text:
Great English Battle Sites
England has been involved in military conflicts worldwide, but did you know that many conflicts were also fought on its home soil? Here are some of the English battle sites that saw battle in days gone by.
20 Great English Battles Sites
1. Maldon, Essex (Battle of Maldon)
2. Battle, East Sussex (Battle of Hastings)
3. Northallerton, Yorkshire (Battle of the Standard)
4. Lewes, Sussex (Battle of Lewes)
5. Evesham, Worcestershire (Battle of Evesham)
6. Myton, North Yorkshire (Battle of Myton Bridge)
7. Boroughbridge, Yorkshire (Battle of Boroughbridge)
8. Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland (Battle of Halidon Hill)
9. Neville's Cross, Northumberland (Battle of Neville's Cross)
10. Otterburn, Northumberland (Battle of Otterburn)
11. Shrewsbury, Shropshire (Battle of Shrewsbury)
12. St Albans, Hertfordshire (First Battle of St Albans)
13. Market Bosworth, Leicestershire (Battle of Bosworth Field)
14. Branxton, Northumberland (Battle of Flodden)
15. Solway Moss, Cumbria (Battle of Solway Moss)
16. Edge Hill, Warwickshire (Battle of Edge Hill)
17. Long Marston, Yorkshire (Battle of Marston Moor)
18. Naseby, Northamptonshire (Battle of Naseby)
19. Worcester, Worcestershire (Battle of Worcester)
20. Westonzoyland, Somerset (Battle of Sedgemoor)
By Ken Eckert
A marauding army of Vikings sailed up the River Blackwater in the year 991. After a fierce battle against the Saxons, the invaders won but paid the price with heavy casualties. A statue of Byrhtnoth, leader of the Anglo-Saxons in Maldon, stands in the town as a tribute to the battle.
By Unknown, suspected to be commissioned by Matilda of Flanders, Odo of Bayeux or Edith of Wessex – Bayeux Tapestry
In 1066, King Harold's army fought against William, Duke of Normandy. William attacked with both cavalry and infantry, while the English troops fought mainly on foot behind a wall of shields. For much of the day the English position held firm, but when the Norman troops began to retreat they broke formation and became vulnerable to attack from William's cavalry.
King Harold himself was famously killed by an arrow to the eye but the fighting continued until all his bodyguard were slain. The decisive Norman victory shaped the future of both England and Europe, and the battle was immortalised in the Bayeux Tapestry.
The Battle of the Standard was one of two major battles fought in England's largely forgotten civil war between King Stephen and Empress Matilda.
On 22nd August 1138, the Scottish King David I crossed the border into England in support of his niece Matilda's claim to the English throne. He headed an army of 16,000 men, and with King Stephen otherwise engaged in fighting rebels in the south it was left to a locally-raised army to repel the Scots. Although greatly outnumbered, the English won the day, inflicting heavy casualties on their neighbours.
On 14 May 1264, the downs to the north-west of the town of Lewes were the site of a battle between the army of Henry III and the forces of a number of rebel Barons, led by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester.
After initial success, the Royalists were overwhelmed and retreated to Lewes Castle. It was from there that Henry's son, Prince Edward, eventually escaped and raised another army in a bid to overthrow de Montfort.
Evesham was the site of the decisive battle in the Second Barons' War.
On the morning of 4 August 1265, de Montfort met Prince Edward in battle once again, and this time the odds were in the prince's favour. The royal army was at least twice the size of de Montfort's rebel forces and the battle became a rout. Both de Montfort and his son Henry were killed, along with about 4,000 of his men.
In 1319, during the Scottish Wars of Independence, 15,000 Scots crossed into England and attacked Yorkshire. An army hastily assembled by the Archbishop of York sought to defend the county, but they were outnumbered and defeated by the Scots.
[thrive_text_block color="light" headline="The Kings And Queens Of England"]NB You might be interested in a new post we've published >>>
The 13 Most Important Kings And Queens Of England[/thrive_text_block]
The long dispute between King Edward II and his cousin, Thomas, Earl of Lancaster came to a bloody end at the Battle of Boroughbridge on 16 March 1322.
Following defeat at Burton on Trent, Lancaster's rebels were retreating north when they were met by Royalist forces under the command of Sir Andrew de Harcla, Warden of Carlisle. The Royalists outnumbered the rebels four to one, and Thomas was captured and later executed.
Another conflict between the English and Scots, the Battle of Halidon Hill was the result of the English King Edward III's support for Edward Balliol's claim to the Scottish throne.
When in the spring of 1333 the two Edwards headed north with an army of 8,000 men and laid siege to the Scottish-held town of Berwick, they were met by an army of 15,000 Scots. But while the Scots may have had more men, it was the English who had the territorial advantage. Positioned on Halidon Hill to the north of the city, their archers were able to rain down arrows on the advancing Scots, winning the day with negligible losses from their own ranks.
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=263098
In 1346, some 12,000 Scots rampaged their way through northern England. To stop them, an army of 7,000 Englishmen were enlisted by William Zouche, Archbishop of York. One cold October morning, the English launched a surprise attack on the Scots. The ensuing battle saw the invaders forced back across the Scottish border.
With King Richard II distracted by battles with his rebellious barons, the Scots sought to seize the advantage with a series of raids on towns in northern England. In 1388, James, Earl of Douglas was leading his men home from one such raid on Durham, looting and burning as he went, when he was met by Henry "Hotspur" Percy. Percy was the son of the Earl of Northumberland and had gained his nickname as a result of his fiery spirit.
After an initial skirmish, the Scots continued homeward with Percy in hot pursuit. When Douglas stopped once more to lay siege to the castle at Otterburn, the two armies met again and the fighting continued into the night. The Scots eventually secured victory, but Douglas was killed on the battlefield.
By Thomas Pennant – This image is available from the National Library of Wales,
Perhaps one of the bloodiest of battles in English history was fought at Shrewsbury in 1403. An army led by King Henry IV defeated a band of rebels under the command of the self-same Sir Henry Hotspur Percy who had fought at Otterburn. Sir Henry's body was quartered and the parts displayed in various parts of England to deter others from following his example.
By Ipankonin – Combined and , CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3136528
In 1455, the narrow streets of St Albans became the scene of a fierce battle when Richard, Duke of York and his allies defeated a royal army commanded by Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. It was the first battle in what was to become known as the Wars of the Roses, a fight for the English throne between the noble houses of Lancaster and York. The battle ended in victory for the Yorkists, with Edmund killed and Henry VI captured.
One of the most important battles in English and Welsh history, the Battle of Bosworth Field pitted the would-be Lancastrian king, Henry Tudor, against the Yorkist Richard III.
Henry had crossed to Britain from France in August 1485, landing in South Wales. On hearing of his arrival, Richard mustered his troops and met him over the English border just south of Market Bosworth. Richard led a charge directly at Henry but his horse became trapped in boggy ground and he was killed in hand-to-hand combat. His crown was brought to Henry, heralding the beginning of a hundred years of Tudor monarchy.
By Andrew Curtis, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11731831
1513 saw the largest ever battle between the English and Scots occur just outside the village of Branxton, with fierce fighting involving 26,000 Englishmen and 40,000 Scots. The Scottish king, James IV, was allied to Louis XII of France and launched the attack in retaliation for Henry VIII's invasion of France. Henry's men were victorious and James was killed in battle, the last British monarch to suffer such a fate.
When Henry VIII broke with the Catholic church, he urged his nephew James V of Scotland to do the same. James, however, ignored his uncle's requests to discuss the matter and a furious Henry responded by sending his army into Scotland to loot and burn border towns. When James retaliated by sending a Scottish army into England to do the same, the stage was set for battle.
The two sides met on 24th November 1542. The English won the day and took some 1,200 Scots prisoner. A humiliated James V died a few weeks later aged just 30, leaving the throne to his daughter, six day old Mary, Queen of Scots.
By Charles Landseer (1799 – 1879) (British), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21878858
The hamlet of Edge Hill was the scene of the first battle of the English Civil War in October 1642. The Royalists and the Parliamentarian army fought for three hours with both sides suffering heavy losses. The failure of either side to win a conclusive victory prevented a swift end to the war, which continued for nine years.
22nd July 1644 saw the largest battle ever fought on English soil, when 17,000 Royalists faced a combined army of 22,000 Parliamentarians and Scots at the Battle of Marston Moor.
In just two hours the Parliamentary cavalry routed the Royalists, demonstrating the decisive advantage of a well trained and equipped fighting force. Oliver Cromwell's reputation as a commander was secured and the Royalists abandoned the north of England to his forces.
Almost a year after the Battle of Marston Moor, the Royalist and Parliamentary forces met at Naseby in what is considered the most important battle of the English Civil War.
The two sides met on a foggy morning on 14th June 1645. Whilst the Royalist cavalry led by Prince Rupert of the Rhine fought the Parliamentarians from the battlefield, the Parliamentarian infantry slowly got the upper hand. By the time Prince Rupert returned, the battle was all but over. The King had lost his best officers and troops, and the writing was on the wall for the Royalist cause.
By User:Bollothepriest – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16971153
The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 and was the final battle of the English Civil War. Charles II marched south with a mainly Scottish army but failed to gather the support he had expected. By the time he arrived at Worcester, Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army was ready and overwhelmed the Royalist forces with relative ease.
The battle sounded the death knell for any lingering hopes that the monarchy would return to England by force of arms. Charles fled to France and the Civil War was over.
By Jan Wyck – National Portrait Gallery: NPG
The Monmouth Rebellion was an attempt to overthrow James II, who had become king of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the death of his brother, Charles II. Westonzoyland was the rebellion's final battle. The Royalists were victorious and the Duke of Monmouth, the king's nephew and leader of the rebels, was captured and executed.
Pin Me:


text:
Meatropolis
Can a city really go vegetarian?
By Eillie Anzilotti on Jul 29, 2016
This story was originally published by CityLab and is reproduced here as part of the Climate Desk collaboration.
The announcement last week that Turin — the industrial core of meat-loving Italy — will be making moves toward vegetarianism was met with some groans. According to The Guardian, the meat-reduction agenda introduced by the city's new mayor, Chiara Appendino, drew complaints of nanny-stateism; one disgruntled Tweeter mocked the proposal, writing: "If you disobey [the mayor's agenda] in Turin you'll go to bed without dinner."
In Italy, where salami and pancetta are the bleeding heart to pasta's soul, Appendino's pledge to promote vegetarianism — maybe even veganism — understandably rings as a death sentence. While Turin's new administration claims its intent is not to eradicate the city's cultural heritage, residents are disgruntled. The Telegraph relayed one commenter's response to an article on an Italian news site: "Quinoa is revolting." But it shouldn't come as a surprise to Torinesi: as a leader in the populist Five Star Movement (M5S) party, which strikes an odd balance between environmental progressivism and questionable social conservatism, Appendino has been vocal in her support of her party's focus on green energy and sustainability — which includes dietary modifications.
The current tension in Turin perhaps derives from the fact that many people do not equate meat consumption with climate change. This blind spot has been noted by researchers: a 2014 study from the U.K.-based think tank Chatham House noted that "compared with other sectors, recognition of the livestock sector as a significant contributor to climate change is markedly low." The Chatham House report adds that while governments around the world have been quick on the uptake in implementing campaigns and regulations designed to reduce energy use and carbon emissions — from encouraging people to turn out the lights to banning cars on the road for certain days out of the year — administrations have been skittish about extending that oversight to diets. When governments have tried to intervene in this regard — infamously, for instance, former New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg's failed soda ban — pushback has been strong. "There is a deep reluctance to engage because of the received wisdom that it is not the place of governments or civil society to intrude into people lives and tell them what to eat," Rob Bailey, the lead author on the report, said in The Guardian.
But it's growing increasingly impossible to ignore how our carnivorous preferences are tangled up in the fate of the planet. Agriculture and food production currently account for about a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions, 80 percent of which are livestock-related, according to new research from the Oxford Martin School. The study modeled four different global scenarios to predict how those numbers might alter by the year 2050: In one, consumption and production continued at the current rate; another predicted the outcome of adherence to global dietary guidelines, which limit red meat, sugar, and total calories while emphasizing fruit and vegetable intake; the last two modeled the impact of strict vegetarian and vegan diets.
What the Oxford scientists found was striking. Following dietary guidelines — which limit, but don't exclude, meat — saw a 29 percent reduction in food-related emissions; a vegetarian diet raised that number to 63 percent; and a vegan diet reduced emissions by 70 percent. The study also tracked the health benefits of reducing meat intake, and found that a global diet in line with recommended levels of consumption could reduce yearly deaths by 5.1 people, and save hundreds of billions of dollars in healthcare costs.
Marco Springmann, the lead author of the Oxford study, said in The Guardian that it's imperative the link between diet and climate change be made more apparent, adding:
We do not expect everybody to become vegan. But the climate change impacts of the food system will require more than just technological changes. Adopting healthier and more environmentally sustainable diets can be a large [step] in the right direction. The size of the projected benefits should encourage individuals, industry and policymakers to act decisively to make sure that what we eat preserves our environment and health.
The scorn with which Turin's plan was met testifies to both the knowledge gap around those issues, and the difficultly policymakers will have in bridging it. While details of how Appendino plans to implement this push toward vegetarianism — part of her 62-page proposal for the city — are still unclear, it's not as unreasonable a move as some of the backlash makes it out to be.
In How We Get to Next, the journalist Ajit Niranjan argued that "it's time for cities to talk about meat." In the next several decades, Niranjan wrote, obesity and climate change will be two of the most pressing challenges for cities — indeed, leaders are already convening summits around both public health and the environment. Given the success of local government initiatives to promote cycling and curb cigarette smoking, cities could address meat consumption as an issue at the intersection of many factors that will impact the places that we live, and our personal health within them.
That will, undeniably, require instigating a societal sea change. And if we follow the logic that the biggest shifts must happen gradually, the pushback against Appendino's leap to vegetarianism is understandable. However, Barcelona, as our sister site CityLab Latino recently reported, is dealing a softer blow by declaring itself "veg friendly" and a "friend of vegan and vegetarian culture." While shying away from a prescriptivist approach to diet, Barcelona will work to establish itself as a convener of information about the meat-free lifestyle: A new meeting space, BCN Veg Point, will bring consumers and entrepreneurs together in discussion, and the city will launch a new app and guide to the local vegan and vegetarian hotspots.
And like other cities across the world have already done, Barcelona will introduce Meatless Mondays — a global initiative to go veg one day a week, and reduce personal meat consumption by 15 percent. While not a complete cultural overhaul, these small actions will serve as examples of effecting social change through public policy that governments elsewhere could replicate, Rosi Carro, the campaign coordinator for the animal-rights association Libera!, said in CityLab Latino.
And carnivores out there ready to take up arms against any and all meat restrictions, take heart: this week, the people at Impossible Foods won over the heart of New York chef and meat enthusiast David Chang, who was so persuaded by the company's plant-based burger that is somehow still bloody that he's adding it to his menu at Momofuku Nishi. If it's that hard to tell the difference between plant and animal when it's sandwiched between a roll, there's hope for the future.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Heiban (auch Ebang oder Abul genannt) als Einzelsprache ist die Sprache des Volkes der Heiban oder Ebang, das in den Nubabergen in Sudan lebt und zu den als "Nuba" bezeichneten Völkern zählt.

Siehe auch
 Sprachgruppe Heiban
 Liste der Sprachen im Sudan

Weblinks

 www.ethnologue.com zur Einzelsprache Heiban

Einzelsprache
Kordofanische Sprachen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
US9087430B2 - Architecture for server-based casino gaming machine system - Google Patents
Architecture for server-based casino gaming machine system Download PDF
US9087430B2 US13/452,393 US201213452393A US9087430B2 US 9087430 B2 US9087430 B2 US 9087430B2 US 201213452393 A US201213452393 A US 201213452393A US 9087430 B2 US9087430 B2 US 9087430B2
gaming terminal
Milo Borissov
Rossi McKee
Manol Atanassov Roujinov
Casino Tech AD
2012-04-20 Application filed by Casino Tech AD filed Critical Casino Tech AD
2013-04-18 Priority claimed from US13/865,500 external-priority patent/US9569919B2/en
2015-07-02 Assigned to CASINO TECHNOLOGY, AD reassignment CASINO TECHNOLOGY, AD ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BORISSOV, MILO, MCKEE, Rossi, ROUJINOV, Manol Atanassov
239000010410 layers Substances 0 abstract claims description 69
230000026676 system process Effects 0 abstract claims description 38
230000002093 peripheral Effects 0 claims description 20
230000000694 effects Effects 0 claims description 9
230000001276 controlling effects Effects 0 claims description 5
230000004044 response Effects 0 claims description 4
239000011437 adobe Substances 0 description 4
239000001965 potato dextrose agar Substances 0 description 1
G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
G07F17/00—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
G07F17/32—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for games, toys, sports or amusements, e.g. casino games, online gambling or betting
G07F17/3225—Data transfer within a gaming system, e.g. data sent between gaming machines and users
G07F17/3227—Configuring a gaming machine, e.g. downloading personal settings, selecting working parameters
G07F17/3202—Hardware aspects of a gaming system, e.g. components, construction, architecture thereof
G07F17/3223—Architectural aspects of a gaming system, e.g. internal configuration, master/slave, wireless communication
A server-based gaming system includes a plurality of gaming machines or terminals, at least one gaming terminal control server and one or more game servers, where game processes and system/machine processes are separated. The gaming terminals have separate game process layers and machine or system process layers. Integration of the game processes and machine processes is effected via the gaming terminal control server. The system allows the gaming terminals to execute generic game code or game code configured in accordance with varying protocols, rather than a single, proprietary protocol.
The present invention relates to server-based casino gaming machines and systems.
Traditional casino-style slot machines, such as slot and video poker machines, were configured as independently operable machines. For example, each slot machine was configured with a set of reels and a controller which determined an outcome or stopping position for the reels. Each video poker machine was configured with a controller which caused game information, such as images of cards, to be determined and displayed on a display of the machine. The controllers of these gaming machines were configured to be "stand-alone", meaning that they were capable of generating game outcomes by themselves (i.e. without input or control by an external device or system). For example, the gaming controller of a video poker machine might include a random number generator for randomly determining game outcomes and software for generating images of cards based upon each randomly determined outcome. FIG. 1A illustrates such a configuration wherein a first stand-alone gaming machine is configured to present a slot game and a separate stand-alone gaming machine is configured to present a video poker game.
One advantage of the configuration of these traditional gaming machines is that they can easily be set up to operate anywhere. In particular, because they machines are free-standing, they do not need to be connected to other machines or systems. However, these machines have various disadvantages. For example, because the gaming machines are custom-created to present one or more games in a stand-alone fashion, the gaming machines can only present those one or more pre-defined games. Thus, if new and more exciting games are developed, the existing gaming machines cannot be configured to present those new games without entirely re-configuring or re-programming the machines. Also, because each gaming machine must include all of the components necessary to present games in a free-standing manner, each gaming machine is very complex and expensive.
In recent years, server-based gaming systems have been developed. FIG. 1B illustrates one example of such a system. As illustrated, these systems include one or more main game servers and a plurality of gaming machines which are linked to the game server. Each gaming machine may be configured as a kiosk or terminal which communicates with the game server. This configuration has a number of advantages. First, each gaming machine may present various different games as determined by the game server (e.g. Games A, B, C . . . as illustrated in FIG. 1B). For example, the game server may include a menu of games, which menu may change over time, wherein the gaming machines may present any of the games on the menu. In one embodiment, game code corresponding to the games which are supported by the game server may be downloaded to the gaming machines from the game server, which code may be varied from time to time to permit the gaming machines to present different games. In another configuration, the gaming machines or terminals may not even require all of the game code. For example, in one configuration, the game server may execute the game code and generate corresponding game outcomes and then transmit the outcomes to the gaming machines. The gaming machines may then simply present the game outcomes to the players of those machines.
The new server-based casino gaming system thus has the advantage that new games can be implemented more quickly. As indicated above, traditional gaming machines could only present new games by taking the machines out of service and then completely reconfiguring and/or reprogramming them to present a new game or games. In the server-based model, software for a new game may be associated with the game server so that it can be executed by the game server or so that it the game code is accessible to (such as for download to) each server-based gaming machine.
In addition, because traditional gaming machines were custom-configured by their manufacturer, it was difficult for third parties to get new casino games implemented, thus limiting the number of new casino-style games which made it into the market. In particular, to even get a new game into the market, a developer of a new game generally had to have a gaming machine manufacturer develop the game for implementation on its own machines. However, even if the gaming machine manufacturer was willing to introduce the new game, given that all development was performed by the gaming machine manufacturer, the development time of the game could be many years.
An oft-stated advantage of the server-based gaming system that was frequently touted was that third parties would be able to easily create new games for implementation by the system. However, this has not generally been true. In particular, currently, each gaming machine manufacturer has developed their own unique and proprietary server-based platform/architecture which integrates the game and machine/system functions. This proprietary platform ensures, for example, that game code which is run at the gaming machine allows the gaming machine to both present game information but integrate with the various associated peripheral devices, systems and functions of the gaming machine.
This requires, however, that all game software be specifically coded for a specific manufacturer's platform. For example, an outside game content developer is required to code their game software to certain specifications so that it will run on one gaming manufacturer's platform (such as for presentation of the game at gaming machines at one casino) and then must code the same game software an entirely different way so that can be implemented on a different gaming manufacturer's platform (such as for presentation of the game at gaming machines at a different casino). This is time consuming and costly. In addition, this generally requires that the game developer turn their game code over to the system operator so that it can be integrated onto the game server, as illustrated in FIG. 1B. At that point, the game developer loses control of their game software. This makes it difficult for the game developer to know how and when their software is being used or to make changes to the software, such as to implement new and exciting game features.
Aspects of the invention comprise a server-based gaming system, gaming machines or terminals, an architecture for a server-based gaming system, and methods of playing and presenting server based games.
In one embodiment of the invention is a server-based gaming system which comprises a plurality of gaming machines or terminals, at least one gaming terminal control server or manager, and one or more game servers. In a preferred embodiment of the system, game processes and system/machine processes are separated. The gaming terminals have a separate game process layer and machine or system process layer.
In one embodiment of the invention, game information such as game outcome information, is generated by the game servers and transmitted to the gaming terminals. The game process layer utilizes the game information to present game information to the player, such as by displaying game information on a video display of the terminal. Importantly, the game process layer is configured to execute or utilize game information which is provided in a plurality of different protocols, such as one or more different non-proprietary protocols.
Machine or system processes at the gaming terminal are segregated from the game processes. In one embodiment, machine processes which are associated with the game are triggered by instructions which are transmitted from the game server to the terminal control server. The terminal control server preferably transmits control instructions (such as after a transaction) to the system process layer of the gaming terminal. The system process layer utilizes those instructions to control machine processes, such as to control peripherals at the gaming terminal.
At the same time, machine processes which are generated at the gaming machine and which relate to the game, such as a player input, are routed from the system process layer of the gaming terminal to the terminal control server. The terminal control server then routes information regarding such input or processes to the game server which is generating the game information (such as after a translation).
In accordance with the invention, integration of game processes and system or machine processes is accomplished via the terminal control server, rather than by having the game code be compatible with machine or control instructions. Thus, game content can be provided from different game servers which are associated with different game vendors. Each game vendor can generate and provide their own game code in accordance with one or more well known, public and/or non-proprietary protocols or configurations. Different vendors may supply game code which utilizes different protocols.
Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention over the prior art will become apparent from the detailed description of the drawings which follows, when considered with the attached figures.
FIG. 1A illustrates stand-alone gaming machines in accordance with the prior art;
FIG. 1B illustrates one configuration of a server-based game system in accordance with the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a gaming system in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates operation of a gaming system in accordance with the present invention.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough description of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.
In general, the invention comprises a server-based gaming system, configurations of gaming machines or gaming terminals, an architecture for a server-based gaming system, and methods of playing and presenting server based games. In one configuration, the gaming system includes a plurality of gaming machines or terminals, at least one gaming terminal control server or manager and one or more game servers. In accordance with the architecture, game processes and system/machine processes are separated. This allows the gaming terminals to execute generic game code or game code configured in accordance with varying protocols, rather than a single, proprietary protocol.
One embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 2. As illustrated, a gaming system 20 includes at least one gaming machine or terminal 22. In a preferred embodiment, the gaming terminals 22 are configured to present casino-style games, namely games which are played for a monetary wager (or monetary equivalent, such as credit) and which offer the potential to lose the wager (for a losing game outcome) or win winnings (for a winning outcome). As described below, such may comprise any of a variety of games now known or later developed, including slot-type games, video poker type games, and others.
The gaming terminal 22 may have a plurality of features. For example, the gaming terminal 22 may include a housing or cabinet 24 for enclosing/supporting various components of the terminal. The housing 24 may have a variety of configurations. In one embodiment, as illustrated, the housing 24 is configured so that the machine has an "upright" configuration. The casino gaming terminal 22 might also be configured as a "slant"-type, "bar-top" or have other forms.
In one embodiment, the gaming terminal 22 is preferably configured as a "video" type terminal, the terminal including at least one display 26 for displaying game information to a player. The gaming terminal 22 may include other means for providing information to a player. For example, speakers (not shown) or other devices may be provided for generating sound associated with the game. The gaming terminal 22 may also include lights, printed instructions and other displays/display devices.
As indicated above, the games presented by the gaming terminal are preferably wagering type games wherein a player must place a bet or wager in order to play the game for the opportunity to receive winnings. Preferably, if the player is a winner of the game, the player is provided an award, such as a monetary payout (such as coins), credits representing monetary value, points or tangible prizes. As illustrated, the gaming terminal 22 may thus include a bill validator/acceptor 28 for accepting paper currency and/or a coin acceptor 30 for accepting coins. Other means of payment, such as a credit card reader, may be provided. An award of winnings in the form of coins may be paid to the player via a coin tray 32.
Preferably, the gaming terminal 22 includes means for a player to provide input. In one embodiment, this means comprises one or more buttons. For example, one or more wager buttons 34 may be provided for a player to select the amount to bet on a particular game or make other game inputs, such as selecting cards to hold/discard or the like. Other means of input may be provided, such as a touch-screen display and other devices now known or later developed.
A game controller (not shown) is provided for controlling the various devices of the gaming machine and for generating game information. For example, the game controller may be arranged to generate video and audio data for presentation by the display and speakers of the gaming terminal 22. The game controller may be arranged to detect a signal from the coin acceptor indicating the receipt of coins or from the bill validator regarding accepted bills and for registering credits corresponding to those inputs, for subtracting credits for wagers placed by a player, and for causing a coin delivery mechanism to deliver coins from a coin hopper to the coin tray for payment of winnings and/or return to a player of unwagered credits. Preferably, the one or more player input devices provide an output to the gaming controller for use in play of the game. For example, in response to a "bet one" input by a player, the gaming controller is preferably transmitted a signal which causes the gaming controller to initiate presentation of the game.
The gaming terminal 22 may include one or more random number generators ("RNG") for generating random game events and results (such as cards used in a card game, slot symbol positions or the like). As described below, however, in other configurations the gaming terminal 22 need not contain a RNG, such as if a remote game server includes an RGN and generates the game results, or may have an RNG along with a remote server or other device.
As indicated, in one embodiment, game information is displayed by a video display 26 to a player. That display may be of a variety of types, including CRT, LCD, plasma and others. The gaming terminal 22 may also include more than one video display.
The gaming terminal 22 may have other configurations, including other features. For example, the gaming terminal 22 may include a player tracking device, such as a card reader 36 and associated keypad 38. Such player tracking devices are well known and may permit the game operator to track play of players of the gaming machine. The tracked play may be utilized to offer player bonuses or awards.
In one embodiment, the gaming terminal 22 may be configured to dispense media, such as printed paper tickets, magnetic stripe or RFID tagged-media which have associated value. For example, winnings or unused credits may be returned to the player via a printed ticket or card having value or associated value. In one embodiment, the gaming terminal 22 might also be configured to accept such media for providing credit for game play.
As indicated above, the gaming terminal 22 is preferably configured to present one or more casino-style games. Such games may comprise a variety of games which are currently known or which may be developed in the future. Such games include, but are not limited to, lottery, keno, bingo, poker, slot and other games.
In a preferred embodiment, as described in detail below, the gaming terminal 22 is configured to present one or more games based upon game information which is provided by at least one external device, such as an external game server. Depending upon the configuration of the system, the configuration of the gaming terminal 22 may vary. For example, if the external game server is configured to provide the gaming terminal 22 with executable game code or software, then the gaming terminal 22 preferably includes one or more data storage or memory elements for storing the code or software, a controller for executing the code and at least one random number generator for use in generating random game results. On the other hand, if the external game server were configured to generate game results and transmit those results to the gaming terminal 22 for presentation, the gaming terminal 22 might have another configuration (such as, for example, not including a random number generator).
It will be appreciated that the system may include a plurality of gaming terminals 22. For example, multiple gaming terminals 22 might be located on a casino floor. Of course, the gaming terminals 22 might be used in other environments, such as an airport, a bar or tavern or other locations.
As used herein, the term "gaming terminal" may also include other types of gaming machines or devices other than that described above. Such might comprise, for example, gaming tables. Such tables may be manually operated or be fully or partially automated. A variety of games may be offered at such tables. Of course, the gaming machines may include other types of devices as well, including hand-held, portable or other types of devices such as tablets, laptops and other electronic devices now known or later developed.
In one embodiment, the system 20 includes at least one gaming terminal control, such as a gaming terminal control server 40. Additional details regarding the terminal control server 40, including its functionality, are provided below. However, in one embodiment, the terminal control server 40 comprises a computing device which comprises at least one processor for receiving information, for processing information or executing code or software, and for generating an output, such as control instructions.
In one embodiment, the terminal control server 40 includes means for storing information or instructions. Such means may comprise one or more memory devices. Such might comprise RAM, ROM (including EPROM, EEPROM, PROM) or other devices now known or later developed. The terminal control server 40 might include one or more other memory devices, such as for storing game state information or the like, as detailed below. In one embodiment, the terminal control server 40 might comprise or be in communication with one or more mass data storage devices, such as one or more hard drives or the like.
The terminal control server 40 preferably also includes at least one communication interface, by which it may receive and transmit information. The communication interface(s) may permit communications in accordance with various protocols (TCP/IP, 802.11xx, etc.) and in various forms and over various types of links (wired and/or wireless).
The terminal control server 40 might actually comprise a system or network of a plurality of elements or devices. For example, the terminal control server 40 might comprise a network or system which includes multiple servers and related devices such as data storage devices, user interface features and the like. Such might comprise, for example, a user station which includes a video display and one or input devices (such as a keyboard, mouse or the like). Such a user station may permit an operator to interface with and manage or control the terminal control server 40, such as to change operator settings and the like. The terminal control server 40 might also comprise a router and one or more separate computing devices. The functions of the various computing devices might be segregated.
In a preferred embodiment, the one or more gaming terminals 22 are in communication with the at least one terminal control server 40 at one or more times. For example, the gaming terminals 22 and the at least one terminal control server 40 may be linked via one or more communication links 42. These communication links 40 may be wired and/or wireless and may be dedicated, shared, part of a LAN, WAN or other network.
In one embodiment, the system 20 also includes one or more game servers 44. As with the terminal control server 40, the game servers 44 preferably comprise computing devices which comprise at least one processor for receiving information, processing information or executing code or software, and generating an output, such as control instructions.
In one embodiment, each game server 44 includes means for storing information or instructions. Such means may comprise one or more memory devices. Such might comprise RAM, ROM (including EPROM, EEPROM, PROM) or other devices now known or later developed. In one embodiment, the game server 44 might comprise or be in communication with one or more mass data storage devices, such as one or more hard drives or the like.
The game server 44 preferably also includes at least one communication interface, by which it may receive and transmit information. The communication interface(s) may permit communications in accordance with various protocols (TCP/IP, 802.11xx, etc.) and in various forms and over various types of links (wired and/or wireless).
Each game server 44 might actually comprise a system or network of a plurality of elements or devices. For example, the game server 44 might comprise a network or system which includes multiple servers and related devices such as data storage devices, user interface features and the like. Such might comprise, for example, a user station which includes a video display and one or input devices (such as a keyboard, mouse or the like). Such a user station may permit an operator to interface with and manage or control the game server 44, such as to change operator settings and the like. The game server 44 might also comprise a router and one or more separate computing devices. The functions of the various computing devices might be segregated.
Although additional details of the game servers 44 are described below, in general, the game servers 44 are configured to provide the gaming terminals 22 with executable game code or software, game results and/or other game information for use by the gaming terminals 22 in presenting one or more games to one or more players.
In this regard, the one or more gaming terminals 22 are in communication with the one or more game servers 44 at one or more times. For example, the gaming terminals 22 and the one or more game servers 44 may be linked via one or more communication links 46. These communication links 46 may be wired and/or wireless and may be dedicated, shared, part of a LAN, WAN or other network, including the Internet 48.
As described below, a particular advantage of the invention is that it permits different game vendors to present games on gaming terminals 22 which belong to a third party. For example, relative to the system 20 illustrated in FIG. 2, a plurality of gaming terminals 22 may be located on the floor of a casino. The gaming terminals 22 may be owned or leased by the casino. Likewise, those gaming terminals 22 may be linked the one or more terminal control servers 40 which are located at the casino, such as in a back room.
In one configuration, the gaming terminals 22 and at least one terminal control server 40 may be supplied by a particular gaming manufacturer and thus have particular operating characteristics. In accordance with the invention, one or more of the game servers 44 may be provided by the gaming manufacturer or casino or be operated by the gaming manufacturer or casino. Most importantly, however, one or more of the game servers 44 may be operated by one or more third party vendors (other than the casino or manufacturer/operator of the gaming terminals 22 and terminal control server 40). For example, as illustrated in FIG. 2, a Vendor A may operate a first game server, a Vendor B may operate a second game server and a Vendor C may operate a third game server. Each of these vendors may develop and supply their own game code to the gaming terminals 22, whereby each vendor's games may be presented on those terminals.
Additional aspects of the system will be described with reference to FIG. 3. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the system 20 is configured so that the game processes and system or machine processes associated with a gaming terminal 22 are segregated. In general, this permits the game processes to be independent from the system processes. As described below, this has numerous advantages.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, a gaming terminal 22 has a game process layer 100. The game process layer 100 may be implemented as hardware or software, such as by software which is executed by the gaming controller of the gaming terminal 22. In one embodiment, the game process layer 100 comprises a platform which permits the gaming terminal 22 to execute game code in a variety of formats, configurations or protocols, such as well-known generic formats or configurations such as Adobe FLASH, HMTML x, and others. Preferably, the game process layer 100 is configured to execute or implement game code for presenting a game, including generating game information for presentation to the player of the gaming terminal. Such information may comprise, for example, image information for display by the video display of the gaming terminal.
The gaming terminal 22 also has a system process layer 102. The system process layer 102 may be implemented as hardware or software, such as by software which is executed by the gaming controller of the gaming terminal 22. In one embodiment, the system process layer 102 comprises a platform for controlling the gaming terminal 22 and executing game-supporting functionality. As described below, such may comprise the control of the various peripheral devices of the gaming terminal 22 (such as the buttons 34, card reader 36, bill validator 28 such as illustrated in FIG. 2), executing accounting, player tracking and other functions, such as tracking monetary credits at the gaming terminal 22, executing "cash-out" and other functions which are associated with the operation of the gaming terminal 22.
As illustrated, game code or game information may be provided to the gaming terminal 22 by a plurality of vendors. For example, a Vendor 1 may utilize a game server 44 for providing game code or game information corresponding to one or more Vendor 1 games. Likewise, other vendors may utilize one or more game servers 44 for providing game code or game information corresponding to their games.
In a preferred embodiment, the game information includes information regarding the outcomes of one or more games. In particular, game outcomes are preferably generated by the game servers 44 and are transmitted to the gaming terminals 22. The gaming terminal 22 uses the outcome information to present the one or more games. As one example, a vendor may transmit base game information regarding a game from their game server 44 to a gaming terminal 22. Such information might comprise the images of cards, slot symbols or other indicia, entire page displays, graphical user interface information or the like. The gaming terminal 22 may utilize such game information, along with game outcome information, to display or present a game to a player. For example, a game server 44 may transmit image files corresponding to a game interface and various cards. The game server 44 may also transmit a game outcome, such as data which represents the game outcome of a "Full House" win comprising the cards "A♦, A♥, K
, K♥, K
" to the gaming terminal 22. The game process layer 100 of the gaming terminal 22 may utilize that game outcome information and the card image information to display those cards on the display of the game terminal to the player.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each vendor's game code corresponding to one or more games may be downloaded to the gaming terminal 22, such as via the above-described communication link 46. That game code is preferably associated with the game process layer 100 of the gaming terminal 22. As illustrated in FIG. 3, a gaming terminal 22 may thus have the game code from multiple different vendors associated with its game process layer 100.
Most importantly, the vendor's game code does not have to be coded in accordance with a proprietary gaming machine protocol or a protocol which makes the game code compatible with the system protocol or functionality of the gaming terminal 22. Instead, the vendor's game code may merely be coded in accordance with one or more generic and/or widely recognized protocols. Further, the gaming terminal 22 may accept game code from different vendors, which sets of game code are not coded in accordance with the same protocol. For example, Vendor A's game code may operate using Adobe FLASH protocol while Vendor B's game code may operate using HTML x protocol.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the game process layer 100 and the system process layer 102 are not linked at the gaming terminal 22. Instead, integration of the game and system functionality occurs at or via the terminal control server 40.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, the system process layer 102 of the gaming terminal 22 communication with the terminal control server 40. In a preferred embodiment, the system process layer 102 may implement or employ a proprietary protocol, such as a gaming terminal system control and communication protocol. This protocol is preferably compatible with the terminal control server 44.
As also illustrated in FIG. 3, the game process layer 100 of the gaming terminal 22 also communicates with the terminal control server 40. As illustrated, such communications are preferably via the vendor's game server 44. In one embodiment, the communications are according to an "integration" protocol or the communications are "translated" at the terminal control server 40.
For example, in one embodiment, Vendor 1 may code their game code in accordance with an HTML x protocol. When a Vendor 1's game is presented at a gaming terminal 22, the gaming terminal 22 may communicate game activities to Vendor 1's game server 44. Vendor 1's game server may implement a translation engine which translates the game activity information into a standardized integration protocol. That translated information may then be transmitted to the terminal control server 40 for use by the terminal control server 40 in controlling the gaming terminal via the system process layer 102 of the gaming terminal 22.
Of course, each vendor may employ a different translation engine or more than one translation engine which permits their particular game code to integrate with the terminal control server 40.
In another embodiment, direct communications could occur between the game process layer 100 of the gaming terminal 22 and the terminal control server 40. In such a configuration, the terminal control server 40 could employ or implement one or more translation engines. For example, activity information relating to a game which is implemented via HTML x protocol might be translated with a first engine or translator at the terminal control server 40, while that which is implemented by Adobe FLASH protocol might be translated with a second engine or translator at the terminal control server 40.
Most importantly, as indicated above, the game and system activities associated with the gaming terminal 22 are linked at the terminal control server 40. A variety of examples will illustrate this aspect of the invention.
As one example, Game A belonging to Vendor 1 may be implemented by the game process layer 100 of the gaming terminal 22. As a result of a game win of that game, the player may be awarded 500 monetary credits. As will be appreciated, the game code which is executed in the game process layer 100 may present the game win and winning award. The winning outcome and award may be determined by Vendor 1's game server 44. Vendor 1's game server 44 may translate the 500 credit win and transmit that information to the terminal control server 40 (or such information might be transmitted to the terminal control server and then be translated). The terminal control server 40 may utilize this information to transmit a control instruction (using a gaming terminal communication protocol) to the system process layer 102 of the gaming terminal 22, such as to cause the gaming terminal 22 to indicate a new credit balance on the video display of an additional 500 monetary credits.
As another example, a player may wish to play Game B belonging to Vendor 2. During the game the player may be required to provide input regarding a selection of one or more playing cards. The player may depress a button of the gaming terminal 22. This input may be detected by the system process layer 102 of the gaming terminal 22 and then be transmitted to the terminal control server 40. The terminal control server 40 may either translate the input or transmit that input to Vendor 2's game server 44, at which point the input is translated to the appropriate game protocol and then transmitted to the game process layer 100 of the gaming terminal 22. The game may thus accept the player's input and, in response to that input present the next portion of the game.
It will be appreciated that a wide variety of features and functions may be implemented in the above-described fashion and that the terminal control server 40 may include various engines or managers for integrating the game and system functions. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the terminal control server 40 may include a wallet/credit management engine 104, a peripheral management engine 106 and a main manager engine 108. The wallet/credit management engine 104 may, for example, translate and manage monetary actions associated with the gaming terminal 22, including acceptance of currency, coins, monetary value tickets, coded financial cards, or other financial instruments or devices, the wagering of credits by a player and the award of winnings as a result of game play or otherwise. The peripheral management engine 106 may manage or control the various peripheral devices of each gaming terminal 22, including the displays, buttons, touch-screens, bill validators, card readers, scanners, currency issuing devices, keypads and other devices. Such engines may comprise combinations of hardware and/or software, such as a main processor which executes software modules corresponding to each of said engines.
It will be appreciated that the system 20 and the various elements thereof may have various configurations in accordance with the invention. For example, while the system 20 illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 have third party vendor servers 44, it is possible for the casino or gaming terminal or system manufacturer to also operate one or more game servers for providing game content. For example, a casino might operate their own game server to enable the casino to direct associate their own games with their gaming terminals 22 (such as in addition to games which are offered by third party vendors).
The system 20 might also include a variety of additional features or elements or connect to other devices or systems. For example, a casino may operate a player tracking system which utilizes one or more player tracking servers to track player game play, as is well known in the art. The terminal control server 40 may communicate with a player tracking server or system, such as to report aspects of player game play at a gaming terminal 22. As another example, a casino may operate an accounting system which includes one or more accounting servers to track monetary amounts which are provided to gaming terminals 22, credits which are wagered, credits which are won and/or the movement of credits or monies between gaming terminals 22. Once again, the terminal control server 40 may communicate with such a server or system, such as to report a player's wagering of credits at a gaming terminal 22 or the award of winnings to a player as a result of game play.
As indicated above, the invention has application to gaming terminals 22 other than casino-style gaming machines. For example, the system of the invention may be utilized to present one or more games to a player who is utilizing a mobile or portable electronic device. Such devices might include, but are not limited to, a laptop, PDA or tablet. In one configuration, a player may download game code which enables the mobile or portable electronic device to present games in similar fashion to that described above (in such a configuration, the mobile or portable electronic device may have one or more wireless communication links to other devices, such as to a game server and a terminal control server.
In one embodiment, a casino, hotel or other entity might provide such devices to players, such as by checking them out at a front desk or the like. Further, such entities might cause other information to be presented to players. For example, a hotel might operate its own server 44. A player using a hotel tablet might access games from multiple third party vendors. At the same time, the hotel may utilize their server 44 to present music, hotel information or other media to the player.
As indicated above, the gaming terminal 22 may be linked to a player tracking server or system, such as through the terminal control server 40. Of course, the same may be true if the gaming terminal 22 comprises such a handheld or mobile electronic device. For example, such a handheld or mobile electronic device could link to a player tracking system or server via a communication link with the terminal control server 40 or via another communication link and/or interface. In such a configuration, the handheld or mobile communication device could be multi-functional to serve as both a player tracking device and present one or more games via the remote game servers 44 (for example, the handheld or mobile communication device may be linked to or identify a specific player, whereby any play of games by the player using the device thus identifies the player; further, player rewards, promotions and the like may be directed to the player by directing such to the handheld device which is assigned to that player).
In one embodiment, the system and method of the invention may be utilized to permit a player to play more than one game at a time (i.e. two or more games simultaneously or overlapping in time). Further, those games might be provided by two or more different game vendors. For example, a single player at a gaming terminal 22 might simultaneously play a first game associated with a first game vendor and a second game associated with a second game vendor (wherein, as described above, game information regarding the two games may be provided by two separate game servers 44 to the single gaming terminal 22).
Regardless of the configurations of the gaming terminals 22 (i.e. whether they are casino-style gaming machines, mobile electronic devices, kiosks or the like), management of credit or monetary value transactions may be centralized. As indicated above, the monetary value transaction management (tracking of monies input to the gaming terminals 22, credits wagered and won by players at the gaming terminals 22, monetary value or credits which are associated with player accounts when such accounts exist, etc.) may all be centralized at the terminal control server 40. As indicated above, the terminal control server 40 may directly manage monetary value transactions, such as via a wallet/credit management engine 104. In other embodiment, all monetary value transaction information may be routed through the terminal control server 40 to one or more external management devices, such as an existing casino accounting system or a third party accounting system or the like.
The system of the present invention has numerous advantages over the prior art. First and foremost, the gaming system and gaming terminals do not require vendors to create and supply game code in accordance with a proprietary and unique platform or turn over their game code to the operator of the system so that their code can be modified for use on the system. Instead, game vendors can generate and provide game code in accordance with one or more well known, public and/or non-proprietary protocols or configurations. In fact, different vendors may supply game code which utilizes different protocols. This is highly advantageous for a number of reasons. First, a game vendor can generate game code using well known protocols rather than unique and proprietary protocols. This results in substantial time savings because the game vendor need not learn a new and proprietary protocol or be required to create their game code in multiple variations using different protocols for different applications. Second, the vendor's game code can be used in conjunction with different gaming terminals and systems without having to be generated in multiple formats. For example, the vendor might create game code using Adobe FLASH for an online implementation and then provide that same game code for use on the gaming terminals of the present invention (without having to re-write the original game code to conform to some unique and different protocol just so the game can be offered on a gaming machine).
In addition, in accordance with the invention, the game vendor does not lose control of their game code. As a first aspect, the vendor's game code (or just game information associated therewith) can be directly provided by the vendor to the gaming terminals. As a second aspect, in a configuration where the gaming terminals report game activity through the vendor to the terminal control server, the vendor is able to store, view and/or audit game activity associated with their game code. For example, the vendor can then track how many times their games are played at each gaming terminal, the size of the player wagers, amounts won or lost, etc.
It will be understood that the above described arrangements of apparatus and the method there from are merely illustrative of applications of the principles of this invention and many other embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
1. A gaming system comprising:
at least one gaming terminal, said gaming terminal comprising:
a housing;
at least one display device configured to display wagering game information;
one or more peripheral component; and
at least one controller comprising a game process layer configured to implement game features and a separate system process layer configured to control said terminal, including said peripheral component;
at least one terminal control server, said at least one terminal control server configured to transmit gaming terminal control instructions to said at least one gaming terminal for use by said system process layer of said at least one gaming terminal in controlling said terminal, including said peripheral components thereof, in response to information regarding said game presented at said at least one gaming terminal, wherein said terminal control server is configured to receive said information regarding said game from a game server.
2. The gaming system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising at least one game server, said game server configured to generate game information and transmit said game information to said at least one gaming terminal for use by said game process layer in presenting said wagering game to said player.
3. The gaming system in accordance with claim 2 wherein said game process layer is configured to utilize game information which is provided in a plurality of protocols.
4. The gaming system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said game process layer is configured to utilize game information which is provided in the plurality of protocols from a plurality of different game vendor servers.
5. The gaming system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said game process layer and said system process layer are implemented as machine readable code executed at a processor of said gaming terminal.
6. A method of presenting a wagering game to a player of a server-based gaming terminal comprising:
receiving game information provided by a game server at said gaming terminal, said game information including at least a result of said wagering game generated by said game server;
utilizing a game process layer of said gaming terminal to present said game information via at least one display of said gaming terminal to said player;
transmitting gaming terminal control instructions from a terminal control server;
receiving said gaming terminal control instructions at said gaming terminal;
utilizing a system process layer of said gaming terminal to control one or more peripheral devices of said gaming terminal using said gaming terminal control instructions; and
transmitting player input instructions from said system process layer of said gaming terminal to said terminal control server for use by said game server in generating said game information.
7. The method in accordance with claim 6 wherein said game information comprises images of cards or other game symbols.
8. The method in accordance with claim 6 further comprising the step of receiving player input instructions via a peripheral device of said gaming terminal at said system process layer.
a plurality of game servers which are configured to generate game information, said game information comprising at least information regarding an outcome of a game, at least two of said game servers configured to generate game information in accordance with at least two different protocols;
at least one gaming terminal configured to:
process game information received from said plurality of game servers via a game process layer and present said game information to a player thereof utilizing at least one display device; and
control machine components of said gaming terminal via a system process layer, including receiving player input to said gaming terminal via one or more peripheral devices and provide output to said player via said one or more peripheral devices;
at least one terminal control server, said terminal control server configured to communicate with said system process layer of said at least one gaming terminal and said plurality of game servers to provide player input instructions relating to a game being presented at one of said gaming terminal to the associated game server for use by said game server in generating said game information, and for receiving game information from said game server for use in generating gaming terminal control instruction for use by said system process layer of said gaming terminal to control said gaming terminal; and
at least one communication link between said plurality of game servers and said at least one gaming terminal, at least one communication link between said plurality of game servers and said at least one terminal control server, and at least one communication link between said plurality of gaming terminals and said at least one terminal control server.
10. The gaming system in accordance with claim 9 wherein said player input to said gaming terminal comprises a wager, said system process layer is configured to send information regarding said input to said terminal control server and said terminal control server is configured to transmit information regarding said wager to one of said game servers.
11. The gaming system in accordance with claim 9 wherein said game process layer and said system process layer at said gaming terminal are implemented by at least one processor of said gaming terminal.
12. A gaming system comprising:
at least one terminal control server, said at least one terminal control server has game activity information, is configured to communicate with at least one game server and is configured to transmit gaming terminal control instructions to said at least one gaming terminal for use by said system process layer of said at least one gaming terminal in controlling said terminal, including said peripheral components thereof, in response to information regarding said game presented at said at least one gaming terminal.
13. The gaming system in accordance with claim 12, said game server configured to generate game information and transmit said game information to said at least one gaming terminal for use by said game process layer in presenting said wagering game to said player.
14. The gaming system in accordance with claim 13 wherein said game process layer is configured to utilize game information which is provided in a plurality of protocols.
15. The gaming system in accordance with claim 12 wherein said game process layer is configured to utilize game information which is provided in the plurality of protocols from a plurality of different game vendor servers.
16. The gaming system in accordance with claim 12 wherein said terminal control server is configured to receive said information regarding said game from a game server.
17. The gaming system in accordance with claim 12 wherein said game process layer and said system process layer are implemented as machine readable code executed at a processor of said gaming terminal.
18. A method of presenting a wagering game to a player of a server-based gaming terminal comprising:
transmitting gaming terminal control instructions from a terminal control server, said terminal control server has game activity information and is configured to communicate with said game server;
19. The method in accordance with claim 18 wherein said game information comprises images of cards or other game symbols.
20. The method in accordance with claim 18 further comprising the step of receiving player input instructions via a peripheral device of said gaming terminal at said system process layer.
a plurality of game servers which are configured to generate game information, said game information comprising at least information regarding an outcome of a game, at least two of said game servers configured to generate game information in accordance with different protocols;
at least one terminal control server, said terminal control server has game activity information and is configured to communicate with said system process layer of said at least one gaming terminal and said plurality of game servers to provide player input instructions relating to a game being presented at one of said gaming terminal to the associated game server for use by said game server in generating said game information, and for receiving game information from said game server for use in generating gaming terminal control instruction for use by said system process layer of said gaming terminal to control said gaming terminal; and
22. The gaming system in accordance with claim 21 wherein said player input to said gaming terminal comprises a wager, said system process layer is configured to send information regarding said input to said terminal control server and said terminal control server is configured to transmit information regarding said wager to one of said game servers.
23. The gaming system in accordance with claim 21 wherein said game process layer and said system process layer at said gaming terminal are implemented by at least one processor of said gaming terminal.
US13/452,393 2012-04-20 2012-04-20 Architecture for server-based casino gaming machine system Active 2032-11-12 US9087430B2 (en)
US13/452,393 US9087430B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2012-04-20 Architecture for server-based casino gaming machine system
PCT/IB2013/000743 WO2013156848A1 (en) 2012-04-20 2013-04-19 Architecture for server-based casino gaming machine system
US13/865,500 Continuation-In-Part US9569919B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2013-04-18 Architecture for server-based casino gaming machine system
US13/452,393 Active 2032-11-12 US9087430B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2012-04-20 Architecture for server-based casino gaming machine system
US9224268B2 (en) 2012-12-10 2015-12-29 Bally Gaming, Inc. Gaming system with privacy features
AU2014244234A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2015-10-29 Encore Gaming, Llc Apparatus, system and method for electronic gaming
US20050221898A1 (en) 2003-09-04 2005-10-06 Cyberscan Technology, Inc. Universal game server
US20080026829A1 (en) * 2003-03-28 2008-01-31 Oneida Indian Nation Cashless gaming system and method with monitoring
US20080274785A1 (en) * 2004-06-10 2008-11-06 Stephen Byng Gaming System
US20090036203A1 (en) 2007-03-12 2009-02-05 Philip Jeffrey Anderson Systems and methods for server-based gaming
US20100105454A1 (en) 2006-04-13 2010-04-29 Igt Methods and systems for interfacing with a third-party application
US20100113148A1 (en) * 2008-11-04 2010-05-06 Quado Media Inc. Multi-player, multi-screens, electronic gaming platform and system
US20100124990A1 (en) * 2008-11-14 2010-05-20 Bally Gaming, Inc. Apparatus, method, and system to provide a multiple processor architecture for server-based gaming
US20100167822A1 (en) * 2000-10-17 2010-07-01 Igt Multi-system gaming terminal communication device
US8012015B2 (en) 2006-11-15 2011-09-06 Cfph, Llc Verifying whether a gaming device is communicating with a gaming server
US20110269529A1 (en) 2010-04-28 2011-11-03 Igt Systems, Apparatus and Methods for Providing Gaming Applications
US20120021835A1 (en) 2005-02-11 2012-01-26 Iprd Labs Llc Systems and methods for server based video gaming
US8109823B2 (en) 2012-02-07 Gaming machine with wild symbol feature
US9076293B2 (en) 2015-07-07 Method and apparatus for using conditional parameters to alternate between wagering games
US8016666B2 (en) 2011-09-13 Linking component, system, and method for providing additional services at a gaming machine
US7909689B2 (en) 2011-03-22 Methods and apparatus for remote gaming
US8613659B2 (en) 2013-12-24 Virtual ticket-in and ticket-out on a gaming machine
US10297105B2 (en) 2019-05-21 Redemption of virtual tickets using a portable electronic device
US9155968B2 (en) 2015-10-13 System and method for tournament gaming using social network based team formation
US8096877B2 (en) 2012-01-17 Gaming system, gaming device and gaming method providing stacking symbols
US20040259627A1 (en) 2004-12-23 Method and apparatus for alternate display information
US20040198486A1 (en) 2004-10-07 Method and apparatus for determining and presenting outcomes at a gaming device
US20050119045A1 (en) 2005-06-02 Game system and gaming management method
US7901294B2 (en) 2011-03-08 Method and apparatus for enabling a player to simultaneously control game play on multiple gaming devices
US20110039615A1 (en) 2011-02-17 Determination of game result using random overall outcome
US20100323780A1 (en) 2010-12-23 Gaming device having increased award frequency
AU2001280853B2 (en) 2006-12-21 Card-operated gaming system
US9299223B2 (en) 2016-03-29 Controlling bingo game interactivity
US8608569B2 (en) 2013-12-17 Graphic capture in a mobile loyalty network
US20100062843A1 (en) 2010-03-11 Apparatus and methods for an account based gaming system
US10121318B2 (en) 2018-11-06 Bill acceptors and printers for providing virtual ticket-in and ticket-out on a gaming machine
US8734232B2 (en) 2014-05-27 System and method for games having a skill-based component
US9367835B2 (en) 2016-06-14 Retrofit devices for providing virtual ticket-in and ticket-out on a gaming machine
US9547954B2 (en) 2017-01-17 Associating mobile device with electronic gaming machine
US10140814B2 (en) 2018-11-27 Mobile payment and credit integration into a wagering game machine
US20090124355A1 (en) 2009-05-14 System for attributing gameplay credit to a player
Owner name: CASINO TECHNOLOGY, AD, BULGARIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BORISSOV, MILO;MCKEE, ROSSI;ROUJINOV, MANOL ATANASSOV;REEL/FRAME:035974/0541
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YR, SMALL ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M2551); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY


In this webinar, Raj Kamath, PhD, Project Director, AbbVie, will present a QSP model of targeted anabolic growth factors for intra-articular injection for the treatment of diseased joints which was created during a collaboration between Applied BioMath and AbbVie. The QSP model was used to systematically map out drug-and target-parameter space to identify tradeoffs between target and drug properties and to identify key missing data, as well as, guide drug development and discovery of disease-retaining bispecific antibodies for Osteoarthritis.
As part of this collaboration, species specific models of rat, dog, and human were developed to enable cross species translation and integration of preclinical data. The model simulations and analysis identified the efficacy receptor turnover rate as a key parameter for establishing dose feasibility. This differentiated between some potential targets in cases where high receptor turnover rate may make dosing a challenge. The model also enabled the identification of the requirements for the targeting epitope and targeting arm affinity to maximize therapeutic window and tissue targeting.
To register, visit www.appliedbiomath.com/webinar. For more information about Applied BioMath's upcoming events, visit www.appliedbiomath.com/news-resources/events.


text:
Зверху: Чоловіки в осінньо-зимовому взуттіХлопчик, одягнутий у панар і понсктЕрзянка у типовому весільному вбранніЖінка у головному уборі — сорокаЖінка у стилізованому ерзянському костюмі з пулаємЗнизу: Молоді незаміжні дівчата у традиційному одязіЕрзянська родина у типовому повсякденному вбранні

Ерзянський національний одяг (костюм) () — сукупність традиційного народного вбрання, яке відображає культурно-національні особливості ерзянського народу; один з найбагатших видів народного мистецтва ерзян.

Загальні риси
Історія народного вбрання ерзян тісно пов'язана з традиціями інших народів, насамперед мокшан, удмуртів, марійців, які жили і живуть по сусідству, і в яких спостерігається багато подібних елементів на всіх культурних рівнях.

Наявність загальних витоків серед фінно-угорських народів, а також близькість їх культур, особливо ерзян з мокшанами, є причиною відображення ряду спільних деталей національного вбрання і прийомів його оформлення, коріння яких сягає І-го — початку II тисячоліття. Своєї завершеної художньо-виразної форми національне вбрання досягло лише у середині XIX ст.

Відмінною рисою ерзянського одягу вважається вишивка: її орнамент, техніка та кольорова гамма. Забарвлення вишивки мало чотири основні кольори: чорний з синім відтінком, темно-червоний, жовтий і зелений. Орнаментальні малюнки відображали філософський погляд ерзян на навколишній світ, а техніка мала символічне навантаження (орнаменти «зміїна головка», «курячі лапки», «козячі копитця», «крильця», «ялинові гілки», «сонячні вузлики», «зірочки» та інші).

Чоловіче вбрання
Основними складовими історичного чоловічого ерзянського костюма були сорочка () і штани (), пошиті з домотканого грубого полотна. Сорочки зазвичай носили «на випуск».

Навесні і восени одягали поверх пальто (). Взимку — шубу з овчин, або тулуп.

Головними уборами були валяні шапки білого і чорного кольору. Улітку для роботи в полі одягали полотняний ковпак. Узимку носили шапку-вушанку або малахай.

Традиційним взуттям були личаки () з липи або в'язя. Святковим видом взуття були чоботи зі шкіри корови або молодого теля (). Взимку носили сірі та чорні (іноді білі) валянки. Перед надяганням взуття ноги огортали онучами: нижніми () огортали ступні, верхніми () — литки.

Чоловіче народне вбрання вийшло з ужитку у XVIII—XIX ст. У повсякденному житті не зустрічається.

Жіноче вбрання
Основу історичного жіночого ерзянського костюма становлять сорочки ( і ). Обидві характеризується, насамперед, кількістю вишивки, густо вкритою на більшій частині полотна. Поверх сорочки жінки іноді одягали на кшталт сукні (), що було схоже на сарафан.

Елементом верхньої частини вбрання був розпашний одяг ( або ). Поверх сорочок іноді носили безрукавки, зазвичай приталені. Навесні і восени верхнім одягом, як і у чоловіків, служило пальто (). Взимку — овчинні шуби.

Невід'ємними частинами жіночого костюма були пояс ( або ) та фартух. У свою чергу фартух ділився на два види: з грудкою (), і без грудки (). Фартух обов'язково був прикрашений підвісками, дзвіночками, або бісером та бусами (у пізніші часи). Пояс теж мав обов'язкову прикрасу — пулай, яку підв'язували ззаду, трохи нижче талії, на стегнах. Молоді дівчата носили легий пулай, старі жінки — важкий. Чим старіше була жінка — тим важче становився пулай. У святковому вбранні на пулай ще зверху надягали бісерний пояс ().

Особливе місце, як елементу жіночого вбрання, відводилося прикрасам — намисту, фібулам тощо, носіння яких свідчило про забезпеченість і добробут сім'ї.

Головні убори серед жінок різнилися. У молодих дівчат найпоширенішим видом головного убору була налобна пов'язка у вигляді обруча, обтягнута тканиною й оздоблена вишивкою, бісером, тасьмою тощо, в той час як у заміжніх жінок волосся повністю приховувалося і використовувалися прості або складні головні убори. До простих відносилися рушникові платки та хустки, а складні мали тверду основу і були циліндрові, напівциліндрові, конусоподібними, рідше — лопатоподібними (). Найпоширенішим головним убором була сорока.

Жіноче народне вбрання практично вийшло з ужитку укінці XIX — на початку XX століть. Нині використовується лише у фестивалях, святах, інших культурних або церемоніальних заходах.

Див. також
 Ерзянський фольклор
 Татарське національне вбрання
 Чуваське національне вбрання

Примітки

Посилання
 Национальный костюм мордвы
 Национальный костюм  // Филиал ГРДНТ им. В. Д. Поленова «ФУКЦ РФ»

Література
 Мордовский народный костюм: Альбом / Сост.: Т. П. Прокина, М. И. Сурина.- Саранск: Мордовское книжное издательство, 1990. — 382 с.
 Мордовия // Энциклопедия костюма. Праздничные народные костюмы Европы и Европейской части России

Культура Мордовії
Ерзя
Національні костюми


text:
The Liquid World Paintings; A Brief Explanataion
In 2002 I traveled to Roatan, Honduras, the location of a marine reserve park. There, using scuba diving as a tool, something I had been preparing for during the previous two years, I photographed for the first time the liquid world. The experience of diving was a revelation to me. "To go underwater is simply not a natural activity. We enter a hostel element where the most basic fuel, air, is unattainable. To survive, we must take it with us"1. This experience of immersion in a non-terrestrial, environment with its inherent risks, heightened focus and the dramatic alteration of colour, space and atmosphere; the feeling of weightlessness and the unfamiliar life forms of the aquatic world have had a profound impact on the subject matter and content of my painting.
Since this experience, I have been researching, developing, and producing a series of paintings of coral reefs and the liquid world based on my photographs and experiences of scuba diving. These photographic records have surprised me in their unexpectedly sensuous richness, their visual complexity and their depth of meaning. Photography is my research tool, functioning as sketchbook that provides me with a verifiable image of moments of nature that are fleeting. It is a reminder of other experiences rooted in memory and the body. The photographs taken, while being representations of the dive site, function not only as a visual record but are reminders of all the information, such as temperature, sensation, witnessing and moving physically through space, and the physicality of the subject matter. It is the dive itself that inspires the work. The paintings therefore are not copies of the photograph. Artistic research is done during the event through personal experience and documentation. My painting practice is based as much on the sensory, ephemeral and experiential information derived from the experience itself as it is on the mediated content of the photograph.
I have always been interested in the contemporary and historical language of painting and the dialogue in art that exists between past and present, theory and practice. The liquid world paintings that I have commenced make these connections in multiple ways and are open to many possible readings. What struck me first about the dive experience and the photographs I had taken was the uncanny resemblance to the pictorial conventions of Baroque painting. The chiaroscuro lighting, atmospheric depth and weightless floating of the divers and fish recollect the space of the Baroque in which angel and divers, fish and cherubs could easily be interchanged as the figural elements. The possibility these photographs records represent to link the profoundly technological, contemporary experience of scuba diving with the historical stylistic conventions of Baroque painting create an entanglement of the past and the present. "Art does not exist outside history. It exists as a perception of the past, which in turn becomes anticipation of the future." 2 This contiguity between past and present enables me to break from the endless cycle of searching for new stylistic tropes and provides me with the visual vocabulary to express new meanings with new subject matter grounded in the traditions and history of painting.
The ocean is a threatened eco system. The coral reefs are dying By painting the liquid world I am painting part of the world that very few people get to see and drawing attention to a complex eco system and by extension drawing attention to its precarious state.
These painting are a personal and artistic record of this vanishing world, and I am driven to represent this world in visual terms.
1 Healing Waters, Neutral Buoyancy, Tim Escott, Grover Press, New York, Page 2
2 Lawrence Rozell, On Fellini's Satyricon
Han Gallery, June 14 - exhibition extended until July 31, 2018. 4109, Rue Ste Catherine Ouest, Westmount, (Montreal), Quebec
Watch the interview with Graham and Han Art Gallery assistant Kenza Gray:
Gallery Gevik, May 28 - June 24, 2016, 12 Hazelton Ave. Toronto, Ontario
© Graham Fowler 2014 - 2021


I am a student at UCDenver, working on a Major in 3D animation and double minoring in Leadership Studies and Art History.
I'll be keeping this blog as I go on the UHL Maymester to Ireland.
I will be traveling with Judy Coe, an Irish culture enthusiast, songwriter, and amazingly dedicated professor, as well as seven other UHL students. We will travel all over Ireland, and record out findings on our blogs.


text:
The Bern Left Me Cold
2016 Election, Bernie Bros, campaign, Democratic party, Democrats, DNCCC, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Las Vegas, Muricans, Nevada, protests, Republicans, Senator Bernie Sanders, violence
Adrienne BoettingerFriday,20 May 2016
It was clear months ago that there were no more grown-ups left in the room. Presidential candidates seemed caught between being in their "terrible two's" and the awkward bully stage of junior high school. So it shouldn't be surprising that now not only do Republican campaign events end in violence and threats; now the Democrats have decided to aim low as well.
That's what happened last weekend in Las Vegas when a healthy sampling of Bernie Bros didn't think they were afforded the respect their candidate deserved. They booed one of America's few female senators, Barbara Boxer, cursed and screamed, spread graffiti on the state's party headquarters and violently threatened the state's party chairwoman and her grandchild (!!! SERIOUSLY??? HER GRANDCHILD???), giving out her phone number and home address so that other bullies and trolls could threaten her. This went beyond the typical online attacks against women in politics, media, or attempting to have any type of public voice. This included texts and voicemails saying she should be publicly hung.
In response to this disgusting display of douchebaggery, Senator Bernie Sanders quickly condemned the violence and left no doubt as to his total and utter disavowal of the nasty tactics employed by some of his supporters. Except…he didn't do that — not even in the slightest. What he did was pander to his supporters' hurt bunny feelings that the Democratic party in Nevada didn't bow under to their spittle-flinging screams and he demanded the Democratic party, of which he has been a member for about 3 minutes, treat his followers with more respect.
The bulk of his statement in response to the violence in Nevada condemned the actions of the Democratic Party and somewhere in the middle said "it goes without saying that I condemn any and all forms of violence, including the personal harassment of individuals."
No, Senator Sanders, it does not go without saying that you condemn any and all forms of violence. How you could make that clear is if you condemned the violence and told your supporters that this type of action is deplorable and doesn't do anything for your cause. I didn't support you when you first started your campaign but I respected you and what I thought you stood for. Now I don't even know what you stand for anymore. Sure there are your repeated calls for a political revolution and taking down Wall Street but what does that actually mean? Harassing grandmothers and their grandchildren in Nevada? Threatening the Democratic Party and demanding respect when you don't ask your supporters to show any respect?
Before the campaign got to this point, you talked a good game. I watched the Democratic debates and was proud of the level of discourse, the in-depth policy discussions that went on, and the relative respect that the candidates showed for each other (at least in comparison to the cannibalistic shitshow that was every Republican debate). And now I'm saddened that you and your supporters seem to be telling everyone else in the party and the country to go to hell. I wasn't Feeling the Bern before and I'm sure as shit not feeling it now.
Adrienne Boettingercovers politics, news and other topics for TSD. All Posts Follow @twitterdev
Hat Tips:
Image Credit: Gage Skidmore on Flickr
Dear 'Muricans: Why I Dislike The Donald
Everything You Wanted To Know about the DNC 2016 in Philly (But Couldn't Bear to Watch)
Muslim: Teach Your Kids It's Not a Dirty Word
Superdelegates! Like Superheroes But Way Less Exciting
When I Am Queen of Everything: We Need More Whimsy, Dammit!
Get The Snap Download's iPhone App
Listen Now: "This Week In Jackassery" Podcast
Tweets by @TheSnapDownload


Stone makes an attractive, low-maintenance landscape. The stones shown below include cobblestones and flagstone for patios and walkways, thick blocky stone for retaining walls, slabs for stair treads, and decorative boulders.
We now carry Cambridge Paving Stones visit them online at http://www.cambridgepavers.com.


text:
Le Shackford Hall est un bâtiment scolaire américain situé à Lake Junaluska, dans le comté de Haywood, en Caroline du Nord. Il est inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le .

Liens externes

Registre national des lieux historiques en Caroline du Nord
Registre national des lieux historiques en 2001
Comté de Haywood (Caroline du Nord)


If you want to have a ship ready for every fleet you should get a Rapid Light Missile Cerberus, Armor Machariel and Arti-Shield Machariel. Also you should have a Blops of your choice and JDC V.
All capitals/fleetships should be moved to Aunenen or Nalvula IX - Moon 2 - Spacelane Patrol Assembly Plant . IF you need help with buying stuff or moving it to write me a mail and I will see what I can do.
PMAN was invented to solve the problem that the old payout system wasn't good and is a try to optimize the payout to get it as fair as possible. But keep in mind that it never will be perfect, there will be allways stuff that might not be counted in.
PMAN uses the data from the killboard, it runs multiple cronjobs that fetches data directly from CCP via API and it uses the posting of "roles". In the end it uses all this data to calculate the shares for the corp-members.
The shares consist of activity shares (data from the killboard) and of role shares (posted by FC's).
So basically if u are active e.g. in a camp u automatically get the activity share for this.
Roles have to be posted in PMAN by a FC/director. There are roles for camping and roles for bridging/wormholes/roamings.
10% of the loot will go to the corporation to pay fuel, bills and logistic ships.


GEDORE 1930 Reducer, 1/2" to 3/8"
Insulated Breaker Bar. 1/2" Drive. 11"/275mm OAL. Blade Chrome-vanadium steel, hardened. 1000Volt Rated.
Insulated Breaker Bar. 3/8" Drive. 9"/225mm OAL. Blade Chrome-vanadium steel, hardened. 1000Volt Rated.
Insulated Extension Bar. 1/4" Drive. 2"/50mm OAL. Chrome-vanadium steel. 1000Volt Rated.
Insulated Extension Bar. 1/4" Drive. 3.9"/100mm OAL. Chrome-vanadium steel. 1000Volt Rated.
Insulated Extension Bar. 3/8" Drive. 4.9"/125mm OAL. Chrome-vanadium steel. 1000Volt Rated.
Insulated Extension Bar. 3/8" Drive. 9.8"/250mm OAL. Chrome-vanadium steel. 1000Volt Rated.
Insulated Extension Bar. 1/2" Drive. 4.9"/125mm OAL. Chrome-vanadium steel. 1000Volt Rated.
Insulated Extension Bar. 1/2" Drive. 9.8"/250mm OAL. Chrome-vanadium steel. 1000Volt Rated.
Wiha 31460 Socket Adapter/Reducer 3/8-1/4"
Insulated Socket Adapter/Reducer 3/8" to 1/4". 2.75"/70mm OAL. Socket chrome-vanadium steel, forged, oil-hardened. 1000Volt rated.
Wiha 31650 Socket Adapter/Reducer 1/2 - 3/8"
InsulatedSocket Adapter/Reducer 1/2" to 3/8". 3.0"/76mm OAL. Socket chrome-vanadium steel, forged, oil-hardened. 1000Volt rated.
1/4" Drive Extension Bar for Sockets. 2.17''/50mm OAL. Hard chromed finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
1/4" Drive Extension Bar for Sockets. 3.93''/100mm OAL. Hard chromed finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
1/4" Drive Extension Bar for Sockets. 5.9''/150mm OAL. Hard chromed finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
1/4" Drive Wobble Extension. 3.93''/100mm OAL. Hard chromed finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
1/4" Drive Universal Joint. 1.4''/35mm OAL. Hard chromed finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
Wiha 60140 1/4" Drive Converter to 3/8"
1/4" Drive Flexible Extension. 4.72''/120mm OAL. Hard chromed finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
1/4" Drive Converter to 3/8". 1.06''/27mm OAL. Hard chromed finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8 Speed Brace. 11.97''/304mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Sliding T-handle. 7.9"/200mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Extension Bar. 4.92"/125mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Extension Bar. 2.95"/75mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Wobble Extension. 5.91"/150mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Extension Bar. 9.84"250mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Wobble Extension. 9.84"/250mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Universal Joint. 1.97"/50mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
Wiha 60260 3/8" Drive Converter to 1/2"
3/8" Drive Converter to 1/2". 1.38"/35mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
3/8" Drive Reversible Ratchet Varicat - 32 Tooth. 7.9"/200mm OAL. Forged ratchet body, satin finish, nickel and hard chrome finish. Spring-loaded retaining ball.
1/2" Drive Speed Brace. 15.9"/405mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, satin finish with spring-loaded retaining ball.
1/2" Drive Sliding T-handle. 11.8"/300mm OAL. Hard chrome finish, fully polished with spring-loaded retaining ball.