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Essay/Term paper: James joyce
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English III	Kim Nash
Essay	May 28, 1996
James Joyce, an Irish novelist and poet, grew up near Dublin. James Joyce is one of the most influential novelists of the 20th century. In each of his prose works he used symbols to experience what he called an "epiphany", the revelation of certain revealing qualities about himself. His early writings reveal individual moods and characters and the plight of Ireland and the Irish artist in the 1900's. Later works, reveal a man in all his complexity as an artist and in family aspects. Joyce is known for his style of writing called "stream of consciousness". Using this technique, he ignored ordinary sentence structure and attempted to reproduce the rambling's of the human mind. Many of his works were influenced by his life in Ireland as an artist. He was influenced by three main factors in his life, his childhood and parents, his homeland of Dublin, Ireland, and the Roman Catholic Church. These three aspects show up in all his works subtly, but specifically in, The Dead, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Araby.
James Joyce, was born February 2, 1882 in Dublin, Ireland. He was the first of fifteen kids born to Mary Jane Murray, and John Stanslaus Joyce. He was christened James Augustine Aloysius Joyce. His mother was a mild woman who had intelligent opinions but didn't express them. His father was a violent, quick tempered man who was a medical student and politician. He was educated in Dublin at Jesuit school's his whole life. In 1888, he went to Clongeswood College, but his father lost his job and James had to withdraw. He graduated in October of 1902, from Royal University. He was fascinated by the sounds of words and by the rhythms of speech since he first started school. He was trained by the Jesuits who at one time hoped he would join their order; but Joyce became estranged from the Jesuits and defected from the Catholic Church after graduating college. Joyce made a huge effort to free himself from all aspects of the past such as, family, religion, and country. He left Ireland in 1902 after graduating college. He spent the rest of his life in either Trieste, Zurich, or Paris. During this time he was very poor. He spent much of his working career as a language instructor. He was said to have known 17 languages. He also spent time as a bank clerk, while trying to find time to write. He started to have eye problems in 1907, and by the end of his life he was almost blind. After Ulysses in 1922, he was left a lot of money from an Englishwoman, and then spent his time working on his writing full time. This book A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in 1916, was an autobiographical novel about his youth and his home life. The main character's name in this is Stephen Dedalus. It shows a clear cut , advocary of an artists right to defy inhibiting forces like, family, church and nation. When Stephen, was in the university he talks about hi dislike for his classmates who just bend their heads and write in their notebooks, "the points they were bidden to note, nominal definitions, essential definitions and examples or dates of birth or death, chief works, a favorable and unfavorable criticism side by side," Joyce's views of Irish education weren't very good. Stephen in this book scorns his family, and his fathers attributes. He thinks that he has failed in his effort to unite his will and the will of God, to love God the way he feels is expected. He feels this because he will not serve God. He wants to live his life his way. He talks about how he knew he couldn't be accepted, "it wounded him to think that he would never be but a shy guest at the feast of the world's culture and that the monkish learning, in terms of which he was striving to forge out an esthetic philosophy, was held no higher by the age he lived than the subtle and curious jargons of heraldry and falconry." He feels that he has been taught nothing, he must seek out and learn on his own. Joyce feels very dedicated to himself as a literary artist and dedication to God and family is next to nothing. He says this through Stephen, "Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race." He has a dedication that lets his writing take over and he waits to see what his soul will create.
Joyce's feelings toward Ireland are very strong. He voluntarily exiled himself from Ireland and forced himself to forget about it all together. He had a very small knowledge of life in Dublin, but what he did have he used to his full extent. He was not effected by the intense Irish nationalism that he felt most Irish people had. In his novel, The Dead, he uses the character Gabriel to get his feelings on this across. He says this, "to live successfully in a land where the unhappy past is always felt and the presence of shades and spirits is compelling and obtrusive one must vigorously affirm the life of fact and enlightened action." Joyce feels that Ireland is filled with past events that now haunt its future and nothing good can happen while there are still bad feelings. He also says " I'm sick of my country, I'm sick of it." Joyce is sick of his country and has intense feelings of hatred for it. He expresses these feelings for Ireland the most in The Dead. The Dead may have been Joyce's picture of himself if he had not left Ireland when he did. Joyce left Ireland after college, he says through Gabriel, "the time had come for him to set out on his journey westward. Yes, the newspapers were right: snow was general all over Ireland. It was falling on every part of the dark central plain, on the treeless hills, falling softly upon the Bog of Allen and, farther westward, softly falling into the dark mutinous Shannon waves. It was falling, too, upon every part of the lonely churchyard on the hill where Michael Furey lay buried." Through Joyce's description of the landscape of Ireland he shows how he feels that Ireland is an evil place. The snow is almost the purity of Ireland falling onto the landscape. He goes on to talk about how it melted into these places and washed away into the evil atmosphere. Joyce intended to demonstrate the characteristics of Irish life and to hope that Gabriel would escape his own ego and that life in Ireland would start anew. Joyce states in his critical writings that "the economic conditions that prevail in my own country do not permit the development of individuality." He felt very constricted as an artist in Ireland. He also states that, "the soul of the country is weakened by centuries of useless struggle and broken treaties, and individual initiative is paralysed by the influence and admonitions of the church, while its body is manacled by the police, the tax office, and the garrison. No one who has any self respect stays in Ireland, but fleas afar as though from a country that has undergone the visitation from an angry Jove." Ireland to him is the place where censorship and pain over old struggles that should be forgotten prevail over new ideas. He believes that his artistic abilities are being choked and that the bureaucracy of life in Ireland is too great for him for him to overcome.
At one time Joyce thought he wanted to be a Monk for the Catholic Church. After he estranged himself from the church, he tried to get as far away from it as he possibly could. Joyce saw the church as a prison. He writes in Araby about young boys in a Catholic school. He says this, "North Richmond street, being blind was a quiet street except at the hour the Christians Brothers School set the boys free." Joyce himself spent much of his youth in a Catholic School, in which he felt later as an adult that it had been almost a prison for his mind, telling him how to think and act. He often writes about how he would like to see the strict church open up it's mind to new ideas. He says this in Araby also, " In time, perhaps there will be a gradual reawakening of the Irish conscience, and perhaps four or five centuries after the Diet of Worms, we will see an Irish Monk throw away his frock, run off with some nun, and proclaim in a loud voice the end of coherent absurdity that was Catholicism and the beginnings of the incoherent absurdity that is Protestantism." Joyce felt that the restraints placed on thinking was absurd and that people should think on their own, without the church telling you how to think.
James Joyce's was interested in discovering the truth in his writings and revealing it. He was a good observer of reality, which he loved, and he always wanted to get at the truth behind the appearance. Joyce voluntarily exiled himself from Ireland, but still Ireland was never far from his mind, and his writing. He also exiled himself from the church yet wrote about it and it's constraints often. He left his childhood behind and chose to write his childhood autobiography under a different name. He observed other people's reality and yet choose to ignore his own. He left Ireland, the church, and his childhood, psychically, but he never left them in his own unconscious. He choose to write about his life and feelings in other peoples words and in other peoples mouths. Still wishing to exile himself from his life, he almost felt as if by leaving all these places on the outside he would leave all his feelings behind also. He wrote about the topics he choose to distance himself from, as if to get an unbiased look at them, and to write about the real truth.
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HomeJo Brown Net Worth | Height, Weight, Age, Bio
Jo Brown Net Worth | Height, Weight, Age, Bio
2 Jo Brown Social Profiles/Links
For 05.01.2021 – We have next information about Jo Brown earnings, net worth: $4,646,468 Dollars*
Source of income: Celebrities.
*The information was submitted by our reader Wallace Morehouse. If you have a new more reliable information about net worth, earnings, please, fill out the form below.
Jo Brown Social Profiles/Links
Jo Brown information
Birth date and age: May 13, 1941
The place of birth (POB): Swarby
Profession:Art Department, Camera Department, Producer
Spouse:Manon Piercey (m. 2000), Vicki Brown (m. 1963–1991)
Children:Sam Brown, Pete BrownAlbums:More of the Truth, Here Comes Joe…, A Picture of You
How tall is Jo Brown – 1,66m.**
How much weight is Jo Brown – 63kg**
**We have a new information about height&weight of Jo Brown. It was submitted by Natalya Field-Daly, 38 years old. Job: (Jacquard-Loom Weaver). From Wolf Point, Montana.
Joseph Roger Joe Brown, MBE (born 13 May 1941) is an English entertainer. He has worked as a rock and roll singer and guitarist for more than five decades. He was a stage and television performer in the late 1950s and a UK recording star in the early 1960s. He has made six films, presented specialist radio series for BBC Radio 2, appeared on the West End stage alongside Dame Anna Neagle and has written an autobiography. In recent years he has again concentrated on recording and performing music, playing two tours of around 100 shows every year and releasing an album almost every year.Described by the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums, as a chirpy Cockney, Brown was one of the original artists managed by the early rock impresario and manager Larry Parnes.He is highly regarded in the music business as a musicians musician who commands respect and admiration from a wide spectrum of artists.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Summer brings bright sunshine and an easy effortless vibe to better enjoy the pleasures and peak experiences of the season. Our summer-right fragrance dives right in with fresh notes of super juicy watermelon and cool, succulent cucumber. Refreshing, playful and just so fun. Let the summer lovin' begin. 11 oz small glass jar candle provides up to 55 hours of fragrance.


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Q: Time Machine gets filled up even when I'm not doing anything I'm not producing any huge files but my Time Machine disk (external SSD) gets filled up pretty quickly. It was happening on Catalina with HFS+ formatted drive, but it's happening on Big Sur when I reformatted the disk to APFS.
I guess the reason is that there's probably some huge file that gets slightly modified, and Time Machine backs it up as a completely new file.
Is there any way to debug this? Can I see what's inside the latest snapshot - what was added in the latest backup?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hepatitis C has a way to avoid detection.
It takes one to three months from infection to disease, which in the worst case scenario can lead to liver failure and death over time.
After an intense hunt, researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) can now describe an important part of the disease's guerrilla tactics: how hepatitis C converts innocent cells into outright virus factories.


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Home Travel Blog Vietnam travel guide The Quintessence Of Tonkin
The Quintessence Of Tonkin
December 04, 2017 Travel Blog, Vietnam travel guide, Unique travel experiences, We recommend
The northern part of Vietnam is a land of ancient history, a cradle of culture and civilization of the Vietnamese people
The northern part of Vietnam is a land of ancient history, a cradle of culture and civilization of the Vietnamese people. This is also a place to preserve many traditional cultural values. Residents of the Northern Delta mainly live on wet rice cultivation, living in harmony with nature, have influenced by Buddhist thought, Confucianism.
The north of Vietnam is rich in history and culture that attracts visitors to the capital city for various interests. While some people are fond of the well-preserved historical landmarks, the others take it a must to see the local cultural performances. Hanoi is proud of the water puppetry art, and now the city wins praises for The Quintessence of Tonkin – the brilliant spectacle of culture.
Please click Indochina tours Vietnam to get more information.
The Quintessence of Tonkin is a brand new, impressive, one of its kind cultural spectacle that explores the deep-rooted culture of northern Vietnam. Audiences will experience six aspects of the cultural Quintessence of Tonkin: Poetry, Buddhism, Nostalgia, Music & Painting, Joy & Festivities. The show will bring you back to a pristine time, living in the old countryside of Vietnam, feeling the sacred atmosphere and the cultural crystallization of the land with thousands years of literature.
From October 2017, the grandest and most ambitious live entertainment project Vietnam with the name The Quintessence of Tonkin (Thua Ay Xu Doai – Tinh Hoa Bac Bo) is released to welcome visitors from across the globe. This performance will offer spectators a chance to explore Vietnamese history and culture from a contemporary perspective, with hundreds of performers, an interactive water stage, and state-of-the-art technology. Complimentary transportation is available from Hanoi for bookings made at least 2 days in advance.
Located 25km west of central Hanoi, The Quintessence of Tonkin occupies a space close to Chua Thay (Thay Pagoda), a special National Heritage and one of the oldest Buddhist pagodas in Vietnam. Chua Thay can be easily visited in conjunction with a trip to see The Quintessence of Tonkin, which helps frame the spectacle.
Especially, the open air rice field completes with a replicated village and the Chua Thay Mountain as the backdrop is the setting for this spectacle, which is performed on a submerged stage under a thin layer of water. "Mountains and water are very important in Vietnamese spirituality and folklore, which is why the show takes place on a lake and the Chua Thay hill is visible", says Hoang Nhat Nam, Director of the show. "The Quintessence of Tonkin" will be showcased in different fields of arts from poetry, music, painting, sculpture, architecture, leisure activities to cultural activities in religious belief and in the working life of the people.
The Show draws inspiration from the spiritual history of the nearby Thay Pagoda telling the story of the pagoda's founding by venerable monk Tu Dao Hanh and explains the ancient union between religion and the monarchy. Years in the making and with hundreds of performers, an interactive stage, state-of-the-art technology, and a stunning setting, this live spectacle is an unmissable highlight of any trip to Hanoi.
This show is blended 6 different aspects of the cultural Quintessence of Tonkin: Poetry, Buddhism, Nostalgia, Music & Painting, Joy & Festivities. Besides, water puppetry – a typical form of Vietnamese art, which has existed for more than 1,000 years – as a part of the Quintessence of Tonkin will bring you vivid images of daily rural life in Vietnam. Not only opening up the cultural space of the northern delta with people's daily life activities, the play also shows the audience the best of the water puppetry art with the story of the venerable monk Tu Dao Hanh and the history of the ancient Thang Long Royal Palace.
The Performers
There are two groups of performers in this show: local families of farmers, bringing their experience and showcasing their lives to the audiences, and a young team of talented Students from the Hanoi College of Dance, bringing youth and energy to the stage.
The theater itself is an engineering masterpiece. The natural lake was transformed into a stage, including a state-of-the-art hydrothermal system that raises the 15-ton Thuy Dinh Pagoda (pavilion on water) from under the water in just under a minute. As the Thay Mountain composes the background of the scenery, we also had to develop a unique illumination system to light up the hills, 1.5km away, using 40 lamps of 1500 watts!
PLATINUM: The best seats in the house! A guaranteed central view under a covered, VIP area.
GOLD: Be sure to have an excellent central view of our Gold package.
SILVER: An incredible experience at a great value.
The costumes are made of traditional patterns and raw materials – silk and cotton. They are all made onsite, and in order to faithfully illustrate our history and culture, were produced under the supervision of a historian and multiple artisans.
This fantastic visual spectacle is more than just a show; it is an experience of agricultural Vietnam. Enjoy a taste of the show's history and talent.
Capacity: more than 2,500 seats.
Time: 7:30PM – 8:30PM
Venue: Da Phuc Village (near Thay Pagoda), Sai Son Commune, Quoc Oai District, Hanoi
Price: 800,000 VND
Pick-up: 5:30 PM from the Hanoi Tower, 49 Hai Ba Trung Street, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi.
Drop-off: at approximately 8:45 P.M.
Complementary shuttle bus for individual guests/ group under 10 persons will be provided with bookings of at least 2 days in advance.
Ticket holder should arrive at the amphitheater at least 30 minutes before the show on time to check in. Latecomers will be seated in a latecomers' zone. The price difference between zone booked and latecomers' zone will not be refunded. Seats in latecomers' zone are subject to amphitheater availability. Smoking, food, and beverage consumption are not allowed in the amphitheater and during the show. The use of any audio/video recording devices, including cell phones, is strictly prohibited during the show.
Tags: Vietnam travelThe Quintessence of the TonkinThe Quintessence of TonkinVietnam culture essenceVietnam toursart showcultureshowVietnam culture


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Inspiring Creativity in Kansas Prisons
Bringing new art and collaboration to the Lansing Correctional Facility
Created By: Sarah Frisof
Tonia Ko
Tonia Ko's creative evolution is guided by three conceptual pillars: texture, physical movement, and the relationship between melody and memory. These ideas permeate her recent works across a variety of media — from instrumental solos and large ensemble pieces, to paintings and sound installations. No matter how traditional or experimental the medium, Ko's work reveals a core that is at once whimsical, questioning, and lyrical.
Recipient of a 2018 Guggenheim Fellowship, Ko's music has been lauded by The New York Times for its "captivating" details and "vivid orchestral palette." She has been commissioned by leading soloists and ensembles, and performed at venues such as Walt Disney Concert Hall, Carnegie Hall, Kennedy Center, and the Tanglewood Music Center. Recent presenters of her work encompass a broad range of the music scene, including the Spektral Quartet, New York Youth Symphony, Wild Up, percussion/ cello duo New Morse Code, oboist Olivier Stankiewicz, and the virtuosic singers of Volti. Born in Hong Kong and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, Ko studied at the Eastman School of Music, Indiana University, and Cornell University. She is represented by Young Concert Artists and is currently the 2018-19 Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Chicago's Center for Contemporary Composition.
Simple Fuel
for large ensemble (13 players)
Commissioned by the Chicago Center for Contemporary Composition for the Grossman Ensemble
Premiere performance conducted by Ben Bolter, Logan Center for the Arts, December 7, 2018
Plain, Air (excerpt)
for string quartet and electronics
Commissioned by the Spektral Quartet with support from Chamber Music America
Excerpt of premiere performance by Spektral Quartet at Openlands Lakeshore Preserve, September 15, 2018
Reaction (Axis III)
for flute and piano
Commissioned by Duo Axis: Zachary Sheets, flute, and Wei-Han Wu, piano
Recorded at Avaloch Farm Music Institute with audio by Nick Revel, August 2017


The Accu-Print High Tech V Long Stroke press has been engineered specifically for the demands of banner printing and other long, large format substrates. The all hydraulic, vertical lift drive offers ultra smooth operation at full production speeds as well as better access to the working area. This press can be easily set to stop at any height, lateral print stroke direction provides better support for the squeegee and assures a consistent ink lay down for high coverage areas. Unlike conventional long stroke presses, the High-Tech V-LS is designed with parallel peel, an exclusive feature that results in a more consistent flood stroke.
As with other High-Tech V Series presses, the Long Stroke offers micro-processor control of all functions. The computer controlled stroke adjustment feature ( patented ) sets front and rear positions at the control panel... without manually sliding sensors. The unique ink recovery system is also actuated at the front of the press, moving the carriage past the pre-set limits to pick up excess ink in the well. The left or right carriage stop mode places the carriage in flooded or unflooded position after the print stroke, allowing the operator to adjust to the requirement of either solvent system or UV curable inks. For distortion control of large stock, the High-Tech Long Stroke vacuum control system can be set from gradual to full activation across the length of the print stroke. The quiet, maintenance-free vacuum motor delivers adjustable hold-down at the lowest noise levels in the industry, while the blow-back feature allows easy stock removal after printing.
The pneumatically activated left and right sliding frame lock system secures smaller screen frames, eliminating the need to worry about mechanical clamp positions.
The list of other High-Tech V-LS standard performance features simply can't be equaled by the competition. The pneumatic squeegee pressure equalization system automatically levels the squeegee to the substrate. The tool-free carriage allows independent squeegee and flood-bar pressure settings in thousandths of an inch.


Land Plot, 21.61 Hectar, in Ukraine, on the route Odessa-Kiev, about 12 km from Odessa.
Favorable offer for land sale in Odessa Ukraine,commercial appointment ,placement of a logistic warehouse complex, the enterprise or large shopping mall (on analogs of Western Europe) on the route Odessa-Kiev, in only 12 km from Odessa!
Odessa Land Sale, located from facade on the route Odessa-Kiev, in 12 km from from Odessa and all in 1 km from the new industrial market under construction, Odessa region.
The total area of a site is 21.61 hectares. The state act with purpose: for construction, operation and service of warehouse, office rooms and wholesale trade.
2 . Town-planning justification of placement of a logistic complex is received.
3 . Management of architecture and town-planning policy provided the Recommendation to the adoption of town-planning justification of placement of a logistic complex.
7 . The technical report on the georadar researches directed on identification and mapping of anomalies, characterizing emptiness in the thickness of limestones of a pontichesky circle of the Neogene on a platform of the building of a logistic warehouse in the village of Nerubaysk, the Belyaevsky region of Odessa region is received.
8 . The project concept is developed.
9 . The stage «P» is developed.
10 . An application is submitted to Ukrinvestekspertiza's local office for consideration of the project of the stage «P».


Chicago power washing and window washing services for Greater Chicagoland and the Midwest.
TSI Power Washing services achieve a similar goal of our other exterior commercial property services, to make a lasting first impression to those that visit your business. Greeting your customers with dirt, mold, mildew and litter is not the way to start a lasting business relationship. Commercial properties benefit on many levels from Power Washing services. Our services are insured and our power washing technicians trained in the proper use of industrial-strength power washing equipment to remove dirt and contaminants from your building and walkways. Our eco-friendly cleaners supports our commitment to a "Green" approach to ensure a safe environment for surrounding landscaping and of course your visitors as well. First impressions also apply to windows. How would you feel trying to look into a storefront that's hindered by dirt! Not a very clean impression, is it? TSI Window Washing services ensure positive opinions of your commercial property, whether it's a retail store, office building or apartment building. Those looking out will also notice and be appreciative!
Greeting your customers with dirt and litter is not the way to start a lasting business relationship. TSI Power Washing services make a lasting first impression to those that visit your commercial properties. Our eco-friendly cleaners supports our commitment to a "Green" approach. First impressions also apply to windows. How do you feel looking through a dirty window? TSI Window Washing services ensure positive opinions of your commercial property, whether it's a retail store, office building or apartment building.


Twelve years ago, Batman beat Red Hood in front of all the world, almost killing his own son. As a result the family broke down irremediably and Bruce Wayne was left alone with his darkness. No one has seen or heard of Jason in twelve years. Not even the world's best detective has been able to find him.
But one day, Bruce discovers a new clue that could reveal the location of his second son. The clue is eleven years old, has red hair, and Jason's eyes. Her name is Carrie Kelley and according to the innumerable blood tests, she is her granddaughter.
Jason Todd has reached the limit, and has vowed to break ties with the family that does not want him and never, ever, talk to the Bat again. Instead, along with his friends, Jason decides to find his own way and build his own family the farthest from Gotham. But an evil presence lurks in the shadows, and Jason will have to run a race against time to not lose what little he has left.
After discovering her origin, the life of Lena Luthor was finally beginning to improve. People no longer looked at her with hate, L-Corp's reputation grew, and she had a new family that truly loved her. She even had the privilege of having the best girlfriend in the universe, Kara Zor-El.
Until she discovered a truth that destroyed her life and everything went to hell.
Lena and Kara will have to find a way to defeat Veritas, a multidimensional organization that has kidnapped their friends and has only one mission: to kill Lena Luthor to avoid an apocalyptic catastrophe called Crisis on Infinite Earths.
Diana's world has been completely destroyed thanks to traps of liars and traitors.
Trapped at the End of the World with a seer detective and a deadly worried Agent, Diana will have to find a way to get out of the Underworld to find her family. Because there will be no force in this world that can separate her from her loved ones again. Not even an inevitable war between the Amazons.
Thirty years ago, Diana was happy. She was Wonder Woman, she was married to the woman she loved and she had a baby girl. But when her baby daughter (apparently) dies, Diana went back to Themyscira and never returned to the outside world.
Now, Diana decides that she has had enough of living in the pain. Wonder Woman returns to Man's World, finding that everything has changed radically in thirty years.
Lena is having strange dreams, and she does not know if they are only dreams or they can be something more. She dreams of an island inhabited by women warriors, a black-haired woman who hugs her and kisses her, and a pair of green eyes equal to her own, that look at her with love from above. She dreams of beings from greek mythology: The Amazons. But that is impossible, because the mythical Wonder Woman disappeared long ago and never reappeared.
She, Kara, and their friends will have to fight a truth that threatens to change everything they knew until then.
Years after Kara's Black Nightmare. H'El, an evil villain enemy of Superman and Supergirl, has kidnapped Lena Luthor and Lois Lane. In captivity, Lena is infected with the parasite Black Nightmare. What is her worst nightmare?
Based in the Superman's saga "H'El on Earth"


Chicken thighs are quite likely my favourite part of the chicken to cook. While I am a huge fan of chicken wings, the thigh has much more meat. Another great thing about chicken thighs is that they are very forgiving. You do not need to worry about overcooking and drying them out like what can happen with breast meat.
I love cooking chicken thighs in a cast iron skillet. I start them in the skillet on top of the stove and then put the skillet right in the oven to finish baking the thighs. This is a great way to cook them so the skin is nice and crispy and the meat is tender and still juicy.
This recipe has the chicken thighs cooked in an Asian inspired sauce I made. The sauce has the juice from fresh tangerines, soy sauce, sesame oil, honey and sriracha. Fruity, spicy and sweet, this sauce is so delicious and infused into the meat of the chicken thighs.
Pour the sauce all over the chicken after they have been sautéed on the stovetop and just before they go in the oven to finish baking. Turn the chicken thighs a couple times to make sure that the chicken has been coated in the tangerine sauce. Make sure that they are skin side down when they go in the oven.
After they have been cooking in the oven for 15 minutes, flip the thighs to skin side up and cook another 10 minutes. The internal temperature of the meat should be around 180F. This is a fair bit higher than the recommended internal temperature of 165F for chicken, but I find that cooking the thighs up to 180F helps to break down the connective tissues of the meat and it pretty much just falls off the bone.
Coming out of the oven, garnish the chicken with sliced green onions. The presentation of the chicken looks so nice in the cast iron skillet, that I sometimes place the skillet on a trivet right in the middle of the table.
These tangerine chicken thighs are great served alongside some rice and stir fried vegetables.
Chicken thighs that are fall off the bone delicious with a wonderful asian tangerine sauce.
Heat oil in cast iron skillet over medium high heat. Place chicken thighs, skin side down and cook for 12-16 minutes, or until the skin is browned.
While the chicken is cooking in the skillet, make the tangerine sauce. Halve the tangerines and squeeze the juice out into a small mixing bowl. Whisk the juice with the soy sauce, honey, sesame oil and sriracha.
Pour the sauce all over the chicken thighs. Turn to coat and then turn again to have the skin side down. Place the tangerine halves in the cast iron skillet as well.
Place the cast iron skillet in the oven and bake for 15 minutes. Use tongs to flip the chicken thighs so the skin side is up and bake another 10 minutes or until the chicken thighs register an internal temperature of 180F. Remove from the oven and let the chicken thighs rest for 5 minutes.
What an amazing recipe!! Love that you used tangerines! And, it's so dang easy!! You're genius and I know your family loves loves your food!!


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Ten things to look out for with the supply chain in 2023 and beyond
Staff Jan 9, 2023 0
Will the supply chain disruptions that have fueled that massive increase in inflation in the past two years improve in 2023? Many experts say no. Gwen Sherrod, Director of North American Distribution for the IPC says, "The 2023 key is…


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Super Low Altitude Test Satellite, (Satellite expérimental d'altitude extrêmement basse) ou SLATS ou Tsubame, est un micro-satellite expérimental développé par l'Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise (JAXA) et lancé le . Il a pour objectif de tester le recours à un moteur ionique pour compenser la trainée générée par l'atmosphère résiduelle sur une orbite terrestre très basse (180-).

Contexte
Un satellite placé sur une orbite terrestre très basse (< 300 km) traverse une atmosphère résiduelle relativement dense qui génère une traînée (résistance de l'air)  plus importante qu'à une altitude de . Cette orbite est donc rarement utilisée par les satellites d'observation de la Terre car ceux-ci sont obligés de consommer une grande quantité d'ergols pour se maintenir à cette altitude. Pourtant cette orbite présente plusieurs avantages pour les missions d'observation de la Terre : les instruments optiques bénéficient d'un pouvoir de résolution plus élevé pour effectuer leurs relevés de la surface, les liaisons radio exigent des émetteurs moins puissants et la mise en orbite nécessite un lanceur moins puissant donc moins cher. L'agence spatiale japonaise veut tester dans le cadre de la mission SLATS le recours à un moteur ionique qui permet de se maintenir sur une orbite de ce type sur de longues périodes. Un  moteur ionique dispose d'un rendement  plus efficace qu'un système de propulsion chimique ce qui permet de limiter la quantité d'ergols emportée. La faible poussée de ce type de moteur est suffisante pour contrebalancer la trainée atmosphérique.

Objectifs
Les objectifs de la mission SLATS sont :
 valider l'utilisation d'un moteur ionique de faible poussée pour le maintien sur une orbite ultra basse sur de longues durées.
 mesurer la densité de l'atmosphère à  d'altitude.
 à basse altitude, l'oxygène présent dans l'atmosphère résiduelle est bombardée par le rayonnement ultraviolet qui casse la molécule en deux atomes. Ces radicaux très réactifs dégradent les parties exposées des satellites. La mission doit mesurer les concentrations d'oxygène atomique à très basse altitude et la détérioration des matériaux soumis à leur action pour permettre de concevoir des satellites utilisant une orbite basse.

Caractéristiques techniques

Le satellite, d'une masse inférieure à , a une forme rectangulaire avec une section réduite (1,2 x 0,9 x ). Des panneaux solaires déployés de part et d'autre du corps du satellite lorsque celui-ci est en orbite portent son envergure à  et fournissent plus de  utilisés principalement pour faire fonctionner le moteur ionique. Celui-ci, baptisé NSTT () et développé par l'agence spatiale japonaise avec la société , est testé sur le satellite expérimental Kiku-8. Il bénéficie d'un rendement plus élevé que celui utilisé sur les sondes spatiale Hayabusa. Il fournit une poussée de 11,5 à  et éjecte du xénon en consommant 580 watts lorsque la poussée est à son maximum. SLATS dispose par ailleurs d'une propulsion chimique composée de quatre moteurs-fusées ayant une poussée d'un newton et brûlant de l'hydrazine avec une impulsion spécifique de .

SLATS emporte trois expériences :
 AOFS (), mesure la quantité d'oxygène atmosphérique présent sur la trajectoire. Le dispositif comprend 8 capteurs TQCMs () placés à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la structure de SLATS qui mesure la diminution de la masse d'un film de polyimide réagissant avec l'oxygène atomique en se transformant en gaz.
 MDM (), comprend des échantillons de matériaux utilisés pour protéger les satellites ainsi qu'une caméra optique pour mesurer les effets de l'atmosphère résiduelle sur ceux-ci. L'expérience est placée sur la face avant (dans le sens de la marche) du satellite.
 OPS (Optical Sensor), est une caméra destinée à mesurer l'évolution de la résolution spatiale en fonction de l'altitude.

Déroulement de la mission

SLATS est mis en orbite le  en tant que charge utile secondaire par le lanceur H-IIA qui place en orbite le satellite d'observation de la Terre GCOM-C chargé d'effectuer des mesures de la composition de l'atmosphère terrestre, d'évaluer le bilan radiatif de la Terre et d'étudier le cycle du carbone. Le satellite SLATS est placé initialement sur une orbite à une altitude de  qu'il ramène avec ses propulseurs chimiques à . En utilisant la traînée générée par l'atmosphère résiduelle, il réduit par la suite son altitude à  en . Il débute alors le cœur de la mission qui doit durer trois mois (hors prolongement). Il utilise son moteur ionique pour stabiliser on orbite qu'il laisse diminuer par palier jusqu'à atteindre . La mission s'achève le  après avoir rempli ses objectifs. Le satellite se désintègre dans l'atmosphère terrestre le .

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Moteur ionique.
 GOCE.

Liens externes
 Page sur le site EO Portal de l'Agence spatiale européenne.
 Page officielle de la mission sur le site de la JAXA.
  Fiche présentant la mission sur le site de la JAXA .

Programme spatial japonais
Satellite expérimental
Satellite artificiel lancé en 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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» INTERVIEW: Brent Stait
INTERVIEW: Brent Stait
Monday, July 25, 2011 - 00:00
Today we're interviewing Brent Stait. Mister Stait is probably best known as Rev Bem from "Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda," in the '00s, but he's got a metric ton of other genre credits as well. Brent, thank you so much for agreeing to talk to us today.
BRENT STAIT: Well thanks for asking.
REPUBLIBOT 3.0: You've been a professional screen actor since the late '80s, and you really have racked up an unusually high number of Science Fiction and Fantasy roles. I could think of at least a half dozen off the top of my head, and I knew there had to be more, but in researching for this interview I was stunned by the number! Do you know how many SF and Fantasy roles you've had over the years? Do you keep track?
STAIT: No I don't actually know. I know it is quite a few. I have another one coming out this summer. A fun part in Final Destination Three. In 3d. Does that count as SF or fantasy or is that more in the horror field?
R3: Probably Horror-Fantasy.
STAIT: I live in Vancouver BC and they do a lot of Sci-fi here. I don't know why exactly maybe it's our gloomy weather. I know X-Files used to love it.
R3: I counted thirty SF and Fantasy credits, and I'm sure I missed some. Basically just over a quarter of your onscreen career has been in genre roles. That's amazing! Firstly: Thank you for that, and secondly: do you actually like Science Fiction? Some actors I've found are kind of drawn to it, others see it as just another gig.
STAIT: I love acting. All kinds. T.V. Film, Theater and I like playing diverse characters. I like doing sci-fi though. I always have fun doing it and there are things you often get to do that you would never find in a regular drama. Like fangs and fur and flying and eating the hearts out of things, and lasers etc. I recently did a stint on Smallville and I got to play Dr.Fate who was a psychologically damaged character as well as a Superhero and I found the part a lot of fun as well as interesting from a research point of view.
R3: Oh, I'm glad you brought that one up: A lot of our readers were huge fans of Smallville, and Doctor Fate was extremely well received by them. For the last year or so, there's been a lot of speculation about the possibility of a Justice League sorta' spinoff starring Fate, and Hawkman and various other superheroes that have turned up in the last couple years. Did you get any inkling that such a thing is in the works, or just wishful thinking on the part of the fans? Was there any discussion of you playing that character on another show?
STAIT: No, I never heard any mention of a Justice League spinoff. That would be a lot of fun though. I'd love to play that character again.
R3: Once you get your foot in the door with genre parts, do they come easier? When he got into voice acting, Will Wheaton once said that there's a kind of secret handshake in that society, so to speak. If you can actually get into it, then - bang - you're in forever, but if you can't then you'll never really edge your way in. But if you manage it, then the parts just keep showing up fairly steadily (I paraphrase heavily). So once you play an alien or a recurring Stargate character, is it easier to get those kinds of parts in the future? As opposed to, say, a guy who only played cowboys?
STAIT: Yes and no. You will often find the same directors in Sci-fi and if they liked working with you that often helps you get in the room. But to be thought of specifically for a part in Sci-fi hasn't happened to me yet. But here's hoping.
R3: Probably your most high-profile role in SF was the Reverend Behemiel Far Traveler, AKA "Red Plauge," AKA "Rev Bem" from Andromeda. I always like to ask actors this question: what can you tell us about the character that we, the viewers, don't know? Was there any bit of backstory or information about the guy that you found interesting, but which never ended up getting used in an episode?
STAIT: I really got into reading the Tao when I was working on Rev and I would always take my ideas to the writers who were really terrific in incorporating the actors ideas into the scripts. So I don't think to much of the back story was omitted.
R3: You left the show for health reasons, right? Latex allergies? I ask because there was a rumor that you were forced out of the show, so I figured we could put that all to rest once and for all one way or another.
STAIT: I left the show because I was exhausted. I never had any reaction to the make up other than I was in it for hours and hours on end. I don't know where that allergy idea popped up. I was chemically burned once but that was not do to allergy. The suit was combination of Yak hair and synthetic I believe and it was very very hot, the Latex was thick. Covered my head and neck completely and the days on set were very long. So...well you know the rest.
R3: Wow. Not the answer I was expecting at all, but far more interesting. I'm pretty sure that's the first time the issue has ever really been set clear, publicly, anyway. So Leaving aside the actual physical difficulties of acting under heavy prosthetics, what's the psychology of it like? Mary Woronov was on the main cast of Babylon 5 playing a Narn character, and after two or three days of filming, she utterly freaked out, and had to be removed from the cast. Mira Furlan once talked about how difficult it was to act on the pilot for that show, wearing a head that wasn't quite her own, and hearing a modified voice that wasn't hers (In the pilot). On the other hand, Andreas Katsulas seems to have found the experience liberating, and it allowed him to do character things he'd never have thought to do as a mere human. So what was it like for you? Did it inform your performance in some way?
STAIT: Other than the discomfort and long hours, I loved playing Rev. He was a very complex character. I approach all characters the same way wether I am at Stratford Festival in Ontario doing Shakespeare or on TV doing sci-fi. I also did all my own fighting and we used a lot of wing-chung style moves for Rev. It is quite a challenge fighting in a fur suit and latex head but it was also a lot of fun learning techniques that worked for the character. You don't often get to play parts where you get to spit on someone and paralyse them. I liked the duality of Rev. The good and evil conflict. Would have loved to have stayed on the show but it was not to be
R3: I have to say, when you left Andromeda, it felt like the show lost a wheel. When Keith Hamilton Cobb left the show, that was a major punch in the gut, but they'd already begun to conspicuously misuse his character by then, so it wasn't quite the shock it was with your departure. Bem was just so darn interesting, and there was so much build up for so little payoff. Was it a hard role to leave behind, or was it more of a "Well, that's done, what comes next" kind of thing?
STAIT: It was tough to leave because Rev was such a great part to play and I really liked the cast and crew. They were terrific. The leaving was not a planned thing. Funny I never really talked about this in an interview before, but I just woke up one morning and that was it I couldn't put that suit on again. I was physically spent. It was pretty tough suit.
R3: Thanks for opening up to us about that. Robert Hewitt Wolfe had a grand design in mind for the show when it began that got derailed fairly quickly. He's since publicly explained where he was going with the story and the characters before he got ousted, and man, was it ambitious! If he'd managed to pull it off, it would've made Babylon 5 seem like a season of Romper Room. In the case of the Rev, he said he was ultimately supposed to end up "Rising to the top of his Church, backed by a fanatical army of Wayist Magog and devoted believers. Rev Bem creates a third great nation. A religious state equal to both the Commonwealth and the Nietzschean Empire." How much of that were you aware of when you were working on the show? Did you know any of that would have been in store for you? How free was Wolfe with his long-range plans? STAIT: I knew a bit but not all that you have mentioned. That would have been cool. I really liked his vision for the show. I have to agree that once he left the story really got lost. I'd love to work with him again.
R3: You left the show just slightly before he did. What was the mood on the set like?
STAIT: I can't speak for others but the feeling I got was that something really cool had gotten passed over. And now it was going to be just another space show.
R3: They eventually brought you back for one last episode years later. Your performance was really good, but as a viewer, the episode felt like a bit of a muddle. I wasn't sure if they were closing out your character and arc, or if they were setting you up to come back with less arduous prosthetics or what. What was your take on the episode? What was the experience like? Was there any kind of long-range plan there you were aware of?
STAIT: I enjoyed being back. I had fun playing Rev again. I had no idea what they were going to do with the character. Nobody said anything to me about a long range plan. They left it open at the end of the episode but I had the gut feeling that that Rev didn't really fit.
R3: Sad, but, yeah, you're right. There really wasn't a way to shoehorn the character back in by that point. Are you still in touch with any of the cast or crew?
STAIT: I'm good friends with Gord Woolvett see him a lot. I see Lexa sometimes. I'm presently working on a show with her husband Michael Shanks so hopefully I'll run into her on set. She still looks awesome by the way.
R3: Yeah she does!
STAIT: Hope your reading this Micheal.
R3: Speaking of Gordon Michael Woolvett, he seems to have disappeared off the face of the earth. What's he doing now?
STAIT: I know he just did a bit on Supernatural.
R3: You played Major Louis Feretti in Stargate: SG1 two or three times. That was comfortably before Andromeda, of course, but were there substantial differences in the way that show ran, compared to yours? For that matter, was there a substantial difference in how any of the Vancouver shows were run?
STAIT: I think budget plays a big role in all shows be it here or anywhere. Also I was not a regular on SG1 so I wast as close to that show. As far as cast and crew goes it's always a good vibe on set. I have nothing but good things to say about the crews up here.]
R3: There was a not-insignificant cross-pollenization of the casts between SG1 and Andromeda: You were on both, Lexa Doig was on the cast of both, Michael Shanks guested on yours, and so on. Any friendly rivalry between the shows at the time?
STAIT: Not that I was aware of. I played a little hockey for the SG1 team around Pilot time but that rivalry was with other hockey teams.
R3: In Stargate: Atlantis you played Michael the Wraith in one episode, taking over the role from the original actor, and then giving it back to him later on. That must've been a weird situation. What was it like?
STAIT: I didn't know I was giving it back to him. That was never discussed with me before I took the role. I think I was just hired to fill in for him for a time.
R3: You've had minor recurring roles in at least three series that I know of: Major Feretti in SG1, Tim Matthew in the X-Files, and McBride n The Sentinel. Do you go in to these auditions knowing that it's going to be a recurring character, or do they decide "Hey, Stait had kind of a spark in that one, let's bring him back" or what?
STAIT: Usually you have an idea it will be recurring or sometimes it's just an arc for a few episodes.]
R3: Is there ever a serious possibility that these characters will get bumped upstairs, and become more frequently recurring, or is it generally a "Wedge Antilles" role?
STAIT: There is always the possibility. Sometimes you fit a certain need and sometimes it's just that arc.
R3: Of all the characters you've ever played, SF or straight, what's your favorite role, and why?
STAIT: Rev for sure, Walt Shannon in Gunfighters' Moon, Holt in Mystery Alaska. Ferretti. You know, I think I liked just about all of them. Hard to decide.
R3: If you could have played *any* character from any genre show that ever ran, who would you play, and what would you bring to them that hasn't been there before?
STAIT: That's tough one. There are so many good shows past and present. I think I'd like to find a part that I could create with the writers. I love to research parts. Different philosophies, religions, different avenues of thought, also I love Fantasy, so I guess something along the lines of The Lord of The Rings would be a dream job.
R3: What are you working on right now?
STAIT: "The Pastor's wife," directed by Norma Bailey. Had to work all day Sunday. Starring Rose McCowen and Micheal Shanks. Hawkman no less.
R3: And that's all the time we've got. I'd like to thank Brent Stait for being with us today.
STAIT: Thanks, that was fun!
Brent Stait


Lansing and Tahoua are not the only locations we have for you. There is a lot more to choose from. Just give it a try!
Choose from one of these combinations: The distance between Alkmaar and Portland, The distance between Joinville and Libreville, The distance between Springfield and Tampico, two random locations or choose from all locations available the one you want to start with.
What is the distance between Lansing and Tahoua?
How far is it from Lansing to Tahoua? How long would it take to go from Lansing to Tahoua? What is the distance between Lansing and Tahoua? It is out of question that we added this USA top spot in our geography quiz. Even if you are not planning to travel there, you can check your geography knowledge now. Maybe some of your friends were already there and told you about this city.If you are planning your next weekend trip, why not choose this location? Surely you already have heard about Lansing in the news. Can you imagine, how near or far away that is? There is so much to see and explore in Lansing - take a look at our suggestions. Now lets take a trip from Lansing to Tahoua. How far would you have to travel? How long would it take to fly from Lansing to Tahoua? Did you every make a journey from Tahoua to Lansing? Maybe some of your friends were already there and told you about this city.If you are planning your next weekend trip, why not choose this location? You will find nice hotels and restaurants there. So when do you start? Tahoua is in Niger - but where exactly? Rather in the centre or in the west? Niger has so much interesting cities, but Tahoua is surely one of the top locations in Niger. When speaking about Niger, never forget to mention Tahoua. This city is worth a short trip as well as a longer stay.
Just think about the distance between Lansing and Tahoua - how far would you have to go? How long would it take? Choose the right answer by clicking on it!
A turtle would need 105 weeks, 4 days and 14 hours for this trip.
Shout out loud and it will take 12 hours and 30 minutes to get heard in the other city.
Line up 1774907 average limousines to get the distance.
Ok, now let's try to do this one: How far is Rikuzentakata away from Tomakomai?
Did you here about Lansing or Tahoua in the news? Or maybe you even have travelled from Lansing to Tahoua or the other way round. Then you surely know the exact distance between Lansing and Tahoua in kilometers or miles. But can you also determine the distance in other, more rarely used metrics?
This is not only a geography quiz about Lansing or Tahoua - we have lots of other locations from all around the world. Just try to determine the distance between two random locations or choose from the menu above any location you search for or you might know. How far is Alkmaar away from Portland??


text:
Celia Meyer
View All Champion Women
Communications Strategist
Celia assists with all communication and strategic media outreach for Independent Women's Forum. With a background in public relations and publicity, her understanding of and passion for the media will aid in securing IWF experts on both national and local media outlets.
Prior to joining IWF, Celia was a publicist at Regnery Publishing where she worked with many New York Times best-selling authors, including Mark Steyn, Phyllis Schlafly, Betsy McCaughey, and more.
Celia began her career as the campus director for American Majority Action, a grassroots conservative organization. There she developed the youth outreach program and served as a spokeswoman on youth issues. She has published work in the Washington Times, the New York Post, CNS News, Breitbart, Townhall, the Daily Caller, and many others. Her written work has also been featured on the Drudge Report. She has made appearances on many national television shows including Hannity, Your World with Neil Cavuto, Fox&Friends, Piers Morgan Live, the O'Reilly Factor, Glenn Beck, and more.
Celia received her bachelor's degree in Economics from Hillsdale College where she graduated Cum Laude. During her tenure as a student, Celia wrote freelance for her student newspaper and was the founder of the Young American's for Freedom chapter on campus. She resides in northern Virginia with her husband and baby girl Lincoln.
Celia Meyer's Work
Result Type:
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STATEMENT: Independent Women's Forum Statement on Hillary Clinton's Presidential Campaign
Celia Meyer	| Featured in
Statement: Obamacare: Five Years of Failure
VIDEO | War No More
Celia Meyer	| Our Work
Event Advisory: War No More Panel Featuring Rep. McMorris Rodgers, Carly Fiorina, Sabrina Schaeffer, Kellyanne Conway, Penny Nance
Statement: In King v. Burwell SCOTUS Should Rule Against the IRS and Enforce ObamaCare as Written
ADVISORY: The Future of Marriage: Does It Have One?


'Small hill (made up of) a heap or pile' or 'ramshackle hill'. See DOST under rickle or ruckle, whose meanings cover those of 'heap, pile, collection (of objects) esp. one loosely or carelessly thrown together'; also refers to dry-stone walls, heaps of peats stacked loosely for drying, and such like forms.


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Cache Creek council holds short but sweet regular meeting
There was little to discuss at the April 27 meeting before council moved in camera
May. 6, 2020 4:30 p.m.
After cancelling the regular meeting scheduled for April 14 due to a lack of pressing matters to discuss, all five members of Cache Creek council were present (Coun. Annette Pittman via telephone) for the meeting of April 27, which began at 4:30 p.m.
There were no delegations and no business arising from the minutes of the regular council meeting on March 23. There were no committee meetings or reports, although Coun. Wendy Coomber noted, under Economic Development, that COVID-19 restrictions would be lifted at some point, and that she hoped the Village would be prepared to get its businesses kick-started and back on the road to recovery.
Council gave final consideration and adoption to the amended water rates bylaw, 2020. Coun. Lisa Dafoe asked about the status of water restrictions in the Village, and CAO Martin Dalsin said that water restrictions had been in place for several days, although some people were still irrigating. He noted that a mail-drop was considered, but that since many people are only visiting the post office once a week to collect mail, Public Works crew would be going door-to-door to inform residents of the need to restrict water usage, including not watering lawns or washing vehicles. (Water restrictions were lifted as of May 4.)
Coomber noted that the Emergency Operations Centre team had been activated, and Mayor Santo Talarico said that the Cache Creek Fire Department had been out and about, attending to fires and helping with sandbagging. "We're thankful for having the 15 members that we have."
Talarico also thanked the various government agencies that have provided assistance during the recent flooding, as well as Coomber, Peters, and Dafoe for going "above and beyond their elected platform to provide a service to the citizens of Cache Creek." He also thanked all the Village staff, the CAO, and the CFO, and Coomber then noted that Talarico had been on the scene himself.
There was no information correspondence or new business, and no questions from the public or press. The meeting moved in-camera at 4:38 p.m.
All minutes and agendas for Cache Creek council meetings can be found on the Village's website at http://www.village.cachecreek.bc.ca/. The next scheduled meeting of council is on Monday, May 11 at 7 p.m.
editorial@accjournal.ca
VIDEO: Six Canadian Forces members killed in helicopter crash honoured at ceremony
Canada invests another US$70M in F-35 development despite no commitment to buy
The new deaths are from Heritage Square, a long-term care facility in Vernon
Updated: Clinton, 70 Mile left in the dark after vehicle crashes into transmission pole
BC Hydro still working to restore power to 330 homes in 70 Mile House
115 new COVID-19 cases, no new deaths in Interior Health
There are now a total of 4,970 cases in the region


Pretty good company, but looks like big positions are unloading -- selling into strength. This could drift up a bit more, but I'd be suspicious if I didn't see good volume.
Reporting tomorrow. It's an expensive stock, even the forward P/E is 2 times the growth rate, and the ROE is only 5%. Would not be surprised to see this dip.
Salesforce has been on an acquisition spree, and the M&A tempo is still going steady. The company closed its $6.5 billion acquisition of MuleSoft, a major applications integration player. In addition, Salesforce has been expanding its international operations and creating partnership the likes of Amazon and Alphabet.


text:
« Lovely | Main | Closing Guantanamo: Part 1 »
A Stir of Echoes
by Eric Martin
As mentioned in a recent post, the military assault on Gaza, together with the attempted coup and the punitive blockade of food, medicine and commercial goods that preceded it, has the potential to either strengthen hardline factions within Hamas at the expense of more politically moderate groups, or to provide a foothold (or increased popularity) to groups that are even more radical than Hamas (such as al-Qaeda). Or, unfortunately, both.
These undesirable outcomes will likely stretch beyond Israel's borders in some form or another:
Israel's assault on the Gaza Strip is boosting the popularity of Hamas and other Islamic groups in the Arab world where people are dismayed by the passiveness of their regimes, analysts said on Sunday. [...]
"This is a repetition of the major crises seen in the region during the past few years," which strengthened Islamism in the Arab world, Rashwan told AFP.
He highlighted Israel's war on Lebanon in July 2006 which failed to destroy the military might of the Iran-backed Shiite Hezbollah, and the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq, which brought Islamism to the forefront of the resistance.
"Opposition in the Arab world has become led by Islamist movements... Public opinion is led by these movements," at the expense of Arab nationalists and liberal oppositions who are losing ground."
Meanwhile, "the gap between Arab regimes and their people is being widened all the time," Rashwan added.
Abdul Aziz al-Sager, head of the Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre (GRC), agreed that Islamists are reaping a windfall of popularity from the Gaza war.
"Injustice serves the Islamist movements, putting them in the vanguard through their support for jihad" or holy war, in the Arab world, he told AFP.
The article also mentions this in passing:
"Islamist movements, born out of the void created by the collapse of the Arab nationalist and leftist ideologies, are the only ones capable of protecting the region from the madness of US politics and Israel," said the former Arab nationalist.
Ah, to reminisce about the halcyon days when the US worked (through coup attempts - some successful, some not - and other dubious means) to stifle nationalist movements in the Arab world largely on the basis that those movements threatened the considerable oil wealth being generated by ARAMCO and similar US and British concerns. This excerpt from a review of Robert Vitalis' diligently researched America's Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier is relevant:
The American government, meanwhile, had similar worries. With Middle Eastern monarchies being toppled or threatened by nationalist movements [such as Nasser's], Washington wanted stability preserved in Saudi Arabia, whose regime not only served as a bulwark against communism but had a direct bearing on the future of "our largest single overseas private enterprise," as presidential advisor Walt Rostow described ARAMCO. But since the preservation of monarchies was not one of America's public goals, King Saud found himself hailed instead as a great modernizer, even as he squandered oil revenues on military hardware and empty palaces; likewise, Saud's successor, Crown Prince Faisal, who was proclaimed a reformer even as he clamped down on the press, locked up dissidents and shut down the country's fleeting experiment with local elections.
In the vacuum left behind as a result of direct, anti-democratic interference to preserve narrow, self-referenced interests - and the effort to prop up undemocratic, oppresive allies to secure same - something more pernicious and threatening emerged. History echoes, and those plagued by deafness (willful and otherwise), stand poised, again, with hands cupped to mouth.
In the vacuum left behind as a result of direct, anti-democratic interference to preserve narrow, self-referenced interests - and the effort to prop up undemocratic, oppresive allies to secure same - something more pernicious and threatening emerged.
How very true.
History echoes, and those plagued by deafness (willful and otherwise), stand poised, again, with hands cupped to mouth.
Ah, now you've lost me. What exactly are you equating here? Baathists and Jihadists? The House of Saud and the State of Israel? Don't those analogies seem slightly forced to you?
If you want to look for echoes of history, I'd suggest a different perspective. Over the past century, we've seen the same cyclical patterns enacted time and again. An old, tired, corrupt regime earns the well-justified resentment of its people. New groups of reformers band together to challenge it, fueled by a compelling ideology. But because the system is ill-equipped to handle peaceful transitions, the result is substantial friction, and more often than not, widespread political violence. Eventually, they summon sufficient force to topple the ancien regime, and usher in a new era. But in short order, they come to be seen as old, tired and corrupt themselves, and a new opposition arises.
America has a strategic interest in stability; the Arab world seems singularly prone to cyclical regime change. It's a thorny problem. I have to say that our opposition to brutally tyrannical regimes in the region has not typically yielded great outcomes, either. (Witness Iraq.) The long-term solution is to free the world from dependency on Middle Eastern oil, so that the region can work through its own disfunction.
In the short term, though, I honestly don't believe there to be any good options. Supporting the House of Saud was a mistake. But backing coups (because that's what the Nationalists were after) hasn't generally worked out any better. It's incredibly easy to critique our hapless, inept, and often immoral record in the region, but not terribly easy to suggest realistic alternatives.
Posted by: Observer | January 12, 2009 at 07:48 PM
If you continue to crush the decent opposition, you ensure the rise of the indecent opposition.
Posted by: El Cid | January 12, 2009 at 08:00 PM
doesn't the "bomb first" strategy also create enormous incentives for iran (or anyone, frankly) to get a nuclear weapon? i'm not saying they're justified in some normative sense, but i'm instead trying to objectively describe the incentives the mass bombing creates
Posted by: publius | January 12, 2009 at 08:11 PM
"doesn't the 'bomb first' strategy"
It may just be me, but I'm not remotely clear what or who you're referring to by that: can you clarify what you're talking about? Who is bombing who first?
Wait, I think you have the history backwards. The US did back the coups, and in pursuit of toppling nationalists. See, ie, Egypt and Iran. In fact, we went after democratically elected leaders and/or openly sought to destabilize regimes then in power.
If stability is the goal, those are some incongruous tactics.
Posted by: Eric Martin | January 12, 2009 at 08:31 PM
If I may: I took publius as saying that the tendency on our part (and Israel's) to use force liberally creates incentives for states like Iran to seek out nuclear weapons with some sense of urgency. Whereas a more secure Iran might lower the acquisition of nukes on its list of priorities.
Adding: One realistic alternative would have been to not destabilize and then topple Mossadegh. And then install the Shah.
Eric:
Sure, we backed some coups. We were wrong to do so. And as you point out, the results were disastrous. But let's take a closer look at Mossadegh in Iran, for the sake of the argument.
Yes, he won a democratic election. And then he engaged in a long struggle with the constitutional monarchy. Very quickly, his radical secularism alienated many clerics and lost him much of his popular support. In 1953, after unilaterally revising the constitution, he conducted a plebiscite to legitimize his rule but insisted the vote be by open ballot - he won 99.93% of the vote. He then suspended Parliament indefinitely, and governed by decree, using emergency powers. Mosaddegh, in other words, delivered neither stability nor democracy.
My point is not that any of this justified a coup. Of course it didn't. Nor is it clear that supporting Mosaddegh would necessarily have been worse than supporting his ouster and reinstating the Shah. But it wouldn't have been a vote for democracy, either. We were faced with two bad choices - a corrupt and dissolute monarch, and an autocratic radical. The monarch didn't work out too well. But the radical? Given the size of the mobs of traditionalists who took to the streets in opposition to Mosaddegh during the coup, it's not improbable that he would have provoked an Islamic revolution even faster.
That's what comes of interfering in the domestic politics of other nations. Any action at all is likely to produce unintended consequences. And, particularly in a region utterly devoid of democratic regimes that respect international norms and abide by the rule of law, there are almost never any good options. As a general rule, I think we've erred by interfering, whether to bolster an existing regime or to overthrow it. When we interfere, we're bound to lose either way - we gain either popular hostility or the antipathy of the leadership, and often both. Better to let events take their course. Sometimes we'll wind up better off; sometimes worse; but at least we won't be responsible.
El Cid:
Which, pray tell, was the decent opposition?
Publius:
I'm not sure, but I think you're suggesting that Israeli actions intended to create deterrence may have the perverse effect of incentivizing Iran to gain its own deterrent capability, and thereby ultimately undermine Israeli security. Is that about right?
It's a fair point (although a little random in the context of this thread). But Iran was pursuing this weapon before Israel attacked Hamas. Before it bombed Hezbollah. In fact, the pursuit of nuclear weapons by Iran likely has more to do with its long-term hostility with its Sunni neighbors, its fears of the Great Satan, and its aspirations toward restoring Persian regional hegemony. The rhetoric is aimed at Israel, because that legitimates the pursuit in the eyes of many in the region and elsewhere, and bolsters popular support for the sacrifices entailed at home. And the world focuses on that dimension, because irrespective of Iranian motives, the weapon will indeed threaten Israeli security, and Israel is the regional actor most likely to attempt to forestall the acquisition through the use of force. But if Israel really were wiped off the map tomorrow, Iran's pursuit of a nuclear capability would continue unabated. In fact, it would probably accelerate - without Israel to absorb Sunni antipathy and to bolster Iran's regional standing, I suspect it would feel even more threatened than it already does.
"If I may: I took publius as saying that the tendency on our part (and Israel's) to use force liberally creates incentives for states like Iran to seek out nuclear weapons with some sense of urgency. Whereas a more secure Iran might lower the acquisition of nukes on its list of priorities."
Ok, well, I agree with that, although I'm still not clear who was bombing who first. But anyway.
"And then install the Shah."
Re-install.
observer -- i think we basically agree (and eric was right in the characterization), but we're coming at it differently.
i agree that iran has been pursuing these things before the recent wars. but i think that iran views its nuclear quest as a fundamentally *defensive* endeavor. they note (correctly) that we tend not to attack countries with nuclear weapons. the recent NYT story about a possible attack on Iran by Israel only throws more fuel on the fire.
so yes, there will always be iranians pushing. but the actions we do gives the hard liners more (or less) political support. recent events would seem to greatly strengthen the hand of hard liners
In fairness, it should be noted that it's likely that the leadership of Iran, the Supreme Leader and surrounding folks, are apt to want nuclear weapons no matter what we do. It's not always about stuff we can do to influence other people, one way or another. Americans tend to often exaggerate how much we can actually do to influence countries that just don't want to do what we want, no matter how much we want it.
Who knew we'd see eye to eye on the Middle East?
The only thing I'd add is that I'm not at all sure that we're what concerns Iran's leaders most. It fought a long and bloody war with Iraq, financed by the Gulf States. That looms very, very large in the Iranian consciousness. If we really wanted to allay Iran's fears, we'd stop arming its Sunni neighbors to the teeth.
Mosaddegh, in other words, delivered neither stability nor democracy.
You really should peruse some of the recently declassified documents on the CIA's activities vis a vis Mossadegh.
To sum it up: we were actively destabilizing his regime for many months, stretching into years. We sowed dissent, financial hardship and created other anti-regime elements/influences.
He was dedicated to democracy up until the point that we began to tear it down around him, and he took countermeasures. Funny part: he thought that by doing this (and by making the case that Iran was becoming vulnerable to Soviet incursion), he would force us to ease up on the pressure and back his rule. We, of course, chose another route.
As for him bringing stability: We were actively and intently destabilizing Iran, so no, he wasn't able to overcome our efforts! Hard to blame him for that though.
Anyway, although Gary could offer other recommendations, I highly recommend Tim Weiner's Legacy of Ashes for a fair, non-ideological treatment of the facts based on those declassified documents if you have any interest.
Observer -- agreed for sure on that last point
Observer: The way to tell the decent opposition is that it's usually the one not inviting favor from U.S. intervention. Our moronic foreign policy establishment is certainly unqualified to know who should lead other nations, but, by gosh, it's always had a good sensibility to back some real bastards and then come up with some pretty vain rationalizations about how it just had to be done, complete with trite complaints about how, well, you know, the world is complex, and we have a lot of interests, and we don't really know the people we're opposing deserve power anyway, and gosh we've just got to make the best of the world we've got.
It's like how so many people knew there were problems with Mossadegh, and yet really, only the ass-hat establishment and its wide world of toadies convinced themselves that overthrowing the actual government in favor of the Shah was the best choice for us grateful American citizens.
It's sort of like how the Israeli leadership has perpetually found whatever leadership of the Palestinians to be terribly wanting, and this for the U.S. and Israel represented a great excuse to delay and undermine negotiations; and the Israeli leadership didn't like the strengths of what secular Palestinian leadership existed, so one of their avenues to explore was to fund the origins of Hamas, which would cleverly divide the Palestinian leadership along religious lines.
I'm naive, and stupid and all, and unable to see the complexities of the world; yet that's the sort of proposal that I, a naif, would predict would lead to all sorts of disaster, and I'd be quite confused at why, other than sheer naked power, you would choose to keep undermining a rather clear path to a negotiated settlement of an awful, illegal occupation. But I'm just a moralizing simpleton.
That's a spectacularly US-centric account. There's some substantial irony in the fact that its critics tend to find the CIA to be simultaneously omnipotent and incompetent. Did the CIA do its best to destabilize the regime? Yes, it did. But it wasn't working in a vacuum. Its efforts, at most, reinforced opposition and exacerbated tensions. It was an amplifying, not a causal, force in the decline of Mosaddegh regime over those months. So I cede all of the particulars regarding the Agency's dastardly deeds, but tend to think that Iranians themselves had some control over their own destiny.
Mosaddegh was no angel. I find your apology unconvincing. He was, in many ways, rather like Nasser - an autocratic, modernizing, fiercely nationalist ruler. The difference is that Nasser managed to hold on for long enough for us all to watch his reign play out. This gets back to my point about the cyclical nature of Middle Eastern politics. Every new reformer enters the stage freighted with high hopes and expectations. Soon, clinging to power, they start to rationalize and justify the measures they take. They are battling regressive forces and outside influences. The measures are temporary. A better future is at hand. And suddenly, its decades later and we're watching another coup. There have been a handful of genuinely impressive reformers; Mossadegh certainly did not number among them.
That he was a victim of American imperialism doesn't make him a saint.
"If we really wanted to allay Iran's fears, we'd stop arming its Sunni neighbors to the teeth."
There's little sign of Iran worrying overmuch about the leadership in Iraq, to put it mildly.
Yankee go home.
Posted by: someotherdude | January 12, 2009 at 11:03 PM
We have a right to step in to other people's houses and rape and kill the inhabitants.
You know because the world is complicated and we are so wonderful.
If the inhabitants were really nice people, they would just let us do it, since…you know…we are freedom lovers and we are just so wonderful, and the world is so complicated. Being a wonderful freedom-lover in a complicated world just proves how deserving we are!
It's obvious these foreigners are worthless or they wouldn't be struggling against our freedom-loving wonderfulness.
It is our God-given and Liberty-given right to go into other communities and societies and fnck with them until they accept how wonderfully freedom-loving we are, since they obviously do not understand how complicated the world really is.
That's a spectacularly US-centric account. There's some substantial irony in the fact that its critics tend to find the CIA to be simultaneously omnipotent and incompetent. Did the CIA do its best to destabilize the regime? Yes, it did. But it wasn't working in a vacuum. Its efforts, at most, reinforced opposition and exacerbated tensions.
You know, there's a lot bad you can say about Al Qaeda. But at least they don't hang around blog comment sections complaining about the post-9/11 clampdown on civil liberties.
Posted by: wrr | January 12, 2009 at 11:19 PM
Could you please point to anything that I wrote that claimed sainthood for Mossadegh? Angelhood? Implied it?
Did the CIA do its best to destabilize the regime? Yes, it did. But it wasn't working in a vacuum. Its efforts, at most, reinforced opposition and exacerbated tensions.
Of course! That's how it always works.
Just standard divide and conquer really. Same old game since the days when the pyramids were nothing but one cornerstone.
But that doesn't really change what I said, and it wasn't really as US-centric as you claim. Just observing the fact that it's a bit rich to blame someone for failing to maintain stability when we're doing our damndest (with the Brits of course - and at their behest mind you) to destabilize.
Posted by: Eric Martin | January 13, 2009 at 10:03 AM
Adding: It's also a bit rich to complain about the undemocratic tactics of Mossadegh considering that we reinstalled the Shah, backed him to the hilt and became closely associated with his rule.
On the sainthood/angelic spectrum, I'd put the Shah many ticks closer to Hades than Mossadegh. However, we made the former our representative in Iran, and toppled the latter.
There was, of course, blowback. We're still dealing with it today.
Eric :
I wasn't defending the Shah; far from it. In fact, the core of the argument that I've been advancing in these posts is that neither Mosaddegh nor the Shah represented appealing alternatives. And I suspect you understand that 'destabilizing' a ruler who you think is liable to usher in an extended period of national and regional instability, and then replacing him with an autocrat who presided over two decades of relative stasis, is indeed a move designed to enhance stability. The United States gambled that the short-term damage of removing Mosaddegh would be outweighed by the long-term gains in stability of reinstalling the Shah and dialing back the pace of modernization and nationalism. It actually won that bet in the short-term; whether the Islamic Revolution was fomented or accelerated by the intervention, or whether it would have come even faster under Mossaddegh, is ultimately an unanswerable question.
In this series of posts, I have been objecting to the common trope that by toppling Mosaddegh, the United States derailed an incipient democracy and set in motion a religious revolution. It seems to stem from a common view, implied by your initial post and explicitly articulated by El Cid, that the United States has a near perfect record in the Middle East of betting on the wrong horse. Since the figures we've supported have had generally deplorable records, there is a natural tendency to suppose that had we made different decisions, we would have produced different outcomes. We tend to focus on our own actions as determinative. Blowback, moreover, is a seductive concept - the notion that we are mostly responsible for the problems we encounter around the world is perversely flattering, for it implies that we have the power to solve those problems by making better decisions.
The point I'm trying to make is that the record of the United States in the region is somewhat more complicated. If few (if any) of the leaders or movements we have backed have turned out as we hoped, it's mostly because virtually none of the region's leaders or movements were liable to move in the direction we might like. The problems in the Middle East are mostly not of our making. Had we thrown our weight behind Mosaddegh's coup and overthrow of the Shah, our record would have been equally suspect. Critics would have accused us of imposing a modernizer on a traditional society, thereby fomenting a fundamentalist counter-revolution and fostering extremism; of stifling democracy by supporting a man who dissolved parliament and rigged elections; and in all likelihood, of supporting a man whose nationalism would eventually have placed him in opposition to our regional interests. And they would have been right, just as they were right to criticize our support of the Shah.
The menu of choices in the Middle East generally includes bad, worse, and worst of all. Moreover, the choices shift constantly - the movement that seems only bad today may be the worst of all tomorrow. When we get involved in the business of choosing which movements to support, we always lose. There are no winning choices. On the other hand, some degree of involvement in the region is inevitable - we're the world's greatest power, and our decisions are going to have some impact. The best option is to lower the stakes - if you gamble with less, you lose less. At the moment, our dependency on oil means the stakes are high. Freeing ourselves of that will, at least, minimize our losses.
Posted by: Observer | January 13, 2009 at 11:03 AM
And I suspect you understand that 'destabilizing' a ruler who you think is liable to usher in an extended period of national and regional instability, and then replacing him with an autocrat who presided over two decades of relative stasis, is indeed a move designed to enhance stability.
And I suspect that you understand that Mossadegh was not really likely to usher in such instability, but rather that the British were concerned with his desire to implement greater control over Iran's oil. And, given that fear, we proceeded to destabilize him.
Had we thrown our weight behind Mosaddegh's coup and overthrow of the Shah, our record would have been equally suspect.
Huh? What does this mean? Are you saying that we could have (in any conceivable world), after overthrowing Mossadegh, then backed a coup by Mossadegh to overthrow the leader we re-installed in the first place? No, not even I would have favored that. Once we overthrew Mossadegh, we couldn't back a coup by him.
The United States gambled that the short-term damage of removing Mosaddegh would be outweighed by the long-term gains in stability of reinstalling the Shah and dialing back the pace of modernization and nationalism. It actually won that bet in the short-term; whether the Islamic Revolution was fomented or accelerated by the intervention, or whether it would have come even faster under Mossaddegh, is ultimately an unanswerable question.
Obviously, I don't agree with you on the gains in stability from the Shah. Quite the contrary.
Further, we could have had gains in stability under Mossadegh if we...just stopped destabilizing his regime!!! That would have been a sure bet, and then we wouldn't have had to worry about the potential blowback.
And yeah, it is pretty certain that the Shah's ouster was the result of the Shah's rule, and that anger at the Shah found its way to our shores pretty easily. Iranians aren't idiots. They recognized the power behind the Shah - and I don't find that particularly flattering.
As for Khomeini, he was a force regardless. But we certainly set the conditions for his ascension, and had no contingency plan to back other more moderate factions after the Shah fell. The better bet would have been backing Mossadegh (or his democratically elected successor!). Democracy and all that.
Since the figures we've supported have had generally deplorable records, there is a natural tendency to suppose that had we made different decisions, we would have produced different outcomes. We tend to focus on our own actions as determinative.
You tend to ignore this: if an outside power is interested in securing a natural resource or local advantage for itself (such as oil) - and maintaining an advantageous position for its oil companies - it will be impossible to find "good" local leaders and movements to back.
"Good" movements/leaders wanted nothing to do with our agenda. For good reason.
It was the same dynamic in Latin America. Anyone that me and you might consider "good" was quickly disposed of.
Blowback, moreover, is a seductive concept - the notion that we are mostly responsible for the problems we encounter around the world is perversely flattering, for it implies that we have the power to solve those problems by making better decisions.
You know what is an even more seductive concept? You know what concepts get rewarded by an elite that has skin in the game? That blowback is a myth. That there are no good options, so we are justified in toppling democratically elected regimes and backing (and/or implanting) ruthless dictators.
That the pursuit of oil justifies any manner of interference and mischief - and that there aren't really consequences to be paid down the line.
They don't hate us for our actions and policies, they hate us for our freedoms. And the like.
Now that's seductive. Pays well too.
I'm curious about how we have so many discussions about US meddling in the Middle East with almost no discussion about the USSR at the same time. Not in a 'blame the communists' sense, but for a bit of historical perspective about the reasoning behind certain actions. Quite a few things that seem pseudo-mysterious if you don't mention the USSR, make a little more sense if you realize that the Middle East was a bit player caught up in the stomping grounds of giants around them. And they know it, which is a huge part of their resentment.
But there are long discussions about US action in the Middle East which seemingly don't remember that the US was one of two superpowers meddling in the Middle East. If the US were not, it wouldn't have been a meddle-free zone by any means.
Seb: Duly noted. Oil and countering the USSR were our two animating principles.
Which is the point.
Backing "good" leaders has rarely been a paramount interest for US foreign policy. In this, we are like every other nation that has ever existed. We are in the business of furthering our interests, and are willing to use whatever local proxies help us to achieve those desired ends.
The good news is that there are some checks on our government's nastier proclivities. It is actually possible to shame our government to act better, and abandon local champions that go too far.
Eventually, IKE/Kennedy grew tired of Trujillo's brutality in the DR. Duvalier became too much in Haiti. And Bush 43 couldn't work with Karimov in Uzbekistan ultimately.
We're more comfortable working with authoritarian regimes there--democracies might put people we don't like in office. Look at Hamas.
I'm reading Avi Shlaim's biography of King Hussein and that issue has already come up--the US has just decided (this is in the 50's) to back Hussein because of fear of communism.
Posted by: Donald Johnson | January 13, 2009 at 11:37 AM
"But there are long discussions about US action in the Middle East which seemingly don't remember that the US was one of two superpowers meddling in the Middle East."
As regards Operation Ajax, the USSR wasn't a significant player:
[...] When Mossadeq canceled public appearances and instead carried out government business from his residence, the Western media claimed he was being paranoid and melodramatic. A note at the Foreign Office stated ambiguously: "You might well consider it desirable to put about the story that the communists are plotting against Musaddiq's life, and are trying to plant the responsibility onto the British" (FO 371/Persia 1952/9859). Along similar lines, Lankarani bombed the home of a prominent cleric, and sent leaflets to others in the name of the Tudeh heralding the imminent dawn of a bright new "atheistic" republic. This frightened some, including future leaders of the Islamic Republic (Kianuri, 1992, 252).
Wilber also writes that suitable articles were planted in Western papers and then replanted in Iranian newspapers. Publications such as Newsweek raised the hue and cry that the country was on the edge of falling into the communist abyss (August 10, 1953). They claimed that the Tudeh had infiltrated the National Front; that leading members of the government — namely, Fatemi, Abdol-Ali Lofti, the Justice Minister, and Mehdi Azar, the Education Minister — were secret fellow-travelers; that Mossadeq was about to make a deal with the Soviets; and that if he did not do so the Tudeh was poised to launch an armed insurrection.
Throughout the crisis, the "communist danger" was more of a rhetorical device than a real issue — i.e., it was part of the cold-war discourse. The British and American governments knew Mossadeq was as distrustful of the Soviet Union as of the West. In fact, they often complained to each other about his "neutralism." They knew perfectly well that the so-called "fellow-travelers" were staunch nationalists (after the coup some of them obtained refuge in the United States). They also knew that the Tudeh, even though the largest political organization, was in no position to seize power (F0 371/Persia 1952/ 98597; FO 371/Persia 1953/104573; Declassified Documents/1981/CIA/ Doc 276). Despite 20,000 members and 110,000 sympathizers, the Tudeh was no match for the armed tribes and the 129,000-man military. What is more, the British and Americans had enough inside information to be confident that the party had no plans to initiate armed insurrection. At the beginning of the crisis when the Truman administration was under the impression a compromise was possible, Acheson had stressed the communist danger and warned if Mossadeq was not helped the Tudeh would take over (FO 371/Persia 1051/1530). The Foreign Office had retorted that the Tudeh was no real threat (FO 371/ Persia 1952/98608). But, in August 1953, when the Foreign Office echoed the Eisenhower administration's claim that the Tudeh was about to take over, Acheson now retorted that there was no such communist danger (Roosevelt, 1979, 88). Acheson was honest enough to admit that the issue of the Tudeh was a smokescreen.
One might also note that the emergent Khomeini movement was as sympathetic to the secular Tudeh (communist) movement as the Taliban was to the communists in Afghanistan.
The problems in the Middle East are mostly not of our making. Had we thrown our weight behind Mosaddegh's coup and overthrow of the Shah, our record would have been equally suspect.
If only there were some third option . . . some way to stay out of the game . . .
But no. The assumption behind much of our foreign policy in the last few decades is that we get to exercise veto power over decisions about who gets to govern in any country where we judge ourselves to have a vital, strategic, or even just reputational interest. Which has often taken the form of (1) find a local badass who will be our badass, (2) make him the most heavily armed local badass, (3) continue to arm him until he decides he'd rather be his own badass than our badass, (4) discover that our badass is really really bad, loudly and piously denounce his badassery, and start over at (1).
Posted by: Hogan | January 13, 2009 at 03:46 PM
I would only argue that 'we' backed the 'wrong horse' in the sense that the people who run this country picked exactly the horse they wanted, and the fact that it made life worse for the locals and for the average U.S. citizen, particularly in the long run, is completely and utterly irrelevant to their aims.