Ph. D., History, Boston College, May 2008.
M.A., History, Boston College, May 2002.
B.A., History with Honors, University of Oregon, June 1999.
Exchange student, University of East Anglia, 1997-1998.
Assistant Professor of History, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, September 2011-August 2014.
Visiting Assistant Professor of History, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2009-2011.
Visiting Assistant Professor of History, Gonzaga University, 2008-2009.
Teaching Fellow, Department of History, Boston College, 2006-2008.
Adjunct Instructor, Regis College,Spring 2007.
Teaching Assistant, Department of History, Boston College, 2002-2004, 2005-2006.
Participant, "Doing Digital History 2016," NEH Summer Institute, Washington, D.C., July 11-22, 2016.
Senior Class Faculty Appreciation Award, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2015.
Junior Faculty Award, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts Faculty Association, 2014.
Faculty Research Incentive Award, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2014.
Curriculum Development Award, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2012.
Participant, "American Immigration Revisited," NEH Summer Institute, Library of Congress, July 6-31, 2009.
Donald J. White Teaching Excellence Award, Boston College, 2006-2007.
Teaching Fellowship, Boston College, 2006-2008.
Albert J. Beveridge Research Grant, American Historical Association, May 2006.
Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Fellowship, Summer 2005.
Adele Dalsimer Graduate Research/Dissertation Fellowship, Boston College, 2004-2005.
Irish Studies Fellowship, Boston College, Summer 2004.
Spencer Fellow, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas, April 2004.
University Fellowship, Boston College, 2002-2005.
"Ladies' Land League," "Leonora O'Reilly," and "Mary Kenney O'Sullivan" in Hasia Diner (ed.), Encyclopedia of American Women's History, Facts on File (forthcoming).
"Petticoat Revolutionaries: Gender, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Irish Ladies' Land League in the United States," Journal of American Ethnic History, 27, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 5-27.
"Anointing the 'Uncrowned King of Ireland:' Charles Stewart Parnell's 1880 American Tour and the Creation of a Transatlantic Land League Movement," Supplement of the German Historical Institute Bulletin, 5 (2008): 23-39.
"Michael Davitt," "Patrick Ford," "John Devoy," "Daniel Cohalan," "Land League," and "Ladies' Land League," in James P. Byrne, Philip Coleman, and Jason King (eds.), Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2008).
Review of The Irish in the Atlantic World, ed. David Gleeson, Journal of American Ethnic History, 32, no. 4 (Summer 2013): 103-104.
Review of Angel Island: Immigrant Gateway to America, by Erika Lee & Judy Yung, The Mind's Eye: A Liberal Arts Journal (Spring 2011): 53-58.
Review of Irish Titan, Irish Toilers: Joseph Banigan and Nineteenth-Century New England Labor, by Scott Molloy, New England Quarterly Review, 82, no. 2 (June 2009): 358-360.
Review of Anna Parnell's Political Journalism: Contexts and Texts, by Beverly E. Schneller, Irish Literary Supplement, 26, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 18.
Review of Always Faithful: The New York Carmelites, the Irish People, and their Freedom Movement, by Alfred Isacsson, New York Irish History: Journal of the New York Irish History Roundtable, 19 (2005): 57-59.
Review of Money for Ireland: Finance, Diplomacy, Politics, and the First Dail Eireann Loans, 1919-1936, by Francis Carroll, Irish Literary Supplement, 22 No. 1 (Spring 2003), 5.
"Building an Irish Village: Ireland, Irish America, and the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair," Annual Meeting of Organization of American Historians," St. Louis, MO, April 2015.
"Building an Irish Village: Ireland, Irish America, and the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair," Annual General Conference of the American Conference for Irish Studies, Dublin, Ireland, June 11, 2014.
"'Heart and Soul for Henry George': Irish Americans, the 1886 New York Mayoral Race and the Decline of Irish American Radicalism," Annual General Conference of the American Conference for Irish Studies, Chicago, IL, April 11, 2013.
"Talks About Ireland: The Appropriation and Impact of the Land League Outside the Irish-American Community," Annual General Conference of the American Conference for Irish Studies, New Orleans, LA, March 16, 2012.
"'Michael Magrath was Rackrented, but He Became Americanized and Refused to Pay It:' The Land League and the Americanization of Ireland," Annual General Conference of the American Conference for Irish Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, April 2, 2011.
"'Why Have We No Leaders Like Parnell?' African American Leaders and the Irish," Annual General Conference of the American Conference for Irish Studies, Penn State University, College Station, PA, May 8, 2010.
"Black and Green: Frederick Douglass, T. Thomas Fortune, Marcus Garvey, and Irish America," Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, March 28, 2009.
"'A Bull in a China Shop:' Michael Davitt, Economic Radicalism, and Irish America," Midwest Regional Conference of the American Conference for Irish Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, October 20, 2007.
"The Irish Ladies' Land League in the United States: Gender, Class, and Ethnic Nationalism in the Gilded Age," Eighth Annual Graduate Symposium on Women's and Gender History, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, March 8 to March 10, 2007.
"'I Asks Ye Fur a Tator, and Ye Gives Me an Agitator:' Charles Stewart Parnell's 1880 Mission to America," The Irish in the Atlantic World Seminar, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, February 27 to March 2, 2007.
"'A New Revolution Which Cannot Be Confined Between the Coasts of Ireland:' The Irish-American Working-Class, Transatlantic Reform, and the Irish National Land League in the United States," The Construction of Irish-American Identity, Drew University, Madison, NJ, June 22, 2006.
"Ellen Ford: Portrait of an Irish-American Radical," Annual General Conference of the American Conference for Irish Studies, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, April 20, 2006.
"A League of their Own: Irish-American Women, Nationalism, and the Ladies' Land League," American Historical Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, January 5, 2006.
Organizer and Director for "Creating Equality," a two year-long initiative at MCLA from 2013-2015 to celebrate and commemorate the legacy of the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s and examine the legacy and place of civil rights in American society today.
Co-Leader and Organizer, "Back to the Roots": Civil Rights Travel Course, a 10-day bus trip taking MCLA and Salve Regina students to the American South to visit historic sites associated with the African American Civil Rights Movement.
Received National Endowment for the Humanities grant for $1,200 to present four civil rights themed documentaries and associated programming for MCLA in 2013-2014.
Course developer and moderator for Teaching American History Grant, "Peoples and Communities of Berkshire County," through Emerging America, Collaborative for Educational Services, March-May, 2011, 2012.
Radio interview with KALA-FM, Davenport, Iowa (re Ladies' Land League), May 10, 2008.
Interviewed in documentary film Maud Gonne and the Daughters of Erin, StoneFire Productions, 2005.
exhibition at the John J. Burns Library, Boston College, July-August 2005.
Curator for From the Easter Rising to the Rise of the Irish Republic: Thomas and Kathleen Clarke and their Era, exhibition at the John J. Burns Library, Boston College, October 2001-June 2002.
Guest Editor, The Mind's Eye: A Liberal Arts Journal, 2015.
Anonymous peer reviewer of journal article for the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 2016.
Reviewer for Journal of American Ethnic History.
Research consultant for Axiom Press, Inc., Lindon, UT. Spring 2004.
Graduate Research Assistant, John J. Burns Library, Boston College. 2001-2006.
Research Assistant for Professor Thomas E. Hachey, Boston College, 2001-2002.
Instructional Assistant, Learning Resources, Boston College. 2000-2001.
Tutor, the Learning Center, Eugene, OR. January 2000-June 2000.
MCLA Team Member, 2016 Institute on General Education and Assessment, Association of American Colleges & Universities, Boston, MA, June 4-8, 2016.
Acting Chair, Department of History, Political Science and Public Policy, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, Fall 2014.
Director, Creating Equality Civil Rights Commemoration Committee, 2013-2015.
Human Heritage Domain Leader, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011-present.
Member, Library Advisory Board, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011-present.
Member, Faculty Center Advisory Board, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2010-present.
Faculty Advisor, Phi Alpha Theta History Honor Society, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011-present.
Member, All College Committee, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2012-2014.
Member, Assessment Advisory Group, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011-present.
Member, Undergraduate Research Advisory Board, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011- present.
Member, Search Committee for Political Science tenure-track job search, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, Fall 2012.
Member, MCLA Senior Writing Taskforce, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011-2012.
Member, Academic Policies Committee, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011-2012.
Member, Academic Technology Advisory Group, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2010-12.
Member-at-large, Massachusetts State College Association Union Executive Board, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2011-2012, 2014-2015, 2016-present.


The NEC National Wedding Show. See who took the show by storm!
Here is a round up of the people we met at the National Wedding Show. There was a real mix of companies, but one thing they had in common was that they all cared about making their product unique so your wedding can be a day you will remember forever!
Gorgeous spaces for perfect weddings…Planned to every last detail, your wedding will be perfect. The Stretch Tent flexes and flows around your requirements to create a magical environment that your guests will never forget.
Thoughtful flowers ~ Home grown seasonal English flowers~ grown by us, designed for you.
JacquaBelle provide beautiful table plans and signature frames which not only perfectly finish your day, but are also a lasting source of wonderful memories.
The tricycles are a real talking point during weddings – many people have never seen one before!
Lees Ice Dreams serve traditional scooped ice cream and they are dressed in the traditional boater and bow tie. Perfect for all types of weddings.
Live streaming allows anyone in the world with an internet connection to experience your wedding, live as it happens! Red Shell Productions are unique in the fact that they edit your footage live as well as streaming it over the internet.
'Alphabet Photography' is the creative process of photographing unstaged images that resemble letters of the English Alphabet…'A Portfolio Of Letter Art'. Create an original, timeless and unique framed piece of art with a word or name hidden within!
Shropshire Petals grow and produce natural petal confetti on their Shropshire farm. Choose from an array of bright, bold, neutral and pastel natural petals, from delphinium and cornflower petals to rose and hydrangea petals. Pick and mix to match or contrast your wedding theme.
'The Distractions are a professional party band with an unique twist.' They are extremely flexible and work with you to ensure your special day has that extra little spark.


Provo MTC Delivery Info | Same-Day Delivery for FREE, $3 or $5.
At LDSBookstore.com, we are proud to support Latter-day Saint missionaries and their families. As part of that effort, we offer FREE same-day delivery to the Missionary Training Center in Provo, Utah on all website orders, and in-store purchases of $5 or more. Simply order one of pre-made missionary gift boxes or visit our Orem location and we'll deliver your care package for free!
Free Same-Day MTC Delivery With Purchase!
How do I send care packages to the MTC?
Our MTC delivery service is as simple as placing an order on our website! Fill your cart and proceed to checkout. Then, make sure to choose MTC Delivery as your shipping option. Browse our care packages to see our hand-picked selection of baked goods, snacks, and other related products for MTC missionaries.
Do you have a drop-off location to bring my own package?
$3 delivery fee if paid with cash.
$5 delivery fee if paid with credit / debit card.
FREE with in-store purchase of $5 or more.
Our drop off location is conveniently located just West of the Orem Center Street I-15 freeway exit at 31 N 1330 W.
You can bring your package pre-wrapped and ready to go, or packaging supplies can be purchased for a minimal fee. We have boxes, tape, and labels, as well as gift-wrapping and special note cards so you can tell your missionary how much you miss them already.
What information do I need to send a package to the MTC?
The Missionary Training Center address is: 2005 N 900 E, Provo, UT 84602. There is room to enter this information at our checkout page. We'll also make sure any handwritten labels have all the information when you drop your package off.
Are there any restrictions to what I can send?
No perishable food items will be accepted by the MTC. This includes frozen items, fast food items, and dairy-based products.
When will my MTC package be delivered?
We offer same-day MTC delivery! Drop off or order your packages by 2 p.m. for same-day delivery. Baked goods must be ordered by midnight for next day delivery. Any orders placed or dropped off after 2 p.m. will be delivered the following business day. The MTC doesn't allow deliveries on certain holidays.
Personalized items such as customized mission jewelry and embossed scriptures may take up to 48 hours for delivery.
How much does MTC delivery cost?
When ordering on our website, delivery is always free. If you bring in a package to our showroom and make a purchase, delivery is also free. Dropping off a package alone is $3 cash or $5 card.
What MTC gift packages are available?
Our team is excited to provide you and your family with a large collection of exclusive missionary gift packages! From singular snack items to special packages for holidays, we hope your missionary will feel a little bit more joy and encouragement.
You are also able to build your own custom packages! Pick from our selection of products and goodies to make a special gift package your missionary will love.
Browse our collection of missionary care packages and gift items here.
Can I personally deliver to the MTC?
The MTC only allows authorized companies to make deliveries to the MTC. No mothers or grandmothers are permitted to make deliveries to the MTC. Sorry, Grandma.
When will my missionary get their package?
The Provo MTC accepts deliveries from businesses from 2-4 pm, Monday-Friday. Once processed, the MTC deliveries a notification that day to your missionary that they have a package in the mail room waiting for them. Many times, district leaders will gather the mail and packages for missionaries and deliver it during class.
What is the Provo MTC address?
The Provo Missionary Training Center address is: 2005 900 E, Provo, UT 84602.
Who makes your baked goods?
We work with a local bakery to provide your missionary with freshly baked goods, including cookies, donuts, brownies, cakes, cinnamon rolls, dinner rolls, and more!
What time do I need to order baked goods by for next-day delivery?
Our bakers start baking early in the morning! To have any of our baked goods delivered on a certain day, you'll need to make sure to order by midnight the day before. For example, if you'd like to have birthday cake delivered on July 19, place your order before July 18 at midnight.
Can I send gift packages to missionaries already in the field?
Absolutely! Most of our gift packages and all of our non-food products can be sent to missionaries in the field. Simply choose the package and enter your missionary's address in the "Ship To" address fields.
Our baked goods are only available for MTC delivery. Please check the product descriptions of MTC products to see if they're available to be shipped other areas.
If you have any questions about our MTC delivery in Provo, Utah, or any of our missionary services, please contact our customer service team by texting 385-240-4551 or calling 877-646-2816.


Apple Camera Patent Threatens GoPro?
GoPro shares dropped 12 percent on Wednesday after Apple received a patent for a mountable camera designed for outdoor sporting equipment.
In its patent filing, Apple cited weaknesses in GoPro's camera design, such as "excessive wind resistance" and being "susceptible to damage from vibrations." Similar to GoPro's cams, Apple's version will be capable of recording sounds and taking underwater pictures. But it can be controlled via smartwatch.
GoPro has dominated the wearable camera market since its inception in 2002, fending off competition from companies like Sony. However, it's unclear whether GoPro can become a full-fledged media business. GoPro stock closed at $49.87 after Apple's announcement, up 73 percent since the company's June 2014 IPO but down nearly 50 percent from its high of $98.47, according to Recode.
It's unclear whether Apple is committed to competing directly with GoPros camera products. It is possible that the patent will be used to develop cameras on preexisting Apple devices.


Today we're going to talk about termite control techniques. What options do we have when we have done all we can to prevent termites and still discover termite signs?
It's best to start by using a termite control specialist in your area to help you deal with the problem. The pros at Hi-Tech Termite Control seem like an obvious choice.
Once a complete inspection has been performed, here are a few of the termite control techniques that your Hi-Tech inspector is likely to offer.
Our microwave technology for eradicating termites has been in use for over 25 years. Hi-Tech's microwave technology, clean and efficient, was tested in 1993 by the state of California and had a 97.4% efficacy rate on the structure that was treated. Since that time, we have continued to upgrade and improve our termite control techniques. In 2012, we were happy to release our latest state-registered model, the XTerminator 4.0™.
In addition, chemical applications are common termite control techniques. However, over the counter solutions do not offer the same level of effectiveness that professional grade products do. When our state-of-the-art microwave technology is used in conjunction with these highly effective, innovative products, the result is protection for your home against termites – without the inconveniences of tent fumigation. In fact, your family and pets will not even have to leave the property during the treatment.
On the other hand, if your inspector discovers heavy infestation in areas that are mostly inaccessible, they may recommend fumigation. Is Fumigation always necessary? No. However, our licensed inspector will advise a full-structure tent fumigation if necessary. While this method is inconvenient, at times it is the best solution for homes that have not been protected from termites for years.
Termites are hard to control, and even harder to eradicate. Your best bet is to call a professional. Your house is one of the greatest investments you will ever make. Protect it by getting the help of professionals who know the best termite control techniques to use in your particular situation.Whatever method your Hi-Tech inspector recommends, you can be confident that his primary concern is protecting your home against termite infestation.
And Finally, get your home inspected for termite damage periodically. A once-a-year inspection can save your home by means of early detection. If termites are not found in the home, the trained pest control specialists can offer recommendations to help you prevent an invasion. They may catch something you missed.
Based upon the nature and extent of termite infestation, Hi-Tech's advanced technology could be your answer! If you are in need of San Diego termite exterminator or termite inspections and control in Los Angeles, call Hi-Tech today!


How many times have we been down this road?
Once again, Media General rises to the forefront with a potential blackout of 70 local stations. This is the company that narrowly avoided a blackout situation and actually did have a 46-day-long blackout with DISH back in 2013. Like clockwork, they're back to cause havoc again.
There's not a lot of actual news to report, since contract details are ongoing, save for one: the deadline. 7PM Eastern on Thursday is when all those channels could go dark. If you're in one of these cities, you have until then to get an antenna because based on the history here, there's not likely to be a resolution before then.
This has become an all-too-familiar dance, where one nationwide provider or another has come perilously close to losing access to stations because their owner won't come to a reasonable agreement on retransmission. At one point, the FCC had a simple plan to fix things: stop these multi-city providers from negotiating all contracts at the same time. This would allow companies like DIRECTV and DISH the ability to negotiate the right amount for smaller cities while paying the right amount for larger ones. This is a common-sense approach that would automatically eliminate these huge, multi-city blackouts.
The core of all of this silliness is the belief by large media companies that their local affiliates are worth more, not less, than they were three years ago. Ratings for broadcast TV continue to drop, as do commercial ad revenues, yet rather than acknowledge the diminishing value of their assets, these companies blame pay-TV providers and do everything they can to raise rates. The typical rate increases are huge, too — it's not uncommon to see a media company ask for a 300% raise. If every company did that, well it's not hard to see that your satellite bill would also go up 300%. So, in that sense, when DIRECTV and DISH sit at the negotiating table, they're on your side.
Look, I'm no genius and the one thing I know for sure is if there were an easy and fair solution to problems like these, they wouldn't happen. It does seem to me that if broadcasters took steps to change the way they did business, they wouldn't be in this pickle. Broadcast TV is still, believe it or not, the dominant source of entertainment programming here in the US; more people spend more time watching video that originates on broadcast TV than spend on similar internet-based activities. That may be surprising, but it's true. However, things are changing. You know it from your own habits: every day, consumers become less and less wedded to local TV stations and more and more interested in streaming and national pay-TV alternatives. This is a trend that has been going on for close to 40 years and is only accelerating. So why should pay-TV providers pay more for local programming?
The sad truth is that these large broadcast conglomerates are doing everything they can to try to hold on to their past glory days. This gets harder and harder with every contract cycle, but they still try. What else can they do? It's getting harder and harder to attract young viewers to local television, so they need someone to blame. They blame internet providers and pay-TV companies and anyone else they can, really; if you think about it, it's kind of sad. Just not sad enough to let them triple my satellite bill.
We'll be keeping an eye on this situation as it continues to evolve. Hopefully everyone involved will be smart enough to step back from the brink. I just wouldn't count on it.


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Migrants, police clash again on Greek-Turkish border
March 6, 2020 06.03.2020 • 09:40
Clashes erupted on the Greek-Turkish border Friday morning, with Greek authorities using tear gas and a water cannon to repulse an attempt by migrants to push through the frontier into Greece, while Turkish authorities fired volleys of tear gas onto the Greek side of the border.
Thousands of migrants and refugees have been trying to get into Greece through the country's eastern land and sea borders over the past week, after Turkey declared its previously guarded borders with Europe were open.
After months of threats, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said his country would no longer be the gatekeeper for Europe.
He has demanded Europe shoulder more of the burden of caring for refugees, although the EU insists it is abiding by a deal in which it disbursed billions of euros for care in return for Turkey keeping the refugees on its soil.
His decision and its aftermath on the border with Greece have alarmed governments in Europe, which is still seeing political fallout from mass migration that started five years ago.
Erdogan's move to open the border came amid a Syrian government offensive in Syria's northwestern Idlib province, where Turkish troops are fighting. The Russia-backed offensive has killed dozens of Turkish troops and sent nearly a million Syrian civilians toward Turkey's sealed border.
A cease-fire in Idlib brokered by Erdogan and Russian President Vladimir Putin on Thursday went into effect at midnight. Opposition activists and a war monitor reported a complete absence of Russian and Syrian government warplanes in the skies of Idlib and a relative calm in the area.
It was not clear whether the agreement would also affect the situation on the Turkish-Greek border.
Turkey currently hosts more than 3.5 million Syrian refugees, and Erdogan had frequently threatened to open Turkey's borders to Europe. He maintains the EU has not upheld its end of a more than 6 billion-euro deal designed to stem the flow of migrants into Europe, after more than a million people entered the EU in 2015.
Turkey deploys at land border amid fears of move at sea
2,000 migrants to be transferred off Greek islands in March
Red Cross offers aid to help tackle migration crisis
Greece places Aegean on alert as concerns mount of Turkish provocations
Eurasia Group: Risk of a bigger refugee crisis remains
Cavusoglu: Greece breaching international law, shooting at refugees

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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You can save your home from any water damage by learning where your water register is, and how to quickly shut it off. Use care when choosing a drain cleaner. Many of these cleaners contain harsh chemicals that can corrode pipes. Pick a brand that will be gentle on your pipes. The harshest chemicals can eat away at your pipes, kill helpful bacteria and even affect your own health. In the world of plumbing, there are many novices. As a professional, it may be in your best interest to take on a skilled apprentice. You can help a younger or newer plumber learn the trade thoroughly, while saving yourself some money as you don't have to pay an apprentice a full salary while he's learning. If you have been working outside for a long period of time, be sure to take a break to get out of the sun. Being exposed to the sun for too long could damage your skin or make you dehydrated and you might be too busy to notice it. Objects like bananas, pumpkins and chicken skins can damage garbage disposal blades. Licensed Plumbers Grants Pass OR Research your disposal online to locate a detailed diagram or troubleshooting guide for your model.
Anchoring exposed pipes will decrease the amount of noise your plumbing system makes. Call a plumber to help with pipes that require you to cut a hole in a wall, ceiling or floor. Avoiding frozen pies is easy if you ensure no area of your house ever falls below freezing and that any pipes which are exposed to such temperatures are protected with insulation. The pipes may freeze if the surrounding temperature drops below freezing. The best result you can hope for from frozen pipes is to be without water until the pipes thaw. They could also burst costing you a lot of money and repairs. Ensure that a septic tank is emptied approximately five yearly, and make sure it is properly maintained. Doing this prevents any sediment from getting built up within the tank, which causes a backup in your home or causes your entire septic system to fail. In this case, the cost of prevention definitely outweighs having your septic backing up into your house or failing. Don't pay a plumber midway through the job. You may be required to put some money down before a job is started, but never pay the total cost until you know the job has been completed correctly. Gas Pipe Repair Disassemble the fixture to remove the aerator, and then scrub it with vinegar and a small brush.
To prevent this, look for a product that promises not to damage your pipes. , This will keep you from paying too much to your plumber. Don't run the water while putting food through your garbage disposal. Most plumbers advise that you run water when using your garbage disposal, although many disagree. The truth is that water could make garbage stick to the disposal, which might create a problem later. Research your plumber online even if you are in the position of not having the choice in which plumber is going to enter your home. You can use customer feedback to prepare for the plumber that the insurance company has assigned you. It is important to check the background of any plumbers you are looking at hiring, and get referrals if possible. Some plumbers just don't know how to handle certain tasks which could make the problem worse. Look at reviews about plumbers or ask friends and family if they know of one.
Temperatures are dropping, so check your outside faucets for dripping in order to prevent a freezing nightmare. Average Price For A Plumber Keizer OR, You must have the hose going uphill and then down to get rid of the water in the dishwater. If you have clogged pipes, try cleaning them with an enzyme pipe cleaner. These are cleaners that work by using natural bacteria to eat away at your clog, and turn it into a liquid that is then flushed from your pipes. Cleaners containing enzymes are some of the best you can buy. Clean the lint trap in your dryer. This can prevent troubles, including fires. Look over the lint trap to make sure there aren't any rips or holes. This can cause problems like clogs. To reduce your plumbing repair costs, use preventative maintenance measures. Clogged drains are one of the more common issues when it comes to plumbing problems. Hair can clog drains.


text:
Gavin Rossdale Says He Experimented with Gay Sex, Calls it 'Part of Growing Up'
Former Bush frontman and husband of Gwen Stefani Gavin Rossdale tells Details that reports he had a relationship with drag pop singer Marilyn when he was a teen are true.
Details: Last year, the cross-dressing pop singer Marilyn revealed that he was romantically involved with you in your teens—an assertion Boy George first made in 1995. Why haven't you talked about those claims?
Gavin Rossdale: I think at the outset there was a sort of fear—that was right at the beginning of Bush, and I didn't want it to be part of it. It felt like a cheap shot, so I was like, "I'm not getting involved." I've never wanted to appear closed about it. It's not something I've talked about really because it's always been in the glare of a tabloid world. It's just one of those things: Move on. When you're 17, Jesus Christ. I don't think there's anything strange about any form of—you're learning about life. It's a part of growing up. That's it. No more, no less.
Details: So it was just a one-time experimentation?
Gavin Rossdale: Yeah. That was it. You have to know what you like, and I know what I like.
Rossdale is reuniting Bush after an eight-year hiatus.
Filed Under: News Tagged With: Gavin Rossdale, News
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text:
DIVAM project
Fruit-vegetables
Diversity and varietal innovation for agriculture in Martinique - DIVAM
This applied research project aims to create and pre-breed innovative citrus and pineapple varieties that satisfy requirements in Martinique as regards agricultural diversification.
© CIRAD
PeriodFrom January 2019 to December 2021
Location Martinique
CIRAD budget 335 909 EUR
Funding European commission - EU - Structural funds, Martinique local authority
The citrus and pineapple value chains are very vulnerable to pests and diseases, primarily Huanglongbing (HLB or yellow dragon diseases) on citrus and wilt on pineapple. The volumes produced for the local market remain low, compared to exports. Diversifying production is thus a priority in order to establish sustainable agrosystems in Martinique.
This project is built on the genetic resources held by the INRAE-CIRAD Citrus Biological Resource Centre (BRC), which has more than 1085 accessions (based in Corsica) and the Tropical Plant-Pineapple BRC in Martinique, which has an international collection. These BRCs are both certified NF S96-900.
With its 478 species and varieties, the pineapple collection, which has existed in Martinique for more than 30 years, is the world's largest bank of its type. These species primarily come from collection operations by CIRAD with its partners in the West Indies, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Brazil and French Guiana. The project aims to protect this precious plant material through in vitro propagation and in greenhouses.
DIVAM also relies on a novel strategy of obtaining triploid and tetraploid citrus hybrids that are highly pest- and disease-resistant. To assess the rootstocks and varieties for these new hybrids, which are potentially more tolerant of HLB and of environmental constraints, it has set up field collections and mother plants in greenhouses. In all, more than 300 trees are currently being assessed.
Preserving heritage varieties and characterizing the citrus and pineapple genetic resources available in Martinique will fuel future varietal innovation. Pre-bred varieties will subsequently be used in participatory breeding operations within the framework of RITA (technical innovation and agricultural transfer network) projects. This will safeguard original citrus varieties within a heritage collection, to conserve original species under threat of dying out due to HLB.
The mycorrhizal status of selected citrus varieties is also due to be characterized using molecular methods (metabarcoding) and histological methods, before testing the effect of inoculation with locally isolated fungus strains on citrus growth and sanitary status.
Expected changes
Breeding improved citrus varieties will make it possible to offer professionals innovative varieties more suited to different constraints.
The use of efficient mycorrhizal inoculums and their inclusion in plant production procedures will have been tested in real conditions, to assess the potential gains in productivity.
Expected impacts
Integrating new citrus species better suited to local biotic and abiotic constraints, along with new agroecological practices, will have contributed to diversified agriculture founded on sustainable, environmentally friendly production systems.
In terms of plant health, the trials set up will have boosted knowledge of pests and diseases and improved biological control.
Contract partners
Martinique territorial authority (CTM)


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You are here: Home > Georgia
Georgia Economical Facts
Georgia is rich in natural resources and enjoys a favorable geographical location along the trade route between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. There are good conditions for fruit and wine growing and tourism. However, armed conflicts, economic neglect and corruption have hampered the transformation of a declining centralized planning economy into a functioning market economy.
Independence brought about an economic collapse for Georgia when the subsidized exchange trade that prevailed within the Soviet Union disappeared at one time and the countries would start paying each other with convertible currency and at world market prices. The cost of energy imports went up while Georgian goods were in many cases impossible to sell abroad. Production collapsed in all sectors. In addition, the state's inability to collect taxes resulted in large budget deficits. Wages and pensions were frozen inside. The situation was aggravated by political unrest and civil war in South Ossetia and Abkhazia (see Modern History). No other former communist state was affected by an equally powerful economic race like Georgia.
Countryaah.com: Major imports by Georgia, covering a full list of top products imported by the country and trade value for each product category.
SONGAAH: Find lyrics of national anthem and all songs related to the country of Georgia
Only at the end of the 1990s did growth accelerate through liberalization of the economy and extensive privatization. Thanks to large construction projects for oil and gas pipelines, revenues increased and Georgia became an interesting investment country. Yet in 2003, however, gross domestic product (GDP) corresponded to only three-quarters of the level of the Soviet era and much of the economic activity took place in the informal sector, that is, various forms of black jobs.
Since Micheil Saakashvili became president in 2004, a number of reforms have been implemented. The extensive bureaucracy was lost, it became easier to start businesses and to trade. A new tax system increased the state's revenue while the government tried to reduce the extensive corruption. Former officials accused of corruption were arrested and forced to pay to be released again, which also contributed to the Treasury. The state's role in the economy was cut and a comprehensive sale of state-owned enterprises was carried out.
Abbreviationfinder.org: Check this abbreviation website to find three letter ISO codes for all countries in the world, including GEO which represents the country of Georgia.
The reforms attracted foreign capital to Georgia, which was the main reason for the record-high growth of just over nine percent on average registered in 2004-2007. The loss of exports that resulted from Russia's economic sanctions of 2006 (see Foreign Policy and Defense) was offset to some extent by revenue from the new oil and gas pipelines. However, the economic upturn did not benefit everyone. While a small group became very wealthy, a large part of Georgians continued to live in poverty (see Social Conditions).
The inflow of capital also contributed to higher inflation, while increased purchasing power for some led to growing deficits in trade with foreign countries.
Growth slowed down in 2008 when Georgia was also hit by the global financial crisis. The war with Russia the same year (see Modern history) reinforced the decline. In addition to the damage that occurred, the war frightened foreign investors. Despite the billion aid from the West that Georgia received after the war, the outlook for the coming years was estimated to be bleak with low or negative growth and increased unemployment.
In 2009, Georgia was promised a World Bank loan of up to $ 900 million over three years. The money would be used to rebuild after the war against Russia and to strengthen the economy in the wake of the financial crisis. In 2009, Georgia's GDP fell by almost four percent.
Since then, the trend has reversed and the Georgian economy has had stable growth of several percent each year. Tourism has become increasingly important as a source of income and the export figures for the wine have grown. In both cases, however, Georgia remains sensitive to deterioration in relations with Russia. From there, a significant portion of tourists come and go to the lion's share of wine exports.
Turkey is important as a recipient of Georgian export goods, but despite a downturn in the Turkish economy in 2018, the Georgian has performed well. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Bulgaria have grown as a trading partner and goods exports increased by as much as 26 percent in 2018.
One sign of how dependence on Russia has also diminished is that the transfers from Georgians working in EU countries since 2018 are greater than the transfers from those living in Russia.
metals, wine and fruits
Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan
Saakashvili refuses to sign amnesty law
Parliament adopts a law that recommends amnesty to those imprisoned under the previous government for treason, participation in military uprising, espionage on Russian behalf, robbery, fraud and theft; However, President Saakashvili refuses to sign the amnesty law. He also says that Parliament's decision to describe 190 interns as political prisoners portrays Georgia as a dictatorship and is not serious.
More ex-ministers are arrested
A further two former ministers and four senior officials are arrested and charged with various financial crimes under the previous government. Aleksandre Chetaguri, who was Minister of Finance and Energy, and Nika Gvaramia, who was Minister of Education and Minister of Justice, are prosecuted for, among other things, spending the equivalent of a million dollars illegally, taking bribes, falsifying documents and engaging in illegal business activities. President Saakashvili describes the arrests as a sign of "lawlessness" under the new government.
Amnesty law is being prepared for the old government prisoners
Decides that 190 prisoners should be classified as political prisoners and that 25 Georgians living abroad should be designated as political refugees; Many of these people are formerly high-ranking government employees who have been imprisoned since Micheil Saakashvili came to power. A parliament spokesman says that an amnesty law is being drafted and that all political prisoners will soon be released.
The new government is holding onto the EU
Ivanishvili visits the EU in Brussels on his first trip abroad as head of government. The visit is considered to mark that the new government also sees contacts with the EU as its most important foreign policy priority. Many had thought that Ivanishvili, who made his fortune in Russia, would care more about contacts with Moscow.
Many legal cases against the previous government
Former Interior Minister Batjo Achalaia is being arrested and charged with abuse of power, torture and unlawful detention of soldiers. He is alleged to have physically and verbally abused six soldiers. Achalaia resigned in September following the scandal of prisoner abuse in a prison in Tbilisi. Defense chief Giorgi Kalandadze and one of the army brigade commanders are also being prosecuted for the same reasons. Twelve former senior officials at the Interior Ministry are arrested in the same tangle. They are accused, among other things, of illegal telephone interception by former opposition parties, including the current Prime Minister Ivanishvili. Parliament plans to set up a commission to investigate "higher officials' crimes" during the Saakashvili government. NATO chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen expresses "strong concern" over developments in Georgia after the election.
Former football pros become a minister
Just over three weeks after the election, Parliament approves the new government. Among the ministers are the former AC Milan football professional, Kacha Kaladze, who will become Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Regional Development and Infrastructure.
The foreign policy course is fixed
Ivanishvili says that the country's foreign policy line is firm. He wants to try new approaches to improve relations with Russia and try to establish a dialogue with the breakaway republics. Membership in NATO remains as a "strategic goal".
Billionaire Ivanishvili forms government
In the middle of the month, Ivanishvili regains his Georgian citizenship, which he was deprived of at the end of 2011. He is also commissioned by President Saakashvili to form a new government. Just over three weeks after the election, the new government takes office.
Power change in parliamentary elections
Georgian dream wins in parliamentary elections. In total, the alliance receives 85 seats against 65 for the National Movement. Saakashvili is praised by the US and the EU for quickly recognizing the loss and promising a smooth change of power.
Films from prison shake the government
Less than two weeks before the parliamentary elections, a film is broadcast in opposition-supported TV channels the government is rocking. The film has been taken to a prison in Tbilisi and shows how guards subject prisoners to gross physical and sexual abuse. Both the interior minister and the prison minister resign and the Ombudsman, known for his criticism of the prison service, becomes a new prison minister. A number of prison chiefs are arrested and Saakashvili is allowed to shut down all prison staff throughout the country and so far replace them with police. The government is accusing the opposition of having staged the film for political reasons with the help of prison chiefs. A prisoner with close ties to opposition leader Bidzina Ivanishvili is appointed as the author. However, the opposition claims that the abuse shows how the government has gone too far in its eagerness to reduce crime.
EU ministers call for electoral preparation
Foreign ministers from five EU countries announce that they will follow the preparations for the parliamentary elections on the spot. Their presence should also be seen as supporting reforms that could lead to Georgia's "Euro-Atlantic integration".
Border battles at Dagestan
In fighting near the border with the Russian Republic Dagestan, three Georgian soldiers are said to have been killed and eleven suspected Islamists. The Islamists are said to have crossed the border and, for unknown reasons, taken ten civilians as hostages. At least two of the killed assailants are later identified as Georgians.
Economic punishment risks stifling the opposition
The opposition alliance Georgian Dream claims that the government has frozen all six member parties' bank accounts and transferred more than the equivalent of $ 60,000 to the state budget. Reporters for the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe say that the authorities' actions undermine the opposition's ability to run campaigns before the election.
More fine for oppositionists
Ivanishvili is again fined for suspected illegal party financing. He is expected to pay the equivalent of $ 12.3 million for withdrawing 2.5 million from his accounts. Former football professional Kacha Kaladze, who is to run for parliament for Georgian dream, is sentenced to fined $ 10.3 million for withdrawing $ 2 million without giving an account of how the money would be spent.
Many millions of fines to help disaster victims
Bidzina Ivanishvili announces that he has paid a fine of $ 48 million for illegal party financing. He had initially refused to pay, but now says that in this way he wants to contribute to the state's work to help the victims of flooding in eastern Georgia.
The opposition leader is sentenced to many millions of fines
Opposition leader Bidzina Ivanishvili is ordered by a court to fine the equivalent of just over US $ 90 million for illegal party financing. The amount is subsequently reduced to about $ 45 million.
New Prime Minister will handle unemployment
Vano Merabishvili is appointed prime minister. His most important task, according to the president, is to push down high unemployment from about 16 percent. During his time as Minister of the Interior since 2004, Merabishvili has received international acclaim for reforming the police force and fighting corruption, but he has also been criticized by the police for their staunch intervention against hostile demonstrations.
New parties form an alliance with others
Georgian dream - Democratic Georgia forms an alliance with several other mid-right parties to challenge the government in this fall's parliamentary elections.
New movement becomes party
Georgian Dream is formally transformed into a political party called Georgian Dream - Democratic Georgia. As Ivanishvili lacks Georgian citizenship, lawyer Manana Kobachidze is appointed provisional chairman. Several renowned Georgians join the party, including the great master of chess Zurab Azmaiparajvili and football star Kacha Kaladze.
The country's richest falls for illegal party financing
Two companies owned by opposition politician Bidzina Ivanishvili (see December 2011) are sentenced to fines equivalent to approximately US $ 2 billion for violating a law that prohibits commercial companies from funding political parties. Shortly thereafter, Ivanishvili himself is fined $ 1.65 million for illegally funding his own political movement Georgian dream.


Antigua, JnN After the bowlers, the West Indies batsmen have troubled England in the second Test at the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium here. The West Indies, with the help of 272 runs on the loss of six wickets, took a vital lead of 85 runs on the visiting side.
By the end of the day's play, Darren Bravo 33 and captain Jason Holder are playing with 19 runs. The West Indies gave only 187 runs in the first innings.
Craig Brathwaite (49) and John Campbell (47) kept the team's scoreboard. Both of them added 40 runs in the team's account. Ben Stokes dismissed Campwell on the total score of 70.
Shane Hope (44) continued the innings with Brathwaite and reached the score of 133. Brathwaite missed half-century from one run He was trapped by off-spinner Moin Ali in his trap.


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Sugar Run is a  long 1st order tributary to the Youghiogheny River in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

Course
Sugar Run rises about 2 miles west of Kaufmann, Pennsylvania, and then flows south-southeast to join the Youghiogheny River about 1 mile north of Holland Hill.

Watershed
Sugar Run drains  of area, receives about 47.0 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 347.83, and is about 94% forested.

See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania

References

Tributaries of the Youghiogheny River
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Rivers of Fayette County, Pennsylvania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I recently looked into applying for web awards. I saw them as a way to convey credibility to my customers and prospective buyers. After looking through many sites, it turns out there are an extremely large amount of award sites to choose from, but how many actually run a quality system of rating? Anyone can rate a site and hand out awards so what makes one site more credible than the other? There are a few things to consider before you apply for an award or put an award on your site.
Criteria- Do you meet it? If your looking for a focused assessment of your site look for criteria that is limited to a specialized category of sites. Criteria that any Joe can meet doesn't mean the award is not credible, but wouldn't you rather judges grading you against people in a similar field?
Scoring-Every award site implements a scoring system. It is usually easy to find and you should look this over. Then with this score sheet rate the web award site! If they can't stand up to their own scoring they aren't one to choose. Another thing to look for on a score sheet is what is being rated and how. If this award site is rating based on only a few items on a scale from one to three, there will be little accuracy in the assessment.
Judges-Look around a site for information on who is/are judging these sites. Read their bio(s), look at their site(s), and check their credentials. If you cannot locate the judges' information who(m) are you really dealing with? It could be a robot for all you know, that just hands out awards left and right.
The Award- Look at the award itself. Is it more of an ad for their site or a certificate of achievement for you? Look for the latter. Also is the graphic of high quality? If the award is not appealing or looks unprofessional that will reflect on your site. One thing, that is an indication of a good awarder, is a site that sends a real certificate to your house or place of business as well as a graphic for your site. Now a days some award sites are just a disguised form of link exchange.
Past Winners- Review sites that have previously won the award you are interested in applying for. If these sites are all of a high standard and quality, pick one and contact the webmaster. Inquire on the response from his users, the award service, and anything else you would like to know. Usually you'll get an informative reply.
Amount of Awards- No one appreciates going to a website an as soon as it loads they are bombarded with about twenty awards in a row. This is just plain bragging and obtrusive to the users experience. I suggest choosing one or two reputable awards and having them on a separate page or on the bottom of the site where all your other information is.
Free Applications Versus Paid- This is affected by your budget, preference, and needs. If you have the cash to apply for a paid award site do it. When your paying for the service your site will be reviewed more diligently, scored harder, and the rating will be more honest and accurate. With a paid application your site will be in the running with other quality sites because no ones going to dish out anywhere from ten to a few hundred dollars to have their poorly made site rejected.
In conclusion, there are many award sites to choose from. Choosing the right one can boost credibility, traffic, and page rank. Choosing a low quality, hand out, award could loose you customers for life and make your site look unprofessional. Do not rely on awards to make you an instant expert or "the guys to go to", but the right one will show users that your work is appreciated and recognized as a quality site and that will reflect on your products, staff, and content.
I, Dan Anderson, am the owner and operator of the internet store http://www.shopwithdan.com. We sell mesh hats: blank, custom, predesigned. After looking at a few awards sites I came to the above conclusions and I wanted to share them with others. To keep in touch with me check out my forum http://www.shopwithdan.com/forums/ Thank you for your time and I hope this benefits you.


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Fu presidente dell'Accademia russa delle scienze e poi di quella sovietica dal 1917 al 1936.

Biografia
Dal 1857 al 1866 frequentò la scuola mineraria a San Pietroburgo e quindi l'istituto minerario del quale divenne professore dopo la laurea

Presidente dell'Accademia russa delle scienze, fu tra i fondatori del Comitato geologico e di diverse scuole specializzate in geologia, paleontologia, stratigrafia e petrografia.

Gli sono stati intitolati un minerale, tra l'altro, un cratere lunare, un gruppo vulcanico nelle isole Curili, una montagna negli Urali, la città di Karpinsk e l'Istituto russo di ricerca geologica.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Geologi sovietici
Mineralogisti sovietici
Sepolti nella necropoli delle mura del Cremlino


Black and white checkers will never go out of style. This officially licensed Alice in Wonderland bifold wallet is the perfect addition to your daily life. With three credit card slots and one large money pocket, you'll be able to keep all of your essentials safe and secure.


text:
Kathmandu on the hike to a stunning turnaround
Kath Walters
Camping gear retailer Kathmandu is in the black again. Net profits leapt 72% in the company's first-half results, up from NZ$6 million ($A4.8 m) to NZ$10.3 million ($A8.2m). (Kathmandu is listed in both Australia and New Zealand.)
It's a big turnaround for the company, which suffered a 43.1% net profit fall in the first half last year, before recovering somewhat to deliver an 11% net profit fall for the full year 2011-12 of $34.8 million.
Gross profits were up 13.2%, but the gross profit margins as a percentage of sales were steady for the two corresponding periods at 62.7% the company's chief financial officer, Mark Todd, told investors this morning in the absence of the CEO, Peter Halkett, who was in hospital recovering from an operation.
The net profit improvement came from a decrease in operating expenses of 100 basis points as a percentage of sales, Todd said.
Cutting advertising costs and introducing a new NZ$2 million warehouse management and enterprise resource planning systems delivered the saving. "In the financial year 2012 we were dealing with a brand refresh and a refresh of our core and warehouse systems," Todd said.
Sales strong in Australia
Overall sales grew 13.1%, with Australia performing well – a 21.5% increase with the opening of nine new stores. New Zealand, which Todd describes as a mature market, grew 7.9%, while in the company's troublesome business in the United Kingdom, sales fell 4.7%.
In the UK, the company opened one new store and closed two others. It will close another two in the first half of 2014. Instead, it plans to push online sales, which were up 50%, although still constitute less than 5% of total revenue. For the first half of financial year 2013, revenue was $165.9 million.
Range of store sizes
Todd emphasised the flexibility of Kathmandu's stores, which range in size from 230 square metres to 620 square metres, saying that the company had learned to vary its stock dramatically according to the location of stores. However, Todd says the company will not increase the total number of products.
"We are not increasing out total SKUs (stock-keeping units), but we are re-investing to better align the SKU to our markets. From Darwin to Invercargill in [New Zealand's] south, there is a big variation in what customers buy."
At its AGM last year, the company flagged its intention to increase its target of stores from 150 to 170 in Australia and New Zealand. Todd says the company became more confident of opportunities in rural Australia and in shopping malls.
As leases come up for renewal, the size of stores may change, he says.
Its loyalty program, the Summit Club, is at 750,000, three-quarters of the way to its 1 million member target by 2015. Members pay a fee for the card if they do not spend at the stores.
Outlook difficult, chairman cautions
There was no profit forecast because of the difficult retail conditions, the interim chairman, John Harvey, said. Harvey is filling in following the death last month of Kathmandu's chairman, James Strong, at age 68. The year's profit result was strongly dependent on the company's second half.
However, Harvey said he was confident the company could deliver "strong profit outcomes" for 2013.
This article first appeared on LeadingCompany.


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text:
Study reveals life's outer limits in Antarctic valley
Ivan SemeniukScience Reporter
Jacqueline Goordial and her colleagues discovered a near-total absence of microbes in University Valley in Antarctica.Jacqueline Goordial
When Jacqueline Goordial first laid eyes on University Valley in Antarctica, it looked like the loneliest place on Earth.
It would take her five years to prove it.
"It's really desolate," the McGill University researcher said. "There are no insects, no plants, no birds flying through the area. I've never been anywhere so silent."
Dr. Goordial and her colleagues still expected to find one kind of life – bacteria – showing up in relative abundance in the valley's permafrost. Instead, they discovered a near-total absence of microbes there. They suggest the site might lie on the far side of a "fundamental threshold," an environment that even the most tenacious organisms cannot hope to conquer.
The finding, published Tuesday in the Journal of the International Society for Microbial Ecology, raises provocative questions about evolution's limits. And it has sobering implications for the effort to search for life on Mars, a planet that has much in common with University Valley.
"It took us a year to wrap our heads around the idea that maybe this location was special," said Lyle Whyte, an environmental microbiologist who supervised Dr. Goordial's PhD research in Antarctica. "We went into this thinking that we would detect some kind of active microbial ecosystem."
Dr. Whyte's lab at McGill is known for uncovering life in the chilliest places. In 2013, he and his team identified the coldest living organism known, a soil-dwelling bacterium found on Ellesmere Island that can remain metabolically active down to -25 C.
In contrast, University Valley seems to present life with a challenge too great. The high-altitude valley lies in a mountainous region that is known for being particularly arid. Although the temperature never ventures above the freezing point, extreme dryness keeps the site mostly snow-free, conditions that are thought to have persisted there for the past 150,000 years.
The floor of the valley consists of a loose permafrost that has the texture of coarse sand. Below that, the permafrost becomes hard, not from water frozen solid but from water vapour drifting in and cementing the grains together.
Using the same techniques that Dr. Whyte perfected elsewhere, Dr. Goordial began her study by examining two core samples drilled out from this lower zone of hard permafrost.
But after more than 1,000 attempts to detect something living in the permafrost, she came up with only a handful of organisms in the core samples. Those could have migrated into the valley on the wind and persisted in a frozen state – alive, technically speaking, but not as part of a viable ecosystem.
Screening the samples for any DNA that might be present turned up genes that promoted dormancy, Dr. Goordial said, implying that suspended animation may be the only survival option for a bacterium that winds up in University Valley. And unless environmental conditions change, even that option can only end in a long-delayed death.
Exactly why life is so stymied by the site is not clear, Dr. Whyte said, but he added that cold temperatures alone would not be expected to have such an effect. Instead, it must be a combination of factors, including the extreme dryness and possible a lack of nutrients in the soil that can support microbial activity.
In 2013, Dr. Goordial travelled to the valley to acquire more core samples and to see whether she could measure any traces of methane or carbon dioxide coming in or out of the ground – signs of a microbial community that may have escaped direct detection – but she found none.
The researchers note their methods may simply not be sensitive enough to identify a functioning ecosystem at the site. But if so, that ecosystem would have to be functioning at an extremely low level, out of reach of current technology.
The result is a sobering one for Mars researchers, who are planning to explore the Red Planet for signs of life in the coming years by using probes equipped with similar technology. University Valley is considered to be an analogue for the northern plains of Mars, where NASA's Phoenix spacecraft touched down in 2008 and found permafrost under the soil.
"If there is life on Mars, that life will have to be different in some way from Earth life in order to survive," said Corien Bakermans, a microbiologist at Pennsylvania State University who was not involved in the McGill study. She added that the work would help researchers understand how long evidence of past life might be expected to linger on Mars and other locations in the solar system.
Follow Ivan Semeniuk on Twitter: @ivansemeniukOpens in a new window
Ivan Semeniuk


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Space Hub Sutherland
Tagged with: Casework status: Closed Casework type: Aviation Casework type: Construction Site designations: Ramsar site Site designations: SAC Site designations: SPA Site designations: SSSI
In February 2020 a planning application was submitted by Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) to The Highland Council for a vertical launch space port on a remote part of Sutherland. The proposal is to build a facility to launch satellites into orbit and includes a new road across the peatland, a launch operations control centre building, a launch pad and other infrastructure.
RSPB Scotland objected to the application as we believe the applicant did not demonstrate that the development would not adversely affect the Caithness and Sutherland Peatlands Special Protection Area (which is a protected area for internationally important populations of birds) and Caithness and Sutherland Peatlands Special Area of Conservation (which is protected for its amazing peatland habitat).
We are especially concerned that there are a number of unknown impacts from the proposal and much of the mitigation the applicant has said they will carry out to offset the negative impacts of the development has not been detailed or secured. As well as the actual launch activities, a large number of visitors are expected to be attracted to the area to view launches. This increase in people, and the measures needed to make sure they stay a safe distance from the launch site, are likely to be very damaging to this sensitive area and its wildlife.
RSPB Scotland is very aware that this is a novel development for Scotland, and indeed the UK. We recognise that it would have the potential to create jobs in this remote part of Sutherland and we did not object without very careful consideration of the application and Environmental Impact Assessment. However, we believe that our most precious areas and at-risk birds must be protected for future generations and the application did not assess all the risks fully or properly demonstrate how they would ensure these impacts will be mitigated.
On 26 June 2020 the North Planning Applications Committee (NPAC) of The Highland Council unanimously decided to grant permission for the development, subject to a number of conditions. Scottish Ministers were notified of the decision, as was required, and have decided not to call in the application. The permission was issued on 5 August 2020.
Why is it worth fighting for?
The area proposed for the Sutherland Space Hub is extremely important for wildlife and hosts several protected species that are sensitive to human disturbance and are listed in Annex 1 of the Birds Directive and Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act. This means they are given special legal protection.
The development is very close to and would affect a number of sites which are designated for their international and national importance for wildlife. The Caithness and Sutherland Peatlands SPA, SAC and Ramsar site, Ben Hutig Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and A' Mhòine SSSI.
Given the importance of the area for key bird species we are very concerned about the potential disturbance impacts from the proposal.
The Flow Country is a vast expanse of blanket bog in the North of Scotland. Blanket bog is a rare type of peatland which forms only in cool places with plenty of rain and covers the landscape like a blanket. It is listed on Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive. The Flow Country's blanket bogs store more than double the amount of carbon in all of Britain's Woodlands and therefore its essential to keep it intact to help regulate climate change.
The Highland Council decided to grant permission, subject to a number of conditions which control the way the spaceport can be built and operate. Some conditions require the developer to provide more information, including a Breeding Bird Protection Plan. They must also submit and get approval for their visitor management plan at least 6 months prior to the first launch from the site. An Environmental Clerk of Works must be employed to try to ensure the developer and operator do what they have said they will to protect wildlife and habitats. It is the duty of the Highland Council as planning authority to ensure that the conditions are complied with, but they have required a Planning Monitoring Officer to be employed by the developer to assist them with that task.
You can view the planning application, RSPB Scotland's objection, the committee report and decision on the Highland Council's planning portal. The application reference is 20/00616/FUL.
The committee report and a webcast of the North Planning Applications Committee meeting are available on The Highland Council website.
This is an unusual proposal for Scotland, and the UK, and it has been challenging to understand all the potential impacts. RSPB Scotland is also aware this development could bring a number of jobs to a remote part of Sutherland financial support to fragile communities in the area. However, it is essential that potential impacts on the internationally important wildlife sites are properly assessed. NAtureScot and The Highland Council have decided that the developer will be able to put in place sufficient mitigation to ensure there will be no adverse effect on the integrity of these sites. It is essential that this mitigation and monitoring of effects is secured and delivered if the development goes ahead. We are pleased to see that conditions have been attached to the permission to try to address these issued but still have concerns over the potential impacts on nature.
This is an extremely sensitive area for wildlife and the launches, people and new activity in the area would have a negative effect on breeding birds and protected areas. We are particularly concerned about the number of visitors that are likely to be attracted to the area to view launches and how the operator of the site will try to manage this. The applicant did submit a document called the 'Visitor Management Strategy Clarification' which was published on the Highland Council planning portal on 15 June 2020. However, much of the text had been obscured and the full document was not made public before the meeting. One of the conditions of permission required a Visitor Management Plan to be submitted and approved by the Highland Council, six months prior to the first launch. We don't know how much of this will be public.
There is an urgent need to tackle to climate change. Since the site is primarily situated on internationally important blanket bog, the carbon impacts of this proposal are also of concern. The applicant has proposed to restore an area of blanket bog within the site, which would help nature and carbon storage. However, more is needed if the long-term effects of such a development were to be balanced. We are concerned that not enough peatland enhancement will be delivered to offset the impact of the development.
We are grateful to Councillors on the North Planning Application Committee who raised concerns regarding impacts on protected wildlife areas, peat, carbon storage and sustainable tourism and other employment in the area. However, we are disappointed that they took the decision to grant permission for the Sutherland spaceport when many questions remain unanswered on how this development will impact internationally important wildlife and how they will off-set damage to peatland habitat.
There are opportunities to carry out extensive peatland restoration in the area and we hope that the developer will ensure that measures are put in place to minimise impacts on key species. Although we still have concerns over the impacts of the development and the ability to mitigate these, we want to try to get the best outcome for nature in the circumstances. We will now work to engage with the developers to ensure the best possible outcome for the area's protected species and habitats.
The Highland Council issued conditional planning permission
The Scottish Government notified the Highland Council that they did not intend to intervene in the application and the Council is authorised to deal with it
The Highland Council notified Scottish Ministers of their intention to grant permission
The Highland Council's North Planning Applications Committee decided to grant permission for the development, subject to conditions
RSPB Scotland submit an objection to the application
Highland and Islands Council Enterprise submit a planning application to Highland Council for the construction of a vertical launch space port with launch operations control centre, site integration facility, launch pad complex, antenna park, access road, fencing, services and associated infrastructure
Applicant carries out pre-application public consultation
The applicant submits a Proposal of Application Notice to let the Council know they are going to submit an application and consult publicly
Highland Council issue their scoping opinion
We respond to an EIA scoping consultation
The Highland Council planning portal
The Highland Council committee page
Key species affected:
Red-throated diver
Golden plover
North Uist Spaceport
A planning application for a space port at Scolpaig, North Uist has been submitted.
Shetland Spaceport
A planning application has been submitted for a spaceport on the island of Unst, Shetland.
BirdLife_logo


Through the "Weiterbildungskonto" (Further Education Fund) "WAFF" provides assistance for career related measures for both employed and unemployed citizens of Vienna, if they attend courses offered by Das Sprachenstudio (a recognised education provider).
Who would be assisted, and how much?
Applications for assistance to "WAFF" must be submitted at the latest three months after the completion of the course (or after completion of the exam).
You are given time, at the most, until the registration of your main home address in Vienna (Meldebestätigung).
The Arbeitsmarktservice (employment centre) assists individual tuition, group tuition and also a combination there of in your target language, in order to increase your chances to attain employment in a new professional field.
Which persons will be assisted?
Unemployed and minimally employed persons, with a main home address in Vienna.
It is important that you attend a minimum of 10 lesson hours per week ( 1 lesson = 55 minutes).
Das Sprachenstudio will provide you with a cost estimate for you to present to the contact person responsible. After approval by the "AMS" all costs may be subsidised up to 100%.
Our staff will gladly advise you at any time.
"WAFF" opens up new possibilities to companies through inter-cultural expertise.
Employees who wish to ensure their ongoing emplyment through further qualification, OR employees who wish to more easily facilitate their work duties through further education.
Which companies may be assisted?
Companies whose employees do not qualify for "AMS" may now have the opportunity for their employees to be assisted in language course training by "WAFF".
Starting from an investment of 1000 Euro in a language training course, companies may be reimbursed 50% of the costs from "WAFF".
Employed persons from 45 years of age in fully insured employment.
Persons resuming employment (after child-care or parental leave), a half year prior to resumption of employment up to a year after re-employment.
The amount of assistance is equal to 60%. In the case of assistance for women under 45 years of age, 70%.


text:
What is HDMI Alt Mode and what is it used for?
BY Odunayo Ezekiel Updated on 12/09/2022
HDMI is the most popular multimedia interface and you can find it on monitors, TVs, projectors, consoles and other accessories around you. However, as ubiquitous as HDMI ports are, devices with a small form factor that you would love to play media from like smartphones, tablets and some laptops don't have them.
This is where HDMI Alternate Mode (or HDMI Alt Mode) comes in, it provides an alternative means of connecting to HDMI ports of your home or office appliance. In this case, through a suitable HDMI – USB-C cable connected to the USB-C port on one end, usually the source and a sink e.g TV on the other end without using a dongle or adapter.
Read More: Will USB-C Replace HDMI Port?
HDMI Alt Mode is developed by HDMI Licensing which is also responsible for developing the HDMI standard as a means of conveying HDMI signals over USB Type C without employing the use of an adapter to convert the signal. This will enable you to be able to play media from any device that support HDMI Alt mode through its USB Type-C port to a display or any output device of choice via its HDMI port.
There is a caveat though, the HDMI alternate mode only supports up to HDMI 1.4b which is an old version and you are only limited to features supported by this standard. Other features from HDMI 2.0 to the current HDMI 2.1 are not supported on HDMI alt mode.
HDMI Alt Mode Features
3D Display
HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC)
Consumer Electronic Control (CEC)
Content up to 4K resolution
Deep Color, x.v.Color, and Content types
High Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP 2,2)
Dolby surround sound
Audio Return Channel (ARC)
SEE: Understanding USB-C Alternate Modes
Compatibility is key to using the HDMI Alt mode, more so on the source be it a smartphone tablet or laptop because it has to be able to send HDMI signal which requires the device to have an HDMI chip for that to happen. However, the connection here is still an HDMI connection even though it is similar to MHL Alt Mode which also uses an HDMI connector or one end and a USB Type-C connector on the other end.
HDMI alt mode makes it easy to output audio and video from any of your devices without the host having an HDMI port provided the USB-C cable and device support the alt mode standard.
One of the uses of HDMI Alt mode is connecting an HDMI source device such as a laptop or smartphone to a display such as a smart TV or external monitor. All you need is a USB-C to HDMI cable such as this $18 uni USB-C to HDMI cable.
Alternatively, you can also use a USB-C HDMI Hub or dongle to connect a smartphone or laptop to an external monitor or smart tv. For instance, I managed to connect my Oneplus 9 to my TCL Roku TV using $22.99 Mokin 5-in-1 USB-C Hub as shown below.
Oneplus 9 connected to Mokin USB-C HDMI dongle
Roku TCL Smart TV displaying OnePlus screen
You have to make sure that your Smartphone supports USB Type C HDMI Alt mode as we have explained above. You can verify with your model's specs or check with your vendors website before you order for a HDMI to USB-C cable or dongle.


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LASCO is the Laboratory for the Analysis of Organizational Communication Systems of the University of Louvain (UCLouvain), located in Louvain-la-Neuve and Mons in Belgium.

The LASCO was created in February 2000 as part of the Communication Department of UCLouvain. Its founders were Pierre de Saint-Georges, Axel Gryspeerdt and Vincent Defourny. LASCO has been chaired by Thierry Libaert and François Lambotte; since 2015, it is chaired by Andrea Catellani.

The LASCO brings together researchers of different origins, united by the common aim of observing and analysing internal and external, strategic and spontaneous phenomena in the field of Organizational Communication, Public Relations, Corporate Communication and Strategic Communication. Such phenomena are to be considered as the origins and consequences of interactions occurred within organizations, or produced by them.

The LASCO originated from the consistent continuation of work done inside the Communication Department in the Public Relations sector (from 1961 onwards, via the CETEDI, Centre of Diffusion Techniques and Public Relations) and of Institutional Mediation (from 1994 on). Correlations between communication and organizations have always constituted a traditional research field at the Communication Department at UCLouvain. The University of Louvain is thereby a Europe-wide recognised pioneer in this area: Organisational Communication has been taught since 1958. Management of Organisational Communication and Public Relations currently represents a core training feature of the Graduate Degree in Communication at UCLouvain.

References

 Andrea Catellani: Un laboratoire de recherche en transformation: le Lasco de l'Université catholique de Louvain. Communication et Organisation. N°35. December 2009.
 Andrea Catellani et Axel Gryspeerdt: Survol et vitalité de la recherche en communication organisationnelle en Belgique francophone. Les cahiers de la SFISC. N°5. June 2010. Pages 25–26.

External links
 LASCO Website
 List of publications by the members of the laboratory

Public relations
Catholic universities and colleges in Belgium
Université catholique de Louvain
Communication
Organizational theory


Born on November 19th in England in 1879, Edward Beane was the son of George Beane and Mary A. Cox. He moved to New York where he worked as a bricklayer and he had returned to his home town of Norwich to get married to Ethel Clarke. The ceremony took place before the Titanic would leave, and the two planned to go back to New York as a married couple. The newlyweds purchased ticket 2908 and paid £26.
The second class passengers both survived the sinking of the Titanic and were one of the only honeymooners that were not parted by the women and children first rule. Both boarded lifeboat 13 and arrived safely in New York aboard the Carpathia. He and his wife vowed never to speak publically about the experience.
The amazing story of this Titanic story is relevant because it represents a small percentage of Titanic survivors who were not separated by the disaster. Both he and his wife survived despite the women and children first rule. The fact that they were both second class passengers undoubtedly helped this to happen.
Edward Beane is buried in White Haven Memorial Park in Pittsford, Monroe County, New York. The grave is at the Northwest edge of section M on lot 367-368 facing Marsh Road.


T - The type of the elements contained within the TreeView TreeItem instances.
To make creating TreeViews with CheckBoxes easier, a convenience class called CheckBoxTreeItem is provided. It is highly recommended that developers use this class, rather than the regular TreeItem class, when constructing their TreeView tree structures. Refer to the CheckBoxTreeItem API documentation for an example on how these two classes can be combined.
Clicking on the CheckBox beside an item that has children will result in all children also becoming selected/unselected.
Clicking on the CheckBox beside an item that has a parent will possibly toggle the state of the parent. For example, if you select a single child, the parent will become indeterminate (indicating partial selection of children). If you proceed to select all children, the parent will then show that it too is selected. This is recursive, with all parent nodes updating as expected.
If it is decided that using CheckBoxTreeItem is not desirable, then it is necessary to call one of the constructors where a Callback is provided that can return an ObservableValue<Boolean> given a TreeItem instance. This ObservableValue<Boolean> should represent the boolean state of the given TreeItem.
Note that the CheckBoxTreeCell renders the CheckBox 'live', meaning that the CheckBox is always interactive and can be directly toggled by the user. This means that it is not necessary that the cell enter its editing state (usually by the user double-clicking on the cell). A side-effect of this is that the usual editing callbacks (such as on edit commit) will not be called. If you want to be notified of changes, it is recommended to directly observe the boolean properties that are manipulated by the CheckBox.
Creates a default CheckBoxTreeCell that assumes the TreeView is constructed with CheckBoxTreeItem instances, rather than the default TreeItem.
Creates a cell factory for use in a TreeView control, although there is a major assumption when used in a TreeView: this cell factory assumes that the TreeView root, and all children are instances of CheckBoxTreeItem, rather than the default TreeItem class that is used normally.
Creates a default CheckBoxTreeCell that assumes the TreeView is constructed with CheckBoxTreeItem instances, rather than the default TreeItem. By using CheckBoxTreeItem, it will internally manage the selected and indeterminate state of each item in the tree.
Creates a CheckBoxTreeCell for use in a TreeView control via a cell factory. Unlike CheckBoxTreeCell(), this method does not assume that all TreeItem instances in the TreeView are CheckBoxTreeItem.
To call this method, it is necessary to provide a Callback that, given an object of type TreeItem, will return an ObservableValue<Boolean> that represents whether the given item is selected or not. This ObservableValue<Boolean> will be bound bidirectionally (meaning that the CheckBox in the cell will set/unset this property based on user interactions, and the CheckBox will reflect the state of the ObservableValue<Boolean>, if it changes externally).
If the items are not CheckBoxTreeItem instances, it becomes the developers responsibility to handle updating the state of parent and children TreeItems. This means that, given a TreeItem, this class will simply toggles the ObservableValue<Boolean> that is provided, and no more. Of course, this functionality can then be implemented externally by adding observers to the ObservableValue<Boolean>, and toggling the state of other properties as necessary.
getSelectedProperty - A Callback that will return an ObservableValue<Boolean> that represents whether the given item is selected or not.
converter - A StringConverter that, give an object of type TreeItem, will return a String that can be used to represent the object visually.
T - The type of the elements contained within the CheckBoxTreeItem instances.
A Callback that will return a TreeCell that is able to work on the type of element contained within the TreeView root, and all of its children (recursively).
Creates a cell factory for use in a TreeView control. Unlike forTreeView(), this method does not assume that all TreeItem instances in the TreeView are CheckBoxTreeItem instances.
When used in a TreeView, the CheckBoxCell is rendered with a CheckBox to the right of the 'disclosure node' (i.e. the arrow). The item stored in TreeItem.getValue() will then have the StringConverter called on it, and this text will take all remaining horizontal space.
Unlike forTreeView(), this cell factory does not handle updating the state of parent or children TreeItems - it simply toggles the ObservableValue<Boolean> that is provided, and no more. Of course, this functionality can then be implemented externally by adding observers to the ObservableValue<Boolean>, and toggling the state of other properties as necessary.
T - The type of the elements contained within the TreeItem instances.
getSelectedProperty - A Callback that, given an object of type TreeItem, will return an ObservableValue<Boolean> that represents whether the given item is selected or not. This ObservableValue<Boolean> will be bound bidirectionally (meaning that the CheckBox in the cell will set/unset this property based on user interactions, and the CheckBox will reflect the state of the ObservableValue<Boolean>, if it changes externally).
Creates a cell factory for use in a TreeView control. Unlike forTreeView(), this method does not assume that all TreeItem instances in the TreeView are CheckBoxTreeItem.
When used in a TreeView, the CheckBoxCell is rendered with a CheckBox to the right of the 'disclosure node' (i.e. the arrow). The item stored in TreeItem.getValue() will then have the the StringConverter called on it, and this text will take all remaining horizontal space.
converter - A StringConverter that, give an object of type TreeItem, will return a String that can be used to represent the object visually. The default implementation in forTreeView(Callback) is to simply call .toString() on all non-null items (and to just return an empty string in cases where the given item is null).


I understand so far that most of the air surrounding us contains mold spores so that given the right environment and a food source they start to grow. I assume this is true for air close to the earth. But how high mold spores are still common?
To clarify: I don't want to grow mold, I want to know how high into the air on earth mold spores are usually common.
Air currents can carry bacteria and mold spores into stratospheric altitudes. Early balloon collections found bacteria and mold in air samples at a little above 71 thousand feet altitude. There were only a few colonies, but we also know that our bacterial media often do not allow many microorganisms to grow.
More recent studies of the atmospheric microbiome have indicated that a wide variety of bacteria and fungi can routinely be found in the atmosphere thousands of feet up. Modern measurements find about 10 million living microbes per cubic meter.
Sandstorms or jet streams are known to be able to move living bacteria long distances. Spores are often of about the same size and I see no reason why we will not find that they do the same.
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