text:
Title List: Each Letter as a Separate List
Battle of Midway: Army Air Forces
Abbreviations Used for Navy Enlisted Ratings
"The Ablest Men"
Abolishing the Spirit Rations in the Navy
Account of the Battle of Iwo Jima
Account of the Operations of the American Navy in France During the War With Germany
Act providing a Naval Armament
Action Report, Battle of Okinawa at RP Station #1, 12 April 1945
Action Report USS LCS(L) (3) 57, Battle of Okinawa at RP Station #1, Apriil 12, 1945
Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals
Advanced Intelligence Centers in the US Navy
Admiral Caperton in Haiti
Afghan Wars 1839-42 and 1878-80
Afghanistan: A Short Account by P.F. Walker
Afghanistan Casualties: Military Forces and Civilians
Afghanistan - Silver Star Presented Francis L. Toner IV
Africa Command
African Squadron
Agreement Between the United States and the Republic of Haiti
Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology
Alcohol in the Navy
The Aleutians Campaign
Allied Ships present in Tokyo Bay
American Naval Mission in the Adriatic, 1918-1921
American Naval Participation in the Great War (With Special Reference to the European Theater of Operations)
American Naval Planning Section London
American Ship Casualties of the World War
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Amphibious Landings in Lingayen Gulf
Amphibious Operations: Capture of Iwo Jima
Amphibious Operations - The Planning Phase
Analysis of the Advantage of Speed and Changes of Course in Avoiding Attack by Submarine
Anchor of Resolve
Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Navy
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1821
Anomaly of the Enlisted Officer
Answering a Call in a Crisis
Antiaircraft Action Summary
Antiaircraft Action Summary COMINCH P-009
Antisubmarine Information, ONI No. 14, 1918
Antisubmarine Tactics, ONI No. 42, 1918
Antisubmarine Warfare, ONI No. 9, 1917
Anti-Suicide Action Summary
Are the Southern Privateersmen Pirates?
Arleigh Burke: The Last CNO
Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and US Response - 2016
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals
Army-Navy E Award
Articles for the Government of the United States Navy, 1930
Assault Landings on Leyte Island
The Assault on Kwajalein and Majuro (Part One)
Atlantis: The Legendary Island
Attack on Halifax and Adjacent Territory
Aviation Personnel Fatalities in World War II
Battenberg Cup Award
Battle Experience - Radar Pickets
Battle Instructions for the German Navy
Battle for Iwo Jima
Battle of Derna, 27 April 1805: Selected Naval Documents
Battle of Guadalcanal
Battle of Iwo Jima: US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Awarded the Medal of Honor
Battle of Iwo Jima: US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Awarded the Medal of Honor Justice M. Chambers, Lieutenant Colonel, USMCR
Battle of Jutland War Game
Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness
Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898
Battle of Midway: Aerology and Naval Warfare
Battle of Midway: 3-6 June 1942 Combat Narrative
Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942
Battle of Midway, 4-7 June 1942: Combat Intelligence
Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942 SRH-230
Battle of Midway - Interrogation of Japanese Officials
Battle of Midway: Japanese Plans Chapter 5 of The Campaigns of the Pacific War
Battle of Midway: Preliminaries
Battle of Midway: U.S. Marine Corps
Battle of Mobile Bay
Battle of Mobile Bay: Selected Documents
Battle of Savo Island August 9th, 1942 Strategic and Tactical Analysis
Battle of the Atlantic Volume 3 German Naval Communication Intelligence
Battle of the Atlantic Volume 4 Technical Intelligence From Allied Communications Intelligence
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of the Coral Sea- Combat Narrative
Battle of Tripoli Harbor, 3 August 1804: Selected Naval Documents
Battlecruisers in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1902-1922.
Battles of Savo Island and Eastern Solomons
Bayly's Navy
Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil
Bells on Ships
Bismarck, Sinking of
Boat Pool 15-1 Manila, P.I. Thanksgiving '22 Nov. 45
Blockade-running Between Europe and the Far East by Submarines, 1942-44
Bombing As a Policy Tool in Vietnam
Boxer Rebellion and the US Navy, 1900-1901
Selected Documents of the Boxer Rebellion
Bibliography on the Boxer Rebellion
Battle Streamer: China Relief Expedition 1900-1901
Navy Medal of Honor: Boxer Rebellion 1900
Brief History of Civilian Personnel in the US Navy Department
A Brief History of Naval Cryptanalysis
Brief History of Punishment by Flogging in the US Navy
Brief History of the Seagoing Marines
Brief Summary of the Perry Expedition to Japan, 1853
Bronze Guns (cannons) Glossary
Budget of the US Navy: 1794 to 2014
Building the Navy's Bases in World War II
Building the Navy's Bases, vol. I (part I)
Building the Navy's Bases, vol. I (part II)
Building the Navy's Bases, vol. 2 (part III)
Building the Navy's Bases, vol. 2 (part III, chapter 26)
Bull Ensign
Bunker Busters: Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Issues
By Sea, Air, and Land
Chapter 1: The Early Years, 1950-1959
Chapter 2: The Era of Growing Conflict, 1959-1965
Chapter 3: The Years of Combat, 1965-1968
Chapter 4: Winding Down the War, 1968 - 1973
Chapter 5: The Final Curtain, 1973 - 1975
Medal of Honor Recipients of the U.S. Navy in Vietnam
Secretaries of the Navy and Key United States Naval Officers, 1950 - 1975
Aircraft Tailcodes
Enemy Aircraft Shot Down by Naval Aviators in Southeast Asia
Cannons of the Washington Navy Yard
No. 1 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer with cutout
No. 1 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer - Plaque
No. 2 French 4-pounder Smoothbore
No. 3 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer
No. 4 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer - Sight Cutaway
No. 5 Japanese Gun - Bore 6.875 inches
No. 6 4-pounder
No. 6 Austrian 4-pounder
No. 7 U.S. Army 24-pounder Howitzer
No. 8 Spanish 12-pounder
No. 9 Spanish 6-pounder
No. 9 Spanish 6-pounder - Arms
No. 10 Spanish 27 -pounder
No. 10 Spanish 27-pounder - Plaque
No.11 French 12-pounder
No. 11 French 12-pounder - Le Belliqueux
No. 11 French 12-pounder - Plaque
No. 11 French 12-pounder - Royal Arms
No. 12 French 12-pounder
No. 12 French 12-pounder - Le Vigoureux
No. 13 Spanish 27-pounder
No.14 Spanish 12-pounder
No. 19 Spanish 9-pounder
No. 19 Spanish 9-pounder - Plaque
No. 20 Spanish 9-pounder - Cambernon
No. 21 British Howitzer
No. 23 4.63-inch Howitzer
No. 23 4.63-inch Howitzer - 249
No. 24 6.5-inch Spanish Howitzer
No. 25 Venetian 5.75-inch Howitzer
No. 25 Venetian 5.75-inch Howitzers
Flagpole and Mortars
Flagpole and Mortars - Base
Flagpole and Mortars - Mortar
The Navy Museum
View Along Dahlgren Avenue
Captain Raphael Semmes and the C.S.S. Alabama
Captain Samuel Nicholson: A Monograph [pdf]
Capture of CSS Florida by USS Wachusett - Report of Commander Napoleon Collins
Capture of CSS Florida by USS Wachusett - Report of Lieutenant Morris
Capture of the Frigate USS Philadelphia
Caribbean Tempest: The Dominican Republic Intervention of 1965
Carrier Deployments During the Vietnam Conflict
Carrier Locations - Pearl Harbor Attack
Carrier Strikes on the China Coast
Case of the Somers' Mutiny 1843
Casualties: US Navy & Marine Corps Personnel
Casualties: US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Injured in Selected Accidents and Other Incidents Not Directly the Result of Enemy Action
Change of Command and Retirement Ceremony of the Commandant Naval District, Washington, DC
Change of Command Ceremony
Charles Morris A Man of Letters and Numbers
Chart Your Future As A Woman Officer
Chester Nimitz and the Development of Fueling at Sea
Christmas 1932 U.S. Naval Air Station San Diego California
CIC [Combat Information Center] Manual (RADSIX)
CIC [Combat Information Center] Operation in an AGC
CIC [Combat Information Center] Yesterday and Today
CIC Operations On a Night Carrier
CINCPAC Glossary of Commonly Used Abbreviations and Short Titles
CinCPac Report - Pearl Harbor
Airplane Damage Report - Pearl Harbor
Ship Damage Report - Pearl Harbor
List of Narrative Reports - Commanding Officers
Circular September 13, 1839
Circular 17 July, 1869
Colored Persons in the Navy of the U.S. (1842)
Combined Operation Craft: Small Scale Drawings
COMINT [Communications Intelligence] Contributions [to] Submarine Warfare in WW II
Command and Control of Air Operations in the Vietnam War
Commander Task Force Seventeen Operation Plan 1-45
Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations
Comparison of Military and Civilian Equivalent Grades
Compilation of Enlisted Ratings and Apprentiships US Navy 1775-1969
Composition of Japanese Forces
Composition of US Forces
Computer Attack and Cyberterrorism
Condition of the Navy and Its Expenses 1821
Conduct of War at Sea
Conflict and Cooperation: The U.S. and Soviet Navies in the Cold War
Constitution Fighting Top
The Constitution Gun Deck
Constitution Sailors in the Battle of Lake Erie [pdf]
Continental Congress and the Navy
The Continental Navy: "I Have Not Yet Begun to Fight."
Copy of talk given by Captain B.E. Manseau, USN, before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Naval Architets and Marine Engineers
Cordon of Steel
The Corps' Salty Seadogs Have All But Come Ashore: Seagoing Traditions Founder as New Millennium Approaches
Costs of Major US Wars
Cruise Missile Inventories and NATO Attacks on Yugoslavia: Background Information
Cruise of the Great White Fleet
Cruising Fleets
Cruising in the Old Navy
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
Abeyance and Negotiation
Stand Down and Conclusion
Current Doctrine Submarines
Cursor scales for the VG [Plan Position Indicator (radar)
Customs and Traditions, Navy
D-Day, the Normandy Invasion: Combat Demolition Units
Dartmoor Prison
Decatur House and Its Distinguished Occupants
Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force
The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814: Naval Documents of the War of 1812
Demolition Units of the Atlantic Theatre of Operations
Department of Defense Acronyms
Destroyers at Normandy
Destroyers for Bases Agreement, 1941
Destroyers transferred to Britain under Destroyers for Bases agreement
Destruction of CSS Albemarle - Report of A. F. WARLEY
Destruction of CSS Albemarle - Report of Lieutenant William Barker Cushing
The Development of Japanese Sea Power: "Know Your Enemy"! [CinCPOA Bulletin 93-45, 1945]
The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813-1869
The Education of Michael Shiner
The Context of the Michael Shiner Diary
Digest Catalogue of Laws and Joint Resolutions: The Navy and the World War
Disaster at Savo Island, 1942
Disaster in the Pacific
Discipline in the U.S. Navy
Diversity, Inclusion, and Equal Opportunity in the Armed Services
Diving in the U.S. Navy: A Brief History
Master Chief Boatswain's Mate Carl Maxie Brashear, USN (Ret.)
Documents, Official and Unofficial, Relating to the Capture and Destruction of the Frigate Philadelphia at Tripoli - 1850
Documents Related to the Resignation of the German Commander in Chief, Navy, Grand Admiral Raeder and to the Decommissioning of the German High Seas Fleet
DoD Rules for Military Commissions - 2006
Dominican Republic Intervention
Navy Unit Commendation
Doolittle Raid
The DRVN Strategic Intelligence Service
Early Raids in the Pacific Ocean
Elementary Map and Aerial Photograph Reading
Emancipation Proclamation, Navy general Order No. 4, 1863
Employment of Naval Forces
Enlisted Uniforms
Enlistment, Training, and Organization of Crews for Our New Ships
Essay on Naval Battles of the Korean War
Establishment of the Department of the Navy
Establishment of the Navy
Exercise Tiger
Exorcizing the Devil's Triangle
Expeditions, Diplomatic and Scientific Activity, and Operations Against Native Americans and Pirates
Exploring the Antarctic 1840 - The Wilkes Expedition
Eye-Witness Account of the Battle Between the U.S.S. Monitor and the C.S.S. Virginia Mar 9 1862
Far Eastern Sighting Guide [ONI-F-31 FE]
Fifty Years of Naval District Development 1903-1953
Filipinos in the United States Navy
Final Contact: USS Indianapolis (CA-35) passes USS LST-779 29 July 1945
Fixing Wages and Salaries of Navy Civilian Employees
Fleet Air Wing Four Strikes
Fleet Post Office, New York, New York
Fleet Post Office, San Francisco, California
"Forward ... From the Start": The U.S. Navy & Homeland Defense: 1775-2003
French Indo-China PSIS 400-35
Frocking
From Dam Neck to Okinawa: A Memoir of Antiaircraft Training in World War II
From the Sea to the Stars
The First Raid on Japan
Fourth of July Dinner the Spirit of '45
GAF (German Air Force, Luftwaffe] and the Invasion of Normandy
Gearing Up for Victory American Military and Industrial Mobilization in World War II
Gedunk
General Information for Employees - Washington Navy Yard - 1941
General Instructions for Commanding Officers of Naval Armed Guards on Merchant Ships - 1944
General Instructions for Sloops and Torpedo Craft
General Mess Manual and Cook Book
General Order (21 January 1834) Presents
General Order (28 November 1838) Animals
General Order (18 February 1846) Port and Starboard
General Order (17 December 1850) Furnishing Vessels
General Order (27 September 1851) Contracts of Enlistment Ending
General Order (17 May 1858) Naval Academy Graduates Denied Letter
General Order (22 April 1862) Officers Forbidden to Give Publicity to Any Hydrographical Knowledge
General Order (12 December 1862) Rules for Naval Communication
General Order (23 December 1862) Rules Corresponding with SecNav and Bureaus
General Order No. 1 (1863) Rules to Disseminate General Orders
General Order No. 4 (1863) Emancipation Proclamation
General Order No. 9 (1863) Observance of Paroles
General Order No. 51 (1865) Announcing Death President Abraham Lincoln
General Order No. 73 (1866) Resolution of Thanks from Congress to Admiral Farragut for Mobile Bay Action
General Order No. 81 (1866) Requirements of Guardians for Boy to Enlist
General Order No. 83 (1867) Proclamation Issued by President Johnson
General Order No. 90 (1869) Uniform Changes
General Order No. 99 (1869) Authority Given to Fleet Officers
General Order No. 105 (1869) North & South Pacific Squadrons Combined into Pacific Station
General Order No. 110 (1869) Forbidding Applications for Duty Through Persons of Influence
General Order No. 112 (1869) Sea Service of Officers to be Three Years
General Order No. 123 (1869) Uniform Change for Masters, Ensigns & Midshipmen
General Order No. 127 (1869) List of Types of Officers to Mess in Second Ward Room
General Order No. 128 (1869) Exercises for Ships with Sails
General Order No. 131 (1869) Economizing the Use of Coal
General Order No. 175 (1872) Division of the Pacific Station into Two Stations
General Order No. 226 (1877) Importance of Complete Reports and Logs
General Order No. 230 (1877) Special Shore Service and Duty
General Order No. 232 (1877) Working Hours at Navy Yards and Stations
General Order No. 248 (1880) Correct and General Understanding of Signals
General Order No. 250 (1880) Establishment of the Office of Judge Advocate General of the Navy
General Order No. 252 (1880) Painting Schematic for Boats
General Order No. 292 (1882) Establishment of the Office of Intelligence
General Order No. 370 (1889) Copies of Books to the Navy Department Library
General Order No. 372 (1889) Order for Official Communications
General Order No. 544 (1900) Establishment of the General Board
General Order No. 55 (1901) Decorations for Philippine Islands and Boxer Rebellion
General Order No. 56 (1901) Puget Sound, Naval Station to Navy Yard
General Order No. 128 (1903) Establishment of Naval Districts
General Order No. 129 (1903) Surplus Provisions
General Order No. 74 (1908) Establishing Ship Post Offices
General Order No. 135 (1911) Definitions of Well-known Naval Terms
General Order No. 30 (1913) Movement of the Rudder
General Order No. 99 (1914) Prohibition in the Navy
General Order No. 132 (1915) Khaki Dye for White Undress Uniform
General Order No. 258 (1917) SecNav Announces Death of Admiral Dewey
General Order No. 259 (1917) Executive Order and Message on Death of Admiral Dewey
General Order No. 294 (1917) Identification Tags ("Dog Tags")
General Order No. 456 (1919) Observance of the Sabbath Day
General Order No. 541 (1920) Standard Nomemclature for Naval Vessels
General Order No. 244 [1934] Alcoholic Liquors
General Order No. 47 (1935) Precedence of Forces in Parades
General Orders 1921-1935
General Orders for the Regulation of the Navy Yard Washington, D.C. - 1833-1850
General Orders USS Independence 1815
German Commanders Wilhelm Keitel and Alfred Jodl on the Invasion of Normandy in 1944
German Defense of Berlin
German Espionage and Sabotage
George John Dasch and the Nazi Saboteurs
Eastern Sea Frontier War Diary
German B.d.U. War Diary
German Report on the Allied Invasion of Normandy
German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast
German Submarine Attacks
German Submarines in Question and Answer
Glossary of U.S. Naval Code Words (NAVEXOS P-474)
Going South: U.S. Navy Officer Resignations & Dismissals On the Eve of the Civil War
Grand Strategy Contending Contemporary Analyst Views & Implications for the US Navy
Greely Relief Expedition
Grenada: Operation Urgent Fury
List of U.S. Navy Ships Participating
Guadalcanal Campaign
Guide to Command of Negro Naval Personnel NAVPERS-15092
Guidelines: Naval Social Customs
Guide to US Military Casualty Statistics
Haitian Campaign of 1915
Haiti - US Navy Medal of Honor - 1915
Halsey-Doolittle Raid
Handbook of First Aid Treatment for Survivors of Disasters at Sea
Head - Ship's Toilet
High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse and High Power Microwave Devices: Threat Assessments
Historical Approach to Warrant Officer Classifications
The Historical Importance to Navigation of Nathaniel Bowditch's New American Practical Navigator
History and Descriptive Guide of the US Navy Yard Washington, DC
History of Convoy and Routing [1945]
History of Flag Career of Rear Admiral W.B. Caperton
History of Paul Jones, the Pirate
History of the Bureau of Engineering During WWI
History of the Chief Petty Officer
History of the Dudley Knox Center for Naval History
History of the Navy Department Library
History of the Seabees
Seabees in Southeast Asia
After Vietnam
Desert Shield and Desert Storm
History of the US Navy
Continental Period
Oceanic Period
Transoceanic Period
Personnel Strength 1794-1990
History of United States Naval Operations: Korea
Foreword - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
Preface - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
List of Maps - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
List of Tables - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
Chapter 1: To Korea By Sea
Chapter 2: Policy and Its Instruments
Chapter 3: War Begins
Chapter 4: Help on the Way
Chapter 5: Into the Perimeter
Chapter 6: Holding the Line
Chapter 7: Back to the Parallel
Chapter 8: On to the Border
Chapter 9: Retreat to the South
Chapter 10: The Second Six Months
Chapter 11: Problems of a Policeman
Chapter 12: Two More Years
A Note on Source Materials
Glossary of Naval Abbreviations
History of US Navy Uniforms 1776 - 1981
Homeland Security: Navy Operations - Background and Issues for Congress
Honda (Pedernales) Point, California, Disaster, 8 September 1923
List of Naval Personnel Who Died in the Honda Point Disaster
How the Navy Talks
How to Fold Your Navy Uniform
How to Mark Your Navy Uniform
How to serve your country in the WAVES
The Hungnam and Chinnampo Evacuations
Hurricanes and the War of 1812
I Was a Yeoman (F)
Identification Tags - Dog Tags
Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq: Effects and Countermeasures
In Honor of Master Chief Britt K Slabinski: United States Navy, Retired: MEDAL OF HONOR - HALL OF HEROES INDUCTION CEREMONY- THE PENTAGON AUDITORIUM- 25 MAY 2018
In Memory of CTIC(IW/EXW) Shannon M. Kent
Incredible Alaska Overland Rescue
Indians in the War 1945
1918 Influenza by Vice Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander of Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, 1917-1919.
Admiral William B. Caperton of the 1918 Influenza on Armored Cruiser No. 4, USS Pittsburgh
A Forgotten Enemy: PHS's [Public Health Service] Fight Against the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Great Flu Crisis at Mare Island Navy Yard.
Influenza at the United States Naval Hospital, Washington, D.C.
The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 by Carla R. Morrisey, RN, BSN
Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy
Influenza on a Naval Transport
Influenza-Related Medical Terms
The Pandemic of Influenza in 1918-1919
Philadelphia, Nurses, and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918
A Winding Sheet and a Wooden Box
Information in Relation to the Naval Protection Afforded to The Commerce of the United States in the West India Islands, &c. &c.
Information Operations, Electronic Warfare, and Cyberwar
Injury and Destruction of Navy Vessels by Earthquakes, Dec. 1868
Inquiry Into Occupation and Administration of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Instances of Use of US Armed Forces Abroad, 1798 - 2004
Instructional Material for the Fight Against Enemy Propaganda
Instructions for the examination and entry into United States Ports in time of war
Instructions on Reception, Care and Training of Homing Pigeons
Inter-Allied Naval Relations and the Birth of NATO
Interrogation of General Alfred Jodl
Interrogations of Japanese Officials - Vol. I & II
Invasion of Sicily
The Invasion of Southern France: Aerology and Amphibious Warfare
Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy
Iran Hostage - Rescue Mission Report
Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies
Iran's Nuclear Program: Recent Developments
Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy
Irregular Warfare Special Study
Islam: A Primer - Congressional Research Service Report for Congress
Islamic State and US Policy
Islamic Terrorism and the Balkans
Japan's Struggle to End the War - 1946
Japanese Interrogation Of Prisoners Of War
Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses - WWII
Japanese Naval Ground Forces
Japanese Naval Shipbuilding
Japanese Operational Aircraft CinCPOA 105-45
Japanese Operational Aircraft CinCPOA 105-45 Revised
Japanese Radio Communications and Radio Intelligence CinCPOA 5-45
Japanese - Smithsonian War Background Study
Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway
Action of AA Units
Enemy Action and Damage Suffered By Us
Part II - Plans
Part III - 7 Movement and Action Charts
Part V - Results
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE NO. 3
Java Sea Campaign
Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841-2
Kite Balloons in Escorts
Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force
Korean War Chronology
June-December 1950
January-June 1951
July-December 1951
May-July 1953
Korean War Interim Evaluation No 1
Lost of Flight 19 Official Accident Reports
Landing Operations Doctrine, USN, FTP-167
Law of Naval Warfare: NWIP 10-2, 1955
Law of Naval Warfare: Chapters 1 - 6
Appendix A: Convention For the Adaption to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention - X Hague, 1907
Appendix B: Convention Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Maritime War - XIII Hague, 1907
Appendix C: Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick
Appendix D: Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of August 12, 1949
Appendix E: Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949
Appendix F: Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949
Appendix G-I
Lend Lease Act, 11 March 1941
Letter from President Harry S. Truman to Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal regarding the Five-Star Rank
Lengthy Deployment: The Jeannette Expedition In Arctic Waters
Library Regulations - USS Pittsburgh
Limited Duty Officer
List of Authorized Abbreviations for Use in Bureau of Naval Personnel Messages (1958)
List of Expeditions 1901-1929
List of Patrol Squadron Deployments to Korea During the War
Living Conditions in the 19th Century US Navy
Log of the trip of the president to the Casablanca Conference 9-31 January, 1943
The Logistics of Advance Bases
Look at YOU in the United States NAVY
Lookout Manual 1943
Loss of Flight 19 Official Accident Reports
Lost Patrol
LSU Squadron Two Thanksgiving Dinner November 22 1951
Magic Background of Pearl Harbor
Magic Background of Pearl Harbor Vol. 2
Magic Background of Pearl Harbor Vol. 2 Appendix
Main Navy Building: Its Construction and Original Occupants
Manual for Buglers, US Navy
Manual of Commands and Orders, 1945
Manual of Information Concerning Employments for the Panama Canal Service
Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea, 1871
Market Time (U) CRC 280
Master File Drawings of German Naval Vessels
Matthew Fontaine Maury: Benefactor of Mankind
Menu Thanksgiving Day November 27, 1913
Merchant Marines
Merchant Ship Shapes
Mers-el-Kebir Port Instructions for Merchant Vessels [1942]
Mess Night Manual
Midway in Retrospect: The Still Under Appreciated Victory
Midway's Operational Lesson: The Need For More Carriers
Midway: Sheer Luck or Better Doctrine?
Midway's Strategic Lessons
Midway Plan of the Day Notes
Military Base Closures: Role and Costs of Environmental Cleanup
Military Sealift Command
Military Service Records and Unit Histories
Mine Sweeping Manual 1917
Mine Warfare in South Vietnam
Miracle Harbor
Miracle Harbor 1
Miracle Harbor 10
Miscellaneous Actions in the South Pacific
Missile Defense: The Current Debate
More Bang for the Buck: U.S. Nuclear Strategy and Missile Development 1945-1965
My days aboard U.S.S. Santa Fe
Naming of Streets, Facilities and Areas On Naval Installations
Narrative of Captain W.S. Cunningham, US Navy Relative to events on Wake Island in December 1941, and subsequent related events
Narrative of Joshua Davis an American Citizen 1811
Narrative of the Capture, Sufferings and Escape of Capt. Barnabas Lincoln
Narrative of the March and Operations of the Army of the Indus
Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea
Navajo Code Talker Dictionary
Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet
Naval Anecdotes Relating to HMS Leopard Versus USS Chesapeake, 24 June 1807.
Naval Armed Guard Service in World War II
Russian Convoys
German Surface Raiders
Naval Armed Guard at Bari, Italy
Japanese Atrocities
Normandy Invasion
Research about the Naval Armed Guard
Action at Okinawa
Battle of the Philippines
The Naval Bombing Experiments
An Account of the Bombing
Minutes of the Pre-Bombing Conferences
Naval District Manual 1927
Naval Districts
Naval Gun Factory (Washington Navy Yard) Facilities Data: World War II
Naval Guns at Normandy
Naval Memorial Service, Casting Flowers on the Sea in Honor of the Naval Dead
The Naval Quarantine of Cuba
Quarantine 22 - 26 Oct
Naval Transformation: Background and Issues for Congress
Naval Yarns by Captain Bartlett [manuscript]
The Navy by Michael A. Palmer
Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program
Navy Aegis Cruiser and Destroyer Modernization: Background and Issues for Congress
Navy and Defense Reform: A Short History and Reference Chronology
Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual [Rev. 1953]
Pt. 1 - Personal Decorations
Pt. 2 - Unit Awards
Pt. 3 - Special and Commemorative Medals
Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals
Pt. 5 - Decorations Awarded By Foreign Governments
Pt. 6 - Other Federal Decorations (non-military)
Memo - Changes
Ships & Other Units Eligible for the Korean Service Medal
Navy at a Tipping Point - 2010
Navy Civil War Chronology
Navy Columbia Class Ballistic Missile Submarine
Navy CVN-21 Aircraft Carrier Program
Navy DD(X) and CG(X) Programs
The Navy Department A brief history until 1945
Navy Department Communiques 1-300 and Pertinent Press Releases
Navy Department Communiques 301 to 600
Navy F/A-18E/F Super Hornet & EA-18G Growler Aircraft
Navy Filing Manual 1941
Navy Force Structure A Bigger Fleet
Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans - 2016
The Navy in the Cold War Era, 1945-1991
Navy Interdiction Korea Vol. II
Navy Irregular Warfare and Counterterrorism Operations 2011
Navy John Lewis (TAO-205) Class Oiler Shipbuilding Program
Navy Lasers, Railgun, and Hypervelocity Projectiles
Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)/Frigate Program
Navy LX(R) Amphibious Ship Program
Navy Network-Centric Warfare
Navy Nurse Corps General Uniform Instructions 1917
The Navy of the Republic of Vietnam
Navy Records and [Navy Department] Library (E Branch)
Navy Regulations, 1814
Navy Ship Names - Sept 2016
Navy Ship Names - Jan 2016
Navy Ship Procurement: Alternative Funding Approaches
Navy Ship Propulsion Technologies - 2006
Navy Shipboard Lasers for Surface, Air, and Missile Defense
Navy Trident Submarine Conversion (SSGN) Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Navy Virginia (SSN-774) Class Attack
Navy-Yard, Washington, History by Hibben
The Navy's World War II-era Fleet Admirals
Forward Presence in the Modern Navy: From the Cold War to a Future Tailored Force
Historiography of Programming and Acquisition Management since 1950 - Hone
Historiography of Technology Since 1950
Naval Personnel since 1945: Areas for Historical Research
Navy, Science, and Professional History
The Social History of the U.S. Navy, 1945–Present
U.S. Navy's Role in National Strategy
Writing U.S. Naval Operational History 1980–2010
Negro in the Navy - 1947
Negro in the Navy by Miller
Neutrality Instructions US Navy 1940
New Equation: Chinese Intervention into the Korean War
A New Look at the Cuban Missile Crisis
Nixon's Trident: Naval Power in Southeast Asia, 1968-1972 by John D. Sherwood
Nomenclature of Decks
Nomenclature of Naval Vessels
Non-Discrimination in V-12 Program
North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program
North Korea's Second Nuclear Test [2009]
North Korean Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States
Northern Barrage and Other Mining Activities
Northern Barrage: Taking Up Mines
Northern Formosa, Pescadores
Notes on Anti-submarine Defenses ONI Publication No. 8
Notes on Writing Naval (not Navy) English
Nuclear Arms Control: The U.S.-Russian Agenda
Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Occupation of Kiska
Occupation of the Gilbert Islands
The Offensive Navy Since World War II: How Big and Why, A Brief Summary
Office of Naval Records and Library 1882-1946
Officers and Key Personnel Attached to the Office of Naval Records and Library 1882-1946
Officers of the Continental Navy and Marine Corps
Officers of Navy Yards, Shore Stations, and Vessels, 1 January 1865
Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps 1775-1900
Marine Corps Officers: 1798-1900
Continental Navy Officers: 1775-1785
Continental Marine Corps Officers: 1775-1785
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (A)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (B)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (C)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (D)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (E)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (F)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (G)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (H)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (I)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (J)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (K)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (L)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (M)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (N)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (O)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (P)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (Q)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (R)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (S)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (T)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (U)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (V)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (W)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (Y)
Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (Z)
"Official" USS Missouri Survival Guide
Operation Crossroads
Composition of Joint Task Force One
Target Ships Sunk During Test Able 1 July 1946
Target Ships Sunk During Test Baker 25 July 1946
Disposition of Target Vessels
Operation NEPTUNE - The Invasion of Normandy
Table of Contents - Operation NEPTUNE
Editor's Note - Operation Neptune
Chapter 1: THE STRATEGIC BACKGROUND OF OVERLORD
Chapter 2: PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR CROSS-CHANNEL (OVERLORD) OPERATIONS
Chapter 4: NEPTUNE OPERATIONS PLANS
Chapter 5: Naval Preparations for Cross-Channel Operations
Chapter 6: The Operation Begins
Chapter 7: Defensive Measures - NEPTUNE Operation
Chapter 8: Bombardment and Other Defensive Operations Against Enemy Land Forces
Chapter 9: The NEPTUNE Assaults
Chapter 10: The Build-up for the Battle of France
Operation NEPTUNE - Index
Operation NEPTUNE Administrative History's Table of Contents
Operation Neptune
Sunk and Damaged Ships and Craft
Operations of the Navy and Marine Corps in the Philippine Archipelago
Operations of the Seventh Amphibious Force
Operations of USS Don Juan de Austria
OPNAV [Office of the Chief of Naval Operations] Acronyms
Origin of Navy Terminology
Our Vanishing History and Traditions - Knox
Operation of the Admiral Scheer
Our Navy at War
Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944
Admiral Nimitz's Pacific Fleet Confidential Letter on Lessons of Damage in Typhoon
List of Commands and Ships Involved
Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17-18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources
Aircraft Losses Suffered by Third Fleet, 17-18 December 1944, Compiled From Official Sources
Extracts Relating to the Typhoon from Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet Report
Pacific Typhoon, June 1945 - Reports
Extracts from Commander Carrier Division Six Report
Extract from Report of Task Group Thirty-eight point one
Extract from Third Fleet Report
Pacific Typhoon October 1945 - Okinawa
Peacekeeping and Related Stability Operations: Issues of U.S. Military Involvement
The Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 - Overview
Pearl Harbor Navy Medical Activities
"Pearl Harbor Revisited: USN Communications Intelligence"
Notes on Sources
Pearl Harbor Salvage Report 1944
Pearl Harbor Submarine Base 1918-1945
Pearl Harbor: Survivor Reports
USS Arizona - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
USS California- Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
USS Maryland - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
USS Oklahoma - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
USS Tennessee - Report by Survivor of Pearl Harbor Attack
USS West Virginia - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal
Pentagon 9/11
Personal Identification Tags or "Dog Tags"
BUREAU OF NAVIGATION CIRCULAR LETTER NO. 57-41
BUREAU OF NAVIGATION CIRCULAR LETTER NO. 152-41
Perspectives on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques
Philadelphia Experiment: ONR Information Sheet
Phonetic Alphabet and Signal Flags
Piracy Off the Horn of Africa
The Pivot Upon Which Everything Turned
Plea in Favor of Maintaining Flogging in the Navy
Pocket Guide to Hawaii
Pocket Guide to Japan
Pocket Guide to Netherlands East Indies
Pocket Guide to New Guinea and the Solomons
Port Chicago, CA, Explosion
Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: A Sketch
Post Mortem CIC [Combat Information Center] Notes
Post Mortems on Enemy Ships
Potato Famine of 1847
Precisely Appropriate for the Purpose
Preserving an Honored Past
Priceless Advantage by FD Parker
Propaganda Foreign Military Studies 1952
Public Law 333, 79th Congress
Q-ships during World War II
Radio Intelligence Appreciations Concerning German U-Boat Activity in the Far East
Radio Proximty (VT) Fuzes
Ready Seapower: A History of the US Seventh Fleet by Edward J. Marolda [pdf]
Recollections of Capture by the Germans, Imprisonment, and Escape of Lieutenant Edouard Victor Isaacs, U.S.N.
Recollections of Ensign Leonard W. Tate
Recollections of Lieutenant Commander William Leide
Recollections of Lieutenant Wilton Wenker and Lieutenant Elby Concerning the Crossing of the Rhine River in 1945
Recollections of USS Pampanito's rescue of prison ship survivors by Lieutenant Commander Landon Davis
Recollections of Vice Admiral Alan G. Kirk Concerning the Crossing of the Rhine River in 1945
Reestablishment of the Marine Corps
Registers of the Navy
Register of the Navy, 1812
Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814
Register of USN & USMC Officer Personnel 1801-1807 [pdf]
Regulation, December 7, 1841
Regulations for the Information of Officers On Neutrality Duty in Connection With the Visits of Belligerent Vessels of War [1916]
Regulations For Powder Magazines and Shell Houses 1874
Regulations Governing the Uniform of Commissioned Officers 1897
Reincarnation of John Paul Jones The Navy Discovers Its Professional Roots
Religions of Vietnam
Remarks on Protection of a Convoy by Extended Patrols
Remarks on Submarine Tactics Against Convoys
Reminiscences of Seattle Washington Territory and the U. S. Sloop-of-War Decatur
Report by the Special Subcommittee on Disciplinary Problems in the US Navy
Reports of Arica, Peru Earthquake from USS Powhatan and USS Wateree
Republic of Korea Navy
Resolution of the Continental Congress, 11 December 1775
Resolution of the Continental Congress, 25 November 1775
Resolution of the Continental Congress establishing the Marine Corps - 10 November 1775
Hyman G. Rickover's Promotion to Admiral [H.A.S.C. 93-16]
Ringle Report on Japanese Internment
Riverine Warfare Manual [1971]
Riverine Warfare: The US Navy's Operations on Inland Waters
Rocks and Shoals: Articles for the Government of the U.S. Navy
The Recruitment of African Americans in the US Navy 1839
The Role of COMINT in the Battle of Midway
The Role of the United States Navy in the Formation and Development of the Federal German Navy, 1945-1970
Rommel and the Atlantic Wall
Royal Works USS Lexington [Crossing the Line 1936]
Rules for the Regulation of the Navy - 1775
The Russian Navy Visits the United States
Tactical Lessons of Midway
Target Information From CIC [Combat Information Center]
Terminology and Nomenclature
Terrorism in Southeast Asia
Terrorism: Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance
Terrorist Attack on USS Cole: Background and Issues for Congress
Tet: The Turning Point in Vietnam
This is Ann - Malaria
Time of Change: National Strategy in the Early Postwar Era
Titanic Disaster: Report of Navy Hydrographic Office
Tokyo a Study in Jap Flak Defense
Tokyo Bay: The Formal Surrender of the Empire of Japan
Tonkin Gulf Crisis
Tonkin Gulf Crisis, August 1964 - Summary
Formerly Classified Documents from 2 August - 4 August 1964
Formerly Classified Documents Subsequent to 4 August 1964
Publicly Released Information
Gulf of Tonkin the 1964 Incidents
Gulf of Tonkin the 1964 Incidents [Part II]
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Code Words
Tonkin Gulf Crisis Select Bibliography
Torpedo War - Rodgers - Fulton
Training Ships
The Trial of Admiral Doenitz
Tsunami (Tidal Wave) Disasters
20th Century Warriors: Native American Participation in the United States Military
Typhoons and Hurricanes: The Effects of Cyclonic Winds on US Naval Operations
Typhoons and Hurricanes: The Storm at Apia, Samoa, 15-16 March 1889
V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft
Vessels Lost and Salvaged, Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1916
Vessels of the Continental Navy
Vieques, Puerto Rico Naval Training Range: Background and Issues for Congress
Viet-Nam Free-World Challenge in Southeast Asia
Viet-Nam: The Struggle for Freedom
Viet-Nam: The Third Face of the War
Voyage of the Jamestown on Her Errand of Mercy
Vietnamese Naval Intelligence
Walking Tour of Leutze Park
Journal of Captain Edward Preble
Report of Ensign Fredrick Pearson
Report of Commodore D.B. Ridgely
War Damage Reports
Destroyer Report - Gunfire, Bomb and Kamikaze Damage
Destroyer Report - Torpedo and Mine Damage and Loss in Action
Submarine Report - Vol. 1, War Damage Report No. 58
Summary of War Damage to U. S. Battleships, Carriers, Cruisers and Destroyers 17 October, 1941 to 7 December, 1942
USS Birmingham CL62 War Damage Report No. 48
USS Boise CL47 War Damage Report No. 24
USS Canberra CA70 War Damage Report No. 54
USS Capella AK13 & USS Alhena AKA9 War Damage Report No. 27
USS Chincoteague AVP24 War Damage Report No. 47
USS Enterprise CV6 War History 1941 - 1945
USS Franklin CV-13 War Damage Report No. 56
USS Helena CL50 War Damage Report No. 43
USS Honolulu CL48 War Damge Report No. 1
USS Houston CL81 War Damage Report No. 53
USS Independence CVL22 & USS Denver CL58 War Damage Report No. 52
[USS] Joseph Hewes APA22 War Damage Report No. 32
USS Lexington CV2 War Damage Report No. 16
USS Liscome Bay CVE56 War Damage Report No. 45
USS New Orleans CA32 War Damage Report No. 38
USS North Carolina BB55 War Damage Report No. 61
USS Northampton CA26 War Damage Report No. 41
USS O'Brien DD415 War Damage Report No. 28
USS Princeton CVL23 War Damage Report No. 62
USS Quincy CA39, Astoria CA34 & Vincennes CA44 War Damage Report No. 29
USS San Francisco CA38 War Damage Report No. 26
USS Saratoga CV3 War Damage Report No. 19
USS South Dakota BB57 War Damage Report No. 57
War Instructions United States Navy 1944
Wardroom NavPers 10002-A
Wartime Diversion of US Navy Forces in Response to Public Demands for Augmented Coastal Defense-CNA
Wartime Instructions for United States Merchant Vessels 1942
Washington Navy Yard: History of the Naval Gun Factory, 1883-1939
Washington Navy Yard - Pay Roll of Mechanics and Labourers, c1819-1820
WAVE QUARTERS D STATION RULES FOR LIFE AT D
WAVE QTRS. D
[UPDATED] Washington Navy Yard Station Log November 1822 - December 1889
Washington Navy Yard Station Log Images
We Will Stand in Viet-Nam
Who Will Do What With What
Why is the Colonel Called "Kernal"?
Enlisted Ranks
The Story Behind Names of Different Ranks
History of Warrant Officers in the US Navy
With a View to Publication
Women in the Navy
Women's Uniform Regulations, Yeoman (F), US Naval Reserve Force, 1918
Women's Winter Uniform Regulations, Yeoman (F), US Naval Reserve Force, 1919
World War I British and German Naval Messages (1918)
World War II Casualties
World War II Invasion of Normandy 1944 Interrogation of Generalleutnant Rudolf Schmetzer
What is CORDS
Yangtze River Patrol and Other US Navy Asiatic Fleet Activities in China
Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention
List of Z-grams
Z-Gram 1
Z-Gram 10
Z-Gram 100
Patrol, Surface, World War II (WWII), Aircraft, Amphibious, Midway, Bombardment
Craven, Wesley Frank and James Lea Cate, Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942 Vol. 1 of The Army Air Forces in World War II.(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1948): pp. 451-462
Image (gif, jpg, tiff)
The Coral Sea battle represented the last full-scale attempt of the enemy to extend his perimeter to the south by direct amphibious assault, excluding his effort to recover Guadalcanal in November 1942, but even as his task force retired northward, preparations were under way for additional thrusts. This time the Japanese would drive to the north and east, and their goal would be the establishment of outposts on Midway and in the outer Aleutians. These represented extremely ambitious operations, but even after the rebuff in the attempt to capture Moresby, there was reason to anticipate success, for the Japanese fleet remained in sound condition, very little of its strength having been sapped in the Coral Sea. To be sure, it would be impossible to use Carrier Division Five, for the Shokaku had to go to Kure for repairs and the Zuikaku required rehabilitation of her air personnel before she could sortie again.71 But ample carrier pilots and planes were available for all the others, and Admiral Yamamoto was prepared to throw almost his entire force at Midway.
His reasons are not altogether clear. one aim seems to have been the extension of the eastern outpost from Wake to Midway simultaneously with the establishment of a northern picket in the Aleutians. Midway would serve as a useful base for air co-operation with the fleet, since like Marcus and Wake, it could support search planes; and Yamamoto believed that possession of bases at such a distance was essential to the over-al success of the Navy's plans72 for an attempt to take Midway might provoke the desired major surface engagement with the U.S. fleet. Then to these considerations must be added the effect of the Doolittle raid on Tokyo. Although some thought seems to have been given early in the war to the seizure of Midway, the B-25 attack upon Tokyo confirmed the need for eastward expansion in order to deprive U.S. forces of every possible base which might serve as a springboard against Japan.73 Before Yamamoto could undertake his venture, however, he first had to overcome the resistance of the imperial general staff to the plan. After some discussion, the views of the admirals prevailed and the enormous collection of surface power was set in motion. Beyond Midway lay Hawaii; perhaps it, too, could be brought under attack at a later date if all went well. At any rate, it was believed that successful occupation of Midway would increase the probability of drawing out American heavy units.74
Back at Pearl Harbor, Adm. Chester Nimitz, commander in chief of the Pacific Ocean Area, could not know of the debates in the upper levels of the Japanese command. However, by 15 May naval decoders and intelligence officers were aware that a blow was coming. They knew that an attempt would be made to occupy Midway and points in the Aleutians, although nothing was known as to enemy intentions against Hawaii, a point upon which the Japanese themselves were uncertain. The exact date of the offensive was not known, but it was believed that the fleet would begin to move out from Japan and Saipan around 20 May.75 For Admiral Nimitz, there was a very slender margin of time remaining in which to mobilize all possible defenses. There was no assurance that the three carriers in the South Pacific could be returned to Hawaii in time to protect Midway, and it was necessary to meet the threat to Alaska by dispatching northward all available spare combat ships, a force which included five cruisers and four destroyers.76 AAF participation in the approaching battle would be the responsibility of the Seventh Air Force, whose units were receiving reinforcements from the West Coast, but whose strength Maj. Gen. Robert C. Richardson, after extended conferences with Nimitz and Emmons, still regarded as inadequate to assure the security of the Alaska-Hawaii-Samoa-Australia line.77
The Japanese had dealt the Hawaiian Air Force a devastating blow on 7 December, destroying its planes, its equipment, and over 200 of its personnel, losses demanding the most rapid possible replacement. But despite all the reinforcements which had come out to the islands in December following the Japanese attack, the Seventh Air Force, as it was designated on 5 February, was not yet an offensive air force--it would not acquire this status until November 1943. For the present, it would remain a holding force which by January could report the presence of 43 heavy bombers, 24 light and medium bombers, and 203 pursuit planes. These would have to suffice. in the ensuing four months, no more planes were to be sent to Hawaii; in fact, twelve of the heavies were withdrawn during February and dispatched to the Southwest Pacific.78 Under Maj. Gen. Clarence L. Tinker, who assumed command on 29 March 1942, the Seventh would assist in the defense of the Hawaiian group, and as rapidly as possible it would train combat crews. As an additional major function, it would modify and maintain aircraft for the combat units of the South and Southwest Pacific.
Caption: The North Pacific
After Pearl Harbor, one of the first problems to be met was that of servicing and supplying the tactical air units in the Hawaiian area.79 While the service units labored to restore some order to the battered force, Lt. Gen. Delos C. Emmons, commanding the Hawaiian Department, appealed to AAF Headquarters for additional planes, and these were sent out as rapidly as possible; fortunately, Emmons was granted a five-month period of grace after the initial Japanese attack. No aerial combat with enemy aircraft occurred during these months, but both fighter and bomber commanders were able to offer several assessments of their equipment and operational techniques. Brig. Gen. H.C. Davidson, commanding the VII Interceptor Command, expressed dissatisfaction with both the P-40 and P-39D as interceptors; neither could operate at high altitudes, and the former had an unsatisfactory rate of climb.80 Bombardment commanders learned that the continuous alerts and long-range sea searches conducted from the island bases placed a heavy strain upon flight personnel, making duplicate crews a necessity; and they regretted the lack of opportunity for training their bombardiers and gunners.81 Admiral Nimitz had placed the VII Bomber Command under control of Patrol Wing Two (Patwing 2), and until 1 April all aircraft were assigned either to search or to a striking force, thus leaving only a bare minimum time free for training. however, on 1 April approximately 25 per cent of the aircraft were made available for limited training.82 But neither General Emmons nor Richardson was satisfied with the strength under Army control, which by 1 May was to include 32 heavy bombers on hand with 17 more en route, 9 light bombers, and a total of 182 fighter aircraft, although only 87 of the latter were regarded as of modern types.83
On 18 May, the entire Seventh Air Force was placed on special alert in anticipation of the enemy threat, for an air raid on Hawaii or an attack upon Midway was expected any time after 24 May.84 In response to the urgent appeals from the theater, the War Department notified General Emmons that two additional heavy bombardment squadrons of eight B-17E's each, including air combat crews, would be organized from the 301st and 303d heavy groups in the Second Air Force. The estimated date of departure from the West Coast was 30- May, with completion of movement scheduled for 2 June. Actually, the sixteen crews were drawn from the 303d Group; and after the emergency had passed, these crews returned to the Second Air Force, leaving their B-17's in Hawaii.85
In the ten-day period following the establishment of the alert, the old B-18's flew their search missions, carrying on the work of the newer B-17's which now were held on the ground, loaded with 500- and 600-lb. demolition bombs, in anticipation of their employment as a striking force. on the 18th, General Emmons had on hand for his 5th and 11th Bombardment groups a total of only 34 B-17's, 7 of which were older "C" and "D" models and were regarded as being insufficiently armed for combat. however, through the period of the alert, the VII Bomber Command received a steady influx of B-17's, with the result that by the last day of May it had in commission 44 out of 56 available B-17's, 14 of 16 B-18's, 4 of 6 B-26's, and 5 of 7 A-20's. For local defense, VII Fighter Command had in commission 101 P-40's out of 134 in the area, 17 P-39's of 22, and 22 obsolete P-36's of 28.86 Actually, fresh planes were coming out more rapidly than existing squadrons could absorb them; no less than 60 B-17's arrived in the period from 18 May to 10 June. These bombers, arriving from the mainland in the morning, were taken immediately to the shops of the Hawaiian Air Depot, where their extra fuel tanks used on the flight out from the West Coast were removed, auxiliary tanks were installed in the radio compartment, and equipment and armament were checked. Within 24 hours these new planes were turned over to the tactical units, but time was running out; there would be no opportunity to train all the crews in the operation of their new weapons. For example, the heavy increase made it necessary to convert the 72d Bombardment Squadron from a B-18 unit to a B-17 squadron, a process which began on 4 May, but the 72d was not fully equipped until approximately two days prior to commitment to actual combat. obviously it could not be trained adequately.87
At Midway. Marine ground forces worked night and day to prepare the defenses of the islands, and Marine Aircraft Group 22 (MAG-22) based on Midway was brought up to strength to include 28 fighters and 34 dive bombers.88 The primary aim of Midway's air commander, Capt. Cyril T. Simard, USN, under whom all AAF planes operated, was to discover the enemy fleet as early as possible and to strike it before it could draw within carrier range of the island. Accordingly, on 30 May, in order to place the heavy bombers as far forward as possible, six B-17's of the 26th Bombardment Squadron (H) were flown up to Midway, followed on the next day by six more from the 431st Squadron, two from the 31st, and one from the 72d.89 In addition to these forces, two casually attached squadrons en route to the South Pacific, the 18th Reconnaissance and the 69th Bombardment squadrons, each contributed two torpedo-carrying B-26's which were flown up to Midway, along with six of the Navy's new TBF's.90 With all these reinforcements, Midway was badly overcrowded. By 3 June, Captain Simard had available on the tiny islet a force of 30 PBY's, 4 B-26's, 17 B-17's, and 6 TBF's, all in addition to the planes of MAG-22. Behind Midway and off to the northeast the carriers Yorktown, Enterprise, and Hornet had rendezvoused on 2 June after racing up from the South Pacific following the Coral Sea action. This was something the enemy did not know and would not know until the dive bombers struck him.
All these forces, every plane, would be needed, for the bulk of the Japanese imperial navy was converging upon Midway; if ever it could break through to the island, it could overwhelm the defenses. From the northwest, under Admiral Nagumo, came a task force of four of the enemy's most effective carriers, supported by two battleships. From Saipan to the southwest, under Vice Admiral Kondo and screened by a powerful surface force including two more battleships, came the transports, carrying approximately 2,500 army troops and special naval landing forces to occupy the two islands comprising Midway; and out to the west of the island aboard the tremendous Yamato was Admiral Yamamoto himself, leading the main body of the fleet with most of the remaining heavy units of the imperial navy.91
The burden of long-range search rested upon the PBY-5A's and the B-17's; twelve of the latter covered long arcs extending 800 miles out from Midway on 31 May and 1 June, but they sighted nothing and they could not cover the area lying beyond 300 to 400 miles northwest of their base, for here visibility was poor.92 Their efforts held the flight crews aloft for thirty hours in the two days prior to combat, nor could the crews rest in the intervals between flights, for it was necessary for them to service their own planes, in co-operation with the Marine ground forces on the island.93 Finally, at 0904 on the morning of 3 June, the searchers made the first contact when a patrol plane picked up two enemy cargo vessels 470 miles west of Midway. The stage was set.
Caption: Japanese Carrier Under Attack by B-17's, 4 June 1942
What followed was perhaps the most important single engagement of the Pacific naval war. Excepting the role of the submarines, it was exclusively an air-surface action involving the planes of both services, and in which most of the damage to the enemy was inflicted by the dive bombers of the carriers. Superficially, it was the first test of the B-17's as defensive weapons against attacking surface forces, and the first occasion on which the heavy bombers based on Hawaii were pushed out to forward island bases to strike at the enemy in defense of the mid-pacific. Here, it seemed, was an opportunity at last to test out one of the cherished beliefs of many of the heavy bombers exponents: that he B-17's could stop the carriers.94
Preliminaries to the Battle of Midway opened on the afternoon of 3 June, when at 1623, nine B-17E's led by Lt. Col. Walter C. Sweeney, Jr., of the 431st Bombardment Squadron surprised the transport force with its supporting craft some 570 miles west of Midway, dropping 36 x 600-lb. demolition bombs from 8,000 feet. The claims were substantial, including five direct hits and several near misses; they were representative of the scores credited after the subsequent missions of the engagement, for Maj. Gen. Willis H. Hale, who became commander of the Seventh Air Force on 20 June, firmly believed that a fair percentage of the bombs had struck home. Assessment was difficult and in part was based upon the statements of the handful of enemy survivors picked up after the action; not until the war ended and the teams of interrogators invaded Japan was it possible to interview a number of the survivors of this initial action. And even their testimony had suffered from the destruction of records, from the lapse of three and one-half years between the action and interrogation, and from the fact that the Japanese officers reporting were not always aware of the source of the bombs which were dropped upon them. But their evidence indicates the necessity of a radical scaling down of the original claims as sent in by the Seventh Air Force. At any rate, in some cases these enemy officers stood on the decks of the targets and were in a fair way to determine when and by whom they were bombed, better perhaps than pilots who bombed from 20,000 feet and saw tall geysers spout up around their rapidly maneuvering targets, for it has been demonstrated repeatedly that damage to carriers is particularly difficult to assess from the air. With this in mind, it would seem that the first attack produced a probable hit upon one transport, causing a small fire which was extinguished without delaying the ship, but that the combat craft escaped damage in the attack.95
The first blow had been struck without slowing the enemy; but out into the night four PBY's moved toward the transports, found them by radar at 0130 on the 4th, put one torpedo into the tanker Akebono Maru, and strafed the column of transports, causing some casualties.96
The 4th of June was the day of the real battle, PBY's were off early on their searches for the main enemy force, which had note yet been located; B-17's were in the air; B-26', TBF's, and MAG-22 planes were warmed and ready. At 0545 the news was in: a patrol plane had sighted many planes heading for Midway at a point 150 miles to the north and west; radars confirmed the report. Seven minutes later, PBY's sighted the enemy's carrier force. Midway was ready. The four B-26's led by Capt. James F. Collins, Jr., and the six TBF's were off to attack the carriers, Marine dive bombers and fighters were sent aloft, and the flight of 14 B-17's already in the air and on its way toward the transports was diverted north against the carriers. At 0705 the B-26's attacked through heavy fighter defense and flak with no fighter support of their own, only to lose two of the B-26's and five of the Navy's new Grumman torpedo planes. Lt. James P. Uri and Captain Collins brought their badly shot-up planes home to Midway after their gallant attack, but they had scored no hits, nor had the TBF's; on this point enemy survivors are unanimous.97 All the Japanese carriers were hammered by the B-17's and by dive and torpedo bombers from the three U.S. carriers, and one by one the ships caught fire and sank. The Soryu had been hit heavily by dive bombers, then was torpedoed by the submarine Nautilus at 1359, sinking at 1610.98 The Kaga, too, went down a few minutes later, while the Hiryu, escaping the earlier attacks, was caught by dive bombers from the Enterprise and the Hornet late in the afternoon. The ship sank early on the 5th, together with the Akaga, but not before it was found by six B-17's en route from Oahu to Midway. The bombers attacked from 3,600 feet at 1610, then strafed the carrier's decks, and claimed hits upon a destroyer.99
By the evening of the 4th, the issue had been decided; the enemy's carriers were disabled and sinking, and Yamamoto realized full well that with his air strength gone, he had no alternative but to retire. Even his anticlimactical attempt on the night of the 4th to bombard Midway with the cruiser force was abortive. The Mogami and Mikuma collided and had to be withdrawn, and fresh disaster overtook this unfortunate pair on the 6th, when dive bombers from the Enterprise and Hornet caught them, sinking the Mikuma and damaging the Mogami very heavily.100
The battle had ended with Midway's installations badly wrecked by enemy bombers but still in American hands and with runways intact. The problem was to assess the damage to the enemy and to examine the weapons which had inflicted it. During the three days, 3 to 5 June, the Seventh Air Force had carried out sixteen B-17 attacks involving a total of fifty-five sorties and one torpedo attack by four B-26's. The heavy bombers had expended 314 x 500- and 600-lb. bombs which had been dropped, excluding the torpedoes, at altitudes ranging from 3,600 feet up to 25,000 feet. Immediately after the action, General Emmons reported that his planes had scored a total of twenty-two direct bomb hits on carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers, that one destroyer had been sunk, and that three torpedoes had struck home on two carriers. In addition, a total of eight Zero fighters had gone down before the guns of the B-17's, two more to the B-26's, and all this had cost two B-26's with their crews, plus two B-17's, of which one crew was rescued, less one man.101
Results of the action revived the discussion over the merits of high-level bombardment attacks upon maneuvering surface vessels, reinforcing the strong measure of skepticism persisting among Navy men, who regarded horizontal bombing as relatively ineffective against this type of target. But there could be no proof until the war had ended, and even then the evidence was not entirely conclusive. Because of the extraordinary amount of discussion and debate arising out of the battle, it is pertinent to examine the conditions and handicaps under which AAF planes had operated. never were more than fourteen B-17's over a group of targets at any one time, and even these failed to attack the same vessel simultaneously, thus further decreasing the existing slight probability of hits. Furthermore, most of the attacks were carried out by small flights of four planes or less per target, a number far too small to meet the requirements set by standard AAF doctrine.* Thus, the number of aircraft available fell far below the minimum demanded in order to achieve a profitable pattern for attaining hits upon even one carrier maneuvering at high speed, causing air commanders to feel that severe criticism of the B-17 performance was not altogether justified, for Midway was not a test of the bomber. They noted that the AAF had played no part in planning the defense of Midway, nor had it retained operational control of the few planes actually sent up to the island outpost; they noted, too, that critiques of the battle had indicated a tendency to rush the attacks upon the carriers at long ranges without adequate planning for co-ordination, with the results that the torpedo squadrons had suffered disastrous losses. Even General Hale had no advance knowledge of the composition of the enemy surface forces his bombers would face.102
one f the most serious handicaps was the lack of adequate servicing facilities or personnel on Midway, where the combat crews not only flew long, exhausting, daily missions, but to a large extent were forced to do their own servicing and maintenance. Destruction of the powerhouse on Eastern Island by enemy bombing on 4 June further complicated this situation, completely disrupting the only available refueling system, thereby making it necessary for the tired crews to spend long hours servicing their planes from cans and drums, although in this task they were aided by marine ground troops on the island.103A further factor was the rapid exhaustion of the crews of the combat planes in long 1,800-miles reconnaissance missions prior to combat; General Hale had protested in vain against the practice of sending out his B-17's against unknown targets, but he was overruled despite the fact that prior to the search mission of 1 June, his crews had not enjoyed seven hours' sleep in two days.104
A complete assessment of their achievements is not possible, but certainly the above factors contributed to the sharp downward revision of claims necessitated by Japanese reports. It is probable that one hit was obtained in the initial attack of 3 June upon the transports; for this there is some positive evidence. Reports reached the Yamato that a vessel was hurt, but thereafter the damage seems to have been inflicted almost exclusively by dive bombers. Certainly the enemy feared them most. During the engagement on the 4th, the battleship Haruna received some slight damage to her stern plates from a near miss and it is possible that this damage might have come from heavy bombers, but the survivors of that ship are positive that dive bombers hurt them.105 On the afternoon of the same day, crews of the six bombers which attacked at 3,500 feet were positive that they scored a hit on a destroyer; enemy records indicate that one such vessel was damaged, but they fail to reveal the source of the bomb. Beyond this point it is not possible to go, and the claims must remain hidden in the fog of war. Vessels already afire when brought under attack by the B-17's did not easily lend themselves to accurate determination of direct bomb hits from observers 15,000 to 20,000 feet in the air. However, even thought he heavies had not scored many direct hits, Japanese officers asserted that the B-17's had caused the enemy craft to break up their formations as they maneuvered radically to avoid the falling bombs, thereby decreasing their power of mutual support and leaving them more vulnerable to dive-bomber attack.106 It is possible that a higher score might have been achieved had B-17 pilots and bombardiers approached the action in a less exhausted state and had they been permitted to train adequately in the months prior to Midway rather than devote most of their time to search, but the subsequent events of the Pacific war would indicate otherwise. Japanese ships at sea would not be sunk or hit with any degree of success until the attacking planes were brought down to minimum levels.
The impact of Midway upon the concept of Pacific air war held by the Navy and the AAF was considerable, setting off a train of debate which continued long after the sea battle had ended. in the light of the Japanese evidence and because of the very limited number of B-17's involved, there can be little question that AAF contribution was insufficient to check the enemy's advance. Torpedo planes of both services had suffered costly losses, and the dive bomber had won the day. But the AAF B-17 had proved itself superior to the PBY in fulfilling the vital requirement of continuous tracking. Both types could search the sea; yet once the contact was made, it was the B-17 rather than the PBY which could stand up to strong enemy air opposition and cling to the contact. Hence Admiral King placed a bid for sufficient number of B-17's and B-24's for naval use in long-range search and tracking.107Furthermore, he restated his inability to accept the concept of a mobile air force for the mid-Pacific area. Most points were too weakly held and lacked service facilities; distances over water between landing fields were too great to permit rapid movement of fighter reinforcements where needed, and the logic was inexorable--"more and more" planes must be stationed on the advanced bases, including AAF fighters for Marine use, because at this stage of the war Admiral King had accepted the belief that his carrier planes would be inferior to the AAF land-based planes.108 Fulfillment of the admiral's demands with regard to increasing the static defense of the Pacific obviously would have altered the existing schedule of commitments, for AAF doctrine maintained that aircraft never would be produced in quantity sufficient to permit such a static defense. Thus the debate continued. AAF planners clung firmly to their belief that proper observance of economy of force would never permit the scattering of substantial air forces over the Pacific isles to serve a fixed defenses; furthermore, they pointed to the fact that more planes in Oahu would not have helped Midway, which already was saturated and could not absorb all the planes then available.109As for drawing upon their inadequate store of heavy bombers to supply the Navy, they asserted instead than since search and tracking were admittedly functions best performed by the land-based planes, these should pass to the control of the AAF.110 However, because any increment to the Pacific would cut directly into commitments for the European theater, it would be impossible to increase the flow of heavy bombers to the Pacific. If the vulnerable PBY's were shot down while executing their search mission, this was a loss which could not be avoided, and in any case it would result in a lower attrition rate than that arising from normal bomber and fighter operations over reasonably defended areas.111 One of Midway's legacies was an enduring debate.
* It is of interest to note that immediately prior to the Battle of Midway, Maj. Gen. Robert C. Richardson reported from Hawaii that a force of no less than 90 to 100 heavy bombers would be necessary to assure the probability of 7 per cent hits on an enemy force of five carriers. He based this figure on earlier bombing experience which indicated that even from the relatively low altitudes of 12,000 to 14,000 feet, at least eighteen to twenty planes would be required to insure 7 per cent hits on a single maneuvering surface craft, (Report from Maj. Gen. Robert C. Richardson to Chief of Staff, 1 June 1942.)
71. USSBS Intr. 53, Capt. M. Yamaoka; 444, Capt. Meino, 26 Nov. 1945.
72. USSBS Intr. 524, Vice Adm. S. Fukudome; 503, Vice Adm. S. Fukudome, pp. 38-39; USSBS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 58.
73. USSBS Intr. 192, Capt. T. Ohmae, 30 Oct. 1945; 65, Capt. Y. Watanabe, 15 Oct. 1945; 252, Capt. Y. Toyama, 1 Nov. 1945.
74. USSBS Intr. 524, Vice Adm. S. Fukudome.
75. CM-IN-4577 (17 May 1942), Emmons to C/S, #96, 16 May 1942; Fourth Air Force historical Study IV-2, processing Functions and Relations with Alaska, p. 88.
76. ONI Combat Narratives, The Battle of Midway, pp. 2-3.
77. CM-IN-8825 (31 May 1942), Richardson to C/S, #423, 31 May 1942.
78. WPD Weekly Status Maps, AG 061 (4 Sept. 1945). At the end of April those figures were given as 31 heavy bombers, 9 light bombers, 178 pursuit planes, and 34 miscellaneous, (Incl. [JCS 48], Annex to Report by JUSSC, 29 April 1942.) The OPD Status Map of 30 April 1942 listed 32 heavies, 15 mediums, 9 light bombers, 182 pursuit, and 27 miscellaneous.
79. Growth of Heavy and Medium Bombardment Units in the Seventh Air Force, 7 Dec. 1941-31 Aug. 1944, p. 11.
80. Ltr., Brig. Gen. H.C. Davidson to CG Seventh AF, 24 Mar. 1942, cited in Operations of Seventh Air Force, 7 Dec. 1941-13 Nov. 1943, p. 13.
81. Ltr., Col. James A. Mollison, C/S/ Seventh AF to CG AAF, 8 Apr. 1942, cited ibid., p. 13.
82. Ltr. Gen. Davidson, CG Seventh AF to CG AAF, 13 June 1942, cited ibid., pp. 13-14; CM-IN-3881 (14 May 1943), Emmons to CG AAF, #53, 14 May 1942.
83. JPS 21/7, 18 Apr. 1942.
84. CM-IN-5813 (21 May 1942), Fielder to A/CS, G-2, #191, 21 May 1942.
85. History, Second Air Force, 7 Dec. 1941-31 Dec. 1942, I, 160; CM-OUT-6011 (28 May 1942), Marshall to CG Haw. Dept., #3975, 28 May 1942; CM-OUT-3526 (15 June 1942), Marshall to CG Haw. Dept., #4307, 15 June 1942. By 20 May General Marshall informed Emmons that two heavy and one medium bombardment squadrons en route to South pacific bases would be held in Hawaii. (CM-OUT-4119, Marshall to Emmons, 20 May 1942.)
86. Ltr., Gen. Davidson to CG AAF, 13 June 1942, as cited in n. 82; CM-IN-9001 (31 May 1942), Emmons to CSA, #429, 31 May 1942.
87. Ltr., Gen. Davidson to CG AAF, 13 June 1942; memo for G-3 Seventh AF from CG VII Bomber Command, 6 June 1942, cited in Operations of Seventh Air Force, p. 14.
88. ONI, Battle of Midway, p. 5.
89. Memo for G-3 Seventh AF from CG VII Bomber Command, 6 June 1942.
90. Seventh Air Force and the Battle of Midway, 3-6 June, cited in Operations of the Seventh Air Force, p. 15; ONI, Battle of Midway, p. 6.
91. USSBS Intr. 65 (Sup.), Capt. Y. Watanabe, 4 Nov. 19045, p. 6; 530, Rear Adm. Akira Soji, 23 Dec. 1945, p. 2.
92. Ltr., Gen. Davidson to CG AAF, 13 June 1942; ONI, Battle of Midway, p. 7.
93. ONI, Battle of Midway, p. 8; interview with Lt. Col. Ira L. Kimes, USMC, 31 Aug. 1942.
94. See statement of Maj. Gen. George C. Kenney, n Critique of Joint Army-Navy Exercise No. 3, 21 Apr. 1942, Doc. 1551, in Fourth Air Force Hist. Study II-2, Defense Plans and Operations, Vol. V; ltr., CG Fourth AF to CG WDC, 12 Mar. 1942, transfer of the Bomber Command to Naval Control, Doc. 106, ibid.
95. USSBS Intr. 530, Capt. Y. Watanabe, 27 Dec. 1945, pp. 19-20; and Capt. Y. Toyama, 14 Jan. 1946, p. 68. The evidence for this hit is not conclusive.
96. USSBS Intr. 252, Capt. Y. Toyama, p. 4; ONI, Battle of Midway, p. 9.
97. USSBS Intr. 530, Capt. Y. Watanabe, 27 Dec. 1941; ONI, Battle of Midway, pp. 16-17; USSBS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 59.
98. ONI, Battle of Midway, P. 26; USSBS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 63.
99. USSBS Intr. 530, Capt. Y. Watanabe; ONI, Battle of Midway, pp. 44-50.
100. USSBS Intr. 65; Capt. Y. Watanabe; ONI, Battle of Midway, pp. 44-50.
101. CM-IN-4180 (13 June 1942), Emmons to C/S USA, #771, 13 June 1942; msg., Emmons to C/S USA, 12 June 1942, cited in operations of Seventh Air Force, pp. 19-20.
102. CM-IN-4180 (13 June 1942) Emmons to C/S USA, #771, 13 June 1942; interview with Maj. Gen. O.A. Anderson, 18 Mar. 1945; interview with Maj. Gen. Willis H. Hale, 19 Apr. 1946.
103. Interview with Lt. Col. Ira L. Kimes, p. 11; ltr. Gen. Davidson to CG AAF, 13 June 1942.
104. Ltr., Gen. Hale, CG VII Bomber Command to CG Hq. Haw. Dept. thru CG Seventh AF, 3 June 1942, cited in Operations of Seventh Air Force, p. 21; Hale interview.
105. USSBS Intr. 530, Capt. Michiso Tsutsumi, 256 Dec. 1945, pp. 26, 30.
106. USSBS Intr. 530, Vice Adm. R. Kusaka, 30 Dec. 1945, p. 43. A similar result was attributed to the Marine dive bombers, whose pilots achieved very few hits. (USSBS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 60).
107. Cited in memo for CG AAF from Col. J.R. Deane, Report of Battle of Midway, 4 Aug. 1942.
109. Adm. King's Report on Battle of Midway, incl. in R&R, AFDMR to AFCAS, 15 Aug. 1942.
111. R&R; AFAEP to AFDMR, 14 Aug. 1942.
NOTE: Original documents cited above should be located at the National Archives, College Park, MD.
Published: Thu Mar 26 09:10:30 EDT 2015


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On April 1st we will be transitioning to a new software platform to manage our medical records and billing of your direct primary care membership. In the coming days, I will post more information detailing all the benefits this transition holds for our practice and for you as patients. The first step of this process is adjusting the way monthly memberships are invoiced.
As we currently bill in arrears it will require an adjustment in billing schedules and a partial payment for the remainder of March. Starting in April, membership invoices will cover the calendar month, not just the prior 30 days of membership.
For example, if your next billing invoice is on March 7th, that invoice covers the prior 30 days of service, that is, February 7th through March 7th. Since the new billing method won't start until April 1st, the remainder of March (the 8th through the 31st) will need to be billed separately. The remainder of the month will be prorated for each member as described below.
In April, all memberships will be invoiced on the 1st and the invoices will be automatically drafted on one of the following days: 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, or 25th. The date will default to which one is nearest, but after, your current invoice date. For instance, a renewal date of the 7th will become the 10th. Patients may contact the office to change the date used at any time.
All memberships will cycle on the calendar month and billing will be done for the current month of membership. Memberships will no longer be billed in arrears. For instance, a membership charge that is processed on the 10th covers the month in which it was processed, and memberships would stay current through the last calendar day of the month.
Memberships that renew on the 1st through the 7th will require a 75% partial payment.
Memberships that renew on the 8th through the 14th will require a 50% partial payment.
Memberships that renew on the 15th through the 21st will require a 25% partial payment.
Memberships that renew after the 21st will not require partial payment.
These partial payments will be assessed manually on March 25th. Please contact Lainy at 244-1800 or tmahv@secure.trinitymedical.net if you would like to change that processing date.
1. Today, it takes an average of 24 days to schedule a new physician appointment in a large U.S. city.
2. The 24-day average noted in 2017 marks a 30 percent increase since 2014, when the average was 18.5 days. The average was 20.5 days in 2009 and 21 days in 2004, according to previous Merritt Hawkins reports.
We generally see new patients in 1-2 days. For instance, we have availability tomorrow if needed. This is healthcare without hassles, built for you.
Happy 3rd Birthday to Trinity Direct Primary Care!
Yesterday was our birthday! Trinity Direct Primary Care launched in 2016 and we are excited to be 3 years old. It's nice to be out of the 'terrible twos', however we're definitely still in a growth spurt which doesn't seem to be letting up anytime soon, thankfully. Do you think we're too old for a smash cake? Remember, you're only young once but can be immature the rest of your life.
Honestly, we are just so very grateful for God's sweet provision and guidance over the years and are thankful to be part of so many patient's lives. We hope to continue for years to come.
Covenant Health recently announced that they will be offering a simple, cash based price for advanced imaging at their Fort Sanders West Diagnostic Center. This was my go to facility while in insurance based medicine. They've always been easy to work with and the reports have been good. So I'm very happy that another imaging center, let alone a hospital affiliated center, has entered the market with clear, cash pricing on advanced imaging. However, these prices may not be the lowest a patient can get in town and patients with government regulated insurance like Medicare, Tricare, and Tenncare don't qualify for these discounts.
Part of my job as your physician is to help you sort out the best overall choice for your treatment and testing. Sometimes the price point is the biggest driver and sometimes the quality is. However, both always need to be considered. This is why we offer healthcare without hassles, built for you.
If you are interested in finding out more about the discounts available to DPC members around town and how to best navigate the healthcare landscape, then I invite you to become a member of our program and schedule your first appointment. We look forward to working with you.
Dr Ryan Neuhofel, a fellow DPC physician, writes this intriguing look at applying our current medical industry regulations to food. I know I would never pay for a $37 burrito twice.
Exciting to see fellow DPC practice Atlas MD and free market surgery pioneers, Surgery Center of Oklahoma make the list of most innovated changes in healthcare. It's also noteworthy that two of the other practices are either membership based or free market based approaches to primary care services. Existing to be a part of the healthcare revolution putting patients back in the center of their care.
Interested in cost sharing programs? Check out this great summary.
This data represents about 1/3 of the known DPC practices in the United States. Trinity DPC is glad to be one of the 5 DPC practices in Tennessee.
I believe DPC allows physicians to provide the care they feel a patient needs. It offers us the opportunity to lower the cost of healthcare delivery and offer charity care when appropriate. In this survey 85% of DPC practices routinely offer charity care.
On a side note, with only 4.2% of DPC physicians double boarded in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics like I am, I'm still somewhat of an oddball. No surprise for anyone that knows me.
Dr. McColl, Courtney, Mel…y'all are awesome, couldn't ask for better care!


DALLAS – Commercial property construction expenditures topped $18.5 billion in Texas last year, second only to New York.
A new report from the NAIOP Research Foundation found that commercial development supported 310,994 jobs here in 2016.
Nationally, the commercial development and construction industry contributed $861 billion to the U.S. gross domestic product and supported 6.25 million jobs.
New York State had $24.8 billion in direct commercial real estate spending.
The annual study adds up hard and soft costs for a variety of real estate projects, including office buildings, warehouses, industrial plants, and retail and entertainment building.


Hakkari University is located in turkey and was founded in 2008. The university is a newly established but is making progress by leaps and bounds.
The faculty of Hakkari University is very famous because Hakkari University has tried to hire all those people who are thought to be gurus of their respected fields. The faculty members of Hakkari University are divided into five categories and these are faculty of education, faculty of administrative sciences and economics, faculty of fine arts, faculty of engineering and seminary.
There are two institutes present in Hakkari University. These institutes are famous with the following names: institute of social sciences and institute of science. These institutes are well equipped with all the necessary and required materials.
The Hakkari University has number of vocational schools. These vocational schools are famous for their quality services and are popular in people of turkey. There are three vocational schools of Hakkari University and these are yuksekova vocational school, colemerik vocational school and Hakkari School of health services.
Center for continuing education is a very unique service provided by the university. This department held classes only on Saturdays and Sundays. These classes are of five hours and Basic English and speech course are the type of courses taught in them.
People can get admission in this university if they fulfill the university requirements. Students must pass an admission test and they should have a score of 1800 in their SAT test for undergraduate admissions.


Ultra Rare Ernie Ball Music Man Eddie Van Halen (EVH) in Translucent purple quilt top, Original 1993 run and with an amazing Birdseye maple neck complete with original case and all the case candy. Slight fading on upper and lower body, but very minimal and unfortunately a very common issue on these models. Ernie Balls stain was a bit unstable with UV. However Stunning to play or just hold and look at. If you've read this far you all ready know whet your looking at. Undoubtedly due to increase in value over the coming years. Time to just let the pictures do the talking.


The anatomy of an independent podcast network. I've always been aware of Relay FM, the two-year-old podcast outfit that churns out shows often marked with vaguely mysterious titles (Isometric, Cortex) and spiffy, flat cover art. But it has always existed at the edges of my attention, and I'll be the first to say that the reason for this is completely indefensible. Relay FM is a network that largely (though not completely) revolves around the delights and concerns of developers and tech enthusiasts, and while this places the network firmly within a long tradition of such programming in the medium's history (making it an essential primary source for any attempt to document the space), I had subtly cultivated the idea in my head that the network was inaccessible to me. That I lacked sufficient vocabulary to meaningfully engage with Relay FM's material in order to form an opinion. And so, for a long time, I abstained from doing so.
Again, indefensible. Even if Relay FM's shows were inaccessible to me, it doesn't mean I shouldn't engage with it. So I did, and after spending several hours sifting through various podcasts on the network, I can safely say that, with some exceptions, this is totally a thing that was made for someone else. And perhaps that's totally the point; Relay FM is very much a niche, independent media business. A thing that some people made for communities of their own kind, a thing that's less concerned with a certain aggressive idea of scale — though, yes, scale would be nice — than it is with a particular sense to build a place for dense spaces.
I can damn well engage with that, and so here we are.
Myke Hurley, a U.K.-based podcaster who runs the network with his Tennessee-based friend Stephen Hackett, was kind enough to answer my questions on how things work. I'm going to lay it out across a few chunks.
Structure. The network currently supports 21 active shows, a portfolio that's made up of a hairy, eclectic mix of podcasts that go deep on various technology and tech-adjacent topics. There's a show about independent app development (Under the Radar), there's one about something called mobile productivity (Canvas), there's another about design (Presentable), and even one that celebrates people who face inequalities in their respective industries (Less Than or Equal). But there are a few shows that stray from the technology focus but nonetheless carry the network's overall geeky ethos, like the stationery-enthusiast podcast The Pen Addicts (which claims Slate's June Thomas as a huge fan).
All the podcasts on the network tend to follow the same conversational format that has driven the medium's structural associations with the early days of blogging. Indeed, when I have previously talked about the podcast-as-extension-of-blogging side of the equation, this is pretty much the apotheosis of what I had in mind — a bunch of people sitting around and talking, more or less preserving the original torch held by Odeo, that thing that would later spawn Twitter.
This all makes it somewhat unsurprising, then, that among Relay FM's extensive list of hosts and contributors — which includes Mashable's Christina Warren, notable indie game developer Brianna Wu, and former Macworld editor Jason Snell — you'd also find Marco Arment and Federico Viticci, two of the stronger voices that have pushed back against the sense that the space is industrializing in a way that would hurt its openness.
Scale and monetization. Hurley tells me that the business is sustainable, and that the company is "growing quite nicely." The network is reportedly approaching 2 million downloads a month across all shows, a scale that's been able to pull in enough advertising revenue to support both Hurley and Hackett, both of which now work full-time on Relay FM. (The network is hosted on Libsyn, so presumably the download numbers follow the standards of that platform, if you're looking for a point of reference.) Hurley declined to provide specific revenue numbers (understandably, but hey, thought I'd ask, y'know?). All shows utilize host-read ads.
Although Hurley is based in the U.K. and both founders equally split duties, the company is incorporated in Tennessee. At this point in time, 60 percent of the network's audience is in the U.S., which means that Hurley sees more interest coming in from American advertisers.
View of the future. I was curious about Hurley's take on the recent developments in the space — the entrance of bigger companies with deeper pockets, the consolidations and acquisitions, the push for more data — given his position as an independent, whose feasts and famines are often dictated by the whims of much larger entities.
Hurley doesn't believe that the ecosystem will progress to a point where it would support a wide variety of different distribution platforms operating in some sort of equilibrium, as that would be deeply inefficient for podcast producers. I'd agree with that; not only would they have have to constantly manage an overwhelming number of vendors, they would also have to put up with the thousands of paper-cuts imposed by the various terms that go into working with each vendor.
"Honestly, I do not see a world where we have something akin to YouTube," Hurley concludes. "I think many people will try to do that, but I think the ship has sailed on that one.
I had originally intended for this item to be an extension of the brief look I carried out last week on the state of podcast businesses in the U.K. That writeup was the thing that drove Hurley to reach out to me in the first place: to let me know that there was another person in that part of the world that was making a living from podcasting.
But over the course of writing this out, it became apparent to me that Relay FM was a much better case study of another deeply interesting dimension of the podcast ecosystem: the archetypal independent network model that those who argue for podcasts as an extension of the open web are trying to protect — and, to extrapolate from that, the very kind of business that those advocates fear is being threatened by the expansionary sensibilities of some professionalizing podcast companies.
Another related reading: I'm just going to throw Joshua Benton's "Podcasting in 2015 feels a lot like blogging circa 2004" here once again, which really has become absolutely seminal.
And The New York Times' new executive producer for audio is… Lisa Tobin! She will head to the Gray Lady from Boston public radio station WBUR, where she most recently served as a senior producer. Tobin's rap sheet at the station reflects quite a remarkable fit for the kind of work that the Times would likely pursue, with a resume that includes work on Finish Line, the amazing collaboration with The Boston Globe covering the trial of Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev; Dear Sugar Radio, the podcast adaptation of the popular Cheryl Strayed advice column; and of course, Modern Love, the other adaptation of a wildly popular column — this one belonging to the Times itself, indicating a prior relationship between Tobin and the company.
The plan is to pursue a two-fold strategy: to launch a handful of shows with outside partners which, like Modern Love, have a strong prospect of quickly attracting a wide audience; and then use those shows as a platform from which we can build audience for shows produced within The Times that are as integral to our coverage as our live events and visual journalism efforts.
Aside from WBUR on Modern Love, that list of outside partners also includes Pineapple Street Media, the new audio agency formed by former BuzzFeed director of audio Jenna Weiss-Berman and Longform.org cofounder Max Linsky.
Tobin will report to Samantha Henig, who serves as the unit's editorial director. The in-house team includes Kelly Alfieri, executive director of special editorial projects; Diantha Parker, editor and senior audio producer; Pedro Rosado, an audio producer; and Catrin Einhorn, another audio producer. Adam Davidson, host of Gimlet's Surprisingly Awesome and a columnist for The New York Times Magazine, is reportedly serving as an adviser.
One quick thing before moving on. As I've previously mentioned, I'm pretty bullish on the manner in which the Times is doubling down on audio — that is, by focusing on developing reasonably-staffed, highly-produced shows in-house and augmenting those projects with expertise brought in through smart partnerships. That's undoubtedly going to help the company stand out in an increasingly dense field of media organizations currently dabbling in podcasts. And man, that field has become absolutely bonkers.
I'm excited to see what comes out of it.
Open Audio Weekend. The New York Public Library and The Moth teamed up at the end of June to produce a hackathon where participants were nudged to "make audio accessible for the public good." The event is an extension of something called Together We Listen, an ongoing crowdsourcing effort that specifically focuses on making it easier to build searchable archives for large quantities of spoken audio files.
Crowdscribe. "A Chrome extension prototype for public requesting and gathering transcriptions." There's a cottage industry for freelance project-based transcribing, so this project might encounter some resistance.
Instaburns. "An experiment in auto-generating common terms and their frequency from transcripts in order to explore the relationship of terms within and across audio files." In other words, auto-tagging.
Storynode. "Wouldn't it be great if we could see all the locations mentioned in an oral history on a map?" Detour would love this.
You can find them, and all the other projects, on the hackathon's GitHub page.
Australia gets another podcast conference. The radio arm of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation is putting together a podcast-focused conference called OzPod. This will be the second relatively high-profile Australian conference for the year, after the more independent and creative process-minded Audiocraft back in March. It will take place in Sydney at the end of September, and is set to cover the more grittier topics of distribution, marketing, revenue, and so on.
"Podcasting is growing enormously in Australia, but we felt the lack of a nationwide industry conversation about its potential and future," Louise Alley, a spokesperson for the ABC, told me over email last week. "We wanted to bring together radio networks, tech companies, independent podcasters and startups to share ideas, opportunities and best practice as we enter the new golden age of audio.
ABC Radio is the largest podcast publisher in the country, reporting about 135 million overall downloads and streams in 2015. According to Alley, it has currently clocked in 64.6 million download and streams since the beginning of the year.
Quick note at this point: I'm scheduled to do the international keynote for the conference, which means I'm due to get on a plane for about 20 hours in the very near future. And I don't know if I've ever told you this, but I'm terrified of flying. Time to stock up on meds. Oh boy.


But the big surprise for J Alfred Prufrock, Palestrina MacFarlane and Gertie Mountcastle, was when the elegant figure of Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in his crisp, black SS uniform entered the restaurant, accompanied by another man in uniform and a stunning blonde woman; when they joined the three at their table, Hubertus immediately noticed that a sense of unease was present in his friend's body language, so he quickly set about to dispel it: "may I introduce Vlado Chernozemski?" asked the Prince, "and Frauleine Olga Konstantinovna Chekhova," and for the first time since they had met the American spy, Pal and Gertie watched with fascination as he recovered his composure: "are you really? wait, yes I see it, Buddy you must be the best actor in the world – you seem taller, broader, your eyes are a different colour, are you what the comics call 'a master of disguise'? because I swear, I never recognized you when you walked in!" and the Bulgarian assassin laughed as he took a tin of Black Russian cigarettes from his pocket and offered them around; the girls accepted, but Alfred stayed with his Luckies, and Prince Hubertus had a cheroot; "a lady-friend of Olga," explained Chernozemski, "is a make-up artist at the Film Studios and helped me out, I really couldn't manage without her help: she dyed my hair, changed my eye colour, put special lifts in my shoes and the uniform came from the Wardrobe Department – it's got to be back before they start shooting in the morning; but the real trick I was taught by a Russian actor many years ago, it is called 'Living the Part'; if I truly believe I am who I say I am, and adapt my posture, walk, facial expression and voice, and all the little mannerisms which define us – and can give us away – the make-up is just like the icing on the cake, and I will be accepted; tonight I am Sturmbannführer Walther von Ecklenburg, I have papers in my pocket to prove it and bullets in my pistol to support it; but I don't suppose tonight is an Acting-Class, you want to know something about the two SS fugitives, Count Baldur von Machfleine and his Adjutant Dieter Doopeltag, no?" and he looked Prufrock in the eye; "got it in one," replied Alfred, with a sidelong glance at Chekhova, which Chernozemski caught, for he laughed and put his arm around her, "don't worry about Olga, everything's Kosher with her – oops, I shouldn't say that here, should I? but seriously, I can vouch for Olga, can't I dear?" and she said, with a pudency in er voice: "we are all on the same side – yes, I am close to many Nazi Party leaders, but that is professional thing for me, is part of my cover; oh, I am not a spy, but to work here, now, is essential to seem to be one with them, to agree with them, even if you don't, and I don't; I tried to get out, Fritz Lang wanted me to go to Paris in '34 to make a movie, but I was under contract with UFA and they stopped me, said they needed my talents here, said they couldn't let Hollywood take all the Stars; and yes, I have a good life, I admit, salubrious even, even if it means putting up with The Doctor, hah!" she laughed, "he is a poisonous little weasel but luckily so vain that he believes the act that I put on for him – you know he is, not impotent, bat cannot make babies, what do the Americans say?" and Alfred inclined his head: "shooting blanks!" and Olga leaned over the table, closer to the others who also leant in too: "oh, he has five children, plus Magda's son from her first marriage, but none of them are his, I know for a fact that Magda has a lover, I do not know his name, but he is blonde and handsome, like her; I have seen them together only twice, or three times in the past six years, but believe me, the children look like him and her – she could be a supermodel on the catwalk, with her beauty – not one bears the slightest resemblance to The Männlein Doctor! pah! there is a photograph, I have it here, of him and his family, dwarves, the lot of them," and she took a glossy print from her handbag and discreetly passed it around.
The supermodel Pixie Dotard was used to favourable treatment, so when she visited a German Spa town where the waters were particularly salubrious, she was not about to exhibit (nor indeed did she possess) any pudency in her treatment of the other visitors, until she chanced upon an unfortunate mannlein in a wheelchair who managed to extract more sympathy from her than she had ever shown before.