text:
Q: How to convert a command line cUrl to PHP cUrl I was trying to publish messages from PHP and I need to convert the following command into a PHP cURL:
  curl -X PUT --data-binary "Hello World" http://eclipse.mqttbridge.com/test

No matter what I try i cannot get it going. I tried curl_exec and exec commands but no results. How do you convert this command into PHP cUrl, or at least execute from exec command?
Thanks!

A:     $data = "Hello World";
    $ch = curl_init('http://eclipse.mqttbridge.com/test');

    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "PUT");
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);

    $response = curl_exec($ch);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Gillian Avery on recent attempts to make children laughGillian Avery
Vol. 2 No. 3 · 21 February 1980
Gillian Avery on recent attempts to make children laugh
Gillian Avery
The Children's Book of Comic Verse
edited by Christopher Logue.
Batsford, 160 pp., £3.95, March 1980, 0 7134 1528 2Show More
The Children's Book of Funny Verse
edited by Julia Watson.
Faber, 127 pp., £3.95, September 1980, 0 571 11467 9Show More
Bagthorpes v. the World
by Helen Cresswell.
The Robbers
by Nina Bawden.
Gollancz, 144 pp., £3.95, September 1980, 0 575 02695 2Show More
What makes children laugh? First and foremost, disaster – other people's disasters, naturally. My daughter, at the age of two, was so overcome by the exquisite funniness of her cousin knocking a plate from the table that she lay on the floor and sobbed with laughter. Disaster is, of course, a vital element in farce and clowning, but a child can find humour in the sort of domestic mishap that an adult would have to see on the stage before he could laugh. (Or does the humour of disaster appeal only to the Western mind? We were once the only Europeans present at a Boxing Day performance of Oh Mr Porter in a back-street cinema. Four men were whirled around on the sails of a windmill; we fell about with laughing, the Pakistani children who made up the rest of the audience were silent. They either found the situation totally unfunny, or else lacked the instinct that an English child would have, that everything would come right in the end.) It can go beyond ordinary calamity – Mitford aficionados will remember the glee with which that terrifying family chanted: 'Crushed to death in a lift-shaft; man's long agony in a lift-shaft.'
Impropriety comes second. One goes into convulsions of giggles at the daring of repeating surreptitiously words which adults have indicated are not for polite society. 'Strumpet and stomach and damn must never, never be said,' sang one Victorian vicarage family in the isolation of their nursery. 'Red, white and blue, dirty kangaroo, sitting on a lamp-post doing number two,' was what we used to mutter in our Surrey back-garden. My great uncle, a Presbyterian minister, once told my father the rhyme that had so delighted him in his childhood in the 1860s, a rhyme where the wicked word was never actually uttered.
Matilda ate jam,
Matilda ate jelly,
Matilda went home
With a pain in her –
But don't be mistaken,
Don't be misled,
With a pain
In her head.
How little Rousseau understood child nature when he suggested that children's acute interest in their body and its functions could be repressed by connecting coarse words with these, which they would be unwilling to recall.
And then of course there are the riddles and puns from which the six to 11-year-olds derive such inexplicable pleasure. 'What did the cannibal have for supper? Baked beings on toast': though one does not laugh so much as feel a profound intellectual satisfaction at the beauty of it – much as a logician might enjoy a Euclid proof. It also gives scope for the collector, who can rattle out his stock of riddles like a machine-gun, to the fury both of adults and of peers lacking such a capacious memory. The appreciation of irony comes at a far later stage. 'Women, children and revolutionists hate irony.' Conrad meant, as a weapon used against them. The first and the last hate it while understanding what their attacker is up to; the child hates it because he does not. One is usually adolescent before one can be certain whether adults are speaking seriously, or think it funny if they are not.
Christopher Logue who has compiled The Children's Book of Comic Verse for Batsford, and Julia Watts in The Children's Book of Funny Verse (Faber), have both grasped the essentials about a child's sense of humour – far better than the 1935 editors of The Dragon Book of Verse where I first encountered 'light verse' and found it depressingly ponderous. To be sure, that particular section included a couple of Lewis Carroll poems, but I knew these already. The general tone was the wordy waggishness of Punch of that period, and the themes wholly adult: lovesick swains, tobacco, golf. Occasional exercises in this genre have crept into the Christopher Logue selection. The anonymous ode to 'Lizzie, my Old Car'.
I love you though your radiator's busted,
I love you though your gudgeon pins are worn,
smacks of the Dragon Book attitude that 'light' is synonymous with 'suitable for children', and the satire of 'My Lord Tomnoddy' would be lost on children, and in any case requires extensive explanation.
Her Majesty's councils his words will grace.
Office he'll hold and patronage sway.
Fortunes and lives he will vote away.
And what are his qualifications? ONE
He's the Earl of Fitzdotterel's eldest son!
But these are isolated lapses. Both editors understand how children want comic, rather than light verse. The boundaries between these can be disputed for ever, but it is generally conceded that light verse, while its subject-matter is low, demands an elegance, a nicely-assembled structure, that comic verse dispenses with, concentrating on the impropriety. That was what was wrong with the Dragon Book's section of light verse: the elegance was wasted on me, the impropriety insufficient.
Thou who, when fears attack,
Bidst them avaunt, and Black
Care, at the horseman's back
Perching, unseatest;
Sweet, when the morn is gray;
Sweet, when they've cleared away
Lunch, and at close of day
Possibly sweetest.
This is how Calverley opens his 'Ode to Tobacco', which I never bothered to read beyond the first couplet. Calverley's Schoolmaster Abroad with his Son, which I have never seen in any anthology for the young, would have been far more suitable, though the Dragon editors, schoolmasters themselves, might have thought it subversive.
O what harper could worthily harp it,
Mine Edward! This wide stretching wold
(Look out wold) with its wonderful carpet
Of emerald, purple, and gold!
Look well at it – also look sharp it
Is getting so cold.
The editors of both collections have seen that impropriety and disaster are well represented. Knickers, false teeth, false legs, fleas, all have a place, along with over-eating, spitting, and putting nettles in your grandma's bed. There is also (chosen by Christopher Logue) the 'musical student from Sparta [who] was a truly magnificent farter'. Beyond him he does not venture. Julia Watson stops with the old man of Blackheath who sat on his set of false teeth.
Calamity and the gruesome, the crude and the slapstick, are given a suitable amount of space, and Harry Graham is perhaps overworked, though children, who are never satisfied with a mere taste, may not agree. None in this genre is as good as Ogden Nash's 'Termite'.
Some primal termite knocked on wood
And tasted it, and found it good;
And that is why your Cousin May
Fell through the parlour floor today.
(Included in Watts but not in Logue.) It has the calm acceptance of fatality that is the essential of a Ruthless Rhyme, but the added parody of a didactic parental explanation, where the desire to impart information overrides all other considerations, makes it supremely funny, while the rhyme of Billy whose ashes one cannot rake, thereby making the room chilly, is merely macabre and too easy to imitate.
The Faber Funny Book, in its section on adventures and mishaps, also includes A.A. Milne's 'Disobedience', the tale of James James Morrison Morrison Weatherby George Dupree, who took great care of his mother, though he was only three. The mother, you will remember, disobeys James James's order that she should not go down to the end of the town without consulting him. She never comes back. It is shrugged off very casually:
King John (somebody told me)
Said to a man he knew:
'If people go down to the end of the town, well,
what can anyone do?'
I used to recite it (in my day children were called on to torture visitors in this way), but while I enjoyed the rhythm and the pace, it gave me a considerable amount of unease, and I certainly didn't find it funny. Nor, I think, did A.A. Milne intend it to be funny ha ha: he was paying tribute to the child's extraordinary self-absorption and egocentricity. For me it was all far too near the recurrent dread that one's mother might disappear one day and never come back; that one would come back from school and find an empty house, or worse still, no house at all. Disaster is enjoyable as long as it does not affect oneself. The same child who laughed so uproariously at a plate falling on the floor was appalled at the far more comical sight of her pushchair buckling and then pancaking under a too heavy weight inadvertently piled on it. It was her pram; she wouldn't have minded if it had been somebody's else's.
The bits of comic doggerel by Anon that both editors scatter freely through their collections occasionally sit, to an adult eye, in uneasy juxtaposition with real poetry like that of Lear and Eliot and Emily Dickinson and de la Mare, but this is surely a good thing: the eye can wander from 'Deborah Delora, she liked a bit of fun' to the Gumbie Cat, and enjoy both. Lucky dips are always good sport, even if, as I did aged six on the hottest day of the year, you only fish out a pair of woolly bedsocks.
Both authors have drawn on the same anthologies (one tries to push away the gloomy Gissing view of the British Museum Reading Room being full of people copying out bits from old books to make into new books, for these are both very attractive collections), so much material is common to both. The Faber book is probably, with its larger type, intended for younger readers, but the Batsford book is much better value: more poems, a proper list of sources and an index of authors and first lines – how could Faber publish a book without these! But both books will give much pleasure, even to (perhaps especially to) the child addressed by Christopher Logue on his title page who never reads anything, except TV programmes.
But sadly, neither of them include the song I have been trying to find for years, the saga of Sir Smasham Uppe (is it by E.V. Rieu?) who, asked to tea, breaks the Crown Derby, the Hepplewhite chair, ruins the carpet – in short, all his hostess's most treasured possessions, while she, dreadful woman, murmurs unnerving assurances that it is of no consequence. The whole situation appeals to a child's sense of the risible – a holocaust that hasn't been caused by oneself.
Helen Cresswell's Bagthorpe's v. the World is also meant to make children laugh. This is the fourth in the saga of that dotty family who have many admirers. They are now trying to achieve immortality and a place in the Guinness Book of Records with their Great Bagthorpe Daisy Chain. Mr Bagthorpe has an apparent overdraft of millions (an error in the bank computer) and is conducting an economy campaign, and little Cousin Daisy has entered an Intimations of Mortality phase and is obsessed with funerals. This is fairly sophisticated humour, and perhaps a little strained.
Nina Bawden has always excelled at persons and places, and in The Robbers she has created some that will give much pleasure. Here is Philip living with his grandmother in a grace-and-favour apartment in a castle by the sea. The young and the old are in perfect harmony; he looks after her, treats her as an equal. Then Philip's unsatisfactory father wants him back as company for his new wife. The trouble is that Nina Bawden's instincts are to write about pleasant people and happy homes; she has the rare gift of being able to make simple goodness seem positive and admirable and wholly delightful, and the shining optimism that until recently was considered a virtue in books for the young. But now the fashion has changed. Children, it is felt, should be brought face to face with harsh reality, with the fact that adults, particularly their own parents, are not only horribly fallible but can be downright nasty.
So she feels bound to give Philip a father who is selfish and irresponsible, and who carried him away from the grandmother, back to London as a temporarily interesting toy. There he makes a friend from over the canal, Darcy, a boy whose brother is a receiver of stolen goods and gets put into prison. Darcy's home, his crippled father who delights in quoting from The Bard to Darcy's deep embarrassment, his Jamaican sister-in-law, Addie, are beautifully conceived and memorable. When Darcy's family begin to have money problems the boys, in a half-hearted way, break into a rich person's house, hoping to get some loot to pay the electricity bills. The author's motives in this incident are not clear: is it to show up Philip's father, who is morally far less responsible than his son, but knows which is the near and which is the far side of the law, and is incredulous that his son apparently does not? The boys are caught, separated, Darcy is put on probation, Philip sent back with his grandmother (who gives his father a dressing-down before the leaves: 'You always were a bully, Henry').
But that return to the castle which in the old-style children's book would have been a triumphant happiness has been spoiled for us by the new-style convention that you must see things from all sides. It has been made clear that Philip was becoming old-womanish from habitually consorting with the elderly in the grace-and-favour apartments: are we now supposed to forget this and rejoice? Children's fiction, now the assumption that moral issues are simple and clear-cut has been shed, is nowadays in the uneasy state of not knowing what direction it should take, and the result is often a hybrid – a book that is neither a children's nor an adult's novel. But there is much to enjoy in The Robbers, not least the 'robbers' themselves, both attractive characters who deserve something better than the hideous drawing Charles Keeping has made of them for the cover.
Gillian Avery author of many children's books, has also written several books of criticism, including Childhood's Pattern.
New Guardians of Education
More by Gillian Avery

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How do I register to use the food bank? Click here.
If you are planning a food drive for this Easter, please remember to plan for delivery to the food bank.
Larger donations can be dropped off at our site Parkway Storage, 1535 Pickering Parkway.
Monday–Friday 8 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. Weekends 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Buzz at the main gates for entry.
Visit our CURRENT NEEDS page for food items we really need.
Thank you for remembering your local food bank.
Have you lost a set of important keys? They showed up in a donation bag recently. Contact us by phone or email to retrieve them.
The food bank is now operating in an area of approximately 3100 square feet providing our volunteers with a safe work environment and permitting all food donations to be stored under one roof. This meant knocking down walls, adding insulation and drywall plus extending heating and air conditioning. We were also able to build a new office for our clients to have privacy when registering with us or discussing their personal issues.
The renovations could not have been done without the cooperation of a great many people including the City of Pickering, Coughlan Properties and help from our many volunteers. Your financial support over the years has enabled us to complete this much needed work in order to meet the growing needs of our community. Thank you.
Seldom do we have the opportunity to know how the food bank affects the lives of the people we serve but we recently received a heart warming story from a former client who recalls attending the food bank with his mother. You can read his story here.
Mailing address: 882 Kingston Rd. Pickering, ON L1V 1A8 Attn: Food Bank.
We also accept grocery store gift cards and online donations through PayPal.
Thank you for supporting your local food bank.
You can make a financial donation online via PayPal here.
Are You Planning A Food Drive?
If so, please don't forget to include donation delivery in your plans. We have very limited ability to pick up large accumulations of donated food. We have no paid staff and no vehicles other than those operated by our volunteers. Donated food may be dropped off at Parkway Storage Units, preferably during food bank operating hours. To arrange delivery at other times, please contact us.
What do you think of when you hear the word FOOD DRIVE? If you are like most people you would answer - non-perishable items like soup, canned vegetables, tuna, canned spaghetti, baked beans dry pasta and of course, Kraft Dinner. All of these items are important to us and we appreciate receiving them. However, there are other food items just as important but we never have enough: breakfast cereal, tea bags, instant coffee, sugar, cookies, crackers, luncheon snacks, dessert mixes (i.e. muffin mix/brownie mix) dry soup mix, condiments, toilet paper and personal hygiene products.
Statistics show that children learn better and behave better in school if they are not hungry. On average, we serve 60 families each week so we are always in need of breakfast and lunch foods and snacks. The next time you are thinking of donating to our food bank, please visit the Current Needs page.for suggested items or contact us via email.
Established in 1991 as a temporary outreach program by some members of St. Paul's on-the-Hill Anglican Church, the food bank has outgrown several locations.
Unfortunately, the need has not diminished over the years but the base has broadened. We now draw volunteers from across the local community. Over thirty individuals regularly donate their time and efforts to keep the food bank operating. We are also generously supported by many individuals, businesses and organizations. Without the strong support of the community we could not continue to operate.
The food bank is open to clients on Tuesday and Friday mornings from 10 AM - 12 Noon.
We depend on the generosity of community members who support our mission and vision. You can help too by contributing food or making a donation. Because food collection is uncoordinated, we often end up with too much of one item and not enough of another. You can help us stock our shelves based on current need. Please check our Current Needs page for the foods in short supply.


GOOD MORNING my sweet friends & welcome to our first Throwback Thursday "Do Over".
Basically what we need to do is make over a project from the past & post the before & after pic! Well, to be honest w/you ALL….I "THINK" I did mine wrong!!! lol….. I wasn't sure if I was supposed to use the doggie again….but I just RE-DID the entire card! I just did a WHOLE NEW MAKE OVER! hahahaha! After seeing my design team's before & after pics….that's when I realized….'houston, we have a teensy problem!!!' hehehe!
Well, here is my "original" card! To be honest, I think I like my ORIGINAL card BETTER!!!! LOL…..
Okay, what I ALSO incorporated with my card was the technique I learned from one of the teachers, the TALENTED Miss Karolyn Loncon from the online card class! She did this FUN stamping technique that I HAD to try! I explained in my video below exactly how I created it!
Super cute! I love both of them!!!
Both of your cards are really cute.... I really love those hearts on the second card.... and the little puppy on the first card is adorable!
Good Morning Miss Emma and have to say you are tooooo Funny!! I do love both of your cards though and your take on it is so cute....I'm meaning the challenge......but I love your doggy too and your hearts are so beautiful....so thanks for sharing your cute story and your Fabulous cards.
YOU so ROCK!! Will be back later to watch your video.....I love having something fun to look forward to with my afternoon Kuppa Kuppa!!
Love both cards. I thought both we great.
Both of your cards are great...the puppy probably didn't need a remake and it was fun to hear about the technique you used for your hearts card. The twine is perfect...I can see why you needed that one. I loved the remakes today...we all have a card or two we wished we had done differently...at least I have :D Sorry for the camera and mail troubles...besides holidays weather is also a problem for the postal service.
Oh Emma ~ You make me laugh! I think your Do Over card is simply BEAUTIFUL! I LOVE everything about it ~ seriously! I think the first card is ADORABLE too though! I think this segment is both challenging and totally fun! I found it hard to pick just "ONE" ~ LOL!


text:
Police interrogator rejects ex-PM's claims of PID cover-up
Photo by: Jack Guez/Pool via Reuters
A key police interrogator in the public corruption trial of former prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Tuesday rejected any conspiracy theories suggested by the defense about a cover-up by the Police Investigations Department regarding undue pressure on a top former aide of Netanyahu in order to flip him into being a state's witness.
Testifying for the second consecutive day before the Jerusalem District Court, police interrogator Nir Schwartz denied there had been a PID probe into his team's handling of state's witness Nir Hefetz or any attempt to cover up such a probe.
Netanyahu's defense team has tried to undermine Hefetz's testimony, after the former aide provided powerful ammunition for the prosecution to prove media bribery against Netanyahu in the Case 4000 Bezeq-Walla affair, but also castigated the police for allegedly abusing him during his interrogation.
On Monday, Netanyahu's defense team tried to claim that Hefetz was coerced into turning on Netanyahu, and that his accusations should be disregarded as not credible.
By Tuesday, however, lawyer Boaz Ben Zur was delving into internal PID disputes to try to raise a cloud of doubt about the interrogation of Hefetz at an even deeper level.
The prosecution has said that even if there are issues with aspects of Hefetz's testimony, there is tremendous supporting evidence, and that he is an irreplaceable witness for tying together all the different aspects of the case.
In mid-September 2020, the prosecution had denied it had any documents pertaining to conflict within the PID about how Hefetz had been treated during his interrogation.
Subsequently, after Channel 12's Amit Segal revealed one such document, the prosecution did a 180-degree turn and said that good faith miscommunications within the PID had led to the document going astray.
Essentially, former senior PID official Dubi Shertzer claimed that he complained to his superiors in PID about police investigators' alleged abusive treatment of Hefetz.
Next, Segal claimed that either the PID or the prosecution or some combination of the two covered up the complaint and failed to disclose the complaint to defense lawyers, until Segal broke the story in mid-September 2020.
Shertzer and then-deputy PID head Moshe Saada, who has created problems for the PID and the prosecution in some high-profile cases, are known to be on poor terms with PID chief Karen Ben-Menachem.
Subsequently, a combined review of Justice Ministry oversight "czar" David Rozen and Deputy State Attorney Nurit Litman (who had no involvement in any of the Netanyahu case issues) found that Shertzer's version of events strained credulity, while Ben-Menachem's narrative did not have holes in it.
Sources have indicated that the document itself presented by Segal had credibility issues. They also suggest that Shertzer himself later said he never mentioned Hefetz specifically, but, rather, just general concerns about the Netanyahu case interrogations, and that Shertzer himself did not remember who approached him with allegedly problematic information.
Another issue on which Ben Zur cross-examined Schwartz was the validity of the search warrant that served as the basis to bring a third party who was not Hefetz's wife to the police station.
Schwartz and Ben Zur traded claims and counterclaims about what was implied by the document the police submitted to the court to get the search warrant, and whether the police had been honest with the court.
In addition, Schwartz denied that statements made by Yaniv Peleg to Hefetz were illegal threats for the police to go after his family – all in order to flip Hefetz against Netanyahu.
Rather, Schwartz said that Peleg was merely saying to Hefetz that if he continued to refuse to be truthful, Hefetz would likely be prosecuted, which, in and of itself, would cause harm to his family.


text:
Zúrich (, ; , ; , ; , ) es la mayor ciudad de la Confederación Suiza, con una población de  en 2019 y un área metropolitana de . Es la capital del cantón de Zúrich y se halla en el distrito de Zúrich, en la llanura central de Suiza y próxima a los Alpes. Es el motor financiero del país, al ser allí donde se encuentra la banca internacional. En 2019 Zúrich fue clasificada entre las diez ciudades más habitables del mundo por Mercer, junto con Basilea y Ginebra.

Los primeros asentamientos en la ciudad se remontan al año 15 a. C., con la fundación de la aduana romana Turicum, y en el  adquirió el estatus de ciudad. Rodeando al pequeño casco antiguo se disponen los Kreise (distritos) de Zúrich, ordenados según el sentido de las agujas del reloj. La ciudad moderna sirve de contraste con la histórica, gracias a los numerosos y vanguardistas bancos, tiendas de lujo y modernos bares y cafés. Uno de los símbolos de la ciudad es el lago de Zúrich.

Historia
El origen del nombre es la palabra celta Turus, como lo sugiere una inscripción en una tumba que data de la ocupación romana en el . El nombre romano del pueblo era Turicum, y en el dialecto local del alemán de Suiza se llama Züri.

Orígenes
Durante la era del Imperio romano, Turicum fue fundada por las tropas romanas como un puesto estratégico de aduanas y sirvió de fuerte junto al Limmat. Los primeros asentamientos se sitúan en el actual Lindenhof y se cree que durante la etapa romana, Turicum llegó a contar con 300 habitantes. Según la leyenda, en Zúrich fueron apresados y ejecutados hacia 300 d. C. los santos patrones de la ciudad Félix y Régula, al igual que su sirviente Exuperantus, todos ellos procedentes de la legión de Tebas. Poco antes de la retirada del Imperio en 401 d. C., el emperador Valentiniano I mandó construir un castillo con diez torres en el Lindenhof para proteger las aduanas contra los pueblos germánicos que amenazaban desde el norte.

En el  se construyó el Kaiserpfalz (palacio del emperador), un castillo para el que se emplearon piedras del anterior y derruido castillo romano. Hacia 853 Luis el Germánico, nieto de Carlomagno, fundó el Fraumünster o 'convento de mujeres' y veinte años después se levantó la primera iglesia de dicho convento. Sin embargo, se han encontrado restos de una posible iglesia del  en los terrenos de la iglesia de San Pedro. En el año 929 se recoge por escrito la primera mención de Zúrich como ciudad. En 1045 el rey Enrique III el Negro concede al convento (más concretamente a la princesa abadesa) los derechos de mercado, aduana y moneda de la ciudad de Zúrich, quedando la ciudad bajo el monopolio eclesiástico. La ciudad se convirtió en ciudad imperial en el año 1218, cuando murieron los duques de Zähringen y quedó bajo el amparo del emperador Federico II. Pocos años después, la burguesía provocó una rebelión que culminó con la destrucción del palacio y la construcción del primer ayuntamiento en ese mismo emplazamiento. Hacia 1229 llegaron a Zúrich los dominicos, quienes erigen la iglesia de los Predicadores.

Poder de la Antigua Confederación Suiza
En 1230 la ciudad se fortificó con una muralla levantada por la burguesía y que ocupaba una superficie de unos 0,38 km². La fortaleza se componía de dos murallas paralelas de 7 m de altura y unos 1250 m de longitud. A lo largo del  se sucedieron las fundaciones de los conventos franciscanos y agustinos, y a finales de siglo falleció el rey Rodolfo I de Habsburgo. Fue entonces cuando se creó la Antigua Confederación Suiza; en 1291, un año después, el duque Alberto I de Habsburgo trató de sitiar la ciudad, sin éxito. El famoso manuscrito ilustrado conocido como el Codex Manesse, ahora en Heidelberg (descrito como «el manuscrito alemán más maravillosamente iluminado en siglos»), fue encargado por la familia Manesse de Zúrich, copiado e ilustrado en la ciudad en el período comprendido entre 1304 y 1340. Documento de un trabajo y prestigio muy altos, necesitó varios años por su detallada escritura y pinturas en miniatura. Es un testigo de excepción de la creciente riqueza y orgullo de los ciudadanos de Zúrich de la época.

El 7 de junio de 1336, el caballero Rudolf Brun sustituyó el concejo de Zúrich por la primera constitución gremial o carta juramentada del 16 de julio. El propio Brun se autoproclamó alcalde vitalicio y bajo esta constitución se mantuvo la organización política de Zúrich hasta 1798. La noche del 23 de febrero de ese mismo año se produjo un asalto a la ciudad por parte de unos concejales expulsados que, con ánimo de venganza, trataron de asesinar al alcalde Brun. El 1 de mayo de 1350, Zúrich pasa a formar parte de la Confederación Helvética convirtiéndose en el quinto cantón. En 1360 murió el alcalde Brun, presumiblemente envenenado por sus enemigos.

A finales del  y comienzos del  hubo diversos conflictos bélicos, como la batalla de Sempach (1386), en que se enfrentaron los confederados y los Habsburgo; la Antigua Guerra de Zúrich (1440-1446), entre los confederados y el pueblo de Zúrich en armas; y la guerra de Borgoña contra Berna (1474-1477), en que el duque de Borgoña Carlos el Intrépido fue derrotado.

En 1477 cinco cantones —Zúrich, Berna, Lucerna, Soleura y Friburgo— formaron una liga para protegerse contra los tumultos de las comunidades rurales. Pero Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden y Zug, sedes de esas insurrecciones, protestaron contra la admisión de Lucerna en la nueva liga, porque había existido desde 1332 un acuerdo entre ellas y ese cantón de que no entraría en una nueva liga sin su consentimiento. También protestaban contra la admisión de Soleura y Friburgo, para impedir una preponderancia de las ciudades sobre los elementos rurales. En el intervalo de 1478 a 1481 las disensiones llegaron a su apogeo. Finalmente se celebró una reunión de la Dieta Federal en diciembre de 1481, en Stans. Según la leyenda, la Dieta estaba a punto de disolverse sin acuerdo cuando, el 22 de diciembre, el párroco de Stans, Heini am Grund, irrumpió con un mensaje del futuro santo patrón de Suiza Nicolás de Flüe, reconocido tanto por protestantes como por católicos, que restauró la paz entre las partes enfrentadas, evitó la guerra —consiguiendo el milagro de la reconciliación— e hizo técnicamente posible la realidad de la patria común suiza.

Los confederados fueron vencidos en 1515 en la batalla de Marignano, al norte de Milán, lo que provocó el fin de la expansión confederada.

Conflictos religiosos y Napoleón

A partir del  se sucedieron las polémicas religiosas. En 1523 Zúrich se separó del Obispado de Constanza y por lo tanto del catolicismo, provocando la retirada masiva de imágenes de santos en las iglesias. Esto llevó a la secularización de la ciudad en 1524 y al requiso de todos los bienes y riquezas de la última princesa abadesa, Katharina von Zimmern.
Zúrich fue el primer cantón suizo que adoptó la Reforma protestante en 1519 bajo la dirección del teólogo Ulrico Zuinglio. Desempeñó un papel importante en las guerras de Kappel. El movimiento de los anabaptistas también tuvo su origen en Zúrich. Durante la caza de brujas entre 1487 y 1701 se incoaron procesos contra 79 personas acusadas de brujería.

En 1685 la ciudad acogió a los protestantes que huían del rey galo Luis XIV. En 1717 terminó el poder de los cantones católicos con la derrota de estos frente a los cantones protestantes de Zúrich y Berna. En 1780 salió la primera edición del periódico Neue Zürcher Zeitung, que existe aún hoy en día.

Napoleón entró sin oposición en Suiza con su Directorio en 1798 y elaboró una nueva Constitución de la República Helvética, que sustituyó a la anterior de los gremios. El ejército austríaco, bajo el mando del archiduque Carlos, derrotó al ejército napoleónico en la primera batalla de Zúrich y liberó la ciudad. La segunda sería la de la conquista definitiva en 1799. Las históricas murallas medievales fueron demolidas en 1811, y cuatro años más tarde se declaró la perpetua neutralidad de Suiza. La población de Zúrich aumentó en 1893, pasando de 28 000 a 121 000 habitantes, al integrarse una serie de municipios periféricos de la urbe.

A comienzos del , Suiza fue testigo de una huelga general ante la amenaza bolchevique, y en Zúrich llegaron a producirse víctimas mortales a causa de la intervención militar. En 1934 se unieron, por votación popular, otras ocho comunidades colindantes con Zúrich, pasando entonces de 200 000 a 300 000 habitantes.

Geografía

El término municipal de la ciudad de Zúrich tiene una superficie de 91,88 km². La ciudad está situada donde el río Limmat confluye en dirección noroeste con el lago de Zúrich, a unos 30 km de los Alpes. Zúrich está rodeada por frondosas colinas, tales como Gubrist, Hönggerberg (541 m), Käferberg (571 m), Zürichberg (676 m), Adlisberg (701 m) y Oettlisberg al este y Uetliberg (parte de la cordillera Albis) al oeste. El río Sihl desemboca en el Limmat al final de Platzspitz, que bordea el Museo Nacional (Landesmuseum).

El centro geográfico e histórico de la ciudad es el Lindenhof, una pequeña colina natural a orillas del río Limmat. Con 392 m sobre el nivel del mar, el Limmat es el punto más bajo del término municipal, mientras que el Uetliberg, con 869 m sobre el nivel del mar, es el punto de mayor elevación. Su cumbre puede alcanzarse con facilidad, y desde la plataforma de la torre-mirador se ofrece una espectacular panorámica de la ciudad y el lago, así como una vista de los Alpes.

La ciudad limita con las comunas de Adliswil, Dübendorf, Fällanden, Kilchberg, Maur, Oberengstringen, Opfikon, Regensdorf, Rümlang, Schlieren, Stallikon, Uitikon, Urdorf, Wallisellen y Zollikon.

Distritos

Los límites de la ciudad anteriores a 1893 eran prácticamente los mismos que en la ciudad antigua o histórica. Dos grandes expansiones de los límites urbanos se sucedieron en 1893 y 1934, cuando Zúrich se fusionó con municipios periféricos que habían crecido constantemente desde el . Hoy en día, la ciudad está dividida en doce distritos (los Kreise), ordenadamente numerados, cada uno de los cuales contiene entre uno y cuatro barrios. Los distritos son los siguientes:

 Distrito 1: conocido como Altstadt, comprende la ciudad antigua o casco histórico de Zúrich y a ambos lados queda el río Limmat.
 Distrito 2: junto al lago de Zúrich, abarca los barrios de Enge, Wollishofen y Leimbach.
 Distrito 3: conocido como Wiedikon, se encuentra entre el río Sihl y el Uetliberg. Los barrios de Alt-Wiedikon, Sihlfeld y Friesenberg están en este distrito.
 Distrito 4: el Aussersihl se halla entre el Sihl y la Estación de Trenes de Zúrich.
 Distrito 5: esta zona industrial es conocida en Zúrich como Industriequartier y se halla entre el Limmat y el complejo ferroviario de la Estación de Trenes de Zúrich. En él aún se conserva la zona industrial original de la ciudad.
 Distrito 6: se encuentra al límite de Zürichberg, una colina que domina la parte oriental de la ciudad. Aquí están los barrios de Oberstrass y Unterstrass.
 Distrito 7: en la frontera de Adlisberg y de Zürichberg, está situado en la parte este de la ciudad y abarca los barrios de Hottingen y Hirslanden.
 Distrito 8: conocido como Riesbach, está en la parte oriental del lago de Zúrich.
 Distrito 9: entre el Limmat en el norte y el Uetliberg al sur. Comprende los barrios de Altstetten y Albisrieden.
 Distrito 10: está emplazado entre el Limmat al norte y al sur con Hönggerberg y Käferberg. Sus barrios son Höngg y Wipkingen.
 Distrito 11: está en la parte septentrional de Hönggerberg y Käferberg y entre el valle Glatt y el lago de Katzen (Katzensee). Los barrios que se encuentran aquí son Affoltern, Oerlikon y Seebach.
 Distrito 12: conocido como Schwamendingen, está en el valle de Glatt, al noroeste de Zürichberg.

Clima
El clima de Zúrich está determinado por ubicarse en la zona de transición entre el oceánico y el continental húmedo, al poseer el mes más frío un promedio inferior a 0 °C y el más cálido no alcanzar los 22 °C es catalogada como clima continental húmedo de verano suave Dfb según la clasificación climática de Köppen. Está bajo la influencia de las borrascas provenientes del océano Atlántico, que traen precipitaciones y temperaturas más cálidas de lo habitual en la latitud a la que se encuentra situada la ciudad (47º N), y de los vientos fríos del noreste (conocidos en Suiza como Bise) provenientes de la Europa Oriental. La temperatura media anual (medida en la estación meteorológica de Zürichberg a 556 m sobre el nivel del mar) es de 8.5 °C. En verano se pueden llegar a registrar temperaturas máximas de 35 °C y en invierno mínimas de -10 °C.

Demografía

Zúrich cuenta oficialmente con 404 783 habitantes (a fecha de 31 de diciembre de 2014), siendo la ciudad más poblada del país. El 31,7 % de ellos no poseen la ciudadanía suiza, es decir, 128 316 personas.

Los ciudadanos alemanes constituyen el grupo extranjero más numeroso de Zúrich con el 22 %, seguido de los inmigrantes de Kosovo, Albania e Italia. La población de la ciudad, incluyendo suburbios, es de 1,2 millones de personas. Sin embargo, el área metropolitana (incluidas las ciudades de Winterthur, Baden, Brugg, Schaffhausen, Frauenfeld, Uster/Wetzikon, Rapperswil-Jona y Zug) tiene una población de alrededor de 1,68 millones de habitantes.

El idioma oficial utilizado por el gobierno y en la mayor parte de las publicaciones es el alemán. El dialecto más comúnmente hablado en Zúrich es el Zürichdeutsch, el dialecto local del alemán de Suiza. A fecha de 2000, el alemán es la lengua materna del 77,7 % de la población, seguido por el albanés (5,8 %) y el italiano (4,7 %). Otros idiomas hablados por más del 1 % de la población son las lenguas eslavas meridionales (2,2 %) (entre las que se incluyen el serbio, macedonio, croata y esloveno), el español (2,2 %), el francés (2,1 %), el inglés (1,8 %) y el portugués (1,6 %).

En cuanto a la religión, desde la reforma de Ulrico Zuinglio, Zúrich ha permanecido como centro y baluarte del protestantismo en Suiza. Sin embargo, en el  los católicos se han vuelto el mayor grupo religioso de la ciudad (a causa de la inmigración) con un 33,9 %, los evangélicos reformados (protestantes) representan el 43,3 %, mientras que cada vez más habitantes de Zúrich se declaran sin confesión (un 16,8 % en 2000). Por otra parte, el nivel de desempleo en Zúrich es del 2,6 % (en agosto de 2007). Alrededor de un 4 % de la población (15 500 personas) viven directa o indirectamente del subsidio del Estado (abril de 2005).

Gobierno
El poder legislativo reside en el parlamento de la ciudad, conocido como Gemeinderat. Consta de 125 miembros elegidos por votación popular.

Por su parte, el ejecutivo está en manos del consejo de la ciudad, el Stadtrat. Similar al parlamento de la ciudad, los concejales son también elegidos por la población de Zúrich. Cada concejal es responsable de un departamento específico. Un miembro del consejo actúa, a su vez, como presidente de la ciudad o alcalde. La alcaldesa actual de Zúrich es Corine Mauch.

Economía

Desde finales del , Zúrich es el centro financiero y motor económico de Suiza. Antiguamente la industria mecánica era la base de la economía de Zúrich. Hoy en día es sede de numerosos bancos y seguros, cuenta con la principal bolsa suiza, el SMI, y también es un centro empresarial de compañías de alta tecnología. Unas cuarenta de las cien empresas más importantes de Suiza tienen su sede en Zúrich, especialmente bancos, como Credit Suisse, Swiss Re, Zúrich Financial Services y UBS AG. El SIX Swiss Exchange tiene asimismo su sede en la ciudad.

Por sexta ocasión consecutiva, Zúrich encabeza la lista de ciudades con mejor calidad de vida en el mundo, tras un estudio realizado por la Consultoría en Recursos Humanos Mercer. Para ello, la consultora se basa en factores políticos, económicos, ambientales, de seguridad, salud, educación, transportes y servicios públicos en los que evalúa a 215 ciudades de todo el globo. Muy cerca, en segunda posición, se encuentra Ginebra.

El éxito del área económica de Zúrich, como una de las más importantes del mundo, se debe a varias razones: el bajo tipo de gravamen y la posibilidad de que las compañías extranjeras e individuos privados puedan optimizar sus impuestos mediante acuerdos personalizados con las autoridades de impuestos son una de las causas directas más notables. Esta práctica provoca conflictos con los vecinos de Suiza en Europa, que no ven con buenos ojos cómo esa estrategia de atraer grandes corporaciones y grandes centros de investigación lleva a que compañías como IBM, General Motors Europe, Toyota Europe, UBS, Credit Suisse, Google, Microsoft, ABB Ltd. y Degussa se instalen en Zúrich.

El SWX Swiss Exchange es una de las nueve bolsas más importantes de Europa, al nivel de Ámsterdam, Estocolmo, Fráncfort, Helsinki, Lisboa, París, Madrid, Londres y Milán, y es el principal grupo de distintos sistemas financieros que operan en todo el mundo: virt-x, Eurex, Eurex US, EXFEED y STOXX. El intercambio generado en el SWX fue, en 2007, de  de francos suizos; el número de transacciones realizadas en ese mismo año ascendió a un total de  y el Swiss Performance Index (SPI) llegó a una capitalización de mercado de 1 359 976,2 millones de francos suizos.

Educación

Otra razón del éxito económico de Zúrich es el extenso campo de investigación y educacional de la ciudad. La Escuela Politécnica Federal de Zúrich (ETH) lidera este aspecto junto a la Universidad de Zúrich. Los edificios principales de las dos universidades se encuentran justo encima de la ciudad vieja, llamada «Zúrich Acrópolis». Ambos centros gozan de una gran reputación internacional y fueron incluidos entre las cincuenta mejores universidades de 2007.

 La ETH, fundada en 1855, es una universidad pública controlada por el Estado, pionera en investigaciones en Europa y en todo el mundo. Prestigiosos científicos han pasado por sus aulas y laboratorios, en total 21 premios nobel en sus más de 150 años de existencia, destacando sobremanera Albert Einstein. En la parte francófona de Suiza se encuentra su universidad hermana, la Escuela Politécnica Federal de Lausana (EPFL).

 La Universidad de Zúrich es la universidad más grande de Suiza y está regulada por el cantón de Zúrich, con que comparte la biblioteca. Fue fundada en 1833, aunque su origen data de 1525, en plena Reforma protestante, que creó el colegio de Teología. La reputación internacional del centro se basa fundamentalmente en la investigación pionera en varias materias, en concreto en biología molecular, investigación sobre el cerebro y antropología, además de por la labor del Hospital Veterinario. Destaca también la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, que se encuentra en el top 10 europeo y es la primera en el área germanoparlante.

Cultura
La actividad cultural de Zúrich es muy amplia, ya que posee museos, galerías, teatros, orquestas sinfónicas y festivales. Además, en la ciudad habitaron pintores como el prerromántico Johann Heinrich Füssli o Tristan Tzara, precursor del movimiento dadá, que fue incubado en el Cabaret Voltaire de Zúrich junto a otros artistas.

Los festivales más importantes son el Sechseläuten (o Festival de Primavera) y el folclórico Knabenschiessen. Otros acontecimientos muy esperados por los zuriqueses son el Zürcher Festspiele, que se celebra en junio y julio y cuenta con espectáculos tales como ballet, ópera, teatro y conciertos; y el Züri-Fäscht, una gran fiesta donde la ciudad entera se engalana para culminarla con unos fuegos artificiales junto al lago. Este último festival se celebra cada tres años. El próximo Züri-Fäscht tendrá lugar en el mes de julio del año 2010.

El teatro de ópera de Zúrich (Opernhaus Zürich) es el auditorio más importante de la ciudad y de los más notables de Europa. Abierto al público en 1891, el auditorio es neobarroco y se encuentra en la Falkenstrasse, cerca de la plaza Bellevue. El Zürcher Ballett o compañía de danza de la ciudad ofrece sus espectáculos aquí. Otros edificios destacados son el Tonhalle, donde suele actuar la Orquesta de Cámara de Zúrich (Zürcher Kammerorchester) y la Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, orquesta sinfónica fundada en 1868; y el Schauspielhaus Zürich, uno de los teatros más importantes de Suiza, situado en la plaza Pfauen.

Por su parte, los museos en Zúrich son muy variados y de gran calidad. El más importante es el Museo Nacional de Zúrich, construido en 1898 por Gustav Gull emulando a los castillos medievales. Está situado en la Museumstrasse, junto a la estación y los ríos Limago y Sihl, y alberga una gran cantidad de restos arqueológicos prehistóricos de Suiza y del resto de la historia nacional. El Museo Rietberg expone piezas de arte no europeo y se compone de tres edificios: la Villa Wesendonck, que se centra en colecciones más exóticas procedentes del arte indio, chino y africano; la Park-Villa Rieter y la Haus zum Kiel, con piezas procedentes de esos mismos continentes o países. El Museo Migros de Arte Contemporáneo se nutre básicamente de piezas de la década de 1990.

La actividad pictórica en la ciudad es muy rica y en ella destacan dos edificios: la Galería de Arte de Zúrich o Museo de Bellas Artes (Kunsthaus Zürich) y la Fundación Bührle. La Galería de Arte o Kunsthaus es la más importante de la ciudad y de las más notorias de Suiza. En ella se encuentran piezas escultóricas locales y pinturas medievales. Pero las obras más valiosas del museo son las de los dos últimos siglos, con piezas como los Nenúfares de Claude Monet, la Puerta del infierno de Auguste Rodin, la Figura reclinada de Henry Moore, obras impresionistas de Oskar Kokoschka o Lovis Corinth y colecciones expresionistas como las de Edvard Munch. No menos notable es la Fundación Bührle, que se localiza cerca del Kunsthaus y que presume de tener obras de artistas del calibre de Tintoretto, Canaletto, el Greco, Goya, Rubens, Rembrandt, Monet, Manet, Van Gogh, Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani o Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

Turismo

El sector turístico es el tercero que más ingresos genera en Zúrich, con cerca de 4500 millones de francos suizos de media al año. La ciudad recibe anualmente unos 9 millones de turistas que gastan un promedio de 400 francos suizos diarios. Los edificios y rasgos más característicos, por su valor histórico, se encuentran en el casco antiguo de Zúrich, con iglesias, edificios públicos y casas burguesas de la medievales, además de calles históricas eminentemente turísticas gracias a sus tiendas y demás comercios orientados a atraer a los visitantes. Entre ellas destaca la calle Bahnhofstrasse.

Las edificaciones religiosas son uno de los mayores atractivos de la ciudad. La Grossmünster es la catedral y el símbolo de Zúrich. De estilo románico, fue mandada construir por Carlomagno y data de los siglos  y . Destacan sus dos grandes y prominentes torres gemelas, una cripta que presume de ser la mayor de Suiza y un claustro románico. Recientes descubrimientos han revelado que podrían estar enterrados los restos de un cementerio romano. La iglesia de la abadía de Fraumünster, también de estilo románico, fue fundada en 853 por Luis el Germánico, nieto de Carlomagno. Fue símbolo de la aristocracia local; son de gran valor las vidrieras y la cripta original de la abadía. En Fraumünster residía la princesa abadesa a quien el rey Enrique III el Negro otorgó (a ella y al convento) el derecho de realizar mercados, acuñar monedas y cobrar peajes, entre otros privilegios. La iglesia de San Pedro de Zúrich, por su parte, es la más antigua de la ciudad y cuenta con el mayor reloj de Europa (8,7 m de diámetro).

Otros lugares de especial interés son el ayuntamiento de Zúrich, de estilo barroco; la Paradeplatz y la Bahnhofstrasse, con sus lujosas y exclusivas tiendas; los edificios medievales de Rennweg; el jardín botánico de Zúrich; el zoo de Zúrich, que contiene una réplica del bosque ecuatorial Masoala de Madagascar; el monte Uetliberg, el pico más alto de la ciudad y desde el que pueden disfrutarse privilegiadas vistas de la ciudad, el lago y los Alpes.

Fiestas

Deporte
Zúrich tiene una larga tradición deportiva. El fútbol es el deporte más popular entre los zuriqueses y la FIFA, el máximo organismo futbolístico mundial, tiene su sede en la ciudad. Además, ha albergado los dos máximos eventos del fútbol mundial y europeo: el Mundial de Suiza 1954 y la Eurocopa 2008. En el Mundial, el estadio Hardturm-Stadion de Zúrich fue sede de varios partidos y del partido por el tercer y cuarto puesto. Sin embargo, para la Eurocopa los partidos en Zúrich se disputaron en el Letzigrund.

A nivel de clubes, la ciudad tiene dos de los equipos de fútbol más laureados del país: el Grasshopper Club es el equipo más importante de Suiza con veintisiete títulos de Liga, y el FC Zürich, cuarto equipo en cuanto a títulos ligueros (11) empatado con el BSC Young Boys de Berna. Los dos clubes zuriqueses son centenarios y juegan en la primera división, llamada Super Liga Suiza; son habituales en las competiciones europeas.

El hockey sobre hielo es otro deporte con gran afición en Zúrich, y la Federación Internacional de Hockey sobre Hielo tiene en la ciudad sus oficinas principales. El ZSC Lions es el equipo de hockey sobre hielo de la ciudad. Además, el Torneo de Zúrich se celebra anualmente y forma parte del circuito profesional del tenis femenino WTA.

Transporte
Zúrich dispone de buenas comunicaciones aéreas, ferroviarias y de carreteras.

El Aeropuerto Internacional de Zúrich está situado a 11 km al noreste de la ciudad, en la localidad de Kloten, nombre por el que también es conocido. El aeropuerto es uno de los principales del mundo, ya que en él se efectúan escalas internacionales y está conectado con los cinco continentes. Cada año transitan por él 20 millones de pasajeros. Tiene dos terminales y ofrece una excelente comunicación mediante trenes, autobuses y por carretera, a través de la autopista A20 con ciudades como Berna y Basilea.

Por la calidad, comodidad y poca extensión de Suiza, el ferrocarril es el medio de transporte preferido por los suizos. La Estación de Trenes de Zúrich de la SBB-CFF-FFS, también conocida como Hauptbahnhof, es la estación de ferrocarril más grande de Suiza y el epicentro del transporte ferroviario de Zúrich. El edificio se sitúa en el Distrito 1 de Zúrich, en Altstadt Zürich, poco antes de la confluencia del río Sihl con el Limmat, frente al Museo Nacional de Suiza.

Por ella circulan trenes de alta velocidad como el InterCityExpress alemán, el CityNightLine, TGV o el Cisalpino que conecta Zúrich con Milán. asimismo existen conexiones diarias hacia y desde Roma, Venecia, Barcelona, Viena y Budapest. Otras estaciones importantes son Oerlikon, Stadelhofen, Hardbrücke, Tiefenbrunnen, Enge, Wiedikon y Altstetten.

Las carreteras y su designación siguen el sistema europeo (E, A y B). La A1 bordea Zúrich desde Ginebra y Berna hacia Winterthur y San Galo. La A3 hace lo propio con la parte suroriental del lago de Zúrich desde Lucerna (vía A4), Coira y Sargans. La A136 conecta Zúrich con Innsbruck y la E17 norte con Múnich, mientras que la E17 sur enlaza Zúrich con Basilea. La A51 es la autopista que une Zúrich con el aeropuerto de Kloten. Desde Basilea se tarda alrededor de una hora y desde Múnich unas tres horas.

En Zúrich y en su cantón, la Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV) es la empresa de transporte público que opera en la zona y presenta altos niveles de densidad de tráfico. Existen tres medios de transporte públicos: los S-Bahn o trenes de cercanías, tranvías y autobuses. Igualmente hay barcos que navegan por el lago y el río, y funiculares entre Adliswil y Felsenegg. Los transbordadores son un método muy popular para cruzar el Limmat o el lago hacia otras localidades vecinas, y la estación principal se encuentra en Enge, en la ribera oeste del lago de Zúrich. También hay otra estación en Bürkliplatz. Los billetes son válidos para todos los transportes públicos de la ciudad (trenes, tranvías, autobuses y barcos).

Ciudades hermanadas
 Kunming (China)
 León (México)
 San Francisco (Estados Unidos)
 Miami (Estados Unidos)
 Viena (Austria)
 San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina)

Personas destacadas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio Oficial del Stadt Zürich (alemán)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
A film by Nick Taylor, Joey Carey
The Organizer is a portrait of Wade Rathke, the controversial founder of ACORN, as well as an exploration of that much maligned and misunderstood occupation – community organizing.
Before it's infamous demise following several highly publicized scandals, ACORN had been the largest community organization in the United States. Rathke, a former anti-war and welfare rights organizer founded the organization in Little Rock in 1970 and over the next decades shepherded its growth into a national political powerhouse for the poor. His entrepreneurial vision helped build ACORN but internal conflict and external pressures would lead to its tragic downfall.
Undeterred, Rathke is now building new organizations around the world and trying to rebuild at home. With a wealth of archives and interviews, The Organizer is a film about people who have dedicated their lives to the often hidden, usually messy and always controversial job of building power for the powerless.
Winner, Audience Award, Best Documentary, Woodstock Film Festival
Winner, Free Press Award: Best Social Justice Film, Columbus Film & Animation Festival
Winner, Best Documentary, Oxford Film Festival
Official Selection, Big Sky Documentary Film Festival
"A must-see film for activists. Many of the best organizers I have ever met were working for ACORN. If you never saw ACORN in its prime and wonder what all the talk was about, see this film. And if you recall ACORN but never really heard from the group's members, it's all in the film." - Beyond Chron
America Right Now


The content below is courtesy of American Thoracic Society. Original authors are Suzanne C. Lareau RN, MS and Bonnie Fahy RN, MN. For a PDF version please click here.
Long term Oxygen therapy has been shown to improve survival in patients with COPD who have low oxygen level at rest or on exertion.
Some adults and children may need extra (supplemental) oxygen. While lung disease is the usual cause for needing supplemental oxygen, other diseases, such as heart disease, may require treatment with oxygen.
We need oxygen for the cells in our body to work. The air we breathe contains about 21% oxygen, which is plenty for people with healthy lungs and many with lung disease. However, if you have bad enough lung disease, you may not be able to get enough oxygen from your lungs into your blood. Hence, if your oxygen level is low, your healthcare provider will recommend supplemental oxygen. Sometimes you only need extra oxygen in special situations. For example, you may need oxygen at very high altitudes (like in the mountains or in an airplane) even if you do not at sea level.
How do I know I need oxygen?
Most people do not know when they need oxygen. Your health care provider will use special equipment to check the amount of oxygen in your blood. Your oxygen level is measured with either a blood sample or an oximeter. A blood sample is drawn from an artery (usually in your wrist) for an arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement. The ABG measures your oxygen level directly from your blood and is the most accurate of the tests. This can be done in the office, clinic or hospital, wherever the arterial blood test equipment is available. A pulse oximeter (http://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pulse-oximetry.pdf) can estimate your oxygen level by measuring your oxygen saturation (O2 sat). The pulse oximeter is clipped on a finger, toe or earlobe and has the advantage of not requiring any needles. It can also monitor your oxygen during sleep or with walking. However, the pulse oximeter does not provide as much information as an ABG. It also can give a false reading if your circulation is poor, you are wearing dark nail polish, or if you are anemic.
How much oxygen should I use?
Oxygen is a medication and requires a prescription from your healthcare provider. They will prescribe your oxygen at a specific flow rate and a specific number of hours per day. If your oxygen level is lower during activity than at rest, you may have one flow rate prescribed for rest and a higher flow rate prescribed during activity. It is very important that you use your oxygen as prescribed. Using too little oxygen may put a strain on your heart and brain, causing heart failure, fatigue or memory loss. Using too much oxygen can also be a problem. For some patients, using too much oxygen can actually cause them to slow their breathing to dangerously low levels.
Will I need oxygen when I sleep?
Usually if you use supplemental oxygen during the day, you will need to use supplemental oxygen at night. This is because you tend to slow your breathing rate while sleeping. Some people may not require oxygen while awake but may need supplemental oxygen while sleeping. Your healthcare provider will determine if you need extra oxygen and how much you should take when sleeping.
How do I know if I need more oxygen when I exert myself?
You use more energy during exertion and therefore, need more oxygen than at rest. With lung disease, even breathing faster or deeper may not be enough to get oxygen into your blood. Your healthcare provider may therefore have you do an exercise stress test or a walk test to find out if your oxygen levels change with walking. In children, the amount of oxygen they need can be determined by measuring their oxygen level during play and with feedings.
Will I always need to use oxygen?
Sometimes you may only need supplemental oxygen during or after a short illness, for example, around the time of a hospitalization. If your lung disease improves, oxygen therapy may be able to be reduced or stopped. However, you should never stop or cut back your oxygen without having your oxygen level checked and instructed by your healthcare provider.
What are the different kinds of oxygen systems?
Oxygen can be delivered from three types of systems: oxygen concentrator, liquid system or oxygen pressurized in a metal cylinder. The right choice for you depends on how much oxygen you need (your flow rate) and when you need it (day, night or both). The choice of delivery system also depends on where you live, your electrical supply, how active you are, cost to you and insurance restrictions.
An oxygen concentrator is a device that takes in the oxygen we normally breathe (that consists of 21% oxygen), removes other gases from the air and delivers 85-95% pure oxygen. The concentrator runs on electricity or a battery. A concentrator for home usually weigh from 30-50 lbs (14–23 kg) and is usually on wheels so that it can be moved from room to room. Portable oxygen concentrators weigh from 3-20 pounds, depending on the battery weight and thus, are more convenient to use. However, portable concentrators may deliver a lower percentage of pure oxygen than a larger home concentrator. Also, some portable devices deliver a "pulse" of oxygen rather than a continuous flow. Before purchasing or renting a portable oxygen concentrator, ask your healthcare provider to measure your oxygen level while using the portable concentrator while you are at rest and while being active, to make sure that the system can deliver enough oxygen for you.
Liquid oxygen is made by super-cooling (-300 degrees) oxygen. When in liquid form, oxygen takes up less space, so one can store a large amount in the home in thermos -like storage canisters. Liquid systems deliver 100% oxygen, and do not require electricity. A small canister can be filled from the large one for portability. This small canister weighs about 11 pounds and can be carried or placed in a cart.
Oxygen is compressed under high pressure into a metal cylinder and is stored in either large or small cylinders. This is the oldest method for storing oxygen. Cylinders contain 100% oxygen. Large cylinders are not portable and often used as the primary source of oxygen in the home. However, using a large tank in your home can require frequent replacement and can be expensive. You may be able to use an oxygen concentrator instead as the primary oxygen supply source. Smaller cylinders are used as portable oxygen when leaving the house. They can serve as a backup during a power outage or equipment issue.
A nasal cannula is a two-pronged tube that is placed in your nose for delivering oxygen. The other end of the tube is attached to your oxygen system. A nasal cannula has the ability to deliver high amounts of oxygen. However, high-flow oxygen (greater than 4 liters/minute) delivered by a nasal cannula can dry your nasal passages. This drying can sometimes be reduced with a humidifying device to warm and moisten the oxygen.
What is a pulse (on-demand) device?
A pulse oxygen delivery device delivers oxygen only when you breathe in. As you breathe in, the device senses the start of your inhalation and immediately gives a short "pulse" of oxygen. It can help you preserve the same amount of oxygen over a longer time. Young children and adults who are weak or do not inhale strongly may not trigger the sensor when they inhale, and hence, will not get enough oxygen. Such people should not use a pulse (on-demand) device. Oxygen concentrators, liquid oxygen systems and small cylinders all have the ability to provide 'pulsed' oxygen. You should confirm with your healthcare provider that you are getting enough oxygen through a pulse device before buying or renting it.
Oxygen alone will not "explode" and does not burn. Oxygen will make a flame burn hotter and brighter. You should never smoke while using oxygen. Your nose, hair, and clothing can catch fire very quickly and cause life-threatening burns. Keep oxygen at least 6 feet (2 meters) away from any open flame. If a cylinder falls and cracks, it propels like a torpedo. Stabilize all cylinders by placing in a safe area or by securing them to a wall.
What do I need to do when I travel?
Talk with your healthcare provider to see if you will need oxygen on an airplane. Contact the airline well in advance to make sure it can be available. The airline will require a prescription from your health care provider. The airline may have limited choices for oxygen flows and the cost varies between airlines. If you use oxygen continuously, you must arrange for oxygen to use while waiting at the airport, at stopovers, or at your final destination. You also need to work with your healthcare provider to set up oxygen at your travel destination.
Use your oxygen as prescribed by your healthcare provider.
Discuss with your healthcare provider what options you have for oxygen delivery systems and which works best for your activity level.
Have your oxygen level checked at rest and with activity when using your oxygen delivery system.
Do not smoke, especially around any oxygen devices.
Avoid being around open flames and people who smoke when using oxygen.
If you are traveling, plan ahead to ensure you have enough oxygen at every step of your trip.
This information is a public service of the American Thoracic Society. The content is for educational purposes only. It should not be used as a substitute for the medical advice of one's health care provider.


text:
Home › College of Arts › School of English & Journalism › Postgraduate Programmes
School of English and Journalism Postgraduate Programmes
Creative Writing - MA
Join our international community of writers at the University of Lincoln.
Our MA in Creative Writing is an innovative and exciting course that provides opportunities to work closely with practising creative writers and professionals from the publishing industry. It is designed to encourage you to improve your craft as a writer, develop your philosophy of composition, and explore contemporary forms of literature and the creative industries. The course has a strong focus on employability and aims to prepare you for a professional writing or publishing career.
Creative Writing - MPhil/PhD
Creative Writing and Publishing - MA
MA Creative Writing and Publishing is an exciting and innovative Master's programme offered by the University of Lincoln in partnership with The Guardian.
English - MA by Research
The MA by Research in English is designed for students who have a passion to pursue a research project defined by themselves, but with the support of an academic environment and supervisors.
English - MPhil/PhD
The School of English and Journalism offers advanced research opportunities in the subject of English.
English Literature - MA
From medievalism to twenty-first century literature, this Master's enables students to develop a deeper level of critical understanding, and the opportunity to enhance writing, communication, and research skills.
International Journalism - MA
The MA International Journalism is an innovative new programme delivered in partnership between the Thomson Reuters Foundation and the University of Lincoln, designed to equip new generations of journalists to report impartially on critical global issues facing society today.
Journalism - MA by Research
Lincoln's MA by Research Journalism enables students to learn how to manage a complex research project of their choice, while demonstrating initiative and self-reliance in pursuing research goals.
Journalism - MA
This programme aims to provide the professional and practical training needed for a career in the exciting world of journalism. It also offers an academically rigorous approach to critical analysis of the subject.
Journalism - MPhil/PhD
The School of English and Journalism offers research opportunities at the highest level of academic qualification: a PhD or a PhD by Practice.
Journalism (Arts) - MA
This Master's is designed to focus on the reporting of the arts for those wishing to enter one of the fastest-growing areas of journalism.
Journalism (Science and Environment) - MA
There is growing demand for science journalists who can report on health and environment issues accurately and succinctly. This Master's programme is designed to offer the practical and theoretical training needed for those wishing to communicate science and environmental issues to the public.
Journalism (Sports) - MA
Now an essential part of many news organisations, sports journalism has become a well-respected element of the media. Combing a passion for sports with the practical skills of being a journalist, this Masters programme aims to prepare graduates for a career in this exciting arena.
Journalism (War and International Human Rights) - MA
MA Journalism (War and International Human Rights) focuses on the study of war reporting and international human rights. It provides an opportunity to analyse the role of the news media and journalism in conflicts, peace efforts, and human rights.
Media and Communications - MA
In today's competitive marketplace, good communications and a solid reputation are key to a business's survival and success. Lincoln's MA in Media and Communications is designed to explore the role of this fast-growing employment area, by recognising the rapid changes taking place in the communications environment and enabling students to develop the media skills needed to work internationally across multimedia and digital platforms. There is an emphasis on the ability to critically assess contemporary issues in communications in both commercial and not-for-profit organisations.
( schools/school/code="2CF") and ( programmeType="Postgraduate Research" or programmeType="Postgraduate Taught" or programmeType="Professional Doctorate" or programmeType="Conversion - UG")


text:
Massachusetts Bill Proposes To Ban Alcohol Ads on All State Property
Dozens of young people joined legislative and medical leaders last week in downtown Boston to rally support for a bill that would ban alcohol advertising on all state property.
State Representative Martin J. Walsh said he is "very confident'' that the measure, which he is cosponsoring, would pass the House and Senate and become law by July 31.
The movement gained a boost this week when the MBTA said that, beginning July 1, it would prohibit alcohol ads from appearing on all of its property, including inside subway cars, trains and buses.
If the proposed law is approved, it would ban alcohol ads from such places as billboards on state property and on marketing space along state-owned buildings.
Many at yesterday's rally outside the Park Street T station said they believe that alcohol ads, particularly on public transit, contribute to teen drinking.
"They're everywhere,'' said Julia Roberto, a ninth-grader at Boston Latin School. "They're in my face and I can't avoid them. The effects of alcohol ads on youth and underage drinking are well-documented, and yet Massachusetts still puts them out there.''
Roberto played a key role in helping to persuade T administrators to take a stand against the ads. Last month, she and four of her high school-age peers from the Allston-Brighton Substance Abuse Task Force made a presentation before state Transportation Secretary Richard A. Davey and the board of directors for the department that oversees the MBTA


text:
Dare2Soar Foundation
Media Credential Application + Ticket Requests
Former Honoree Stacy Snapp-Killian
Stacy Snapp-Killian is an entrepreneur, author, hairstylist, and public speaker. She holds an impressive resume as a recognized member of The Women's Leadership Movement and is a Professional Leadership Developer. Known by many as celebrity hairstylist, StacyK, her clients span from A-list celebrities, Emmy-Winning Producers, and Top CEO's of fortune 500 companies.
Stacy is the Founder of JustUS® a for-profit organization, "We unite informative, inspirational individuals who are survivors of sexual abuse and bring awareness to sexual abuse suppression.
We are the only brand in the world built for this cause and designed to impact the lives of millions." ~ Stacy Snapp-Killian
Stacy has volunteered thousands of hours mentoring adult survivors of sexual abuse, and she has empowered hundreds of men and women to share their story. Through this process, she has authored two books, Be Beautiful Being You, and her most recent release, The Ten Character Commitments. She inspires adults to live their truth through her Ten Character Commitments.
Stacy has been active in mentoring women since 2010. She is a public speaker and lecturer for beauty schools, women's groups, and retreats. Her public speaking includes a broad range of topics including; Matthew 7:7, Faith vs. Fear, Your Brand is Your Bond, and The 5 Keys to Becoming a Successful Hairstylist. She takes the stage each year as an emcee for charities, women's groups, beauty pageants, and awards shows, and has raised over half a million dollars for these nonprofits and organizations over the past seven years.
As an entrepreneur, Stacy created the Ten Character Commitments more than twenty years ago, after admitting to a counselor she was sexually abused when she was nine years old. A survivor of suppressed sexual abuse herself, it is Stacy's mission to continually impact the lives of millions.
As the grassroots founder of the sexual abuse suppression movement, she launched the "Love" campaign in 2013 for a better understanding of how effective it is for adults to talk about sexual abuse and expose the epidemic. Later that year, she founded The Justus Love Corporation, a multi-media company which promotes successful businessmen and women leaders who are survivors of sexual abuse. As CEO of the company, Stacy created the brand JustUS® and registered the wordmark and concept of the company with the United States Patent/Trademark Office— (TESS system file No. 87319963 and 87319935)
In 2017, JustUS® was recognized as the first and only multi-media company in the world created for television and Internet, the entertainment headquarters for survivors of sexual abuse, via website and web pages that provide online and network-affiliated interviews with individuals, celebrities, athletes, politicians, and other noteworthy survivors.
Her philosophy remains, "You don't have to be perfect, just be real."
http://justuslove.org/
Stylist of the year, 2012
Chosen, Hairstylist of the year for Chi's International platform Artist of the Year, Joe Anthony Pena
Best of the Best Top Pick, Local Celebrity, 2015-2017
Voted, 2 years in a row, local celebrity by Victoria Advocate Readers
Best of the Best Top Pick, Hairstylist, 2016-2017
Voted 1st place, Best of the Best Hairstylist by Victoria Advocate Readers
23rd annual Writers Digest Book Awards, Honorable Mention, Outstanding Ratings, 2015
Judges said, "Be Beautiful Being You" is a fabulous book written by a beautiful, godly woman whose readers would do well to take her advice to groom themselves on the inside as well as the outside so they can be shining lights for the Lord. This is a great book for young women and a good reminder for older women as well."
Entrepreneur Magazine, "The 4 Changes That Won Me $2 Million" by author Sumi Krishnan of K4 Solutions, 2016, featured Stacy's advice for women building a business.
FOX News website, 2016, "The 4 Changes That Won Me $2 Million" by author Sumi Krishnan, featured advice from Stacy for women in building a business.
Membership/Certifications
1995 Certified in Behavioral Modification
2015 The Women's Leadership Movement
2016 Certificate of Leadership Development
2017 NPPA The voice of Visual Journalism
Host of Events
Breast Cancer Awareness Tickled Pink
Up Close and Personal Women's Summit; 2 night event Missions Radio; Billy Graham Ambassador
The Addy Awards American Advertising
Love is a Universal Language
"Go Red for Women" Horizons Pediatric
Eventplan info
1914 Commerce St, Dallas, TX 75201
Social Update
You should connect social area for Any update
Click Here to Subscribe Now!
© Women That Soar


text:
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, redirect
from django.template.loader import render_to_string
from django.urls import reverse, reverse_lazy
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
from django.views import generic

from oscar.apps.customer.utils import normalise_email
from oscar.core.compat import get_user_model
from oscar.core.loading import get_classes, get_model
from oscar.views import sort_queryset

User = get_user_model()
Partner = get_model('partner', 'Partner')
(
    PartnerSearchForm, PartnerCreateForm, PartnerAddressForm,
    NewUserForm, UserEmailForm, ExistingUserForm
) = get_classes(
    'dashboard.partners.forms',
    ['PartnerSearchForm', 'PartnerCreateForm', 'PartnerAddressForm',
     'NewUserForm', 'UserEmailForm', 'ExistingUserForm'])

class PartnerListView(generic.ListView):
    model = Partner
    context_object_name = 'partners'
    template_name = 'dashboard/partners/partner_list.html'
    form_class = PartnerSearchForm

    def get_queryset(self):
        qs = self.model._default_manager.all()
        qs = sort_queryset(qs, self.request, ['name'])

        self.description = _("All partners")

        # We track whether the queryset is filtered to determine whether we
        # show the search form 'reset' button.
        self.is_filtered = False
        self.form = self.form_class(self.request.GET)
        if not self.form.is_valid():
            return qs

        data = self.form.cleaned_data

        if data['name']:
            qs = qs.filter(name__icontains=data['name'])
            self.description = _("Partners matching '%s'") % data['name']
            self.is_filtered = True

        return qs

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        ctx = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
        ctx['queryset_description'] = self.description
        ctx['form'] = self.form
        ctx['is_filtered'] = self.is_filtered
        return ctx

class PartnerCreateView(generic.CreateView):
    model = Partner
    template_name = 'dashboard/partners/partner_form.html'
    form_class = PartnerCreateForm
    success_url = reverse_lazy('dashboard:partner-list')

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        ctx = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
        ctx['title'] = _('Create new partner')
        return ctx

    def get_success_url(self):
        messages.success(self.request,
                         _("Partner '%s' was created successfully.") %
                         self.object.name)
        return reverse('dashboard:partner-list')

class PartnerManageView(generic.UpdateView):
    """
    This multi-purpose view renders out a form to edit the partner's details,
    the associated address and a list of all associated users.
    """
    template_name = 'dashboard/partners/partner_manage.html'
    form_class = PartnerAddressForm
    success_url = reverse_lazy('dashboard:partner-list')

    def get_object(self, queryset=None):
        self.partner = get_object_or_404(Partner, pk=self.kwargs['pk'])
        address = self.partner.primary_address
        if address is None:
            address = self.partner.addresses.model(partner=self.partner)
        return address

    def get_initial(self):
        return {'name': self.partner.name}

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        ctx = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
        ctx['partner'] = self.partner
        ctx['title'] = self.partner.name
        ctx['users'] = self.partner.users.all()
        return ctx

    def form_valid(self, form):
        messages.success(
            self.request, _("Partner '%s' was updated successfully.") %
            self.partner.name)
        self.partner.name = form.cleaned_data['name']
        self.partner.save()
        return super().form_valid(form)

class PartnerDeleteView(generic.DeleteView):
    model = Partner
    template_name = 'dashboard/partners/partner_delete.html'

    def get_success_url(self):
        messages.success(self.request,
                         _("Partner '%s' was deleted successfully.") %
                         self.object.name)
        return reverse('dashboard:partner-list')

# =============
# Partner users
# =============

class PartnerUserCreateView(generic.CreateView):
    model = User
    template_name = 'dashboard/partners/partner_user_form.html'
    form_class = NewUserForm

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        self.partner = get_object_or_404(
            Partner, pk=kwargs.get('partner_pk', None))
        return super().dispatch(
            request, *args, **kwargs)

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        ctx = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
        ctx['partner'] = self.partner
        ctx['title'] = _('Create user')
        return ctx

    def get_form_kwargs(self):
        kwargs = super().get_form_kwargs()
        kwargs['partner'] = self.partner
        return kwargs

    def get_success_url(self):
        name = self.object.get_full_name() or self.object.email
        messages.success(self.request,
                         _("User '%s' was created successfully.") % name)
        return reverse('dashboard:partner-list')

class PartnerUserSelectView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = 'dashboard/partners/partner_user_select.html'
    form_class = UserEmailForm
    context_object_name = 'users'

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        self.partner = get_object_or_404(
            Partner, pk=kwargs.get('partner_pk', None))
        return super().dispatch(
            request, *args, **kwargs)

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        data = None
        if 'email' in request.GET:
            data = request.GET
        self.form = self.form_class(data)
        return super().get(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        ctx = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
        ctx['partner'] = self.partner
        ctx['form'] = self.form
        return ctx

    def get_queryset(self):
        if self.form.is_valid():
            email = normalise_email(self.form.cleaned_data['email'])
            return User.objects.filter(email__icontains=email)
        else:
            return User.objects.none()

class PartnerUserLinkView(generic.View):

    def get(self, request, user_pk, partner_pk):
        # need to allow GET to make Undo link in PartnerUserUnlinkView work
        return self.post(request, user_pk, partner_pk)

    def post(self, request, user_pk, partner_pk):
        user = get_object_or_404(User, pk=user_pk)
        name = user.get_full_name() or user.email
        partner = get_object_or_404(Partner, pk=partner_pk)
        if self.link_user(user, partner):
            messages.success(
                request,
                _("User '%(name)s' was linked to '%(partner_name)s'")
                % {'name': name, 'partner_name': partner.name})
        else:
            messages.info(
                request,
                _("User '%(name)s' is already linked to '%(partner_name)s'")
                % {'name': name, 'partner_name': partner.name})
        return redirect('dashboard:partner-manage', pk=partner_pk)

    def link_user(self, user, partner):
        """
        Links a user to a partner, and adds the dashboard permission if needed.

        Returns False if the user was linked already; True otherwise.
        """
        if partner.users.filter(pk=user.pk).exists():
            return False
        partner.users.add(user)
        if not user.is_staff:
            dashboard_access_perm = Permission.objects.get(
                codename='dashboard_access',
                content_type__app_label='partner')
            user.user_permissions.add(dashboard_access_perm)
        return True

class PartnerUserUnlinkView(generic.View):

    def unlink_user(self, user, partner):
        """
        Unlinks a user from a partner, and removes the dashboard permission
        if they are not linked to any other partners.

        Returns False if the user was not linked to the partner; True
        otherwise.
        """
        if not partner.users.filter(pk=user.pk).exists():
            return False
        partner.users.remove(user)
        if not user.is_staff and not user.partners.exists():
            dashboard_access_perm = Permission.objects.get(
                codename='dashboard_access',
                content_type__app_label='partner')
            user.user_permissions.remove(dashboard_access_perm)
        return True

    def post(self, request, user_pk, partner_pk):
        user = get_object_or_404(User, pk=user_pk)
        name = user.get_full_name() or user.email
        partner = get_object_or_404(Partner, pk=partner_pk)
        if self.unlink_user(user, partner):
            msg = render_to_string(
                'dashboard/partners/messages/user_unlinked.html',
                {'user_name': name,
                 'partner_name': partner.name,
                 'user_pk': user_pk,
                 'partner_pk': partner_pk})
            messages.success(self.request, msg, extra_tags='safe noicon')
        else:
            messages.error(
                request,
                _("User '%(name)s' is not linked to '%(partner_name)s'") %
                {'name': name, 'partner_name': partner.name})
        return redirect('dashboard:partner-manage', pk=partner_pk)

# =====
# Users
# =====

class PartnerUserUpdateView(generic.UpdateView):
    template_name = 'dashboard/partners/partner_user_form.html'
    form_class = ExistingUserForm

    def get_object(self, queryset=None):
        self.partner = get_object_or_404(Partner, pk=self.kwargs['partner_pk'])
        return get_object_or_404(User,
                                 pk=self.kwargs['user_pk'],
                                 partners__pk=self.kwargs['partner_pk'])

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        ctx = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
        name = self.object.get_full_name() or self.object.email
        ctx['partner'] = self.partner
        ctx['title'] = _("Edit user '%s'") % name
        return ctx

    def get_success_url(self):
        name = self.object.get_full_name() or self.object.email
        messages.success(self.request,
                         _("User '%s' was updated successfully.") % name)
        return reverse('dashboard:partner-list')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


McAfee is the largest security software in the world because of its high technology feature and quick access to detect and protect the system from the viruses. It is the most trustable product for millions of people. The users of McAfee antivirus software is approximately more than 500 million in all over the world. In this blog, we will discuss the McAfee Free Trial antivirus software. McAfee providing you a variety of free trial product software for the users.
At first, open your system.
Then open a web browser.
Visit the McAfee official site or mcafee.com/actvate site.
Go to the homepage, then you will find the 'Free trial' option click on it.
A page will display after clicking the 'Free trial' option.
Click the 'Free Download' option to download.
Then a pop-up page will display on your screen.
Click 'Agree and Install' option to complete the installation.
Now the McAfee total protection will be installed in your system.
Go to the www.mcafee.com/activate site.
Then click on 'Try New' option.
Click 'Register Now' to create a new account.
Enter your 'First Name', 'Last Name', Email address', and password to register a new account.
Click the 'I agree' option.
After that, you will be taken in the 'print receipt' page.
Then select the 'Download Now' option to get the McAfee free trial for 6 months.
Now enjoy the McAfee free trial for the next 6 months.
You can install the McAfee free antivirus in your Windows 10 by the help of a new beta version of McAfee Free Antivirus.
At first, open your Windows 10 system.
Go to the McAfee free antivirus beta site and click on 'Try now button' to download the web setup file.
Go to the web setup file and click the 'Next' option.
You have to wait for some time because it will take a while to complete the installation process.
You can get a notification message 'The Installation Completed Successfully' in your screen.
Then click on the McAfee Free Antivirus Icon.
Go to the mcafee.com/activate site.
Then go to the 'My account' option.
Log in your account with your given username or mail address and password.
Select your device where you want to cancel the subscription.
To deactivate your license click on 'Deactivate' option.
Click the 'Download' option and follow the instruction to subscribe to the McAfee antivirus.
McAfee gives you the ultra-level security system for your system.
Protect your PC from the viruses and malware programmes.
Having a better firewall programme against online threats.
This McAfee total protection free trial antivirus programme is now available in malware ransom with the help of Cloud-based feature.
Due to this feature, McAfee can easily analyze and defend the malicious movements from your system.
This can preserve or protect your multiple devices simultaneously.
You can get the auto McAfee Security Scan feature for better security in your system.
McAfee encrypts your sensitive data into a safe place.
You can identify and capture the fraud messages from your system through the special feature of McAfee.
You can manage your password with the help of key password manager feature.
There is another method to cancel the McAfee free trial antivirus. If you want to remove your McAfee total protection free trial from your system then use the MCPR (McAfee Consumer Products Removal) toll for easy uninstallation process.
Save all the file and document on your system before using the MCPR tool.
Download the MCPR tool in your system.
If you already download the MCPR tool in your system then go to the MCPR tool and open it.
Then click the 'Next' button and click on 'Agree' to continue the user license agreement.
Then you can get some character in your display screen, enter these character correctly in your Security Validation Screen.
Then click the 'Next' option.
After completion of the process, you can see that your McAfee free trial antivirus is removed from your system.
Sometimes in the exception case if you have any problem to understand our information or any issue to install the McAfee free trial antivirus then you can contact with our McAfee Customer Service team for a solution.


I guess I am condemning my life to reading books being turned into series but sometimes the shows do better than the movie because there is more time to put more details into it. I definitely prefer Netflix series' to Hulu because I am impatient and Netflix releases all of their episodes at once whereas Hulu sticks to a typical television schedule and releases one at a time. That being said, this one looks eerie and I am definitely into the dystopian society stories.
The Handmaiden's Tale premieres on Hulu on April 26th.


text:
Clarins est une entreprise familiale française de cosmétiques créée à Paris en 1954 par Jacques Courtin-Clarins. L'entreprise fabrique et commercialise des produits de soin pour la peau, de maquillage et est également un acteur du spa et du bien-être.

Clarins est présent dans plus de 150 pays avec les marques Clarins et My Blend et se place numéro 1 des soins haut de gamme en Europe. Exportés dans le monde, ses produits sont formulés et conçus dans ses Laboratoires Clarins en France.

Histoire
Après avoir commercialisé à l'après guerre un appareil qui masse et douche le sein, Jacques Courtin ouvre son premier institut de beauté en 1954, rue Tronchet à Paris.

La marque est à l'origine de quelques innovations marketing : Jacques Courtin lance l'huile tonic en 1966, une huile traitante, puis l'eau dynamisante. En 1968, l'entreprise crée une carte cliente qui est introduite dans les emballages de ses produits. En 1991, l'entreprise lance sa première collection de maquillage ainsi qu'une ligne de produits intégrant un complexe anti-pollution.

Grâce à son fils Christian, le groupe se diversifie à partir de 1974 en s'installant à l'étranger mais également en s'associant à Thierry Mugler ou en rachetant en 1995 les parfums Azzaro et Hugo Boss.

En 2002, elle lance une gamme pour les hommes, et gamme de soins pour les jeunes femmes de 18 à 29 ans, en 2019. En 2018, la marque produit elle même ses premiers ingrédients dans des locaux baptisés "Domaine Clarins" qui se situe dans les Alpes. En 2020, elle ouvre son centre de R&D à Shanghai, en Chine.

Entreprise familiale, le fondateur fait travailler un grand nombre des membres de sa famille. En 1974, son fils Christian, rejoint l'entreprise en tant que Directeur de l'Export. En 1994, c'est Olivier intègre l'entreprise en tant que membre du Directoire, il était jusqu'alors chirurgien orthopédiste. En 2000, Jacques Courtin leur cède la direction du groupe : l'aîné, Christian, devient président du directoire puis Président du Comité de Surveillance en 2011 ; et le second, Olivier, directeur général.

En 2010, les petites filles du fondateurs, Virginie, Claire, Prisca et Jenna, entrent au Comité de Surveillance. Elles travaillent également au sein de la marque : Jenna œuvre comme responsable "Prospective et Nouveaux Concepts" et devient ensuite ambassadrice de la marque Clarins ; Virginie travaille d'abord dans la filière "Mugler Mode" puis est nommée Directrice Générale Déléguée en 2018 ; Prisca dirige la branche "Spas, Retail & My Blend" avant d'être nommée membre du Comité de Surveillance, en tant que représentante de "Famille C", la holding familiale Courtin-Clarins.

L'entreprise est tellement liée à la famille Courtin que le fondateur fait ajouter en 1978 à son patronyme le nom de sa société . Depuis, ses enfants et petits enfants se feront appeler « Courtin-Clarins ».

En 1984, l'entreprise est introduite sur le second marché de la Bourse de Paris. Elle en sort en 2008.

En 2006, Clarins réalise un chiffre d'affaires de 967 millions d'euros et comprend 5 400 personnes. Le groupe est alors évalué à 2 milliards d'euros, détenus à 65,14 % par la famille Courtin.

En 2015, après plus de 25 ans d'expérience chez Clarins, Jonathan Zrihen est nommé Président & CEO.

En 2003, le groupe ferme le pôle couture de Thierry Mugler, puis en 2020, Clarins cède ses marques Mugler & Azzaro à L'Oréal pour se recentrer sur son activité historique, la Beauté.

En 2022, l'entreprise lance une filiale numérique orientée vente et conseil en ligne, MyBlend, et acquiert la marque américaine ILIA.

Activités diverses
A partir de 2014, Olivier Courtin-Clarins, alors directeur général et ancien chirurgien orthopédiste, publie aux éditions Clarins puis au Cherche midi des livres de cuisine : « Docteur, je veux être la plus belle ! », « Belle dans mon assiette » et « Belle dans mes recettes ». Ils sont traduits en anglais et espagnol.

Sur l'initiative de Prisca Courtin-Clarins et de ses aînés, Olivier et Christian Courtin-Clarins, Clarins acquiert en 2021 le domaine viticole château Beauséjour.

Références

Liens externes

 Site officiel du groupe Clarins

Entreprise de cosmétique ayant son siège en France
Entreprise du luxe ayant son siège en France
Maison de parfum


WetCanvas > The Art Business Center > General Art Business > Internet Sales Strategies > Let's put "wetcanvas" in our eBay descriptions!
View Full Version : Let's put "wetcanvas" in our eBay descriptions!
This came up in the "How can I find your art?" thread. Instead of keeping track of everyone's ebay ID I thought it would be nice if we just stuck the word "wetcanvas" somewhere in our descriptions so that we could do a search and come up with everyone's auctions.
It could just be at the end of your description sitting on its own even. This came up before as an idea for an eBay group of our own, like ebsq, but I'm only suggested it to help us be nosey about each other's stuff, nothing so grand as an official group.
Great idea. How do you obtain IDs of those who submit artwork to ebay?
I like the idea. Will do it too next time I list.
I'm sure most of you are aware of the 'third party' issues with ebay. You can't put the name of a website into your auctions...even your personal website.
However....since Wet Canvas is rather generic in terminology...you could use it in a statement within your text. I don't think that would be bad..
Kaybob, check out the 'sticky' thread at the top of this forum for ebay ID's.
How about a sentence somewhere in our description stating simply: Member of the great Wet Canvas community.
kaybob - there's a sticky thread at the top of this forum called How Can I find Your Art on eBay? or somethign like that. People give their eBay ID there, but I thought this would be quicker and easier to search on eBay.
WETCANVAS SHOULD ALWAYS BE WRITTEN AS ONE WORD, RIGHT?
Good point, Lori. One Word. Wetcanvas.
PS: It works. Tina's and Lori's auctions came up when I searched 'Wetcanvas'.
I don't see any problem with saying "Member of WetCanvas"....since we also give information about membership in other art groups.
OOPS...I just listed 2 new paintings and forgot to do this! Next time....I promise!
I've already done this awhile back in some of my auction descriptions. The art was from one of the reference photos in our reference section so in my description of the auction I mentioned that the art was inspired by an photo from a wetcanvas member. It seemed to have flew. My auction did not get pulled.
I didn't mentioned the members name I just said "member of wetcanvas" without the dot com part.
How about 'hiding' Wetcanvas in the image file name?!
Would that make it come up in the search?
Sorry Maggie -- good idea, but it doesn't work. I searched for some of my own image file names, and it won't find them.
Something I noticed today ---- you CAN NOT search the descriptions for completed auctions! Has that always been that way? I had certainly not noticed it -- I thought the search criteria was the same in either one. Has anyone else noticed this?
you CAN NOT search the descriptions for completed auctions!
Hey Lori! It can be done. Lemme tell you how. First of all, click the search button at the top of the page. Then go to advanced search (second listed) and there is a box to check to search completed auctions only. Hope that helps!!
I am waiting for my auctions to end and then I will be sure and put member of wetcanvas on my description too. I think it is a great idea!
Sumafra, Hairballs is in the TITLE thats why they come up on the completed search. Best I can tell the title is the ONLY thing you can search in the completed section. I KNOW its not always been that way. I remembers doing very detailed searches in the completed ones when I did research on items I use to sell. I just wonder when they changed it? I hate it when things change and I don't notice.
Nice bunch of art coming up under Wetcanas search!
Wow, I just did a search and came up with 47! I think I counted 7 different artists (including me).
Lets keep this thread at the top of the heap so more will join in!
Okay, I've added....member of wetcanvas to my auctions, too.
I'm really enjoying searching for everyones auctions. If you haven't started including WETCANVAS in your descriptions, PLEASE DO! Its so much fun to see what everyone is selling!!!
My search today came up with 35 -- but 12 of those are mine!
yep put it on my auctions.