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text:
»Thank you very much for your interest. The ShUM sites are German-Jewish heritage on the Rhine and important for mankind. ShUM is outstanding in the Jewish world with its synagogues, women's shuls, community centres, Mikwaot and cemeteries. We want to enlist these monuments at UNESCO. In communicating and addressing the public, scholarship, narratives, liturgical poetry or living tradition are just as important. ShUM is not only a multifaceted past, it is the heritage of all of us and thus also part of the present and future of our country and humanity.«
Dr. Susanne Urban, Managing Director
ShUM-sites Speyer, Worms, and Mainz present and represent an extraordinary German-Jewish heritage along the Rhine River. Between the 11th and 14th centuries these three cities experienced a unique heyday of Jewish culture, architectural measures, and scholarship. Despite the expulsion and/or destruction of the communities in the 14th century, ShUM remained a symbol. Jews returned, rebuilt and held the memory of ShUM awake. The stories and accounts as well as an integration of the heritage into the Jewish tradition became an integral element of Jewish life. Even today, ShUM is a concept for Jews around the world and is highly significant in the areas of academia and science, art-, culture- and religious history.
Moreover, ShUM is deeply rooted in the German culture. The Ashkenazic culture is closely intertwined with the German folk culture. This is evident primarily in the narrative stories, accounts, tales, and legends of the ShUM-cities.
Become a part of the ShUM vision and help to ensure that this unique world heritage is preserved and remembered, and its diversity shared!
With your help the World Heritage application to the UNESCO can continue to gain new momentum. We will initiate cultural and pedagogical events, and organize activities for preserving and exploring the monuments.
Exhibits, lectures, events, meetings for networking: all this and much, much more is necessary to draw in and involve the civil society and experts, both here and abroad.
You can emphasize, with a donation and by becoming involved, that the ShUM-cities and the structures and cemeteries found there are meaningful and significant, not only to you, but also to your region, and to the nation. That Jewish heritage is a part of Germany and the world.
Support our vision with a small contribution – as citizens and organizations, firms and institutions.
Support us with a donation.
Promote and Support
Become a supporting member. The application to join must be sent in written form to the Board.
Become a member: The annual membership fee is € 60 for individuals, € 120 for legal entities.
Supporters and members do not have a voting right in the Association, but are welcome to offer suggestions. They have the right to participate in the General Meetings not open to the public and can place requests to the agenda.
You can contact me at: susanne.urban_at_schumsteadte.de
Without the active involvement of the general public, a successful project, especially in educating and informing, with a view to publications, events and within an active network on Jewish history and the present day, is extremely difficult. Your donation helps us to position SchUM as a world heritage site and to be able to present it as such. Please make a money transfer to the following bank account:
Sparkasse Mainz
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BIC : MALADE51MNZ
Codeword : Heritage ShUM
Upon request we will provide you with a donation receipt for tax purposes. Please contact us directly, at the postal address of the ShUM-Cities e.V. or by E-mail: susanne.urban_at_schumstaedte.de
We respect your wish for privacy and will list your name as financial supporter only if you explicitly request this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Fact Check: Is the AfCFTA the World's Second Biggest Free Trade Area?
The AfCFTA is planned to cover almost all of Africa, but doesn't yet.
The recently-created African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) now has 28 full member countries, with 26 more signed on to the project as future members.
That's a lot of members for a free trade area, and everyone seems to be calling it the "world's biggest free trade area since the WTO". But is that label really accurate?
(If you don't want to read the whole article, scroll down to the conclusion for a short summary.)
Does the WTO count?
Let's get that WTO part over with first: The World Trade Organization (WTO), launched in 1995, is easily bigger than any other free trade area, covering most of the world with its 164 members, which together account for about $100 trillion in GDP (a measure of countries' economic size, here calculated according to the "purchasing power parity" method*).
On the other hand, the WTO was created not to promote trade between a specific group of countries, but to make trade cheaper and easier between all the countries of the world. So it doesn't really consider itself a free trade "area".
The WTO covers most of the world, with 164 full members (shown in dark red)
Some people even say regional free trade areas like the AfCFTA are sort of the opposite of the WTO, since they encourage members to trade with each other instead of with the rest of the world. But so far the WTO doesn't include all the world's countries, so in that sense it's still one giant free trade area that you can be either inside or outside of.
Assuming we do accept the WTO as a free trade area, does the AfCFTA come in second? Well, there are a few different ways we could measure that...
Number of Member Countries
Twenty-eight members is pretty big, but right now, the European Union's European Economic Area (EEA) still has more full member countries than the AfCFTA, with a total of 30. And another EU-based grouping, the European Union Customs Union (EUCU), sort of has 32. The AfCFTA does have 54 "signatories" - countries that have signed on to join but haven't yet completed their membership - so if you're loose enough with your definition, you could say it has the two European areas beat. But as far as full, finalized members, it's not quite there yet.
Size of Member Countries' Economies
As far as total economic size, the AfCFTA has a long way to go before it can claim to be the world's second largest free trade area. After the WTO, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is the world's next biggest free trade area by economic size, with a GDP of about $25 trillion.
In contrast, the combined GDP for all of Africa - including countries that haven't signed on or completed their AfCFTA membership - is about $7 trillion (estimates of $2.5 trillion to $3.4 trillion in GDP for the future AfCFTA seem to be based on nominal GDP, not purchasing power parity*). Africa's economy is growing, and the pace is expected to pick up thanks to the AfCFTA - but it will still need quite awhile to catch up.
Combined Population
The AfCFTA also falls far behind if you measure size by the number of people living within the area's boundaries. India and China each have more people than all of Africa combined, and the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) includes both of them. That's probably the world's most populous free trade area, covering almost 3 billion people compared to Africa's current 1.2 billion. But the AfCFTA could eventually surpass it, since the fast-growing population of Africa is projected to reach almost 4.5 billion before the year 2100. China and India's population's are expected to level off and start shrinking long before then.
But what if you measure the size of free trade areas by, well, actual area? Besides the WTO, the free trade area covering the most land area today is probably the zone created by the free trade agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and China. It covers a total area of about 29.83 million square kilometers (11.5 million square miles) - not counting territorial seas or areas that are claimed but not controlled by its member countries.
The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which together with trade partner China could be considered to form the world's biggest free trade area after the WTO by land size.
To reach that size, the AfCFTA will have to be ratified by every AU member country, including Eritrea, which hasn't even signed the agreement yet. Then it would clock in at 29.92 million sq. km., slightly bigger than the EAEU-China FTA. Without Eritrea, even the completed AfCFTA would fall just short of the EAEU-China area, at 29.80 million sq. km.
Then again, the EAEU-China deal is a pretty lightweight free trade agreement, and sort of a different type than the AfCFTA, since it's signed between one free trade area (the EAEU) and another country. If you only count normal multi-country free trade areas, the two biggest today are probably NAFTA and the ex-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area (CISFTA), each covering about 21 million sq. km. (8 million sq. mi.).
The AfCFTA will need quite a few more of its signatory countries to become full members before it can surpass those ones, but it should glide by eventually.
Future Competition
All this talk of the AfCFTA's future ranking assumes that no bigger free trade areas are created in the meantime - which is probably not a safe bet! For example, the proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP) could easily outsize the AfCFTA in area, passing 50 million sq. km. (about 20 million sq. mi.). It could also reach double the GDP of NAFTA, though it would still fall well short of the AfCFTA by member countries, even if we only count the ones that are already AfCFTA members today.
Asia's proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), already being called the "world's largest free trade deal" by news media, would also have a much larger total GDP than any of today's free trade areas - about $39 trillion, after India's withdrawal from the project. If India decided to rejoin, the RCEP would also beat the AfCFTA and other free trade areas by population, with some 3.4 billion people. But even with India, it would only cover about 22.5 million sq. km. (10 million sq. mi.), still leaving it smaller than a completed AfCFTA. And again, the RCEP's 15 or 16 member countries would be no match for the AfCFTA, even at its current total of 28.
Fact Check: Will the RCEP be the "world's largest free trade deal"?
Biggest Deal Made Since the WTO was Formed?
While "biggest since the WTO" might seem to imply that it's the world's second-biggest free trade area, maybe journalists actually mean the AfCFTA is the biggest free trade deal made in the years since the WTO was formed in 1995. In that case, maybe you would count all 54 signatory countries - since they all signed onto the deal - easily making it the biggest by number of member countries. It probably briefly topped the list by land area too, since the slightly-bigger EAEU-China FTA was signed a few months after the AfCFTA.
But by economic size or population, it still falls short. For example, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) has a GDP (PPP) of about $15 billion compared to Africa's $7 billion. It was signed two weeks before the AfCFTA, and came into effect six months earlier than Africa's deal. Meanwhile, the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), formed in 2004, covers a population of 1.6 billion people compared to Africa's 1.2 billion.
Even besides the WTO, the AfCFTA technically isn't yet the world's biggest free trade area by any measure. Once all its signatory countries ratify the treaty and become full members, it will probably have the most member countries, and could cover the most land area. You could also say that, by number of signatories or planned land area, it was the biggest free trade deal made since the WTO was formed in 1995. But by population or GDP (economic size) - which has been used to measure the size of other free trade areas - the AfCFTA doesn't even come close.
Editor's Note: This article has been updated since its original publication to include a paragraph on whether the AfCFTA was the biggest free trade deal to be signed since the WTO's formation in 1995.
Stay tuned to PolGeoNow for updates as the AfCFTA's number of full members grows! You can always check for the most recent version of our AfCFTA member map by viewing all AfCFTA articles on PolGeoNow.
See Also: What is the African Union, and which countries are in it?
*GDP, which stands for "Gross Domestic Product", is an estimate of the total sales value of all the things produced in a country, including services. It can be calculated in different ways, but in this article we've used "purchasing power parity", which for some purposes is more accurate than the basic "nominal" GDP. All comparisons made in the article still stand if nominal GDP is used instead.
Categories: afcfta, africa, african union, fact check, free trade areas, intergovernmental organizations


The South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE) is an expressway in the southern part of Klang Valley. This 51.7 km dual-carriageway provides links to the booming towns in southern Klang Valley, including the country's administrative capital, Putrajaya.
SKVE will provide a direct linkage from the south to the container terminal of Port Klang.
SKVE will form the major expressway from the North-South Expressway (PLUS) to Putrajaya, the Cyber City of Cyberjaya, Teluk Panglima Garang, Pulau Carey and to Westport at Pulau Indah, the main container port for Malaysia.
The Kilometre Zero of the expressway is located right after the Uniten Interchange at the Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway (SILK).
The first section 1A (7.95 km) stretch that starts at the UNITEN interchange in Bangi is toll free. The section 1B (12.4 km) stretch of the expressway between Cyberjaya to Bandar Saujana Putra was completed in June 2010.
The section 2 (12.96 km) stretch of the expressway from Bandar Saujana Putra towards Teluk Panglima Garang was opened on 29 May 2012 and the final stretch, section 3 (18.81 km) stretch of the expressway between Teluk Panglima Garang to Pulau Indah was opened on 1 October 2013.
The section between Teluk Panglima Garang towards Pulau Carey and Pulau Indah is built as a two-lane expressway, making the section as the first true two-lane expressway with full access control in the Klang Valley and also the second in Malaysia after the Senai-Desaru Expressway (Cahaya Baru – Penawar sections) in Johor Bahru.
There are three main bridge along the expressway, the Jalan Puchong-Sungai Rasau bridge, the Pulau Carey-Sungai Langat bridge and the Selat Lumut-SKVE Bridge, a major landmark.
South Klang Valley Expressway is the fifth east-west-oriented expressway in the Klang Valley after the Federal Highway, the New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), the Kuala Lumpur-Kuala Selangor Expressway (LATAR) and the Lebuhraya Shah Alam (KESAS).
Variable Message Signs (VMS) are used to deliver road information to road users in real time.
The South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE) uses the closed toll system.


Debt is common for many consumers. Families have their own unique financial concerns to consider: mortgages, recreational costs, traveling and education expenses. This November, it's Financial Literacy Month in Canada, now is a great time to teach your teen how to save.
Take it from Eva Baker, teens can be interested in finances. Eva started paying attention to her own finances and learning about financial management at sixteen. But that doesn't mean that it comes naturally. In fact, she'll be the first to admit that when it comes to saving money, you have to force yourself.
But that doesn't mean it can't be done. In fact, it just means that the fruits of your labour are sweeter.
Now is the best time to get kids used to saving. Since teens are still at home, and not footing the cost of many (or any) bills, it's easier to focus on one process. With little to no financial responsibility, it means that learning the ropes of a budget can be easier, too.
The Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC) has a good budgeting tool, and user-friendly information. Since most teens are tech-comfortable, using an online or mobile resource to learn and track spending and saving can add interest to the process. Practical Money Skills, and Mint are available and easy to use.
Baker introduces teens to saving through the $50 Savings Challenge. At the end of the month, your teen should have $50 saved–which amounts to $600 a month if they can keep the habit going.
If you see your teen having success with saving, keep the ball rolling. Get creative with ways to reduce your household consumer debt. Consider putting them in charge of finding less expensive ways to do things, or deals on essential items that can save the family money. Introduce them to the concept of emergency savings and why they're critical for financial health, too.


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text:
Tribeca Film Institute Announces 2019 Sloan Filmmaker Fund Grantees
McConnell makes strategic retreat to keep firm grip on Trump trial
Deliveroo in limbo as rivals and regulators close in
Lawyers cleared Ukraine-aid wording before Trump-Zelensky call: emails
High-scoring Howard leads Marquette past St. John's
Trump Impeachment: A Quill-and-Ink Process Enters the Digital Age
Wednesday briefing: Jeff Bezos 'hacked' by Saudi prince
German Greens make friends with business
Arizona mom sang to young children as she smothered them, police say
Night of the Falling Iguanas: An Odd Forecast for South Florida
The Tribeca Film Institute and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation have announced the three TFI Sloan Filmmaker Fund 2019 grantees, awarding them a total of $150,000.
The creators behind "Asia A," "Bolichicos," and "Wiring Utopia" have been chosen as the new grant winners.
"The 2019 slate of TFI Sloan grantee teams represents our most international year yet," said TFI executive director Amy Hobby. "Each project deeply impacted the jury with fresh points of view, sense of timeliness, accessibility to wide audiences, and of course, their incorporation of compelling science, economics, and technology."
From filmmaker Andrew Reid, "Asia A" portrays a college basketball player who suffers from a spinal cord injury, and must either accept his life as a paraplegic or hold out hope for a recovery. Venezuelan writer-director Juan Avella and Mexican producer Diego Nájera created "Bolichicos," a film inspired by the true story of a 20-year-old in Venezuela who carries out a million-dollar currency exchange scam. From David Barker ("The Edge of Democracy") and Chilean co-writer Jerónimo Rodriguez, "Wiring Utopia" tells the story of a British cybernetician who helps create "the world's first internet" in socialist Chile.
The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation will also host a panel discussion with the cast and crew from National Geographic's new miniseries "The Hot Zone" at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 30. The series stars Julianna Margulies and Liam Cunningham, and will follow the true story of the arrival of the Ebola virus in the U.S. in 1989. The panel will include the two actors; showrunners Kelly Souders, Brian Peterson, and Lynda Obst; Richard Preston, the author of the book of the same name; epidemiologist Dr. Wan Yang; and technical supervisor Dr. Michael Smit.
The post Tribeca Film Institute Announces 2019 Sloan Filmmaker Fund Grantees appeared first on Variety.
Tags: Tribeca Film Festival


When I hit them with the right hand, I feel their bone structure, the bone structure of their face, on my hand. Then I know it's over." Such was the chilling description given by Deontay Wilder to explain how it feels to knock out a man with his right-hand punch, the most feared and destructive in boxing. In his 40 professional contests, Wilder has only once failed to knock out the man in front of him, and that man, a world champion, was knocked out in round one of the rematch.


Appearance: Live in Scottsdale this December!
So far, confirmed speakers include myself and Mohamed El-Erian, who is amazing on the stage and always leaves you with a lot to think about, given his experience among political leaders and the largest macro-oriented portfolio managers around the world. Rick Ferri will be there too, as will many other crazy-smart people whom I'm looking to learn from myself.
Besides, there are worse places to be in December than a resort in Scottsdale. Oh, and did I mention I have free passes for advisors who want to register using my guest code?
September 30, 2015 Arizona: Meet with Ben and I in December!


Unless you are a yokel, borrow local. Near the end of the last century, I was at a mortgage conference in Spokane, Washington. The conference had mortgage professionals from across the nation and was a great opportunity to see what was going on in the industry. The industry was changing and a topic of much discussion (and fear) was the impact of internet lenders and the big national banks. Supposedly they were going to use economies of scale, centralized processing, and underwriting to dominate the market. Unbeatable rates, great customer service, and quick closings. While not directly mentioned, I wondered if this would also not reduce global warming and promote world peace. One small problem. As my friends in the military say, "Brilliant idea, sir. I just do not think it is tactically executable".
One of the company's top mortgage originators was serene throughout the discussions. I asked her why she was not the least bit concerned. Turns out she had been doing some "secret shopping". She lived in a western state and a lot of her clients and realtors were excited about the prospect of the whole world competing for the borrower's loan. She had a first time buyer come into her office with a number of realistic questions and wanted a quote. She answered all of his questions and gave the borrower a written Good Faith Estimate. The borrower asked if she could compete with the giant nationwide banks. Sly old fox that she is, she invited the client to call and talk to the big national bank from her office on speakerphone. The borrower asked the same questions and noticed the loan officer either did not know the answer or gave incorrect answers. These were simple questions that any first time buyer might ask. Why do I need an inspection when the property is being appraised? Will the mortgage insurance make my payments if I loose my job? Would an FHA or VA loan be better when you consider my circumstances?
The bank loan officer kept talking about how low their rates were. The borrower at this point was smart enough to know the rate on the mortgage is only half the equation. The rate AND closing costs are what matters when comparing mortgages with similar features such as the term of loan. When the Good Faith Estimate arrived the borrower said he felt like he just missed being run over by a stagecoach. He noticed that while the rate was a little lower, the closing costs were much higher. Before considering the time value of money, etc, it would take the borrower almost 14 years to break even. He noted that the product knowledge and analytical skills of the bank loan officer were limited and seemed more interested in writing a loan up quickly, rather than seeing what was best for the borrower. He wisely went local and got a great rate, service, the right mortgage, AND closed on time.
I see the same thing today with internet lenders and big banks. When refinancing a mortgage it is inconvenient for the borrower, and much worse on a purchase transaction. Sometimes borrowers are required to use a bank's mortgage company when the property is owned by a bank. The last deal I saw like this was typical. Underwriting and processing were out of state and customer service was pathetic. Fortunately the loan options for the borrower were limited, so the bank did not have the opportunity to select the wrong mortgage. In this instance the real estate agent and buyer got lucky and the deal actually closed on time. One of the more amusing comments from the out of state lender, after they finally returned a phone call to the listing agent, was that they were sure that if the wire did not arrive in time for the closing, it would not be more than three days late.
I have seen other loans that sat for weeks or months and never closed. A prominent real estate agent told me that he would not accept any purchase offer from a nationally known lender that supposedly specialized in VA loans because of their performance on the last three deals. The first two deals never closed, and the third deal closed only after the contract was extended for three weeks. The loan had been in process for 6 weeks with the out of state lender who suddenly discovered they could not do the loan because of a minor problem with the borrower's credit report. Three weeks after the deal was transferred to a local lender, me, it closed.
There is an old saying that the best friend you can have is an incompetent enemy. That is why I love to compete against the internet lenders and big banks, that have their mortgage operations centralized and out of state.


text:
\section{Introduction}

While enormous experimental and theoretical effort has been invested to understand the physics of  high-$T_c$ superconductivity in copper-oxide materials (or cuprates) \cite{Bednorz1986}, a full understanding of their phase diagram is still lacking \cite{Lee2006,Keimer2015,Robinson2019}.
In the underdoped region of various cuprate materials, signatures of multiple broken symmetries have been inferred from experiments -- from neutron scattering \cite{tranquada95, Tranquada1996, yamada98, Tranquada2004,birgeneau06}, x-ray resonant scattering \cite{Abbamonte2005, Ghiringhelli2012,comin16,miao17}, nuclear magnetic resonance \cite{Hunt1999,wu11,wu2015, Imai2017} to scanning tunneling microscopy \cite{hoffman02,howald03,Wise2008,daSilvaNeto2014,mesaros16} -- collectively providing evidence for simultaneous charge and spin modulated states, coexisting or competing with superconductivity, called stripes \cite{Zaanen1989, Poilblanc1989, Schulz1989, Machida1989, emery99, kivelson03,Berg2007, ogata08,vojta09,fradkin12,fradkin15,kloss16,agterberg19}.

Meanwhile, the two-dimensional (2D) Hubbard model~\cite{Hubbard1963} --- which has been suggested as the most elementary microscopic model that may reproduce the essential features of the cuprates' phase diagram --- has been a prominent subject of intense theoretical and numerical investigations. Much attention has been given especially on the underdoped region in the strongly correlated regime, where several low-energy states are very closely competing, including a uniform $d$-wave superconducting (SC) state~\cite{giamarchi91,dagotto94,halboth00, maier05, capone06, aichhorn07, eichenberger07, tocchio08, kancharla08,yokoyama12, sordi12, gull12, gull13,chen13,kaczmarczyk13,otsuki14,deng15,tocchio16} and various stripe states~\cite{Zaanen1989, Poilblanc1989, Schulz1989, Machida1989,white03,hager05,chang10,Zheng2017,zhao17,vanhala18,Ido18,huang18, darmawan18,tocchio19} with or without coexisting superconducting order.
A similar competition can also be found for the $t-J$ model --- the effective model in the strong coupling limit~\cite{white98_tJ,himeda02,ogata03,lugas06,raczkowski07,yang09,chou10,hu12,corboz14_tJ,dodaro17,Jiang2018a}.
Computing the phase diagram of these models is a major challenge, as Quantum Monte Carlo suffers from the negative sign problem and the candidate ground states are very close in energies, calling for a high numerical precision; see Ref.~\cite{leblanc15} for a recent benchmark paper.

Recently, a consensus on the ground state at hole doping $\delta=1/8$ in the strongly correlated regime has been reached on the basis of several state-of-the-art numerical methods~\cite{Zheng2017} --- density matrix renomalization group (DMRG) \cite{White1992}, auxiliary field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) \cite{Blankenbecler1981, Sugiyama1986}, density matrix embedding theory (DMET) \cite{Knizia2012}, and infinite projected entangled paired states (iPEPS) \cite{Verstraete2004, Jordan2008} --- that the ground state is a stripe state with a period of 8 sites in the charge order without coexisting $d$-wave SC order, while stripes with periods 5-7 being energetically very close. This result was also confirmed by variational Monte Carlo (VMC)~\cite{Ido18, tocchio19}.
However, the period 4 stripe typically observed in experiments at 1/8 doping~\cite{tranquada95,tranquada97,mesaros16}  was found to be higher in energy~\cite{Zheng2017}. Consequently, it is evident that a more realistic model of the cuprates than the most basic Hubbard model needs to be considered.

In this paper, using state-of-the-art iPEPS simulations, we show that a period 4 stripe ground state is obtained in an extended Hubbard model including a realistic next-nearest neighbor (NNN) hopping at $\delta=1/8$ doping.  Our systematic study demonstrates that: (\emph{i}) the ground-state stripe period decreases  with the magnitude of the negative NNN hopping amplitude $t'$; (\emph{ii}) there exists a large region of $t'$ in which the period 4 stripe is stabilized, including realistic values for $t'$ predicted for the cuprates~\cite{hirayama18,hirayama19}; and finally that (\emph{iii}) the $d$-wave SC order does not coexist with the period 4 stripe at $\delta=1/8$ doping, but only at larger doping. Our observations of a decrease in the stripe period with negative $t'$ are also in agreement with recent works based on DMRG on width-4 cylinders~\cite{huang18,Jiang1424} and VMC~\cite{Ido18}.

\section{Model}
We consider an extended Hubbard model on a two-dimensional (2D) square lattice given by the Hamiltonian
\begin{eqnarray}
H&=&-t\sum_{\left\langle i,j\right\rangle ,\sigma} \hat c_{i\sigma}^{\dagger}  \hat c_{j\sigma} + h.c. \nonumber \\
     &&-t'\sum_{\left\langle \left\langle i,j\right\rangle \right\rangle, \sigma}  \hat c_{i\sigma}^{\dagger}  \hat c_{j\sigma} + h.c. +U\sum_{i}  \hat n_{i\uparrow}  \hat n_{i\downarrow},
\end{eqnarray}
where $t$ and $t'$ are nearest neighbor and NNN hopping amplitudes, $U$$>$0 is the on-site Coulomb repulsion, and $ \hat c_{i\sigma}$ $( \hat c_{i\sigma}^{\dagger})$ is the annihilation (creation) operator for an electron of spin $\sigma$ on site $i$, and $\hat n_{i\sigma} = \hat c_{i\sigma}^{\dagger} \hat c_{i\sigma}$.  We focus on $U/t=10$, which has been predicted as a realistic value of the cuprates~\cite{hirayama18}, and on $\delta$=1/8 throughout this work, unless stated otherwise.

\section{Method}
For our simulations, we apply the fermionic implementation \cite{corboz2010,kraus2010,Barthel2009} of iPEPS --- a tensor network variational ansatz \cite{Verstraete2004, nishio2004, Jordan2008, Verstraete2009} for 2D lattice systems in the thermodynamic limit --- which has gained recognition as a reliable and versatile numerical technique for 2D strongly correlated systems (see e.g. Refs.~\cite{Corboz2011su4, Zhao2012, Corboz2014b,corboz14_tJ,niesen17,Liao2017,Haghshenas2018,Chen2018,Jahromi2018,chung19} and references therein).
The ansatz consists of a supercell of tensors that is periodically repeated on the lattice, with one tensor per lattice site. Each tensor has one physical index carrying the local Hilbert space of a lattice site and four auxiliary indices connecting neighboring tensors. The accuracy of the ansatz can be systematically controlled by the bond dimension $D$ of the auxiliary indices. Translationally invariant states can be represented by an iPEPS with a single-tensor supercell. If translational symmetry is spontaneously broken, a larger supercell compatible with the symmetry breaking pattern is required.

For technical details on iPEPS we refer to Refs.~\cite{corboz2010,phien15}. For the experts, we note that the optimization of the iPEPS wave function (i.e. finding the optimal variational parameters) is done using an imaginary time evolution based on a 3-site cluster update~\cite{wang11b,niesen18}, in which the 2D wave function is only taken into account in an effective way during the optimization~\cite{Jiang2008}.  This allows us to reach large bond dimensions of up to $D=18$ even in the presence of a next-nearest neighbor hopping. Observables are computed by contracting the two-dimensional tensor network using the corner transfer matrix method~\cite{nishino1996, Orus2009} generalized to arbitrary supercell sizes~\cite{Corboz2011,corboz14_tJ}. To increase the efficiency, we exploit abelian $U(1)$ symmetries of the model~\cite{singh2010,bauer2011}.

\begin{figure}[]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{w6_state}
  \caption{Example stripe with a period 6 in the charge order and period 12 in the spin order obtained with iPEPS using a $12\times2$ supercell, for $U/t=10$, $t'/t=0$, $D=12$. The sizes of the red discs and the black arrows scale with the local hole density and the local magnetic moment, respectively, with average values indicated in the top and bottom rows. The width of a bond is proportional to the local singlet pairing amplitude on the corresponding bond, with different signs in x- and y- direction represented by the two different colors.   }
  \label{fig:w6}
\end{figure}

To identify the ground state, energies of various competing low-energy states obtained with different supercell sizes are compared, including a uniform $d$-wave  SC state   with coexisting antiferromagnetic (AF) order, obtained in a $2\times2$ supercell, and stripe states with different periods in the charge order. Stripes with odd periods 3, 5, 7 (designated W3, W5, W7) are described by 3$\times$2, 5$\times$2, and 7$\times$2 supercells, respectively. For even period stripes (W4, W6, W8), 8$\times$2, 12$\times$2 and 16$\times$2 supercells are used, since in these cases the period of the spin order is twice the period of the charge order due to the $\pi$-phase shift in the AF order across the sites with maximal hole density.

An example stripe with period 6 (W6) is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:w6}, which visualizes the local hole density $\delta_i = 1 - n_i$ and the local magnetic moment $s^z_i = \frac12 \langle \hat n_{i\uparrow} - \hat n_{i\downarrow} \rangle$ on each site~$i$, and the singlet pairing amplitude $\Delta^s_{ij}=\langle \hat c_{i\uparrow} \hat c_{j\downarrow} - \hat c_{j\uparrow} \hat c_{i\downarrow}  \rangle / \sqrt{2}$ between neighboring sites $i$ and $j$ within the supercell.

\section{Results}

\subsection{Shift of stripe period as a function of $t'/t$}%
\label{sec:results}
Previously, in Ref.~\cite{Zheng2017}, it was found that for $U/t=8$, $\delta=1/8$, and $t'=0$ stripe states have lower energies than the uniform $d$-wave SC state. A close competition in energies between stripes with periods 5 to 8 was found, with a slight preference towards the period 8 stripe (W8), while the experimentally observed period 4 stripe (W4) was clearly higher in energy. In the following, we study the effect of an additional next-nearest neighbor hopping on the preferred stripe period, using iPEPS simulations for a fixed bond dimension $D=12$.

\begin{figure}[]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{phasediagram}
  \caption{Phase diagram for $U/t=10$,  $\delta\!=\!1/8$, for a fixed bond dimension $D=12$ as a function of the next-nearest neighbor hopping strength~$t'/t$. Each region in the phase diagram is defined by the corresponding lowest energy state, including stripe states with periods between 3 and 8 (W3-W8) or a uniform $d$-wave SC state (U).}
  \label{fig:phasediagram}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:phasediagram}, we present the energies of the competing states and the resulting phase diagram for $U/t=10$, $\delta\!=\!1/8$ as a function of $t'/t$. In agreement with the previous results for $U/t=8$~\cite{Zheng2017}, we find several closely competing stripe states with periods 5-8 around $t'/t\sim0$. For $t'/t=0$, we find a slight preference towards W6/W7 stripes instead of the W8 stripe~\cite{Zheng2017}.  This can be attributed to the larger value of $U/t$ used here, leading to favor smaller periods~\cite{Zheng2017}, and also to the finite bond dimension $D=12$, which may lead to slight relative shifts in the energies.

For negative $t'$, as we increase $\abs{t'/t}$, we observe a gradual shift of the preferred stripe period to smaller periods. In particular, the period 4 (W4) stripe becomes the ground state in a large region of the phase diagram, between $-0.43 \lesssim t'/t \lesssim -0.09$ for $D=12$. We will discuss the $D$-dependence of the W4 phase boundaries in the next section. We note that a shift to smaller stripe periods was also found recently with DMRG on width-4 cylinders~\cite{huang18,Jiang1424} and VMC~\cite{Ido18}.

It is interesting to observe that while various stripe periods are very close in energies for $t'/t=0$, the competition between several states becomes less strong for negative $t'/t$, especially deep in the W4 phase. In this respect, the extended Hubbard model with a negative $t'/t$ is less challenging to study than the Hubbard model without a $t'$.

Intuitively, the shift in preferred stripe period can be understood by considering the effective extended \emph{t--J} model, obtained using a second order perturbative expansion in $t/U$ ($t'/U$), where neighboring (NNN) spins interact via an AF Heisenberg interaction with amplitude  $J = 4 {t}^2/U$ ($J' = 4 {t'}^2/U$). The strong AF order favored by the nearest-neighbor term gets frustrated by the NNN term, such that  extended AF regions in long-period stripes become energetically unfavorable with increasing $J'$, and stripes with shorter periods eventually attain lower energies.
 In order to get more insights into the energetics of the stripes, we present detailed data and a discussion of different local energy contributions of two example stripes in appendix \ref{sec:app}.

Finally we note that for sufficiently large positive $t'/t\gtrsim 0.148$, the uniform state becomes energetically favorable over stripes, in agreement with previous findings~\cite{huang18}. The intuitive reason is that with a positive $t'/t$, holes can delocalize along the diagonals without frustrating the antiferromagnetic order in the uniform state; whereas in a stripe state, holes on the domain wall moving diagonally frustrate the antiferromagnetic order, such that stripes become disfavored for sufficiently large~$t'/t$.

\subsection{Stability and extension of the W4 stripe phase}%
Having studied the qualitative features of the phase diagram at fixed $D=12$, in this section we present a systematic study of the stability of the W4 stripe phase as a function of the bond dimension. The $D$-dependence of the phase boundaries of the W4 phase and its adjoining phases is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:w4_w5_vs_E}. While we observe a shift of the W4/W5 phase boundary for $D \leq 16$, the change between $D=16$ and $D=18$ is small. Thus we expect that a linear extrapolation in $1/D$ of the phase boundary provides a (conservative) lower bound of the phase transition ($t'/t=-0.21$), and the transition value at the largest $D=18$, $t'/t=-0.12$, an upper bound. For the W3/W4 phase boundary we only find a weak and non-monotonous $D$ dependence for $D\ge10$ with a transition value around $t'/t = -0.423(10)$.

The stability of the W4 stripe is further supported by the results in Fig.~\ref{fig:w4_w5_vs_E}(c) and (d), where we compare the energies of the competing stripes for $t'/t=-0.2$ and $-0.3$, and show that the W4 stripe has the lowest energy even in the infinite $D$ limit~\footnote{Since the energy typically converges faster than linearly in $1/D$, we plot the energy as a function of $1/D^2$ instead for the comparison of the states.}. In Fig.~\ref{fig:w4_w5_vs_E}(b), we present data of the maximum of the local magnetic moment in the stripe $m_{max}$ and the amplitude of the hole density modulation $\Delta n_h$, given by the difference between the maximal and minimal hole density within the supercell. We find that both orders remain finite in the infinite $D$ limit, which indicates that both spin and charge stripe order are stable. This is in contrast to the DMRG results on width-4 cylinders~\cite{Jiang1424} where the spin order was found to be suppressed for $t'/t=-0.25$.

Thus from these results, we conclude that the W4 stripe is the ground state in a large region between $0.16(4)< -t'/t < 0.423(10)$, which includes realistic values predicted for cuprate materials~\cite{hirayama18,hirayama19}.

\begin{figure}[]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{fourpanel}
  \caption{(a) Phase boundaries of the period 4 (W4) stripe phase with its adjacent W5 and W3 stripe phases  as a function of the inverse bond dimension. (b) Maximal local magnetic moment and amplitude of the hole density  modulation of the W4 stripe for $t'/t=-0.3$. Bottom: energy per site of the W3, W4 and W5 stripes as a function of the inverse squared bond dimension at $t'/t=-0.2$ (c) and $t'/t=-0.3$ (d). Dashed lines are a guide to the eye. }
  \label{fig:w4_w5_vs_E}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Pairing in the W4 stripe state}
Previously in Ref.~\cite{Zheng2017}, it was found for $t'=0$ and $\delta=1/8$ that W5-W7 stripes exhibit coexisting $d$-wave SC order (see also Fig.~\ref{fig:w6}), whereas in the W8 stripe, which has a filling of one hole per unit length of a stripe (i.e. $\rho_l=1$), the pairing is entirely suppressed. Here we find qualitatively similar results also at finite $t'$ for these stripes (see e.g. the W6 stripe in Fig.~\ref{fig:w6} with coexisting $d$-wave pairing).

The dominant pairing correlations of the W4 stripe at 1/8 doping are, however, very different from the ones of the W5-W7 stripes: the mean $d$-wave pairing per site
 vanishes and instead we find, for finite $D$, a $p$-wave pairing with finite nearest-neighbor triplet pairing amplitude $\Delta^t_{ij}=\langle \hat c_{i\uparrow} \hat c_{j\downarrow} + \hat c_{j\uparrow} \hat c_{i\downarrow}  \rangle / \sqrt{2}$ in the longitudinal direction of the stripe (however, as we will show below, the triplet pairing amplitude most likely vanishes in the infinite $D$ limit). The finite-$D$ pairing pattern of an example W4 stripe for $\delta \sim 1/8$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:W4stripe}(a), where the thickness of the bonds scales with the magnitude of~$\Delta^t_{ij}$.

In order to get more insights into the pairing order in the W4 stripe, we study its properties and $D$-dependence over an extended doping range~\footnote{We stress that the W4 stripe may not be the ground state over the entire doping range presented here. Here we consider dopings away from 1/8 in order to better understand the difference in the superconducting order between the W4 stripe and the W5-W7 stripes at 1/8 doping, and not to make a statement about the ground state away from 1/8 doping.}.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:W4stripe}(c) we present results for the mean $d$-wave ($p$-wave) pairing amplitude $\Delta^d$ ($\Delta^p$), given by the site-averaged $\Delta^s_{ij}$ ($\Delta^t_{ij}$) with different (same) phase factors in x- and y-direction. These results reveal
two different regions: a region with $d$-wave pairing at large doping, $\delta \gtrsim 0.14$, and a region with predominant $p$-wave pairing for $\delta \lesssim 0.14$, which includes $\delta=1/8$. An example of a state with $d$-wave pairing for $\delta\sim0.2$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:W4stripe}(b).
While the $d$-wave pairing  remains finite when extrapolating the data in $1/D$, the $p$-wave pairing is more strongly suppressed with increasing $D$, with the extrapolated value being compatible with a vanishing pairing amplitude. This implies that the triplet pairing observed at finite $D$ only reflects the short-range pairing correlations, but in the exact infinite $D$ limit, there is no true long-range  SC order for  $\delta \lesssim 0.14$.

Thus, these results indicate that the $W4$ stripe undergoes a phase transition from a non-superconducting state to a state with dominant $d$-wave pairing around a doping of $\delta \sim 0.14$. Interestingly, these two regions are also characterized by different  energy strengths in transverse ($E_x$) and longitudinal ($E_y$) direction; see Fig.~\ref{fig:W4stripe}(d). In the short-range $p$-wave region at low doping, the longitudinal energy contributions are stronger than the transverse ones $E_y<E_x$, reminiscent of weakly coupled chains (in which one would expect power-law decaying pairing correlations), whereas in the $d$-wave region at large doping, we find the opposite, i.e. $E_x<E_y$. This qualitative change in the  energy contributions in the two spatial directions was also previously observed in the $t$-$J$ model~\cite{corboz14_tJ}.

We note that a similar qualitative change in the pairing can also be observed in the other stripes, but with the transition value $\delta_c$ between the two regions shifted to smaller dopings, e.g. $\delta_c \sim 0.115$ for the W5 stripe (i.e. 1/8 doping is within the $d$-wave region of the W5 stripe). Interestingly, when comparing the hole density per unit length of the stripe, $\rho_l = \delta \cdot W$, with $W$ the width of the stripe, we find a similar transition value $\rho_l \sim 0.57$ for both the W4 and W5 stripe.

We note that the absence of superconductivity in the W4 stripe at $1/8$ doping is also compatible with the VMC results in Ref.~\cite{Ido18}. However, in contrast to the VMC results we find a finite SC order in the W5 - W7 stripes at 1/8 doping (which are the ground states for smaller negative $t'/t$).

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{res_stripetransition_paper3kn}
\caption{(Color online) (a) W4 stripe at $1/8$ doping and $t'/t=-0.2$. The colored red bonds show the strength of the nearest-neighbor triplet pairing amplitude $\Delta^t_{ij}$ along the stripe, obtained at finite $D=12$. (b) W4 stripe at larger doping $\delta \sim 0.2$ (same parameters as in (a)) coexisting with $d$-wave pairing. (c) Mean $d$-wave pairing (green data) and $p$-wave pairing (red data) as a function doping $\delta$ for different bond dimensions $D$. The extrapolated value (full symbols) of the $p$-wave pairing vanishes in the entire doping range whereas the extrapolated $d$-wave pairing remains finite at large doping. (d) Difference of the energy per bond in $x$ and $y$ directions.}
\label{fig:W4stripe}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary and conclusion}
We have studied the ground state phases of an extended Hubbard model with a next-nearest neighbor hopping $t'$ using iPEPS, focusing on $U/t=10$ and $\delta=1/8$ doping. The preferred stripe period decreases with increasing strength of the negative $t'$. In particular, in agreement with experiments~\cite{tranquada95,mesaros16}, we have found a period 4 stripe as the ground state in an extended parameter region, $0.16(4)< -t'/t < 0.423(10)$,  including also realistic values predicted for cuprate materials~\cite{hirayama18,hirayama19}.

Superconductivity in the period 4 stripe at 1/8 doping is suppressed, where the dominant nearest-neighbor pairing correlations are not in the singlet but in the triplet channel (without long-range order in the infinite $D$ limit).  However, at larger doping of $\delta \gtrsim 0.14$  (or hole density per unit length $\rho_l \gtrsim 0.57$), the period 4 stripe exhibits coexisting $d$-wave SC order, showing that the pairing nature of the stripe depends on doping.

For a realistic negative $t'/t$, the competition among the stripe and uniform states turns out to be weaker than for the simplest Hubbard model without a $t'$, and thus from a numerical point of view the former model is less challenging to study.  The same may be true for even more realistic multi-band Hubbard models, which can also be efficiently studied using iPEPS, offering a promising perspective to get further insights into the various competing phases observed in the cuprates.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We acknowledge helpful discussions with T.~M.~Rice and N.~J.~Robinson. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 677061). This work is part of the D-ITP consortium, a program of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) that is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science~(OCW).
\end{acknowledgments}

B.P.~and S.S.C.~contributed equally to this work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: SQLPlus – Create View structure files using spooling Oracle version: 12c
SQL Developer: 4.1.1.19
I'm using the code from the following question as a start:
SQLPlus - spooling to multiple files from PL/SQL blocks
I want to create a process that:

*

*Export the results of the following to a single file (about 110 rows) by
SPOOLING:
SPOOL c:\temp\view_test.csv

select 'desc '||view_name||';'FROM SYS.ALL_VIEWS WHERE OWNER = 'AN_OWNER_NAME' and substr(VIEW_NAME,1,2)='SN';

SPOOL OFF

*For each 'DESC' line, create a csv file with the results of the 'DESC'
desc SPECIFIC_VIEW_NAME;

*The results will look like this in each CSV for each view (about 110)

Name                   Null     Type
---------------------- -------- --------------
ID                     NOT NULL NUMBER(19)
SYS_ID                 NOT NULL VARCHAR2(1000)
ACTIVE                          VARCHAR2(1000)
APRM_ID                         VARCHAR2(1000)
APRM_KEY                        VARCHAR2(1000)
BUSINESS_ONLY                   VARCHAR2(1000)

Here is the code that I am currently using.  When I run this code I am prompted to enter a value for dynamic_filename:
set pagesize 0
set trimspool on
set headsep off
set feedback off
set echo off
set verify off
set timing off
set linesize 4000

DEFINE rows_per_file = 50

-- Create an sql file that will create the individual result files
SET DEFINE OFF

SPOOL c:\temp\generate_one.sql

PROMPT COLUMN which_dynamic NEW_VALUE dynamic_filename
PROMPT

PROMPT SELECT 'c:\temp\run_#'||TO_CHAR( &1, 'fm000' )||'_result.txt' which_dynamic FROM dual
PROMPT /

PROMPT SPOOL &dynamic_filename

PROMPT SELECT *
PROMPT   FROM ( SELECT a.*, rownum rnum
PROMPT            FROM ( select 'desc '||view_name||';'FROM SYS.ALL_VIEWS WHERE OWNER = 'AN_OWNER_NAME' and substr(VIEW_NAME,1,2)='SN' ) a
PROMPT           WHERE rownum <= ( &2 * 50 ) )
PROMPT  WHERE rnum >= ( ( &3 - 1 ) * 50 ) + 1
PROMPT /

PROMPT SPOOL OFF

SPOOL OFF

SET DEFINE &

-- Define variable to hold number of rows
-- returned by the query
COLUMN num_rows NEW_VALUE v_num_rows

-- Find out how many rows there are to be
SELECT COUNT(*) num_rows
  FROM ( SELECT LEVEL num_files FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 120 );

-- Create a master file with the correct number of sql files
SPOOL c:\temp\run_all.sql

SELECT '@c:\temp\generate_one.sql '||TO_CHAR( num_files )
                                   ||' '||TO_CHAR( num_files )
                                   ||' '||TO_CHAR( num_files ) file_name
  FROM ( SELECT LEVEL num_files
           FROM dual
        CONNECT BY LEVEL <= CEIL( &v_num_rows / &rows_per_file ) )
/

SPOOL OFF

-- Now run them all
@c:\temp\run_all.sql

A: I asked around the office and someone suggested I use:
select TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE from SYS.ALL_TAB_COLS

And that got me what I needed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Digging Your Scene: The Best of The Blow Monkeys is a double greatest hits album, released on 4 February 2008 by British band The Blow Monkeys. Led by singer, guitarist, piano and keyboard player Dr. Robert, the group formed in the early 1980s and disbanded in 1990. After that, Dr. Robert went on to pursue a solo career. The Blow Monkeys recently reformed, with the aim of touring and releasing a brand new album.

The 36 tracks included on this double compilation were originally featured on the band's first five studio albums, and most of them were also released as singles, the most successful ones including "It Doesn't Have to Be This Way" (which reached Number 5 in the UK Singles Chart in 1987, their highest position ever), and "Digging Your Scene" (climbing to Number 12 in 1986, this song represented their first British, American and worldwide hit, also making it to Number 14 in the US Billboard Hot 100, Number 7 in the US Hot Dance Club Play, and Number 25 in Germany).

Another Top Ten track was the smash hit "Wait", a duet which got to Number 7, and was only credited to the leader Dr. Robert, as Robert Howard (his real name), and Chicago house diva Kym Mazelle, though it was actually played by the whole group and featured on their fourth studio album Whoops! There Goes the Neighbourhood.

Five more duets are contained in the 2008 double greatest hits album, including the politically censored "Celebrate (The Day After You)", sung with Curtis Mayfield (it came out at the time of 1987 re-election, when then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was being attacked by many British musical acts, including The Blow Monkeys), "Be Not Afraid", a heartfelt interpretation of Robert with Arabian singer Cheb Khaled (the description of how this song actually came into being is one of the few things Howard wrote in the booklet to a less recent double compilation), "Choice?", a house stomper played by the band with young vocalist Sylvia Tella (one of their last hits, before splitting up in the early 1990s), who also co-performed "Slaves No More", a less successful single which also features here, and, last but not least, "Sweet Murder", one of the band's earlier interpretations, realised with toaster Eek-A-Mouse (never released as a single, this popular album track was contained in their second long playing work, namely Animal Magic, which also included their first hit "Digging Your Scene").

This greatest hits collection comprises many other stand-out tracks which were never taken out their respective albums, among which the fifth LP's title track "Springtime for the World", the instrumental medley "Vibe Alive/Reflections '89", "Squaresville", and many more.

Track listings

CD 1
"Digging Your Scene"
"Celebrate (The Day After You)" – The Blow Monkeys & Curtis Mayfield
"Wait" – Robert Howard & Kym Mazelle
"It Doesn't Have to Be This Way"
"Springtime for the World"
"Be Not Afraid" – The Blow Monkeys & Cheb Khaled
"Vibe Alive/Reflections '89"
"As the Dust Settles"
"La Passionara"
"This Is Your Life (1988 mix)"
"Choice?" – The Blow Monkeys & Sylvia Tella
"Slaves No More" – The Blow Monkeys & Sylvia Tella
"Out with Her"
"Heaven Is a Place"
"In Too Deep"
"Let the People Dance"
"Checking Out"
"If You Love Somebody"

CD 2
"Man from Russia"
"He's Shedding Skin"
"Atomic Lullaby"
"Wildflower"
"Wicked Ways"
"Forbidden Fruit"
"Squaresville"
"It Pays to Belong"
"Trashtown Incident"
"Fat Cat Belusha"
"Bombed into the Stoneage"
"Aeroplane City Lovesong"
"I Backed a Winner in You"
"I Nearly Died Laughing"
"Come on Down"
"Sweet Murder" – The Blow Monkeys & Eek-A-Mouse
"Rise Above"
"The Other Side of You"

Personnel

Band members
Dr Robert: lead vocals, piano, guitar, music, lyrics, booklet
Mick Anker: bass guitar
Tony Kiley: drums
Neville Henry: saxophone

Production
Dr. Robert
Adam Moseley
Peter Wilson
Michael Baker & The Axeman
Stephen Hague
Juan Atkins
Paul Witts/Egor
Hector

Other staff members
For the other musicians, producers and staff in detail, see The Blow Monkeys' six studio albums, their first greatest hits collection and their first live album.

External links
 Fencat Online – Dr Robert's Official Website

2008 greatest hits albums
The Blow Monkeys albums
Albums produced by Adam Moseley

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A diet that contains healthy doses of omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, may help control the growth and spread of breast cancer cells, according to a study with mice.
The fatty acids stopped additional delayed tumors from forming and blocked cancerous cells from spreading to other organs in mice, researchers report. The new findings were published Tuesday in the journal Clinical & Experimental Metastasis.
"Our study emphasizes the potential therapeutic role of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in the control of tumor growth and metastasis," Dr. Saraswoti Khadge, of the University of Nebraska Medical Center, said in a press release.
Although the new study was conducted involving mice, previous research has shown how consuming fish oil, including in capsule form, during pregnancy and as a child markedly suppresses the development and spread of breast cancer.
Khade emphasized that the new findings do not mean an omega-3 diet could summarily prevent breast cancer tumors from forming altogether. But Khade and his colleagues believe these omega-3 fatty acids support the body's immune and anti-inflammatory systems.
In the study, two groups of 20 adult female mice were fed a liquid diet with similar calorie count and percentage of fat. But one diet contained plant oils rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fats and the other diet contained fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Then, the mice were injected with 4T1 breast cancer cells, which are known to cause aggressive tumors in the breast and to spread elsewhere.
The mice were studied in autopsies 35 days after the breast cancer cells were injected.
Among mice injected with the omega-3 fatty acids, tumors took significantly longer to start developing and the omega-3 dose helped affect tumor size -- the tumors detected in their breasts were 50 percent smaller than those that developed in the omega 6-group.
The likelihood of the cancerous cells growing and spreading to other organs in the omega-3 group was also lower, omega-3 mice survived longer than those on the omega-6 diet and some of the omega-3 fed mice appeared to never develop breast cancer.
More T-cells -- the white blood cells that play a role in strengthening the immune system against tumors -- were found in the tissue of the mice in the omega-3 group than in the omega-6 group. Mice injected with omega-3 diet also had less inflammation.
Researchers believe inflammation can trigger the rapid development and spread of tumors, as well as promote T-cell responses to tumors.


The Creative Director of Seamstress and National President of the USBG shares her weirdest cocktail experiment, the best meal she's ever had and where in the world she'd spend her final night drinking.
Pamela Wiznitzer has an Ivy League bartending education. Really: Her introduction to making drinks was through Columbia's Bartending Agency, which she signed up for while attending Barnard in New York City. "It was the best ROI of my life," she says not-so-jokingly. The program, which employed real spirits rather than colored water like many bartending classes, was run by friends. After class let out, they'd collect the practice dregs and pre-game before hitting the Upper West Side bars.
Wiznitzer started bartending seriously when she was laid off from a corporate marketing job in 2008. She snatched up a daytime bartending shift at a sports bar in Murray Hill, a slot understood to be the most undesirable in the business. "But I made more money than I could ever imagine," she says. She attracted her own clientele, began studying cocktail-making as a craft, joined the USBG and got a master's in food studies. After working at Empellón and King in SoHo, she landed on the opening team at The Dead Rabbit Grocery and Grog with Sean Muldoon and Jack McGarry. Then, she opened Seamstress, a neighborhood cocktail bar on the Upper East Side.
Forged as a polished local watering hole, Seamstress serves a vast swath of neighborhood—from Harlem to the low 60s—that has been traditionally a no-man's land for cocktails. Here, Wiznitzer adheres to a philosophy of pleasing customers first. "I try to make cocktails that you want to drink two of," she says. She appreciates the idea of the obscure, but ultimately wants guests to feel as if they are being looked after rather than challenged. Many of the cocktails on Seamstress's menu, including a riff on a root beer float called the Wiz Fizz and a ginger-laced Manhattan variation named the Mortimer & Mauve, are permanent fixtures precisely because they please new customers and regulars alike.
Here, Wiznitzer takes our Lookbook Questionnaire to share her weirdest cocktail experiment, the best meal she's ever had and where in the world she'd spend her final night drinking.
Current occupation: Creative Director at Seamstress, National President of the USBG.
What do want to be when you grow up? A meteorologist.
What books are essential to have behind the bar? Ones that you will actually use or read. I am a huge proponent of the Flavor Bible for drink building, The Savoy Cocktail Book for inspiration and a few personal favorites like Julie Reiner's Craft Cocktail Party and Amy Stewart's The Drunken Botanist.
How would you describe your style of drink-making? For the guest. I like to use unique flavor profiles, but build my drink around familiarity and styles that the guest will enjoy. These drinks aren't for me; they are for the people who sit at my bar.
If you could have three women, living or dead, come sit at your bar, who would they be? My mother and two grandmas (all still alive). Because I'd love nothing more than to serve drinks to the women who continue to shape my life and are the matriarchs of my family.
In your opinion, what's been the greatest change in drinking culture in the last decade? Curiosity. I think our modern-day drinkers are extremely curious about new cocktails, spirits and venues, and they seek out these innovations.
What's the next great frontier in cocktail culture? Shaping the new generation of bartenders. We've had a few different waves come through over the past 20 years, and this newest one is young, excited, knowledgeable and eager to make bartending their career.
How do you define leadership behind the bar? Listening, compassion and patience. It's teaching by example. It's checking your personal baggage at the door every time you walk into work and putting the needs of your bar, staff and guests at the forefront of service. (And snacks. Being a good leader also means keeping a team well-fed).
Which industry leaders do you admire most? I have to lead the list with Julie Reiner and Susan Fedroff, who are not only my friends but also the most exquisite role models in our industry when it comes to work-life balance, business and leadership. Other people who constantly inspire me are Ezra Star, Luis Hernandez, Josh Mazza, Colin [Asare-]Appiah, Sean Muldoon, Ashtin Berry, Tiffanie Barriere, Joaquín Simó, Derek Brown, Angie Featherson, Lynnette Marrero, Robin Nance, Shel Bourdon, Chelsea Gregoire. The list could go on for pages, but there is a common thread between all of these people. They challenge me. They hold me accountable for my actions, words, work, and push me to always think bigger and be better. Whether you agree with their leadership tactics or not, all of these people have the best interest of our bar industry at heart and work tirelessly to make our community better.
Tell us about your drink, the Belvoir Boulevard: When it comes to imbibing, I love to keep it low-proof and easy to drink. I'm a lover of bitter cocktails (and vodka), so I'm combining these elements and the flavors I enjoy in one glass. Also, it's not too sweet and so easy to make.
In this elongated riff on the Negroni, Pamela Wiznitzer trades gin for vodka, ups the vermouth and adds some unexpected salinity.
Best thing you ever drank: Toss up between the "Apple Drink" at Coupette in London or [Louis Royer] Pineau des Charentes siphoned from the barrel. It was over 30 years old and Nicholas Royer's father, Jerome, let us try it at their grandmother's house in Cognac.
If you had to listen to one album on loop, for the rest of your life, what would it be? Graceland by Paul Simon.
What's the weirdest hobby you currently have or have had? I collected gemstones as a kid and had them all extremely organized and labeled in containers and boxes.
Weirdest cocktail experiment you've ever attempted: I tried to make these alcoholic, spicy, hard candy lace structures that—despite all of my attempts—just never worked out.
What's your favorite thing to do when you're not eating, drinking or drink-making? Yoga, hanging with friends, going to the Met Museum.
Weirdest drink request you've ever gotten: "Make me something from my dreams." Bro, I have no idea what you dreamt about at night.
Your favorite bar, and why: Besides Seamstress? Daddy-O in the West Village. Hands-down. One of the best backbars of spirits. Gator tots served up until 3:59 a.m. every day.
Best meal you've ever had: Any meal cooked by my grandma. Or Blue Hill at Stone Barns last winter.
You're spending one final night drinking anywhere in the world, where is it and what are you drinking? Drink in Boston with Ezra Star. A Negroni on the rocks. Preferably during a snowstorm.
What's your go-to drink in a cocktail bar? Negroni on the rocks, 50/50 gin Martini with olives or vodka-soda with bitters.
Wine bar? Glass of Lambrusco.
In a dive bar? Cider on ice with a Cognac back. Or a Bud Heavy.
Your preferred hangover recovery regime: Three Advil liquid gels, coconut water, banana, hot yoga and a nap in the afternoon.
The one thing you wish would disappear from drink lists forever: Misspellings. Come on, people, we all have spell-check, and St-Germain does not have an "e" at the end of it.


text:
package org.wso2.andes.tools.messagestore.commands;

import org.wso2.andes.tools.messagestore.MessageStoreTool;

public class Clear extends AbstractCommand
{
    public Clear(MessageStoreTool tool)
    {
        super(tool);
    }

    public String help()
    {
        return "Clears any selection.";
    }

    public String usage()
    {
        return "clear [ all | virtualhost | exchange | queue | msgs ]";
    }

    public String getCommand()
    {
        return "clear";
    }

    public void execute(String... args)
    {
        assert args.length > 0;
        assert args[0].equals(getCommand());

        if (args.length < 1)
        {
            doClose("all");
        }
        else
        {
            doClose(args[1]);
        }
    }

    private void doClose(String type)
    {
        if (type.equals("virtualhost")
            || type.equals("all"))
        {
            _tool.getState().clearAll();
        }

        if (type.equals("exchange"))
        {
            _tool.getState().clearExchange();
        }

        if (type.equals("queue"))
        {
            _tool.getState().clearQueue();
        }

        if (type.equals("msgs"))
        {
            _tool.getState().clearMessages();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


R.T. and Debbie will talk about the proposal in the 2018 Budget, to be voted on soon in the U.S. Senate, that will call for the killing of 46,000 wild horses & burros in Bureau of Land Management (BLM) holding facilities, and tens of thousands more on our public lands. There's also wording in the 2018 Budget that will bring horrendously cruel horse slaughter plants back to the U.S.
R.T. and Debbie will talk about Wild Horse Freedom Federation's years of investigations that have uncovered and proven that wild horses & burros have been missing from Bureau of Land Management's holding facilities, BLM animal cruelty, horse slaughter and more. They'll tell you THE TRUTH about what is happening to our wild horses & burros.


We are currently in the process of creating a completely free MICE directory for the whole of Asia. If you want to list your company and the services you offer then please complete the form below and we will add you to the new directory we are creating.
List Your MICE Business – for Free!


Music pupils across the UK are being encouraged to take part in a sponsored Practice-a-thon, launched last week by Scotland's famous young violinist Nicola Benedetti.
The annual fundraiser for CLIC Sargent, the children's cancer charity, is designed to motivate pupils to practise more, whether singing or playing instruments, over two weeks.
Of the money raised by a school, 75 per cent will go to fund services for children diagnosed with cancer. The school can keep the remainder to fund its own music programmes or buy instruments.
The charity is also organising a practice-a-thon for dance students.
For more information, a free fund-raising pack or to register, contact CLIC Sargent, tel 0845 120 6340.


text:
Stacy Derby is a family biographer and advocate for the transformative power of family stories.
In 2009, in the midst of an investment career as a hedge fund analyst, Stacy published her grandmother's story of survival during the Holocaust. Stacy felt the personal impact of how family stories bring multiple generations together through a shared sense of history and values.
Shortly thereafter, Stacy launched Bind These Words, LLC to help other families preserve their unique and personal stories. In the years since, Stacy and her team have earned a highly regarded reputation for bespoke book publishing. The firm's luxurious, privately published biographies are proudly displayed in the libraries and on coffee tables of prominent families around the world.
An oft-quoted expert in intergenerational communication, Stacy also collaborates with wealth advisors and family offices, as well as non-profits, to employ narrative legacy to engage heirs, to navigate wealth transfer, and to ensure philanthropic donor continuity. Bind These Words has been featured in national and international publications, including Forbes, Better Homes & Gardens, and The Times of Israel.
Stacy holds an M.Sc. (with distinction) from the London School of Economics. She earned her B.A. (Phi Beta Kappa) from the University of Illinois and Oxford University. Prior to founding Bind These Words, she was an investment associate at GCM Grosvenor.
Stacy serves as Co-Chair of the Midwest Advisory Council of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, supporting international human rights and tolerance. Previous board positions include Hadassah in the City, Illini Hillel, and Kahal, and she served as an officer of the Association of Personal Historians. She lives with her family in Chicago.
You can reach Stacy at Stacy@BindTheseWords.com
"It is such a privilege to work with extraordinary clients who share my belief that family stories are the backbone of enduring intergenerational communication."
- Stacy Derby,
Founder and Principal


Motivation: The rapidly increasing amount and disparity of biological data requires interpretation at many levels of description. Human judgement and intuition are important because not all data can be automatically and comprehensively analyzed. Visualization of trees and substructures corresponding to certain features are often used to analyze phylogenies or taxonomies. Unfortunately, most existing tools do not cope with the size of current datasets, the required functionality, or both.
Results: We introduce a program for visualization of huge trees and also for the interactive exploration of their content. We have developed a range of new schemes which are tailored for biological problems. Users can get an overview, zoom in, filter out data and retrieve details from standard databases such as SWISS-PROT. Furthermore, it is possible to analyze the relationship between chosen leaf sets that are specified by common features on a second level of representation. On a PC (with ≈ 512 MB RAM), trees of up to several tens of thousands of leaves can be loaded and both rapidly and interactively explored. We demonstrate the use of this program for the analysis of the SYSTERS data set (which contains hierarchically clustered protein sequences) to which PFAM domains were added as features.
Availability: TreeWiz is written in JAVA and is free for academic use. The full application as well as a restricted applet version can be found on the web-page http://www.eml.org/english/staff/homes/ulla/rost.html.


text:
Marine Resources Task Force (MRTF)
Marine Resources Task Force
The Marine Resources Task Force exists to promote stewardship of our marine resources. To stop further damage and to rehabilitate Estero Bay and its surrounding waters, including all wildlife, plant life, and air and water quality. To bring Estero Bay and its surrounding waters – including the Estero Island shoreline – to the point that they will continue to be the driving force of our economy, sustaining the quality of life in cooperation with all whose livelihoods or lifestyles depend upon the health of Estero Bay.
A general poster advising residents and visitors of "Dos and Don'ts" is available here. The Marine Resources Task Force has also developed a "Guide to the Town of Fort Myers Beach Beachfront Ordinances & Regulations for Visitors & Residents." A copy of this brochure can be found here. Additionally, copies of this brochure can be found at Town Hall and at various locations on Fort Myers Beach. Information about Estero Bay "Pole and Troll" seagrass protection areas is available here.
The committee meets on the second Wednesday of every month at 3:00 pm at Town Hall.
**Meetings are subject to change; please refer to the agendas posted at Town Hall.
Bill Veach, Chair - Term Expires: October 2021
Shannon Mapes, Vice Chair - Term Expires: October 2020
Gregory Holmes - Term Expires: October 2020
Steve Johnson - Term Expires: October 2020
Justin Paulauskis - Term Expires: October 2021
Mary Rose Spalletta- Term Expires: October 2021
Vacancy - Term Expires: October 2021
Chadd Chustz
Town Council Liaison
Rexann Hosafros
Request For Action
Meetings Online
Access meetings online
Fort Myers Beach Permits


text:
People around the world with ostomies were angry at Canada for this proposed health warning.
Specifically, they were angry at the Ministry of Health.
Emma Chapple
In July, Health Canada released proposed health warnings that would appear on cigarette packages. The images were stark and meant to display the myriad health risks that come with tobacco use. One showed an image of a woman with an ostomy pouch, and reads smoking can lead to colorectal cancer.
"You may need to use a bag as a toilet for the rest of your life," it warns.
I first saw the ostomy image on Rachel at Rocking 2 Stomas' Twitter feed. Later, Jessica at Uncover Ostomy called on the government and the Minister of Health to remove the image from circulation and apologize.
The efforts worked, and Health Canada announced via Twitter that the ostomy will not be included in the official rollout of the new warnings.
Related: Ostomy advocates oppose CDC's latest anti-smoking campaign calling it 'offensive and dangerous'
There are mixed feelings about this.
The ostomy label is one of 39 new health warnings being workshopped and focus-grouped across the country. They're a new spin on the older labels — warnings that have been proven effective in deterring people from tobacco use.
The Toronto Star states that the new warnings are meant to show real people suffering from the problems caused by smoking. The Star also states that youth smokers who had seen the new labels were previously unaware that colorectal cancer could be caused by smoking. In short, early tests show these labels are effective. And they're not inconsistent with Canada's public health aims.
Get ready, because I'm about to give you a breakdown on Canadian health policy.
Public health is a Canadian value. Our healthcare system is, for the most part, publicly administrated. In Canada, you're much more likely to see a public health advertisement on television than an ad for prescription medicine. It's because our healthcare system is not primarily motivated by profit that prevention makes up a large portion of the country's policy.
Curbing tobacco use has been a tenet of Canada's health law strategy for a few decades now. The federal government attempted to pass a ban on all tobacco advertising in the country in 1995. Ten years later, a law in British Columbia was passed that allowed the province to sue tobacco companies to recover the costs of healthcare incurred by illnesses resulting from tobacco use.
What I'm saying is, the War on Tobacco is not new and it's not going to end anytime soon.
For many, life with an ostomy is a very real fear. It was a fear of mine when I was first diagnosed with Crohn's disease. Even if my fear was misplaced, that doesn't make it any less real. Tapping into that fear is effective, whether we like it or not.
Of course, I'm living my best life with an ostomy and I love sharing that on my social media. Last month, Aerie released a new campaign featuring models with different abilities which included Gaylyn Henderson of Gutless and Glamorous. Stigma around ostomies will continue to exist but if these stigmas can be countered with positive representation, maybe things will start to change.
In the meantime, people who use tobacco do run the risk of needing an ostomy. Seeing an image of an ostomy is more tangible than a picture of a diseased colon. So personally, I see nothing wrong with it. Other people feel differently.
(Side note: The ostomy pouch in the image is WAY TOO FULL. I think that's the real travesty here.)
Picture of a Canadian cigarette display I snapped the other day at the airport.
OC Canada
ATTN GALS: Girls With Guts has a program to meet pen pal friends
You got mail... like an actual letter!
29 tweets that are so funny you'll wish you wrote them
Craving more ostomy humor?
Nobody decorates a pumpkin or a pouch better than an ostomate
So many gave us a treat with their Halloween costumes.
Yulady's uplifting words and beautiful poses are sure to inspire you
The healing power of yoga. Namasté.
Get your ears around these podcasts about ostomy life
What to listen to now.


Make a healthy version of an old-time favourite: Fudgy brownies, filled with zucchini, flax and whole wheat flour.
These are healthy compromise brownies. They're sweet and fudgy but made healthier with zucchini, ground flax, whole wheat flour and much less sugar than your average brownie recipe. Molasses helps to make them taste more chocolaty and chocolate chips add nuggets of sweet and extra texture to each bite.
Baking with vegetables is a good way to add nutrition to your brownies, cookies and muffins, and vegetables help to keep baked goods moist. Zucchini is versatile because it is tender and doesn't have a lot of flavour on its own. And if you like to count calories, you'll find these zucchini brownies are filling at just 106 calories each.
Healthy zucchini brownies have become a school lunchbox treat for the final few weeks of school. With all of us tired of the school lunch routine (and school in general), easy treats like this create a nice diversion. They're also easy for kids to bake on their own.
You'll be tempted to bake them longer than 40 minutes. If you want fudgy brownies, stick to the 35-40 minute range. They'll still be yummy if you bake them for 45 minutes, but they'll be more cake-like.
This recipe is adapted from an earlier recipe for Zucchini Brownies posted on this website.
Line a 9"x 9" pan with parchment paper or grease it well.
Whisk together butter, sugar, vanilla and molasses. Add egg and mix well.
In a separate bowl, whisk flours, flax, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt.
Fold in the zucchini and ½ a cup of the chocolate chips.
Spread in prepared pan. Sprinkle over remaining 2 Tbsp. of chocolate chips and press them in a bit.
*Grate the zucchini on the large-hole side of a box grater. A handful at a time, squeeze out as much liquid as possible.
Nutritional info: Per brownie (when made with butter).
Ok, so this is a yummy way to use the garden zucchini. :) Now to just stay with eating one brownie.
A useful use for zucchini! It is not easy to just eat one brownie. I like to give some away to neighbours, it saves me from eating them all.
Have you tried it with honey or maple syrup?
Hi Wendy. I haven't tried this recipe with honey or maple syrup but I bet it would be delicious.


text:
Eagle approves Eagle Landing townhomes, 'most affordable project in the valley'
Randy Wyrick
rwyrick@vaildaily.com
Eagle Landing is a townhome project in Eagle, aimed directly at locals who want to break out of renting and buy into the market.
Special to the Daily |
EAGLE — Bruce Hagedorn and his sons, Brad and Jesse, were perusing Eagle's real estate listings and found only three houses for less than $475,000.
"We can beat that," they said to one another, and now they will.
Eagle Landing at Brush Creek will be 42 townhomes across 12 buildings. Units will range from 1,050 to 1,384 square feet. Most will have oversize garages with ceilings high enough to build storage space.
Most of these will sell in the high $300,000 range, Bruce said.
"It's the most affordable project in the valley," Bruce said. "It will fill a niche in the market."
Bruce, Brad and Jesse are Gold Dust Partners. It's a family business. Mom, Mary Ann, is the CFO.
Buy, don't rent
The goal is to create a for-sale project that will be competitive with renting for local middle-class families, Bruce said.
"This is an alternative to renting," Brad said. "You can either buy or rent for about the same money."
Local Realtor Rick Beveridge is the listing broker.
Construction is set to begin in April, with the first phase scheduled for completion in late summer or early fall.
The project will focus on two-bedroom, 2.5-bath townhomes. Some will be bigger, and a few will be one-bedroom townhomes with extra storage, part of Eagle's Local Employee Residence Plan.
The kitchens will feature stainless steel appliances with granite countertops.
Because it will be easy to walk out the door to Brush Creek, it was important for Eagle Landing to be environmentally friendly, Brad said. They're reducing the amount of sod coverage and emphasizing native vegetation to reduce water use, Jesse said.
Of the 42 townhomes, 13 will have walkout basements with easy access to Brush Creek. Across Grand Avenue is an ECO bus stop. Downtown Eagle is an easy stroll.
The project will be built on part of the vacant land next to the medical center in Eagle. The open space and trail easement will not be touched, they said.
Eagle Landing is the first project to launch in Eagle in years, Brad said. Eagle's town board unanimously approved the project.
"The town has been great to work with," Brad said.
The townhomes will be built off-site, trucked in and set in place. That will also help keep costs down, Bruce said.
They're their own general contractors, so that's helping keep costs down, Bruce said. They've built nine homes in Gypsum's Buckhorn Valley neighborhood and elsewhere around the valley and recently opened a 65-unit self-storage project in Edwards — the only self-storage units in the Edwards area.
Chris Fedrizzi, with Site Resource Management in Eagle, and Hobbs Excavating are handling the infrastructure and roads.
"We're using as many local businesses as possible," Bruce said.
Staff Writer Randy Wyrick can be reached at 970-748-2935 and rwyrick@vaildaily.com.


To the UK's up and coming cave festival page.
We love caving so much we do all the hard work for you.
Explore our website to see our history, past events and updates on the next event.
Cavefest 2019 is on its way!!


text:
The Mosquito Population
Introduction. The Biogeography and Spatial Behavior of Disease.
There are four levels of understanding required for defining and predicting the spatial behavior of a vector-host-human-borne disease like west nile. First, we need to understand the disease vector itself–the mosquitoes–and the differences between vectors species and other non-vector species of mosquitoes residing alongside them. Second, we have to understand the behavior of each species of mosquitoes independently in relation to the various physiographic (physical-spatial) features that define their surrounding environment, including climate and weather patterns and local hydrographic, pedologic (soil), topographic and phytogeographic (spatial plant) features. Third, we have to understand the ecology of these environmental settings as a whole, detailing how and why the mosquito survives in this setting, how it acquires the disease-causing pathogen for west nile, and how and why an infected mosquito comes in contact with it potential host victims like the crow or the human. The goal of this spatial approach to understanding west nile behavior is to come to a better udnerstaedning of the disease-causing organism itself–the pathogen–and what it does to retain its place in the local ecological setting and infect human victims.
The fourth level for understanding diseases like west nile focuses on the human ecology of this event, which requires a description of the behaviors of the pathogen, vector and host populations in relation to human living settings. There are a number of ways in which interactions between people and the environment can help to promote the spread of a disease. In the anthropic (mankind-centered) sense, a disease is not a disease until it is able to affect or infect people. A "disease" may affect or impact people by killing off other organisms we have to come to rely upon, such as an orchard fruit-bearing plant or an ecologically important invertebrate species, or a disease can impact us directly by infecting us and impacting our chances for survival. When a disease takes place in a natural setting, regardless of human interaction, it is termed zoonotic or animal- based. The subsequent human-infecting form of this disease if it arises from a zoonotic form is termed anthropozoonotic. The West Nile fever in humans is an anthropozoonotic disease. It originated as part of a natural ecologic setting (presumably the West Nile area of Africa), from where it spread to other regions where over time it underwent the right genetic changes making it capable of infecting humans as well as other mammalian and non-mammalian species in other countries.
To study the spatial behavior of a disease like West Nile, we have to research it at all levels. In the past, the research of many anthropozoonotic diseases focused primarily on the human ecological level. The goal was to simply find the primary source for the contagion and them eliminate from our living experience. Scientists then try to better understand the cause for this disease by working backwards through the other non-human-based, natural forms of this disease. For the most part, the research of west nile has focused primarily upon two environmental features–climate and weather conditions. A considerable amount of time was also spent studying the long term migration of this disease, relating its spread pattern mostly to bird migrations. The ecological requirements for west nile in the United States have been minimally reviewed, with little to no evidence for reviews made using a natural ecological means for defining the sources for mosquitoes. For the most part, standard landuse-related methods of analysing west nile have been used, with several superficial attempts made to interject ecological information into such projects.
The documentation of vector type and behavior in the research area was the first task of this work on West Nile. The information on mosquito captures (for both adult and larva forms) was used to develop a better understanding on the species themselves, followed by an understanding of their spatial distribution in the research area in relation to both phytoecological and landuse types.
To better understand the impact on various spatial features on west nile, we first develop a database in which we can document the spatial pattern of the disease spread. We then try to relate the disease or disease-causing organisms (pathogen, vectors and hosts) to such things as weather patterns, host behaviors, and vector activities such as mating, swarming, breeding, egg laying and blood-feeding. Once we develop a better understanding of these natural behaviors of mosquitoes, we can then use this information to develop a better understanding of the disease they carry–the West Nile. We then follow this research with projects designed to provide us with a more complete understanding of the natural and human ecology of this mosquito-borne disease. The benefit of studying the ecology of a disease vector like the mosquito is that it provides us with an environmental understanding of the vector species involved with zoonotic (animal-borne) disease spread behaviors, an ecological understanding of the disease-causing organism borne by the vector, regardless of its infectious state to either man or animal, and a human ecological understanding of the disease as a human population phenomenon.
The following list describes the abbreviations to be used for the potential species expected to be found or trapped during the initial stages of this disease ecology project.
A general review of all captures made during the course of a season provides us with details as to when the mosquitoes in general swarm on a seasonal basis. This information is also of value in research performed on non-species specific behavior in relation to weather changes or non-species specific behaviors relative to place and habitat/landuse type.
The following are trends found reviewing all species captures on a per trapping day basis.
We can review overall productivity of a site. There are, of course, sites where productivity is exceptionally high. For these sites it is important to try to determine the reasons for thier productivity, especially when this success continued over a fairly long period of time (several weeks or more). The two most common reasons noted in this study for high productivity related to ecological setting (biodiversity and species richness) and a highly-impacted, periurban landuse setting.
Trap performance during the first two months - Relative Site Productivity.
The year prior to this part of the study, we had developed a fairly good method for identifying the highest risk areas and in particular the most productive landuse forms in relation to the known West Nile-carrying vector species. Much of this summary came about based on the 2002 data, which was reviewed over the following winter. The following chart depicts productivity in 2002; several of these sites can be correlated to the 2003 trap productivity.
These are primarily the highest risk sites (not all sites for 2002), compare WAP052-057 outcomes
To improve productivity, trap site performance was evaluated. The two measures for performance with traps are: 1) number of species relative to numbers of days a trap was set and became productive, and 2) the measure of trap failure (numbers of times you show up to pick up the trapped species and find the battery was dead.)
The following is an example of one of these productivity maps.
Aside from trapping, areas are assessed for larvae activity. These larva sampling activities required a great deal more time and aggressiveness that the trapping work in order to be successful. The following is an overveiw of the results for the 2003 larva gathering/identification activity.
Applications of GIS to Species Studies
The next 3 maps depict a chronological mapping of trap site use and results; this was based on the sum of the complete counts for the day, for all species captured.
The Northernmost traps in the County
Southeastern Section of the County (most heavily populated area; PRE habitats)
Southwestern section of the county (highest population density and most PRE captures)
2002 GIS project
During the Winter of 2002/3, a variety of assessments were done of the data to test out the applications of GIS to this project. Several fairly useful types of maps were produced by duplicating the methodology I employed in another GIS project (also at this blogsite), focused on the release of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals from EPA chemical release sites. A complex bargraph placed on the map provides information on sites in a relative fashions–the bars are sized based on the max and min values, which you help to define the final value (size) of the largest bars in the GIS program.
A number of species-specific maps were produced for 2002 depicting basic trap productivity and outcomes. These were done for 1-, 2- and 3-species groups. The first depicts Oc. japonicus average capture results (the primary suspected introductory vector, but not the carrier of west nile as is Cx. pipiens-restuans/PRE.) Positive testing dead crows are also depicted in the Aedes vexans map. The 3 Culex species were mapped relative to crow call density depicted using census block group-based graduated choropleths to depict crow density. For all of these maps, the counts are based on averages over the year and so often seem small due to significant numbers of 0 or non-capture days.
Ochlerotatus japonicus
Culex pipiens
Aedes vexans relative to crow call sites for 2002
Culex species distributions in relation to Crow Call densities per Census Block Group Area
During the month of August, a cluster of positive testing crows was found resulting in the identification of the positive testing mosquito pool about a week later. The technique used to set up traps to find this pool is reviewed elsewhere. This technique required use of Aerial Photography and additional time spent GPS and mapping the wetlands and small creeks/rivulets of this region. Since this site was in the middle of the region where the highest density of Cx. pipiens-restuans was obtained in traps, and where a high density of crow calls were being recorded, this use of GIS became an example of small area analysis. The positive testing PRE could have been found without GIS in this case, and much of the work preparing for the capture required no use of GIS at all. In this case, GIS provided mostly a fast and easy overview of the region around the dead crow site, and through the use of extensions, we were able to define the centroid for the PRE species in the area. This was in close proximity to one particular trap site that could be developed fairly close to the centroid. (The centroid in fact was positions in a small temporary seasonal pool-like area on an open forest floor, covered by a shrub canopy, holding about 2 to 12 inches of water.)
2003 began with the successful retrapping of the positive testing PRE at the sites identified using a centroid-producing extension for the GIS.
The next series of maps were produced by the use of bars to depict the individual trap site productivity at a per species level.
Ochlerotatus and Culex species
Anopheles species
Aedes species
Aedes and Ochlerotatus species
Ochlerotatus sp. and Psoraphora sp.
Other Ochlerotatus species
Uranotaenia and Anopheles species
Coquilletidia and Ochlerotatus species
The Other Pages:
Vectors [this page]


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