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Home Fishes Types of Trout
Types of Trout
Trout are prized by anglers for their superb sporting qualities, and valued by many people of the world for their culinary and nutritional excellence.
The trout has been transported and stocked in suitable waters around the world. Today trout are found in every continent except Antarctica.
Trout belong to the salmon (Salmonidae) family of freshwater fish. The trout is native to Europe, Asia and North America.
Trout Fishing In California: Species
Sea Trout Fishing (Salmo trutta)
Essential Rainbow Trout Facts
Trout Hybrid – Fish Farm Trout – Stock Fish – Wild Trout Life Cycle
Tackle, lines, knots and accessory suggestions for maximum fly-fishing success
Although trout vary widely in size and colour there are only three distinctly different types of trout:
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) of Europe and Asia
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of North America
Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) of North America
The Cutthroat Trout
The Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), native to North America, and named after the bright red markings across its throat; giving the superficial appearance of a cut throat, is not found in British waters.
Trout found in British waters
The native British trout is the Brown trout (Salmo trutta). Brown trout vary considerably in size and colour according to the water in which they live; camouflage colours blend with underwater surroundings and range from the yellow-brown-silver bodied, brightly speckled brown trout of bright-gravel bed waters, to the almost black colour of brown trout living in peaty-dark moorland waters.
Brown trout living in the still-waters of large lakes, Scottish lochs and Irish loughs vary in size and colour from one water to another, and sometimes the colour of the brown trout varies within the same water, influenced by the predominant colours of the underwater areas over which the trout normally feed, and type of water preferred: trout feeding primarily on crustaceans such as daphnia (water fleas), or freshwater shrimps, develop especially bright red and orange markings.
The Scottish Loch Trout
The size of a fully-grown mature trout is affected by:
the availability of nutritious natural food.
the amount of energy the trout has to expend to catch the food.
the size and depth of water.
The Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)
Brown trout living in fast flowing small streams use considerable energy holding position and swimming against the current. Mature small-stream brown trout may rarely exceed 227g(1/2) in weight.
Brown trout living in clean, well-oxygenated rivers which maintain a reasonably constant water level and plentiful supply of food, can exceed 2.27kg (5 lb) in weight. Those living in rivers and streams are solitary, territorial fish, prepare to defend their chosen territory, called a lie. They choose a lie offering security from predators, shelter from the current, and easy access to natural food carried on the current.
Favourite lies include: bank undercuts, holes or hollows; beneath overhanging trees, shrubs and submerged tree roots; behind submerged rocks, boulders/large stones, clumps of weed; in deep pools of water.
Brown trout living in the still-waters of lakes, reservoirs, pits and ponds are less solitary and territorial than those brown trout living in rivers and streams.
There is a little or no current in still-waters to bring trout a steady supply of natural food, so brown trout living in still-waters cannot rely on food-productive lies.
Brown trout living in still-waters must travel widely in search of prey and might cover considerable distances in the course of a day; though some find and frequent their own favourite feeding spots.
Brown trout living in food-rich large still waters (lakes, reservoirs, Scottish lochs and Irish Loughs) can exceed 4.5g(10 lb) in weight.
The Sea Trout (Salmo trutta)
Sea trout are brown trout that have chosen to live in the sea; returning to rivers and streams to breed (spawn).
Sea trout develop a bright silver color, speckled with dark spots.
At sea the sea trout feed in shoals and enjoy a high protein diet including: sprats, sand eels, young herrings, small fish, crabs, shrimps and prawns.
Rich sea-feeding results in rapid weight gain, and sea trout can double their original freshwater weight after one year at sea. The longer they live at sea the larger sea trout grow.
Sea trout can exceed 13.61kg(30 lb) in weight, through the majority caught with rod and line in rivers and streams scale between 1.36g(3 lb) and 4.53kg(10 lb) in weight.
After about 2-4 years at sea, the sea trout return to the fresh water of rivers and streams to breed (spawn). Most sea trout return to the rivers or streams of their birth to spawn, navigating by taste once they have reached the coastal region of the river estuary through which they first entered the sea. The fresh water of each individual river and stream has a unique taste, which the sea trout is able to discern and follow.
Some sea trout stay at sea for 5 or more years before returning to spawn in fresh water.
The Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)
The rainbow trout is a native of western North America, originating from the swift streams, lakes and rivers draining the vast Rocky Mountains, extending from Mexico, through the U.S.A and into Canada.
Rainbow trout eggs were first shipped to Britain in 1884, and the artificially hatched rainbow trout introduced to British waters. They grow at twice the speed of brown trout, and after two years can top 2.72kg(6 lb) in weight. Those living in the large still-waters of lakes and reservoirs can exceed 6.80kg (15 lb) in weight.
The rainbow trout rarely breeds naturally in Britain and normally lives only 4-7 years.
The mature rainbow trout is a feast of colour: blue-green, silvery black with black spots; a shimmering rainbow-like flash of purple along its silvery-white, black speckled body.
In Britain, the rainbow trout is bred under artificial conditions by fish farms for stocking in rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, pits and ponds.
Rainbow trout thrive in the same waters as brown trout.
The rainbow trout, a non territorial fish, roves widely in search of food.
Unlike brown trout, the rainbow trout in rivers and streams seldom seek favourite lies from which to seize food carried to them on the current. Rainbow trout hunt a wide variety of food across considerable distances, feeding voraciously from water bottom to water surface throughout the day.
A mature rainbow trout can conscientiously feed its way along 0.80km(1/2 mile) of water within 60 minutes.
Rainbow trout are sociable fish and often shoal together in search of food, especially in still-waters.
The American Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
This American brook trout was misnamed by early British migrants to New England. The American brook trout is not a trout, but a Char and belongs to the Salvelinus family of freshwater fish.
Char are distant relatives of the trout; both families evolved from the same ancestor, Protothymallus, which lived 70 million years ago.
Attempts to introduce the American brook trout to British waters have been made since 1869, but with limited success; they seldom if ever breed in the wild in Britain, and have to be artificially reared by fish farms for stocking in suitable waters.
The American brook trout likes to live in cold-water streams and lakes, and has been stocked in some British rivers, streams and still-waters.
The American brook trout has a marble-patterned back, and green-blue sides, dotted with pale yellow-orange and yellow-brown spots.
The behavioural and feeding patterns of the American brook trout are similar to those of the brown trout, and both species can be fished for successfully using much the same methods.
American brook trout in British waters can exceed 2.27kg (5 lb) in weight; though an American brook trout of 1.1kg (21/2 lb) in weight should be considered a good size.
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This talk explores three concepts of system in engineering: systems theory, systems approach, and systems engineering. They are exemplified in three dimensions of engineering: science, design, and management. Unifying the three system concepts is the idea of function: functional abstraction in theory, functional analysis in design, and functional requirements in management. Signifying what a system is for, function is a purposive notion absent in physical science, which aims to understand nature. It is prominent in engineering, which aims to transform nature for serving the wants and needs of people.
Functional requirements: What exactly do you want?
Systems are everywhere in our daily discourse, from the solar system to home entertainment systems, from water treatment to national security systems. Railway networks and electric power grids are systems, so is the internet and the world wide web. Then there are the more intangible political, social, and financial systems. "The system works," people say when things go smoothly; "the system fails," when troubles strike. The commonsense notion of system is familiar: the system is a whole comprising interrelated parts with significant complexity; the system is not merely the sum of its parts. There seems to be no restriction on whether the related parts are animate of inanimate, people of things, hardware or software, concrete or abstract. Nevertheless, their interrelations, although complex, should be susceptible to some rational understanding. A muddled mess or an incomprehensible chaos is at best a failed system, if one at all.
"System" is a buzzword in technology studies, although its significance beyond the commonsense notion is obscure. Systems are said to be heterogeneous, but the heterogeneity often turns out to be a jumbling miscellany and the system a sausage with medley indifferentiable stuffing. Perhaps the most prominent notion of "system" is expressed by the metaphor of a "seamless web." Introduced by Thomas Hughes, the prime promoter of "systems thinking," it conveys the notions of holism, perfection, and resistance to analysis. It is popular in postmodern scholarship, which is hostile to rationality.
In his book Science of the Artificial, Herbert Simon gives the parable of two watchmakers, each designs a watch with a hundred parts. In the first design, the hundred parts are so thoroughly interrelated that the watch totally falls apart if any one is removed. The watch is expensive because it must be assembled in one breath and cannot be repaired by replacing parts. The second watch has similar performances, but its parts are grouped into ten modules, which can be replaced if defective. Because it is simple to assemble and easy to modify, the second watchmaker is able to offer his products at a lower price and drive the first watchmaker out of business.
Simon's first watch design is akin to a seamless web; his second design, an engineering system. A seamless web is good if perfect, but perfection is more often than not illusory. Seamless webs are prone to disasters, because they can be unraveled by the tiniest of loose ends. The effect of a tiny flaw propagating unhindered and creating web-wide havoc is one of the root causes of "normal accidents," as Charles Perrow called it. To control such disastrous scenarios is a major reason for modularity. To limit potential damages, engineers are careful to introduce seams and modular boundaries into their systems. An electric power grid provides an example. Once electricity is fed into the grid, it flows automatically according to physical laws and the conditions of the entire grid. The risk of such seamless configuration is well known. Effects of a small mishap, such a lightning striking out a transformer, can cascade though the grid, leading to power failures in large regions. The 1996 Northwest power blackout and the 2003 Northeast blackout each cost damages in excess of a billion dollars. Engineers tolerated the seamless web not because they deemed it superior but because they could do little about its faults. Until very recently, they had no way to switch high-voltage currents on the grid in real time. Even so, they did try their best to install gates between regions for damage control. New England escaped the 2003 Northeast blackout because the gate designed to disengage it from the grid worked in time – it was saved by a seam.
A system can operate seamlessly without being a seamless web. An example is the internet, which is a patchwork of many networks: landline telephone networks, wireless computer connections, satellite links, and more. All participating networks use packet switching. Otherwise each has its peculiar internal operating principles. A basic design principle of the internet is to preserve as much as possible the autonomy of these internal principles, so that each network can be individually modified and improved. To tie disparate network together in the internet, engineers design routers and protocols at the interface between two networks, so that signals can pass smoothly between them. The routers are seams, good seams. The superiority of an engineering system lies not in seamlessness but in its good seams or good interfaces between its parts.
Besides the illusion of perfection, the gist of the seamless-web metaphor and associated "systems thinking" is the holistic aura that shields it from critical analysis. The resistance to analysis makes them look profound, but they are basically obscure and muddled, which are major critiques of postmodern studies. In stark contrast, the systematic approaches in science and engineering strive for clarity.
Being profound is different from seeming profound. Tackling with real-world complexity is different from using the word "complexity" to decorate simplistic ideas dreamed up in arm chairs. Simon's parable is intended to illustrate an approach for designing complex artificial systems that must operate in the real world, but its wisdom applies equally to research in natural science. In principle, the universe is a whole in which everything is connected to all others. Gravity and electromagnetism, the two forces that act between all things above the nuclear level, have infinite ranges. However, if we must treat the universe as a seamless web and grasp everything in it at once, our tiny brains would be so overwhelmed that we would fail to understand anything at all. None of our concepts would be valid, because concepts invariably make distinctions and "carve nature at its joints," as Plato said.
Science is successful partly because scientists are content to proceed one step at a time, to bite off what they can chew, and refrain from confusing grandiloquent such as seamlessness. Instead of trying to tackle the whole universe at once, scientists take things apart and examine bits and pieces, acknowledging their own limitations. The methods of Socrates were said to be division and collection; Galileo, resolution and composition. Descartes and Newton discusses analysis and synthesis. Engineers practice functional decomposition and physical integration in systems design.
Analysis clarifies. Analysis is also called reduction, and "reductionism" to scientists means the importance of analysis. However, "reductionism" has also become a philosophical dogma asserting that a system is nothing but its constituents, e.g., you are nothing but your genes or neurons. Ideological reductionism, which slights synthesis, has engendered much debate in the philosophy of science, debates that generate more heat than light.
Holism rejects analysis and sees only the whole. Reductionism rejects synthesis and sees only the parts. The systems approach in engineering integrates analysis and synthesis. It brings to relief the dictionary definition of a system as a whole with interrelated parts, emphasizing internal structure.
Let us consider a familiar engineered system, an automobile. When you are driving it, it works as a unitary whole. Any trip to the garage will convince you that it is a system composed of many interrelated subsystems: power train, transmission, ignition, steering, braking, lubricating, suspension, and more. Each of these subsystems is in turn made up of many parts, for instance the clutch, stick shift, and gear box for transmission. The gear box in turn consists many components, and so on down to nuts and bolts.
Cars are designed by engineers. Their systems approach is illustrated in many textbooks by the Vee model, originally due to Forsberg and Mooz. The down stroke of the Vee represents functional analysis, the upward stroke physical synthesis.
When engineers want to design a car, they do not start with a bunch of nuts and bolts. They start with the car as a whole. Of course, the car does not yet exist. Thus they start with a conception of the intended car, more specifically, a set of functional requirements for it: what it is supposed to do, what performances are expected of it. To ascertain satisfactory functional requirements is usually an important and difficult task, especially when the system is very complex. We will return to it later in the context of systems engineering.
After design engineers have arrived at a satisfactory conception of the intended car, they proceed to functional analysis. They decompose the conceived car into functional subsystems with proper interfaces, e.g., a subsystem for power and a subsystem for transmission, and how the two are to work together. Then they further analyze a subsystem into its interrelated components, until they get manageable parts that can be specified to the last details. They have reached the bottom of the Vee. Turning the corner of the Vee, the thousands of parts are manufactured to specifications. They are then tested, brought together, and assembled into larger and larger subsystems, finally into a car ready for test drive. We are back at the top of the Vee, but this time we have a concrete system – a real car – instead of a mere conception of it.
Through functional decomposition, detailed design, and physical assembly, engineers know and specify the whole, its parts, and their interrelations clearly and at all compositional scales. The subsystems at intermediate levels are crucial for managing complex systems, for they enable engineers to introduce complex details one step at a time.
The systems approach, in which one analyzes the details of parts in order to know the whole, works not only in engineering but also in natural science. Consider for example systems biology, which aspires to study organisms as wholes. The idea appeared in the 1960s, but lied dormant because the properties of the biological constituents remained in the dark. Meanwhile, biologists analyzed organisms into organs and tissues and cells and molecules. Now molecular biologists have deciphered the genome of many organisms, including humans. They have reached the bottom of the Vee and gained tremendous amount of knowledge. Yet they found it falls far short for understanding organisms. Then they turn to synthesis and investigate how genes function in cells and organisms as wholes. As they do so, systems biology springs alive. Several universities, including Harvard here, are establishing departments of systems biology. Four decades of analyzing organic constituents turn systems biology from philosophy into science.
Analysis and synthesis focus on internal structures. A system in this focus is often, but not always, regarded as closed and isolated from the rest of the world. Idealization of closed systems is common in natural science; controlled experiments are designed to realize the ideals as much as possible. On the other hand, the ultimate purposes of engineering systems, be they cars or bridges, are to provide services to some external communities. Thus even when engineers focus on the internal structures of a system, they leave at least a crack at the door. The openings are represented in the system's functions, input, and output.
Given a set of functional requirements as ends, the systems approach as analysis-synthesis searches for means to best serve the ends. Systems engineering goes one step further to engage in analysis of ends to determine what functions are required of the system they are charged to design and build. The ends are ultimately decided by various social groups that hold interests in the intended system – clients, as engineers briefly call them. To help their clients in defining feasible and desirable ends, systems engineers negotiate and form working partnerships with them.
multidisciplinary teamwork: organization for development and management.
Many engineers avow that the most difficult task of a complex engineering project is to get the requirements right. The task depends crucially on the cooperation between systems engineers and their clients. For complex systems involving novel technologies, people are often uncertainty about what they want, or they are unrealistic in their expectations. When the clients divide into several groups, their desires often conflict. It is incumbent on systems engineers to help their clients to clarify their objectives: What exactly do you want? Can you afford it? If not, what options do you have?
Systems engineers consider both technical and contextual conditions. Consider an engineering project, the development of a passenger jetliner. (There are good accounts, by engineers and journalists, on the role of systems engineering in the development of the Boeing 777 jetliner in the 1990s). The major clients are the large airlines, each has its own requirements on range, speed, payload, price, fuel economy, and so on. Besides them, systems engineers also have to consult government aviation policies, environmental regulations, airport facilities, economic and demographic forecasts, and so on. To ensure that the designed airplane can be manufactured cost effectively, traveled on comfortably, operated safely, and maintained easily, systems engineers elicit opinions from manufacturers, passengers, pilots, flight attendants, and maintenance crews. They then have to make tradeoff among various requirements, for instance between ease of maintenance and lower manufacturing costs. Finally, having coordinated relevant requirements, they design into the airplane affordability, manufacturability, reliability, maintainability, user friendless, disposability, and a host of other -abilities – dispositional properties that they anticipate will function some time in its lifespan. They design time into being, which is the gist of concurrent engineering.
An airplane, or your car, is an inanimate thing. But it is more than that, because it also carries interfaces with its intended users. The gentle shape of your car's seat, the clean layout of its dashboard, are all designed with you in mind. The philosopher Martin Heidegger once contemplated Van Gogh's painting of a pair of peasant's shoe and saw in it the meaning of human existence. Use and readiness-to-hand also shine in engineered systems.
An airplane consists advanced materials, high performance engines, onboard computers, navigation and communications systems, and more. The development project of Boeing 777 alone involved some four thousand engineers with disparate expertise from many companies. Just to coordinate their efforts is a major management task for systems engineers. They are responsible for assembling experts in many areas, organizing them into cohesive multidisciplinary teams, integrating their knowledge, and bringing them to bear on the project.
Project management is facilitated by the systems approach of analysis-synthesis. In functional decomposition, systems engineers specify only the functional requirements of what a subsystem, for instance the onboard computer, is supposed to do. Then they let software engineers to figure out how to satisfy the requirements. In this way both parties can utilize their expertise maximally and yet still corporate tightly. They interact and negotiate on the requirements, but only where it counts, so that they do not suffer from micromanagement and counterproductive interferences.
Systems engineering combines technology development with strategic management, which plans ahead with long-term vision. Since the rise of large-scale industry and giant corporations, engineers had been among leaders of strategic management. They pioneered modern business administration in the nineteenth century and occupy many top executive offices today. Systems engineering attempts to articulate, rationalize, and develop best managerial practices, especially in high-technology areas. It originated in the Cold War and was revitalized in the 1980s, when American industry faced stiff commercial competition from Japan. The Japanese, especially Toyota Motors, are experts in systems engineering. So Americans analyzed Japanese practices and incorporated many of their innovations into systems engineering. The abstraction of general principles from one culture and apply it appropriately in another culture is a mark of scientific thinking, which transcends narrow cultural bounds.
Systems engineering is thriving. MIT and Stanford both created departments for it most recently.
Systems engineering, which stands at the interface between engineering and management, is conspicuously practical and down to earth. In contrast, systems theories, which lie at the core of engineering science, are mathematical and rather abstract. This in no way implies that systems theories are impractical; they are practical in a general way. Connecting them to systems engineering is the notion of function, through which systems theories are applied to particular designs.
Adam Smith, whose Wealth of Nations appeared in the same year as his friend Watt's steam engine, observed a relation between machines and abstract systems: "Systems in many respects resemble machines. A machine is a little system, created to perform, as well as to connect together, in reality, those different movements and effects which the artist has occasion for. A system is an imaginary machine invented to connect together in fancy those different movements and effects which are already in reality performed." Smith's remark adumbrated the abstraction from concrete machineries prevalent in engineering systems theories.
In a purposive context, a thing has two kinds of characteristic. The first are physical properties: its materials, structures, and motions. The second are functional characteristics: what it is for, what services it performs. Systems theories abstract from physical properties and bring to relief functional characteristics. Not surprisingly, systems abstraction is absent from physical sciences and peculiar to engineering, which aims to design systems that serve people.
We can distinguish two broad types of concepts. Substantive concepts address what are, things and their properties. Functional concepts address what for. Functions tacitly point to a context, the larger environment in which a system operates and provides services. Functional concepts occur less in physics than in biology, especially evolutionary biology, where natural selection selects adaptable functions. Functional concepts are sort of controversial in natural sciences, because they connote some sense of purpose. Evolutionary biologists who evoke them often refer to engineering; there functional concepts are intuitive, prominent, and successful. Among functional concepts are dispositional properties, which indicate what a thing would do under certain circumstances. Properties such as solubility and flammability occur in physics. They are much more numerous in engineering, whose cradle-to-grave considerations cover properties such as affordability, reliability, durability, manufacturabiliy, and a host of other abilities. Many of such dispositional properties are kind of abstract and intangible. To treat them property engineers have to introduce concepts to define them clearly and performance metrics to measure them. Such concept formation is a kind of scientific thinking.
Functions are paramount in engineering, because engineered systems are designed for service. Thus it is no surprise that they get the center stage of systems theory.
Examples of systems theories are control theory, information theory, theories for estimation and signal processing. Some systems theories, for example classical control, existed before WWII. But like elsewhere in engineering, a turning point occurred during the war. Mathematician Nobert Wiener introduced two concepts into engineering, probability and optimization, which revolutionized system theoretic thinking. His monograph was called "yellow peril" by engineers, because it had a yellow cover and because its difficult mathematics was overwhelming. But one generation later, engineer scientists became totally comfortable with abstract mathematics. Systems theories are highly mathematical, and their theorem-proof format has more the flavor of pure mathematics than the calculus and applied mathematics familiar in physical theories.
Functionality: the theory is for the sake of reliable communication. Reliability is a purposive notion. Shannon gave a brief definition of it here, and would introduce precise metric for it in the paper in terms of probability of errors.
Abstraction: the theory idealizes from physical properties.
Generality: the theory is concerned not with particular communication systems but with general principles underlying all kinds of reliable communication systems. Focuses on the general and the particular distinguish between engineering science and engineering design.
Mathematical representation: the functional relations among communication components are represented in mathematical terms.
Take for example signal processing, a widely applicable systems theory. A signal is something that carries information, and signal processing is the transformation of signals for efficient manipulation, transmission, or storage. Signals come in a variety of physical media: acoustic, mechanic, electromagnetic. Signal processors engage disparate physical mechanisms: electric, electronic, piezoelectric. When you speak on a phone, your information is carried in acoustic signals, which are immediately transformed into electromagnetic signals, which go through modulation, digitization, coding, multiplexing, demultiplexing, decoding, and other signal processing procedures before they are transformed back into acoustic signals heard by your friend on the other end.
Signal processing theory abstracts from most physical properties, retaining only a few essential features such as the wavelength of signals. It aims to capture, in mathematical terms, the functions of signal processors, how they transform the forms of signals, for instance the function of digitization transforms a signal from analog form to digital form. Because it captures the fundamental principles covering a wide variety of physical mechanisms, signal processing theory is applicable everywhere from telecommunications to scientific experiments.
Because systems theories abstract from physical properties, the functional relations they represent can be applied to systems with disparate physical make up. Thus signal processing theories apply equally to acoustic or electrical signals. Mathematical representations enable engineers to manipulate abstract forms, create novel functional relations, and realize them in appropriate physical media.
We can see how system theories work in the case of feedback control. Although the term "feedback control" was introduced in the 20th century, feedback devices had been made for many centuries. One famous example is Watt's flyball governor, which regulates the steam engine so that the flywheel operates in a steady pace. In systems abstraction, we forget all the physical mechanisms and concentrates on the functional relation between a plant, the flywheel in this particular case, and the controller, which is the flyball governor. The plant and the controlled is each represented by a mathematical expression, F and G.
Now let us add a twist, negative feedback, where the feedback control is subtracted instead of added to the input. Negative feedback was invented by Black for achieving low distortion amplification of electrical signals, especially for long distance telephony. Physically, it is totally different from mechanical system. However, we can still represent the amplifier as the plant, F, and a feedback control as G, the only difference is that we have a negative sign here. And we get a simple algebraic expression for the relation between the input and output through negative feedback. The problem for signal amplification is that the amplifier, F, is distortive. However, we can see that if the gain G of the controller is larger, so that FG is much greater than one, then the two Fs cancel out and the output is essentially independent of behavior of the amplifier. When you put in different specific forms of F and G, you can calculate the operational characteristics of a specific feedback control system. But even without the specifics, control theory can tell you a lot.
Employing different levels of abstraction to represent complex phenomena, focusing on the topic of interest at hand, is another common method in the natural science. It is used here in engineering science.
I have presented three notions of systems. They play major roles in three engineering activities. Systems theories with their systems abstraction are prominent in engineering science, which seek general functional principles. The systems approach as analysis-synthesis is widely practiced in engineering design of particular systems. Systems engineering strives to rationalize the management of large technical projects and their interfaces with society at large. Their domains, however, are not exclusive. Systems theories are routinely used in design and management. Analysis-synthesis is a time-honored approach in scientific research generally. The broad purviews of systems engineering are sipping into many development projects.


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Tse-whit-zen
Coordinates: 48°07′49″N 123°27′42″W / 48.1302°N 123.4618°W / 48.1302; -123.4618
United States historic place
Tse whit zen Village
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Tse-whit-zen village site
Address restricted[2], Port Angeles, Washington
NRHP reference No.
Added to NRHP
Tse-whit-zen (č̕ixʷícən [t͡ʃ'iˈxʷit͡sən] in the Klallam language, meaning "inner harbor"[3]) is a 1,700- to 2,700-year-old village of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe located along the Port Angeles, Washington waterfront. It is located at the base of Ediz Hook on the Olympic Peninsula.[3] During construction in August 2003 of a graving dock associated with replacement of the Hood Canal Bridge, the village's cemetery and other prehistoric remains were discovered. The construction project was abandoned at this site because of the importance of the find, as the village was intact. It is the largest pre-European contact village site excavated in Washington State.[3]
Archaeological excavation has revealed more than 10,000 artifacts and more than 335 intact skeletons. The Washington State Department of Transportation decided to halt all construction efforts related to the graving dock on December 21, 2004. Since then it has worked to ensure the preservation of remains and artifacts already uncovered by the construction.
As a result of a legal settlement with Washington State, the tribe received the land of the village site, as well as $2.5 million to build a cultural center or museum at the site. The tribe intended to begin construction around 2012.
The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe occupied the village of Tse-whit-zen for more than 2,700 years, according to radiocarbon dating. Their territory extended from this area along the Hoko River on the Strait of Juan de Fuca into the present-day Hood Canal, and this was one of several villages throughout the area. The earliest confirmed settlement at the village site dates to 750 B.C., about the same time as the founding of Rome, Italy.[3]
This village site, which includes longhouse areas, ceremonial areas, places for fish and clam drying, was occupied by the Klallam until the 1930s.[4] During the early 20th century, businesses owned by European Americans built a number of lumber mills on top of the village site at the waterfront during the expansion of the lumber industry. Because the ground was covered with 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 m) of fill, the village and cemetery site was preserved through this period.[3]
Archaeological excavation has revealed possibly eight long house structures.[5]
Elder Adeline Smith of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe championed the preservation of Tse-whit-zen. As a child, Smith had been warned by adults never to walk on or play on the site of Tse-whit-zen, as it was considered sacred by her people. She was also instrumental in gaining removal of the Elwha Dam and contributing to preservation of the Klallam language through creating a dictionary and written form.[6]
The site is the largest ancient (pre-contact) Native American village discovered in Washington state to date (as of 2013).[6]
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997 .
^ a b c d e "Tse-whit-zen". Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ "Belongings of Our Ancestors". Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ "Long House Structures". Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ a b Rice, Arwyn (2013-03-19). "Lower Elwha tribal elder Adeline Smith, 95, dies". Peninsula Daily News. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
Mapes, Lynda (2009). Breaking Ground: The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe and the Unearthing of Tse-whit-zen Village. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98878-8.
Lynda V. Mapes, "State Ends Transportation Project on Ancient Tribal Site," The Seattle Times, December 22, 2004 (http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com);
Mapes, "Buried Past Comes Alive" and "From Tools, Shells and Bones, A Culture Emerges," May 22, 2005, Ibid.; *Mapes, "'How Could So Many Die?' Graves May Tell Story of Terrible Epidemic," May 23, 2005, Ibid.;
Mapes, "Site Teaching Klallam Tribe 'Who We Were, Who We Are'" May 25, 2005 Ibid.;
"Culture & History," Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe website accessed May 27, 2005 (http://www.elwha.org/Culture1.htm);
Frances Charles, "One Tribe's Story of Discovery, Conflict and Heartache," Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Tse-Whit-Zen Village News website accessed May 27, 2005 (http://tse-whit-zen.elwha.nsn.us);
John Loftus, "At Tse-whit-zen with the Lower Elwha Klallam People," Ibid.;
"SR 104, Hood Canal Bridge -- Frequently Asked Questions," Washington State Department of Transportation website accessed June 1, 2005 (http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Projects/ SR104HoodCanalBridgeEast/faq.htm);
Robert H. Ruby and John Arthur Brown, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 26-28, 106-07;
David Wilma and Kit Oldham, "Department of Transportation Abandons Hood Canal Bridge Graving Dock Project Located on Site of Klallam Indian Village and Cemetery on December 21, 2004", Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History (accessed June 13, 2005).
"Lower Elwha Klallam tribe"
"Unearthing Tse-whit-zen", Seattle Times
"Washington: Construction of the Port Angeles Graving Dock", Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Port Angeles Graving Dock Report, WSDOT
Review of Port Angeles Graving Dock Project - Transportation Performance Audit Board (pdf file), 2006
U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Washington state
Clallam
Keeper of the Register
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Contributing property
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tse-whit-zen&oldid=999112002"
Native American history of Washington (state)
Klallam
Archaeological sites in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Clallam County, Washington
Articles using NRISref without a reference number
Short description with empty Wikidata description

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Lojze is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Lojze Bratuž (1902–1937), Slovene choirmaster and composer, killed by Italian Fascist squads
Lojze Grozde, Slovenian student murdered by partisans during World War II
Lojze Kovačič (1928–2004), Slovene writer
Lojze Krakar (1926–1995), Slovene poet, translator, editor, literary historian, and essayist
Lojze Logar (born 1944), Slovenian painter, graphic artist and professor
Lojze Peterle (born 1948), Slovenian politician
Lojze Slak (1932–2011), Slovenian musician
Lojze Spazzapan (1889–1958), Italian painter from the Slovene community in Italy
Lojze Ude (1896–1982), Slovenian lawyer, journalist and historian
Lojze Zupanc (1906–1973), Slovene writer, poet, playwright and journalist

See also
Loje
Loze (disambiguation)

Slovene masculine given names

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I loved you before, Ava. Let me love you still.
Well….two months ago when I heard about this book and saw the stellar reviews, I never would have thought this would be the end result. It was beautifully written (contrary to above^^^) and it had a well thought out story line with no gaps to be seen…but…I can sum up this book in one word and, let me tell ya, it's not groundbreaking: boring. This book was boring. Boring, boring, boring, boring, boring, boring, BORING. Never has a shorter book been more boring.I HATE saying this about such a popular book, but I just could not and did not connect.
I found it ironic that I should be blessed with wings and yet feel so constrained, so trapped. It was because of my condition, I believe, that I noticed life's ironies a bit more often than the average person. I collected them: how love arrived when you least expected it, how someone who said he didn't want to hurt you eventually would.
Love, as most know, follows its own timeline, disregarding our intentions or well-rehearsed plans.
That's right people. The Strange and Beautiful Sorrows of Ava Lavender was more about her mother and her lost and longing love than about Ava herself-which bugged me…I'm sorry. I just feel like when the story is said to be about Ava Lavender, it should, in fact, be about GD Ava Lavender…Am I wrong in wishing this? I mean…Ava didn't even become a factor in the story until, what, 30%? Doesn't that seem a tad over-excessive for building a back story? Well, it was for me. And, hey, I was okay with it even then. But when she finally entered, it still wasn't wholly about her and I just wasn't okay with it then. When it was just the late intro (short book, but still), it was acceptable, because the world needs more well thought out books. But when Ava finally became the 'sole person' of the story, it wasn't overwhelming, my senses didn't overload, I didn't love her as a person and…and it just was too little too late-it wasn't enough to make me love this story and it's characters.
A person with a curved heart line was a person capable of great warmth and kindness, a person willing to give their whole selves to love, no matter the cost.
It's all so ironic because I am one of those readers who kinda loves the delayed male entrance into a story-sure, I start jonesing for the male like the rest of the red-blooded females on this site and in the reading community, but I've always thought it adds more to the story when he enters-it gets so built up and when they finally meet or see each other again, their connection has became THAT much stronger. So, it's ironic of me to be a little angry that Ava wasn't in the story for so long, but I feel I'm justified in my reaction-once she entered, there just wasn't enough stage presence.
Years later the lights of the growing city would erase the stars from the sky, but back then they shone through the branches like jailed fireflies.
Okay, I'm done whining and complaining-despite my nasty star rating and saying to go along with it, the writing was actually very beautiful. I highlighted some parts despite their lack of significance just because I loved the way the author described something-the writing was never the problem. It just wasn't enough. And then I did adore the boy Ava fell for. He was sweet, kind, and absolutely adorable (when he was in it). And her best friend was fun, too-pushy, but fun and (most of the time) loyal. The only character I did abhor at times was Ava's mom. I mean…her story (which turned out to essentially 60% of the book for whatever reason) was, here it comes…boring. At first it was cute-her falling for a guy and it being forbidden love and all-but then she won't let it go-Years…and years….and years later…and we are still hearing about this dude even though there's a perfect guy right beside her and-Oh gosh, I started complaining again-but to sum up, the mother drove me insane at times. Which, this became a problem because she was a large part of the story.
I am so so sad that I didn't love this book. I even had bought an extra copy on hardback at Target as it sat on my kindle app for months because A) it was just so pretty and B) I just knew I'd love it. Sadly, I did not. So, if there was one thing I'd say to people, it would be that Ava was an absolutely sweet and lovely character. If you love stories with very intricate detail and world-building, you will probably love this one too. Her guy is nice, she is nice, the world the author built is nice…I just didn't fit into it.


text:
Home Incentives & LegislationF1 and F2 incentives
The F1/F2 Audio Visual Production (AVP) incentives are schemes whereby a production entity can raise production finance from Fiji taxpayers.  This allows Fiji taxpayers to claim a tax deduction of either 125% (F2 AVP) or 150% (F1 AVP) against their tax liability, depending on the project's ability to meet the requirements as set out under Part III of the Income Tax (Film-making and Audio-visual Incentives) Regulations 2016.
Eligibility – who can access the relief?
(a) a large format film in large format theatres;
(b) a theatrical film or a short film in cinemas;
(c)  broadcast television programmes by—
(i) broadcast on freetoair, satellite or pay television; or
(ii) internet broadcast;
(d)   a direct-to-video and video disk programme;
(e)   an audio recording;
(f) computer software for use solely in relation to (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e); and;
(g) interactive websites and other e-commerce and     telecommunications operations for use solely in relation to (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e).
(a) an audio-visual production for exhibition as an advertising programme or a commercial other than where that advertising programme or commercial is part of the marketing budget of an audio-visual production and is only advertising the audio-visual production which has funded it;
(b) an audio-visual production for exhibition as a discussion programme, a quiz programme, a panel programme, a variety programme or a programme of like nature;
(c) an audio-visual production which is substantially (more than 50%) of a public event; and
(d) an audio-visual production produced principally as a training aid.
(e) an extension of broadcast television programmes beyond the first 26 episodes of a continuing series;
(f) an extension of broadcast television programmes and television movies beyond 2 full length films in a continuing series;
(g) more than 2 audio recordings by the same artist or substantially the same artist;
(h) more than one short film by an individual director.
How does the mechanism work and what is the process?
Application for a Provisional Certificate F1/F2
An Applicant must apply to Film Fiji for a Provisional Certificate F1/F2 stating that a proposed AVP will, when complete, be a qualifying AVP.
An Application Form must be filled out and will include an Application Fee, Script or Synopsis, Budget in FJD, Completion Bond Certificate etc.
Prior to the commencement of the production 100% of the production budget must be deposited in a Fiji AVP Account and the Audio Visual Levy must be paid.
During Production a Fortnightly Production Report including a Cost Report is to be filed with Film Fiji.
Once a Provisional Certificate is issued, the film should be completed 24 months after the end of the year of assessment in which monies of a capital nature were first expended.
Application for a Final Certificate F1/F2
Within 6 months of the end of the Audio Visual Production, the applicant should apply for a Final Certificate F1/F2.
An Application Form for a Final Certificate must be filled out and will include an Application Fee, Detailed Expenditure Report, Independent Audit Report, Documents showing compliance with the Provisional Certificate, Shooting Script, VHS Tapes and/or DVDs of the completed production with the final end credits, Broadcast Masters, Copy of Press Kit, Full Cast & Crew List and addresses etc.
Relevant application form is available here: https://film-fiji.site/documents/


text:
Q: Subtraction of 1ms leads to unexpected behaviour What is wrong? I assume that if I subtract 1ms from 1 Jan 1980 0:0:0 then I've got 1979. But I must subtract about 500+ ms for this. Please, give me a hint.
val cal = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"))
cal.set(1980, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0)
val date = new Date
date.setTime(cal.getTimeInMillis()) // <- 1980 Jan 01 0:0:0
date.setTime(cal.getTimeInMillis() - 1) // <- 1980 Jan 01 0:0:0 too !!!

Updated.
The solution is
val cal = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"))
cal.setTimeInMillis(0)
cal.set(1980, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0)

A: With Calendar.set(year, month, day, hourOfDay, minute, second) no milliseconds are set. Consequently the Calendar implementation sets the milliseconds to "unknown" which is actually treated as the midpoint within the given second.
Subtracting 500ms means you just step over the midpoint. Same should happen if you add 500ms, which should bring you just over the second. Actually subtracting 500ms works and you must add 620ms to see the next second.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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With upcoming Wonder Woman movie this June it is great to see Superheroes releases where girls prove to be strong characters and protect The Galaxy against the crime. In the second Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and DC Entertainment movie DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games which was out this May, young girls show great teamwork and dedication.
The Intergalactic Games are almost ready to start and Super Hero High is facing off against Korugar Academy, with a little help from the most prominent DC Super Heroes and Super-Villains in the galaxy. Though the purpose of the game to promote peace and education, competitors try to win and sometimes not using appropriate methods and skills trying to rip off the opposite parties. What to consider as being right when two sisters compete in different teams, what choices to make, towards your friends or your family?
Super Hero High Academy teacher Magnus builds robots for the competition but they seem not approved for use by the principal Waller for safety reasons. Lena Luthor, who works at school administration and is supposed to make sure The Games run smoothly. She steals and use the robots for her malicious intentions. Tension is high, as competing girls not easily get along, the seriousness of the event very important for the galaxy, and some malicious characters looking for revenge and destruction.
Wonder Woman, Supergirl, Batgirl, Poison Ivy, Harley Quinn, Bumblebee and Katana square off against Korugar Academy in the Intergalactic Games, but trouble is in the air as Lena Luthor takes advantage of the gathering of the Supers to enact her villainous plan. It's up to the DC Super Hero Girls to fight the forces of evil and protect their school. With Wonder Woman's strength, Supergirl's speed, Batgirl's strategic knowledge, Poison Ivy's ability to make things grow, Harley Quinn's energy, Bumblebee's ability to shrink, and Katana's fearless personality, everything is possible.
DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games is great story to empower young girls and encourage them to explore their own talents, powers and strengths. They see that each Super Hero Girl has own unique sills and abilities to use. They should not be ashamed of their choices and persure the life they want. Often it comes with fights and fails but with great team and supportive teachers, it can be done.
DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games features some of the top voice actors in the industry. Grey Griffin (Wonder Woman), Tara Strong (Harley Quinn/Poison Ivy), Anais Fairweather (Supergirl), Mae Whitman (Batgirl), Teala Dunn (Bumblebee), and Stephanie Sheh (Katana) join forces to portray the youthful versions of some of the world's best known Super Heroes.
DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games is now available on Digital HD and DVD.


text:
Get a mop? Va. GOP says get a broom
Republicans rallying this morning in Springfield had a new prop: A broom that read "McBolliNelli" on the handle.
The Republican ticket is stumping throughout the state Saturday but began with a traditional GOP pep rally at Interstate Van Lines in Springfield. Gubernatorial candidate Bob McDonnell was joined by ticket mates Lt. Gov. Bill Bolling, attorney general candidate Sen. Ken Cuccinelli and a variety for Republican luminaries, including Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour, chairman of the Republican Governors Association.
It was Cuccinelli-- introduced to the crowd as Ken "Don't Tread on Me" Cuccinelli -- who held up the broom, which he had been handed as he made his way to the load dock that served as a stage.
He urged the crowd of more than 200 to work hard in the next three days to deliver victory in Fairfax County and beyond.
"If we do it right here in Fairfax, guess what we're going to be saying on election night?" he said, brushing the broom over the floor, as the crowd shouted out "sweep!!"
Waving American and Virginia flags and holding aloft dozens of McDonnell signs, the crowd chanted "Go, Bob, Go!" as McDonnell took the microphone.
"I'm going!" he responded, with a wide smile.
He urged the crowd not to become complacent with what polls show is a wide Republican lead.
"There's still another team on the field -- they're still working hard," he said. "If you do that, and continue to work hard the last couple of days, we'll have a great victory for Virginia and Fairfax County on Nov. 3."
By Rosalind Helderman | October 31, 2009; 1:41 PM ET
Categories: 2009 Governor's Race , 2009 Lieutenant Governor's Race , Bill Bolling , Creigh Deeds , Election 2009 , Jody Wagner , Ken Cuccinelli , Robert F. McDonnell , Rosalind Helderman , Steve Shannon
Save & Share: Previous: McDonnell on FOX News's Hannity show
Next: With Scozzafava out, McDonnell might be sharing limelight Tuesday


text:
Joe Biden declares world at 'inflection point' amid crises
Credit: IndiaTimes- Published on September 21, 2021
President Joe Biden used his first address before the UN General Assembly on Tuesday to declare that the world stands and at an "inflection point in history" and must move quickly and cooperatively to address the festering issues of the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change and human rights abuse.
👓 View full article:
Video credit: Wibbitz Top Stories
Published on September 21, 2021 - 01:31
Biden Calls on United Nations to Act on Pandemic, Climate Change
Biden Calls on United Nations, to Act on Pandemic, Climate Change. On September 21, United States' President Joe Biden delivered his first speech as president to the United Nations General Assembly. On September 21, United States' President Joe Biden delivered his first speech as president to the United Nations General Assembly. ABC News reports that Biden told the assembly the meeting came at a time, "intermingled with great pain and extraordinary possibility.". ABC News reports that Biden told the assembly the meeting came at a time, "intermingled with great pain and extraordinary possibility.". Biden said the U.S. would helm the response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the climate crisis. Biden said the world stood , "at an inflection point in history.". He urged that, "to fight this pandemic, we need a collective act of science and political will.". Today, many of our greatest concerns cannot be solved or even addressed through the force of arms. Bombs and bullets cannot defend against COVID-19, or its future variants, Joe Biden, United States President, via ABC. Today, many of our greatest concerns cannot be solved or even addressed through the force of arms. Bombs and bullets cannot defend against COVID-19, or its future variants, Joe Biden, United States President, via ABC. The president also said he wished to move beyond decades of conflict in favor of diplomacy and partnership. As we close this period of relentless war, we're opening a new era of relentless diplomacy of using the power of our development aid to invest in new ways of lifting people up around the world, Joe Biden, United States President, via ABC. Biden also called for common action to combat climate change, a crisis he noted was, "borderless.". Biden also called for common action to combat climate change, a crisis he noted was, "borderless.". Will we meet the threat of challenging climate, the challenging climate we're all feeling, already ravaging every part of our world with extreme weather, or will we suffer the merciless march of ever more of ever-worsening droughts and floods, more intense fires and hurricanes, longer heat waves, and rising seas?, Joe Biden, United States President, via ABC. Will we meet the threat of challenging climate, the challenging climate we're all feeling, already ravaging every part of our world with extreme weather, or will we suffer the merciless march of ever more of ever-worsening droughts and floods, more intense fires and hurricanes, longer heat waves, and rising seas?, Joe Biden, United States President, via ABC
› World › Joe Biden declares world at 'inflection point' amid crises
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The couple split in August 2015 amid rumors Rossdale had cheated.
Jan. 23 (UPI) -- Gavin Rossdale says he never intended to divorce Gwen Stefani.
The 51-year-old Bush frontman discussed his "painful" split from Stefani and their subsequent shared focus on their three children in an interview with The Sun published Sunday.
"[Divorce] was completely opposite to what I wanted," he told the publication. "But here we are ... Apart from death, I think divorce is one of the hardest, most painful things to go through."
Rossdale and Stefani split in August 2015 amid rumors the singer had cheated with their nanny. The couple were married nearly 13 years and share sons Kingston, 10, Zuma, 8, and Apollo, 2.
"The one thing -- the only good thing, because everything else is not good -- is we care about the children and it's about them," Rossdale said. "So we do everything to make this life change as seamless as possible."
"We had 20 years together and that in itself is pretty incredible," he added of Stefani. "It's a lifetime. I still think she's incredible. It was a lovely 20 years and we have three amazing children. There were a lot of positives, and with time they'll become more and more obvious."
Rossdale had shared similar sentiments about his kids in an interview with the Sunday Times in October. He said at the time that he's had "enough" of fan and media attention to his divorce and is simply focused on his children.
"It's like enough already. I've got to move on. Everyone has got to move on," the star said. "Somehow you have to put one foot after the other and make it happen."
"For me, it's just thinking about [my sons] and how to prioritize them," he added. "I have an incredible life with them, and that's what matters. You can't keep up with all the vitriol. Just don't get into all that."
Rossdale and Stefani finalized their divorce in July. Stefani is presently dating country star and The Voice coach Blake Shelton, who gushed about her at the 2017 People's Choice Awards last week.


Don't worry about being right, just worry about being kind.
It's not the difficulty of my decisions that bothers me. As a woman, I can deal with the uncertainty, the fear and the doubt that accompany my choices. I can handle the weight of that responsibility.
What I'm struggling to accept is this: When I look around me, it appears that we women have allowed the decisions we're faced with in our lives—intimate, vulnerable and personal decisions—to become what define us and what divide us.
And it's something we've all been wounded by at one time or another.
Yet it's something that every one of us is guilty of.
It's the faces we make and the tones we take. It's the eye rolls and the passive-aggressive comments. It's the disapproval and judgment that oozes out of every pore of our bodies. And really, why do we care?
Why do we care if another mother chooses natural childbirth or modern medicine?
Why do we feel so compelled to turn up our noses at how she spends her money or what she wears?
Why are we so appalled when a woman works full-time just weeks after giving birth or stays home full-time when her children are in school all day?
Why is another woman's work life and personal life and family's life and child's life any of our freaking business?
But most of all, why are we so consumed with the things that divide us instead of the ties that bind us?
Often, the reason we're so quick to judge other women with decisions different from our own is that we aren't completely comfortable with our own choices.
The woman with a full-time office job looks down on the stay-at-home mom while battling her own guilt when she can't attend every class party and field trip. The stay-at-home mom judges the woman working long hours while at the same time struggling with her own sense of identity and purpose.
We're all starving for grace, and at the same time, withholding that same grace from each other. And friends, it's doing damage.
It's damaging our relationships and it's destroying our trust. It's fueling the fire of perfectionism and planting seeds of self-doubt. It's tearing down and dividing us when God calls us to build each other up and be united.
And really, at our core, all the women I've ever met want the same things.
We want a purpose that we can be proud of.
We want a family that is healthy and happy.
We want a body that we can feel comfortable in.
We want a life that we love.
These are the ties that bind us together as women.
How different would our relationships be if we focused on that instead? How different would our conversations be if we focused on how all of the women around us are doing exactly what we are, the very best they can? Her methods may be her way and not my way, but that's okay, because it's her life.
I don't know of a single woman in the world that needs another person telling her what she should be doing.
She doesn't need more standards to meet; she needs support.
She doesn't need more advice; she needs affirmation.
She doesn't need more guidance; she needs grace.
Let's save our well-meaning advice, suggestions and opinions and instead focus on loving the woman in front of us. Let's deliberately dissolve the judgment between us and realize that each of us is on a uniquely and perfectly messy journey of our own.
When we focus on that, we can finally put our weapons down and sit next to a woman with a life entirely different from our own and appreciate everything she is and everything she offers without feeling envious or superior.
When we stop focusing on what divides us, we can champion each other in a way that allows the women in our lives to feel supported and accepted exactly as they are and we can feel the freedom to accept ourselves and our own choices as well.
We can finally rest in the paradox of finding comfort in our own uncomfortable choices.
I won't judge you for dishes in your sink and shoes over your floor and laundry on your couch. I won't judge you for choosing not to spend your one life weeding the garden or washing the windows or working on organizing the pantry. I won't judge you for the size of your waist, the flatness, bigness, cut or color of your hair, the hipness or the matronliness of your clothes, and I won't judge whether you work at a stove, a screen, a store, a steering wheel, a sink or a stage. I won't judge you for where you are on your road, won't belittle your offering, your creativity, your battle, your work.
If you're starting or growing a business and want to connect with like-minded women on the same journey as you, join us at an upcoming Business Boutique event!
Thank you for encouraging women to give affirmation with words, or simply to come alongside of others. Our world is a challenge as it is. We will always do more than we should because God made us that way. But there is temperance. How important! Giving grace to the next lady who is closing her world off because of not "measuring up" in her own mind. My youngest came home from youth group last night telling me the pastor spoke on your worth. He said how important to hold to your worth in Christ not only through high school but through college as well. As an only parent of five, how true this is. If only I knew my "worth" back then. But then again, God is never late. I am thankful to have found my worth in Him in the midst of being newly widowed and children exiting. Affirmation, appreciation, most of all grace. Thank you again, Christy.
And ALL THE WOMEN said AMEN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I am amazed at the fact that I needed some focus tonight to speak to a group of women and you provided the missing piece of what I wanted to say. Thank you for outlining it so beautifully. You will be credited and this post shared. The talk is a personal testimony. Thank you.
Even though the last quote kept saying it wasn't judging, it felt like it was dissing stay-at-home moms. Maybe, if after the "garden" and "pantry" comments, it had "how many times you pick up dinner from the drive-thru".
I'm not judging (seriously) just looking for more balance.
Thanks so much for the reminder that we are all pilgrims on this pilgrimage called "life." I have struggled with pettiness, jealousy, and envy of other women most my life and sometimes more as a mother who thinks "other moms are much better than me." I lost my best friend to cancer at the age of 25 and it was a huge wake up call, but this is a hard road to follow…to be more self assured, more focused on what I do and not what others do.
The best thing I have learned is to take your mistakes and use them to help others…to show them that our mistakes do not define us but rather they help us grow and help us connect to others who are struggling.
Thanks so much for your insight and wisdom, but mostly for having the courage to call the kettle black. Something we women are afraid to do.
I loved reading this blog piece, it is very encouraging and inspirational for women to read. I look forward to more uplifting blogs from you. Keep up the great work.
I have a boss that needs to read this. I am new at this job and our offices are 80 miles apart. She hired me cause i am resourceful and a self starter. When I did what she hired me to do and I started getting attention from 'higher ups' she is now trying to tear me down. Making my day a living hell under paper work and busy work. We were to be co-facillators of a training and she picked the slides she wanted to do and gave me the ones that she did'nt want to do. The day of the training she 'accidently' left off my notes so i had wing it. She even told me to wear one of organization shirts and I thought she was doing the same but she showed up all dressed to kill. I have been in this company for 4 months and every road block she put up in front of me i have gone through or around, but it is exhausting. I think as women we need to support each other and not tear each other down.
Love your blog. I really needed to read this today.
God doesn't judge us, so why do we think we can judge each other ? I see this happening more and more, very sad. Thanks for the powerful words and now I shall print this off and put it on the wall.
Yes, lifting each other up is really important, but so is lifting yourself up. I think the best way to truly be "non-judgmental" towards other people is to not impose your own insecurities into their eye rolls or vocal tones. It's dangerous to assume that someone is judging me based only upon non-verbal cues, so I try really hard to ignore them. I don't always succeed, but when I do, I remember that other people REALLY DON'T care as much about what I am doing or not doing ; they are living their own lives in their own heads and usually couldn't give one flip about what I'm doing.
Words of Wisdom for all women to live by! We should always look for the good before we look for the negative, life is too short, Thank you Christy for putting this into the words that mean so much to me!
So very true. But, before you can do that for a others, you must also accept yourself for who you are. Feel confident in yourself and the decisions you make. Love the person you are. Don't compare yourself to others. Don't judge yourself!
You make it seem so simple. Yep, it is that simple ! Great read for all women.
My heart beats with yours on this subject. Thanks for posting this call to support one another!
A wise woman your grandmother….Thanks for a nice post.
Where is the room for collaboration and growth when we hold back our opinions? If I am doing something someone close to me thinks is "wrong" I absolutely want them to tell me. Their feedback gives me insight I might never have acquired on my own. Their way of doing things might be a way I've never considered! Acceptance and stagnation aren't as far apart as you might think. Likewise, if I have strong feelings about something, I do not feel genuine if I hold back and act as if I am totally supportive of what I internally feel is a mistake. That's not who I want to be.
Excellent blog! I was very excited to read and share this article. So insightful and helpful. It spoke to my heart.
I love this article! So often we as women are far more apt to gossip, and tear each other down rather than team together, and build each other up. Here's to binding together, and not letting the devil mess with us!
Amen and bravo! This is something that has been weighing heavily on my heart lately.
we must uplift one another instead of judging ourselves and others.we are great women and we can always make it.
Thank you for the great reminder… I am a full time manager at a business that I find I bring home the same managing techniques for my teen-age sons and husband who are not quite as thoughtful as they should be.. I am not so kind to them.. Can you address being more kind at home when you feel like you're being taken advantage of and your family is not living up to their responsibilities?
Amen! I'm so grateful that Rachel shared this blog in her recent vlog post. It's a message I certainly needed to hear, and one that I think each and every woman should hear because we could ALL benefit from it. Thank you so much!
YYYYYYEEEEEESSSSSS!!!!!! Thank you for posting this Christy! I'm always subjected to have to listen to the so called "knowing" advice of family members who are not in my situation. When I describe it to them or try to express my feelings about it. I'm judged as being overly dramatic or exaggerating. Like you said in an earlier post; I am doing a good job. Why can't they just accept the situation as it is or at least encourage me? Instead I get judged, judged, judged while they smerk and make their lousy comments.
Christy! This is one of the BEST articles you've ever written!! And you've written some great ones?
I'm sending this to every one of my women friends. We have all been guilty of having some opinion about what other women are doing. And like Joyce Meyer says….we're not qualified to run our own lives, let alone tell other people what they should be doing. We need God. We need the leadership of the Holy Spirit to guide us. Pray for our friends. Let HIM lead them. Let HIM lead us! And stay out of other people's business. Thank you!!
If this isn't so very true then nothing is…..You nailed it! Thanks for the challenge and the encouragment..


Hormonal changes with the age are rather common reasons for hair loss in women and men. Every period of a hormonal imbalance in woman's body often affect the health of the hair. The menopause is period of hormonal changes. Therefore, during this period of woman's life the changes in the levels of certain hormones can affect the condition of the hair.
During menopause often occurs dropping of the levels of estrogen in the female body. It is the hormone that provides a strong protection of the roots of the hair against all the negative effects of testosterone. When the levels of estrogen decline, the testosterone has a bigger impact on the woman's hair. And we all know the consequences from high levels of estrogen in human's body. It often causes hair loss. Women might notice various signs of issues with their hair during menopause, such as thinning hair and increased hair fall.
Even though the reason for hair loss is hormonal imbalance, there are products that can help in protecting the hair and stimulating hair growth. One of the coffee shampoos that is recommended by lots of women who are facing problems with their hair is the Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo. It is a unique product developed by Dr. Wolff Research in collaboration with the Jena University Clinic. The most important ingredient in the shampoo is its phyto-caffeine complex.
How does the Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo work?
The shampoo should be used like any other shampoo for cleansing the hair. Put a little bit of the product on wet hair and massage the scalp for 2 minutes.
During the 120 seconds the active caffeine in the Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo will penetrate the hair follicle to make it stronger.
The natural caffeine extract in the shampoo protects the hair roots from DHT's and free radicals. In addition, the caffeine has powerful capabilities for stimulating regeneration of new hair. The Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo contains mild hair conditioning hair agents for providing volume and nutrition to the hair. The shampoo is a product that you can use daily, because it is not harsh on the skin of the scalp and assures the protection your hair needs, especially during menopause.
When is the best time to start using the Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo?
The Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo is purposed for women going through menopause who experience issues with their hair, like thinning, brittle hair and hair loss. You should start using the shampoo if you notice increasing in hair falling. Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo is effective for treatment and for prevention of the problems with hair that occur at this stage of woman's life. The product protects the roots of the hair which makes it a great shampoo even for general hair care in younger age.
Plantur 39 250ml Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo provides what your hair needs during the adjustment of the hormone levels and makes it healthier and full of life.


text:
ATIA ROBOTICS
ATIA Robotics Plan
Why ATIA Robotics ?
SME Manufacturing
Robotics Ecosystem Platform
Robotics Market
Malaysian Challenges
Industry Forward
DR. ISHKANDAR BAHARIN
About Dr Ishkandar Baharin
Dr Ishkandar Baharin has a strong experience in Robotics starting from his PhD research in the UK in the late 80s after spending almost 11 years with the British education system when he was 18 years old. He came back to join the academia world in Malaysia for about 4 years where he got his Associate Professorship and several National Awards for his work in Robotics. He then pursued his career with an international electronics company based in the USA building robotics automation line for the global company which was successfully commissioned for global production. After gaining experience in robotics and computer integrated manufacturing system in the mid 90s, he then ventured into the venture capitalist world to expose himself with the global financial and technological market. He was then offered as CEO of an eCommerce company to link trade between 54 OIC member countries under Islamic Development Bank funding. In early 2000, he came back to Malaysia to be part of the founding team to establish a new private University under MARA where he served for almost 10 years and later retired and established his own robotics company to build robotics for Malaysia. He was also the founding member of the Malaysia Robotics and Automation Society back in 2014 where he is currently the serving President. He is now executive chairman of several robotics companies that he nurtured and is now focusing on building robotics collaboration model between Malaysia and other developed world in robotics.
Copyright © 2018 ATIA Robotics Sdn Bhd
ATIA Robotics Sdn Bhd
MCMC Tower 2, Jalan Impact, Cyber 6, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
TEL : +60 3 8322 8099 FAX : +60 3 8322 8066
Business : enquiries@atialliance.com
Career : job@atialliance.com


3 December 2013 ― Inmarsat (LSE: ISAT), the leading provider of global mobile satellite communications services, and Hughes Network Systems, LLC (HUGHES), the global leader in broadband satellite solutions and services, today announced that the Hughes 9502 integrated antenna BGAN (Broadband Global Area Network) M2M (machine-to-machine) terminal has received Hazardous Locations Accreditation.
The Hughes 9502 integrated antenna BGAN terminal, which features the modem positioned behind the antenna, is now approved for use in hazardous environments, such as in the Oil & Gas sector, where explosive gaseous atmospheres may potentially be present. The device has been certified for environments classified as Class 1, Division 2, Groups A-D, and ATEX Zone 2, Group IIC, Category 3. Testing was conducted by Met Laboratories, Inc., an accredited laboratory.
The all-weather IP66 rated terminal is sealed to provide a high degree of intrusion protection by dust or moisture from any direction, and is identical in operation to the Hughes 9502 BGAN terminal with external antenna, but without the need for cables or enclosure.
The Inmarsat press release newsfeed is on Twitter @Inmarsatnews and corporate updates are on @Inmarsat plc.
Hughes Network Systems, LLC (Hughes) is the world's leading provider of satellite broadband for home and office, delivering innovative network technologies, managed services, and solutions for enterprises and governments globally. HughesNet® is the #1 high-speed satellite Internet service in the marketplace, with offerings to suit every budget. To date, Hughes has shipped more than 3.3 million systems to customers in over 100 countries, representing over 50 percent market share. Its products employ global standards approved by the TIA, ETSI and ITU organizations, including IPoS/DVB-S2, RSM-A, and GMR-1.
Hughes and HughesNet are registered trademarks of Hughes Network Systems, LLC.


text:
Ingersoll Rand Completes Acquisition of Precision Flow Systems
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SWORDS, Ireland--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Ingersoll-Rand plc (NYSE:IR), a world leader in creating comfortable, sustainable and efficient environments, today announced it has completed the acquisition of Precision Flow Systems ("PFS") from funds advised by BC Partners Advisors L.P. and The Carlyle Group. The transaction was completed on May 15, 2019 for $1.45 billion.
PFS is a leading provider of fluid management systems with world class brands including Milton Roy®, LMI®, Haskel®, BuTech®, Dosatron®, YZ Systems®, Williams® and Hartell®. It serves mission-critical applications including water, precision irrigation, oil and gas, chemical and industrial. PFS generated sales of approximately $400 million in 2018, has approximately 1,000 employees and operates seven global manufacturing locations.
Ingersoll Rand (NYSE:IR) advances the quality of life by creating comfortable, sustainable and efficient environments. Our people and our family of brands — including Club Car®, Ingersoll Rand®, Thermo King® and Trane® — work together to enhance the quality and comfort of air in homes and buildings; transport and protect food and perishables; and increase industrial productivity and efficiency. We are a global business committed to a world of sustainable progress and enduring results. For more information, visit ingersollrand.com.
Perri Richman
732-319-1024, prichman@irco.com
Zachary Nagle
704-990-3913, investorrelations@irco.com
Source: Ingersoll-Rand plc