text:
Biz New Orleans
In the midst of a worldwide panic over disappearing bees, Biz New Orleans takes a look at their status locally and what these insects mean for the state's economy.
Kim Singletary,
For years now, we've been hearing the grim news: The bees are disappearing and we're all in trouble.
Worldwide, the alarm has been sounded, but what does it mean for Louisiana? Are we seeing a decline here in the state whose official state insect is the honeybee? Other than taking care to avoid the backside of this buzzing creature, why should we care so much about a threat to their survival?
First, let's look at why there's been such a global concern. More than just an insect that happens to make a tasty treat, the approximately 20,000 different bee species around the world are an integral part of the world's food chain, responsible for pollinating about one-third of all the food we eat — including fruits, vegetables, nuts, coffee, chocolate and various herbs and spices. Without them, we would lose a significant amount of our food supply.
But what does that mean specifically for economics in Louisiana? While some of our main agricultural staples, including sugarcane, rice and cotton, are pollinated by the wind, not insects, according to the 2014 agricultural summary report from Louisiana State University's Ag department, fruit production in the state totaled $36.5 million, and vegetable production totaled $377.5 million.
That over $400 million does not account for many micro farmers in the state, whose crops are not reported. Add to that the 1.7 million pounds of honey produced in Louisiana in the same year at an average price per pound of $1.80 to $2.20, which totals an additional up to $3.74 million.
So are we seeing a change in the bees that should worry us? The answer is not clear.
"It really depends on who you talk to," says Bob Danka, research leader at the Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge. In operation since 1928, it is one of three USDA labs around the country that work with honey bees.
"What you've heard about a decrease in the global population of bees is wrong," he says. "The only place where there was a decrease was in North America and Europe, where, over the years we've gone from about 6 million colonies down to about 2.5. But as a society our needs have changed too. We don't need that many bees."
While he may not believe there's reason to panic, Danka does acknowledge that the work involved in being a successful beekeeper, both worldwide and in Louisiana, has gotten more and more difficult in recent years.
"The world has gotten smaller, and as such we're seeing more and more problems with exotic pests," he says.
When Danka joined the research unit 30 years ago, the main threat gathering attention was that of the Africanized honey bee. Since then, he says, the bees have been facing "one biological problem after another," with one of the biggest being Varroa mites.
Discovered in the U.S. in 1987, these mites hail from southeast Asia and are large enough to be viewed with the naked eye and are described as looking similar to a tick. Like a mosquito, or a tick, the mites transmit viruses and other pathogens to the bees. Colonies infested with these mites typically die in 1 to 2 years.
"Varroa mites have been found all over the world, except Australia," Danka says.
The answer to the mites became to use pesticides, a practice still in use today, but it is one he says definitely comes with risks.
LEFT: Bee removal specialist and beekeeper, Jeff Armstrong, a.k.a. JP the Bee Man. Photo by Cheryl Gerber RIGHT: Researchers at the Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge.
"When you use pesticides you are risking contaminating both the honey and the hive," he says. "And then there's the fact that mites are the classic poster child for developing resistance."
Determined to find another way to deal with the mites, the Honey Bee Unit began importing Russian Honey Bees, a species that has been found to be resistant to Varroa mites, in 1997. The bees were bred to create several lines and then turned over to the Russian Bee Breeders Association to be made available to beekeepers.
The lab has also developed bees with a certain genetic trait called Varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH). Bees with this trait are able to take care of the problem themselves — finding them on their own and tossing them out of the hive.
With the Varroa mite issue addressed, the lab has switched focus to other pathogens causing problems for honey bees, including Deformed Wing Virus, Nosema Ceranae and tracheal mites.
While mites and pathogens are certainly a viable threat to bees, human actions are definitely taking their toll.
"The last six or seven years we've been hearing a lot about Colony Collapse Disorder (a phenomenon where the majority of worker bees leave, causing it to collapse), and my take on things is that it has a lot to do with all the chemicals we're using on our agriculture," says New Orleans bee removal specialist and beekeeper Jeff Armstrong, a.k.a. "JP the Bee Man." "I have a beekeeper friend down in Mississippi who was seeing some of the classic symptoms and in the four days I was visiting him I saw two planes and a helicopter drop chemicals around him."
On this problem, however, Danka says Louisiana is fortunate.
"We are generally less affected by the pesticide problem locally because we don't have a really heavy corn and soybean matrix," he says. "We also still have a fair amount of wild land here in comparison with many other states."
Beekeepers Elizabeth Holloway and Milou Barry, proprietors of Bocage Bee and Honey Co. in Baton Rouge, however, say chemicals are among their top concerns.
"In my book, public enemy No. 1 is Round Up," says Barry. "Whenever we go and speak to a garden club I tell them that if they want to do one thing for the bees they need to get rid of that stuff safely and never use it again. You can use it in your yard and it's strong enough to kill the garden of the yard next to you. It's responsible for killing tons of bees each year."
Speculation also exists that Colony Collapse Disorder could be caused in part by a group of chemicals called neonicotinoids, neuro-active insecticides.
LEFT: The Baton Rouge lab is one of three USDA labs in the country focused on honey bees. RIGHT: Glenn Gueho, owner of Busy Bee removal services and a beekeeper, says demand for his services has doubled in the past five years thanks to higher temperatures. Photos Jeff Johnston
"Dell, Monsanto, Bayer — they all use them and they do real damage," Holloway says. "Basically bees have a kind of built in GPS system that enables them to triangulate to the sun and find their way home. This chemical interrupts that system and the bees get lost. The EU banned it and Mexico sued against its use and won, but we still use it. Right now stores like Lowes and Home Depot are not selling it, but nobody knows how long that will last."
Holloway says that with the recent spread of the Zika Virus, she worries that there will be more aggressive spraying for mosquitos this year and is concerned about how it will affect the bees.
"We had tremendous losses with the West Nile Virus," she says.
Like with everything in agriculture, weather is everything, and again, in this factor Louisiana is very bee friendly.
"Winters are mild here so we have a high instance of survivability," says Armstrong. "The honey bees here are thriving."
For Holloway and Barry, who specialize in varietal honeys, weather rules their business.
"The color and flavor of honey is completely dependent on what the bees eat, so in order to offer different varieties we currently have hives in about eight locations scattered around Baton Rouge," Barry says. "It's like with wine, the difference in soil and in season greatly affects each crop. We've had as many as 35 varieties in a year."
Last spring Bocage Bee and Honey Co. was unable to offer their wild orange honey. "That's when we got all those heavy rains and all the pollen and nectar were just washed away," Holloway explains.
Bees love heat, in fact when temperatures drop into the 50s, opening up a hive can kill all the bees inside. But just like with humans, when temperatures really start to climb, they seek relief.
For Glenn Gueho, owner of Busy Bee bee removal services and a beekeeper, rising temperatures are good for business.
"With global warming we've seen higher temperatures over the years and that means bees look more and more to get out of the heat — searching out homes and businesses with air conditioning and shade," he says. "This means I'm doing more and more removals. In the last five years my numbers have actually doubled, from 500 or 600 a year to over 1,000."
And Now for the Good News
The doomsday scenario regarding bee declines hasn't been witnessed here in Louisiana, in fact, all the worldwide focus has had a surprisingly positive affect. The 2014 LSU Ag Summary found a sharp increase in the number of beekeepers — from 325 in 2013 to 446 in 2014.
This number doesn't take into account backyard hobbyists, whose numbers are definitely on the rise.
"When I joined the Baton Rouge Beekeepers Association back in 2008 or 2009 we had about 50 members," Holloway says. "Now we've got about 250."
"There's a lot of people who've read about the problems and they're looking for a way to help," Danka says.
"The more you learn about bees, the more you can't help but become enamored," Armstrong says. "Working with bees is almost spiritual. When you're in their world you have to be in it 100 percent. It's such a great escape."
TOP: Bocage Honey Co. in Baton Rouge specializes in varietal honeys, producing as many as 35 varieties in a year. Photo Courtesy of Bocage Bee and Honey Co. BOTTOM: Operating out of 30 blighted properties in the Lower Ninth Ward, Capstone, a nonprofit run by beekeeper David Young, gave away over 2,600 pounds of honey last year to local residents.
"It gives you a whole different perspective on life — on communal living," Holloway says. "I get emotional when I talk about bees. They're just so incredible."
For beekeeper David Young, New Orleans' post-Katrina landscape provided a great opportunity to make a difference.
"I came here after the storm to help with rebuilding, but pretty soon I saw that the Lower Ninth Ward needed more than just housing," he says. Young began buying up blighted lots in the area and using them for bees and gardens. His organization, Capstone, now has 30 lots and gave away over 2,600 pounds of honey last year. All of the produce grown was also distributed to local residents.
"All of the increased interest we've seen in recent years is just wonderful," says Holloway. "The housewife with two hives in her yard, the little old man with one hive — it's making a difference."
• Honey bees are not native to the U.S.; Approximately 70 percent of the honey bees in Louisiana are Italian.
• Honey bees can travel up to 5 miles to find food.
• 95 percent of a honey bee colony is female. Males, or drones, are solely used for breeding.
All nectar gathering is done by females.
• Bees are deaf — they communicate through dance.
• A queen typically lives for 3-5 years, while workers live for about 30 days.
• Other pollinators include wasps, butterflies, flys, bats, birds, beetles and moths.
• Beekeepers deal in weight, not volume, due to the density of the product.
Honey that measures 12 ounces will typically weigh 16 ounces.
• Almonds are solely pollinated by honey bees.
Categories: Food, The Magazine
Workers Remove History-Making Superdome Field
Week in Review, Jan. 17: Edwards Inaugurated, LSU Wins, Port Sets Record
Victory for LSU!
Casino Company Plans to Spend More Than Half a Billion in Louisiana
New Orleans-Based TrayAway Startup Now Serving 100 Hotels
Ochsner Unveils Clean-Label King Cake
Business People of the Year
Q&A with St. James Parish President Peter Dufresne
Q&A with St. Charles Parish President Matthew Jewell
© 2020 Biz New Orleans.


text:
MCS releases low-cost mechanical design tool
CAD pioneer MCS (Manufacturing and Consulting Services) launched AnvilCAD Lite, a 2D/3D design and detail drafting application for mechanical design. The Windows-based program, priced at US$595, is the first in a series of new products that MCS plans to unveil over the next year.
AnvilCAD Lite is a faster, streamlined version of MCS' Design Drafter package that eliminates many add-on s to Design Drafter included at the request of individual companies. The Lite version also emphasizes multimedia coaching tools and an easy-to-learn user interface.
"For 16 years the CAD industry has made no progress in making CAD software easier to learn and easier to use," said Dr. Pat Hanratty, president and CEO of MCS. "At the same time there has also been no progress in providing true gains in product design capability. CAD companies have focused on data management such as PDM and PLM, and specific applications, but little else."
AnvilCAD Lite provides tools for points, lines, circles, fillets, chamfers, cones, and splines, as well as curve and section analysis for basic computer-aided engineering. It supports associative dimensions, parametric drafting, and standards such as ANSI, DIN, ISO, and others.
Founded in 1971, MCS released ADAM CAD/CAM software in 1972. It introduced ANVIL-4000 in 1981

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Supreme Court may give President Trump time to test census policy against undocumented immigrants
Richard Wolf
WASHINGTON – The Supreme Court appeared likely Monday to let the Trump administration proceed with its plan to exclude some undocumented immigrants from the census count used to apportion seats in Congress before deciding if it's legal.
With only seven weeks remaining in President Donald Trump's term, most justices indicated he may not have the right to exclude as many as 11 million people from the population base, a policy that would cost California and possibly other states seats in the House of Representatives.
But several of the court's conservative justices noted that down-to-the-wire efforts by the Census Bureau to tally undocumented immigrants could fall short of the president's goal. If only small groups of them are tabulated, the legal challenge from states and immigrant rights groups could turn out to be "much ado about very little," Associate Justice Samuel Alito said.
"It's speculative as to how much they're going to be able to do," Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch said, referring to the Census Bureau effort to exclude undocumented immigrants. "Then it's speculative whether there's going to be any effect on the apportionment."
Some of the court's liberal justices said Trump's announced policy could lead to at least several million people being excluded, including those in removal proceedings and, notably, the 650,000 young immigrants protected under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.
"We can get very easily to 4 or 5 million people who you have extensive administrative records on," said Associate Justice Elena Kagan.
And even Associate Justice Amy Coney Barrett, Trump's most recent nominee to the court, noted that "illegal aliens have never been excluded" from counting for purposes of congressional apportionment.
Trump's policy, announced in July, could affect not only states' House seats but their electoral votes, as well as the distribution of about $1.5 trillion in federal funds.
If the justices hand him a lame-duck victory – or even if they just vacate a federal district court ruling against him – the result could be a loss of House seats in traditionally Democratic states. Under the plan, states with the highest percentage of undocumented immigrants face the greatest risk. Most of those states, from Nevada to New Jersey, lean Democratic.
But President-elect Joe Biden is likely to seek to reverse any plan that erases undocumented immigrants from the head count. That could lead to lawsuits from proponents of the plan after Trump is out of office.
"The Biden administration has not adopted this anti-immigrant rhetoric and instead seeks to heal this nation," New York Attorney General Letitia James said after Monday's oral argument. "I would hope and am confident that they would include all persons in the count going forward."
The president-elect released a statement about the case Tuesday, warning that if the high court sides with Trump, "the partisan politics of intimidation and xenophobia will intentionally exclude specific groups of people from being counted.
Led by New York, a coalition of 22 states and 15 cities filed suit after Trump issued his July memorandum, and a federal district court ruled in September that the plan was unlawful. The three-judge panel said it served to deter immigrant households from responding to the census count. Two federal courts in California and Maryland issued similar rulings.
The justices agreed to hear and decide the case quickly because time is running out on the 2020 census process. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross' report to the president is due Dec. 31. Trump has about 10 days after that to report to Congress on the number of House seats allocated to each state.
Earlier:Trump's war on illegal immigration takes on political overtone at Supreme Court
In broader policy terms, the case puts one last exclamation point on the Trump administration's more than 400 policy changes aimed at shrinking both legal and illegal immigration channels into the USA. When challenged, it has sought Supreme Court backing for its agenda, including efforts to restrict refugees and migrants dependent on public assistance.
Trump has had limited success since 2017 in defending his immigration policies at the high court. It took three versions for the justices to uphold his ban on travel from a handful of predominantly Muslim nations. Other restrictions aimed at blocking asylum-seekers and building a wall along the southern border won temporary reprieves.
Trump's efforts to end the Obama administration program protecting young immigrants from deportation and to add a question on citizenship to the 2020 census were struck down in 5-4 rulings written by Chief Justice John Roberts.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
The classical Madelung problem \citep{Madelung1918} has an important
role in atomic and molecular simulations involving electrostatic
interactions. Consider an arbitrary lattice with a unit cell that is
composed of $N$ charges $\{q_1,...,q_N\}$ and let linearly
independent vectors $\mathbf{e}_1,\mathbf{e}_2,\mathbf{e}_3 \in
\mathbb{R}^3$ denote the lattice vectors. We assume the charge
neutrality condition for the unit cell, i.e., $\sum_{i=1}^{N}q_i=0$.
Then the Madelung problem for calculation of the total electrostatic
energy of the unit cell located at the origin can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{EcellOr}
    \mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in
    \mathbb{Z}^3}
    |\mathbf{V}\mathbf{n}+\mathbf{r}_{ij} |^{-1},
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{V}=[\mathbf{e}_1~\mathbf{e}_2~\mathbf{e}_3] \in
\mathbb{R}^{3\times3}$ (the matrix with lattice vectors as its
columns) and $\mathbf{r}_{ij}=\mathbf{r}_{i}-\mathbf{r}_{j}$, where
$\mathbf{r}_{i}$ denotes the atomic position within the unit cell.
The prime on the summation emphasizes that we exclude self-energy,
i.e., for $\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{0}$ the term $i=j$ is omitted. In
order to be able to use the well-established theory of
multi-dimensional zeta functions \citep{El98}, we introduce the
following non-standard representation of electrostatic energy of a
unit cell in an arbitrary lattice:
\begin{equation}\label{Ecell}
    \mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in
    \mathbb{Z}^3}
    \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right) \right]^{-1/2},
\end{equation}
where $\textsf{T}$ stands for matrix transport and
$Q_{ij}=2\mathbf{e}_i\cdot\mathbf{e}_j$ is a positive-definite
matrix (twice the metric tensor),
$\mathbf{p}_{ij}=\mathbf{U}\mathbf{r}_{ij}$ with
$\mathbf{U}=\mathbf{V}^{-1}$ and the prime on the summation denotes
the exclusion of the self energy. For example, for an orthorhombic
lattice with lattice parameters $a=|\mathbf{e}_{1}|$,
$b=|\mathbf{e}_{2}|$ and $c=|\mathbf{e}_{3}|$ we have
\begin{eqnarray}
  && \mathbf{Q}=\left(%
\begin{array}{ccc}
  2a^2 & 0 & 0 \\
  0 & 2b^2 & 0 \\
  0 & 0 & 2c^2 \\
\end{array}%
\right),~~
\mathbf{U}=\left(%
\begin{array}{ccc}
  \frac{1}{a} & 0 & 0 \\
  0 & \frac{1}{b} & 0 \\
  0 & 0 & \frac{1}{c
  } \\
\end{array}%
\right).\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
For a hexagonal lattice with unit cell vectors
\begin{eqnarray}
  && \mathbf{e}_{1}=\left(%
\begin{array}{c}
  a \\
  0 \\
  0 \\
\end{array}%
\right),~~
    \mathbf{e}_{2}=\left(%
\begin{array}{c}
  \frac{1}{2}a \\
  \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a \\
  0 \\
\end{array}%
\right),~~
\mathbf{e}_{3}=\left(%
\begin{array}{c}
  0 \\
  0 \\
  c \\
\end{array}%
\right),  \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
where $a$ and $c$ are unit cell parameters, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
  && \mathbf{Q}=\left(%
\begin{array}{ccc}
  2a^2 & a^2 & 0 \\
  a^2 & 2a^2 & 0 \\
  0 & 0 & 2c^2 \\
\end{array}%
\right),~~
\mathbf{U}=\left(%
\begin{array}{ccc}
  \frac{1}{a} & -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}a} & 0 \\
  0 & \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}a} & 0 \\
  0 & 0 & \frac{1}{c} \\
\end{array}%
\right). \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}

One method of calculating the above lattice sum is to use direct
sums. However, it is a well known fact that (\ref{Ecell}) is a
conditionally convergent series, which means that (\ref{Ecell}) is
meaningless unless the order of summation of the terms is specified.
It is interesting to note that summation over regions that may seem
to be natural can diverge. As an example, for a $3$-dimensional NaCl-type
ionic crystal, it was shown that this lattice sum does not converge
over expanding spheres \citep{Bor85}, expanding ellipsoids, and some
specific expanding polygons \citep{Bor98}, but it would converge for
expanding cubes \citep{Bor85}. The direct summation method is not
practical due to the slow rate of convergence.

Another method for dealing with (\ref{Ecell}) is to find some
analytic continuation for this expression over the complex plane
and then to find some fast converging series to evaluate this
analytic continuation. The celebrated Ewald method \citep{Ewald21}
uses this procedure. One can write $\mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}$ as
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(1,\mathbf{p}_{ij}),
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}\label{Z}
    Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})=\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3}
    \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p} \right) \right]^{-s/2},
\end{equation}
where again the prime denotes the exclusion of any infinite summands.
$Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})$ is a special case of the general
Epstein zeta functions \citep{El98,Terras85}. It is known that
$Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})$ is uniformly and absolutely
convergent for any complex number $s$ with $\mathfrak{Re}(s)>3$ and
it has a meromorphic continuation to the whole complex s-plane
\citep{Terras85,El98,CranBuh87}. From here on, by
$Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})$ we mean its analytic continuation.
$Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})$ is analytic everywhere except for the
simple pole at $s=3$ with the residue \citep{El98}
\begin{equation}\label{ResZ_s3}
    \underset{s=3}{\mathrm{Res}}~Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})=\frac{(2\pi)^{3/2}}{\Gamma(3/2)\sqrt{\mathrm{det}\mathbf{Q}}}=\frac{2^{5/2}\pi}{\sqrt{\mathrm{det}\mathbf{Q}}}.
\end{equation}
Using some special functions, it is possible to write
$Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})$ and thus $\mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}$
in terms of a rapid converging series that recovers the standard
Ewald method \citep{Fu94,Terras85}.

Determining the relation between the above-mentioned two methods is not a
straightforward task. Specifically, in what order one should sum the
terms of the series (\ref{Ecell}) to obtain the Ewald's result?
Borwein, et al. \citep{Bor85} showed that for NaCl-type crystals,
summing over cubes would yield the Ewald result. It is interesting
to note that $\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in
\mathbb{Z}^3}'|\mathbf{n}+\mathbf{r}|^{-1}$ is not a convergent
series and since all of the summands are positive, partial sums of
this series would be unbounded. Thus, it is meaningless to expect to
find $Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(1,\mathbf{p})$ using direct sums.

As we mentioned earlier, for NaCl-type crystals direct summation
over expanding cubes converges while summation over expanding
spheres diverges. One may guess that what makes the expanding cubes
to converge is that, unlike expanding spheres, each cube is charge
neutral, and thus it may be possible to obtain a converging sequence
over spheres if one somehow converts the regular spheres to charge
neutral ones. This is the main idea of the Wolf method
\citep{Wolf99} and the earlier work of Buhler and Crandall
\citep{BuhCran90}. In particular, for a general lattice of charges,
Wolf, et al. \citep{Wolf99} suggested that putting a mirror charge
on the surface of sphere for each charge inside the sphere and
neglecting the charges outside the sphere results in a convergent
sequence that converges to the result obtained via Ewald method.
Although they verified their method by considering several numerical
examples, they did not present a rigorous proof.

In this paper, we present the missing proof of the convergence of
Wolf's method for calculating electrostatic energy of an arbitrary
lattice of charges. We should mention that Buhler and Crandall
\citep{BuhCran90} presented a proof for NaCl lattice with unit
charges. Here we generalize their proof to arbitrary lattices. Note
that Wolf, et al. \citep{Wolf99} presented two differrent methods,
namely, damped and undamped methods. Here by Wolf method we mean the
undamped method. In \S 2 we present the proof and in \S 3 we mention
some concluding remarks and future directions.

\section {\textbf{Proof of the Convergence of Wolf's Method}}

We use the contour integral method of \citep{BuhCran90} to prove the
convergence of Wolf's method. Let us first review the required
preliminaries. We consider the following analytic continuation of
(\ref{Ecell})
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Es}
    \!\!\!&{}&\!\!\! E(\mathbf{Q},s)  \nonumber \\
    \!\!&{}&\!\! =\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3}
    \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)
    \right]^{-s/2} \nonumber \\
    \!\!&{}&\!\! =\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p}_{ij}).
\end{eqnarray}
Note that
$E(\mathbf{Q},1)=\mathcal{E}_{\text{Ewald}}=\mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}$.
Let $\Psi(x)$ denote the function
\begin{equation}\
    \Psi(x)= \left\{ %
\begin{array}{c}
  0~~~~~~~x<1, \\
  \frac{1}{2} ~~~~~~~x=1,\\
  1~~~~~~~x>1. \\
\end{array}%
\right.\label{H}
\end{equation}
Then, for $R \in \mathbb{R}^{+}$, where $\mathbb{R}^{+}$ is the set
of the positive real numbers, define the spherically truncated
(finite) sum
\begin{eqnarray}\label{ERs}
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\! E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},s) = \nonumber \\
     \!\! &{}& \!\! \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in
      \mathbb{Z}^3} \Bigg \{
     \Psi\left(\frac{R}{\left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)
    \right]^{1/2}}\right) \nonumber \\
     \!\! &{}& \!\! \times
      \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}
     \left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right) \right]^{-s/2}  \Bigg \}.
\end{eqnarray}
Note that $E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},s)$ roughly denotes the direct sum of
(\ref{Ecell}) over spheres centered at charges in the unit cell
located at the origin with radius $R$. From (\ref{H}) one can see
that if
\begin{equation}
    R=\mathcal{R}(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{p}_{ij}):=\left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij}
\right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij}
\right) \right]^{1/2},
\end{equation}
for some values of $i$, $j$ and $\mathbf{n}$, then the charges
located on the surface of the sphere would have the additional
weight of $1/2$. But this would be irrelevant in our analysis
because as we will see in the sequel, we are interested in the
behavior of a continues function of $R$ as $R\rightarrow\infty$.
This can be expressed in term of $E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},s)$ if $R$ does
not take the discrete values
$\mathcal{R}(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{p}_{ij})$ for $\mathbf{n} \in
\mathbb{Z}^3$ and $i,j=1,\ldots,N$, and so we can exclude those
values.

In the Wolf method one considers spheres with radii $R$ centered at
each charge of the unit cell at the origin and puts a mirror charge
on the surface of the sphere for each charge inside the sphere
including center charges. Then energy of the unit cell,
$\mathcal{E}_{\text{Wolf}}$, is calculated using only charges
located on and inside these spheres. This can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{Ewolf1}
    \mathcal{E}_{\text{Wolf}}= \lim_{R\rightarrow\infty} \left[ E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},1)-\frac{1}{R}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)-\frac{1}{R}\sum_{i=1}^{N}q_{i}^{2}\right].
\end{equation}
But for a lattice with $N$ charges in its unit cell, the term
$\sum_{i=1}^{N}q_{i}^{2}$ is bounded, and thus we have
\begin{equation}\label{Ewolf2}
    \mathcal{E}_{\text{Wolf}}= \lim_{R\rightarrow\infty} \left[ E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},1)-\frac{1}{R}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)\right].
\end{equation}
For $c \in \mathbb{R}^{+}$, Perron's formula states that
\citep{Ti86}
\begin{equation}\label{Perron}
    \frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c+\mathbbm{i}\infty}\frac{R^s}{s}ds=\Psi(R).
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7,angle=0]{fig1}
\end{center}
\vspace*{-0.2in}\caption{\footnotesize The contour $\alpha_{c,T}$ in
the complex s-plane.} \label{fig1}
\end{figure}
Finally, for any $c,T\in \mathbb{R}^{+}$ with $c>3$ let
$\alpha_{c,T}$ be the contour in the complex s-plane depicted in
Fig. \ref{fig1}. Also let
$\mathcal{S}_{T}=\left\{s\in\mathbb{C}|~0<\mathfrak{Re}(s)<3
~\textrm{and}~|\mathfrak{Im}(s)|<T\right\}$. Then, the following
lemma holds.

\vskip 0.1 in \textbf{Lemma.} \textit{Let $\epsilon \in
\mathbb{R}^{+}$. Then there exist $c,T\in \mathbb{R}^{+}$ with
$c>3$, such that for any $w \in \mathcal{S}_{T}$ the following
relation holds as $R\rightarrow\infty$:
\begin{equation}\label{lemma}
    I_{\alpha}=\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{\alpha_{c,T}}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds=O(R^{\epsilon}).
\end{equation}
}\vskip 0.1 in \textbf{Proof:} Let $s=\sigma+\mathbbm{i}t$ and
$I_{\alpha}=\sum_{i=1}^{5}I_i$, where
\begin{eqnarray}
&& I_{1}=\frac{1}{2\pi
\mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c-\mathbbm{i}T}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds,\nonumber \\
&& I_{2}=\frac{1}{2\pi
    \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}T}^{3-c-\mathbbm{i}T}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds,
    \nonumber \\
    && I_{3}=\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{3-c-\mathbbm{i}T}^{3-c+\mathbbm{i}T}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds,\nonumber \\
    && I_{4}=\frac{1}{2\pi
    \mathbbm{i}}\int_{3-c+\mathbbm{i}T}^{c+\mathbbm{i}T}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds,
    \nonumber \\
    && I_{5}=\frac{1}{2\pi
    \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c+\mathbbm{i}T}^{c+\mathbbm{i}\infty}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds.
\end{eqnarray}
We are going to show that all of the above integrals are bounded.
For $I_1$ and $I_5$ we have $|Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})| =
|Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(c,\mathbf{p})|$, $|R^{s}| = R^c$ and
$[s(s-w)]^{-1}=O(t^{-2})$. Thus, these integrals are
$O(R^{c}T^{-1})$.

Using the standard methods of analytic number theory and the
Phragm\'{e}n-Lindel\"{o}f theorem \citep{Ivic85,Ti86}, we find that
$|Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})|=O(t^{c-3/2})$ for $3-c<\sigma<c$,
and hence $I_2$ and $I_4$ are $O(R^{c}T^{c-7/2})$. If $3<c<7/2$ and
$T=R^{7/(7-2c)}$, we can conclude that $I_1, I_2, I_4$ and $I_5$
are $O(R^\epsilon)$ for any $\epsilon>0$.

Next, note that \citep{El98}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Zzeta}
    Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})&=&\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3}
    \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p} \right)
    \right]^{-s/2} \nonumber \\
    &=&
    \sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in
    \mathbb{Z}^3}|\mathbf{A}\mathbf{n}-\mathbf{d}|^{-s}=:\zeta_{\mathbf{A}}(s,\mathbf{d}),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathbf{A}$ is a matrix with nonzero determinant. Define
\begin{equation}\label{Lam}
    \Lambda_{\mathbf{A}}(s,\mathbf{d})=\sqrt{\mathrm{det}\mathbf{A}}~\pi^{-s/2}~\Gamma\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)\zeta_{\mathbf{A}}(s,\mathbf{d}).
\end{equation}
Then, we have the following functional equation \citep{CranBuh87}
\begin{equation}\label{Lam2}
    \Lambda_{\mathbf{A}}(s,\mathbf{d})=e^{\pi |\mathbf{d}|^{2}
    \mathbbm{i}}\Lambda_{\mathbf{B}}(3-s,\mathbf{0}),
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{A}^{-\textsf{T}}$ with $-\textsf{T}$
denoting the inverse transpose. Substituting (\ref{Lam}) into
(\ref{Lam2}) yields
\begin{eqnarray}\label{zeta2}
    \zeta_{\mathbf{A}}(s,\mathbf{d})=\frac{e^{\pi |\mathbf{d}|^{2}
    \mathbbm{i}}~\pi^{s-3/2}~\Gamma\left[ \frac{1}{2}(3-s) \right]}{\mathrm{det}\mathbf{A}~\Gamma\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)}~\zeta_{\mathbf{B}}(3-s,\mathbf{0
    }).\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Now we replace $s$ by $3-s$ in $I_{3}$ and use (\ref{Zzeta}) and
(\ref{zeta2}) to write the integral over the upper half segment as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{I3t}
\!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!\frac{1}{2\pi
\mathbbm{i}}\int_{3-c}^{3-c+\mathbbm{i}T}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds=\nonumber
\\ \!\!\!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!\!\! \frac{1}{2\pi
\mathbbm{i}}\int_{c}^{c+\mathbbm{i}T}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(3-s,\mathbf{p})R^{3-s}}{(s-3)(s+w-3)}ds=
\nonumber \\ \!\!\!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!\!\! \frac{1}{2\pi
\mathbbm{i}}\int_{c}^{c+\mathbbm{i}T}\frac{\zeta_{\mathbf{A}}(3-s,\mathbf{d})R^{3-s}}{(s-3)(s+w-3)}ds=
\nonumber \\ \!\!\!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!\!\! \frac{ e^{\pi
|\mathbf{d}|^{2}\mathbbm{i}}~ \pi^{1/2}  }
{2(\mathrm{det}\mathbf{A})\mathbbm{i}}\int_{c}^{c+\mathbbm{i}T}
 \frac{\pi^{-s}~\Gamma\left(\frac{s}{2}\right) \zeta_{\mathbf{B}}(s,\mathbf{0}) R^{3-s}~ ds} {\Gamma\left[ \frac{1}{2}(3-s) \right]
 (s-3)(s+w-3)}=
 \nonumber \\ \!\!\!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!\!\! \frac{ e^{\pi |\mathbf{d}|^{2}\mathbbm{i}}~ \pi^{1/2}  }
{2(\mathrm{det}\mathbf{A})\mathbbm{i}} \sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n}
\in
    \mathbb{Z}^3}  \int_{c}^{c+\mathbbm{i}T}
 \frac{\pi^{-s}~\Gamma\left(\frac{s}{2}\right) |\mathbf{A}\mathbf{n}|^{-s} R^{3-s}~ds } {\Gamma\left[ \frac{1}{2}(3-s) \right]
 (s-3)(s+w-3)},\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
where in the last step, since $c>3$, we use the fact that
$\zeta_{\mathbf{B}}(s,\mathbf{0})$ is uniformly and absolutely
convergent over the integration path. Stirling's formula states that
for any fixed strip $\alpha\leq\sigma\leq\beta$, as
$t\rightarrow\infty$ \citep{Ti86}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Stirling}
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\! \log\left[ \Gamma(\sigma+\mathbbm{i}t)\right]=\nonumber \\
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!
    \left(\sigma+\mathbbm{i}t-\frac{1}{2}\right)\log(\mathbbm{i}t)-\mathbbm{i}t+\frac{1}{2}\log(2\pi)+O(t^{-1}). \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Using (\ref{Stirling}), we conclude that to bound (\ref{I3t}) one
needs to bound
\begin{equation}\label{intg}
    R^{3-c}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in
    \mathbb{Z}^3}|\mathbf{A}\mathbf{n}|^{-c}\int_{t_0}^{T}t^{c-7/2} e^{\mathbbm{i}\left[t\log(t)-t-t\log(\pi R|\mathbf{A}\mathbf{n}|)
    \right]}ds,
\end{equation}
where $t_{0} >0$ is an arbitrary constant. But using the method of
stationary phase \citep{Murr84}, it can be shown that this integral
is $O(\log R)$ \citep{BuhCran90} and so $I_3$ is $O(R^\epsilon)$ for
$\epsilon>0$. To summarize, we have proved that $I_{1},\ldots,I_{5}$
are $O(R^\epsilon)$ for $\epsilon>0$ and hence (\ref{lemma}) holds.
$~~~~~\square$

Now we state the main result of this paper.

\vskip 0.1 in \textbf{Theorem.} \textit{There exists $T\in
\mathbb{R}^{+}$ such that if $s \in \mathcal{S}_{T}$ then
\begin{equation}\label{Es_theorem}
    E(\mathbf{Q},s)= \lim_{R\rightarrow\infty} \left[ E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},s)-\frac{1}{R^s}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)\right].
\end{equation}
In particular, setting $s=1$ yields
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Es_theorem2}
    \mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}&=&E(\mathbf{Q},1)= \lim_{R\rightarrow\infty} \left[ E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},1)-\frac{1}{R}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)\right]\nonumber\\
    &=&\mathcal{E}_{\text{Wolf}}.
\end{eqnarray}
}\vskip 0.1 in \textbf{Proof:} Choose $c,T\in \mathbb{R}^{+}$ in
accordance with the previous lemma and let $w \in \mathcal{S}_{T}$.
Consider the integral
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intFws1}
    I&=&\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c+\mathbbm{i}\infty}\frac{E(\mathbf{Q},s)R^{s}}{s-w}ds\nonumber\\
    &=&\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}
    \int_{c-\mathfrak{Re}(w)-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c-\mathfrak{Re}(w)+\mathbbm{i}\infty}
    \frac{E(\mathbf{Q},s+w)R^{s+w}}{s}ds.
\end{eqnarray}
Note that since $c>3$, the contour of the integral is in the region
of the uniform and absolute convergence of (\ref{Ecell}). Also
$c-\mathfrak{Re}(w)>0$, and hence using (\ref{Perron}) one can write
(\ref{intFws1}) as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intFws2}
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!I=\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathfrak{Re}(w)-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c-\mathfrak{Re}(w)+\mathbbm{i}\infty}
     \Bigg\{ \frac{R^{s+w}}{s} \times \nonumber\\
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!  \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3}
    \left[ \frac{1}{2} \left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)
    \right]^{-(s+w)/2} \Bigg \}ds \nonumber\\
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\! = \frac{R^w}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3}
    \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right) \right]^{-w/2}\times \nonumber\\
      \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathfrak{Re}(w)-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c-\mathfrak{Re}(w)+\mathbbm{i}\infty}
    \left( \frac{R}{\left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right) \right]^{1/2}} \right)^{s}
    \frac{ds}{s} \nonumber\\
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\! = \frac{R^w}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3}
    \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right) \right]^{-w/2} \times \nonumber\\
     \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\! \Psi\left(\frac{R}{\left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right) \right]^{1/2}}\right)  \nonumber\\
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!  =R^{w}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},w).
\end{eqnarray}
Let
\begin{equation}\label{Fws}
    F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)=\frac{E(\mathbf{Q},s)R^s}{s\left(s-w\right)}.
\end{equation}
Then, we use (\ref{intFws2}) to write
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intFws3}
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\!\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c+\mathbbm{i}\infty}
    F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds \nonumber\\
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\! =\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c+\mathbbm{i}\infty}
    \left[ \frac{E(\mathbf{Q},s)R^s}{w} \left( \frac{1}{s-w}-\frac{1}{s} \right)
    \right]ds \nonumber\\
    \!\!\! &{}& \!\!\! =\frac{1}{w}\left[ R^{w}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},w)-E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)\right],
\end{eqnarray}
or equivalently
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intFws4}
    &{}&\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c+\mathbbm{i}\infty}
    F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds  \nonumber\\
    &{}&~~~= \frac{R^w}{w}\left[
    E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},w)-\frac{1}{R^w}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)\right].
\end{eqnarray}
Next we choose the contour $\alpha_{c,T}$ as in Fig.\ref{fig1}. Let
$\beta$ denote the rectangle with vertices $S_1,S_2,S_3$ and $S_4$
(see Fig.\ref{fig1}). We have
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intFws5}
    &{}& \frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{c-\mathbbm{i}\infty}^{c+\mathbbm{i}\infty}
    F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds - \frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{\alpha_{c,T}}F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds \nonumber\\
    &{}& =\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{\beta}F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds.
\end{eqnarray}
One can use Cauchy's Residue Theorem to calculate the right side of
(\ref{intFws5}). Refereing to (\ref{Fws}), it is evident that
$F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)$ has simple poles at $s=0$ and $s=w$ and may
have a simple pole at $s=3$. Since $E(\mathbf{Q},s)$ is analytic at
$s=0$ and $s=w$, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
    \label{ResF0wi} \underset{s=0}{\mathrm{Res}}~F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)&=& -w^{-1}E(\mathbf{Q},0), \\
    \label{ResF0wii} \underset{s=w}{\mathrm{Res}}~F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)&=& w^{-1}R^{w}E(\mathbf{Q},w).
\end{eqnarray}
To calculate the residue at $s=3$ we use (\ref{Fws}) and
(\ref{ResZ_s3}) to write
\begin{eqnarray}\label{ResF3}
    \underset{s=3}{\mathrm{Res}}~F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)&=& \frac{R^3}{3(3-w)}~\underset{s=3}{\mathrm{Res}}~E(\mathbf{Q},s)
    \nonumber \\
    &=& \frac{R^3}{6(3-w)}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\left[ \underset{s=3}{\mathrm{Res}}~Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p}_{ij})
    \right] \nonumber \\
    &=&
    \frac{2^{3/2}\pi
    R^3}{3(3-w)\sqrt{\mathrm{det}\mathbf{Q}}}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j} \nonumber \\
    &=&
    \frac{2^{3/2}\pi
    R^3}{3(3-w)\sqrt{\mathrm{det}\mathbf{Q}}}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{N}q_{i}\right)^2=0,
\end{eqnarray}
where we used the charge neutrality condition for the unit cell in
the last step. Thus, we have shown that although
$Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p})$ has a simple pole at $s=3$, charge
neutrality implies that residue of $F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)$ at $s=3$
vanishes. Therefore, using Cauchy's Residue Theorem and equations
(\ref{ResF0wi}), (\ref{ResF0wii}), and (\ref{ResF3}) we conclude that
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intbeta}
    \frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{\beta}F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds =
    -w^{-1}E(\mathbf{Q},0)+w^{-1}R^{w}E(\mathbf{Q},w). \nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
Substituting (\ref{intFws4}) and (\ref{intbeta}) into
(\ref{intFws5}) results in
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intalpha}
    &{}&\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{\alpha_{c,T}}F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds \nonumber\\
    &{}& ~~=\frac{R^w}{w}\left[
    E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},w)-\frac{1}{R^w}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)\right]+w^{-1}E(\mathbf{Q},0)\nonumber\\
    &{}&~~~~~-w^{-1}R^{w}E(\mathbf{Q},w).
\end{eqnarray}
On the other hand, with the aid of (\ref{Es}), (\ref{lemma}), and
(\ref{Fws}) the left side of (\ref{intalpha}) can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intalpha2}
    &{}&\frac{1}{2\pi \mathbbm{i}}\int_{\alpha_{c,T}}F_{w}(\mathbf{Q},s)ds \nonumber\\
    &{}&=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}
    \frac{1}{2\pi
    \mathbbm{i}}\int_{\alpha_{c,T}}\frac{Z_{\mathbf{Q}}(s,\mathbf{p}_{ij})R^s}{s(s-w)}ds=O(R^{\epsilon}),\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
for an arbitrary $\epsilon>0$. Thus, (\ref{intalpha}) becomes
\begin{eqnarray}\label{semiF}
    &{}&E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},w)-\frac{1}{R^w}E_{R}(\mathbf{Q},0)=\nonumber\\ &{}& -\frac{1}{R^w}E(\mathbf{Q},0)+E(\mathbf{Q},w)+R^{-w}O(R^{\epsilon}).
\end{eqnarray}
Since $\mathfrak{Re}(w)>0$, upon taking the limit of (\ref{semiF})
as $R\rightarrow\infty$ and replacing $w$ with $s$, we obtain
(\ref{Es_theorem}). This completes the proof. $~~~~~\square$

\vskip 0.4 in
\section {\textbf{Concluding Remarks}}

A rigorous proof for the Wolf method is given in this paper.
However, there are still some open questions. As we mentioned
earlier, we prove that the undamped Wolf method converges to the
Ewald sum. But usually the undamped method converges very slowly and
this makes it unfavorable in practice. To resolve this issue, Wolf,
et al. \citep{Wolf99} modified their method and introduced the
damped method. The electrostatic energy computed via damped method,
$\mathcal{E}^{D}_{\text{Wolf}}$, is
\begin{equation}\label{DWM}
    \mathcal{E}^{D}_{\text{Wolf}}=\lim_{R\rightarrow\infty}E_{R}^{D}(\mathbf{Q},1),
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}\label{EDR}
    &{}&E^{D}_{R}(\mathbf{Q},s)=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}
      \sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3,\mathcal{R}(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{p}_{ij})\leq  R}
    \Bigg\{\nonumber \\ \!\!\!&{}&\!\!\! \frac{ \mathrm{erfc}\left(\alpha \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)
    \right]^{1/2}\right) }
     {\left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)
    \right]^{s/2}} -\frac{\mathrm{erfc}(\alpha R)} {R} \Bigg\}
    \nonumber \\
    \!\!\!&{}&\!\!\! - \left( \frac{\mathrm{erfc}(\alpha R)}{2R} + \frac{\alpha}{\sqrt{\pi}} \right)
    \sum_{i=1}^{N}q_{i}^{2},
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{equation}
    \mathrm{erfc}(x) = 1-\mathrm{erf}(x),~~\mathrm{erf}(x) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}} \int_{0}^{x}e^{-t^2}dt.
\end{equation}
Since $\underset{x\rightarrow\infty}{\lim}\mathrm{erfc}(x)=0$, using
(\ref{Es_theorem2}) we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}\label{EWolff}
    \!\!\!&{}&\!\!\! \mathcal{E}^{D}_{\text{Wolf}}-\mathcal{E}_{\text{cell}}= -\lim_{R\rightarrow\infty} \Bigg\{
    \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}q_{i}q_{j}\sideset{}{'}\sum_{\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^3,\mathcal{R}(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{p}_{ij})\leq  R}
    \Bigg[ \nonumber \\
     \!\!&{}&\!\! \frac{ \mathrm{erf}\left(\alpha \left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)
    \right]^{1/2}\right) }
     {\left[ \frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)^{\textsf{T}}\mathbf{Q}\left( \mathbf{n}+\mathbf{p}_{ij} \right)
    \right]^{1/2}} -\frac{\mathrm{erf}(\alpha R)} {R} \Bigg]
    \Bigg\}
    \nonumber \\ \!\!&{}&\!\! -
    \frac{\alpha}{\sqrt{\pi}}\sum_{i=1}^{N}q_{i}^{2}.
\end{eqnarray}
Although damped method converges fast, it converges to values that
depend on the damping parameter and crystal structure
\citep{Wolf99,YaOrBh2006a}. This means that the right side of
(\ref{EWolff}) converges to values that depend on $\alpha$. Thus, it
does not seem that one can prove a theorem counterpart to one
presented here for the undamped method. But one may find an
interval(s) for the values of the damping parameter to control the
error of the damped method. Also it is interesting to note that the
variation of the calculated energy versus the radius of the charge
natural sphere depends on the crystal structure: it may have an
oscillatory behavior as for NaCl crystal \cite{Wolf99} or
non-oscillatory behavior as for PbTiO$_3$ crystal
\cite{YaOrBh2006a}.

We saw that the charge neutralization idea works for spherical
expanding domains. One may want to see if this idea would work for
other (convex) domains as well. Answer to this question can help to
justify the use of the Wolf method for other geometries like free
surfaces, slabs and regions near crystal defects. Besides
calculating energy, Wolf, et al. \citep{Wolf99} proposed a method
for obtaining forces exerted on charges again without a rigorous
proof. As force is a vector quantity, there is an ambiguity on how
one should project mirror charges on the surface of the sphere.
Since energy only depends on the distance between charges such
ambiguity does not arise in the calculation of energy. Providing
rigorous proofs for the above questions will be the subject of
future work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
M.D. Medicine Doctor...
M.D. Medicine Doctor fined for calling himself a Cardiologist
Written by Rohit Published On 2016-03-23T12:00:37+05:30 | Updated On 23 March 2016 6:30 AM GMT
Can a M.D. Medicine Doctor practise as a Cardiologist ?In the case of Goyal Hospital & Research Centre Pvt. Ltd., Jodhpur & ors, V/s. Kishan Shukla (R.P. No.4023/2011), the National Commission was dealing with the aforesaid question and the answer was in negative. A doctor must have valid and recognised specialised qualification.Facts :Allegations :1) The deceased wife of the...
Can a M.D. Medicine Doctor practise as a Cardiologist ?
In the case of Goyal Hospital & Research Centre Pvt. Ltd., Jodhpur & ors, V/s. Kishan Shukla (R.P. No.4023/2011), the National Commission was dealing with the aforesaid question and the answer was in negative. A doctor must have valid and recognised specialised qualification.
Facts :
Allegations :
1) The deceased wife of the Complainant No.2 was diagnosed as valvular disease of the heart and was further directed to take treatment of a Cardiologist. Dr. Goyal, who claimed himself a Cardiologist, conducted tests pertaining to heart problems on the patient and diagnosed her as Mitral Stenosis with Mitral Regurgitation (MS with MR) and started treatment. In the meantime of her treatment, she became pregnant. As there was no improvement in her health, she was further referred to another Cardiologist, who advised urgent hospitalization and further undergo delivery operation at the earliest, as it was her 8th month of pregnancy. She delivered a baby boy, but her condition deteriorated and she was shifted to ICU, where she she was declared as dead in next morning, but no relative was allowed to see her.
Defense :
1) Dr. Goyal never denied the fact that "Consultant Physician and Cardiologist" has been printed on his prescription. Nevertheless he gave best possible treatment to the deceased. Gynecologist and Anesthesiologist also claimed that they performed their duties well.
1. The National commission relied upon the observations of The State Commission which after perusing entire record and evidence rejected the appeal of the petitioners and observed that Dr. Goyal was not a Cardiologists and it was the duty of Goyal Hospital to make available Cardiologist at the time of operation of patient suffering from such serious ailment. After the delivery option, not allowing relatives to go inside and meet also create doubts.
2. Dr. R. K. Vyas also admitted that Dr. Goyal was not a cardiologist and a simple M.D., cannot claim of being cardiologist i.e. Specialist in Heart Disease. As per IMC Regulations, 2002 Clause-B Sub-clause 1.1.3,. " No person other than a doctor having qualification recognized by Medical Council of India and registered with Medical Council Of India/State Medical Council(s) is allowed to practice Modern System of Medicine or Surgery. Even otherwise, undergoing several trainings, attending workshops in Cardiology did not confer qualification of cardiologist. Hence it is not recognized by MCI or Rajasthan State Medical Council.
3. The Commission further relied upon the land mark judgment of Hon'ble Supreme Court in Jacob Mathew V State of Punjab & Anr, (2005) 6 SSC 1= III (2005) CPJ 9 (SC) where in it had concluded that,
" a professional may be held liable on one of two findings : either he was not possessed of requisite skill which he professed to have possessed, or, he did not exercise reasonable competence in given case, the skill which he did possess."
It was risky that a doctor who is not qualified and competent to do so which amount to therapeutic misadventure
4. Thus the Commission not only directed to pay the petitioners a sum of Rs.6,82,000,, but also saddled punitive cost of Rs.1,00,000/-.
So beware of what you have and what you pretend to have. Nowadays specialisation in Medical field is enhancing rapidly. Jokingly it is said that there will be separate Doctors for treatment of Left eye and Right eye. SO, Honesty is the Best policy, isn't it ?
You can get a copy of the judgement by clicking on the link below:-
http://164.100.72.12/…/judgem…/00130508153736415RP402311.htm
cardiologist Goyal Hospital & Research Centre Medical Negligence National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commision NCDRC


Press Release (ePRNews.com) - LOS ANGELES - Jan 03, 2019 - "Bali: Beats of Paradise" from Sun and Moon Films is in Oscar contention for the 2019 Academy Awards. It's competing with films such as "Bohemian Rhapsody" and "Avengers: Infinity War" for the Best Picture category.
"Bali: Beats of Paradise" is directed by Livi Zheng and executive-produced by Julia Gouw (ranked among the "25 Most Powerful Women in Banking" five times by American Banker Magazine) and His Excellency Ambassador Umar Hadi (Indonesian Ambassador to Korea).
"Bali: Beats of Paradise" had its world premiere on Nov. 7, 2018, at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Samuel Goldwyn Theatre, Beverly Hills. The film opened theatrically in the U.S. starting Nov. 16, 2018.
As a film bringing together a stunning encounter with sights and sounds, "Bali: Beats of Paradise" is meant to take viewers on a musical journey like they have never experienced before.
To make a press inquiry, please contact info@sunandmoonfilms.com.
Space Elevator Second Album on Pledgemusic!!


As site administrator you have an additional navigation item, Site administration. When you click on it, your navigation changes completely to give you quick access to all the areas for the administration of Mahara.
You see all administrative items on the main page of the site administration.
After you have installed Mahara, you may see a number of warnings when you go to the Site administration. They should all be resolved to ensure that your site is secure and has all the necessary settings.
Noreply email address: If the system email address is empty or a malformed email address, you are asked to check and correct it in the system mail address setting <email_settings> .
You can choose to register your Mahara site with mahara.org, and help us to compile a picture of the Mahara installations around the world and to get a picture by how many people Mahara is used.
The cron job is very important in Mahara as a number of vital tasks are only performed when it is running. You can find more information of how to set it up in the wiki.
You can view some statistics about your Mahara site that give you an indication of how your site is used.


Find great deals on eBay for raw diamonds. Shop with confidence.
The Diamond Manufacturing Process: For hundreds of years the Diamond has fascinated man for its alluring sparkle and physical hardness exceeding all other gems. Formed about 3 billion years ago beneth the the Earth's crust by extreme heat, it may be the oldest item you will ever own.
Crystals with natural sparkle making them perfect for use in jewlery without faceting Below is a gallery of my natural diamond crystals for use in jewelry . These uncut rough diamonds are crystals with natural sparkle making them perfect for use in jewlery without faceting.
Cubic zirconia (CZ), a replacement for diamond, falls into this category and was first used for the production of jewelry stones in 1976. On the hardness scale for stones, the genuine diamond is a 10 compared to a hardness ranging from 8.5-9 for CZ.
As you can understand, some raw diamonds are better suited for a round brilliant cut diamond while others would best be used for a longer diamond shape, like an oval shaped diamond, a pear shaped diamond or a marquise shaped diamond. Even before the cutting process begins this is a crucial decision to be made.
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Every one of us is a potential diamond in the rough. Embedded within each person are diamond-like qualities waiting to be mined bringing joy to our Maker, others, and ourselves. Are we willing to endure the pressure, the cutting, and the polishing of the Master Jeweler to bring out the diamond within us?
How Are Uncut Diamonds Measured and Valued?
Uncut diamonds are also referred to as rough diamonds (or raw diamonds). 18K gold ring with an uncut diamond Usually, after they are mined, those uncut diamonds whose quality is high enough to make them suitable for jewelry are sent to be cut by jewelry professionals.
Rough Diamond Prices List. We offer lists which give the price of rough diamonds per carat according to various criteria, such as: the crystalline shape, the rough weight, the color and the clarity. It is possible to to subscribe at these price lists. Over 20,000 prices are published. The prices showing on this list below are not real prices.
The Diamond Making Process All diamonds are basically carbon, which has been molten and compressed deep in the earth and formed over Millions of years. Just as in nature - our celebration diamonds are made emulating almost exactly those conditions.
Diamond can be deposited on various materials like diamond, silicon, tungsten, molybdenum, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, quartz glass, cemented carbide etc. The main requirements are: the material must be able to withstand high temperatures, it must not be attacked by the activated process gas and it must not dissolve carbon.
Using other structures of carbon as raw material – in the form of tiny "nano tubes", for instance – might even make a new type of super-strong diamond, tougher than any other known material.
The Kimberley Process was devised by the major diamond producing nations to protect the integrity of their production and prevent blood diamonds from entering into the legitimate diamond market. The process has been an overwhelming success and diamond smuggling has been drastically reduced from conflict countries.
In general, diamonds sold in jewelry stores have been cut to make them faceted and give them a certain shape, and then they have also been polished. Rough diamonds, on the other hand, are uncut and unpolished, and they have not been altered in any way after they were mined.
Our Signature Diamond Cut. The Hearts On Fire cut is a beautiful blend of art and science. Our seasoned, expert diamond cutters use an in-house formula and the best technology in the industry to cut our diamonds to perfection, every single time.
How Are Diamonds Mined From the Earth. ... As it turns out, mining for diamonds is one of the most resource-heavy and time-consuming process that companies have to invest their efforts in. ... In order to make mining efficient and effective, the raw rock and soil are typically not examined on-site.
This inclusion will be ground out during the preforming process. This picture highlights the preforming process. Here I am grinding a basic shape into the stone on a 260 grit diamond cutting lap on high speed. Water is placed on the lap to make the cutting process more efficient and cool the gemstone. Another photo demonstrating preforming.
Glass Manufacturing Process The glass – float glass as we know - is manufactured by the PPG process. This process was invented by Sir Alistair Pilkington in 1952 and is the most popular and widely used process in manufacturing architectural glass in the world today.


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Who's in the Video
Daniel Altman
Daniel Altman is Big Think's Chief Economist and an adjunct faculty member at New York University's Stern School of Business. Daniel wrote economic commentary for The Economist, The New York[…]
Taking Stock of My Predictions
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I made predictions for what the global economy would look like in the very long term, maybe 10, 20, 40 years down the road. We are seeing some of these changes start to take place already and it's fascinating.
Two years ago I published a book called Outrageous Fortunes: The Twelve Surprising Trends That Will Reshape the Global Economy. And I made predictions for what the global economy would look like in the very long term, maybe 10, 20, 40 years down the road. What would the big changes be? Now it's only been a couple years, though I actually finished writing it back in 2009 but still, we are seeing some of these changes start to take place already and it's fascinating.
For example, I predicted that the World Trade Organization would no longer be the setting for global trade talks. And in fact that it would be possible to get countries to negotiate in blocks on their own and eventually push each other into global trade negotiations. That's what's happening. There was a story in the Washington Post that talked about how President Obama is trying to block up countries in the Americas and Asia to make a big trade deal. And then also negotiate with Europe and it's trading partners at the same time.
We might be able to bring these countries together in some sort of global deal with a leader follower dynamic that pulls each one along every step of the way. This is really exciting and it could create a lot of gains for economic growth around the world. Another prediction I made was that the European Union would no longer exist as an economic entity in the way it has to date. And we're starting to see the beginnings of this. First of all we saw Greece potentially leaving the Euro. Now we're having problems with other countries in the Euro area, perhaps Cyprus now. But the U.K. is actually the one that maybe closest to pulling out of it's economic bonds with Europe or the European Union altogether.
And I said the reason for this was that in the long-term the risks and opportunities faced by these countries are actually very different. And it would make sense for them to split into two or three or even four different sectors. But what we're seeing now is some of those tensions are already starting to bite. And the farsighted policy makers are wondering whether they can really be part of a union that only moves at one speed. Now I've still said some things in the book that are a little controversial. For example I said that a new generation of lifestyle hubs would either supplant or even add to the economic hubs that we have now, they would just be places where people wanted to live and they could take their jobs with them and form new communities there. Places where the weather was good, the cost of living wasn't so high and there were great amenities that they all enjoyed. We're starting to see expats moved to more places in the world. We're seeing expat communities pop up in places like Buenos Aires, in Hong Kong and there's been one for a long time but perhaps new ones in places like Bahrain.
It hasn't completely happened yet because we don't see a big hub that has its own economic gravity. But I think that if you give me time, another 10 or 20, maybe even 40 years, we'll get there. And I'll be updating you on some of my other predictions as we go along.
Directed/Produced by
Jonathan Fowler & Elizabeth Rodd
The Power to Predict, and Influence, the Future
Eric Siegel


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Q: what is benefit of creating two object using new operator in string what is benefit of creating two object using new operator in string. Why two objects are created and what is their importance .
String s=new String("abc");

//creates two object

//why 2 object creation is required.

A: If you perform the following test:
String a = "foo";
String b = new String(a);
System.out.println(a == b);//returns false

So it means a and b are not the same object (this is probably mandatory because the new operator is used).
This can be useful if you would use the == to check if you are talking about the same string (thus not an equivalent string).
There is in this case however little use to do so, especially because String objects are immutable, as you can read in the manual:

Initializes a newly created String object so that it represents the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an explicit copy of original is needed, use of this constructor is unnecessary since Strings are immutable.

The only situation where it can be useful I think, if you would attach some kind of "message" aspect to the String, where a messageboard only accepts different object Strings. If you in that case want to insert the same message twice, you will need to make a copy of the String.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As soon as I realised Pandora's kitchen served a cooked breakfast I was keen to visit.
The upstairs dining room was beautifully decorated and a nice calm place to enjoy breakfast.
The breakfast menu is served until 11am.
The drinks menu concealed inside a book was a nice touch.
Salt & pepper is on each table and sauces are available upon request.
A fantastic filter coffee and sugar lumps.
The tea was served in a pot with this quaint cup and saucer.
I usually eat my toast with the cooked breakfast but I couldn't resist a couple of slices with some of the quality jam on before it arrived.
Everything on the plate was piping hot and tasted amazing but where was the black pudding.
Delicious chunks of mushroom and an excellent fried egg.
The beans stayed nice and hot in the bowl and the slow roasted tomatoes were packed full of flavour.
Quality lightly smoked bacon and Norfolk recipe sausages with a great texture and delicious flavour.
The delicious chocolate brownie was kindly given to us as the black pudding had been forgotten.
For a few months I noticed a refurbishment taking place at 67 London Street as I passed it on my way into the city, finally it was completed and it had been transformed into Pandora's Kitchen. Somebody contacted me saying they were serving a cooked breakfast so I went along with my wife to investigate..
With a trip to New York a few weeks away I decided to get in to the New York spirit by visiting Pandora's Kitchen for a pastrami sandwich. I had never tried pastrami before and really enjoyed it, the texture and taste was incredibly nice. The gherkins, emmental cheese and mustard mayonnaise went perfectly with the pastrami.
My wife took me to Pandora's Kitchen for a birthday breakfast and I finally got to taste the black pudding. Excellent quality with nice texture and lovely flavour, as before everything on the plate was cooked to perfection and piping hot.
My wife chose the vegetarian breakfast, I tried some of the Welsh rarebit topped flat mushrooms, really flavoursome and delicious!
A new summer menu has been launched containing 'The Fry Up Inspector' breakfast!
Find out more about this amazing breakfast here.
I was spending much of October revisiting places in the recommended section and couldn't wait to return to Pandora's Kitchen! The Coffee here is incredibly good, this was one of the nicest cappuccino's I'd had in a long time.
No trip to Pandora's Kitchen is complete without trying the "Fry Up Inspector" breakfast. This one was an easy 10/10, it looked and tasted amazing! As always the service was excellent, really friendly and welcoming, a top job Pandora's Kitchen!!
Im from Canada, and this restaurant makes me want to go to Norwich. I would be interested in what the Fry Up Inspector thinks of Tim Hortons, which is the largest coffee chain in Canada. They serve breakfast. But definitely not like anything the Fry Up Inspector has seen.
Oh man, looking through your blog I now really want a fry-up. A trip to Pandoras on the bank holiday Monday may be on the cards.
I've been several times but not noticed they do a fry up (I usually go lunchtime/early afternoon for cake and a coffe, or a sandwich). I've always had a good experience there.
I've just come across your blog - Excellent! I am local to Norwich and often wonder where I can get a good breakfast. Thanks so much for blogging about my favourite meal of the day. I am really looking forward to trying out Pandora's Kitchen!
Had the veggie option of the breakfast this very day and my companion had the full Inspector's breakfast. Delicious! Tasty, hot, well-presented and friendly service. More than enough to set anyone up for the whole day. Highly recommended.
Pandora's appeared to be closed up last week..I really hope this is temporary! Always seemed so popular and the food is amazing!


text:
Q: Crossing lines when displaying multilinestring from GeoJSON in Leaflet I'm stuck with something simple. I'm trying to draw a multilinestring from a GeoJSON file in a Leaflet map.
I've taken the GeoJSON data from an application (built with OpenLayers + GeoServer), which is not mine, but the path I want to draw is exactly the same, so those coordinates serve my purpose.
First thing I don't understand is what are all those numbers that appear after longitude and latitude:
{"type":"MultiLineString","coordinates":[[[17.64145777,40.50170982,0],[4.42581744,11.11602236,4519487.27618627],[4.51125612,0,1232693.68416716],[42.92545724,0,0],

If I use the GeoJSON as it is, it shows strange results. See it here: https://codepen.io/Kata3890/pen/gOdmdRq

I tried to get rid of those numbers and use only the long/lat coordinates:
"type":"MultiLineString",
        "coordinates":[
           [
              [
                 17.64145777,
                 40.50170982
              ],
              [
                 17.64256586,
                 40.50200452
              ],

but then again the result is a bunch of crossing lines and gaps in the line when I zoom the map:
See it here: https://codepen.io/Kata3890/pen/yLxMxPJ

What is wrong here?
Edit: image of how the path should look like:

A: I managed to partly resolve the mystery of GeoJSON returned by WFS service. There are still some coordinates missing, but that's probably consequence of some configuration error on GeoServer.
First I called WFS without srsName=epsg:4326 parameter and got the following result:
{
  "type": "FeatureCollection",
  "totalFeatures": 439,
  "features": [
    {
      "type": "Feature",
      "id": "vw_appia_cammino.fid-33ff99b0_186a32cb3fd_222b",
      "geometry": {
        "type": "MultiLineString",
        "coordinates": [
          [
            [
              1232637.59780902,
              4519475.4590854,
              0
            ],
            [
              0,
              1232662.16392913,
              4519487.27618627
            ],
            [
              0,
              0,
              1232693.68416716
            ],
            [
              4519502.58434888,
              0,
              0
            ],
            [
              1232728.41700269,
              4519517.51341278,
              0
            ],
.
.
.
  "crs": {
    "type": "name",
    "properties": {
      "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::32632"
    }
  }
}

There is obviously some error in coordinates returned. It seems like third coordinate is inserted and then coordinates are somehow shifted, and  this cyclically repeats every four coordinates.
If coordinates are cleaned up and converted from EPSG::32632 to EPSG:4326 with proj4.js with this code:
road.features.forEach(function(feature) {
  var coords = feature.geometry.coordinates;
  coords.forEach(function(lineCoords, k) {
    var newLineCoords = [];
    var newCoord;
    for (var i = 0; i < lineCoords.length; i += 4) {
      newCoord = [];
      newCoord[0] = lineCoords[i][0];
      newCoord[1] = lineCoords[i][1];
      newLineCoords.push(newCoord);
      if ((i + 1) == lineCoords.length) break;
      newCoord = [];
      newCoord[0] = lineCoords[i + 1][1];
      newCoord[1] = lineCoords[i + 1][2];
      newLineCoords.push(newCoord);
      if ((i + 3) >= lineCoords.length) break;
      newCoord = [];
      newCoord[0] = lineCoords[i + 2][2];
      newCoord[1] = lineCoords[i + 3][0];
      newLineCoords.push(newCoord);
    }
    coords[k] = newLineCoords;
  });
});

var epsg32632 = new L.Proj.CRS('EPSG:32632','+proj=utm +zone=32 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs');

function coordsToLatLng(coords) {
  var latLng = epsg32632.unproject(L.point(coords[0], coords[1]));
  return latLng;
};

L.geoJson(road, {
   coordsToLatLng: coordsToLatLng,
   style: function (feature) {
       return {
         stroke: true,
         color: "red",
         weight: 5};
   }
}).addTo(map);

then result seems OK, excepts for coordinates missing at the end of sections, which is probably consequence of mentioned coordinate shift:


We added a new online slot!
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The predecessor of Amarone, Recioto is the appellation's signature dessert wine produced using a similar method. Flavors of raisined fruit, particularly cherries, are highly concentrated. Vanilla notes add structure to this powerful, rich red. The tannins are ripe and sweet rounding out the finish. Dried clusters are vinified in stainless steel and aged 18 months in French oak barrels. Unlike its predecessor, Recioto's fermentation is halted, thus allowing it to retain a higher concentration of residual sugar.
Reflecting the house style, the 2010 Recioto della Valpolicella Classico delivers bold fruit aromas and thick, syrupy density. Cherry liqueur and cassis emerge at first, soon to be followed by smoke, tar, cola and ground espresso. Like you find with most Reciotos, there is always that moment of surprise when you sip the wine and you realize how sweet it is. You'd hardly know judging solely by the bouquet. Drink 2014-2020.
Finely balanced and silky, this features a tang of acidity backing the rich flavors of chocolate-covered cherry, fig sauce, date and melted licorice, while subtle accents of ground spice and grilled herb linger on the juicy finish. Drink now through 2020.
This has superintense flavors of spice, bramble and ripe fruit, with biting tannins and tart sweetness. Recioto della Valpolicella dessert wines are not for everyone and need to be paired carefully with dark desserts such as rum cake or chocolate fudge.


text:
Field Leadership
5/6/20 Teleconference for Clients: Brave communications in an unsettled world
How do you keep moving forward (personally, professionally and for, with, and within the community) when the ground underneath you continues to shift? EAC invites our clients to an online conversation - Wednesday, May 6, 2020, 1 - 2 p.m. EST - on how the current pandemic impacts us, our work, and our communities: for one hour. Leading the conversation will be EAC Managing Partner Steve Alley and Stacey Cox, PhD. Stacey and Steve originally met and became friends when she was on the board of the Grant County Community Foundation in Silver City, NM, a board she now chairs. Stacey is a psychologist, coach and consultant who specializes in individual and community trauma and resilience, along with nervous system health, all of which she believes are inextricably linked. A native of New Mexico, Stacey is also a veteran of the non-profit sector, having served as a CEO for over 20 years. For more info on Stacey, click here.
Register to RECEIVE the Private GotoMeeting link
Stacey Cox, PhD
More About the Conversation
The whole world is concerned about their inability to think clearly. This is a symptom of nervous system dysregulation. We should normalize it for people and for our communities. And, as the world "opens up", these are the truths we should be aware of:
We need to realize that we will continue to be re-traumatized as "cells" of Covid19 re-emerge.
It's time to review our core systems, especially non-sensical silo-ed funding systems, which are now clearly exposed, and are, often, in the way of service.
Many people are likely to have at least mild short-term PTSD, and it's more likely in Nonprofits due to the types of people drawn to the work.
Together we are experiencing community trauma. We cannot heal in isolation. Community traumas are healed in community.
Now is the time to build trauma sensitive and trauma informed orgs so we can heal together.
When we are finally able to work in the same place again, we can't pretend everything is the same. Pretending will make the trauma worse. We know traumatized people need a plan and some idea about what to expect - even if it's just for a day.
Please join us as we discuss these critical issues and share suggestions, stories and ideas of how you can become more grounded and aware as we all work to stabilize ourselves, staff, stakeholders, and our community.
Home | About Us | Who We Are | Our Services | Clients | What Our Clients Say | Our Projects
Resources | Contact Us
© Ekstrom Alley Clontz & Associates


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Retail Hedge Fund Regulation Update
July 2002 | Ray Heath
The pace of Hong Kong's race to put hedge funds onto the retail market is slowing. Although a small, but still significant queue has formed to register products, some unexpected potholes have appeared as managers, lawyers and the regulators attempt to reconcile differing requirements. That there would be teething troubles was seen as inevitable, given the pioneering aspect of the Securities and Futures Commission's initiative in opening the way for hedge funds to be offered to the wider public. The SFC was having to set standards that would allow freedom of fund management while ensuring maximum investor protection. No precedent was available, as in other jurisdictions hedge funds remain exempt products, although Singapore has also taken steps to regulate the public offering of the vehicles.
Most market professionals now doubt that any funds will actually be on sale much before the end of the year, instead of by the third quarter as had once been expected. Even so, this would represent rapid progress, as it would mean that hedge funds were on sale to the public within around one year from when the wheels starting to turn. The key to the registration process was the publication in May of the SFC's guidelines, which followed a comprehensive consultation with the industry. New provisions relating to hedge funds were incorporated in Chapter 8.7 of the Hong Kong Code on Unit Trusts and Mutual Funds. The headline issues were the minimum subscription limits on the funds, which was the preferred method of limiting the hedge fund distribution to those with deeper pockets, and, supposedly, greater sophistication in investment matters. Fund of funds products would require a minimum investment of $US10, 000, while the more focussed single strategy funds required US$50,000. The commission also laid down rules on the experience of the managers in their chosen fields, and the minimum size of a fund. This cleared the way for hedge fund managers who wished to target Hong Kong investors to start the process of building and registering suitable products. No-one has been killed in the rush. Only around 15 or so applications have been put forward, according to insiders. Most will be for fund of funds, which are expected to have a wider appeal to the retail market because of their diversity.
"Some managers are attempting to take a short cut by taking an existing fund off the shelf, others are building products specifically for the Hong Kong market", says Rory Gallaher, a partner with law firm Deacons. A crucial issue in presenting a product is the domicile of the manager, who must be in a jurisdiction recognised by the SFC. These include the US, the UK, Dublin and Luxembourg.
Even this is not enough to ensure automatic registration, as the Commission will examine the fund to make sure it complies with its own criteria. Even with traditional funds, the jurisdiction scheme is becoming less and less significant, as the SFC examines all applications, and requires managers to comply with any particular aspect of the code, explains Gallaher. Despite the comprehensive consultation that led to the publication of the code, managers would still like to see the rules modified, or waivers issued as the differences between the SFC's rules and the mechanics of individual funds have emerged. "It's only when people concentrate on a particular product that they want to get authorised that they realise it doesn't quite fit in. There are definitely areas where people want to make changes," says Gallaher. "There is more involved than people thought," confirms James Walker of rival lawyers Clifford Chance. "To some extent mistakenly, people thought they could take an existing product, whether incorporated in the US or the Caymans and try and get it authorised," he adds.The chances of any major changes to the May code is regarded as low by lawyers and other advisors - and the SFC is saying nothing about the process in public. "The SFC is going to apply those rules strictly in the early stages. I can understand that, though it doesn't work for us," comments one fund manager seeking registration.
Structural issues have caused few problems, according to one lawyer, although some fund managers believe the requirement for five year's experience in hedge funds, and a minimum of US$100 million under management will cause problems. There has been some movement on the issue of experience, according to lawyers. The initial requirement that the fund must have two investment executives with five years experience in a fund with the same strategy has been modified. Now only two years out of the five have to have been spent in the same sort of strategy, a concession that recognises that some strategies just don't run for five years in this business. Despite that shift, at least one major fund manager reports difficulty in convincing the commission that his fund - one of the world's biggest unit trust players - actually has five years experience in hedge funds. Down in the finer print, issues taking up registration time include performance fees. Many hedge fund managers are used to taking their fees on a quarterly basis, but the commission insists that the existing rules for standard unit trusts will apply, so they can only be collected annually, even if they are accrued on a more frequent basis. With the majority of products to be launched in Hong Kong expected to be fund of funds, some practitioners complain that some of the rules on the structure of these funds are too onerous.
A minimum of five other funds must form part of the overall fund, but none can be another fund of funds, and both lawyers and fund managers are querying that requirement, when the whole concept of such products is to diversify risk.
A clause which rules that if a manager has a feeder fund, both the fund and the feeder have to be authorised in Hong Kong is also causing some problems. "What is the point in having a feeder," asked one applicant. "Sometimes a fund may not wish to be authorised in Hong Kong, or may be obligated not to by the way in which it was set up." Umbrella funds are also facing a requirement to provide proof that the assets of the fund authorised in Hong Kong are ring-fenced from the assets of all other funds under management. For funds invested in the Cayman Islands this could be a problem, for although the cell company rules have been introduced, which separate the assets of individual funds under the umbrella, existing products will still have to go through the commission's hoops. It's not just this sort of fine print that causes some hassles - the commission is also cracking down on the presentation of registration documents. On June 24, the Investment Products Division issued a letter calling for standardisation of fund authorisation procedures. This set out which documents had to be submitted, including marketing approvals. All documents were to be heavily annotated in the margin with reference to the sections of the code to which they applied. While there is a general recognition that the SFC has been doing its best to break new ground, there is unanimous opinion that the process is going to take much longer than expected. Defenders of the SFC argue that its staff are on a learning curve, and are already heavily committed to the flow of standard products such as guaranteed funds, which continue to flood the market. The consensus now is that first registrations will be completed by August or September, but the real marketing of hedge funds in Hong Kong will not take place until the end of the year.
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text:
Service NSW piloting secure data transfer after email compromise
By Justin Hendry on Feb 4, 2021 6:54AM
But email remains core to data sharing with agencies.
Service NSW has begun piloting a series of secure data transfer applications to end its unhealthy reliance on email for sharing sensitive personal information with other government agencies.
But, for now, email remains a main mechanism of transfer, despite the practice being labelled a key factor in last year's massive email compromise attack in which 736GB of data was exposed.
The data breach, which took place in March 2020, was the result of a malicious phishing campaign that prompted Service NSW employees to enter their credentials into a fake Office 365 login page.
It saw the personal information of around 106,000 customers stolen, though this figure was originally said to be 186,000.
Fronting the parliamentary inquiry into the government's handling of cyber security, CEO Damon Rees said the one-stop shop was in the process of finding a secure alternative for transferring data.
"We have a number of technologies that we're looking at there and piloting at the moment," Rees said on Wednesday.
"We need to be very careful that when we make that change, we make it to a more secure alternative and we get the processes and the human elements right, as well as the technology."
A secure method of transferring personal information between Service NSW and client agencies was a key recommendation in a damning December audit into the agency's data handling practice.
The audit called on Service NSW to take urgent action to address this after concluding that it was "not effectively handling personal customer and business information to ensure its privacy".
Paper forms containing names, dates of birth or phone numbers, as well as scans of physical driver's licences, are some of the typical types of information sent to other agencies using email.
While Service NSW is yet to find a secure alternative for the transfer of information, Rees said that the agency is now automatically deleting emails that are more than two months old.
"One of the actions that we took last year was to remove all email held in the accounts of customer services staff that was over 60 days old," he said.
"That one action on its own reduced the amount of email held in those mailboxes by about 92 percent, and we've got further controls on top of that searching for specific points of information and removing them in a faster timeframe."
Rees also said that the Office 365 platform has been strengthened, and that he hoped to eventually remove manual handling altogether through a "fundamental digitisation of those processes".
"We are already working towards, and through the course of this year, we will – if not eliminate – then great reduce the dependency on email for handling information," Rees said.
A criminal investigation into the breach is still ongoing, with NSW Police currently waiting on referrals from the Australian Federal Police.
Rees added that the "number of people that have requested compensation or reimbursement is low – it's in the hundreds."
Email alternative was Accellion
The committee also heard that the impact of the Accellion file transfer appliance (FTA) hack will likely be felt beyond just NSW Health in the state government.
NSW chief cyber security officer Tony Chapman told the inquiry that "agencies across NSW were, in fact, using Accellion as an alternative to email" for securely transferring data.
Cyber Security NSW is currently "coordinating the whole-of-government response [to the breach] with potentially impacted agencies".
It is working with undisclosed "forensic specialists, as well as Accellion, to determine the extent of the potential impact", though Chapman wouldn't say what other agencies may be at risk.
"At this stage, investigations are undergoing. It's a complex matter, involving forensic work with external specialist providers to government," he said.
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