T., Suzuki, Y., Suzuki, T. Sulfatide is required for efficient replication of influenza A virus. J Virol 82, 5940-5950, 2008.
9. Suzuki, Y. Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses. Biol Pharm Bull 28, 399-408, 2005.
10. Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Guo, C.T., Hidari, K.I., Miyamoto, D., Goto, H., Kawaoka, Y., Suzuki, Y. Sialidase activity of influenza A virus in an endocytic pathway enhances viral replication. J Virol 79, 11705-11715, 2005.
11. Su, B., Wurtzer, S., Rameix-Welti, M.A., Dwyer, D., van der Werf, S., Naffakh, N., Clavel, F., Labrosse, B. Enhancement of the influenza A hemagglutinin (HA)-mediated cell-cell fusion and virus entry by the viral neuraminidase (NA). PLoS One 4, e8495, 2009.
12. Suzuki, T., Sometani, A., Yamazaki, Y., Horiike, G., Mizutani, Y., Masuda, H., Yamada, M., Tahara, H., Xu, G., Miyamoto, D., Oku, N., Okada, S., Kiso, M., Hasegawa, A., Ito, T., Kawaoka, Y., Suzuki, Y. Sulphatide binds to human and animal influenza A viruses, and inhibits the viral infection. Biochem J 318, 389-393, 1996.
13. Shikata, K., Suzuki, Y., Wada, J., Hirata, K., Matsuda, M., Kawashima, H., Suzuki, T., Iizuka, M., Makino, H., Miyasaka, M. L-selectin and its ligands mediate infiltration of mononuclear cells into kidney interstitium after ureteric obstruction. J Pathol 188, 93-99, 1999.
14. Takahashi, T., Satoh, H., Takaguchi, M., Takafuji, S., Yokoyama, H., Fujii, S., Suzuki, T. Binding of sulfatide to recombinant hemagglutinin of influenza A virus produced by a baculovirus protein expression system. J Biochem in press, 2010.
15. Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Nishinaka, D., Murakami, M., Fujii, S., Hidari, K.I., Miyamoto, D., Li, Y.T., Suzuki, Y. Inhibition of influenza A virus sialidase activity by sulfatide. FEBS Lett 553, 355-359, 2003.


Cyber Controller – Backlinking – Internet Marketing – Phoenix AZ – Cybercontroller.com | Web Marketing Is Fun With Advice Like This!
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Indies find audience on cable
PARK CITY, Utah — HBO and Showtime are going indie. The premium cable channels have emerged as important nurturers of independent films, securing a major presence at the Sundance Film Festival.
Both cable networks have become regular providers of films at Sundance, the nation's main indie-movie showcase. Premium cable has its most high-profile slate yet at this year's festival, with three of the event's 18 premiere slots going to HBO or Showtime films.
The festival opened last week with HBO's "The Laramie Project," directed by Moises Kaufman from his play. Sundance's centerpiece premiere, marking the festival's midpoint, was director Mira Nair's "Hysterical Blindness," another HBO film, which screened yesterday.
Showtime premiered its urban drama "Our America" at Sundance last weekend. HBO has a film in the dramatic competition, "Real Women Have Curves," from first-time director Patricia Cardosa.
Independent film in the United States is geared largely toward theatrical release, but these cable-produced projects mirror the edgy personal films that have been a staple for decades on television overseas, notably on England's Channel Four. Such filmmakers as Stephen Frears and Mike Leigh cut their teeth making independent-spirited movies for British television.
Colin Callendar, president of HBO Films, says cable TV has become a friendlier outlet for some types of independent film in an age when the theatrical market is dominated by big studio action flicks and comedies.
All three of HBO's Sundance entries are "films that either were unlikely to have been made as theatrical films or were unlikely to have survived the really brutal theatrical marketplace," Mr. Callendar says. "They'd have had trouble finding an audience in theaters, but there is no question they will find their audience on HBO."
"The Laramie Project" features a huge ensemble cast in a chronicle based on the journey Mr. Kaufman's theater troupe took to Laramie, Wyo., to examine the community where homosexual student Matthew Shepard was fatally beaten and lashed to a fence. It premieres on HBO in March.
The comic drama "Real Women Have Curves" follows a young Mexican-American woman stuck between her own dreams of college and the family and cultural expectations of her manipulative mother.
"Hysterical Blindness" stars Uma Thurman, Juliette Lewis and Gena Rowlands in the story of two women anxiously pursuing romance in 1980s New Jersey.
HBO expects to debut "Hysterical Blindness" and "Real Women Have Curves" in the second half of the year.
Based on a true story, "Our America" is the story of two ghetto teens in Chicago and a National Public Radio producer who collaborate to create stirring radio documentaries about the landscape of violence in which the boys live. Showtime expects to air "Our America" in July.
"Showtime and HBO in a way have become the biggest independent film production companies," says Jerry Offsay, Showtime's president of programming. "Studios focus on the big roller-coaster-ride action films. The little films can get left on the sidelines."
HBO and Showtime also have become big buyers of finished films, scouring Sundance and other festivals for independent projects to air exclusively on their networks.
Showtime picked up last year's Sundance dramatic competition winner, "The Believer,"along with Alison Anders' "Things Behind the Sun," one of last year's Sundance premieres. It plans to air "The Believer" this March.
"The independent arena has always been a theatrical arena on one level," says Sundance festival co-director Geoffrey Gilmore. "But the fact is, the production and programming leadership at companies like HBO and Showtime have really decided this is a vein that very much fits for them."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Get Vladimir Putin Ukraine Invasion Background
By admin in Uncategorized May 25, 2020
Get Vladimir Putin Ukraine Invasion
Background. In august, after months of increasingly assertive intervention into the ukraine crisis, russian president vladimir putin crossed a major line by invading. Владимир владимирович путин, vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn (listen);
Putin Visits Disputed Crimea After Ukraine Warns Of Invasion Europe Stripes from www.stripes.com
Picard, a frenchman, is witness each day to the events taking shape along the border it has become the hub for putin's creeping invasion. Ukraine accuses putin's bombers of. In ukraine crimea lost more and more of its autonomy.
Why russia is invading ukraine, explained in 2 minutes.
Despite his very public perch, putin is not as is the crisis in ukraine almost over or just beginning? While the vast majority of. For putin, seeking leverage to enforce his vision of ukraine's future, invasion is a high risk option because it could draw in irregular forces against russian troops and trigger much. Ukraine indicated it would bar the french presidential candidate from entering the country after she made the comments appearing to legitimise the annexation.
Source: s3-origin-images.politico.com
But trade sanctions against russia could be painful, and there are ways for him to get what he wants.
Source: api.time.com
Ukraine says it thinks vladimir putin is planning a new invasion, and it's not hard to see why:
Source: prod-upp-image-read.ft.com
1) that russian influence over southeast ukraine will direct invasion would come with a much more staggering price tag.
Source: s.wsj.net
Vladimir putin attends the closing ceremony of the 2014 paralympic winter games in sochi on march 16, 2014.
Source: static.timesofisrael.com
Vladimir putin ready to invade ukraine;
Source: i2-prod.dailystar.co.uk
Both the united states and russia see merkel as the politician who is best equipped to defuse the explosive situation in ukraine.
Two barracks are located at the edge of the city and 50 military vehicles parked at one of the facilities.
Source: cms.qz.com
Vladimir putin has expressed serious concern over ukraine's decision to impose martial law, the kremlin said on tuesday, after a confrontation at sea between the two countries.
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Haily to grow industrial building business
Thursday, July 22nd, 2021 at Markets | News
The ACE Market debutant will continue focusing on its core competency in building construction in Johor and extending its reach to other districts
by ANIS HAZIM
ACE Market debutant Haily Group Bhd plans to expand into industrial building construction to tap into opportunities rising from the economic developments in Johor.
Its independent and non-executive chairman Mohd Jaffar Awang (Ismail) said the group has completed six industrial building construction projects with a total of 68 units of factories in Johor Baru and Kulai districts.
"We will also use part of the proceeds raised from our IPO exercise to purchase additional construction machinery and equipment, mainly to facilitate better scheduling of our construction work when the projects require concurrent usage and in anticipation of future growth," Mohd Jaffar said after the virtual listing ceremony yesterday.
The building construction group debuted on the ACE Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Bhd at 16.2% or 11 sen premium over its issue price of 68 sen.
The shares tested a high of 82 sen and a low of 71 sen in intraday trade to close its maiden trading day at 74 sen.
Haily raised RM20.4 million via 30 million new public shares issued at 68 sen.
The group plans to use RM4.2 million (20.6%) of the gross proceeds for the purchase of construction machinery, equipment and new contract management and accounting software and office equipment.
RM6 million (29.4%) will go to working capital for its construction projects and RM7 million (34.3%) will be allocated for repayment of bank borrowings.
Mohd Jaffar said the company would continue focusing on its core competency in building construction in Johor and extending its reach to other districts.
He said Haily would leverage its capabilities as a Grade G7 contractor, whereby the group could bid and carry out any size of building construction projects irrespective of the contract value.
"We have ongoing projects that can sustain us at least until 2023. Currently, Haily has 18 building construction projects, as well as two civil engineering-related construction projects," he said.
As of June 10, 2021, the group's total secured contract value stood at RM460.04 million, while unbilled contract value reached RM249.58 million.
Mohd Jaffar said Haily had completed 65 building construction projects with a total contract value of RM1.29 billion since 2008.
Yoong says the group has started to get involved in IBS in its construction works in line with IR4.0 (Pic source: Haily.my)
Haily CEO and ED Yoong Woei Yeh said the group has started to get involved in the industrialised building system (IBS) in its construction works in line with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0).
"A few years back, we started using the aluminium system formwork as a part of IBS, which actually depends more on the project and the repetition of usage based on the project," Yoong said.
Haily aims to distribute dividends of at least 30% of its annual profits attributable to its shareholders upon completion of the listing. However, it is not a legally binding obligation or guaranteed commitment to the shareholders, the company said in a statement.
The group registered a net profit and revenue of RM2.8 million and RM43.3 million respectively for its first quarter ended March 31, 2021.
The board declared a first interim single tier dividend of 1.68 sen per ordinary share, in respect of the financial year ending Dec 31, 2021.
Analysts previously wrote that the catalysts for the group include low-interest rates and favourable lending policies, availability of loans to fund construction activities, and government initiatives such as transformation programmes and affordable housing schemes.
Johor wants land travel VTL to open simultaneously with air travel VTL on Nov 29
PropertyGuru: Buying interest improved in 2H but buying decisions delayed
Schoolgirl sustains serious injuries after allegedly jumping off school building
Floods in Perak, Pahang, Terengganu, Selangor worsen, slight improvement in Johor, Kelantan
Segamat gets highest amount of rainfall in a week
Langkawi, Kuching selected as Covid-Free destinations
Thursday, July 22nd, 2021
"It Pains Me To See The State Of M'sian Badminton" – Says LCW After Lee Zii Jia Quit BAM


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text:
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057 and pBM 10058) is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian, who purchased the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt; it was apparently found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It dates to around 1550 BC. The British Museum, where the majority of the papyrus is now kept, acquired it in 1865 along with the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, also owned by Henry Rhind. There are a few small fragments held by the Brooklyn Museum in New York City and an  central section is missing. It is one of the two well-known Mathematical Papyri along with the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. The Rhind Papyrus is larger than the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, while the latter is older.

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmes (i.e., Ahmose; Ahmes is an older transcription favoured by historians of mathematics), from a now-lost text from the reign of king Amenemhat III (12th dynasty).  Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is  tall and consists of multiple parts which in total make it over  long.  The papyrus began to be transliterated and mathematically translated in the late 19th century.  The mathematical translation aspect remains incomplete in several respects. The document is dated to Year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later historical note on its verso likely dating from the period ("Year 11") of his successor, Khamudi.

In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmes presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries ... all secrets". He continues with:
This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre. The scribe Ahmose writes this copy.

Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline. Chace published a compendium in 1927–29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.

Book I – Arithmetic and Algebra

The first part of the Rhind papyrus consists of reference tables and a collection of 21 arithmetic and 20 algebraic problems.  The problems start out with simple fractional expressions, followed by completion (sekem) problems and more involved linear equations (aha problems).

The first part of the papyrus is taken up by the 2/n table. The fractions 2/n for odd n ranging from 3 to 101 are expressed as sums of unit fractions. For example, . The decomposition of 2/n into unit fractions is never more than 4 terms long as in for example .

This table is followed by a much smaller, tiny table of fractional expressions for the numbers 1 through 9 divided by 10.  For instance the division of 7 by 10 is recorded as:
 7 divided by 10 yields 2/3 + 1/30

After these two tables, the papyrus records 91 problems altogether, which have been designated by moderns as problems (or numbers) 1–87, including four other items which have been designated as problems 7B, 59B, 61B and 82B.  Problems 1–7, 7B and 8–40 are concerned with arithmetic and elementary algebra.

Problems 1–6 compute divisions of a certain number of loaves of bread by 10 men and record the outcome in unit fractions. Problems 7–20 show how to multiply the expressions 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 7/4, and 1 + 2/3 + 1/3 = 2 by different fractions.
Problems 21–23 are problems in completion, which in modern notation are simply subtraction problems.  Problems 24–34 are ''aha'' problems; these are linear equations. Problem 32 for instance corresponds (in modern notation) to solving x + 1/3 x + 1/4 x = 2 for x. Problems 35–38 involve divisions of the heqat, which is an ancient Egyptian unit of volume.  Beginning at this point, assorted units of measurement become much more important throughout the remainder of the papyrus, and indeed a major consideration throughout the rest of the papyrus is dimensional analysis.  Problems 39 and 40 compute the division of loaves and use arithmetic progressions.

Book II – Geometry

The second part of the Rhind papyrus, being problems 41–59, 59B and 60, consists of geometry problems. Peet referred to these problems as "mensuration problems".

Volumes
Problems 41–46 show how to find the volume of both cylindrical and rectangular granaries. In problem 41 Ahmes computes the volume of a cylindrical granary. Given the diameter d and the height h, the volume V is given by:

In modern mathematical notation (and using d = 2r) this gives . The fractional term 256/81 approximates the value of π as being 3.1605..., an error of less than one percent.

Problem 47 is a table with fractional equalities which represent the ten situations where the physical volume quantity of "100 quadruple heqats" is divided by each of the multiples of ten, from ten through one hundred. The quotients are expressed in terms of Horus eye fractions, sometimes also using a much smaller unit of volume known as a "quadruple ro".  The quadruple heqat and the quadruple ro are units of volume derived from the simpler heqat and ro, such that these four units of volume satisfy the following relationships: 1 quadruple heqat = 4 heqat = 1280 ro = 320 quadruple ro.  Thus,

 100/10  quadruple heqat = 10 quadruple heqat
 100/20  quadruple heqat = 5 quadruple heqat
 100/30  quadruple heqat = (3 + 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64) quadruple heqat + (1 + 2/3) quadruple ro
 100/40  quadruple heqat = (2 + 1/2) quadruple heqat
 100/50  quadruple heqat = 2 quadruple heqat
 100/60  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/32) quadruple heqat + (3 + 1/3) quadruple ro
 100/70  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/32 + 1/64) quadruple heqat + (2 + 1/14 + 1/21 + 1/42) quadruple ro
 100/80  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/4) quadruple heqat
 100/90  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64) quadruple heqat + (1/2 + 1/18) quadruple ro
 100/100 quadruple heqat = 1 quadruple heqat

Areas
Problems 48–55 show how to compute an assortment of areas. Problem 48 is notable in that it succinctly computes the area of a circle by approximating π. Specifically, problem 48 explicitly reinforces the convention (used throughout the geometry section) that "a circle's area stands to that of its circumscribing square in the ratio 64/81."  Equivalently, the papyrus approximates π as 256/81, as was already noted above in the explanation of problem 41.

Other problems show how to find the area of rectangles, triangles and trapezoids.

Pyramids
The final six problems are related to the slopes of pyramids.
A seked problem is reported by :
 If a pyramid is 250 cubits high and the side of its base 360 cubits long, what is its seked?"
The solution to the problem is given as the ratio of half the side of the base of the pyramid to its height, or the run-to-rise ratio of its face. In other words, the quantity found for the seked is the cotangent of the angle to the base of the pyramid and its face.

Book III – Miscellany
The third part of the Rhind papyrus consists of the remainder of the 91 problems, being 61, 61B, 62–82, 82B, 83–84, and "numbers" 85–87, which are items that are not mathematical in nature.  This final section contains more complicated tables of data (which frequently involve Horus eye fractions), several pefsu problems which are elementary algebraic problems concerning food preparation, and even an amusing problem (79) which is suggestive of geometric progressions, geometric series, and certain later problems and riddles in history. Problem 79 explicitly cites, "seven houses, 49 cats, 343 mice, 2401 ears of spelt, 16807 hekats." In particular problem 79 concerns a situation in which 7 houses each contain seven cats, which all eat seven mice, each of which would have eaten seven ears of grain,  each of which would have produced seven measures of grain. The third part of the Rhind papyrus is therefore a kind of miscellany, building on what has already been presented.
Problem 61 is concerned with multiplications of fractions. Problem 61B, meanwhile, gives a general expression for computing 2/3 of 1/n, where n is odd. In modern notation the formula given is

The technique given in 61B is closely related to the derivation of the 2/n table.

Problems 62–68 are general problems of an algebraic nature.  Problems 69–78 are all pefsu problems in some form or another. They involve computations regarding the strength of bread and beer, with respect to certain raw materials used in their production.

Problem 79 sums five terms in a geometric progression. Its language is strongly suggestive of the more modern riddle and nursery rhyme "As I was going to St Ives".
Problems 80 and 81 compute Horus eye fractions of hinu (or heqats). The last four mathematical items, problems 82, 82B and 83–84, compute the amount of feed necessary for various animals, such as fowl and oxen.  However, these problems, especially 84, are plagued by pervasive ambiguity, confusion, and simple inaccuracy.

The final three items on the Rhind papyrus are designated as "numbers" 85–87, as opposed to "problems", and they are scattered widely across the papyrus's back side, or verso.  They are, respectively, a small phrase which ends the document (and has a few possibilities for translation, given below), a piece of scrap paper unrelated to the body of the document, used to hold it together (yet containing words and Egyptian fractions which are by now familiar to a reader of the document), and a small historical note which is thought to have been written some time after the completion of the body of the papyrus's writing.  This note is thought to describe events during the "Hyksos domination", a period of external interruption in ancient Egyptian society which is closely related with its second intermediary period.  With these non-mathematical yet historically and philologically intriguing errata, the papyrus's writing comes to an end.

Unit concordance
Much of the Rhind Papyrus's material is concerned with Ancient Egyptian units of measurement and especially the dimensional analysis used to convert between them.  A concordance of units of measurement used in the papyrus is given in the image.

Content

This table summarizes the content of the Rhind Papyrus by means of a concise modern paraphrase.  It is based upon the two-volume exposition of the papyrus which was published by Arnold Buffum Chace in 1927, and in 1929.  In general, the papyrus consists of four sections: a title page, the 2/n table, a tiny "1–9/10 table", and 91 problems, or "numbers".  The latter are numbered from 1 through 87 and include four mathematical items which have been designated by moderns as problems 7B, 59B, 61B, and 82B.  Numbers 85–87, meanwhile, are not mathematical items forming part of the body of the document, but instead are respectively: a small phrase ending the document, a piece of "scrap-paper" used to hold the document together (having already contained unrelated writing), and a historical note which is thought to describe a time period shortly after the completion of the body of the papyrus.  These three latter items are written on disparate areas of the papyrus's verso (back side), far away from the mathematical content.  Chace therefore differentiates them by styling them as numbers as opposed to problems, like the other 88 numbered items.

See also
 List of ancient Egyptian papyri
 Ahmes
 Akhmim wooden tablet
 Ancient Egyptian units of measurement
 As I was going to St. Ives
 Berlin Papyrus 6619
 Arnold Buffum Chace
 Egyptian fraction
 Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll
 Eye of Horus
 History of mathematics
 Lahun Mathematical Papyri
 Moscow Mathematical Papyrus
 Alexander Henry Rhind
 Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 2/n table
 Seked

Bibliography

References

External links

Allen, Don.  April 2001.  The Ahmes Papyrus and Summary of Egyptian Mathematics.

British Museum webpage on the first section of the Papyrus
British Museum webpage on the second section of the Papyrus
.
O'Connor and Robertson, 2000. Mathematics in Egyptian Papyri.
Truman State University, Math and Computer Science Division.  Mathematics and the Liberal Arts: .

Williams, Scott W. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora, containing a page on Egyptian Mathematics Papyri.
BBC audio file A History of the World in 100 Objects. (15 mins)

16th-century BC literature
1858 archaeological discoveries
Egyptian mathematics
Egyptian fractions
Egyptian papyri
Papyrus
Mathematics manuscripts
Pi
Hyksos
Ancient Egyptian objects in the British Museum
Luxor
Amenemhat III

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