text:
\section{Introduction}
Numerous fields of modern ultrafast optics, such as tracing of atomic motion in molecules \cite{zewail}, chemistry on electronic timescale \cite{remacle}, steering of ultrafast electron dynamics in the valence shell of  solids, nanoparticles, and clusters \cite{remacle2,lunnemann}, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy experiments \cite{nenov}, generation and diagnosis of warm-dense matter \cite{chi},  material modification\cite{mod} and so on require short, sub-10-fs intense pulses at UV or near-UV frequencies. The ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range is of great interest for ultrafast spectroscopic investigations because of the possible resonance with electronic transitions of many small molecules with fairly simple excited state energy level structure, whose photo-induced dynamics can be accurately modeled using ab initio computational approaches. Transient absorption  spectroscopy in the UV can thus be used for the study of the optical response of bio-molecules and can benchmark the accuracy of such methods.

In the visible and near infrared ranges, ultrashort pulses are routinely generated using different approaches: directly from a laser oscillator \cite{Ell}, by a non-collinear optical parametric amplifier \cite{Brida}, or by spectral broadening in a nonlinear medium (e.g. solid or hollow-core optical fiber) \cite{Nisoli} based on  self-phase modulation due to the optical Kerr-effect \cite{Khodakovskiy} or time-dependent plasma density \cite{Tempea, Apostolova}. The extension of these techniques to the UV range is challenging due to the lack of broadband laser gain media in the UV (except for excimers of noble gas halides \cite{Nagy}) and strong two-photon absorption for high-energy photons \cite{Tzankov} required for UV optical parametric amplifiers. This is why broadband UV pulses are typically generated in a two-step approach: first, few-optical-cycle pulses in the visible or near-infrared  ranges are generated, and then nonlinear frequency up-conversion is used to reach the UV range.

For frequency up-conversion in gases, the usually used nonlinear processes are third- or higher- order harmonic generation or four-wave-mixing between the fundamental wavelength and the second harmonic of the driving pulse, which is typically obtained from a Ti:sapphire laser. To name a few examples, 16-fs pulses at 266 nm were produced by third-harmonic generation in air from the 20-fs pulses \cite{Backus}, much shorter sub-4-fs pulses at 270 nm were generated in neon from the 6-fs laser output spectrally broadened in a hollow-core fiber \cite{Graf}, 8-fs pulses at 266 nm were generated by four-wave-mixing between the second harmonic and the fundamental wavelength from a 20-fs  pulse \cite{Durfee}, and 5-nJ pulses at 133 nm were generated by cascaded four-wave-mixing between third, fourth and fifth harmonic in a filament \cite{Horio}. UV pulses were also generated by second-order nonlinear frequency conversion in crystals, typically $\beta$-barium borate. For example, sub-10-fs 400-nm pulses were reported \cite{Varillas}, with sufficient spectral bandwidth obtained via frequency-doubling using broadband phase-matching enabled by grating recollimation. Furthermore, UV pulses with 9.7 fs pulse duration were generated by second harmonic generation using a spectrally shaped 1.9 mJ, 8 fs few-cycle near-infrared pulses \cite{Xiao}.

Recently, new trends appeared in the generation of UV pulses.
Resonant dispersive-wave generation based on Kerr nonlinearlity during the optical soliton propagation in waveguides combines intrinsically short pulse duration and easy tunability over the full ultraviolet spectral range as well as the entire visible spectrum when using infrared pump pulses, as was recently demonstrated \cite{Brahms,Lekosiotis}. These  advances also raise the prospect of compact on-chip integrated nonlinear devices \cite{Liu_1}.

Due to a persistently high demand for short pulses in near-UV range and adjacent visible frequencies, it is promising and timely to search  and investigate alternative approaches to their generation, preferably directly from relatively long infrared pulses without compression step.

A possibility to generate short UV pulses by a very small device in situ would be an important and highly desirable feature, particularly in view of biological applications. Indeed, during propagation in any transparent condensed matter, a $\sim$10-fs pulse will very quickly, on the sub-mm scale, become much longer due to group-velocity dispersion. Pre-compensation of group-velocity dispersion is in principle possible but challenging and requires precise {\it a priori} knowledge of the material properties, which is rarely available. Therefore it would be highly valuable to suggest a technique which allows generation of short pulse directly inside of a transparent material at the desired position. On top of that, spectral tunability of the pulses would strongly enhance their application potential, e.g. by allowing to address different optical transitions.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{scheme_c.eps}
\caption{The schematic representation of the key idea of the investigation. In a nanocomposite, the intensity inside the spherical nanoparticles (red curve) can be high compared to incident intensity (green curve) during the short time range when the plasmonic resonance (indicated by the yellow asterisk) is reached. The resonance takes place when the relative plasma density (blue curve) crosses the resonant value $\rho_{\mathrm{res}}$ indicated by the dashed black curve.}
\end{figure}

Here we propose and investigate such a method, based on a nanoparticle (NP) composite. The key idea of the paper is illustrated in Fig. 1. The incident long near-ir pulse, shown by the green curve, leads to transition of electrons from the valence zone to the first and higher conduction zones inside the dielectric nanostructure. The motion of these electrons is almost free (possibly with modified effective mass). Therefore they provide a negative Drude-type contribution to the dielectric function of the NPs $\epsilon_i(t)$, which decreases in time due to growing density of carriers $\rho$ (illustrated by blue curve in Fig. 1). The plasmonic resonance is determined by the condition  $2\epsilon_h+\epsilon_i(t)=0$, where $\epsilon_h$ is the dielectric function of host material. For $2\epsilon_h+\epsilon_i(-\infty)>0$, the plasmonic resonance can be reached only for a short time range when the relative free-carried density is close to a certain value $\rho_{\mathrm{res}}$. In this time range, the local field inside of the NPs, proportional to $1/(2\epsilon_h+\epsilon_h(t))$, shows a burst as illustrated by the red curve in Fig. 1. As will be discussed later, this burst and associated nonlinear processes lead to generation of short pulses at new frequencies (above the frequency of the pump field). All of the above aims: short near-UV pulse generation directly from long IR pulses, generation in situ at the position on NPs, as well as spectral tunability, are met by this design.

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we present the physical model used for simulation of nonlinear pulse propagation. In section 3, we show the results regarding the nonlinear dynamics and short pulse generation, both in time and spectral domains. In section 4, we discuss the tunability of short pulses and the responsible mechanisms. The summary of the results is provided in the conclusion.

\section{Theoretical model}
The model used in this paper is based on the formalism described in our recent work (for details, see Ref. \cite{our_arxiv} and discussion therein), with important modifications pertinent to the time-dependent contribution of free-carrier plasma.

We consider a composite consisting of a homogeneous host material and spherical NPs, randomly distributed in space, with diameter well below the light wavelength so that effective-medium theory can be applied. The following effects are included into account: linear dispersion including intrinsic and scattering losses, second- and third-order optical nonlinearities, as well as photoionization accompanied by ionization losses and plasma dynamics. A unidirectional (1+1)D propagation equation \cite{hh,mg} is the most suitable for this kind of situations:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial E(z,\omega)}{\partial z}&=&-i\frac{[n_{\mathrm{eff}}(\omega)-n_g(\omega_0)]\omega}{c}
E(z,\omega)\nonumber\\&&-\frac{i\omega}{2cn_{\mathrm{eff}}(\omega_0)}P_{\mathrm{NL}}(z,\omega),
\label{main_e}
\end{eqnarray}
where $E(z,\omega)$ is the Fourier transform of the electric field $E(z,t)$, $z$ is the propagation coordinate, $n_{\mathrm{eff}}(\omega)$ is the refractive index, $n_g(\omega)$ is the group refractive index, $\omega_0$ is a characteristic frequency of the pulse spectrum,  and $P_{\mathrm{NL}}(z,\omega)$ is the Fourier transform of the nonlinear part of the polarization. No slowly-varying envelope approximation is used, and $E(z,t)$ represents the real-valued field including the carrier oscillations. This approach provides a unified treatment for a pulse with an arbitrary spectral content.

\begin{figure*}[t!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{prop_c.eps}
\caption{The temporal properties [left column, (a),(d),(g)], spectra of the average field E$_{\mathrm{av}}$ [middle column, (b),(e),(h)], and temporal profiles generated short pulses [right column, (c),(f),(i)] for propagation distances of 15 nm [top row, (a),(b),(c)], 45 nm [middle row, (d),(e),(f)], 105 nm [bottom row, (g),(h),(i)]. Input pulse centered at 800 nm has a duration of 25 fs and intensity of 25 TW/cm$^2$. A composite of AlN NPs with identical radius of 2.5 nm and filling factor of $f=0.003$ in SiO$_2$ host is considered. In left column, composite-averaged electric field (green curve), local field inside the NPs (red curve), and relative plasma density (blue curve) are shown.}
\end{figure*}

The effective-medium theory allows to describe the nanocomposite material as a homogenised medium with appropriately defined effective material parameters. For low volume filling fractions of the spherical NPs $f$ and moderate scattering loss, the effective refractive index of a composite is given by \cite{mg}
\begin{equation}
n_{\mathrm{eff}}=\sqrt\epsilon_h+\frac32\frac{f(\epsilon_i-\epsilon_h)}{2\epsilon_h+\epsilon_i}+i\sqrt{\epsilon_h}{c}\left(\frac{\epsilon_h-\epsilon_i}{2\epsilon_h+\epsilon_i}\right)^2\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{NP}}\omega}{c}\right)^3,
\label{neff}
\end{equation}
 where $r_{\mathrm{NP}}$ is the NPs radius, and $\epsilon_{h,i}$ are the dielectric functions of the host and of the NPs, correspondingly.

We consider the situation when the presence of plasma leads to significant Drude-type modification of the dielectric susceptibility of the NPs:
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_i\to\epsilon_i-\frac{N\rho(t)e^2}{\epsilon_0m_e\omega(\omega+i\nu)},
\label{mod}
\end{equation}
where $N$ is the density of the neutral atoms or molecules before the ionization, $\rho(t)$ is the time-dependent  relative density of the plasma, $m_e$ is the effective electron mass in the conduction zone, and $\nu$ is the collision rate of the conduction electrons. Note that we consider composites with ionization rate in host material lower than that in NPs and neglect the plasma contribution to $\epsilon_h$.

One can see that the above Eq. (\ref{mod}) combines quantities defined both in frequency ($\omega$) and time ($t$) domain. This issue can be resolved by formally substituting $\omega\to i\partial_t$. Let us consider the ratio $x=E_{\mathrm{loc}}/E_{\mathrm{av}}$ between the local field inside the NPs $E_{\mathrm{loc}}$, and the average field in the composite $E_{\mathrm{av}}$. For stationary materials (i.e., those without any time-dependent parameters), it is given by:
\begin{equation}
    x(\omega)=\frac{3\epsilon_h(\omega)}{2\epsilon_h(\omega)+\epsilon_i(\omega)}.
    \label{x}
\end{equation}
In a general time-dependent case, knowing $x$ allows to directly calculate the factor $1/(2\epsilon_h(\omega)+\epsilon_i(\omega))=x/(3\epsilon_h)$ which appears in Eq. (\ref{neff}). Combining Eq. (\ref{mod}) and (\ref{x}), we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
    &&\left[\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}+\nu\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\right]E_{\mathrm{loc}}(t)=\kappa\rho(t)E_{\mathrm{loc}}(t)+\nonumber\\&&\frac{3\epsilon_h}{2\epsilon_h+\epsilon_i}\left[\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}+\nu\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\right]E_{\mathrm{av}}(t),\\
    &&\frac{\partial \rho(t)}{\partial t}=\Gamma(E_{\mathrm{loc}}(t)),
    \label{system}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Gamma$ is the ionization rate (see more details below). We have neglected the frequency dependence of $\epsilon_h$ and $\epsilon_i$ in this term (but not in linear polarization) for pump frequency well below the bandgap. For each position in $z$, $E_{\mathrm{av}}(t)$ is a known function determined from the propagation equation (\ref{main_e}).
This system of equations is the key novel contribution of the presented model. It allows to calculate the time-dependent ratio $x=E_{\mathrm{loc}}/E_{\mathrm{av}}$ including the contribution of plasma.

The second equation in the above system describes the photoionization inside of NPs, which is induced by the local field inside of the NPs $E_{\mathrm{loc}}(t)$. Due to high relevance of the photoionization for the considered process, it is critically important to develop an accurate formalism for the ionization rate in agreement with the experiment for both of the NP materials considered in this paper: AlN and ZnO. Two models for the photoionization were considered: one based on Ivanov-Yudin formalism\cite{yi} and one based on ADK formula\cite{adk}. In femtosecond regime the damage threshold (DT) is associated\cite{dtbr} with the intensity at which the plasma contribution would lead to strong back-reflection in bulk (corresponding to bulk dielectric function near zero), which allows us to benchmark the models by the experimental data. For AlN, data regarding the DT is available for several values of the pulse duration\cite{aln1dam,aln2dam}, suggesting not the typical $\tau^{1/2}$\cite{tau05} but a $\tau^{1/4}$\cite{tau025} law for increase of DT with pulse duration. Our calculations show that while Ivanov-Yudin model provides poor agreement with the experiment, the ADK formula is surprisingly accurate in predicting the DT for a range of the pulse durations, therefore ADK photoionization rate was used, with an insignificant phenomenological prefactor of $1.35$. For ZnO, less data regarding the DT is available\cite{znodam}, therefore for ZnO we augmented the ADK rate by a first-principle calculation of the ionization rate based on
the numerical solution of the time-dependent 3D Schrodinger equation in single active electron approximation \cite{ab}. In this approach the empirical pseudopotential method was used for the electron band structure of ZnO  \cite{fan}. These calculations provided outstanding agreement with the available experimental data, with numerical threshold differing from the experimental one by 5\%. Therefore a prefactor obtained from the time-dependent 3D Schrodinger equation was utilized for the photionization rate $\Gamma(E_{\mathrm{loc}}(t))$.

The second- and third-order nonlinear processes can also be described in the framework of the effective-medium theory. The expressions for the effective second- and third-order order susceptibility in a stationary medium look like \cite{sb}
\begin{eqnarray}
    &&\chi_{\mathrm{eff}}^{(2)}(\omega_1=\omega_2+\omega_3;\omega_2,\omega_3)=(1-f)\chi_{h}^{(2)}\nonumber\\&&+fx(\omega_1)x(\omega_2)x(\omega_3)\chi_{i}^{(2)},\\
    &&\chi_{\mathrm{eff}}^{(3)}(\omega_1=\omega_2+\omega_3+\omega_4;\omega_2,\omega_3,\omega_4)=(1-f)\chi_{h}^{(3)}+\nonumber\\&&fx(\omega_1)x(\omega_2)x(\omega_3)x(\omega_4)\chi_{i}^{(3)},
    \label{chi23}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\chi_{h}^{(2)}$ and $\chi_{i}^{(2)}$ are the susceptibilities of host and NP materials, correspondingly. Note that we neglected the frequency dependence of the bulk susceptibilities of host and NPs, which is a good assumption far from bulk resonances, as well as thermal effects which happen on a picosecond time scale. For the considered dynamic case, we derive the following expressions for the second- and third-order polarizations:

\begin{eqnarray}
    P^{(2)}(t)=(1-f)\chi_{h}^{(2)}E_{\mathrm{av}}(t)^2+f\chi^{(2)}_{i}xE_{\mathrm{loc}}(t)^2,\\
    P^{(3)}(t)=(1-f)\chi_{h}^{(2)}E_{\mathrm{av}}(t)^3+f\chi^{(3)}_{i}xE_{\mathrm{loc}}(t)^3.
    \label{pol23}
\end{eqnarray}

We solve the propagation equation by an extended split-step method, whereby each of the contributions to the polarization is treated subsequently, which allows to reduce the accumulation of numerical error, using the Runge-Kutta method of the order 4. Fixed step of the grid both in time and in the propagation coordinate is used. The appearance of numerical artifacts during the propagation is monitored by tracing the total pulse energy as well as the total energy absorbed at the boundaries of the numerical time window.

\section{Numerical results}

In Fig. 2, the numerical results for  25-fs, 25 TW/cm$^2$ pulses at 800 nm propagating in a composite of AlN particles (volume filling fraction $f=0.003$) in SiO$_2$ host are presented. We have used available Sellmeyer-type expressions to model the dispersion of both materials\cite{dispaln,dispsio2}, phenomenological values of the nonlinear susceptibilities \cite{chi2aln,chi3aln,chi3sio2}, and the bandgap of 6.01 eV for the AlN\cite{bgaln}. Note that the fluence of above pulses is below the DT for fused silica of 1 J/cm$^2$, suggesting that ionization will be predominantly happening in the AlN NPs. We note parenthetically that absence or presence of back-reflection is determined by {\it effective} refractive index, therefore for AlN NP composite (as opposed to bulk AlN) due to low filling factor $f$ even significant levels of relative ionization in NPs will not lead to back-reflection, and damage can be avoided even for $\rho\sim 1$.

From blue curves in left column in Fig. 2, one can see that indeed high levels of relative ionization are reached during the pulse. Slightly before the maximum of the pulse, the system passes through the plasmonic resonance, which manifests itself as a sharp peak of the field inside the NPs E$_{\mathrm{loc}}$ (red curve) as compared to the average field E$_{\mathrm{av}}$ (green curve). At later stages of propagation, the input pulse is modified and depleted in the center of the pulse due to photoionization, as can be seen in Fig. 2(g). In the spectral domain, at the initial stage of the propagation a pronounced peak is formed at roughly (but not exactly) double the input frequency $\omega_0$, which later broadens and extends to higher frequencies. In the right column of Fig. 2, we show the temporal profile corresponding to this higher-frequency spectral components, by leaving only the spectral range from 1.2$\omega_0$ to 3.5$\omega_0$. It is important to note that we do not calculate the Fourier-limited pulse, rather, all the spectral phases which result from propagation are preserved. One can see that after only 35 nm of propagation, a well-isolated short pulse with a FWHM duration of 1.9 fs and weak pedestal is formed, with energy efficiency of 1.2\% (corresponding to the efficiency determined from the peak field ratio of roughly 14\%). Subsequent propagation, as illustrated in Fig. 2(i), shows further efficiency increase, which is however accompanied by longer and less regular pulse shape.

\section{Pulse tunability and generation mechanism}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{rho_peak_c.eps}
\caption{Spectra of generated short pulse for different intensities (a) and the dependence of the central wavelength on the after-pulse plasma density (b). In (a), the intensities of 15.045 TW/cm$^2$, 15.05 TW/cm$^2$, 15.075 TW/cm$^2$, 15.2 TW/cm$^2$, 15.5 TW/cm$^2$, 17 TW/cm$^2$, 25 TW/cm$^2$ (from right to left) are considered. In (b), by solid curve the analytical dependence given by Eq. (\ref{est}) is shown.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plot_ZnO_c.eps}
\caption{The temporal properties (a), temporal profile of the generated short pulse (b), and spectrum (c) for propagation distance of 10 nm. Input pulse centered at 800 nm has a duration of 55 fs and intensity of 10 TW/cm$^2$. A composite of ZnO NPs with identical radius of 2.5 nm and filling factor of 0.0003 in SiO$_2$ host is considered. In (a), composite-averaged electric field (green curve), local field inside the NPs (red curve), and relative plasma density (blue curve) are shown.}
\end{figure}

We explored the possibility to influence the position of the spectral peak visible in Fig. 2(b) by varying the pump pulse intensity and, correspondingly, the relative density of plasma after
the pulse, $\rho(+\infty)$. In Fig. 3(a) we show that for different pump intensities it is possible to shift the peak (and the corresponding short pulse) in a significant spectral range, from 410 to 545 nm. In Fig. 3(b), the maximum wavelength of the peak is presented as a function of the relative density of plasma after
the pulse, $\rho(+\infty)$.

The mechanism responsible for the generation of this peak is highly relevant to understand its tunability and further features. We note that it cannot be explained by the well-known plasma-induced blue shift of the spectrum, since such shift is proportional to the nonlinear phase accumulated during propagation, and therefore the position of the peak would be $z$-dependent, in contradiction to the numerical findings. Also, the energy of the peak grow quadratically with propagation length, which excludes amplification-like processes. Rather, we speculate that the short burst at the plasmonic resonance contains many spectral components. {\it After} the plasmonic resonance, the relative plasma density $\rho(+\infty)>\rho_{\mathrm{res}}$ corresponds to the plasmonic resonance at frequency $\omega_*>\omega_0$. Spectral components at or around this frequency could be preserved and grow. To confirm this conjecture, in Fig. 3(b) we plot the wavelength corresponding to the resonant frequency after the pulse, the latter being given by

\begin{equation}
\omega_*=0.91\sqrt{\frac{Ne^2}{\epsilon_0m_e[2\epsilon_h+\epsilon_i(+\infty)]}}.
\label{est}
\end{equation}

In order to fit the numerical data, we have introduced a pre-factor of 1.21, which is justified by the fact that the peak is generated under highly dynamical conditions with plasma density quickly changing in time. In Fig. 3(b), the prediction given by Eq. (\ref{est}) is shown by the red curve. An almost perfect agreement with numerical results is obtained. Even with a fit parameter, such agreement is highly indicative that proposed mechanism indeed describes the peak generation in our system.

With the aim to investigate the influence of the material choice of the transient plasmonic resonance, in Fig. 4 we show the numerical results for the 55-fs, 10 TW/cm$^2$ pulses at 800 nm propagating in a composite of ZnO NPs (volume filling fraction $f=0.0003$) in SiO$_2$ host. Similar to the case of AlN NPs, phenomenological bulk material parameters were used\cite{disp_ZnO,sec_ZnO,thi_ZnO_1,thi_ZnO_2}. ZnO has a much lower bandgap of 3.37 eV, which has significant influence on the dynamics. The dependence of the ionization rate on the intensity is smoother and does not have a strongly pronounced threshold-like character. Therefore the growth of the relative ionization, as shown in Fig. 4(a), occurs slower, and the systems spends a longer time in the plasmonic resonance, as can be seen from comparison of local field (red curve) and average field (green curve) in Fig. 4(a). Correspondingly, the generated pulse is longer with FWHM of 9.5 fs, whereas the efficiency of 1.3\% is comparable to AlN case. Despite the quantitative differences to AlN case, the generation of the short pulse is based on the same mechanism, as can be seen from the spectrum in Fig. 4(c) showing clear isolated feature around 1.4$\omega_0$. We would like to stress that, despite the different ionization dynamics, for ZnO NPs the Eq. (\ref{est}) provides accurate estimation of the peak spectral position using the same fitting factor of 0.91. We conclude  that short pulse generation is possible for composites with host bandgap larger than inclusion bandgap, however, the latter should not be below roughly 4 eV for photoionization to be threshold-like. In addition, pedestal-free and sufficiently strong input pulses (intensity above 10 TW/cm$^2$) are required.

\section{Conclusion}

In conclusion, we have developed a model for simulation of nonlinear pulse propagation under the condition of rapid free carrier generation. We showed that a transient plasmonic resonance in a nanoparticle composite can lead to a very short burst of the local field inside the NPs. We predict a direct generation of tunable few-fs near-UV  pulses from much longer near-IR pulses, with efficiencies in the range of 1\%. The generation mechanism is connected to growth of spectral components which are in plasmonic resonance after the pulse peak. The above nonlinear dynamics is explored for two NP materials, AlN and ZnO.

\begin{backmatter}
\bmsection{Funding}
Authors acknowledge financial support from European Union project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018-823897 "Atlantic". I.B. thanks Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (EXC 2122, project ID 390833453) for financial support. Support from the BNSF under Contract No. KP-06-COST/7 is acknowledged (T.A.)

\bmsection{Disclosures}
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

\bmsection{Data availability} Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

\end{backmatter}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The body design of the ModeMaster PC scanning head has modular lens and detector sets that allow quick changes to other wavelength or divergence ranges to suit your measurement needs.
The UV-VIS-NIR body can be used in any of the UV, VIS or NIR spectral regions, with the appropriate detector (silicon - Si for the UV and VIS; germanium - Ge for the NIR) and low-or high-divergence lenses. The UV lens can be used with the silicon detector and the VIS-NIR lens can be used with either the silicon or germanium detectors.


text:
Indiana police kill suspected gunman at Walmart; 1 person wounded
EVANSVILLE, Ind. (WFIE/Gray News) — Evansville Central Dispatch in Indiana confirmed authorities were responding to an active shooter situation at a Walmart Thursday night.
According to Dispatch, it happened at the store on South Red Bank Road in Evansville. The call originally came in at 9:59 p.m
Police say they identified the suspect as Ronald Mosley II, who was a former employee of the store.
According to police, the victim of the shooting is a woman who currently works at Walmart.
Sergeant Anna Gray of the Evansville Police Department tells 14 News that when police arrived at the scene, officers immediately entered the building
"The officers were on the scene very quickly and went straight to Walmart," Gray said. "We were given a description of the suspect. The officers then began searching for the suspect."
Evansville police say the shooter was shot dead at a Walmart location. (WFIE)
The Vanderburgh County Sheriff's Office also responded to the shooting, with both deputies and police officers going in to locate the shooter.
"We immediately assembled a team with the Evansville Police Department and began looking for the threat," said Vanderburgh County Sheriff Noah Robinson. "You may remember the Columbine model that appeared decades ago – when you were securing a scene and waiting for reinforcements to contain a situation. This is no longer a model that we practice. If there is active gunfire, we immediately go to the threat and neutralize that threat to minimize loss of life."
Police said when police entered the building, the suspect opened fire on officers. Several police officers returned fire.
Gray said the shooter would fire and then run off and show officers through the store.
The shooter was shot and killed.
Gray says at least one person was shot and taken to the hospital, but there could be more victims. The severity of the victim's injuries is not known at this time.
Officers who were inside the store or were injured in the incident must contact police.
Walmart officials said in a statement about Thursday's shooting: "The entire Walmart family is shocked by the senseless violence that has taken place at our Evansville store and our hearts go out to our employee at this time. As we learn more, we will do what we can to support our employees in dealing with this tragedy. We are grateful to the local first responders and will continue to work with law enforcement as their investigations progress."
Copyright 2023 WFIE via Gray Media Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Indiana Walmart shooter targeted employees at meeting and…
Threats reported before Walmart shooting
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The heroic actions of an Indiana Walmart employee saved…
Indiana Walmart shooting leaves at least 1 victim injured,…
Tags: Evansville, Indiana, Walmart
Events around New Mexico from January 20th to January 26th

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


8% Totally Crush Their New Year's Resolutions!
8% totally crush their New Year's fitness resolution! Doesn't that sound a whole lot better than the doom and gloom you've heard over the years?
However you slice it, sticking to a New Years fitness resolution is tough.
But let's not forget that 8% (even if the worst estimates are true) totally crush their goals for the New Year!
If you ask me that's pretty freakin' awesome!
Could you imagine those odds on something like winning the Powerball jackpot? I doubt the same pessimists who caution against New Year's resolutions would say..."Yeah, well, 92% of people who play Powerball, don't win the jackpot, so I'm just gonna hold on to this dollar."
Heck no! People would play the lottery every week, and if they didn't win, they'd play again. Sure, you'd risk a few bucks, but you'd win a few million dollars 4-5 times per year with those 8% odds.
Unfortunately, the odds of winning the Powerball jackpot are 1 in 292 million, but you get the point. 8% odds are pretty stinking awesome.
The reality is this: You have unlimited chances to double down on your resolve, and give your goals another shot WHENEVER you want (including January).
If you're goal is to find new ways to keep fit and workout 5 days per week, but you fail by January 5th...try Again.
If you start The Whole 30 clean eating plan, and you fall off the wagon on day 29...try again.
You have an 8% chance to make MASSIVE improvements in your life every time you risk the decision to try. I think that's incredible.
So next time someone rolls their eyes at your New Years fitness resolution, remember that they have a 0% chance at achieving a goal this January, and then lean into your resolution even harder.
8% will achieve their New Year's Resolution this year. One of those 8% might as well be you.


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text:
How The NY Times Turns A Real Story Into Fake News
Jeff Dunetz
In its effort to maintain its editorial position that anything done by President Trump or the Immigration and Customization Enforcement (ICE) is evil, the NY Times published a report about the arrest of an illegal immigrant from Mexico that was both technically true and fake news at the same time.
The headline of the article published on August 19th was disturbing. It gave the reader an idea that an illegal immigrant a man rushing his wife who was in labor to the hospital was stopped and arrested by ICE. However, the headline left out some essential facts which would have told a much different story:
After the shocking headline, the lede told a bit more of the story, filling in some of the important blanks left out of the headline. The woman wasn't in labor, they weren't rushing to the hospital because the wife was in labor, actually, they weren't rushing at all. It was a scheduled "C" section.
A man was driving his pregnant wife to a scheduled cesarean section on Wednesday when immigration officials arrested him — leaving her to drive herself to a hospital and have the baby on her own, according to the woman and the family's legal representative.
Perhaps a better headline would have been, "ICE Detained Man Who Was Driving His Pregnant Wife to Hospital For Scheduled 'C' Section."
But that revised headline would still be skewed:
The couple had pulled into a gas station in San Bernardino, Calif., on their way to deliver their child. While they were there, Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers came to their car window and asked for identification, said the woman, Maria del Carmen Venegas.
Her husband, Joel Arrona-Lara, 35, did not have his driver's license with him, and officers arrested him, she said.
The arrest quickly provoked outrage and fed into a growing anger toward ICE and the Trump administration's sweeping immigration policies, which have expanded who is considered a priority for officers to arrest. In recent months, immigrants have been arrested while delivering a pizza or watering the lawn.
So did they arrest him for not having his license? Now down in the fourth paragraph, the Times wrote:
Trending: Newly Released Documents Show JFK Requested FBI Investigation Of… Nancy Pelosi's Father? MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE…TIMING IS EVERYTHING!
On Saturday, ICE said in a statement that Mr. Arrona-Lara, a citizen of Mexico, was in the United States illegally. Later, the agency released a second statement saying he was wanted for homicide in his home country. "Mr. Arrona-Lara was brought to ICE's attention due to an outstanding warrant issued for his arrest in Mexico on homicide charges," the statement said.
Wait a second! The guy was wanted for murder? Why were they hiding that fact until the fourth paragraph? That's easy, they were trying to mislead their audience. That fact should have been in the lede.
What the headline should have read is something like, "ICE Detained Man Wanted For Murder, Who Was Driving His Pregnant Wife to Hospital For Scheduled 'C' Section."
This story was a great example of how the NY Times and other's in the MSM can skew the story with the headline and where they place facts within the article.
It is reminiscent of a joke about Microsoft:
A helicopter was flying around above Seattle when an electrical malfunction disabled all of the aircraft's electronic navigation and communications equipment. Due to the clouds and haze, the pilot could not determine the helicopter's position and course to fly to the airport. The pilot saw a tall building, flew toward it, circled, drew a handwritten sign, and held it in the helicopter's window. The pilot's sign said "WHERE AM I?" in large letters. People in the tall building quickly responded to the aircraft, drew a large sign and held it in a building window. Their sign read: "YOU ARE IN A HELICOPTER." The pilot smiled, waved, looked at her map, determined the course to steer to SEATAC airport, and landed safely. After they were on the ground, the co-pilot asked the pilot how the "YOU ARE IN A HELICOPTER" sign helped determine their position. The pilot responded, "I knew that had to be the Microsoft building because they gave me a technically correct, but completely useless answer."
Cross-posted with The Lid
Media reports ICE detained illegal alien driving pregnant wife to deliver baby, leaves out fact he was wanted for murder
Man arrested at rally wanted to murder Trump, is in country illegally
Obama Regime Kept Illegal Mexican Kids In Detention Camps As "Experiment"
Illegal Aliens Invade Nancy Pelosi DACA Press Conference [VIDEO]
San Francisco Releases Another Illegal Under Detainer Who Commits Murder
If you haven't checked out and liked our Facebook page, please go here and do so. You can also follow us on Twitter at @co_firing_line and be sure to check out our MeWe page here and our PatrioticSpace group here.
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In my 50 years of life I have found the following 12 statements to be a source of empowerment. While there are many wonderful statements and affirmations out there, I continued to find myself coming back to these over and over again. And, they always brought me to a place of bliss and empowerment when I followed through on them.
Explore your creativity. As an experienced teacher, mentor, and coach I have found that one of the most empowering things any one can do is explore his or her creativity, which is a person's ability to create. As children, exploring creativity was natural. We made mud pies and sand castles. We built structures with wooden blocks, Tinker Toys, and Lego's. We drew things with our crayons and sidewalk chalks. We made up songs and dances. We did NOT judge. We just EXPLORED and had fun.
Connect often with friends. As people, we are naturally social creatures. Even introverts need to connect with their friends every now and then. When we are around friends we know we are safe to be our truest selves without being judged.
Learn and discover new things. This keeps us young and fresh. As children we discovered and learned new things all the time. Our brains were like sponges as kids. Sponges need to be kept moist in order to be most effective. We can keep our minds "moist" as adults by making it a point to learn and discover something new every day. And, with the internet, this is very easy to do.
Laugh whenever you can. The benefits of laughter include a boost in immunity, blood flow, and overall positive well-being. In fact, we are getting a bit of workout when we laugh as it burns more calories than when we are not laughing. Furthermore, laughing is FUN!
Use positive words. When we routinely use positive words with ourselves and others, a shift happens within us. We start believing in ourselves, our abilities, experiences, and knowledge. This lifts our spirits and our level of confidence. We are also lifting the spirits and confidence levels of others.
Live authentically. What better way to empower ourselves than to be real and faithful to our convictions. When we are open and honest in our words and actions with others we remove all doubt about who we are and what we value.
You're exactly where you need to be. This statement eliminates the pressure we put on ourselves. We can relax. In turn we can get more done and/or get to where we are going calmly and without "incident". Ultimately, we become more blissful as we take back our power from any unrealistic expectations.
Take baby steps. Progress is progress no matter what size steps we are taking. Slow and steady wins the race; furthermore, it reduces burnout.
Be gentle with yourself. We can be gentle with others; so, why do we forget to be gentle with ourselves. Simple, but not easy, especially when most of us have been raised in a competitive, capitalistic culture. My friend and mentor, Melissa Dinwiddie asserts and maintains that "self-awareness + self-compassion = key to everything good". There is so much wisdom in those words.
Live in the moment. We only have this moment. To regret the past or worry about the future only causes us to neglect and lose the present moment. When we are available, mindful and aware of the moment in which were are with all our senses, we bring value to it and we enrich our lives. Mindfulness anchors our time to experiences instead of allowing the times and experiences to pass with little notice.
You're worth more than you will ever see. Last, but not least, let us value ourselves. We are important. We are special. We are necessary. We are all connected. We are part of the universal tapestry; and, it needs each and every thread.
These 12 statements carry much wisdom that is sure to empower you and lift your spirits. When I recall these words, I immediately feel better, especially the last one. Each of us ARE worth more than we may ever see. Let us own our value. Let us empower ourselves. Let us be embrace the joy of these powerful words.


text:
De Directie van de Europese Centrale Bank is het uitvoerende orgaan dat verantwoordelijk is voor de monetaire politiek van de Eurozone.

De Directie (Executive Board) van de Europese Centrale Bank bestaat uit de president en vicepresident van de ECB en vier andere leden. Deze worden in onderlinge overleg door de staatshoofden en regeringsleiders van de landen die tot de eurozone behoren voor een niet-hernieuwbare termijn van acht jaar voorgedragen. Ten minste drie van de zes bestuurders dienen uit Duitsland, Frankrijk, Italië en Spanje afkomstig te zijn.

De Directie is belast met de tenuitvoerlegging van het monetair beleid dat door de Algemene raad (Governing council). De Directie bereidt daarnaast de vergaderingen van de algemene raad voor en is verantwoordelijk voor het dagelijks bestuur van de ECB.

Onder de regels van de ECB vertegenwoordigen bestuursleden niet een bepaald land en ook zijn zij er niet verantwoordelijk voor om de economische omstandigheden in één land te volgen. In plaats daarvan zijn alle bestuursleden gezamenlijk verantwoordelijk voor het monetair beleid voor de gehele eurozone. Leden van de directie van de Europese Centrale Bank treden in het algemeen in juni aan.

Leden van de directie

Volgens de planning heeft Mario Draghi in november 2011 de werkzaamheden van Jean-Claude Trichet overgenomen; Sarkozy en Berlusconi hadden onderling besloten dat Bini-Smaghi zou aftreden om zo plaats te maken voor een Frans lid. Zij waren echter vergeten Bini-Smaghi in deze afspraak te betrekken. Als lid van de directie van de ECB was hij onafhankelijk en stond het hem vrij om aan te blijven. In november 2011 werd echter bekend dat hij zijn functie per 1 januari 2012 zou neerleggen, wat de weg vrijmaakte voor zijn Franse opvolger, Benoît Cœuré, die per 29 november 2011 werd benoemd.

De vrijgevallen zetel van de Spanjaard José Manuel González Páramo bleef in 2012 vanaf 1 juni 2012 bijna een half jaar onbezet totdat tijdens de Europese top van 22-23 november 2012 de Luxemburger Yves Mersch werd benoemd. In januari 2014 werd Jörg Asmussen opgevolgd door zijn landgenote Sabine Lautenschläger. Asmussen was het tot nu toe kortst zittende directielid. Hij slaagde er niet in zijn werkzaamheden bij de ECB in Frankfurt te combineren met de vaderlijke zorg voor zijn jonge gezin in Berlijn.

Externe link
 European Central Bank: Executive Board

!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Antonio Brown Challenges Stephen A. Smith To Pull Up To His House So They Can 'Speak' After Being Criticized By The ESPN Host
#Antonio Brown
by Connor Toole January 17, 2020
Over the course of history, people have brought plenty of things into the world with the best intentions in mind only to regret doing so after seeing the fruits of their labor used for evil, like Alfred Nobel did after seeing dynamite become a weapon of war and the parents of Logan and Jake Paul presumably did after watching any of their YouTube videos.
I assume Jack Dorsey hoped to make the world a better place when he tried to come up with a platform that would allow people on the internet to interact in a way they never could before, and while Twitter was a good idea in theory, what he failed to take into account is that people on the internet have a tendency to be absolutely awful to each other.
For example, I recently wrote about a rumored fight between Conor McGregor and Manny Pacquiao and had the nerve to suggest the Irishman was thoroughly outclassed and outmatched during his boxing debut against Floyd Mayweather Jr.
This apparently did not sit well with a self-proclaimed "follower of Christ" who said I needed to have homosexual tendencies in order to come to that conclusion before applying I could never beat him in a "real" fight, which would likely take place in a ring made of hay bales on a pig farm in Iowa based on the information in his profile.
Virtual jabs rarely turn into physical blows but there are certainly some exceptions and I can't think of a better example than what might be my favorite saga in the history of the internet: Meet Me in Temecula.
In 2014, a couple of guys on Twitter decided to spend Christmas engaged in an increasingly heated debate about Kobe Bryant before one of them got so pissed off that he drove 35 minutes to a city in Southern California so he could throw hands.
It currently appears another online beef could end with an actual fight after Antonio Brown challenged Logan Paul to box him and the wide receiver has been taking temporary breaks from sparking drama on social media to train for a fight that could make him $1 million richer.
However, on Thursday, Brown took a break from that training to turn his attention back to beefing on Twitter after taking issue with what Stephen A. Smith had to say about a disturbing incident that unfolded on Monday.
Smith has become increasingly critical of Brown in recent weeks, and on Thursday, the embattled player told the ESPN personality he'd love to have him pull up to his house in Florida so they can "exchange words" (and probably fists).
Didn't know words was a crime… we can exchange words… how about you come to South Florida and let's speak "Quite Frankly" @stephenasmith
— AB (@AB84) January 16, 2020
I highly doubt Smith will accept Brown's invitation, but at the same time, I feel there's a slim chance he actually might considering how much he would stand to gain if he ended up getting clocked in the face by the most controversial figure in football right now.
Connor Toole is a Senior Editor at BroBible based in Brooklyn, NY who embodies more of the stereotypes associated with the borough than he's comfortable with. Frequently described as "freakishly tall," he once used his 6'10" frame to sneak in the NBA Draft before walking around the streets of NYC masquerading as the newest member of the Utah Jazz. Unfortunately, that wasn't enough to land him a contract, so he was forced to settle for writing on the internet for a living instead. If you're mad about something he wrote, be sure that any angry tweets you send note the similarity between his last name and a popular insult, as no one has ever done that before.
Tags Antonio BrownESPNFootballNFLStephen A. Smith


An Awfully Big Military Adventure: Happy 1 Year Anniversary, Germany!
Happy 1 Year Anniversary, Germany!
My oh my, has it really been a year already?
This time last year, I was stepping off a plane trying to get my bearings. I was working on 30 hours of no sleep, 13 of those hours having been spent on various airplanes for the first time in my life, and I was lugging around two babies and a dog. The landscape was green and the air was thinner than I was used to (since we were at such a high altitude).
And all I could think about was, "It's still light outside!"
Almost eight o'clock in the evening and the sun hadn't even begun to set yet.
We had no clue where our shuttle was, where we were supposed to go, and no way of contacting anybody. We were like the worst contestants ever on the Amazing Race.
And we were freezing cold.
I had this lightweight running jacket on and a pair of yoga pants. In my suitcase was one - ONE - pair of jeans. We were completely unprepared for the 40 degree weather that was happening in Germany.
I ended up living in those two pair of pants for the following 3 weeks while I waited for our unaccompanied baggage to arrive.
I'm standing in the kitchen of my latest house, looking to my left and seeing my orchid on the windowsill and the neighbor's sheep dog scavenging around in the horse pasture. I'm completely at ease. The dogwood trees in my backyard are as familiar as the oak trees in my old house. I've tuned out the sound of the sheep on the hill just as I did the chickens next door in my old place. The gray sky is about as common as the humidity that used to surround me.
I've been fortunate enough to experience Germany in all its four seasons. Each presents itself with its own beauty and challenges. Summer is my favorite; you get to be outside all the time and there's a festival every weekend. However, you also get to learn how to function without air conditioning and smell the sweet countryside all day long. Fall let me see what the changing colors on trees looked like, but it also brought unpredictable weather with it. Warm one day, ice cold the next.
Winter turned the world white and brought with it a silence I'd never heard before. I would step outside and the absence of birds, tractors, household bustling was prevalent. It was extremely peaceful, but the price was that awful snow and ice. Ugh.
Spring. Spring in Germany is an awakening. Flowers start blooming, color starts returning to the world, and you run for the outdoors with an unquenching thirst for the sunshine and grills and mud puddles.
I knew I would enjoy my time in Germany. I just didn't realize how much it would change me in a year. Living in my beautiful, quiet, intimate village has shown me what's truly important in life. When it's sunny outside, you go and spend the day basking in its glory, because you never know what the next day will be. You could experience seven days of rain and wind before you get another pretty afternoon.
You slow down and live.
In the past year, I have learned to become better about putting my phone away, taking long walks with no destination in mind, and letting go of tomorrow's plans in order to appreciate today's gifts. It's been hard, but I am so much calmer and open to unexpected opportunities now. And I sincerely hope I am showing my kids that it's all right to stop and smell the roses. (In our case, it's the neighbor's tulips.) I don't want them to ever be so wrapped up in their day today lives that they forget to enjoy what they have.
Man, I was so lost and confused a year ago. I looked like a deer in headlights at the airport, and there was a part of me that wanted to turn around and get right back on an airplane. The first 6 weeks weren't much better. I didn't have a house, a car, friends, or any sort of grasp on the German language. Everything moved slow and the towns were small and the roads narrow. I missed familiarity, missed America.
But weeks turned into months. Furniture arrived, driving became easier each trip, and faces began to become familiar.
And without realizing it, I settled in and created roots and suddenly Germany became a home.
Not just any home, either. A once in a lifetime destination that I can't even begin to appreciate.
So, while I suffered from some major culture shock those first few months that made the beginning pretty rough, here I stand one whole year later happy as ever. Back on that first night, I wondered what I'd be writing a year later. I told myself, "I'll survive to the first year, then the second, and then the final one."
Thank goodness I've evolved to do more than just survive living in Germany; I've embraced it and even the bad experiences (like a husband being gone) hasn't brought me down.
Here's to Year 2 and another 12 months of amazing living.


by Bruce Sylvester: In high income countries, loneliness and social isolation appear to increase the risk of stroke or coronary artery disease by about 30 per cent, researchers reported on April 19, 2016 in the BMJ/British Medical Journal publication Heart.
by Bruce Sylvester: Researchers report that mindfulness meditation can significantly reduce pain but that it does not employ the endogenous opioid system to do so. The findings appeared on March 15 in the Journal of Neuroscience.
Schizophrenia, which affects 2 million to 3 million people in the U.S., causes hallucinations, delusions and disorganization. Left untreated, the disease can cause a significant loss in quality of life, including unemployment and estrangement from loved ones.
by Bruce Sylvester: Onset of diabetes raises the risk of significant memory and cognitive problems during the following 20 years researchers reported in the Dec. 2 issue of the journal Annals of Internal Medicine.
Internet addiction is an impulse-control problem marked by an inability to inhibit Internet use, which can adversely affect a person's life, including their health and interpersonal relationships. The prevalence of Internet addiction varies among regions around the world, as shown by data from more than 89,000 individuals in 31 countries.


Kingzstore is a dedicated provider of professional online shopping services. Major in electronic, digital and downloadable products.
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Value every individual by treating all with Respect, Integrity and Fairness. Committed to offering reliable service and latest products.
We will always strive for excellent service by ensuring product quality, courteous service and prompt delivery.
KingzStore is the ultimate point for online shopping of e-products. Sellers and buyers are increasingly sophisticated and adventurous, demanding more choice. Consumers want the widest range of products. Our large product catalog provides an unprecedented depth of information necessary to make purchase decisions in simple steps. From Free E-books to computers, Customers can find the right product at the right price.
KingzStore is powered by Amazon and Clickbank.com, we bring trendy and great variety of products. With thousands of products, KingzStore.com empowers consumers to make informed choices and, as a result, drives much higher conversion to sale and value for merchants.
Thanks again for visiting Shopping.com.


text:
Rule 123:5-1-11 | Model system of preference.
The department of administrative services establishes the following model system of preferences which may be used voluntarily by counties, townships, and municipalities for purchasing contracts. See the appendix to this rule which sets forth the model system of preferences in the form of a sample ordinance or resolution.
(A) System of preferences
(1) Subject to the system of preferences set forth in this rule, contracts for the purchase of all equipment, materials, supplies, or insurance (or for only those classes of contracts the jurisdiction so designates) shall be awarded to the lowest responsive and responsible bidder. (A jurisdiction whose statutory award criteria is not "lowest responsive and responsible" should use the award criteria statutorily assigned to it.)
(2) Prior to awarding such a contract, the county, township, or municipality shall evaluate the bids received to determine whether a bid response is for a domestic source end product. Information furnished in the bid response shall be relied upon but may be verified in making the determination. Any bid response that does not meet this requirement may be removed, except in those circumstances where the director of the department of administrative services or his designee determines compliance would result in the payment of an excessive price or acquiring an inferior product as described in paragraph (B) of this rule.
(B) Bid preference
(1) Following the determination at paragraph (A) of this rule, the bids shall be evaluated so as to give preference to Ohio bids for products produced or mine in Ohio or a border state.
(2) Where the preliminary analysis of bids identifies the apparent low bid as an Ohio bid or a border state bid, the county, township, or municipality shall proceed with evaluation and award procedure. Where the preliminary analysis identifies the apparent low bid as one other than an Ohio bid or a border state bid, the county, township, or municipality shall apply the following preferences:
(a) If the apparent low bid is one other than an Ohio bid or border state bid offering a domestic source end product, apply five per cent to the price. For purposes of the Ohio preference, "excessive price" shall be construed to mean a price that exceeds by more than five per cent the lowest price submitted on a non-Ohio bid.
(b) If the apparent low bidder offers a foreign product, apply six per cent to the price. For purposes of "Buy American," a price is excessive if the price on the lowest domestic or Ohio bid exceeds the lowest foreign price by more than six per cent.
(c) If sufficient competition does not exist or if it is determined that all prices are excessive, the county, township, or municipality may cancel the bid in its entirety, may re-bid the intended purchase, or award the contract.
(3) Where the preliminary analysis of bids identifies the apparent low bid as an Ohio bid or a border state bid, the county, township, or municipality shall proceed with its standard contract award practices and procedures. Where the preliminary analysis identifies the apparent low bid as one other than an Ohio bid or border state bid, the county, township, or municipality shall consider the following factors:
(a) Whether the goods or services can be procured in-state in sufficient and reasonably available quantities and of a satisfactory quality;
(b) Whether an Ohio bid has been submitted;
(c) Whether the lowest Ohio bid, if any, offers a price to the county, township, or municipality deemed to be an excessive price;
(d) Whether the lowest Ohio bid, if any, offers a disproportionately inferior product or service.
(4) Where the county, township, or municipality determines that selection of the lowest Ohio bid, if any, will not result in an excessive price or disproportionately inferior product or service, the county, township, or municipality shall propose a contract award to the low Ohio bid at the bid price quoted.
(5) Where the county, township, or municipality otherwise determines it is advantageous to propose the award of a contract to other than an Ohio bidder or bidder from a border state, the county, township, or municipality shall propose such an award.
(6) Prior to the final contract award, the county, township, or municipality shall conduct its evaluation procedures (e.g., product compliance with bid specifications) in addition to the Buy American Act and Buy Ohio Act analyses.
(C) Notice to bidders; bidder certifications
(1) Notice of domestic Ohio bid. The county, township, or municipality shall indicate in all its invitations to bid that it will apply a domestic Ohio bid preference as outlined in this rule in the evaluation and award of bids received.
(2) All invitations to bid and requests for proposals shall require the bidder to complete and attest to the following "Buy American Act certificate":
"The bidder or offeror hereby certifies that each end product, except the end products listed below, is a domestic source end product as defined in the Buy American Act; and that components of unknown origin have been considered to have been mined, produced or manufactured outside the United States.
Excluded end products: (show country of origin for each excluded end product)."
(3) All bidders shall submit the following information:
(a) Identify that all other products for which prices are submitted are Ohio products.
(b) Represent that all other products for which prices are submitted are Ohio products.
(c) Identify whether the bidder claims to qualify as offering an Ohio product or as having significant Ohio economic presence.
Authorized By: RC 125.02, RC 125.09
Amplifies: RC 125.02, RC 125.09


text:
A Rolling Stones Blues a  magyar Hobo Blues Band blues zenekar első kislemeze.

1980-ban a Rolling Stones Blues című dal 4 hónapon keresztül a második, majd két egymást követő hónapban az első helyen állt az Ifjúsági Magazin slágerlistáján.

Számlista

Közreműködők
 Deák Bill Gyula - ének
 Földes László - ének
 Kőrös József - gitár, ruhatervek
 Pálmai Zoltán - ütőhangszerek
 Póka Egon - basszusgitár, gitár, billentyűs hangszerek
 Szénich János - gitár

Jegyzetek

Források
 Bemutatkozó kislemezek – Hobo Blues Band: Rolling Stones blues – 3:20-as blues Beatkorszak.blog.hu, 2018. július 06.
 Hobo Blues Band: Rolling Stones Blues / 3:20-as Blues Discogs
 Hobo Blues Band: Rolling Stones Blues / 3:20-as Blues Rate Your Music

További információk
 Hivatalos oldal

1980 kislemezei
Hobo Blues Band-albumok


text:
Wołów is een plaats in het Poolse district  Skarżyski, woiwodschap Święty Krzyż. De plaats maakt deel uit van de gemeente Bliżyn en telt 310 inwoners.

Verkeer en vervoer
 Station Brzask

Plaats in Święty Krzyż


We are just beginning to understand the dynamics of long term couple relationships. The last decade has given us new knowledge about the psychobiological processes and the reciprocity of early developmental relational experiences and our developing brain. Attachment theory and the neuroscience of emotional connection is shedding new light in this mysterious arena.
This Module delineates the dynamics of couples interaction and suggests effective tools for working with these issues.I am very excited about this module, as couple relationship and parenting is where, as adults, our own early attachment and adverse experiences most REVEAL themselves.
It can also be a place where resiliency shines.
It is no accident that of all the people we could possibly choose as a partner, that person turns out to have some of the remarkable sets of traits and behaviors that resemble the people who raised us, before the age of 5 or 6. OF COURSE, WE OFTEN DON'T NOTICE THIS IN OUR COURTSHIP PERIOD. The relationship patterns we learned in our early years, and that are now coded into our unconscious emotional system, interact with our partner's system, in both positive and negative ways, creating a collective nervous system between ourselves and our partner. How we act in times of connection, separation and loss arise form patterning created in our brains when we were young, and situations trigger, implicitly, our early patterns.
Intimacy tends to bring up our longed for experiences, as well as our way of making connection. The bond of intimacy brings up the very same needs, yearnings, disappointments and protective or compensations patterns that occurred in the primary attachment bond. This brings with it a unique power to hurt or heal, to weaken or augment resources of each partner…to bring forth resiliency or hurt.
This module brings these patterns to light and works with solutions.
We explore ways couples can get very clear on their attachment style and how those styles have created patterns of interactions. The classic patterns the different attachment styles co create, are outlined and ways to help these persistent patterns are presented. There are many exercises included.
RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE REPATTERNED TO GIVE A SENSE OF SAFETY AND SECURITY TO EACH PARTNER. CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR AND INSIGHT AND NEURAL PATHWAYS CAN HAPPEN.
If you decide to purchase this series during the sale I look forward to sharing with you on the monthly support calls, or in a 1:1 supervision/consultation or session.
Take advantage of the special sale of the series for SPRING: MARCH 21 to MAY 21, 2017!
30% discount when you purchase the complete series.
The series is great to watch with a group, so you have other participants to discuss the content and your responses with, and the cost can be shared.
Please feel free to email Myrna at myrna@myrnamartin.net if you have questions.


Been struggling recently following Thyroid surgery and docs are happy my levels are acceptable so they are convinced my fatigue and weight gain are due to my endo.
So they want to try and improve my pain and fatigue so I can workout harder and lose the weight.
Heya, I'm also on amitriptyline 30mg. I find it really doesn't do much for pain but each person is different. One thing I get from the tablets is fatigue, I find early mornings impossible to wake up and sometimes in the afternoon I'm ready for bed again. If you suffer anxiety then these pills are great.
I take 30mg not sure it helps with pain but does help me get a good nights sleep. You need to persevere to get the right dose I started on 10mg felt worse! Was dubious about trying 20mg but was great. Backtracked after a lap in Nov and upped my dose to 30mg which is fine. You need to take them around 12 hours before you're planning on waking up to avoid being too sleepy in the morning. So I take mine at 8pm usually get up at 7.30 on a school morning. Once I've had a coffee I'm good to go. Give it a try it works well for lots if people.
I'm on 10mg and sleep for 10-11 hours a night then need a nap at around 3/4! It's hard to tell whether it's making a difference to the pain as I'm still taking other medication.
I'm on 20mg started off on 10mg I take mine at about 7pm so that I'm ready for work the next day I don't understand how it can help with fatigue as it makes most people tired I started mine when I was off work to help me get used to it.I hope it works for you.
I take them and I love them. I ask mine around 7pm to wake up at 8 and generally don't have an issue. I take them for a good nights sleep and to help with Migrains and CFS. You might struggle the first few days if your not used to taking that kind of drug but trey and stick with it for a week or two before deciding to jack it in I was out on 10mg for 1 week then to increase to 20mg. For migraine management the dr advised I could increase up to 50mg but even at 10/20mg it seems to be doing the trick for now at least anyway! If you can't get on with amitriptyline after a couple of weeks speak to your GP as I believe there are alternative drugs in the same category you may get on with better 😊 Hey, it's worth a shot if it might help you!
When I had a nasty bout of costochodritis (inflammation of the cartilage of the ribcage, especially around the breastbone area), my GP told me to take a whole tablet until the costo eased. I found this helped hugely with the stress of the pain (sometimes it's like you are having a heart attack, with so much of the pain being around that area); however, it also eased a lot of the other general pain, both from the costo and from being tense and stressed - and I slept through!!
help the pain called Amitriptyline.. has anyone else been prescribed this for endo pain?
Anyone got advice on chronic fatigue related to endo?


Nele had come up on deck.
Nele took his hand, touched his face.
"He hath the fever still," she said.
Ulenspiegel cut the cords: Lamme, leaping from his bed in breeches of white linen, without a doublet, set to work himself to lower away the skiff.
The skiff ready, Ulenspiegel, Nele, and Lamme went down into it with an oarsman, and set off towards the flyboat anchored far off in the harbour.
"See the goodly flyboat," said Lamme, helping the oarsman.
On the fresh morning sky, coloured like crystal gilded by the rays of the young sun, the flyboat showed up her hull and her elegant masts.
"Tell us now how didst find her again," asked Ulenspiegel.
And saying this he bent mightily to his oars: 'twas like the taut string of a bow that launches the arrow forthright.
She embraced him weeping, gentle and submissive.
"Listen to me," said she.
"Save to him, no doubt," said Lamme, weeping.
"Be silent," said she, angry.
And she would fain have embraced and kissed him, but he repulsed her.
And Lamme listened to her, lost in his jealous musing.
"He still told me, and this is true, my husband, that above earthly modesty is a celestial modesty, through which we make unto God the sacrifice of our earthly shames, and that thus we avow to our confessors all our secret desires, and are then worthy to receive the Holy Discipline and the Holy Penance.
"Where is he now?" asked Ulenspiegel.
"He," answered Calleken, hiding her face.
"Thou lookest on me with a cruel eye; wouldst thou prevent me?" said he.
They climbed down into it speedily; Lamme made haste to row, weeping the while.
"Thou art sad, husband?" said Calleken to him.
"Thou art weeping?" said she.
"He knoweth not how I love him," said Calleken.
And he seemed cheerful, and they came to the ship.
Ulenspiegel gave Lamme the keys of the cage, and he opened it; he tried to pull the monk out on the deck by the ear, but he could not; he tried to fetch him out sideways, he could not do that, either.
"We must break all; the capon is fattened," said he.
The monk then came forth, rolling about big daunted eyes, holding his paunch with both hands, and fell down on his seat because of a great wave that passed beneath the ship.
"Hold thy peace, big man," said the monk.
"On the word of the Beggars," said they.
"We shall fatten him," said they.
"Take off the curse," said Lamme.
"I will not, big man," rejoined the monk.
And the woman remained all pale and swooning, and on her knees with hands folded she besought Broer Adriaensen.
"Hanged and hanged again," said the Beggars.
And he held his peace, sweating and puffing.
"He was a good fellow," said he.
Following Lamme's behest, the Beggars fattened the monk in his cage. When he was set at liberty, in consideration of ransom, he weighed three hundred and seventeen pounds and five ounces, Flemish weight.
And he died prior of his convent.


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A new report predicts that one-third of the ice in the Himalayas will melt, even if we contain global warming to 1.5C. So what does that mean for the flood-prone valleys below?
Freshwater fish are suffering as drought becomes more common and severe. Whether they survive will depend on how governments manage rivers and lakes, and on taking action against climate change.
Migrants are no more at risk of drowning than Australian-born swimmers but you'd never know from media reports.
Marshes, swamps and other kinds of wetlands provide valuable services, such as effective natural flood control. But they are being destroyed for development in many parts of the world.
The Trump administration wants to end federal protection under the Clean Water Act for many small streams and wetlands. But as a geoscientist explains, these are critical parts of large river systems.
Populations of freshwater species are in a state of deep decline. But we know why and we can reverse the trend.
A decade of bipartisan research has provided plenty of answers to the problems plaguing the Darling River.
Mass fish deaths are a blaring warning sign for the heath of the Murray Darling Basin, but just as worrying is the sight of dry areas in the Darling.
Public confidence in the institutions in charge of the Murray Darling Basin has plummeted – with good reason.
Algae blooms have killed hundreds of thousands of fish in the last two weeks, but what exactly are they and how do we get them under control?
When parents walk in the forest with their children and us and see how children are drawn to spiral snails, together we see how connections with the land are critical for the Earth's future.
Pharmaceuticals were found in every invertebrate sampled from six Melbourne streams - including a waterway in a national park.
When people form local networks to take care of resources such as drinking water, they strengthen their communities. Technology can support these efforts and promote learning and innovation.
Hurricanes frequently move inland in the southeast US, causing widespread river flooding, but emergency plans focus on protecting people in coastal communities.
Today, many Australian urbanites see rivers as little more than picturesque places for a paddle. But in the colonial era, rivers served as highways, drinking sources, sewers, and routes to discovery.
Widespread flooding in North Carolina from Hurricane Florence shows the need for better advance planning in inland areas of the south and mid-Atlantic, especially near rivers.
Hurricanes in the southern US have caused widespread damage inland in recent decades, mainly through river flooding. But evacuations and stormproofing focus almost entirely on keeping people safe on the coasts.
Planning for rivers is one thing, but implementation is another as urbanisation and population growth increases.
Craig E. Colten is a Friend of The Conversation.


Researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) have made an important new discovery about how the immune system handles infection.
The finding could improve understanding of a range of diseases and lead to the development of more effective treatment approaches.
Professor Egil Lien (NTNU Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research) and colleagues have found out new information about how the immune system handles infection with Yersinia pestis, the bacteria that caused the Black Death outbreak.
As reported in the journal Science, Lien and team have learned what happens when Yersinia is at peak activity in the body.
Immune cells form small pores on their surface to let water in, which bursts the cells open to release proteins that inhibit the growth of the invading bacteria.
This explosive process, which is referred to as pyroptosis, not only stops bacteria from causing damage but serves as an alert to other immune cells.
However, Yersinia protects against this by camouflaging itself and secreting an antidote. Now, Lien and team have also found that the immune system "knows" Yersinia disguises itself.
Their study describes how immune cells employ a backup mechanism that kicks in, in a way that has not previously been understood.
Understanding this new information is not only useful because Yersinia still exists and there is a growing problem with antibiotic resistance, but because it could also apply to other diseases and provide clues about how to develop more effective therapies.
These findings show us complicated mechanisms that occur in the immune system to counter infection, but they may also apply to other diseases.
Immune cells sacrifice themselves to protect us from invading bacteria.
Pathogen blockade of TAK1 triggers caspase-8–dependent cleavage of gasdermin D and cell death. Science. 2018.


text:
Albertsons to close 19 stores, including…
Albertsons to close 19 stores, including Ontario and Victorville locations
By Andrew Edwards | aedwards@scng.com | Inland Valley Daily Bulletin
Albertsons' parent company will close 19 "underperforming" stores in Southern California by February.
The closure list includes stores in Los Angeles, the San Gabriel Valley, Inland Empire and Orange County. SuperValu, Albertsons' Minneapolis-based parent, plans to close 60 Albertsons and other stores nationwide.
Albertsons spokeswoman Lilia Rodriguez said the decision to close the 19 state stores was a difficult, but essential, decision motivated by a need to cut operating costs.
"In this environment, as you know, the economy is very tough and these are underperforming stores," she said.
Albertsons' closure list includes stores in Van Nuys, Ontario, Long Beach and Covina. The stores will likely be vacated by the end of the year, Rodriguez said.
The prospect of 19 soon-to-be-vacant supermarkets may clear the way for independent grocers like Superior or Gonzales Northgate to open new stores, one analyst said.
"It's clearly going to make the market more competitive, said Burt P. Flickinger III, managing director of Strategic Resource Group, a New York City-based consultancy.
Precedents include Cardenas Markets' late 2011 move into an Ontario supermarket space vacated by a Ralph's store.
Also, the San Bernardino-based Stater Bros. chain has this year opened new stores in former Albertsons in Lake Elsinore and Hesperia.
Albertsons employs 50 to 100 employees in a store. The company is not releasing the number of how many employees may lose their jobs because of the pending closures.
Affected employees will be able to apply for open positions at other stores, Rodriguez said.
Regional chains like Cardenas, Superior and Stater Bros. are not the only pressures for national grocers like Albertsons, Ralphs and Vons.
"Consumers have an ever-increasing array of grocery shopping options, with such non-traditional players as Target and dollar stores placing more emphasis on food, as well as recent entrants such as Sprouts and Fresh & Easy," former Fresh & Easy chief marketing officer Simon Uwins wrote in an email.
Staff writer Gregory J. Wilcox contributed to this report.
Reach Andrew via email, call him at 909-386-3872, or find him on Twitter @InlandBizz.
Andrew Edwards
Andrew Edwards is part of the Southern California News Group's business team and focuses on housing stories for the Inland Empire. He's based at the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin and has also worked for publications including the Long Beach Press-Telegram and The San Bernardino Sun. He graduated from UCLA in 2003 after studying political science and history.
Follow Andrew Edwards	@AndrewEdwardsIE


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The extent of rainfall in the ongoing monsoon so far is considerably less than usual, as Dhaka has witnessed only 12 millimeter rainfall in the last several days.
Dhaka and neighbouring regions witnessed 265.3 millimeter (mm) of downpour in June though usual rate for the same is 356mm, according to data available with the Met office.
June - September period is considered as rainy season in the country.
However, as per the prediction, the level of rainfall may increase in coming days.
In its three-month forecast, Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) said Dhaka and neighbouring districts may witness 330-405 mm downpour in the whole month of July, while 368 mm is usual during this period.
Due to seasonal heavy rainfall northern, north-eastern and mid regions are expected to face short to medium term floods.
Daily average evaporation is expected to be 3.5 to 4.5 mm, while average bright sunlight timing will be 5.5 to 6.5 hours, according to agriculture weather forecast.
Usual downpour is also expected during August and September, when the Bay of Bengal will face one or two depressions, the Met office data stated.
When contacted, Deputy Director of BMD Md Abdur Rahman said the country particularly Dhaka region has already witnessed an advanced monsoon this year.
"The level of rainfall in June and July so far is much lower than typical," he said.
He also said Dhaka region witnesses 25 per cent lower precipitation than typical rate for the month.
Usually it rains for 14 days in June but it rained 26 days in the month.
"Though number of rainy-days increased, the volume was much lower," he said.
Meanwhile, the current weather pattern may not affect the cultivation of Aman rice in the country, officials said.
"Based on the weather data we have gathered so far, I think there will be no major impact on rice cultivation in upcoming season," Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) additional director Alhaj Uddin Ahmed said.
He also said excessive downpour, causing flood, may damage the crops.


text:
MORGAN WALLEN'S GENIUS SUMMER
SURPASSES 1 BILLION CAREER STREAMS
UNLEASHES RAVED-ABOUT "HEARTLESS" COLLABORATION WITH DIPLO
ROLLS DOWN THE ROAD WITH FLORIDA GEORGIA LINE THROUGH SEPTEMBER; READIES SOLD-OUT FALL RUN WITH LUKE COMBS
Growing his fan base, breakout star MORGAN WALLEN is lighting it up this summer, gaining momentum with game-changing collaborations, a multi-week #1, over 1 BILLION total career streams and performing to packed-out stadiums and amphitheaters nationwide.
Wallen kicked off his blazing-hot summer ruling Country airwaves with chart-breaking PLATINUM-certified, multi-week #1 single "Whiskey Glasses." Genius featured the brown-liquor barstool anthem in their Verified series earlier this month, where Wallen unpacked the lyrics and meaning behind the song while breaking it down acapella. Watch the full clip here.
Soon after, the Big Loud Records artist announced his fourth single, "Chasin' You," impacting with style at Country radio as the most-added song of the week and tipping his career streaming numbers to well-over 1 BILLION. Hailed as one of Rolling Stone Country's 10 Best Country and Americana Songs to Hear Now, "Chasin' You" blends "the storyline's nostalgic bent with a polished country-pop arrangement."
Last Friday, Wallen upped the ante with the release of hooky DIPLO collaboration, "Heartless." Early raves are pouring in:
"a guitar-laden trap-tune featuring unlucky-in-love lyrics from Morgan Wallen."
– Billboard
"It features the twangy vocals of Morgan Wallen, which shine on top of the minimal production beneath." – Dancing Astronaut
"The mix of sounds and styles serves to highlight Wallen's superb voice, as confident and assured here as with the throwback country-rock on his debut album If I Know Me."
– Rolling Stone Country
Keeping the ball rolling nationwide, Wallen builds on his road-warrior reputation while serving as featured support on FLORIDA GEORGIA LINE's summer-long CAN'T SAY I AIN'T COUNTRY TOUR, performing to wall-to-wall crowds at venues cross country. This fall, Wallen will take his on-fire live show on the road again as direct support for LUKE COMBS' sold-out BEER NEVER BROKE MY HEART TOUR, including two-night stays at Los Angeles' Greek Theatre and Nashville's Bridgestone Arena.
KEEP UP WITH MORGAN WALLEN


text:
Structure Of The Mafia
Mafia"s Divisons
Mafia Induction
Mafia Activities
Mafia Origins
Mafia Ten Commandments
Mafia In America
Mafia Commission
Mafia in Las Vegas
Mafia And RICO
Undercover Agents and the Mafia
Mafia In Sicily
A Vendetta is basically a feud between two or more groups of people, especially entire families and clans. A vendetta begins when one family correctly or incorrectly believes itself to have been attacked, insulted or wronged by another. Intense feelings of resentment result in the initial retaliation, which leads to the other family feeling equally resentful, angry and vengeful . Ultimately there is a long-running cycle of retaliatory violence. This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation makes it almost impossible to end the vendetta peacefully. Vendettas frequently involve the entire family members, all the relatives and associates, and can last for generations. Up to the 1900s, Vendettas were considered as legitimate legal instruments and were regulated to some degree by the law. However, Vendettas have now became illegal in its violent form. But, there are still many Families who have a feud and go out of their way to cause grief and make things difficult for the concerned person or family.
The word "Vendetta" is Italian and originates from the Latin word "vindicta" meaning "Vengeance". In modern times, the word is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed.
Vendettas often started over the killing, dishonoring, maiming or insulting of someone. The relatives of the said person will declare a vendetta and seek revenge by killing or otherwise physically punishing the culprits and their relatives.
Originally, a Vendetta was a blood feud between two families or clans where kinsmen of the victim intended to avenge his or her death by killing either those responsible for the killing or some of their relatives. The responsibility to maintain the vendetta usually falls on the closest male relative to whoever has been killed or wronged, but other members of the family may take the mantle as well. If the culprit had disappeared or was already dead or killed, the vendetta could extend to other relatives.
Vendetta is typical of societies with a weak rule of law or where the state doesn't consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute where family and kinship ties are the main source of authority. An entire family is considered responsible for whatever one of them has done.
The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where law enforcement and criminal law takes responsibility of punishing lawbreakers.
The gang wars of the Mafia Families are also called Vendettas, with the Mafia family members replacing the kinsmen, However, they didn't generally last long,


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Q: Why static variable of my android application sometimes return null? I am trying to get value from SharedPreferences and storing it inside of an static variable. The problem is sometimes I am getting null value from static variable but SharedPreferences has value.
I have stored value via this process:
 SharedPreferences sp = u.returnShare();
    SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sp.edit();

    StaticVariables.userId = sp.getString("UserId", "default");

A: Don't use static variables, its bad practice. Android can destroy you application's process at any time and later recreate it by recreating activities as necessary. If you're creating your static variable in the "first" activity then it wont get initialized when the 2nd or 3rd are started first.

A: Static variables are not a good long term storage in android. The system may kill your application at any time when it is in background (for example when the memory is needed for other tasks). All your values stored in static variables are then gone when the app is restarted.

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