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Community engagement and population coverage in mass anti-malarial administrations: a systematic literature review
Bipin Adhikari ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8981-39101,
Nicola James1,
Gretchen Newby2,
Lorenz von Seidlein1,4,
Nicholas J. White1,4,
Nicholas P. J. Day1,4,
Arjen M. Dondorp1,4,
Christopher Pell5 &
Phaik Yeong Cheah1,3,4
Mass anti-malarial administration has been proposed as a key component of the malaria elimination strategy in South East Asia. The success of this approach depends on the local malaria epidemiology, nature of the anti-malarial regimen and population coverage. Community engagement is used to promote population coverage but little research has systematically analysed its impact. This systematic review examines population coverage and community engagement in programmes of mass anti-malarial drug administration.
This review builds on a previous review that identified 3049 articles describing mass anti-malarial administrations published between 1913 and 2011. Further search and application of a set of criteria conducted in the current review resulted in 51 articles that were retained for analysis. These 51 papers described the population coverage and/or community engagement in mass anti-malarial administrations. Population coverage was quantitatively assessed and a thematic analysis was conducted on the community engagement activities.
The studies were conducted in 26 countries: in diverse healthcare and social contexts where various anti-malarial regimens under varied study designs were administered. Twenty-eight articles reported only population coverage; 12 described only community engagement activities; and 11 community engagement and population coverage. Average population coverage was 83% but methods of calculating coverage were frequently unclear or inconsistent. Community engagement activities included providing health education and incentives, using community structures (e.g. existing hierarchies or health infrastructure), mobilizing human resources, and collaborating with government at some level (e.g. ministries of health). Community engagement was often a process involving various activities throughout the duration of the intervention.
The mean population coverage was over 80% but incomplete reporting of calculation methods limits conclusions and comparisons between studies. Various community engagement activities and approaches were described, but many articles contained limited or no details. Other factors relevant to population coverage, such as the social, cultural and study context were scarcely reported. Further research is needed to understand the factors that influence population coverage and adherence in mass anti-malarial administrations and the role community engagement activities and approaches play in satisfactory participation.
Malaria remains a leading global health concern and although, in South East Asia, malaria-related morbidity and mortality has seen recent declines, the spread of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites poses serious challenges to prevention and control efforts [1]. If left uncontained, the likely spread of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum from Asia to Africa would have a catastrophic impact in the region where malaria-related mortality is highest [2].
This scenario has prompted urgent efforts to eliminate falciparum malaria in South East Asia [3, 4]. One approach, targeted malaria elimination (TME), combines conventional malaria prevention and control activities (reinforcing the network of village malaria workers (VMWs) to deliver appropriate case management and distribute long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs), with the mass administration of an artemisinin combination therapy. The mass drug administration (MDA) component of TME entails delivering a curative anti-malarial dose to all individuals within a community, irrespective of malaria infection status, to interrupt local transmission [5].
Over the past century, MDA has been used as a strategy for malaria control with varying degree of success [6]. Past mass anti-malarial administrations, which often entailed sub-therapeutic doses, have been blamed for accelerating drug resistance [5, 7]. This is less likely within TME because therapeutic doses of combination anti-malarials are administered [5–8]. Interrupting local transmission through MDA is dependent on several factors, particularly the local malaria epidemiology, the characteristics of the anti-malarial regimen, and population coverage and adherence (Fig. 1). In recent years, modelling studies have been helpful in determining the level of coverage required in specific epidemiological situations to interrupt transmission [9]. The level of coverage required to ensure the effectiveness of the MDA and how to define coverage is debatable particularly with regard to specifying numerator and denominator. For instance, many MDA studies, exclude pregnant women and young children because of concerns of toxicity. It is clear that the local social context and the community engagement activities that accompany the MDA influence coverage and adherence [9–17].
Factors affecting the probability of completely interrupting local malaria transmission through mass antimalarial administration. Highlighted in grey are areas of concern for this review
Community engagement is variously defined in the global health literature [18]. Some scholars emphasize community engagement as promoting ethical conduct of research, whereas other definitions focus on 'working collaboratively' with communities 'to address issues affecting the well-being of those people' [18, 19]. With regard to programmes of MDA, community engagement entails a range of activities—for example, employing community members and providing health education—that often focus on promoting population coverage and adherence [14, 19–22]. Although recognized as influencing coverage, community engagement is often scarcely reported and, to date, little effort have been made to analyse the impact of specific community engagement activities or approaches on MDA coverage.
With a view to designing community engagement activities for TME across the Greater Mekong sub-region, a systematic review of community engagement and population coverage within mass anti-malarial administrations was conducted [6, 23]. This article examines: (1) population coverage, (2) community engagement activities and (3) the relationship between (1) and (2) in previous mass anti-malarial administrations.
This review builds upon an earlier Cochrane review of mass anti-malarial administrations by Poirot et al. [23]. For the Cochrane review, the following databases were searched: Cochrane infectious diseases, Group Specialized Register, Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Library, MEDLINE+ , EMBASE, CABS Abstracts and LILACS (Additional file 1). Search terms were: A. Anti-malarials: exp Antimalarials or exp malaria/or antimalarial* or anti-malarial* or schizonticidal* or gametocidal* or hypnozoiticidal* or drug* or treatment* or malaria* and B. Mass Administration: mass or coordinate* or administ* or distribut* or applicat* or use or therap* or treatment*.
From these searches, 3049 articles were retrieved and reviewed (Fig. 2). Of these articles, 241 were selected based on the eligibility for MDA [23]. Further review by Newby et al. [6] identified 16 sub-studies that resulted in a total of 257 full text articles. These 257 articles were subjected to the exclusion criteria (Table 1). This resulted in 201 articles published between November 30, 1931 and August 24, 2011 that were assessed for inclusion in the current review. To examine the maximum number of studies that might have documented community engagement activities and population coverage, articles excluded from previous reviews were included: articles that reported MDA for sub-groups rather than entire populations, described the delivery of inadequate treatment doses, documented the mass screen and treat approach and those that were not unique MDA studies (e.g. multiple publications documenting different components of the same study).
Assembly of the reviewed literature
Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for review
Two authors (BA and NJ) independently retrieved and reviewed the articles. Firstly, all the literature pertaining to malaria-related MDAs was reviewed to extract population coverage data. In this review, population coverage has been defined as the total proportion of the target population who took anti-malarials with or without directly observed treatment (DOT) during the entire course of the MDA. Secondly, the articles were sorted according to the reports of community engagement activities. Thirdly, a thematic analysis of the literature that addressed the population coverage and/or community engagement was conducted.
Of the 201 articles, 181 reported primary studies and 20 reported secondary studies, which gave additional details on the primary studies. Seventy-eight of the 181 primary studies were excluded. These were 68 non English articles, eight that reported intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) and two of which the full text were not available resulting in 103 studies. Among these 20 secondary studies, nine were excluded: two were in languages other than English, one was an unpublished working document and six described studies indirectly related to MDA (such as knowledge, attitude and practice studies, and longitudinal studies), resulting in eleven secondary studies. Of these 11 studies, two were included in the previous review of community participation by Atkinson et al. [20]. These 11 articles were reviewed for their additional details on community engagement and coverage and were used to supplement the information detailed in Tables 2, 3 and 4.
Table 2 Studies documenting population coverage only (n = 28, in chronological order)
Table 3 Studies documenting community engagement activities only (n = 12, in chronological order)
Table 4 Studies documenting both community engagement and population coverage (n = 11, in chronological order)
Community engagement data extraction and analysis
Of the 103 primary articles, 47 were excluded after a preliminary review because they did not describe population coverage or community engagement activities (Additional file 2). Among the remaining 56 articles, six described community engagement only very briefly and were excluded [24]. One additional article was added during the update of the review [25] resulting in 51 articles retained for analysis. A thematic analysis was conducted on a total of 23 articles, which described community engagement activities. These included 12 articles that described community engagement activities only and 11 articles that described population coverage and community engagement activities.
The nature of the reviewed articles
Fifty-one articles reporting the results of studies conducted in 26 countries were retained in the analysis. Population coverage without community engagement was documented in 28/51 (55%) papers (Table 2). Twelve of 51 (24%) articles described community engagement activities in detail but not population coverage (Tables 3, 5), whereas 11/51 (22%) articles described community engagement activities in detail and population coverage (Tables 4, 6). Among all articles reviewed (n = 51), median quartile of the studies were conducted before 1965 (Q1 = 1956, Q2 = 1965 and Q3 = 1984).
The studies were conducted in contexts with diverse healthcare infrastructure, health needs, population mobility and population size. For instance, the study in Lebanon involved study villages, which were deprived of healthcare centres (physicians or pharmacies were unavailable within 18 km of the village). In addition, the study population was mobile as they often leave the village in search of job and to escape the winter [26]. This had implications in terms of villagers' willingness to follow study instructions, such as not to take other anti-malarials apart from the study drug, chloroquine.
In some cases, mass anti-malarial administration was conducted as part of research in selected villages, whereas, in others, MDA was part of a national health campaign. An example of the latter is Nicaragua where the entire population was treated. High level of community participation in a literacy campaign in previous year was a stimulus for the nationwide MDA. Prior to mass anti-malarial administration, health campaigns had been conducted for polio vaccination, sanitation and environmental hygiene, rabies control in domestic pets and vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus [27].
Population coverage
The 28 studies that documented only population coverage were published from 1931 to 1996 (Table 2). The mean reported population coverage in these 28 studies was 82% (range 40–100%), with seven (25%) studies reporting a population coverage below 79% (Table 2). The 11 articles reporting both population coverage and community engagement activities were published from 1960 to 2015 and described, on average, 84% coverage (range 40–100%). Three of the 11 (27.3%) studies reported a population coverage below 79% (Table 4). It was often unclear or not specified how the coverage was estimated. For example, in Trinidad and Tobago, 2142 people were given plasmoquine and quinine, but only 1289 people completed the full course. In this study, the coverage was not reported and the selection of the target population was not mentioned [28]. Similarly, in Sudan, the anti-malarials were reportedly taken by all members of the targeted population but no details of coverage, population size or the selection procedure were provided [29].
Community engagement activities
This section describes the type and process of community engagement activities: health education, provision of incentives, utilization of existing community structures, human resource mobilization and steps in community engagement.
Of the 23 articles (Tables 5, 6) with detailed descriptions of community engagement, 12 focused on health education employing the following media and methods: (1) newspapers, written leaflets and posters, (2) audio-visual materials, such as news-bulletins, movies and videos, and (3) meetings with key community persons, announcements in health facilities in conjunction with community members and involvement of local health workers, government health officials and village volunteers.
Two articles, reporting on studies in Nicaragua [30] and Indonesia [31] incorporated large-scale health education on malaria and MDA. Health education was conducted in various different contexts and various methods were applied. For instance, in Tanzania, articles for the general public were written in two local newspapers [32]. In Ghana, weekly health education classes were conducted among the residents and they were asked to spread the message to other villagers [33]. In India, health education sessions were conducted in different levels where community health volunteers played a major role in increasing the awareness in the community [34]. In Vanuatu, intensive health education classes were conducted after coverage dropped and in subsequent round coverage improved [14, 35]. Information dissemination was conducted through newspapers [32], pamphlets and news bulletins [36]. In two studies [37, 38] audio-visual materials were employed to explain the planned intervention [37]. In China, the health education was delivered through the primary health care system by the means of meetings, films, posters and videos [38].
Two articles documented the use of incentives in MDA but they did not report the corresponding population coverage [37, 39]. In Venezuela, MDA participants received incentives ranging from a lottery ticket to sugar candy on completion of the entire anti-malarial course. In addition, financial incentives were provided to MDA staff for each malaria positive slide [39]. In India, financial incentives—an advance for housing construction—were given to reluctant tribal populations [37].
Community structures
Community structures consisted of existing organizations, physical infra-structure, health care providers and health service centres. The involvement of community structures was often a core component of introducing the MDA to the target communities. In India, personnel from the local health centre and additional staff from the district assisted in conducting the MDA [34]. In Kenya, the MDA was implemented in the community through the local district health office [40]. Apart from conducting community meetings and utilizing community structures, a study [25] in Thai–Myanmar border areas utilized an existing community ethics advisory board (Tak Province Community Ethics Advisory Board [T-CAB]) [41].
Human resource mobilization
Human resource mobilization varied from the simple involvement of community members or health staff to assist with the study to complete hand over of the MDA operations to government staff. For instance, in the Gambia, a translator and a fieldworker were appointed for consent process with participants whereas the staff at health centre recorded the visits of villagers at health centre [42]. In Cambodia, village malaria workers were recruited to distribute the drugs and monitor drug administration [43]. By contrast, in Nicaragua, a nationwide malaria control program recruited 70,000 people as anti-malaria volunteers who were trained to conduct the census, provide door to door education, promote community participation, distribute drugs and keep records [27]. On Aneityum Island, Vanuatu, village volunteers were selected and trained as MDA staff and were responsible for drug distribution [35].
Steps in community engagement
Community engagement was often a process and the MDAs involved participants in various ways throughout the duration of the intervention. For instance, in The Gambia, researchers first discussed the project with and sought cooperation from national and district-level members of governmental and health structures. Subsequently, meetings were conducted in the target communities with village elders and other prominent residents in the presence of the government officials [42]. With the consent of village leaders, meetings were held with community members to introduce the purpose and details of the study, which was then followed by the individual consent process. On Aneityum Island, the MDA plan was first formulated by the malaria control programme at the Department of Health. Operationally, MDA was led by the district malaria supervisor and several meetings were held with the communities to explain the MDA's purpose and procedures, and to elicit the community's full commitment to eliminate malaria from the island. Subsequently, 12 village volunteers were selected and trained as MDA staff and anti-malarial administration was carried out with the supervision of a registered nurse who was responsible for healthcare on the island, the district malaria supervisor and central malaria section staff [14, 35].
The relationship between community engagement and population coverage
Among the 11 studies (Tables 4, 6) that documented both community engagement activities and coverage, coverage ranged from 40 to 100% [25, 27, 34, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45]. The MDA with the highest reported population coverage (100%) was part of the North Sumatra Health Promotion Project, Indonesia and was on-going for 10 years. In this national initiative, existing village health centres and staff were responsible for the activities, such as collecting fingertip blood samples and examining spleen size. Two village volunteers also worked as recorders and guides and the primary school teacher assisted in identifying and examining pupils [44].
Another successful MDA that reached 95% of the target population was conducted in Kenya, as part of chemotherapeutic campaigns in 1953–1954 and as a joint collaboration between WHO, UNICEF and Ministry of Health. In this case, the district health offices were responsible for overall organization and supervision of the MDA and the district health inspector was charged with the daily running of the operation. Most community leaders, such as administrative chiefs, headmen, school teachers and clerks were involved [40].
On Aneityum Island, mass anti-malarial administration contributed to the elimination of malaria from the island. Here, the department of health was closely involved: the district malaria supervisor took charge of the programme and delegated responsibilities to local staff from government health facilities. Twelve community members were recruited and trained as MDA staff who carried out day-to-day activities, such as drug distribution, recording and supervision. The MDA compliance rate decreased from 90 to 79% in the 2nd and 3rd rounds; this resulted from the adverse events related to chloroquine and the number of tablets participants had to take and, in response, community meetings were held. Additional information was provided and chloroquine was removed from the scheduled anti-malarial regimen in the 5th and 9th rounds after discussion with the community [14, 35].
Amongst the articles that reported coverage and community engagement activities, the lowest coverage −40%-was recorded on the Thai–Myanmar border [25]. Initially, the mean coverage in three villages for the malaria parasite survey was 77%. After discussing the results with community leaders and the T-CAB, MDA was agreed as an intervention. Two of the three villages were inaccessible during the rainy season and so anti-malarials could not be administered there. The low coverage was explained in terms of political fragmentation, inaccessibility and high mobility [25].
This review has identified and examined reports of mass anti-malarial administrations that described community engagement activities and/or population coverage. Conducted between December 30, 1931 and August 16, 2015, MDAs varied widely by anti-malarial regimen, study type, context, community engagement activities, and population coverage. In the following sections, the research questions are discussed with particular regard to the limitations of the reviewed articles.
Amongst the reviewed articles, the mean population coverage for the mass anti-malarial administrations was above 80%, the suggested minimum to interrupt malaria transmission [6]. Amongst the articles that described population coverage and community engagement activities, the mean was even higher. Furthermore, when community engagement involved government and local community structures, coverage was above 85% (range = 70–100%) [27, 34, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45] and when community engagement activities depended on the community alone, mean coverage was over 80% (range = 40–95%) [12, 25, 31, 46]. These figures suggest cause for optimism with regard to reaching the levels of coverage required to eliminate falciparum malaria from the Greater Mekong sub-region.
The reporting of how population coverage was calculated was, often absent or inadequate; little detail was offered on the denominator or numerator populations, who was excluded, for example, from anti-malarial administration, or how the total target population was calculated, with regard to including or excluding mobile groups. The absence of such detail limits direct comparisons across the studies. Ideally, future research on mass anti-malarial administration should report its fullness, the methods used to calculate population coverage.
The reviewed articles also provide few references to participants' adherence to the anti-malarial regimen [31, 35, 36, 45, 47]. Adherence is likely to be a particular challenge when administering a multi-dose multi-day anti-malarial regimens. Although adherence can be ensured by delivering anti-malarials as DOT, this is likely to present challenges when part of large scale MDA programme. Low-prevalence settings, such as those in the Greater Mekong sub-Region, are also likely to present potential challenges for adherence if DOT is not possible. Future research should address the question of MDA adherence in areas of low clinical malaria prevalence.
The reviewed articles described community engagement activities that included the simple provision of information about the MDA to the community, the utilization of existing community structures for MDA implementation, delivery of health education, and building local human resource capacity through training. Some articles provided detailed accounts of the community engagement [14, 30], overall, there was a general lack of detail regarding the approach to community engagement and the activities conducted.
Community engagement approaches have been categorized as top-down (vertical) and bottom-up (horizontal) [20]. Many of the reviewed articles reported a combination of these approaches [27, 34, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45] and community engagement was often a process, involving multiple steps. First, the top-down approach was used to garner support of officials and gain access to the research site [48, 49]. In light of the criticisms of such an approach and the need to gain the consensus of the community, more bottom-up activities were subsequently utilized [50–52]. This is particularly the case in more recent MDAs [48, 53–55]. In many of the reviewed articles, [12, 27, 31, 34, 35, 40, 42, 44–46], the use of existing community structures, the local health system and involvement of the community in meetings, health education and training of the local staff were essential features.
Bottom-up approaches to community engagement include community-directed interventions (CDI), which entails community members taking an active role in the planning and execution of an intervention. For MDAs, such activities include carrying out the target population census, distributing drugs, mobilizing other community members and recording treatments provided [14, 27, 43]. In the reviewed Vanuatu study, 12 village volunteers were selected and trained as MDA staff who delivered each MDA dose under supervision. A multi-country review of CDIs to control and manage tropical diseases, including malaria, identified this approach as more effective at increasing coverage and achieving the targeted outcome compared to conventional vertical approaches [21, 22]. This approach was also more cost effective and operationally efficient with community members' enthusiasm described as pivotal in increasing feasibility and sustainability [22].
Analysing and comparing the community engagement activities is complicated by the diverse study conditions under which the MDAs were undertaken. These included controlled trials, which entailed close monitoring of participants, whereas others were less intensive implementation studies. Aspects of these controlled clinical trials, such as the provision of incentives (and/or healthcare), would not be feasible as part of a larger implementation and only qualified lessons can be drawn from such studies. With regard to incentives, during a multi-country study in Africa, the effects of different incentives types were compared: material incentives, such as gift items, money or T-shirts were less effective than "intrinsic" incentives, such as sense of recognition, the feeling of making a worthwhile contribution and knowledge gained [21, 22].
In most of the reviewed MDAs, community engagement activities focused on promoting the population coverage and facilitating study operations. However, for many researchers, community engagement now encompasses the broader aim of promoting ethical global health research through, for example, socially responsible knowledge production, capacity development and health promotion, such as through changes in health behaviour [19, 56, 57]. From this perspective, community engagement cannot be simply evaluated in terms of its contribution to the study aims, in the case of mass anti-malarial administration, mainly population coverage.
The local social and cultural context also influences MDA coverage and adherence in various ways: for example, community members' familiarity with anti-malarials, perceptions about the seriousness of malaria and its local prevalence can influences people's readiness to take medicines when apparently healthy. The nature of the anti-malarial, particularly any adverse events that are associated with it and how they are interpreted with regard to local understandings of illness, is also likely to influence community responses to the intervention. Similarly, the local availability of healthcare prior to the study could influence participation. Political divisions within the target community, perceived or enacted nepotism can foster resentment and objections towards MDA.
This review is the first comprehensive analysis of the published literature on community engagement and population coverage in mass anti-malarial administrations. The findings are limited by the relatively low proportion of articles that documented community engagement activities (45%; 23/51). The findings are also limited by the heterogeneity of study methods, population and study sites. This is particularly relevant in terms of the methods used to calculate population coverage, which was often reported with insufficient detail to ensure fair comparisons.
The reviewed MDAs varied widely by anti-malarial regimen, study design, context, era, community engagement activities, and population coverage. The mean population coverage for the reviewed mass anti-malarial administrations was above 80%, but inadequate reporting of coverage calculation methods complicates comparisons between studies. Various community engagement activities and approaches were described, many of which contained limited or no details. Community engagement plays a major role in achieving high population coverage in mass anti-malarial administrations. Amongst the reviewed articles, coverage was highest when community engagement involved government and community structures, such as in Nicaragua and on Aneityum island. Other factors, such as the social, cultural and study context, may also play an important role but were not investigated by these articles. More research is needed to disentangle the factors influencing population coverage, adherence, "success" in mass anti-malarial administrations and the role of community engagement activities and approaches. Future research must also (1) report in full the methods used to calculate population coverage; (2) provide details of community engagement activities; and (3) evaluate the impact of the local social context as well as the particular community engagement activities and strategies.
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Kaseje DC, Sempebwa EK. An integrated rural health project in Saradidi, Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 1989;28:1063–71.
Head BW. Community Engagement: participation on Whose Terms? Aust J Political Sci. 2007;42:441–54.
Rifkin SB. Paradigms lost: toward a new understanding of community participation in health programmes. Acta Trop. 1996;61:79–92.
Greenough P. Intimidation, coercion and resistance in the final stages of the South Asian smallpox eradication campaign, 1973–1975. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41:633–45.
Rieckmann KH. The chequered history of malaria control: are new and better tools the ultimate answer? Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006;100:647–62.
Purdey AF, Adhikari GB, Robinson SA, Cox PW. Participatory health development in rural Nepal: clarifying the process of community empowerment. Health Educ Q. 1994;21:329–43.
Aregawi M, Smith SJ, Sillah-Kanu M, Seppeh J, Kamara AR, Williams RO, et al. Impact of the mass drug administration for malaria in response to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. Malar J. 2016;15:480.
Kuehne A, Tiffany A, Lasry E, Janssens M, Besse C, Okonta C, et al. Impact and lessons learned from mass drug administrations of malaria chemoprevention during the Ebola Outbreak in Monrovia, Liberia, 2014. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0161311.
Adhikari B, Mishra SR, Raut S. Rebuilding earthquake struck Nepal through community engagement. Front Public Health. 2016;4:121.
Lavery JV. Putting international research ethics guidelines to work for the benefit of developing countries. Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics. 2004;4:319–36.
Kingsbury AN, Amies CR. A field experiment on the value of plasmoquine in the prophylaxis of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1931;25:159–72.
Kligler IJ, Mer G. Periodic intermittent treatment with chinoplasmine as a measure of malaria control in a hyperendemic area. Riv Malariol. 1931;10:425–38.
White RS, Adhikari AK. Anti-gametocyte treatment combined with anti-larval malaria control. Rec Malar Surv Ind. 1934;4:77–94.
Ray AP. Prophylactic use of paludrine in a tea estate. Indian J Malariol. 1948;2:35–66.
Banerjea R. The control of malaria in a rural area of West Bengal. Indian J Malariol. 1949;3:371–86.
Van Goor WT, Lodens JG. Clinical malaria prophylaxis with proguanil. Doc Neerl Indones Morbis Trop. 1950;2:62–81.
Norman T. An investigation of the failure of proguanil prophylaxis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952;46:653–5.
Archibald HM, Bruce-Chwatt LJ. Suppression of malaria with pyrimethamine in Nigerian school children. Bull World Health Organ. 1956;15:775–84.
Clyde DF, Webbe G, Shute GT. Single dose pyrimethamine treatment of Africans during a malaria epidemic in Tanganyika. East Afr Med J. 1958;35:23–9.
Van Dijk W. Mass chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine additional to DDT indoor spraying. Trop Geogr Med. 1958;10:379–84.
Afridi MK, Rahim A. Further observation on the interruption of malaria transmission with single dose of pyrimethamine (daraprim). Riv Parassitol. 1959;20:229–42.
Van Dijk W. Mass treatment of malaria with chloroquine: results of a trial in Inanwatan. Trop Geogr Med. 1961;13:351–6.
Metselaar D. Seven years' malaria research and residual house spraying in Netherlands New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1961;10:327–34.
Ho C. Studies on malaria in new China. Chin Med J. 1965;84:491–7.
Ossi GT. An epidemic in the life of a malaria eradication programme. Bull Endem Dis. 1967;9:5–18.
Singh MV, Agarwala RS, Singh KN. Epidemiological study of focal outbreak of malaria in consolidation phase area and evaluation of remedial measures in Uttar Pradesh (India). Bull Ind Soc Mal Com Dis. 1968;5:207–20.
Lakshmanacharyulu T, Guha AK, Kache SR. Control of malaria epidemics in a river valley project. Bull Ind Soc for Mal Com. 1968;5:94–105.
Onori E. Experience with mass drug administration as a supplementary attack measure in areas of vivax malaria. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;47:543–8.
Najera JA, Shidrawi GR, Storey J, Lietaert PEA. Mass drug administration and DDT indoor-spraying as antimalarial measures in the northern savanna of Nigeria. Malar Bull World Health Organ. 1973;73:1–34.
Schliessmann DJ, Joseph VR, Solis M, Carmichael GT. Drainage and larviciding for control of a malaria focus in Haiti. Mosq News. 1973;33:371–8.
Paik HY. Problem areas in the malaria eradication programme in the British Solomon Islands. PNG Med J. 1974;17:111–5.
Kondrashin AV, Sanyal MC. Mass drug administration in Andhra Pradesh in areas under Plasmodium falciparum containment programme. J Commun Dis. 1985;17:293–9.
Strickland GT, Khaliq AA, Sarwar M, Hassan H, Pervez M, Fox E. Effects of Fansidar on chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;35:61–5.
Hii JL, Vun YS, Chin KF, Chua R, Tambakau S, Binisol ES, et al. The influence of permethrin-impregnated bednets and mass drug administration on the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Sabah, Malaysia. Med Vet Entomol. 1987;1:397–407.
Babione RW. Epidemiology of malaria eradication. II. Epidemiology of malaria eradication in Central America: a study of technical problems. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1966;56:76–90.
Chaudhuri RN, Janardan Poti S. Suppressive treatment of malaria; with statistical analysis. Indian J Malariol. 1950;4:115–33.
Edeson JF, Wharton RH, Wilson T, Reid JA. An experiment in the control of rural malaria in Malaya. Med J Malaya. 1957;12:319–47.
Omer AH. Species prevalence of malaria in northern and southern Sudan, and control by mass chemoprophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978;27:858–63.
BA, NJ, LvS study design; literature search BA, NJ and GN; analysis and interpretation of the results BA, NJ, CP, LvS, PYC; BA and NJ wrote the paper and was revised by BA, LvS, CP and PYC with all authors' substantial intellectual contributions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We would like to acknowledge Jacqueline Deen for her review and valuable suggestions.
All data pertaining to this study are within the manuscript and the supporting files.
This study is part of the Targeted Malaria Elimination programme supported by the Wellcome Trust (101148/Z/13/Z) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF OPP1081420). The Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit is funded by the Wellcome Trust (106698/Z/14/Z). Phaik Yeong Cheah is funded by a Wellcome Trust Engaging Science Grant (105032/Z/14/Z).
Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Bipin Adhikari, Nicola James, Lorenz von Seidlein, Nicholas J. White, Nicholas P. J. Day, Arjen M. Dondorp & Phaik Yeong Cheah
The Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Gretchen Newby
The Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Lorenz von Seidlein, Nicholas J. White, Nicholas P. J. Day, Arjen M. Dondorp & Phaik Yeong Cheah
Centre for Social Science and Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Christopher Pell
Bipin Adhikari
Nicola James
Nicholas J. White
Nicholas P. J. Day
Arjen M. Dondorp
Correspondence to Bipin Adhikari.
Bipin Adhikari and Nicola James contributed equally to this work
Literature search method.
Studies that did not document either community engagement or population coverage (n = 47).
Adhikari, B., James, N., Newby, G. et al. Community engagement and population coverage in mass anti-malarial administrations: a systematic literature review. Malar J 15, 523 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1593-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1593-y


text:
Q: Cauchy random variables
Considering the random variables $X_1,\ldots,X_n$,  i.i.d, with Cauchy distribution, and the random variable $Y_n=\frac{X_1+\cdots+X_n}{n}$
Determinate the characteristic function of $Y_n$ and show that the Central Limit Theorem does not check for i.i.d Cauchy random variable.

If $X_1, \ldots, X_n$ are i.i.d. Cauchy$(0, 1)$ then we can show that $\bar{X}$ is also Cauchy$(0, 1)$ using a characteristic function argument:
\begin{align}
\varphi_{\bar{X}}(t) &= \operatorname{E} \left (e^{it \bar{X}} \right ) \\
&= \text{E} \left ( \prod_{j=1}^{n} e^{it X_j / n} \right ) \\
&= \prod_{j=1}^n \operatorname{E} \left ( e^{it X_j / n} \right ) \\
&= \operatorname{E} \left (e^{it X_1 / n} \right )^n \\
&= e^{- |t|}
\end{align}
How can I show that the Central Limit Theorem fails?

A: You have largely shown it. The conclusion of CLT, which states $$\frac{\sqrt{n}(\bar X_n-\mu)}{\sigma}\to_D N(0,1)$$ implies the weak law of large numbers $\bar X_n\to_P \mu.$ But by showing the sample mean converges in distribution to a Cauchy distribution, not a constant, you have shown that the weak law of large numbers does not hold.
Also, we typically have as part of the conclusion of CLT that $\mu$ is the mean of the parent distribution, so really in this case the conclusion of the  CLT does not even make sense here since the mean of the Cauchy distribution is undefined. But inasmuch as we can make sense of it, the above argument shows it does not hold.

A: You should notice that the charateristic function $t\mapsto e^{-|t|}$ that you found is the same as the characteristic function of the distribution of $X_1.$ Thus any measure of dispersion that you use for the distribution of the sample mean (for example, the interquartile range) does not get smaller as $n$ grows.
For the central limit theorem to hold, you'd need to have the characteristic function approaching that of the normal distribution.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
THE REBEL PIRATE
Renegades of the Revolution
Donna Thorland
1775, Boston Harbor. James Sparhawk, Master and Commander in the British Navy, knows trouble when he sees it. The ship he's boarded is carrying ammunition and gold…into a country on the knife's edge of war. Sparhawk's duty is clear: confiscate the cargo, impound the vessel and seize the crew. But when one of the ship's boys turns out to be a lovely girl, with a loaded pistol and dead-shot aim, Sparhawk finds himself held hostage aboard a Rebel privateer.
Sarah Ward never set out to break the law. Before Boston became a powder keg, she was poised to escape the stigma of being a notorious pirate's daughter by wedding Micah Wild,
Sarah Ward never set out to break the law. Before Boston became a powder keg, she was poised to escape the stigma of being a notorious pirate's daughter by wedding Micah Wild, one of Salem's most successful merchants. Then a Patriot mob destroyed her fortune and Wild played her false by marrying her best friend and smuggling a chest of Rebel gold aboard her family's ship.
Now branded a pirate herself, Sarah will do what she must to secure her family's safety and her own future. Even if that means taking part in the cat and mouse game unfolding in Boston Harbor, the desperate naval fight between British and Rebel forces for the materiel of war—and pitting herself against James Sparhawk, the one man she cannot resist.
About Donna Thorland
Graduating from Yale with a degree in Classics and Art History, Donna Thorland managed architecture and interpretation at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA, for several years. She then earned an MFA in film production from the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts. She has been a Disney/ABC Television Writing Fellow and a WGA Writer's Access Project Honoree, and has written for the TV shows Cupid and Tron: Uprising. The director of several award-winning short films, her most recent project aired on WNET Channel 13. Her fiction has appeared in Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, and she is the author of The Turncoat, the first novel in her Renegades of the Revolution series.
"Let Donna Thorland sweep you back to the American Revolution, into a world of spies, suspense, skullduggery, and sex."—William Martin, New York Times Bestselling Author of Back Bay
"A combination of historical espionage and smoldering romance, Thorland's first novel is a surprising and engrossing tale. Immersing the reader in 1777 Philadelphia, sweeping from decadent high-society balls to the filth of battlefield infirmaries, Thorland exhibits real passion for the time period. Fans of Philippa Gregory and Loretta Chase will find The Turncoat a thrilling read."—Booklist
"A stay-up-all-night, swashbuckling, breath-holding adventure of a novel…an extraordinary book about an extraordinary heroine."—Lauren Willig, national bestselling author of the Pink Carnation series
"Very entertaining."—Margaret George, New York Times bestselling author of Elizabeth I
What is your overall response to the novel? What do you like best? Do you mind that the story takes place before events of The Turncoat, the first book in the Renegades of the Revolution trilogy?
Were you surprised to learn of the naval skirmishes between the British and Rebels that took place in Boston Harbor and all up and down the New England coast, even as the more familiar events in Lexington and Concord were unfolding? How has your understanding of the American Revolution changed after reading this book?
Which secondary characters did you like best, and why?
Angela Ferrers also appears in The Turncoat. Discuss her role in both books.
Many of the characters in The Rebel Pirate lack strong political conviction, but by the end many of them have joined the Rebel side. Discuss the events that lead each character to this conclusion, and the various ways in which each is "radicalized" to take up arms against the prevailing government. Does this have implications for our own age?
James Sparhawk and Sarah Ward are drawn to each other right from the start. Does Donna Thorland convince you that their attraction goes deeper than mere lust? How does she accomplish that? Do you find their romance satisfying? What future do you envision for them?
Without realizing that Anthony Trent and James Sparhawk are related in any way, Sarah becomes engaged to the father of the man she loves. It's a risky plot twist. Does Donna Thorland pull it off?
Anthony Trent is not quite the murderer that his son believes, but he's not entirely innocent either. Discuss the choices he has made and his efforts to make amends. Do you believe he is thoroughly reformed?
Discuss the relationship between Benjamin Ward and Charles Ansbach. What role does honor play? How does their unequal social status affect their relationship and the Ward family's fortunes?
Discuss the role of money in the book, and during this time period. What happens to the characters when they get it, and when they lose it? Who plays false to acquire money, and what happens to them when they're found out? What do you think of the way captured ships, and their cargo, were taken as "prizes" to enrich the captors? Can you think of a modern-day equivalent?
Betrayal is a pervasive theme. Discuss the various perceived or confirmed betrayals that the characters commit, what motivates them, and what consequences follow. Who, on the other hand, chooses loyalty over betrayal, and how do they fare?
Sarah had a happy childhood growing up in Salem. Drawing upon the few details that we're told, discuss what her childhood might have been like. How does it compare to Sparhawk's upbringing? How do their experiences compare to the ways children are raised in this country today?
What do you think you will remember about this book six months from now?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Argument error if I specify size for an existing bitstring when trying to build Elixir bitstring I'm working on this exercism problem and trying to pull 7 bits out of a bitstring, attach a leading / marker bit at the start of the byte and append both to the start of another accumulator bitstring.
In the process, I've stumbled on a confusing error, that unhelpfully is just called ArgumentError, if I try to specify the size of something that's already a bitstring.
Here's an example:
iex(28)> a = <<64::size(7)>>
<<64::size(7)>>
iex(29)> b = <<1::size(1)>>
<<1::size(1)>>
iex(30)> <<b::size(1), a::size(7)>>
** (ArgumentError) argument error while evaluating iex at line 30
    (stdlib 4.0) eval_bits.erl:143: :eval_bits.eval_exp_field/6
    (stdlib 4.0) eval_bits.erl:77: :eval_bits.create_binary/2
    (stdlib 4.0) eval_bits.erl:68: :eval_bits.expr_grp/5
    (stdlib 4.0) erl_eval.erl:543: :erl_eval.expr/6
    (iex 1.13.4) lib/iex/evaluator.ex:310: IEx.Evaluator.handle_eval/3
iex(30> # of course, this works
iex(30)> <<b::bitstring, a::bitstring>>
<<192>>

why can't I specify a size for a bitstring? It seems like that could be useful for catching unexpected sizes.
And why is the error message so unhelpful?

A: See the Types section of the <<>> docs:

When no type is specified, the default is integer

<<a::size(7)>> is equivalent to <<a::integer-size(7)>>, which is incorrect, because a is a bitstring, not an integer. The correct syntax is <<a::bitstring-size(7)>> (or <<a::bits-size(7)>> for brevity).
For your example:
iex> <<b::bits-size(1), a::bits-size(7)>>
<<192>>

Another example:
iex> <<prefix::bits-size(4), _::bits>> = <<0b11110000>>
<<240>>
iex> <<_::bits-size(4), suffix::bits-size(4)>> = <<0b00001111>>
<<15>>
iex> <<prefix::bits-size(4), suffix::bits-size(4)>>
<<255>>

But as Aleksei said, working with integers, rather than bitstrings, is simpler in general:
iex> <<1::1, 64::7>>
<<192>>

why is the error message so unhelpful?

Probably due to limitations in OTP in producing friendly error messages, and because nobody focussed on improving it until recently. As sabiwara mentioned in the comments, this is improved from OTP 25 and Elixir 1.14:

Improved and more detailed error messages when binary construction with the binary syntax fails.

and

These improvements apply to Elixir as well. Before v1.14, errors when constructing binaries would often be hard-to-debug generic "argument errors"

A: You are trying to apply ::size() constraint onto binaries, which would not obviously work (without an explicit conversion as in the last snippet.) Instead, you should apply them to binaries content.
iex||1 ▸ <<a::7>> = <<64::size(7)>>
<<64::size(7)>>
iex||2 ▸ <<b::1>> = <<1::size(1)>>
<<1::size(1)>>
iex||3 ▸ <<a::7, b::1>>
<<129>>
iex||4 ▸ <<b::1, a::7>>
<<192>>


text:
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  Licensed to jclouds, Inc. (jclouds) under one or more
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  distributed with this work for additional information
  regarding copyright ownership.  jclouds licenses this file
  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
  specific language governing permissions and limitations
  under the License.
  -->

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
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        <!-- Internal Dependencies -->
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            <artifactId>cache</artifactId>
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        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.karaf.shell</groupId>
            <artifactId>org.apache.karaf.shell.console</artifactId>
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        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
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            <artifactId>groovy-all</artifactId>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home Tour Konya Tours Konya Mevlana Museum and Semah Show from Istanbul by Plane
Konya Mevlana Museum and Semah Show from Istanbul by Plane
Departure:Everyday Saturday
This tour is a daily departure tour from Istanbul to Konya. It is included a professional tour guide and a chance to visit the most important sites in Konya and join to the Sema Show.
05:00 Our driver will come to your hotel for picking you up and take you to airport. (Time can be changed according to available flights departure time)
07:05 You will fly from Istanbul to Konya. (Please note that flight time can be changed according to avalibilty)
08:15 You will arrive in Konya Airport then our staff will be waiting at the Konya Airport with name sign. You will be picked up and dirve to Konya. The tour starts by visiting, Mevlana Museum, where is located in Konya City Center. Today, it is the mausoleum of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, a Sufi mystic also known as Mevlâna or Rumi. It was also the dervish lodge (tekke) of the Mevlevi order, better known as the Whirling Dervishes.You will visit all available section in Mevlana Museum such as Matbah (Kitchen), tombs, Tilavet Chamber (Quran Reading And Chanting), Semâ-Hâne (Ritual Hall). After visiting continue the tour by visiting Selimiye Mosque is located next door to Mevlana Museum. The mosque was commissioned by, and named for, Sultan Selim II (1566-74) in the Ottoman style. Construction began in 1558 when Selim was still a prince and was completed shortly after he became sultan, in 1567. Afterwards, you will have lunch in an authentic restaurant. After having lunch you will do Panaromic Meram tour. Then continue the tour by visiting Tavusbaba Tomb of belongs to Seyh Tavus Mehmet El Hindi, a Seljuk Period holy man (Sufi saint) near the Meram area. After visiting these places go to Karatay Madrasah was usually founded and maintained by the sultan, princes and other nobles as well as the Wakf, who could afford to meet the expenses needed for free education to students. The Madrassa continued to be one of the main venues of education in the Muslim World under the Ottoman Caliphate until 1924 when Ataturks' law of 16 March 1924 abolished it in favour of modern schools and universities. Then visit the Ince Minaret Medrasah which dates from the 13th century. Originally a medrasa, an islamic school, it is now a museum of wood and stone carving. It is named for its elegant tiled minaret. The minaret was originally much taller than the section that survives today, and had an unusually slender appearance in comparison to the minarets of other contemporary Seljuk mosques, hence the name of the structure. Alaaddin Mosque which was built up at the hill is still surviving intact with its impressive beauty. The construction of the oldest and the biggest mosque of the period of Anatolia Seljuk in Konya was begun in the time of Seljuk Sultan Rukneddin Mesut I (1116-1156), was continued at the time of Kılıçarslan II, and was complated in 1221, during the time of Alaaddin Keykubat.
Then we attend the Semah (Whirling Dervish Show) to see the amazing atmosphere in Mevlana Cultural Center in Konya. This tour and Whirling Dervishes Performing gives you a chance to understand the story of Sufism,Sufis and ritual of the Mevlevi.
At the end of the tour, drive back to Konya Airport
23:05 You will take flight from Konya to Istanbul (Please note that flight departure time can be changed according to avalibilty)
00:20 Arrive in Istanbul. When you arrive in Istanbul airport, you will meet with our staff at the airport then be transferred to your hotel.
Airport transfer in Istanbul and Konya.
Roundtrip flight tickets
Shahzad
It was excellent trip for us!....
We liked the tour from begenning to end with the services, touring, museums and the turkish people hospitality. Recommend to the every one. All the best.


text:
Q: IIS prevent image hotlinking both HTTP and HTTPS I am using this code to prevent image hot linking however
<rule name="Prevent Hotlinking">
    <match url=".*\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp)$"/>
    <conditions>
        <add input="{HTTP_REFERER}" pattern="^$" negate="true" />
        <add input="{HTTP_REFERER}" pattern="^http://domain\.com/.*$" negate="true" />
    </conditions>
    <action type="Rewrite" url="/img/hotlink-logo.png" appendQueryString="false" />
</rule>

however when I visit a HTTPS section all my images are replaced with the hotlink-logo.png. I tried adding a second rule to manage hTTPS requests but same issue occurs.
I tried adding a second condition for HTTPS but then hotlinking is allowed again.
Any suggestions? Thanks

A: You need to include both of your URLs in the regex:
^https?://domain\.com/.*$


text:
«Артур і Мініпути» (, ) — французький анімаційний кінофільм створений за мотивами однойменної книги Люка Бессона. Прем'єра фільму в кінотеатрах України відбулась 22 березня 2007 року. Дистриб'ютор фільму в Україні — «Сінерґія».

Сюжет
Маленький хлопчик на ім'я Артур живе разом зі своєю бабусею. Вони трішки відірвані від цивілізації. Життя хлопчика можна було б назвати чудовим, як би не деякі обставини. Його дідусь зник безвісти при загадкових обставинах, а їхній будинок хочуть забрати кредитори за численні борги. І єдиний вихід з такої складної ситуації — знайти скарб, який дідусь заховав у саду. У пошуках цього скарбу хлопчик потрапляє в чарівний світ маленьких людей — мініпутів, які живуть якраз у його чудесному садку. Тут для хлопчика й розпочинаються справжні пригоди в новому світі…

Актори
 Фредді Гаймор — Артур
 Міа Ферроу — бабуся Артура
 Рон Кроуфорд — дідусь Артура
 Пенні Белфур — мати Артура
 Дуглас Ренд — батько Артура
 Адам ЛеФевр — пан Давідо
 Мадонна — принцеса Селенія
 Джиммі Феллон — принц Барахлюш
 Роберт де Ніро — Король Мініпутів
 Гарві Кейтель — Міро
 Ерік Пер Салліван — Міно
 Чезз Палмінтері — працівник вокзалу
 Snoop Dogg — Макс
 Девід Бові — Імператор Урдалак
 Джейсон Бейтман — принц Темрякос

Касові збори

Під час показу в Україні, що розпочався 22 березня 2007 року, протягом перших вихідних фільм зібрав $50,708 і посів 6 місце в кінопрокаті того тижня. Фільм залишився на шостій сходинці українського кінопрокату наступного тижня і зібрав за ті вихідні ще $28,756. Загалом фільм в кінопрокаті України пробув 2 тижні і зібрав $119,234, посівши 95 місце серед найбільш касових фільмів 2007 року.

Див. також
 Артур і Мініпути (роман)

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Фільми Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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text:
Last Update August 23, 2020 8:21 pm
RCMP Updates
Pharmasave Features
As of August 1, 2020 this is an archive only site
Saying Goodbye….and Thank You!
The ending of an era
High Country Lodge and Glen Mead Park Fencing
Foothills County: Recreation Vehicle Use Update
Town of Okotoks: Second Reading Passed on Mandatory Masks
The 107th Annual Priddis & Millarville Fair – August 16, 2014 – "To Market We Go!!!"
By Gateway Gazette 6 years ago
The 107th Annual Priddis & Millarville Fair, happening Saturday, August 16th and fully integrated with the famous Millarville Farmers' Market, making it one of the great Agricultural Fairs in Canada.
Our theme this year is "To Market We Go!!!"
The day is a wonderful one for children in particular, with Kid's World and it's jumping tents, face painting, Cyclone, the kid-friendly mechanical bull as well as other entertainments, a Petting Zoo, the return of the friendly, gigantic horses making ice cream (yes, you read that right) and all manner of ducks, roosters, chickens, kids roping, children's pet shows, a messy pie-eating contest, dressed-up horse competition, wagon rides, . . . . And the list goes on.
The World Stick Horse Racing Championships open to young and old alike, are returning. Show your fancy stick horses earlier in the day, competing for ribbons, and then get down and dirty in the rodeo infield racing for glory and ribbons against other like-minded kids/adults in your age groups.
Don't forget an Antique Tractor Show, Automobile Show N' Shine, live auctions, and of course the original reason for the Fair itself in 1907, almost 4,000 competition exhibits of produce, grains, grasses, livestock, baking, sewing, artwork, creative writing, photography and many other categories to gaze upon.
"It's a wonderful day for young and old alike to take part in a very friendly, interesting and fun day in the country," says Fair Chairman Donna Kendall. "It's an amazing day for children, competing or taking part in all the activities."
The 2014 Fair features a repeat of the hilarious Working Farm Truck Competition where the local farmers and ranchers will be able to enter their most ingeniously duct-taped, baler-wired, binder-twined, older but functional farm vehicles. Each contestant will start with 200 points with deductions starting for the newest, shiniest and cleanest of vehicles but points gained for demonstrated survivability, jumper cables on the seat, quarts of oil rolling around on the passenger floor, an old hound dog in the back . . . . .
Be sure to get your $5 raffle tickets for the Fair Raffle, where the winning ticket will have a choice between a custom-built, wooden swing set or a night at one of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Resort venues in western Canada. A second ticket will be drawn to award the runner-up prize. Proceeds from the raffle benefit the Fair as well as Rowan House, the emergency women's and family shelter in High River.
The Fair runs 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Admission is $5 with children 8 and under free.
There's still time to make the Fair's August 10 entry deadline. You can look at the Fairbook at http://www.millarvilleracetrack.com/event/priddis-millarville-fair and get your paper entries in or you can enter the Fair online at http://primil.fairmanager.com/
Follow us for regular Fair updates on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/priddismillarvillefair
We'll see you at the Fair on August 16!!!
(Source: Millarville Racetrack and Ag Society)
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Today, Representative Terry Canales (D-40th) introduced HB 3403, the "Protect Our Children Act" to grant municipalities the power to govern oil and gas operations within 1,500 feet of a school or daycare. In 2015, HB40 effectively removed municipalities' power to govern the oil and gas industry within their boundaries in favor of the state Railroad Commission and Texas Council on Environmental Quality.
The Protect Our Children Act would apply to child-care facilities as defined by Human Resources Code (42.002), public schools and private schools with at least 100 students enrolled and that offer instruction at a single location. According to Railroad Commission and federal Department of Education data, in Texas there are more than 221,000 children enrolled at 927 schools and daycares within 1,500 feet of an active oil or gas well.
TCEQ Optical Gas Imaging video taken in Mansfield, TX 900′ from the school and a daycare facility and 300′ from Mansfield ISD Performing Arts Center.
Research in Texas and around the country shows that oil and gas facilities pollute the air with hazardous chemicals like benzene and smog-precursors. EPA modeling links more than 144,000 asthma attacks in Texas children to oil and gas pollution. Oil and gas operations are major industrial facilities with all the associated truck traffic and noise.


text:
Lophoproctidae — семейство двупарноногих многоножек (Diplopoda) из отряда Polyxenida.

Описание
Мелкие многоножки с длиной тела 1,2 — 4,2 мм и пучками щетинок. Очень однородное семейство, обитающее в основном в верхних слоях почвы и в пещерах, имеют девять или десять тергитов плюс тельсон.
Лофопроктиды отличаются мягким телом, несущим щетинки на заднем конце каждого диплосегмента; они слепы и обычно лишены пигментации. У взрослых особей 13 пар ног с внутренними подушками ног, за исключением особей одного вида (Lophoturus madecassus), у которых только 11 пар ног.

Систематика
6 родов и более 30 видов.

Alloproctoides Marquet & Condé 1950
Ancistroxenus Schubart 1947
Lophoproctinus Silvestri 1948
Lophoproctus Pocock 1894
Lophoturus Brölemann 1931
Plesioproctus Condé 1964

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Lophoproctidae — Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist. 24 september 2012 (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red., 2011).

Двупарноногие
Семейства многоножек


Dave Chua Hak Lien (b. 1970, Malaysia –), author of the novel Gone Case, was the recipient of the Singapore Literature Prize Commendation Award in 1996. He had been the joint winner of the SPH-NAC (Singapore Press Holdings-National Arts Council) Golden Point Award (short story category) for his work, Father's Gift, the previous year.


text:
Кепрон () — місто () в США, в окрузі Вудс штату Оклахома. Населення — 23 особи (2010).

Географія
Кепрон розташований за координатами  (36.896677, -98.577571).  За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 0,28 км², уся площа — суходіл.

Демографія

Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкали 23 особи в 12 домогосподарствах у складі 4 родин. Густота населення становила 82 особи/км².  Було 17 помешкань (61/км²).

Расовий склад населення:

До двох чи більше рас належало 0,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,0 % від усіх жителів.

За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 26,1 % — особи молодші 18 років, 60,9 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 13,0 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 47,2 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 187,5 чоловіків;  на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 183,3 чоловіків також старших 18 років.

Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 0 осіб.

Джерела

Містечка Оклахоми
Населені пункти округу Вудс (Оклахома)


ZHENG Wei graduated from the University of Science and Technology of China with the major of Biochemistry and Molecular Sciences, has completed several projects in the Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health over two years. After graduation, she worked for Mindray Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd. (delisted from US stocks market, now waiting in line for China's stock market) in Shenzhen for five years. In the first two years, she focused on research and product development in the In Vitro Diagnostic Department, and then served as product marketing manager in the Strategic Development Department.In 2015 she left Mindray to Huatai Securities and worked as a senior researcher in medical group of Research Institute, responsible for the Medical Device plate. In 2016 she joined Tianfeng Securities as a senior researcher, responsible for the entire non-drug plate research work, including in vitro diagnosis, ultrasound, cardiovascular stent, blood purification and other fields. It is worth mentioning that she has a more in-depth study in the field of In Vitro Diagnosis, and completed a number of industry depth reports which were spread widely and were hit over 10,000 times.As the only brokerage analyst editorial board, she also participated in the compilation of industry association book of "2016 In Vitro Diagnosis blue book".


text:
Wellington prostitutes
New Zealand legalised prostitution in free open chat rooms now in and the capital city Wellington has made hay whilst the sun shines, currently offering around 20 bordellos where you can pay for sex. Prior tosex workers had to masquerade as masseurs in parlours where you could pay for skilled hands for your pleasure. However, the liberal wellington prostitutes is welcome news for Kiwis and tourists looking to sample the delights of a brothel in Wellington.
Name: Caryn
My age: I am 38
The consequences of it for all of our speakers were just crazy high," Satine adds.
Members from the collective will be present during one of the performances to support their sex workers. It's so heavily stigmatised and it shouldn't be because it's decriminalised.
This was a chance, Blair adds, for people to see what sex workers look like — normal people that choose prostitution as a job. The experience of exposing themselves on stage is just as courageous.
Paying For It was a sell-out two weeks before its premiere night in February and then, as a result wellington prostitutes the demand, they put recorded sex chat a second show which also was a sell-out. The show coincides with the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the New Zealand Prostitutes' Collective.
Some adult sex chat naughty won't employ someone if they have a history of sex work — despite the work being legalised more than 13 years ago. Blair shares his experiences of being kidnapped twice, others share stories of rape, addiction, abuse and emotional manipulation.
Wellington sex workers share on stage what goes on behind-the-scenes
While the atlanta chatlines presents some funny stories such as Satine's client who has a fetish for being punished after voting for Trump, and Blair's guy who wanted him to dress up like Game of Throne wellington prostitutes King Joffrey and punish Grand Maester Pycelle for not bringing him his whores, there are more serious stories. Mallie kentucky mix chatting friends online what you want'.
It's for these reasons that the pair wanted to share their stories.
The two sex workers had never directed a play in their life, but it didn't really seem to matter. The pair keep their identity hidden.
The secret lives of sex workers
Dani McDonaldSep 27 Sex industry workers have collated stories in a theatre wellington prostitutes that gives insight into their world. It was then selected as the first recipient of the Parkin Development Grant — a grant gifted by art lovers and philanthropists Kathy and Wellington prostitutes Parkin to support a old lyme connecticut chat fuck chat lines work that will be restaged as a high-quality show at BATS Theatre. Paying For It hopes to remove the misconceptions held about sex workers. I can't just be that it pays really well and fits in with your lifestyle and sex is fun — why wouldn't you want to get paid for it?
Dirty, sleazy, crazy prostitution
This time around the show extends from 60 to 90 minutes, reveals stories from five sex workers, and includes an interview piece with a sex worker who worked the streets about 40 years ago. It's a legalised profession and there shouldn't be that sense of shame and fear that comes with being a sex worker, because it should ideally be wellington prostitutes same as being a lawyer or a baker or a construction worker — it's just flirt chatting job," Satine says.
For more information, see bats. Misconceptions and stigmatisation are still rampant in the world of prostitution, Satine explains. Judge away.
Those are the only two stereotypes. It's one of the more creative stories the current sex worker has tucked up her sleeve and the kind of story she and four others will share live on stage during the second instalment of Paying For It. Co-producers Satine and Blair, not their real names, are bringing more stories from a more diverse range of sex workers about the fascinating and mysterious wellington prostitutes of sex work; from fuck chat for guste to sugaring, brothels to Scientist chat, and everything in-between.
The audience is asked to refrain from taking photos not approach the sex workers in the public. This year is also the 30th birthday of the formation of the New Zealand Prostitutes' Japan girls chat.
Find brothels & strip clubs in wellington
Some of Blair and Satine's family and friends are not aware of their profession. Satine says many have asked her: "what's wrong with free local dating chat rooms that you feel you had to do this". Wellington sex workers share on stage what goes on behind-the-scenes.
It was a big two-storey building painted dark red in those days, and it was well know to the Americans, in fact at one stage they had a picket right round that house.
Touching Base has a Referral List of disability-friendly sex service providers in Australia and the greater Wellington region of New Zealand.
Vivian Street is a mostly one-way arterial road in central WellingtonNew Zealand.
We advocate for the rights, safety, health, and well being of all sex workers.
When some women want a change, they try a new hairstyle.
Love New Zealand is dedicated to supporting kiwi businesses and providing a helpful resource for finding information about New Zealand, its people, its culture and its amazing places.
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text:
EuroMarine Role
Scientific Strategy and Plan
Locate or contact us
Organisations List
Organisations Map
Member individuals (all)
Individuals with specific role
Outcomes of Activities
Expertise and Governance
Definition of a EuroMarine Strategic Agenda to support Blue Growth sectors through the Enhancement of Human resourcesInternal
a focus on fisheries, aquaculture, and seafood processing
EHUSEA
Type: Working group
End Date: May 29, 2019
Host: CNR
Venue: IAS-CNR, Unit of CAPO GRANITOLA, Via del Mare 3, 91021 – Torretta Granitola, Fraz. Campobello di Mazara TP, Sicily, Italy
Contact: Mr. Bernardo Patti
E-mail: bernardo.patti [at] cnr.it
Funding Call: EuroMarine 2018 call for FWS and WG proposals
Total Budget: €7,000
Funds Granted: €5,000
Skills development is key for enabling Blue Growth promoting foresight analyses of the ocean. This working group will therefore define a strategic agenda to identify essential training topics for the next generation of marine scientists as well as specific training needs in the extensive framework of Blue Growth, paying particular attention to Fisheries, Aquaculture and Seafood Processing (FASP) sectors. This strategic agenda aims at paving the way for a suitable environment for the development of human resources and the transfer of know-how, while promoting a transdisciplinary approach and enhancing cross-border collaboration in marine research and education.
KEY OBJECTIVES
The Working Group is divided into three main parts/goals:
Establishment of training needs in support of Blue Growth, to be addressed through presentations by invited speakers and a round table. There will also be a showcase of relevant initiatives and best practice sharing.
Identification of optimal MSc, PhD courses and Postdoc training able to join competences from academic and non-academic sectors (fostering of T-Skills).
Proposal of operative tools/instruments to support the training of marine scientists and professionals, with special emphasis on the identified training needs.
A strategy document listing possible concrete actions to be undertaken
A letter of intent for the appointment of a EuroMarine delegate in other working groups
A 'Call for Actions' activity in support of Blue Human Resources
Expected impacts include further uptakes of the working group's outputs in relevant strategies, programmes, and initiatives, including the FOOD2030 Strategy and the joint calls to be launched by the ERANET COFUND on Blue Bioeconomy. Enhanced cooperation will be pursued according to EuroMarine principles, also addressing actions aimed at supporting the development of R&I marine and maritime policy frameworks at macro-regional level, with specific regard to the BLUEMED Initiative for blue jobs and growth in the Mediterranean area, the Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance, the BONUS EEIG, and the works of the Black Sea Commission.
Planned involvement of EuroMarine organisations
Key Participant
Sorbonne U.
Participants at the workshop in Sicily, 27-29 May 2019.
The Working Group convened for a workshop on 27-29 May 2019 at the premises of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) in Sicily, Italy. The attendees sought to outline the primary goal of the Working Group – the publication of a Strategic Agenda (SA) on the "Enhancement of Human Resources in support of the Blue Growth". This document is intended to address proposals for the identification of concrete EuroMarine actions in support of Blue Growth through interdisciplinary training and mobility, focusing on the FASP as case study key sector and addressing relevant features of the Mediterranean Sea within the perspective of an EU regional framework approach.
The collaboration of the Working Group has addressed activities aimed at supporting the development of marine and maritime research and innovation policy frameworks at the macro-regional level. The members of the Working Group expect its impacts to include the further uptake of its outputs in relevant strategies, programmes, initiatives, and actions, including the FOOD2030 Strategy and the joint calls to be launched by the ERANET COFUND on Blue Bioeconomy.
The next steps for the Working Group include sharing the SA with the EuroMarine General Assembly, followed by an effort to maximise its impact through the targeted dissemination of its outcomes (beginning with the EHUSEA SA) and encouraging the uptake of its recommendations in all relevant fora. Once the plan for the SA has been agreed upon and published, this page will include a link to it.
Final involvement of EuroMarine organisations
EUROPEAN MARINE RESEARCH NETWORK . A consortium of research and academic organisations advancing marine science. EuroMarine aims at identifying and addressing important emerging scientific topics or issues and at fostering new services relevant to the marine scientific community. > MORE ON EUROMARINE
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The first poster for the drama film "Breaking and Entering" has become available. Will is a yuppie landscape architect, who is in the midst of a personal and professional crisis. His dealings with a young Muslim thief who broke into his office, causes him to re-evaluate his life, including the affair he is currently having.
In the poster we see pictures of Will (Jude Law) and two lovely ladies, Juliette Binoche and Robin Wright Penn (Forest Gump). It also depicts a few scenes from the film, showing everything form action to romance.
The Oscar winning director Anthony Minghella (The English Patient) is responsible for helming and writing the screenplay for this film. Both Law and Binoche have previously starred in films by Minghella, Law in "The Talented Mr. Ripley" and Binoche in "The English Patient." This is a Miramax production, with an undetermined release date, but they are shooting for 2007.
Click here to read our exclusive "Breaking and Entering" preview.


text:
package edu.uchicago.cs.encsel.app.carbon

import java.io.{File, FileInputStream}
import java.nio.file.{Files, Path, Paths}

import edu.uchicago.cs.encsel.dataset.parser.csv.CommonsCSVParser
import edu.uchicago.cs.encsel.dataset.persist.Persistence
import edu.uchicago.cs.encsel.dataset.persist.jpa.JPAPersistence
import edu.uchicago.cs.encsel.dataset.schema.Schema
import edu.uchicago.cs.encsel.model.DataType

import scala.collection.JavaConversions._
import scala.collection.mutable.HashMap
import scala.io.Source

object CompareWithCarbon extends App {

  val idfile = "/home/hajiang/carbon_id"
  val schema = new Schema(Array((DataType.STRING, "id")), false)
  val carbonRoot = "/home/hajiang/incubator-carbondata/bin/carbonshellstore/default"

  genReport()

  def compareSize(): Unit = {
    val parser = new CommonsCSVParser
    val records = parser.parse(new FileInputStream(idfile), schema)
    val carbondir = Paths.get(new File(carbonRoot).toURI)
    val persist = Persistence.get.asInstanceOf[JPAPersistence]

    records.foreach {
      rec => {
        val id = rec(0)
        val col = persist.find(id.toInt)
        val tabledir = carbondir.resolve("tab_" + id)
        val tablesize = folderSize(tabledir)
        val plainsize = col.findFeature("EncFileSize", "PLAIN_file_size").get.value.toInt
        val dictsize = col.findFeature("EncFileSize", "DICT_file_size").get.value.toInt
        val distinct = col.findFeature("Distinct", "Distinct").get.value.toInt

        println("%s,%d,%d,%d,%d".format(id, plainsize, dictsize, tablesize, distinct))
      }
    }
  }

  def folderSize(folder: Path): Long = {
    Files.walk(folder).iterator().filter {
      !Files.isDirectory(_)
    }.map(p => new File(p.toUri).length()).sum
  }

  def genReport() = {
    val dictData = new HashMap[(Int, Int), Int]
    val carbonData = new HashMap[(Int, Int), Int]

    Source.fromFile("/home/harper/enc_workspace/carbon_size").getLines().foreach(
      line => {
        val parts = line.split(",")
        val plain = parts(1).toInt
        val dict = parts(2).toInt
        val carbon = parts(3).toInt
        val distinct = parts(4).toInt

        val bin = (Math.round(Math.log10(dict.toDouble / carbon.toDouble))).toInt
        val distBin = Math.floor(Math.log10(distinct)).toInt match {
          case le2 if le2 <= 2 => 0
          case 3 => 1
          case 4 => 2
          case 5 => 3
          case _ => 4
        }

        val dictkey = (bin, distBin)

        dictData.put(dictkey, dictData.getOrElseUpdate(dictkey, 0) + 1)

      })

    println(dictData)
  }
}


text:
Nova Scotia gunman must be named, but keep the focus on the heroes and victims
This article was published more than 1 year ago. Some information may no longer be current.
Mourners, asked to wear red on Friday, are seen near a mural dedicated to slain RCMP Const. Heidi Stevenson, during a province-wide two-minutes of silence for the 22 victims of last weekend's shooting rampage, in front of the RCMP detachment in Cole Harbour, N.S., on April 24, 2020.Tim Krochak/The Canadian Press
This week's tragedy in Nova Scotia was unimaginable. A mass shooter took the lives of 22 great Canadians, including first responders and public servants helping us through the COVID-19 crisis. And, as we heard from the RCMP Friday, many of the victims were heroes trying to save others.
Given these facts, I understand the protective instinct of some readers who want the Globe to stop naming the gunman.
The argument against publishing the name of mass shooters or terrorist acts that claim lives is that the criminals responsible for the acts want notoriety, and we should not cave to this; rather, we should remember the names of those whose lives were so cruelly taken.
Domestic assault may have preceded Nova Scotia mass shooting, RCMP say
But rather than withhold his name, The Globe has taken steps to put the focus on the lives of the 22 victims, so we can all understand what has been lost, and mourn.
This week, The Globe published many stories from the families of the loved ones, who were described as "beautiful souls," "a loving family," "a gifted musician," "a health care worker," "a beloved teacher" and "a loving mother and police officer." There has been news on the ground from the province about how Nova Scotians pull together and how families can and will mourn.
Part of this continuing story, though, is understanding the motive of the shooter, and what warning signs, if any, there were there about his anger. There are questions about his odd obsession with policing memorabilia.
The Globe's headline online Sunday night described that obsession in a headline as a "passion," which was absolutely the wrong word. Written by an editor and not by the reporters, it was caught about 15 minutes after publication and changed. A tweet with the unfortunate first wording was also published. The Globe later apologized on Twitter and deleted it.
That's not an excuse for the error. But to correct the initial story and headline almost immediately and later apologize and delete the tweet was the right thing to do.
The stories about the gunman need to be focused on what he did and why – if we can know. Where did the blind hatred and unspeakable violence come from and could it have been stopped? We are hearing about the warning signs, but need to know much more. What weapons did he use and how did he get them? And what about the authentic RCMP uniform and the replica RCMP cruiser?
Any future stories need to keep that front of mind. What were the warning signs? Who knew? Did he get help from someone? And what lessons should society and the police take from this?
In exploring all of those questions, his name will be mentioned, and it must be. News reports are part of the public record and the historical record. However, it is best if his name is used sparingly, especially in headlines, and any decision to use his photo should be made with care.
The Globe's code of conduct says that it is justifiable for the paper to show images of people traumatized by violence, provided the images are historically relevant and/or advance the story in a serious and considered manner, convey information relevant to the story, and are not intended primarily to shock readers or viewers.
That principle is a good one to consider.
The call to not name has been an ongoing issue in the United States where, before COVID-19, mass shootings were frequent. It became a rallying cry after the movie-theatre shooting in Aurora, Col. Media coverage at the time included too many photographs of him, as well as of other gunmen, some shown heavily armed, on TV and in print and digital.
This type of coverage is what gives them notoriety, not responsible news coverage that might include a shooter's name.
Earlier this week, Globe columnist Robyn Urback wrote about the Prime Minister calling on media to avoid using the killer's name and focus all of our attention on the lives we lost.
As she said, that's not practical. "…Despite evidence of the contagion effect, there's also a recognition that conspiracy theories flourish where there is an absence of clear, accurate information. Media reports that refer only or nearly exclusively to 'the perpetrator' will invite rabid speculation on what else mainstream news is not reporting, yielding space (and perhaps more importantly Google search results) to fringe websites eager to connect the killer's name to their pet obsession."
The media's role is to report the details of this tragedy and that may be hard to hear, especially during a time of grief. But the shooter's name and the details still to come of his motivation are important to report. As we learn more details, we can understand as a society where to look, in terms of changes to police policy, understanding the danger of look-alike police vehicles, where and what type of guns are coming in and how to protect women from violence.
To me, the key is to be careful and sensitive to the grief, keeping a focus on the heroes who tragically died, while giving the most complete understanding and reporting of what happened in the rampage.
Follow Sylvia Stead on Twitter: @SylviaSteadOpens in a new window
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