text:
Q: Function returning 2 different results - T-SQL I have used this site before for help with various things in the past, and in this instance, I couldn't find anything in the search box, so apologies if this exists elsewhere.
In sql server 2005, I have several stored procedures that change various bits of code, and recently we have created a function that adds spaces into a defined string. So in theory, I pass a string into it, and I get a result as blocks of 4. When I run this manually, and define the actual text, it splits fine (I get #### 0000 012 returned) but when I execute the function within the SP, I get #### 0012 0012. Is there any reason why?
I have set a print command to the string before it gets passed into my function, and it prints "####0000012   " and the print after is "#### 0012 0012"
Below is the function code, with no declares:
 set ANSI_NULLS ON
 set QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
 GO

 ALTER function [dbo].[udf_addspaces](@string varchar(255),@lengthbetween int)
 returns varchar(100)
 as
 BEGIN
    declare @i int, @stringlen float, @output varchar(255), @outputofloop varchar(4)

    set @stringlen = LEN(@string)/@lengthbetween
    set @output =''
    set @i = 0
    while @i <= @stringlen
    BEGIN
        set @outputofloop = left(@string,@lengthbetween)

        if @lengthbetween < LEN(@string)
        BEGIN
            set @string = right(@string,LEN(@string)-@lengthbetween)
        END

        set @output = @output + @outputofloop +' '

        set @i = @i+1
    END
    return @output
 END

Here is the bit of the SP that executes this:
 set @Consignment2 = (@Consignment) + rtrim(@Check14)
 print @Consignment2
 set @Consignment2 = dbo.udf_addspaces(@Consignment2,4)
 print @Consignment2

Here are the lines it prints: (Note: #### replaces a 4 digit number, removed for security reasons)
 ####0000012
 #### 0012 0012

Regards,
Luke M

A: *

*Even though you've defined stringlen as a float, it will be an integer value, because the two values you're dividing are ints.

*There's a difference between a char(14) mentioned in your comments, to a varchar(14).  The char(14) is guaranteed to be 14 characters long. The varchar may not be.
I think the body of your function could be more succinctly expressed as this...
declare @result varchar(500)
    select @result = ''
    select
        @result = @result
            + substring(@string, number*@lengthBetween+1, @lengthBetween)
            + ' '
    from master..spt_values
    where type='p'
    and number <= (len(@string)/@lengthBetween)

    return rtrim(@result)


text:
Q: Is there a limit on the maximum number of files that can be opened in C#? I am making an app and it needs to open at least 676 files simultaneously to a maximum of 1400 files. I will be writing to these files using the StreamWriter Class and reading the data using StreamReader Class. So, is there a maximum limit on the no of files that can be opened simultaneously for reading or writing in C# just like VC++ as described in the following link.
Is there a limit on number of open files in Windows.

A: This works for me:
  var streams = new Stream[10000];
  for (var i = 0; i < streams.Length; i++) {
    streams[i] = File.OpenWrite(Path.Combine(Path.GetTempFileName()));
    streams[i].WriteByte((byte)'A');
  }
  var tasks = new Task[streams.Length];
  for (var i = 0; i < streams.Length; i++) {
    var index = i;
    tasks[i] = new Task(() => {
      streams[index].WriteByte((byte)'B');
    });
    tasks[i].Start();
  }
  Task.WaitAll(tasks);
  for (var i = 0; i < streams.Length; i++) {
    streams[i].Close();
  }

A: The upper limit on files opened by .NET is governed by the limit imposed on the Win32 API CreateFile, which is 16384.

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Federal prosecutors filed 29 charges against the suspect in a shooting that left at least 11 people dead at the Pittsburgh-area Tree of Life Synagogue Saturday morning, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania Scott W. Brady announced late Saturday.
Robert Bowers faces 29 counts, including 11 counts of use of a firearm to commit murder and 11 counts of obstruction of the exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death. He was wounded at the scene after exchanging gunfire with law enforcement officials.
Multiple people, including several police officers, were wounded in the attack.
Bowers posted on his Gab page that "jews are the children of satan" and reportedly shouted "all Jews must die" before he opened fire Saturday.
"This evil anti-Semitic attack is an attack on all of us, it is an assault on humanity. It will require all of us working together to extract the hateful poison of anti-Semitism from our world. This was an anti-Semitic attack at its worst. The scourge of anti-Semitism cannot be ignored, cannot be tolerated, and it cannot be allowed to continue … It must be confronted and condemned everywhere it rears its very ugly head," he said.
Vice President Pence also condemned the shooting while speaking at an event in Las Vegas, saying, "There is no place in America for violence or anti-Semitism."
Trump said the heinousness of the attack could warrant the death penalty.
"Through the centuries, the Jews have endured terrible persecution … And those seeking their destruction, we will seek their destruction. And when you have crimes like this, whether it's this one or another one on another group, we have to bring back the death penalty," he said.
He also suggested an armed guard at the synagogue could have stopped the shooting.


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Picture Book Month is over, so I'm finally back to share what other books the kids have been reading. We had a great time reading all the picture books, but both kids have been busy reading other things. I've continued to pick up lots of early readers at the library for M. I realized recently that she's reading at about the same level C was reading at when he was in kindergarten, which is pretty amazing.
Aside from the early readers, I picked up a couple very popular books that I've never gotten around to reading to M: Knuffle Bunny and Knuffle Bunny Too by Mo Willems. We absolutely love his Elephant and Piggie books so we were excited to read a couple other books written by him. The first book is about a little toddler who loses her stuffed bunny at the laundromat and has a major tantrum on her dad since she can't tell him what the problem is. In the second book, she's older and her bunny gets switched with that of another little girl, causing some big issues again. These are very cute books!
C finished the Secrets of Droon series by Tony Abbott. He really enjoyed the entire series, and it was especially fun since he found a couple friends in his class who were also reading it. It's a great series about some kids who find a new world and get all wrapped up in it. There are good guys and bad guys and all sorts of fantastical things going on. I was surprised it didn't frighten him when he first started reading the series. But since he enjoyed it so much, I think he has really been opened up to the whole fantasy genre, which is exciting. They're all around third grade reading level.
Since he enjoyed Secrets of Droon so much, I suggested C try The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis. It took him a while to really get into it, but once he did, he had a hard time putting it down! He finished that book within about a week, and then borrowed Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia from the school library. Now he's reading The Magician's Nephew. He's been borrowing them from the library but I do plan to buy them since I'd like to read them myself. I even signed up for a Narnia Reading Project in 2012! These are all fifth and sixth grade reading level according to Scholastic, so they're much harder to read. But he doesn't seem phased by that.
I also got a chance to do some reading this week as Mystery Reader for C's class. I wanted to read something related to the holidays but didn't want it to be too focused on Santa since I know the kids his age are starting to question things. So, I went with How the Grinch Stole Christmas by Dr. Seuss. I also brought along Horton Hears a Who and Green Eggs and Ham. The kids all loved hearing these Dr. Seuss stories, and it was fun to get into his classroom and see all the kids.
There's a third book in the series called "Knuffle Bunny Free," where she loses him on a plane. It's very cute, if you liked the first two in the series.
The Narnia series is one I think every family should own. If he likes those try him on Spiderwick Chronicles, they're on about a 3rd grade level, and are quick reads.
We especially love Knuffle Bunny because they are set in our neighborhood!
We loved all Mo Willems books, and Grinch is also very popular here. Anna listened to Narnia, but didn't quite got into the books, at least not yet. Too scary for her!


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Will the Night King and White Walkers conquer the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros? What will happen with Khaleesi and Jon Snow?
Most importantly, who will claim the Iron Throne?
The eighth season of HBO's "Game of Thrones" premiered Sunday night, beginning the process of answering fans' questions leftover from the seventh season. Many Temple University students tuned in to watch the first episode and have been fans throughout their time at Temple. Some students even gathered at their friends' apartments for watch parties.
Sophomore musical theater major Joy Pringle-Bato hosted a watch party for the premiere and is excited to see the series wrap up.
The anticipation for the last six episodes, in which viewers will find out who, if anyone, will sit on the Iron Throne, has built for almost two years since the seventh season's end.
"Game of Thrones," based on author George R.R. Martin's best-selling book series "A Song of Ice and Fire," debuted in April 2011. The award-winning series became the network's most popular show over "The Sopranos" in 2014, the Hollywood Reporter reported.
The previous season averaged about 30.6 million viewers per episode, Vulture reported.
Throughout the series, viewers have watched the characters scheme, fight and kill each other throughout the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. The separate storylines are joining together in the final season, and fans like Risa Iatesta are eager to see how it will end.
"There's going to be a lot of drama, a lot of violence, possibly romance, and it's going to be the perfect, most amazing way to end the most incredible television show of all time," said Iatesta, a freshman international business and Spanish major.
Another storyline coming to a close is the arrival of the Night King and his army of White Walkers, formerly-human ice creatures.
"I want to see not only if they'll be able to survive the White Walkers, but also who's going to take the throne because there are so many crazy people who have some sort of logistical claim to it," said Caleb Okoh-Aihe, a sophomore computer science major.
The series has won 47 Emmy Awards in several categories, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2018.
Sophomore economics major Nate Wooding enjoys the unexpectedness of the show because it defies many television tropes like the stereotypical happy ending.
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Generation Kill has earned the respect of critics. But what do actual soliders think about the HBO mini-series?


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text:
"Head to Toe" by Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam
Gold Record Alert!
Genre: Dance-Pop, R&B, Freestyle
Pop Bits: Along with the production/songwriting team of Full Force, Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam scored a platinum self-titled debut album in 1985. It was boosted by two gold singles including the #8 Pop/#3 R&B hit "All Cried Out." Following the success, the band went back into the studio with Full Force to record a follow-up album. Spanish Fly would be produced and written (save for one co-write with Lisa Lisa) by Full Force with members of that team also performing on the LP. This first single was released and it became their first to reach #1 at both Pop and R&B. It was also their second song to top the Dance chart. The mass appeal of the song helped it become their third certified gold single. The album would reach #7 at both Pop and R&B and it would go platinum.
ReduxReview: This Motown-influenced nugget pushed the band in a more mainstream pop direction and it worked well. Full Force really reined things in to make this a concise, hooky confection. Lisa Lisa's girlish voice sold the song perfectly and the freestyle production kept the track current. There was no doubt that this was going to be an across the board smash. Along with "All Cried Out," this song has lasted far beyond the 80s. While the band would only hang around for a few more years, these songs have kept the name Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam alive for decades.
Trivia: In addition to working with Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, the members of Full Force would also embark on a recording career of their own. In 1985, they would release their self-titled debut album. The LP's first single, "Girl If You Take Me Home," was an answer song to Lisa Lisa's first hit "I Wonder If I Take You Home" (#1 Dance/#6 R&B/#34 Pop). The response track wouldn't do as well only reaching #32 Dance and #79 R&B. Their next single, "Alice, I Want You Just for Me!" would do better getting to #16 R&B and #34 Dance. However, it was a much bigger hit in the UK where it got to #9. Full Force would continue to release albums over the years and along the way grab twelve more R&B single entries. Their biggest hit came in 1988 with "All in My Mind," which became their lone R&B Top 10 hit reaching #6. Besides the songwriting/production work that Full Force did for other artists, as a band they were never able to get a song on the Pop chart.
"Young Blood" by Bruce Willis
"Diamonds" by Herb Alpert
"Endless Nights" by Eddie Money
"Shy Girl" by Stacey Q
"Should I See" by Frozen Ghost
"I'll Still Be Loving You" by Restless Heart


This fun solo for Cluck Old Hen will give you some insight into playing bluesy melodies on the bass.
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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION AND SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND}
In spite of very long history \ the theory superfluid turbulence is very far
from the more or less completeness (\cite{Feynman}\cite{Vinen},\cite{NF},).
The reason to this is an incredible complexity of this problem. Indeed we
have to deal with a set of objects (vortex loops) which do not have a fixed
number of elements, they can split and merge in processes of reconnection.
Thus, some analog of the secondary quantization method is required with the
difference that the objects (vortex loops) themselves possess an infinite
number of degrees of freedom with very involved dynamics. Clearly this
problem can hardly be resolved in the nearest future. As for direct
numerical simulations, which remain the main source of information about
this process \cite{Schwarz88}\cite{Barenghi},\cite{Aarts}, \cite{Tsubota00},
there are also many problems. It is clear that any progress can be achieved
only if one can essentially reduce the number of degree of freedom of each
of the loops. One way elaborated in context of lambda-transition (\cite%
{Williams}) is to imagine vortex loops as a set of rings of different sizes
and to take their radius as the only degrees of freedom. In paper of author
(see \cite{Nemirovskii_97_1}) there is offered another way - to think of
vortex loops as randomly walking chains.The physical ground for this
supposition is the following one. During evolution the loops undergo huge
amount of collisions with other loops (or with itself) \ with consequent
reconnection. As a result each of the loops consists of many uncorrelated
parts of mean size $\xi _{0}$ so called elementary step.A bit more precisely
an average loop consists of smoothly (but randomly) connected arcs of mean
radius $\xi _{0}.$ This fact allows to consider vortex loop as a random
walk, and to describe its statistics with help of some generalized Wiener
distribution. Parameters of this probability distribution functional can be
regarded as degrees of freedom of vortex loop. This conception allowed to
fulfil a series of studies on the vortex tangle properties, e. g. to
calculate its momenta, energy \ and spectrum of energy. In the present work
we demonstrate how this point conception allows to derive analytically the
famous Vinen equation for evolution of the vortex line density ${\cal L}(t).$
\section{KINETIC EQUATION}
Following the work \cite{Copeland98} we introduce the distribution function $%
n(l,t)$ of the density of a loop in the \textquotedblright
space\textquotedblright\ of their lengths. It is defined as the number of
loops (per unit volume) with lengths lying between $l$ and $l+dl$. \ There
are two mechanisms for change of $n(l,t).$ One of them is the deterministic
process. In superfluid helium quantity $n(l,t)$ changes due to interaction
of vortices with the normal component. This processes is more or less clear
and can be modeled by relatively simple equations of motion. Other reasons
for change of quantity $n(l,t)$ are the random reconnection processes. We
discriminate two types of the reconnection processes, namely the fusion of
two loops into the larger single loop and the breakdown of single loop into
two daughter loops. The kinetics of the vortex tangle is affected by the
intensity of the introduced processes. The intensity of the first process is
characterized by the rate $A(l_{1},l_{2},l)$ (number of events per unit time
and per unit volume) of collision of two loops with lengths $l_{1}$ and $%
l_{2}$ and forming the loop of length $\ l=l_{1}+l_{2}$. The intensity of
the second process is characterized by the rate of self-intersection $%
B(l,l_{1},l_{2})$ of the loop with length $l$ into two daughter loops with
lengths $\ l_{1}$ and $l_{2}$. In view of what has been exposed above we can
directly write out the master \textquotedblright kinetic\textquotedblright\
equation for rate of change the function $n(l,t)$.
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial n(l,t)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial n(l,t)}{\partial l}\frac{%
\partial l}{\partial t}=\int \int A(l_{1},l_{2},l)n(l_{1})n(l_{2})\delta
(l-l_{1}-l_{2})dl_{1}dl_{2}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ \ \ \   \nonumber \\
-\int \int A(l_{1},l,l_{2})n(l)n(l_{1})\delta
(l_{2}-l_{1}-l)dl_{1}dl_{2}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \;\ \ \ \ \
\ \;\;  \nonumber \\
-\int \int A(l_{2},l,l_{1})n(l)n(l_{2})\delta
(l_{1}-l_{2}-l)dl_{1}dl_{2}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \   \nonumber \\
-\int \int B(l_{1},l_{2},l)n(l)\delta
(l-l_{1}-l_{2})dl_{1}dl_{2}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ \ \ \;\;\;\ \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \   \label{Master} \\
+\int \int B(l,l_{2},l_{1})n(l_{1})\delta
(l_{1}-l-l_{2})dl_{1}dl_{2}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \;  \nonumber \\
+\int \int B(l,l_{1},l_{2})n(l_{1})\delta
(l_{2}-l-l_{1})dl_{1}dl_{2}\;.\;\;\;\
\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\;\;\;\;\;\;  \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Coefficients $A$ and $B$ are calculated in \cite{Nemir_05_RR}
\[
A(l_{1},l_{2},l)=b_{m}V_{l}l_{1}l_{2},\;\ \ B(l_{1},l_{2},l)=b_{s}V_{l}l(\xi
_{0}l_{1})^{-3/2}.
\]%
Here $b_{m}$ and $b_{s}$ are some constants of order of unity. In paper \cite%
{Nemir_05_RR} on vortex loops in superfluid turbulent HeII there was offered
$b_{m}\approx 1/3,$ $b_{s}\approx 0.0164772.$ Quantity $V_{l}$ is the
characteristic velocity of lines by order magnitude equal $\kappa /\xi _{0}$
($\kappa $ is the quantum of circulation). The Brownian random walk approach
fails for scales near $\xi _{0},$ therefore usually this value appears as a
low cut-off. In paper \cite{NemirPRL06} \ there was shown that \ the
collision term alone leads to steady solution expressed by formula
\begin{equation}
n(l)=Cl^{-5/2}.  \label{n(l)}
\end{equation}%
Solution (\ref{n(l)}) is nonequilibrium solution with the $l$ -independent
flux $P$ of the length density $L=l\ n(l)$ , which is the length accumulated
in loops of length lying between $l$ and $l+dl$. Term
"flux" here means just the redistribution of length among
the loops due to reconnections. Quantity $P$ is equal
\begin{equation}
P=6.\,\allowbreak 277\,5C^{2}b_{m}\kappa /\xi _{0}-2.\,\allowbreak
772\,5Cb_{s}\kappa \xi _{0}{}^{-5/2}.  \label{flux}
\end{equation}%
The master equation (\ref{Master}) is the base for study of
superfluid turbulence in the frame of conception of randomly walking chains.
The aim of our present paper is to demonstrate that the vortex line density,
total length per unit volume defined as ${\cal L}(t)=\int n(l)ldl$ \ evolves
in accordance with the famous Vinen equation\cite{Vinen}.
\section{VINEN EQUATION}
To show it let us multiply the kinetic equation (\ref{Master}) by$\
l$ and integrate over all sizes
\begin{equation}
\frac{d{\cal L}(t)}{dt}=\int \frac{\partial n(l,t)}{\partial t}ldl=-\int
\frac{\partial n(l,t)}{\partial l}\frac{\partial l}{\partial t}%
ldl-P_{net}.\;\;  \label{VE_0}
\end{equation}%
Here the quantity $P_{net}$ is the net \textquotedblright
flux\textquotedblright\ of length in $l-$space, which is absolute value of
flux $P$ expressed by relation (\ref{flux}). This rule is imposed because
flux \ $P$ always carries away the vortex line density ${\cal L}$ \ from the
system, and different signs refers to direction of the cascade.
First we treat the deterministic term in equation (\ref{VE_0}). Due to
enormous number of reconnection it is quite natural to suppose that
"equilibrium" solution (\ref{n(l)}) is reached much faster than the slow
deterministic change of function $n(l).$ Then we can use this solution to
evaluate deterministic term. We will calculate the rate of change of length
of each loop on the base of the motion equation of \ the line in local
approach (see e.g. \cite{Schwarz88})%
\begin{equation}
{\bf v}_{l}=\beta {\bf s}^{\prime }\times {\bf s}^{\prime \prime }+\alpha
{\bf s}^{\prime }\times ({\bf V}_{ns}-\beta {\bf s}^{\prime }\times {\bf s}%
^{\prime \prime })  \label{line_velocity}
\end{equation}%
Here ${\bf s}^{\prime }$ and ${\bf s}^{\prime \prime }$ are the first and
second derivatives from position of line ${\bf s}(\xi )$ with respect to
label variable $\xi $, which coinsides here with the arclength. to
calculate, ${\bf v}_{l}(\xi )$ is velocity of the line element.
To calculate $\partial l/\partial t,$ we use the relation for the rate of
change of length $\partial \delta l/\partial t$ \ for some arbitrary element
with length $\delta l~$(see.g. \cite{Schwarz88}). Assuming for a while that
the label variable $\xi $ is not exactly the arclength, we have $\delta
l=\left\vert {\bf s}^{\prime }\right\vert $ $\delta \xi .~\ $Then\
the \ following chain of relations takes place.%
\[
\frac{\partial \delta l}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial \left\vert {\bf s}%
^{\prime }\right\vert \delta \xi }{\partial t}=\frac{\left\vert {\bf s}%
^{\prime }\right\vert }{\left\vert {\bf s}^{\prime }\right\vert }\frac{%
\partial \left\vert {\bf s}^{\prime }\right\vert \delta \xi }{\partial t}=%
\frac{{\bf s}^{\prime }}{\left\vert {\bf s}^{\prime }\right\vert }\frac{%
\partial {\bf s}^{\prime }\delta \xi }{\partial t}={\bf s}^{\prime }{\bf v}%
_{l}^{\prime }\delta \xi
\]%
On the last stage we return to $\left\vert {\bf s}^{\prime }\right\vert =1.$%
Diffirentiating (\ref{line_velocity}) and multiplying by ${\bf s}^{\prime }$
we have after little algebra
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial\delta l}{\partial t}=(\alpha({\bf s}^{\prime}\times {\bf s}%
^{\prime\prime}){\bf V}_{ns}-\alpha\beta({\bf s}^{\prime }\times{\bf s}%
^{\prime\prime})^{2})\delta\xi  \label{ddl/dt}
\end{equation}
The next step is to average expression (\ref{ddl/dt}) over all possible
configurations of vortex loops. We do it with use of the Gaussian model of
the vortex tangle elaborated earlier by author \cite{Nemirovskii_97_1}. In
accordance with this model
\begin{equation}
\langle{\bf s}^{\prime}\times{\bf s}^{\prime\prime}\rangle\;=\frac {I_{l}}{%
\sqrt{2}c_{2}\xi_{0}}\frac{{\bf V}_{ns}}{\left\vert {\bf V}_{ns}\right\vert }%
,\ \ \ \ \langle({\bf s}^{\prime}\times{\bf s}^{\prime\prime})^{2}\rangle\;=%
\langle({\bf s}^{\prime\prime})^{2}\rangle=\frac{1}{2\xi_{0}^{2}}.\ \ \ \ \
\label{s's''}
\end{equation}
Quanity $c_{2}$ is the structure constant introduced by Schwarz \ \cite%
{Schwarz88}). \ It follows from (\ref{ddl/dt}) and from (\ref{s's''}) that $%
\partial \delta l/\partial t\propto \l $. Substituting (\ref{s's''}) into
(averaged equation (\ref{ddl/dt})) and then into (\ref{VE_0}) and
integrating by part we get the contribution into $d{\cal L}(t)/dt\ $from the
deterministic term.
\begin{equation}
(\alpha \frac{I_{l}\left\vert {\bf V}_{ns}\right\vert }{\sqrt{2}c_{2}\xi _{0}%
}-\alpha \beta \frac{1}{2\xi _{0}^{2}})\int \frac{\partial n(l,t)}{\partial l%
}l^{2}dl=-\alpha \frac{2I_{l}\left\vert {\bf V}_{ns}\right\vert }{\sqrt{2}%
c_{2}\xi _{0}}{\cal L+}\frac{\alpha \beta }{\xi _{0}^{2}}{\cal L}.
\label{det_rate_L}
\end{equation}
Now we have to treat the "flux" term in equation (\ref{VE_0}).
Unlike paper \cite{NemirPRL06} where the constant $C$ \ in relation (\ref%
{n(l)}) was obtained from condition $P=0$, here we obtain $C$ from the
normalization condition ${\cal L}(t)=\int n(l)ldl=C\int l^{-3/2}dl=2C/\xi
_{0}$ (We recall that $\xi _{0}$ is a low cut-off of the wholle approach and
integral diverges on low limit ). Furthermore we consider consequently the
collision and reconnection events\ to put the system in equilibrium (with
respect to solution (\ref{n(l)})) state much faster than the slow
deterministic processes. This implies that parameters $\xi _{0}$ and $I_{l}$%
, the so called structure constants of the vortex tangle, have a time to
adjust to their equilibrium values. This assumption is widely adopted and it
was confirmed in numerical simulations in \cite{S_Rozen}. In particular the
mean radius of curvature (playing a role of elementary step in our approach)
is related to the vortex line density as $\xi _{0}^{2}=1/2\;c_{2}^{2}\;{\cal %
L}$ (see \cite{Schwarz88}\cite{Nemirovskii_97_1},). \ By use of the said
above we rewrite expression for flux (\ref{flux}) in form $P=C_{F}\kappa
{\cal L}^{2},$ where the temperature constant $C_{F}$ is
\begin{equation}
C_{F}=(1.\,\allowbreak 569\,4b_{m}-2.\,\allowbreak
772\,6c_{2}^{2}\allowbreak b_{s}).  \label{CF}
\end{equation}%
We named this constant in honor of Feynman who was the first person to
discuss evolution of vortex line density due to the reconnection processes.
We would like to recall that he supposed decay of the vortex tangle due to
the cascade like breakdown of vortex loops with further disappearance of
them on very small scales. Relation (\ref{CF}) shows that there is possible
the inverse cascade, which corresponds to the cascade-like fusion of \
vortex loops. Unfortunately our approach has too approximate character to do
any strong quantitative conclusion. It is clear, however, that for low
temperatures, where the vortex tangle is more kinky, correspondingly $c_{2}$
is large, the quantity $C_{F}$ \ is negative. This corresponds to the direct
cascade in region of very small loops. On the contrary for \ high
temperature lines are smoother, $c_{2}$ is small, and $C_{F}$ \ is positive,
which implies that there is inverse cascade with formation of large loops.If
we for instance adopt values for $b_{m}$ and $b_{s}$ and use for $c_{2}^{2}$
values offered by Schwarz (see \cite{Schwarz88}), then we get $C_{F}\
\approx -0.01$ for the temperature $1.07$ K and $\ C_{F}\approx 0.44$ K for
the temperature $2.01$ K.
Collecting contribution into $d{\cal L}(t)/dt$ (\ref{VE_0}) from both the
deterministic and collision processes, and taking into account that $%
P_{net}=\left\vert C_{F}\right\vert \kappa \allowbreak {\cal L}^{2}$ we
finally have%
\begin{equation}
\frac{d{\cal L}(t)}{dt}=\frac{5}{2}\alpha I_{l}\left\vert V_{ns}\right\vert
{\cal L}^{\frac{3}{2}}-\frac{5}{2}\alpha \beta c_{2}^{2}{\cal L}%
^{2}-\left\vert C_{F}\right\vert \kappa \allowbreak {\cal L}^{2}.
\label{VE_2}
\end{equation}%
Thus, starting with kinetics of a network of vortex loops, we get the famous
Vinen equation\cite{Vinen}. Let us discuss meaning of various terms entering
this equation. The first, generating term in the rhs of the Vinen equation
describes the grows of the vortex tangle due to mutual friction. The second
term also connected to mutual friction, however this term is responsible for
decrease of the vortex line density. This point of view coinsides with ideas
by Schwarz \cite{Schwarz88} who obtained the deterministic contribution into
$d{\cal L}(t)/dt$ using a bit different approach.
The third term in the RHS of (\ref{VE_2}) is related to random collisions of
vortex loops. It describes decrease of the vortex line density due to the
flux of length carrying away the length from the system. Depending on
interplay between coefficients $b_{m}$ and $b_{s}$ and parameters $c_{2}$ \
the flux can be either positive or negative. Negative flux appears when
break down of loops prevails and cascade-like process of generation of
smaller and smaller loops forms. There exists a number of mechanisms of
disappearance of rings on very small scales. It can be e.g. acoustic
radiation, collapse of lines, Kelvin waves etc. Thus, in this case the
situation is fully coincides with the scenario proposed by Feynman\cite%
{Feynman}.
The case when the flux is positive is less clear. Positive flux implies the
cascade-like process of generation of larger and larger loops. Unlike
previous case of negative flux, there is no apparent mechanism for
disappearance of very large loops. There are possible the following
possibilities. The first one is that very large loops, whose $3D$ size is
comparable with size of the volume (note that length of these loop is much
larger because of the random walk structure) can annihilate fully or partly
on boundaries. Then the picture reminds the Feynman scenario but with the
inverse flux. The second possibility is that parts of large loops is pinned
on the walls and the whole approach representing the line to have the random
walk structure fails. Finally it should not be ruled out, that a state with
lines pinned on the walls and stretching from wall to wall is just a
degenerate state of the vortex tangle. Some of numerical investigators\cite%
{Schwarz88}\cite{Aarts}, report on this situation.
\section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENTS}
This work was partially supported by grant N 05-08-01375 of the RFBR and
grant of the President of the Russian Federation on the state support of
leading scientific schools NSH-6749.2006.8.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Diddy's Twins Will Start Dating at 40?
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text:
Migration and Demography (10)
Organisation (10)
DG INTPA - DG for International Partnerships (1)
developing countries (2)
humanitarian aid (1)
KS specific taxonomy Think tank
Institute for Economics & Peace
The Institute for Economics and Peace is the world's leading think tank dedicated to developing metrics to analyse peace and to quantify its economic value. It does this by developing global...
ACCORD - African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes
The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) is a South Africa-based civil society organisation working throughout Africa to bring creative African solutions to the challenges posed...
ODI - Overseas Development Institute
The Overseas Development Institute (ODI) is a leading independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues. Our mission is to inspire and inform policy and practice which lead...
CDKN - Climate and Development Knowledge Network
CDKN supports decision-makers in designing and delivering climate compatible development. We do this by combining research, advisory services and knowledge management in support of locally owned and managed...
KNOMAD is a global hub of knowledge and policy expertise on migration and development issues. KNOMAD draws on experts from all parts of the world to synthesize existing knowledge and generate new...
CEPS - Centre for European Policy studies
The CEPS is an independent policy research institute in Brussels. Its mission is to produce sound policy research leading to constructive solutions to the challenges facing Europe.
CMS - Center for Migration Studies
The Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) is a think tank and an educational institute devoted to the study of international migration, to the promotion of understanding between immigrants and receiving communities...
ELIAMEP - Hellemic Foundation For European and Foreign Policy
ELIAMEP is an independent, non-profit and policy-oriented research and training institute. It neither expresses, nor represents, any specific political party view. It is only devoted...
The Migration Policy Institute is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit think tank in Washington, DC dedicated to analysis of the movement of people worldwide. MPI provides analysis, development, and evaluation...
UNU-GCM - United Nations University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility
The United Nations University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility (UNU-GCM) aims to contribute to good governance, cultural diversity, democracy and human rights through a better understanding...


text:
Q: What Is The Best Order To Learn Beginner To Advanced Flutter Material? I'm in the process of learning to become a better Flutter developer. I've taken a couple of intro courses on Udemy, and I've even built/released my first app.
While building my app, I realized I don't understand architecture.
My ultimate goal is to learn how to build apps as a professional developer would.
In the countless hours of research I've done, I've realized that professional developers:

*

*Separate code into layers (ie. Presentation, Domain, Data)

*Write their own tests

*Likely a list of other things I don't know yet
understand.

While trying to learn these materials, I continually face the same problem. Every time I try to learn something new, I encounter something I don't understand.
For example, I might be trying to learn an architectural pattern, and out of the blue, I read terms like "dependency injection," "lazy singleton," or "repository." Because I have no idea what those things are, I get stuck.
I've tried to dig into the source code of professional apps, but it's way over my head. There's a massive gap between "I finished a couple of Udemy courses" and "I work as a senior engineer."
So, if you're an advanced developer, I have three questions.

*

*If you had to teach a complete beginner to become a professional flutter developer, what material would you have them learn?

*What reputable resources would you use to teach each topic?

*In what order would you teach the material—to ensure the student could understand each new topic?

I know this is a broad question, so I'll narrow the scope. Ideally, I want to build apps like the team at Very Good Ventures does. For context, they use flutter_bloc, a Presentation, Domain, and Data type architecture (see picture), and write their own tests. And, as I mentioned above, likely a list of other things I don't yet understand :)
Architecture Pattern
Finally, I know I probably sound lazy. I certainly could read a million articles in an attempt to piece everything together. But, ideally, I was hoping to find a more effective path. So, that's why I'm asking the experts.
Thank you for your time,
Chris

A: I would suggest using GPT3 and codex. Give them  all of the context you have, and ask your question. They have already read all of those articles plus looked at a lot of code. Because flutter is so new probably it is likely less represented in the data sets. However, I have been able to ask some forter questions and receive answers.

A: Flutter can be best thought by flutter's creators, no other resources can teach you better,
Just follow flutter official documentation,
All the examples are carefully designed with best coding practices and patterns,
https://docs.flutter.dev/


text:
GNIC® is an initiative of an international group of individuals, independent from any interest or pressure group, concerned with the development and usage of high quality, effective and efficient certification services for individuals and legal entities. They operate under the legal entity of a Not For Profit Organisation, according to Belgian Law, named "Global Network for Independent Certification", abbreviated «GNIC». GNIC® is the registered brand name.
Global stands for the variety of international experts that are at the core of the Global Network for Independent Certification. It also refers to the ambition of having an international and world-wide reach for its services.
GNIC® is a network organisation of independent professionals or their corresponding legal entities. While a small dedicated crew provides for logistic and administrative support, anyone wishing to become part of the network can do so, at least when the values and guiding ethical principles of this network are endorsed.
Independent also means that any individual or legal entity can apply for GNIC® certification, independent from the preparation or education this individual or legal entity has adopted or practiced. As such, GNIC® aims to develop a network of independent professionals and institutes to accomplish this intention.
Last but not least, independent also stands for the fact that GNIC® works through completely independent ACADEMIC COUNCILS and CONTENT COMMITTEES. These councils independently determine the terms of reference against which individuals and legal entities will be certified and express them in the GNIC® Codex of References. The committees independently translate these terms of reference into GNIC® content and services.
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text:
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I have recently passed my driving test using BSM driving school and my instructor was Susan Jarvie.
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AdamLondon01
Very bad teaching giving false hopes to learner, instead of telling truth instructor is telling false progress.
Very bad teaching giving false hopes to learner, instead of telling truth instructor is telling false progress. I bought lessons for my wife some time ago, I chosen 10 hours as beginner. My wife never driven car in her life, and I thought who else but professional could explain it better. Close to 10 hours I bought I decided to speak to instructor asking about progress and how many hours he thinks my wife will need. He assured me that she is making great progress and another 10 hours should do a lot more and she will be comfortable to drive car. My wife has now completed another 8 hours, I thought this would be enough for her to practise with me. I decided to register her in my insurance as learner driver and took her out for drive. That's when I find out true progress with lessons, and I have to say I am lost for words, I mean we are talking missing basic information's which should be thought 1st maybe 2nd lesson; setting mirrors, blind spot, checking mirrors, changing gears, clutch control, breaking, observation etc. I could go on and on and on. My wife was not comfortable to drive on 3rd gear, my wife told me that instructor instead of focusing on lesson, and he was chatting with her distracting her from driving. I'm very disappointed from few reasons; my wife still does not know basics, she was learning more with me than someone who should be professional, instructor should warn me about slow progress and gives me true reflection of progress. Very disappointed and will never recommend this company to anyone.
On June 20th at 13:24pm at the traffic lights coming from Thurston Road to Loampit Vale the left side of my car was struck by a learner driver and instructor from BSM driving school in a Peugeot 308 with registration number KY67 XLN.
On June 20th at 13:24pm at the traffic lights coming from Thurston Road to Loampit Vale the left side of my car was struck by a learner driver and instructor from BSM driving school in a Peugeot 308 with registration number KY67 XLN. At the lights, the two of our cars remained parallel until the lights turned green and as they did, knowing that the driver to my left was a learner I took the left turning slightly wider than I normally would as to provide adequate space for the learner should she accidentally peak a bit further forward then she likely should. Unfortunately, this leeway was not enough, as the learner drove directly into the side of my car, scraping the left side and leaving a few scratches on my left rear door. Already perplexed by how the instructor was not able to prevent the collision by his own passenger- side breaks, I drove slowly expecting the car to pull up beside mine, so we could discuss the collision and how to move forward. To my surprise however, the two continued to drive down Loampit Vale onto Rennell Street where they met a small traffic jam, in which I was able to drive up parallel to the passenger side of their idle car and ask the instructor if he was willing to stop. The driver denied any collision had occurred and shouted that there was no reason for him to stop, meanwhile the learner driver, a young black female, remained silent as he told her to continue driving after the traffic eased up. At this point I asked my son to take a picture of the rear of the car they were driving, and we followed the pair down the entirety of Lee High Road, during which we called the metropolitan police and reported the collision and later concluded the report using their website. We later lost sight of the pair after they turned off to Burnt Ash Road. The instructor appeared to be an oriental man of Chinese descent with low shaved black hair. Speaks with an accent. The learner appeared to be a young black female with black plated hair. I cannot put the whole blame solely to the learner driver even though she was driving but it is apparent that even Instructor did not observe or abide by the rules. DO NOT TOUCH THESE INSTRUCTORS... it's appalling to know an instructor could cause a HIT AND RUN when there is damage to my car and have the nerve to deny it! YOUR CHILDREN ARE AT RISK IF YOU USE THEM!
Amtul
Thanks to Gary King an grade A instructor, I was able to pass, he's very helpful and provided a good service.
Thanks to Gary King an grade A instructor, I was able to pass, he's very helpful and provided a good service. I would defiantly recommend him to anyone.
Gray292
Great value for money and are very supportive.
Great value for money and are very supportive. Always helped if I had problems and removed any bad habits I had picked up with my dad. You really get to know your instructor and that helps a lot. Such a good driving school, would highly recommend them to all my friends and family
My first instructor was really good.
My first instructor was really good. She encouraged me to pay a block of 20 hours of lessons, after I'd intially paid for a block of 10 hours - I had around 8 2hr lessons with her before she said that she was leaving the company and that I would be reallocated to a new instructor in the next few days. I wasn't contacted, so we rang them up and, after 3 weeks, I was given a new instructor. On my first lesson with him, he spent the whole lesson texting on his phone and he didn't teach me anything. I didn't feel safe with him, so I reported the incident to BSM, who said that they would reallocate me. Again, they didn't contact me. I requested a refund for the remaining 12 hours that I'd pre-booked and they tried to set me up with their "partner company, the AA driving school". They had tried to do this the first time I called them, so I left the company. I think your experience with them solely depends on the instructor you get, but for nearly £50 for a 2hr lesson, it's a lot of money to waste on somebody who's not actually doing their job. I wouldn't recommend paying for blocks of lessons unless you're sure your instructor is staying with the company.
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Bowling is een van de sporten die worden beoefend tijdens de Aziatische Indoorspelen. Het staat op het programma voor zowel mannen als vrouwen. Het onderdeel staat sinds de Aziatische Indoorspelen 2007 op het programma. Er wordt per sekse gestreden in drie categorieën.

Onderdelen

Medaillewinnaars

Singles mannen

Dubbels mannen

Team mannen

Singles vrouwen

Dubbels vrouwen

Team vrouwen

Medaillespiegel

Bowlingwedstrijd
Sport op de Aziatische Indoorspelen

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18" x 24" - Procurement, authentication and framing may take up to 3 weeks. Signed Blazing Saddles photo collage. Photograph signed by entertainment legend Mel Brooks. All contemporary autographed items are obtained in-person and come with a Lifetime Certificate of Authenticity with tamper-proof, numbered decal. Actual photos, signature and location on collectible piece may vary from picture.


On behalf of the PTA we are truly grateful for everyone's assistance in making this year's Seahorse Festival a memorable one for all our families, our community, and visitors! We, as a team of parents, teachers, staff and students, have a lot to be proud of as we created our campus to host one of the largest Seahorse Festivals, yet! It was wonderful to observe laughter and smiles from all and to have a safe environment for our children to enjoy for the day! Thank you for helping us establish forever memories!
mrs. Stewart led the seahorse Festival art contest. one winner from each grade was chosen for this year's festival T-shirt, plus one grand prize winner who's artwork is also embroidered on our spirit hats!
These winners are also being exhibited at Alliance of The arts! thank you Mrs. Stewart!!
For donating this beautiful room!!
And Congratulations Mrs. Nachbar on your new Leather power recliner!
Chef Hector is coming to The Seahorse Festival!!
What is better than pizza? How about Pizza cooked in an antique fire truck converted into a pizza oven?!? Yes, please!
Copyright © 2018 The Sanibel School PTA - All Rights Reserved.


text:
Las Américas International Airport (SDQ)
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (DO) Large airport
Operators and Destinations
Facts and Gallery
IATA CodeSDQ
ICAO CodeMDSD
Time ZoneAmerica/Santo_Domingo (GMT -4:00)
MDSD
1 11,000 200 ASP
APP APP 119.3
ATIS ATIS 126.2
FCC SANTO DOMINGO INFO 126.9
FSS FSS 122
TWR TWR 118.1
Las Américas International Airport Destinations List
This list shows the 27 locations you can fly to from Las Américas International Airport
Airlines Flying Route
Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet PTP Air Antilles Express, Air France, Air Caraïbes
Princess Juliana International SXM Air Antilles Express, Insel Air (7I/INC) (Priv), Windward Islands Airways
Hato International CUR Insel Air (7I/INC) (Priv), Windward Islands Airways
Miami International MIA American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, City Connexion Airlines, US Airways
Philadelphia International PHL American Airlines, US Airways
Charles de Gaulle International CDG Air France, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
El Dorado International BOG Avianca - Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia
Jorge Chávez International LIM Avianca - Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia
General Edward Lawrence Logan International BOS JetBlue Airways
Fort Lauderdale Hollywood International FLL JetBlue Airways, Spirit Airlines
John F Kennedy International JFK JetBlue Airways, Delta Air Lines
Orlando International MCO JetBlue Airways, Delta Air Lines, City Connexion Airlines
Luis Munoz Marin International SJU JetBlue Airways, Seaborne Airlines
Tocumen International PTY Copa Airlines, Condor Flugdienst
José Martí International HAV Cubana de Aviación
Antonio Maceo International SCU Cubana de Aviación
Frankfurt am Main FRA Condor Flugdienst
Juan Santamaria International SJO Condor Flugdienst
Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International ATL Delta Air Lines
Rio Galeão – Tom Jobim International GIG Delta Air Lines, City Connexion Airlines
Guarulhos - Governador André Franco Montoro International GRU Delta Air Lines, City Connexion Airlines
Norman Manley International KIN Aereonautica militare
Providenciales PLS Aereonautica militare
V.C. Bird International ANU Leeward Islands Air Transport
Paris-Orly ORY Air Caraïbes
Newark Liberty International EWR United Airlines
Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas MAD Air Europa
Las Américas International Airport Destinations Map
Gallery and Facts
Submitted by Cosme Perez
Las Américas International Airport Reviews (3)
david filkin July 4, 2015 at 8:44 pm
I have twice travelled to and from this airport with USA airlines. It is a clean, modern and excellent airport but it seems as though it does not cater for travel to other Caribbean destinations.
Cosme Perez July 8, 2010 at 9:50 pm
Picture of "The Spirit of St. Louis" when it landed in Santo Domingo in 1935. The code assigned to this airport comes from the first two letters for the City of Santo Domingo, "SD", and from the first letter of the name of the country given by Juan Pablo Duarte "Q", for Quisqueya, From a poem written by Juan Pablo Duarte in 1861, which inspired the lyrics for the National Anthem, came the name Quisqueyans as the national identity of Dominicans from the Eastern part of the Island of Santo Domingo. -"Quisqueyans the hour has come to avenge centuries of being ransacked; The one whom God and the homeland unloves, On a blanket of death should be wrapped. No more cross than the Quisqueyan one, Which gives honor and pleasure to wear; But for him who prefers the Hispanic, To the grave should be sent wearing it." -Juan Pablo Duarte (1861) There are two countries in the Island of Santo Domingo (Haiti and Quisqueya), both may use the irregular adjective of Dominican for the denomination of their republics and the name of the Island should not be confused with the Capital City, Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic of Quisqueya, for which the airport code, SDQ is for. The name Quisqueya is not yet officially inserted in the Constitution due to neglect and blindness of our historians, politicians and lawmakers, but the People love the name and is already claiming the truth, hidden for more than a century.
Anonymous Person July 3, 2008 at 9:14 pm
The airport was sanitized and well kept. The staff were OK.
Add your own review for Las Américas International Cancel reply


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California Passes Landmark Bill Requiring Contract Workers To Be Labeled As Employees (#GotBitcoin)
Despite objections from Uber and Lyft, Gov. Gavin Newsom has said he would sign labor bill that could reshape the gig economy. California Passes Landmark Bill Requiring Contract Workers To Be Labeled As Employees (#GotBitcoin)
California passed landmark employment legislation that challenges the business model of such "gig-economy" companies as ride-hailing giants Uber Technologies Inc. and Lyft Inc., some of the brightest stars in Silicon Valley over the past decade.
The proposed law, which intends to force companies to reclassify certain contract workers as employees, passed in the Democrat-led state Assembly Wednesday with a preliminary tally of 56 in favor and 15 opposed. The bill passed the state Senate in a 29-11 vote Tuesday night along party lines, with the chamber's Republican caucus casting the no votes. Gov. Gavin Newsom, a Democrat, has said he would sign the bill if it gets to his desk.
Uber and Lyft have said the proposed law could upend their businesses and lobbied to change the bill. Gov. Newsom, in an interview Tuesday, said he remains personally involved in talks with Uber, Lyft and other gig-economy companies that have sought exemptions from the measure, known as Assembly Bill 5, as well as some of the unions supporting it.
"As it relates to Uber, Lyft, DoorDash, others, some of the gig platforms, these remain ongoing negotiations, and regardless of what happens with AB5, I am committed, at least, to continuing those negotiations," Mr. Newsom said.
The governor said it was in the best interest of the state to "stay at the bargaining table, to continue to negotiate" and that talks will continue even though a deal wasn't reached with the companies during this year's legislative session.
"By no means this delay is a denial, and I'm fully committed—and expressed that to all sides—fully committed to continuing," he said. "Not jump-starting, not-reconvening."
In a statement following the vote in the state Senate, Lyft said it was ready to begin a ballot-measure fight next year to win provisions to exclude it from the law.
"Today, our state's political leadership missed an important opportunity to support the overwhelming majority of ride-share drivers who want a thoughtful solution that balances flexibility with an earnings standard and benefits," a Lyft spokesman said. "The fact that there were more than 50 industries carved out of AB5 is very telling."
Together with food-delivery company DoorDash Inc., Uber and Lyft last month threatened to spend $90 million on a ballot measure next year.
Uber and Lyft have been negotiating with lawmakers and the state's powerful unions in search of a change to the bill, particularly an exemption, in exchange for certain concessions. Their lobbying efforts have been to no avail, even as other industries succeeded, underscoring the strength of labor unions and the degree to which the large Democratic majority in Sacramento has increased scrutiny on tech companies in recent years.
The proposed law, which was introduced last December and would take effect Jan. 1, 2020, would reclassify workers in a range of other industries from trucking to janitorial services to music workers.
The bill codifies a 2018 California Supreme Court decision that set new standards for classifying people previously considered independent contractors as employees. Some experts expect other states to follow suit given California's economic size and its precedent of creating influential business regulations.
As employees, ride-share drivers would be entitled to benefits such as a minimum hourly wage and workers' compensation. But the companies have argued the bill would take away much of the flexibility of drivers, who now work whenever they want and can earn more when demand jumps. And some gig-economy executives have indicated they may challenge the law.
The approval of labor unions will be necessary to move forward with any kind of exemption. Mr. Newsom said he was meeting this week with the national leadership of Service Employees International Union, one of the state's most powerful unions, and planned on continuing discussions with labor leaders. The governor appointed SEIU President Mary Kay Henry as a co-chair of his Future of Work Commission, which is intended to grapple with various issues including how technological advancements will affect employment.
During the state Senate's two-hour debate Tuesday night, some Democratic senators took direct aim at the gig economy, indicating they may have no interest in any future compromise or exemption.
"Let's be clear, there is nothing innovative about underpaying somebody for their labor, or basing an entire business model on misclassifying workers," said Sen. Maria Elena-Durazo, who was formerly a prominent labor activist from Los Angeles.
Republican lawmakers attacked the bill as picking winners and losers. Some moderate Democrats voiced similar concerns, saying they were reluctantly supporting the bill with the expectation of continuing working on the issue next year, when the legislature reconvenes.
Updated: 5-5-2021
Biden Blocks Trump-Era Gig-Worker Rule
The move stopped regulation that would have made it easier for firms to categorize gig workers and others as independent contractors.
The Biden administration blocked a Trump-era regulation that would have made it easier for businesses to categorize gig workers and others as independent contractors, and signaled it would take a tougher enforcement stance against employers on worker classification.
The Labor Department said Wednesday it is nullifying a rule it completed in early January that sought to make it more difficult for a gig worker, such as an Uber or DoorDash driver, and other workers to be counted as an employee under federal law.
Having status as an employee, rather than a contractor, means those workers are covered by federal minimum-wage and overtime laws.
Jessica Looman, principal deputy administrator for the Labor Department's Wage and Hour Division, said the Trump rule would have narrowed which workers were counted as employees across the economy, not only gig workers, allowing more employees to be classified as contractors.
"Misclassification of employees as independent contractors presents one of the most serious problems facing workers today," she said.
The department recently took action against a restaurant classifying its dishwashers as contractors and found 70 home-health aides who were misclassified as contractors, Ms. Looman added. She said the department will look for opportunities to enforce existing laws, especially as they apply to lower-wage workers.
Ms. Looman said Wednesday's announcement shouldn't dramatically change how the department regulates app-based services but said the department is engaging with those companies and others about labor-law enforcement.
The Biden administration is "just going backwards with what they've done and not helping resolve the misclassification problem to the extent they think it is one," said Maury Baskin, co-chairman of the law firm Littler Mendelson PC's Workplace Policy Institute and an attorney who represents businesses.
"They're just leaving the situation in the chaotic state it's been."
Mr. Baskin is serving as counsel to business groups, including the Associated Builders and Contractors, which in March filed a federal lawsuit against the Labor Department challenging the Biden administration's plan to delay and withdraw the earlier Trump action.
Gig-economy companies were among the most vocal proponents of the Trump-era rule, seeking to cement drivers and similar workers as contractors after California's legislature passed a law requiring the companies to reclassify their drivers as employees, eligible for broad employment benefits.
In November, voters in California exempted Uber Technologies Inc., Lyft Inc., DoorDash Inc. and others from the state law.
While the exemption allowed the companies to preserve their business models in the most populous U.S. state, they did concede some new benefits such as health insurance for drivers who worked 15 hours or more a week, occupational-accident insurance coverage and 30 cents for every mile driven.
At the time, the companies said they would lobby to make this model—flexibility for drivers with limited benefits—the national standard.
Uber spokesman Noah Edwardsen on Wednesday said the company views the current federal employment system as outdated. Workers must choose to be an employee with more benefits and less flexibility, or an independent contractor with more flexibility and limited protections, the spokesman said.
"Uber believes that we can combine the best of both worlds by offering independent work opportunities to the hundreds of thousands of workers that use the Uber platform while also providing these workers with meaningful benefits," he said.
In January, Uber said the Trump rule recognized the flexibility gig workers sought. Trump administration officials said their rule made it easier for Americans to be self-employed and set their own hours.
Elizabeth Jarvis-Shean, vice president for communications and policy at DoorDash, said its drivers on average work fewer than four hours a week and value flexible schedules.
"We look forward to continuing to work with the Biden administration and lawmakers across the political spectrum to help develop a new portable, proportional and flexible benefits framework," she said.
Lyft spokeswoman Julie Wood said the company sees the regulatory action as an "opportunity to refocus the conversation on what drivers need and want, which is independence plus benefits."
The Labor Department acted this week to block the rule before it was implemented Friday, following a common practice of presidents of different parties undoing the prior president's pending rules early in a new administration.
Nullifying the Trump rule maintains the decadeslong status quo, which has largely allowed app-based services to not count drivers and other providers as employees. The Labor Department at this time isn't planning to offer new regulations for independent contractors, Ms. Looman said on a Tuesday call.
By blocking the Trump rule, the Labor Department will continue to use its previous regulation to enforce the Fair Labor Standards Act, which was enacted in 1938. While Wednesday's action doesn't immediately change how gig workers are classified, it leaves ambiguity about how a Depression-era law will be applied to a smartphone economy.
Labor Secretary Marty Walsh, in an April interview with The Wall Street Journal, said that legitimate independent contractors are an important part of our economy, but the Trump-era rule made it too easy to deny workers employee status. Employees are also better positioned than contractors to organize into labor unions. The Biden administration has made creating union jobs a priority.
"We've seen employers are increasingly misclassifying their workers as independent contractors in order to reduce labor costs and take a lot of protections away from workers, including minimum wage and overtime," Mr. Walsh said.
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