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Film ratings and distribution
Film ratings and classifications
How Alberta classifies films
Alberta's film classification ratings and what they mean.
Every film and trailer screened in Alberta must be rated before it is made public. A rating is a public notice that indicates what kind of content you can expect to see. All movies shown in public for an admission fee in Alberta are assigned a film rating by staff at Alberta Film Classification.
An Alberta film rating has 2 parts:
an age-based rating
any related advisories, also known as warnings
A classification report is available for most films that explains why a movie was given a certain rating. These aren't reviews and they don't contain spoilers.
Ratings are applied to individual films based on our understanding of what the audience most likely to go see the film would consider appropriate.
Age-based ratings
Age-based ratings are categories that describe how appropriate a film's content is for people of different ages.
Theatre managers use these ratings to know who to permit into the theatre for each movie and who must be accompanied by an adult under the law. However, the law does not give us the power to cut scenes, censor content or ban films from being shown in the province.
You can also see examples of Alberta ratings in common film genres.
Every film must be sorted into one of the 5 age-based ratings categories. The age-based ratings in Alberta are:
Suitable for all ages.
Parental Guidance (PG)
May not be suitable for all ages. Parental guidance is advised.
Suitable for persons 14 years of age or older. Persons under 14 must be accompanied by an adult.
Restricted (R)
Not suitable for minors. Admittance restricted to persons 18 years of age and older.
Film rating advisories
Advisories are warnings attached to an age-based rating that highlight movie themes and elements audiences may wish to consider.
Because there are only 5 age-based ratings for all different kinds of films, each rating is a spectrum rather than a "one-size-fits-all" label.
Films can scale higher or lower within a rating depending on the detail, frequency and intensity of the following content:
violence and frightening content
sexual content and nudity
substance abuse and crude content
subject matter and tone
Advisories highlight these elements to help audiences make a more informed viewing choice.
There are 17 advisories that can go together with an age-based rating. For consistency, we do not deviate from the following terms. We can, however, add the words "Crude" and/or "Gory" to an advisory to clarify the warning.
Advisories related to coarse language
Common rating(s)
18A Contains profanity, expletives, vulgar expressions, threats, slurs, sexual references or sexual innuendo.
Language May Offend
14A Contains language that may be offensive to some groups. It may include sacrilegious language, slurs or vulgar expressions.
Advisories related to violence and frightening content
Contains scenes of violence, which could range from mild hand-to-hand combat to detailed portrayals of torture, depending upon the rating of the film.
Frightening Scenes
14A Contains images that may frighten a person, or are clearly intended to shock or scare.
Brutal Violence
R Contains detailed portrayals of violence that may include extreme brutality, bloody or gory violence, and may include images of torture, horror or war.
Gory Scenes
R Contains graphic images of bloody or gory violence, and may include images of torture, horror or war.
R Contains scenes of sexual violence, which could range from scenes of non-consensual sex acts to graphic portrayals of sexual assault, depending upon the rating of the film.
Advisories related to sexual content and nudity
Contains breast, buttock, and/or genital nudity. Nudity can be portrayed in a sexual or a non-sexual context.
Sexually Suggestive Scenes
Contains scenes that imply, rather than show, that sexual activity is taking place or has occurred.
Contains sexual language, references, innuendo, and/or scenes of implied or simulated sexual activity.
Explicit Sexual Content
Contains sexual activity that is explicit and unsimulated, as in adult films that involve actual genital contact.
Advisories related to crude content and substance abuse
Crude Content
Contains crude portrayals of bodily functions.
Contains excessive alcohol use or the use of illegal substances.
Advisories related to subject matter and tone
Not Recommended For Young Children
May be inappropriate for young children. For example, the subject matter could include the death of a family pet, a complicated family breakdown or images considered frightening or disturbing for the very young.
Not Recommended For Children
May include scenes that reflect a more mature situation, such as drug use or abuse.
Mature Subject Matter
14A Contains scenes or themes that may be upsetting or troubling to some. The film may contain portrayals of sexual violence, torture, deviant behaviour or cruelty.
Disturbing Content
R Contains images or storylines that may be challenging for minors. The film may contain portrayals of domestic violence, racism, religious matters, death or controversial social issues.
Classification report
A classification report provides additional information about the rating of the film, and includes the following sections.
A short description of the film's plot, its genre and featured leading actors.
Content elements
A list that describes notable aspects of the film, including type of content and its context, frequency and level of detail. It expands on any advisories included in the film's rating.
Thematic elements
A list of 2-4 prevalent themes explored in the film to provide helpful context.
Classification rationale
A short explanation about why the film received its rating.
Classification date
The date the film was classified. Classification dates are not related to film release dates.
Classification process
We rate approximately 700-800 films per year, plus an additional 700-800 trailers per year. Here's how we do it.
Step 1. Films are sent, received and scheduled
Every film must be classified by law. Film distributors must send their movies and trailers to Alberta Film Classification before they open in Alberta. Films are scheduled and then evaluated by a team of full-time, professional film classifiers. We can classify anywhere between 2-5 movies a day!
Step 2. We re-create the experience
A film shown in a public movie theatre often has a more intense impact than when watched at home. We replicate the public experience by screening films in a fully equipped theatre, with 3D capability, and each movie is watched from beginning to end without stopping.
Step 3. Discussion and classification
After watching the film, a rating is decided upon by committee, sometimes after vigorous debate. A film's theme and tone, as well as its intended audience, are all important factors when weighing the impact of different kinds of content within a film.
Once consensus is reached, a rating is given and a classification report is written and shared online.
Step 4. Research and refinement
Alberta's film ratings system is continually refined based upon detailed record keeping, industry and community monitoring, and feedback from movie-going Albertans. This system helps ensure that our evaluation of content reflects the evolving nature of Alberta's community.
Ongoing input from Albertans is key to our ability to accurately apply standardized ratings to the wide range of films shown every year in Alberta. Your voice matters.
Find out how to take part in film classification.
How different film genres are rated
How film ratings in Alberta compare
Find a movie rating
Now playing in Alberta theatres
Get involved in film classification


You may cancel your order at any time prior the shipment, however, a 5% administrative fee will be assessed.
Can I return a knife?
Since all our knives are custom "made to order" for the customer, we do not allow returns.
Can I send my knife for repair?
Yes you can, but please note that services will not be accepted without the Return Authorization Number (RAN). Contact customerservice@beggknives.com and explain what you want done. Please write the RAN on the outside of the shipping box and include a note detailing the reason for the return along with a return shipping address and phone number. Please note that due to the heavy workload, a four-week minimum lead time is required for processing service requests.
For your protection, we recommend that you insure your return and use a traceable carrier that can provide you with delivery confirmation, including signature required. Begg Knives shall not be responsible for items returned that are lost or damaged in transit. Postage and handling charges, both to and from our warehouse will be paid by the customer, and are non-refundable. At our discretion, Begg Knives may reimburse shipping charges related to the return or exchange of defective products inside the U.S. only.
Our basic spa treatment is $120 which includes disassembling the knife completely and giving it a full cleaning, re-greasing the IKBS, upgrading the detent ball to ceramic, re-polishing all screws/pivot and a re-sharpening and stropping on our leather wheel. In addition, if you have steel IKBS bearings we can upgrade to ceramic for an additional $55.
How do I go about sending my knife in for a "spa treatment"?
Spa treatments will not be accepted without the Return Authorization Number (RAN). Contact customerservice@beggknives.com and explain what you want done. Please write the RAN on the outside of the shipping box and include a note detailing the reason for the return along with a return shipping address and phone number. Please note that due to the heavy workload, a four-week minimum lead time is required for processing service requests.
For your protection, we recommend that you insure your shipment and use a traceable carrier that can provide you with delivery confirmation, including signature required. Begg Knives shall not be responsible for items sent that are lost or damaged in transit. Postage and handling charges, both to and from our warehouse will be paid by the customer, and are non-refundable.
Which lubricant do you recommend for your IKBS folding knives? I have a black & blue and am LOVING IT!! Also, any guidance for maintenance-cleaning?
If the knife is fairly new and hasn't been used extensively (in dirty, sandy, or dusty conditions), the IKBS bearings shouldn't need any additional lubricant. Excess oil or grease will only attract dirt, lint, and grit. That being said, we use Sta-Lube Sta-Plex extreme pressure red grease.
On rare occasions, you may find that an extremely tiny amount of heavy oil will help the detent ball to glide over the blade. I use Nano-Oil, but any heavy, viscous oil should work.
Put a single drop of heavy oil on a non-porous surface. Then, touch the pointy end of a needle to that drop of oil. Finally, with your knife open, touch the needle to the detent ball, transferring a *tiny* amount of oil. Try not to get any oil on either the lock tip or blade's lock ramp.
If, at some point down the road, your knife accumulates a bunch of pocket lint on the inside, a quick burst of compressed air usually clears most of it out. Other maintenance items would be occasionally wiping the blade with a light oil, and, to help the blue color pop, use Windex on a microfiber cloth to remove skin oils from the anodized parts.
Eventually, your knife's bearings will need to be cleaned and re-greased, and, if possible, it's best to have us do that job.
How do I register my Steelcrat knife?
Please click here or visit http://beggknives.net/register to register your Steelcraft knife.


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Rio Tinto to buy Western Australia's third RFDS jet with $15 million pledge
A new state-of-the-art jet is set to join the Western Australian aeromedical fleet of the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) following a further $15 million investment by Rio Tinto.
Rio Tinto is pledging the funds as part of a six-year partnership extension with the RFDS, delivering on the company's longstanding commitment to improving healthcare for regional West Australian communities.
Due to arrive in 2022, the third Rio Tinto LifeFlight PC-24 jet will further boost patient response times and continue to revolutionise the iconic aeromedical charity which has become a world leader in its field through its jet capability.
The first two Rio Tinto LifeFlight jets have been in service for a year, helping more than 1,000 patients across more than 1.2 million kilometres. Rio Tinto provided $10 million towards their purchase.
Since forming an alliance with the RFDS in 2004, Rio Tinto has contributed $37.5 million to the organisation.
Hon. Roger Cook MLA, Minister for Health said "I'd like to thank Rio Tinto for this significant investment which will improve the delivery of healthcare for people in regional and remote Western Australia. The RFDS provide an absolutely essential service and by funding a third PC-24 jet Rio Tinto are helping them further transform their service, expand operations and ultimately save lives."
Rio Tinto Iron Ore chief executive Chris Salisbury said "We are proud to support the RFDS in its wonderful efforts to ensure people who live, work or travel across our vast state have access to the world's most advanced and innovative aeromedical capability.
Our long-term partnership with the RFDS has focused on helping the organisation enhance and expand its fleet for the great benefit of remote and regional Western Australians."
Royal Flying Doctor Service Western Operations Chief Executive Officer Rebecca Tomkinson said "Rio Tinto's purchase of a third jet will strengthen and expand our aircraft assets for the future, so we can continue our work as a vital link in the health network of our state."
"The successful integration of two Rio Tinto LifeFlight PC-24 jets into our fleet over the past year has already put time on our side to save lives, and we anticipate the arrival of a third jet will continue to revolutionise the way our 24-hour aeromedical emergency service is coordinated across the state," Ms Tomkinson said.
"We are incredibly proud of our longstanding partnership with Rio Tinto and the ongoing collaboration to support health equity in the regions."
Media Relations Rio Tinto
Jasmine Green
T +61 8 918 89137
Royal Flying Doctor Service

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A profile shows how you want to present yourself to your peers, students, and co-instructors. In your Illinois Compass 2g profile, you decide what you want to be called, share your academic interests, and more.
All Blackboard Learn users and system administrators can report inappropriate content they find in any profile by selecting Report. From a profile card, the user can select the flag icon in the bottom right corner. A screen appears and prompts them to fill out some brief information to report the profile.
After a user's profile is reported, the system administrator sees a notification next to Reported Items under Cloud Management on the Administrator Panel. Select Reported Items to view all of the reported items.
On this screen, you can take administrative action on the reported item. Next to an item in the list, open the menu to review the report and block the item from being seen by other users in your Learn instance.
When you select Block Item, a message appears with more information about the action. Select Block to confirm that you wish to block the item. The system sends an email to the user telling them to revise their profile's content to have it reinstated. In addition to receiving an email, the user will also see a notification when they view their profile to let them know it has been blocked and must be edited and submitted for review.
After the user has submitted an updated profile for review, a new Reported Item notification appears for the administrator. On the Reported Items page, you can see that the status has changed to Under Review. You can review the updated profile and unblock the item if it is acceptable.


I am getting nervous and excited at the same time!! I leave tomorrow for Panama!
I'm excited for you and i'll be with you in spirit. I know you'll have wonderful things to share when you get a chance!
Deb, you are the best!! I never dreamed I would actually become friends with the celebrity I saw on a Stem Cell Institute video!!


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Q: The designated data directory /var/lib/mysql/ is unusable. You can remove all files that the server added to it inside the Kubernetes Pod I am running Minikube version 1.20 w/ KVM2 as a VM driver inside my Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. When I am trying to deploy SQL inside my local Kubernetes cluster. It keeps restarting with the below pod logs error
2023-01-17 07:15:17+00:00 [Note] [Entrypoint]: Initializing database files
2023-01-17T07:15:17.153897Z 0 [Warning] [MY-011068] [Server] The syntax '--skip-host-cache' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use SET GLOBAL host_cache_size=0 instead.
2023-01-17T07:15:17.154020Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010918] [Server] 'default_authentication_plugin' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use authentication_policy instead.
2023-01-17T07:15:17.154036Z 0 [System] [MY-013169] [Server] /usr/sbin/mysqld (mysqld 8.0.31) initializing of server in progress as process 42
2023-01-17T07:15:17.155532Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-010457] [Server] --initialize specified but the data directory has files in it. Aborting.
2023-01-17T07:15:17.155536Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-013236] [Server] The designated data directory /var/lib/mysql/ is unusable. You can remove all files that the server added to it.
2023-01-17T07:15:17.155571Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-010119] [Server] Aborting
2023-01-17T07:15:17.155647Z 0 [System] [MY-010910] [Server] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Shutdown complete (mysqld 8.0.31)  MySQL Community Server - GPL.

I am trying to use mysql:8 image and mountPath: /var/lib/mysql.

A: Seems like the volume contains something from the error. You can try to delete the pod and related resources (e.g. PVC, service, etc), delete the data directory and any files within it. After, create the pod again and make sure that the data directory is empty and not being used by any other pod or service and make sure that the mountPath: /var/lib/mysql should be empty before the pod creation.

A: If you tried multiple times i would suggest trying deleting everything first and applying changes again PV and PVC. There could be changes in PVC, PVC old files exist which causes issues.
Try deploying everything again and also check MySQL image.
You can refer this for more info : https://stackoverflow.com/a/70800469/5525824

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Gold Coast is a haven for young people, so it's a fantastic place to find great value accommodation for an affordable price.
Backpackers love Gold Coast International Backpackers Resort and Aquarius Backpackers, which are both within walking distance to the beaches and nightlife.
Self-contained apartments are very popular, allowing you to really take control of your holiday. Apartment complexes feature all the luxuries of the resorts, including pools and tennis courts, at a fraction of the price. Alexander Holiday Apartments and Kupari Boutique Apartments are worth checking out.
However, if you're after pampering, the region's resorts can't be beat. For real extravagance visit Palazzo Versace, the world's only Versace hotel. The hotel features three restaurants, a private marina, a day spa and more. If you can afford the price tag, the Palazzo Versace promises a vacation you won't forget.


Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have dramatically changed the landscape of hepatitis C treatment and prevention. The World Health Organization has called for the elimination of hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030. However, the discrepancy in DAA prices across low-, middle- and high-income countries is considerable, ranging from less than US$ 100 to approximately US$ 40,000 per course, thus representing a major barrier for the scale-up of treatment and elimination. This article describes DAA pricing and pathways to accessing affordable treatment, providing case studies from Australia, Egypt and Portugal. Pathways to accessing DAAs include developing comprehensive viral hepatitis plans to facilitate price negotiations, voluntary and compulsory licenses, patent opposition, joint procurement, and personal importation schemes. While multiple factors influence the price of DAAs, a key driver is a country's capacity and willingness to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies. If negotiations do not lead to a reasonable price, governments have the option to utilise flexibilities outlined in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Affordable access to DAAs is underpinned by collaboration between government, civil society, global organisations and pharmaceutical companies to ensure that all patients can access treatment. Promoting these pathways is critical for influencing policy, improving access to affordable DAAs and achieving hepatitis C elimination.
An estimated 67 million people live with chronic hepatitis C infection worldwide . Chronic hepatitis C causes cirrhosis, liver cancer and approximately 399,000 deaths annually . Globally, people who inject drugs (PWID) have the highest hepatitis C prevalence (42–62%) . In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) set targets for eliminating hepatitis C as a public health threat, calling for an 80% reduction in incidence and a 65% reduction in related deaths by 2030 . WHO estimates that approximately 1.5 million new hepatitis C infections occur annually , yet, in 2017, only 1.6 million patients were treated for hepatitis C and fewer than 1.5 million are expected to be treated in 2018 . If current trajectories of new infections and treatment uptake continue, hepatitis C will certainly not be eliminated by 2030 and only 12 countries are likely to achieve elimination . Therefore, a multi-pronged approach that includes the scale-up of affordable treatment is essential to achieve elimination [5–7].
The advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in 2013 led to optimism that hepatitis C elimination is achievable . DAAs have a cure rate of over 95%, treatment duration of only 8–12 weeks, and fewer and less severe side-effects than their predecessors . However, in many countries, DAA prices discourage treatment, impeding progress towards elimination [9, 10], and whilst DAA prices have declined, they vary considerably – from less than US$ 100 per treatment course to approximately US$ 40,000 [9, 11, 12]. This paper describes current pricing of DAAs and highlights the pathways and mechanisms for governments and civil society to access affordable treatment.
The advancing of drugs through research and development (R&D) is a long-term process, with an only 12% probability of a drug gaining marketing approval . Estimates of the average R&D cost vary from US$ 161 million  to US$ 2.6 billion per drug, including approved and unsuccessful compounds and opportunity costs . Additional costs post-approval include surveillance, manufacturing, distribution and marketing.
Following clinical trials, drug companies must obtain marketing authorisation to sell their products (e.g. through the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency). Over 2011–2015, the FDA and European Medicines Agency median approval times for new therapeutic agents were 306 and 383 days, respectively . Accelerated review processes apply for important medicines that treat serious conditions and fill an unmet need or demonstrate substantial improvements over existing treatments . For example, the FDA granted sofosbuvir, a highly effective DAA manufactured by Gilead Sciences, a priority review , and it was approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C within 242 days of application .
Upon marketing approval, decisions on pricing and reimbursement are required. These decisions vary according to whether governments negotiate discounts or whether pharmaceutical companies set prices . In 2013, the price of sofosbuvir ranged from US$ 900 in Egypt to US$ 95,000 in the US [11, 12, 20]. Since then, other DAAs have been released and generic DAAs have begun to generate competition, leading to discounted prices . Additionally, manufacturing costs have also fallen, with the costs of a 12-week course of sofosbuvir estimated at US$ 47 .
DAAs contribute significantly to pharmaceutical company profits. In 2017, Gilead reported US$ 26.1 billion in sales, including US$ 9.1 billion from DAAs . In 2017, Bristol-Myers Squibb's product revenue totalled US$ 20.8 billion, including US$ 406 million from hepatitis C products . Whilst the exact costs of DAA R&D, manufacturing and distribution are unknown, sales data suggest that pharmaceutical companies make significant profits from DAAs, particularly from high-income countries.
The initial price of DAAs was particularly daunting as it required governments to dedicate large proportions of their health budget to hepatitis C treatment . However, despite DAA manufacturing costs falling, prices still vary, remaining stubbornly high in certain countries . A number of high-income countries, including Australia, Finland, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, Spain and Sweden, have negotiated price agreements that allow most patients to access DAAs, enabling a broad public health response rather than a disease-staged approach . In 2015, Georgia, a middle-income country, established the world's first hepatitis C elimination demonstration project, with Gilead Sciences providing free treatment for all patients . Georgia's elimination plan derived from strong political commitment, public support and health system capacity .
Other countries (e.g. US , Denmark and Poland ) are paying higher prices for DAAs, necessitating treatment restrictions based on fibrosis stage and substance use [27, 28]. A review showed that, of 35 European countries and jurisdictions, 46% restricted treatment to patients with fibrosis at stage F2 or higher and 17% required abstinence from illicit substances . Importantly, these restrictions were not based on treatment effectiveness, with DAAs achieving > 95% cure rates in patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis, PWID and those who consume alcohol [29–32] and 78–87% cure rates for patients with compensated cirrhosis . Additionally, the key to preventing new infections is stopping viral transmission. Mathematical modelling demonstrates that PWID with hepatitis C must be treated to reduce incidence and reach WHO elimination targets [34, 35]. Hence, treatment restrictions for PWID and other priority groups must be lifted.
Whilst DAA price reductions in some countries facilitate greater treatment access, prices need to be affordable worldwide. A government's capacity to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies is a key driver of drug prices. Other pathways to accessing affordable DAAs include voluntary and compulsory licensing, patent opposition, personal importation schemes, and joint procurement (Fig. 1).
In the US, some patients are eligible for DAAs through Medicare (federal health insurance for people who are older or disabled) and Medicaid (government-subsidised healthcare programmes for people with low income) . While Medicare cannot negotiate drug prices directly , Medicaid has previously obtained manufacturer rebates for HIV drugs above the required Medicaid price discounts for all drugs. The Veterans Health Administration can negotiate deals for veterans and private insurance companies can negotiate for clients . However, strict confidentiality agreements between payers and manufacturers prevent price transparency . Consequently, US patients pay substantially more for DAAs than citizens of other high-income countries, thus reducing treatment access . US states and insurance companies vary considerably regarding DAA restrictions and reimbursement based on fibrosis stage, substance use, co-infection with HIV and prescriber type . However, several states have relaxed their DAA criteria, allowing increased treatment utilisation .
Despite restrictions on drug price negotiation in the US, legislation (under 28 U.S.C. §1498) permits the government to purchase generic medications at less than 1% of their branded list price plus a reasonable royalty . During the 2001 anthrax outbreak, the US Government threatened to use this legal provision, leading to swift negotiations with the manufacturer for reduced medication costs . This mechanism could be used to reduce DAA prices.
In other countries, governments can negotiate a reasonable price for pharmaceuticals with patent holders . Australia and Portugal have negotiated volume-based agreements with pharmaceutical companies (case studies 1 and 2), and Italy and Spain have negotiated DAA course prices of less than € 8000. It is apparent that pharmaceutical companies are willing to negotiate reasonable prices when governments present plans that ensure a greater number of patients undertake treatment.
In 1994, the World Trade Organization (WTO) established the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) . The TRIPS Agreement sets global minimum requirements for creating and protecting intellectual property. WTO members, excluding those regarded as least developed countries (LDCs) (low-income countries at high risk of economic and environmental shocks), must provide patent protection for inventions for at least 20 years . Although patents provide an incentive to innovate, they can also create monopolies, reduce competition and increase prices . Patent holders can prevent generic versions of patented medicines from being produced or made available. However, LDCs are not obliged to provide or enforce medicine patents or data protection until at least 2033, allowing the legal production and marketing of generic medicines in these countries .
The basic compound patent for sofosbuvir expires in a number of patent-granting countries in 2025 . Upon patent expiry, generics can be freely produced and disseminated, creating competition and reducing costs for governments and consumers [45, 46]. For example, generic competition for HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) contributed to a 99% price reduction . The TRIPS Agreement also enables governments to prevent a patent's monopoly effects and access generics prior to patent expiry (Fig. 2) . In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, clarifying that TRIPS should not hamper governments' ability to protect public health and listing flexibilities enabling widespread access to medicines .
Examples of TRIPS flexibilities that WTO member states can use to pursue public health goals include granting compulsory licenses to third parties without patent holder consent and public non-commercial or government use of patents [41, 44]. These licenses allow local production or importation of generics . Importantly, TRIPS does not require prior negotiations for a voluntary license in emergency or urgent situations . In January 2017, WTO amended TRIPS with article 31(bis) to provide a special compulsory license to supply medicines to countries without sufficient production capacity . Article 31(bis) allows Regional Economic Communities, consisting mostly of LDCs (all African), to bundle demand to supply the entire region, regardless of whether a developing country or an LDC will benefit.
Compulsory licensing (particularly non-commercial use licenses) facilitated procurement of generic ART for HIV when voluntary licenses were unavailable . However, middle- and high-income countries that use compulsory licensing for DAAs are likely to experience significant opposition from manufacturers defending their monopoly and from countries where multinational pharmaceutical companies operate and manufacture . To date, only Malaysia has issued a compulsory license for a DAA (late 2017) .
Pharmaceutical companies can establish agreements with generic manufacturers allowing the manufacture and sale of lower-priced generics before patent expiry [44, 52]. In 2010, the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) was established to negotiate voluntary licenses with patent holders to supply ART in low- and middle-income countries . MPP licenses will save the global health community an estimated US$ 2.3 billion for HIV treatment over 2010–2028 .
The MPP's remit recently expanded to include DAAs, listing daclatasvir (GSK) in 2016. Prior to this expansion, Gilead established voluntary licensing agreements with 11 Indian companies, enabling them to manufacture and market bioequivalent DAAs in 101 low-income countries. Generic manufacturers with a voluntary license set their own price and pay royalties to Gilead . These agreements excluded Brazil, China, Morocco and Thailand, middle-income countries with high hepatitis C burdens [55, 56]. However, countries can issue a compulsory license and produce or purchase generic medications, including from sub-licensees . Interestingly, when Malaysia issued a compulsory license for sofosbuvir, Gilead responded by including Malaysia, Thailand, Ukraine and Belarus in their license agreement territory, showing the direct and indirect power of compulsory licensing .
Gilead Sciences has provided voluntary licenses for both ARTs and DAAs. Bristol-Myers Squibb has licensed daclatasvir to MPP for sale in 112 countries .
Pharmaceutical companies can be prevented from securing a monopoly using patent opposition . In 2015, Médecins du Monde and civil society organisations from 17 countries challenged Gilead's sofosbuvir patent, leading to amendment of the patent claims  and availability of generic versions of sofosbuvir in Europe in 2024 rather than 2028 . Civil society organisations launched similar oppositions in Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Ukraine and the US . In 2012, Médecins Sans Frontières established a patent opposition database to disseminate information on claims and oppositions , an important tool for transparency and collaboration between public health groups and legal and technical experts on pharmaceutical patent challenges.
Governments can obtain lower pharmaceutical prices by allowing a subset of payers to negotiate prices as one entity [44, 63]. Benefits of joint procurement include allowing authorities to negotiate volume-based discounts, reap administrative savings and pool skillsets [44, 64]. Joint procurement can occur through collaborative agreements between contracting authorities or through permanent joint procurement organisations . In 2015, Mercosur (a trade block involving Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela) and associated countries (Chile, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador) completed the first joint procurement of DAAs with support from the Pan American Health Organization Strategic Fund , securing the lowest price in the region (US$ 2292 per treatment) .
In 2017, the Centre for Disease Analysis Foundation established the Global Procurement Fund (GPRO) to support expanded access to affordable and quality treatments in low- and middle-income countries . GPRO uses pooled purchasing to negotiate prices for large volumes of DAAs, with 104 countries currently accessing sofosbuvir through this mechanism . Drugs supplied by GPRO must meet quality standards from WHO, a stringent regulatory authority or an independent expert review panel . In 2008, the European Commission released a fact sheet to aid organisations to establish joint procurement ; however, this is yet to be employed for DAAs. Effective procurement of DAAs requires reliable surveillance and modelling data to predict the number of patients who need treatment .
In various countries (e.g. Australia , Italy  and Switzerland ), patients are legally entitled to import 1–3 months of personal medication. Patients living in countries without subsidised access to treatment can purchase generic DAAs through online buyers' clubs . The Australian-based FixHepC Buyers Club allows patients with a prescription to import a 12-week course of generic sofosbuvir and daclatasvir for US$ 1000 . Cure rates of generic DAAs imported into Australia are similar to branded treatments . However, in some countries, physicians cannot prescribe unlicensed medications . Indeed, personal importation is not a long-term solution, with treatment uptake being somewhat ad hoc rather than part of a cohesive public health response.
In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates the pharmaceutical sector  and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) subsidises listed medications for Australian residents . General and concession patients make co-payments of AU$ 39.50 and AU$ 6.40 per script, respectively . If a TGA-approved drug is not listed on the PBS, Australians can still access these medications, although generally at full price. Pharmaceutical companies can apply for PBS listing through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) . If the PBAC recommends the drug, the Department of Health negotiates a subsidised price with the pharmaceutical company .
In 2014, the TGA approved sofosbuvir for the wholesale cost of AU$ 110,000 per course. After long price negotiations between the government and pharmaceutical companies, PBAC recommended DAAs for PBS listing on March 1, 2016. The Australian government budgeted approximately AU$ 1.2 billion over 5 years to treat hepatitis C , following a volume-based, risk-sharing deal with pharmaceutical companies . Treatment costs are capped at approximately AU$ 250 million annually, regardless of the number of people treated , yet the 'base price' the government pays per treatment is thought to be approximately AU$ 12,000–15,000. However, if annual treatment costs exceed the annual cap, these are covered by the pharmaceutical companies; therefore, the more patients treated, the lower the cost per course, which incentivises treatment scale-up. Between March 2016 and June 2017, approximately 43,360 patients (19% of all Australian patients with hepatitis C) were treated  at an estimated cost of less than US$ 8000 per course, one of the lowest prices per patient in high-income countries.
Importantly, prescribing guidelines allow treatment by specialists, general practitioners and nurse practitioners, facilitating uptake of treatment outside hospital settings . Further, fibrosis and substance use do not affect eligibility . Based on PBS co-payment schemes, general patients pay out-of-pocket AU$ 120 and concession patients pay AU$ 20 per treatment course , making the DAA price for individual patients one of the lowest globally.
Initially, in Portugal, DAAs cost approximately € 40,000 per patient  and treatment was restricted to patients with severe cirrhosis who required a liver transplant, which led to community advocacy in the media and parliament  designed to shift discussions about hepatitis C from prevention to cure . In February 2015, the Portuguese government announced a risk-sharing and volume-based agreement with Gilead, enabling universal access to treatment for all patients, regardless of fibrosis stage [80, 81]. Gilead would initially only receive payment per patient (less than € 7000) if treatment led to a cure. A national registry was established to monitor cure rates 12 weeks post-treatment . As of July 2017, 17,591 patients had been authorised treatment, 11,972 patients had initiated treatment and 6639 (96.5%) patients were clinically cured . The programme has averted 3477 premature liver deaths, 339 liver transplants and 5417 cases of cirrhosis , and saved the government over € 271 million on treatment of hepatitis C complications . A national plan to improve care is currently under development .
Egypt has the highest hepatitis C prevalence worldwide , mostly attributable to transmission through injections to treat schistosomiasis between the 1950s and 1980s . In 2008, an estimated 9.8% of Egypt's population aged 15–59 years was hepatitis C positive; prevalence was highest among those aged 50–59 . In 2015, the estimated prevalence among those aged 15–59 years declined to 7.0% , predominantly due to ageing of the population with hepatitis C [88, 89].
In 2006, the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis was established to measure hepatitis C burden and prepare a national treatment programme  and, in 2014, a national plan for prevention, control and treatment of viral hepatitis was released. The National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis and the Health Insurance Organization set up 189 government treatment facilities and created a national online database to register patients . Importantly, the Egyptian government rejected patent applications for sofosbuvir, enabling local production and supply of generics . In 2014, Egypt had a limited supply of branded sofosbuvir, which cost US$ 900 for a 12-week treatment course – still expensive relative to Egypt's financial resources . Treatment was restricted to patients with advanced fibrosis, hepatitis B or HIV co-infection, and post-liver transplants, leading to long waiting lists . Subsequently, negotiations and generic production reduced prices significantly and DAAs became available to all patients . Between October 2014 and December 2017, 1.4 million patients commenced treatment, with cure rates above 90% . Because there are no compound patents on sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in Egypt , treatment is now available for US$ 84 per treatment course from generic manufacturers . In 2016, the Ministry of Health established the Viral Hepatitis Control Administration, aiming to reduce new infections, screen 10 million people, eliminate waiting lists and enhance their sentinel surveillance systems . Despite high hepatitis C prevalence, Egypt is on track to achieve WHO elimination targets .
To achieve the WHO 2030 elimination targets, DAA prices, including those governments or insurers pay per course and for individual patients, must generally fall to ensure universal access . Governments need to negotiate drug prices and be prepared to use the TRIPS flexibilities to ensure satisfactory results. In countries such as Denmark and the US, restrictions on negotiating drug prices need to be removed. Up-to-date public information about DAA availability and pricing is also important ; such transparency shows governments that pharmaceutical companies are willing to negotiate a price that enables elimination. Since 1986, Management Sciences for Health and WHO have published the International Drug Price Indicator Guide, which lists drug prices from non-profit and procurement agencies – a valuable tool for tackling drug pricing .
Drug price negotiations appear to be cyclical. Upon marketing approval, pharmaceutical companies often set high prices ; governments then enter negotiations with manufacturers, often with a fixed budget . Reliable data on drug development and manufacturing costs would assist governments to negotiate reasonable prices  that take into account companies' justifiable need for profits. When drug development and manufacturing costs have been recovered, governments may have an easier time negotiating prices, enabling them (as in the case of DAAs) to quickly adopt a public health approach rather than an individual patient approach.
Pharmaceutical companies have shown preparedness to negotiate reasonable prices for DAAs, particularly when countries have comprehensive public health-based viral hepatitis elimination plans that facilitate treatment access for a large proportion of the affected population. Gilead has demonstrated its willingness to provide voluntary licenses that enable certain countries to access DAAs at a reduced price, as has GSK through the MPP.
Comprehensive viral hepatitis plans have centred on treatment as prevention and hepatitis C elimination rather than treating individual patients. These plans must be supported by reliable estimates of the number of people needing treatment so that governments can set elimination targets and monitor treatment outcomes. However, there are challenges in establishing hepatitis C surveillance systems (e.g. cost, establishing case definitions, laboratory infrastructure, training staff) , yet governments can learn from countries with surveillance systems in place (e.g. Australia, Egypt, Portugal).
History records very few opportunities to eliminate a chronic infection. In the DAA era, eliminating hepatitis C as a public health threat is possible, yet it can only be achieved with affordable access to DAAs worldwide. Case studies of Australia, Portugal and Egypt demonstrate that comprehensive public health-based viral hepatitis plans facilitate negotiations with pharmaceutical companies. Shifting from individual-focused hepatitis C treatment to elimination requires strong political will and advocacy. If price negotiations with pharmaceutical companies do not produce reasonable prices for DAAs, governments can utilise flexibilities in patent law to ensure access to low-priced generic sources.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Judy Gold and Dr. Campbell Aitken for their support with this manuscript.
The Burnet Institute receives support from the Victorian Government Operational Infrastructure Fund. Professor Margaret Hellard has received funding from Gilead Sciences, AbbVie and Bristol-Myers Squibb for investigator-initiated research. Dr. Alisa Pedrana has received funding from MSD for investigator-initiated research. Dr. Alisa Pedrana and Professor Margaret Hellard have received funding from NHMRC. JVL declares research grants from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences and MSD outside of this work. The funders had no role in this manuscript.
MEH developed the original plan for this debate piece. CD led the writing of the manuscript. All other authors contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version prior to publication.
Not applicable; no own data presented.
Ministry of Health and Population Cairo, El Zanaty and Associates, ICF International. Egypt Health Issues Survey 2015. 2015. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR313/FR313.pdf. Accessed 22 Feb 2018.


Before purchasing their business in Chatham, husband and wife Bob Zaremba and Danielle Jeanloz lived in many parts of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, Canada, and Europe, and spent many years traveling throughout the world. Having visited Chatham for more than 30 years, they decided to settle into this lovely resort community. Its natural beauty, cultural and social opportunities, proximity to major cities, gentle climate (for the Northeast), and small town character delight guests and residents alike.
Danielle has a broad range of personal and professional backgrounds. She is Swiss and spent many of her childhood years in the Boston area. She had a twenty-five year career with American Airlines and more recently served for two years as Executive Director of the Chatham Chamber of Commerce. After starring in a national television commercial for Vista Print a few years back, Danielle became something of a celebrity. Most recently, Danielle was named Executive Director of The Atwood House, home of the Chatham Historical Society.
Bob was originally from Vermont and has had family ties to Chatham since the 1960's. He earned his doctorate in Botany at The University of Massachusetts and has been a conservation biologist for more than 30 years. His dissertation research was conducted on the Nauset Spit System on Cape Cod. He used early maps to document changes in the form of barrier beaches and develop physical models for the movement of Northeastern barrier beaches over time. He worked for the Nature Conservancy, primarily in New York State, for 18 years, and he continues his botanical work as a part time consultant.
About 60% of our inventory is currently online. We continue to increase this inventory as we recognize that many of our customers like to shop from a distance before (or instead of) stopping by. We currently remain open year-round. We're here almost every day: Mondays through Saturday from 10am until 5pm, and Sundays 12pm until 5pm EST, except for a few major holidays. We are also available for appointments after hours. We understand that many of our customers lead busy lives and we aim to be accessible at their convenience.
Marisa Lynn, our Sales and Service Manager, holds a Bachelor's degree in Holistic Psychology from Lesley University and runs Immortal Memoirs, an organizaton dedicated to gathering and preserving oral histories. A compulsive writer, collector of all things old and arcane, and 12th-generation Cape Codder, she loves classic literature, local lore, lilacs, and alliteration.
Perri O. Kapp, our Information Manager, earned her Bachelor's degree at Wheaton College and holds a Master's degree in Art History from Tufts University. In her free time, she can be found in the woods, at the beach, creating art, playing the harp, and daydreaming about kittens.
Our store's most popular sales-creature, Amelia, is a long-haired calico cat who was in critical need of care when she was rescued. She beat the odds of survival with her beauty, charm, and wit. We figure that she contributes her fair share to the daily sales and the growth of our business. Amelia often sits among our vintage maps and politely requests our attention. Her docile nature elicits smiles and admiration from customers, and she's always happy to entertain children while their parents select maps and frames in our shop. She is also a big hit with the guests staying in our guestrooms.
Maps of Antiquity has been featured in CapeCod Life, Chatham Bars Inn (in-room magazine), NPR/WCAI, Dove and (an Italian Travel Magazine).


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Right to Repair Bill Killed After Big Tech Lobbying In Ontario
The bill would have been the first in North America to empower average people to repair their own devices.
by Jordan Pearson
May 2 2019, 9:55pm
A right to repair bill that would have forced manufacturers selling electronic devices and other consumer products in Ontario to provide consumers and small businesses with the tools and knowledge to repair brand-name gadgets is officially dead. The failed vote follows lobbying against the legislation from major tech companies including Apple, according to the bill's sponsor.
The bill, which was put forward by Liberal MPP Michael Coteau in February, aimed to force companies like Apple to provide small businesses and average consumers with official parts, diagnostic tools, and repair manuals upon request, and at a fair price. It would have been the first such law in North America—though 20 US states are considering similar legislation—and threatened to send consumer-friendly ripple effects throughout major electronic manufacturers' global operations.
Home and affordable third-party repair of brand-name devices is often extremely difficult or even outright illegal thanks to company lobbying, tightly controlled access to repair tools and parts, and government intervention.
On Thursday, the bill had its second reading in Ontario parliament; essentially, a debate on whether the bill, in principle, is worthy of further debate, research, and discussion until it can be decided upon in its final form. While some MPPs urged their colleagues to vote yes on the bill simply to allow for further exploration of the issue, it faced staunch resistance from members of the ruling Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.
Some PC members argued that the bill cut against the Ontario government's new "open for business" slogan by compromising US companies' intellectual property rights to the point that they would not sell their products in Ontario, a province that contains nearly half of Canada's total population. MPP Kaleed Rasheed claimed that the bill would force companies to hand their "codes" and "security stuff" to average consumers, though it only called for repair manuals, diagnostic tools, and parts. When it came to a vote, the bill was killed on the floor.
In a phone call, Coteau told me he expected resistance. After proposing the bill, he was approached by Electronics Product Stewardship Canada (EPSC)—an industry group that represents Apple, Panasonic, and other major tech companies—as well as representatives from from Apple and Panasonic, he told me. "I had an Apple senior counsel fly in...to come and see me," Coteau said.
The group's collective position, Coteau said, was that the bill would compromise companies' intellectual property rights and that home repair was a public safety issue, meaning "that it's dangerous for people to open up electronic devices and fix it themselves, that it could harm them," Coteau said. Samsung also got in touch, he told me.
Motherboard learned this week that a right to repair bill in California was pulled by its sponsor after an industry association representing Apple and other tech companies lobbied against the bill by arguing, among other things, that people trying to repair their phones could hurt themselves by puncturing the lithium-ion battery. Apple executive Lisa Jackson made a similar argument in 2017, saying at TechCrunch Disrupt that the company's phones are too "complex" for non-authorized repair.
A May 1 letter from the Ontario Chamber of Commerce to Bill Walker, Ontario's Minister of Government and Consumer Services, obtained by Motherboard reiterates this point almost exactly.
"Another concern is safety," the letter stated. "Consumers need to be assured that their medical devices, appliances, laptops, and other electronic devices are being repaired correctly in order to minimize risks to their safety. Manufacturers are best suited to provide this assurance. For example, at present, products containing high-energy lithium ion batteries are only repaired by trained professionals who understand the hazards associated with breakage of these batteries."
Read More: Apple Is Telling Lawmakers People Will Hurt Themselves if They Try to Fix iPhones
Apple did not respond to Motherboard's request for comment on whether the company met with other legislators or groups ahead of the vote, or what the purpose and content of those conversations were. Spokespeople for EPSC were also not available for comment.
Right to repair advocates in the United States, meanwhile, point out that many people and small businesses regularly repair iPhones and other electronics without incident.
During the debate in provincial parliament, New Democratic Party MPP Tom Rakocevic wondered aloud where the opposition to the bill stemmed from. "Maybe Apple called and they bit the apple," he said on the floor.
Minister Walker pointed to the supposed danger of home repair during question period on Tuesday when asked about the right to repair bill by MPP Coteau. "You repair your toaster, and at the end of the day, your house burns down—who's protecting that?" the Minister said.
When reached for comment on whether the Minister or his office was contacted by Apple representatives, press secretary David Wooley said in an emailed statement that "We heard from industry stakeholders about their concerns with the bill," but noted that the Minister had his own problems with it when it was first introduced.
"The proposed legislation sounds good in theory but is completely unenforceable in practice and threatens consumer choice," the statement from the Minister read.
Though the right to repair bill is dead in Ontario, Coteau believes that it's only a matter of time before politicians and the public realize these consumer protections are much-needed.
"There will be a politician somewhere in this country that will present something, and eventually it will stick, and we'll be able to move forward based on that," Coteau said.
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repair iphone
canada right to repair


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Q: Python IDLE not accepting quotes Disclaimer: I'm a noob.
I've installed Python 3.2 (r32:88452) and ActiveTcl 8.5.9.2 (build 294317) on my OSX 10.6. Both installed without any errors, and I've already managed to run a .PY through Terminal. It runs okay.
I run IDLE and it doesn't show any errors. But whenever I press the quote key ('), nothing happens. The same with [shift] pressed ("). The characters just don't register. The same happens with the 'backtick'/tilde key, [shift] pressed or otherwise.
I'm using a U.S. International keyboard layout.
I've tried opening the Keyboard Viewer. Both keys, single quote and 'backtick', are orange-colored. (I had never noticed that until now.) In any other application, whenever they're clicked, the corresponding character is input -- but nothing happens from within the Python IDLE.
Any ideas on what might be happening?
Additional information: Python interpreter in interactive mode (running it from Terminal) registers both keys just fine. Also, if I try and change the keyboard layout to plain "U.S.", even IDLE registers the keys; but this tastes more like a workaround and I'd like to hear your opinions.

A: IDLE uses Tkinter from  the Python standard library to supply GUI functionality. Tkinter is an interface to the multi-platform Tk graphical interface, part of Tcl/Tk.  Unfortunately, Aqua Tk on OS X does not currently support all of the standard text processing features on OS X.
This particular problem appears to be  a variation of a known bug in the Cocoa Aqua Tk.  On a normal Apple U.S. keyboard, you use option U + <vowel> to form a diaeresis (for example, ä).  It looks like on the US International keyboard, the ' key is used instead of the missing option u.  There is a patch in the most recent ActiveState Tk 8.5 versions (including the one you have installed) that prevents Tk from crashing in this case.  You can see how it used to "work" by launching the Apple-supplied IDLE 2.6 included with Mac OS X 10.6 (/usr/bin/idle2.6).  Try typing ' (with the International keyboard setting) or option U (with the US keyboard setting) there!  The patched version simply ignores this case, rather than crashing.
Your best bet is to stick to a US or US Extended keyboard input method.

A: Changing to "plain US" is not a workaround but a solution for you, unless you really want to stick with U.S. International layout for some reason. Here are some guidelines on US International Layout.


PoE injector for supply up to 4 devices in passive standard by ethernet cable. To use mainly together with central power supply with battery.
Output protected against inverse polarization.
This product was added to our catalog on 10/08/2010.


WHEN in the Courſe of human Events, it becomes neceſſary for one People to diſſolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to aſſume among the Powers of the Earth, the ſeparate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent Reſpect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they ſhould declare the cauſes which impel them to the Separation.
WE hold theſe Truths to be ſelf-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among theſe are Life, Liberty, and the Purſuit of Happineſs—–That to ſecure theſe Rights, Governments are inſtituted among Men, deriving their juſt Powers from the Conſent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes deſtructive of theſe Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to aboliſh it, and to inſtitute new Government, laying its Foundation on ſuch Principles, and organizing its Powers in ſuch Form, as to them ſhall ſeem moſt likely to effect their Safety and Happineſs. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long eſtabliſhed ſhould not be changed for light and tranſient Cauſes ; and accordingly all Experience hath ſhewn, that Mankind are more diſpoſed to ſuffer, while Evils are ſufferable, than to right themſelves by aboliſhing the Forms to which they are accuſtomed. But when a long Train of Abuſes and Uſurpations, purſusing invariably the ſame Object, evinces a Deſign to reduce them under abſolute Deſpotiſm, it is their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off ſuch Government, and to provide new Guards for their future Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance of theſe Colonies ; and ſuch is now the Neceſſity which conſtrains them to alter their former Syſtems of Government. The History of the present King of Great-Britain is a Hiſtory of repeated Injuries and Uſurpations, all having in direct Object the Eſtablishment of an abſolute Tyranny over theſe States. To prove this, let Facts be ſubmitted to a candid World.
HE has refuſed his Aſſent to Laws, the moſt wholeſome and neceſſary for the public Good.
HE has forbidden his Governors to paſs Laws of immediate and preſſing Importance, unleſs ſuſpended in their Operation till his Aſſent ſhould be obtained ; and when ſo ſuſpended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
HE has refuſed to paſs other Laws for the Accommodation of large Diſtricts of People, unleſs thoſe People would relinquiſh the Right of Repreſentation in the Legiſlature, a Right ineſtimable to them, and formidable to Tyrants only.
HE has called together Legiſlative Bodies at Places unuſual, uncomfortable, and diſtant from the Depoſitory of their public Records, for the ſole Purpoſe of fatiguing them into Compliance with his Meaſures.
HE has diſſolved Repreſentative Houſes repeatedly, for oppoſing with manly Firmneſs his Invaſions on the Rights of the People.
HE has refuſed for a long Time, after ſuch Diſſolutions, to cauſe others to be elected ; whereby the Legiſlative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exerciſe ; the State remaining in the mean time expoſed to all the Dangers of Invaſion from without, and Convulſions within.
HE has endeavoured to prevent the Population of theſe States ; for that Purpoſe obſtructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refuſing to paſs others to encourage their Migrations hither, and raiſing the Conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
HE has obſtructed the Adminiſtration of Juſtice, by refuſing his Aſſent to Laws for eſtabliſhing Judiciary Powers.
HE has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the Tenure of their Offices, and the Amount and Payment of their Salaries.
HE has erected a Multitude of new Offices, and ſent hither Swarms of Officers to harraſs our People, and eat out their Subſtance.
HE has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the conſent of our Legiſlatures.
HE has affected to render the Military independent of and ſuperior to the Civil Power.
FOR ſuſpending our own Legiſlatures, and declaring themſelves inveſted with Power to legiſlate for us in all Caſes whatſoever.
HE has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War againſt us.
HE has plundered our Seas, ravaged our Coaſts, burnt our Towns, and deſtroyed the Lives of our People.
HE is, at this Time, tranſporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the Works of Death, Deſolation, and Tyranny, already begun with circumſtances of Cruelty and Perfidy, ſcarcely paralleled in the moſt barbarous Ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized Nation.
HE has conſtrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms againſt their Country, to become the Executioners of their Friends and Brethren, or to fall themſelves by their Hands.
HE has excited domeſtic Inſurrections amongſt us, and has endeavoured to bring on the Inhabitants of our Frontiers, the mercileſs Indian Savages, whoſe known Rule of Warfare, is an undiſtinguiſhed Deſtruction, of all Ages, Sexes and Conditions.
NOR have we been wanting in Attentions to our Britiſh Brethren. We have warned them from Time to Time of Attempts by their Legiſlature to extend an unwarrantable Juriſdiction over us. We have reminded them of the Circumſtances of our Emigration and Settlement here. We have appealed to their native Juſtice and Magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the Ties of our common Kindred to diſavow theſe Uſurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our Connections and Correſpondence. They too have been deaf to the Voice of Juſtice and of Conſanguinity. We muſt, therefore, acquieſce in the Neceſſity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the reſt of Mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace, Friends.
WE, therefore, the Repreſentatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS, Aſſembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the Rectitude of our Intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of theſe Colonies, ſolemnly Publiſh and Declare, That theſe United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES ; that they are abſolved from all Allegiance to the Britiſh Crown, and that all political Connection between them and the State of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally diſſolved ; and that as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, eſtabliſh Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And for the ſupport of this Declaration, with a firm Reliance on the Protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our ſacred Honor.


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Subsea Special: Filling the digital gap
Guy Matthews
Submarine cable projects that address small communities don't always make the headlines, but nevertheless have the ability to transform lives through the power of fibre connectivity.
A great deal of fanfare inevitably attends the launch of a major submarine network. The lighting of an IMEWE or an EASSy is, quite understandably, the subject of much press coverage, amid talk of important stimulus for developing economies in need of either added cable diversity or increased international capacity.
The rationale for these multi-terabit projects tends to speak for itself. Less obvious at times is the business case for the dozens of smaller fibre launches that take place largely unheralded each year.
In fact, outside of the often very small communities these cables are built to support, virtually no attention is paid.
Between them, though, these smaller systems are quietly filling in the digital gaps on the world map, empowering populations that have been marginalised by reliance on high-priced satellite connectivity for decades.
Here we examine a sample of three of the less celebrated submarine projects of the past year to see what drivers underpin them, considering also what effect they will have on the populations they are designed to serve.
Dublin to London >>
Not all smaller subsea projects are in out of the way locations. Nor are they all connecting populations for the first time. But that does not necessarily make them easier to establish a commercial rationale for.
The CeltixConnect fibre gateway connects Dublin to London and was rolled out in 2012 by Sea Fibre Networks. Its aim is to double the existing data capacity between Ireland and the UK, arguably running against the prevailing image of Ireland as in the economic doldrums.
Diane Hodnett, CEO of Sea Fibre Networks, claims that CeltixConnect is actually well timed and well positioned to satisfy demands for capacity and low latency driven by growing digital and financial services industries in Ireland. To that end she is launching Bright Fibre, a dark fibre-based services platform for operators and enterprises.
Hodnett concedes though that CeltixConnect is unusual in certain respects: "There's been a huge amount of building in developing areas of the world, as opposed to Europe which has seen a lot less," she says. "But when we looked at demand in Dublin for connectivity with the UK, we realised there was a need for a new cable. There was a time when there was a lack of terrestrial backhaul to justify that, but that's improved a lot."
The two major cables already connecting Ireland with the UK are no longer enough to meet the needs of service providers and their customers, she claims. "There's also a demand for greater security, diversity and resilience, and three cables is, I would say, the minimum now," she believes. "The reliance on these cables is such that customers can't afford to wait the week or so it takes to repair a cable, or even the short time it takes to fail traffic over from one to another."
The performance of the cable is not in the same league as some of the high-speed links across the Atlantic from Ireland's east coast, but it does not need to be, says Hodnett: "On this route, low latency is nice to have, but not as essential as it would be on a route between London and New York, dominated by trading." She says the aim is not to compete with carrier customers, but to retain neutrality: "We're looking for contract terms of five, 10 or 15 years, so our shortest time before a return is about five years."
Hodnett believes the economic rationale is based in large measure on selling dark fibre to customers in the greater Dublin area, where a burgeoning data centre sector is emerging, going on to London and then to Amsterdam and beyond. "We serve a lot of data centres, or large customers in data centres," she explains.
"Data centres in Ireland are a big growth area going forward, which is something I've been preaching to the government about. My argument is that while they are not necessarily big employers in their own right, they are the centre for a lot of very valuable tertiary business, a honey pot for larger businesses coming to set up in Ireland. At the moment it's somewhat curtailed by being so centred on Dublin."
She says Sea Fibre Networks is planning a new direct cable linking Cork in the south of Ireland to France. This she believes will help spread the country's digital heartland beyond Dublin when it launches, at present scheduled for Q1 2014.
Japan to Ogasawara Islands >>
The Japanese-owned Ogasawara Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean, around 1,000km south of Tokyo and 1,500km north of Guam. Subtropical in climate and geographically obscure, they are home to a number of rare species. With a total population of just 2,400, they are also rather anomalously part of the municipality of Tokyo.
Ogasawara is not only physically far removed from the rest of Tokyo, it has until recently been digital light years away from mainland Japan as well. Direct dialling telephone services were only introduced in 1983, with television broadcasting following in 1984.
Mobile telephony made an appearance in 1999. All these services have historically been provided over links with a number of satellites. The government of the islands, dissatisfied with the cost and quality of communications services enjoyed by its people, and unhappy that regular high-speed broadband was denied, began in the early 2000s to lobby Japan's central government for a fibre link with the mainland.
To act as a driver, the islands' authorities went ahead with an ambitious plan to transform terrestrial connectivity, creating an intra-island network to carry services like distance learning, telemedicine, high-speed internet and digital TV. By the end of 2006, FTTH had been made available to all Ogasawaran households. Still missing though was the submarine cable connectivity to the mainland that would really light up this outpost.
Japan's government, following pressure, commissioned a study into the possibility of creating a submarine link, but despite the obvious advantages, it was still felt that the creation of a 1,000km undersea link would be too expensive. Two more years passed, and Ogasawara's leaders continued to press.
In the end, submarine equipment vendor NEC joined forces with them, helping to devise and present more economical ways for a cable to be built and run. This eventually proved decisive, with Japan's central government agreeing in 2009 to fund 67% of the cost of fibre construction, with Tokyo's local authority providing the balance.
NTT East was appointed general contractor, with NEC supplying most of the required equipment. Cable installation has just been completed.
"The islands had to lobby the Tokyo government hard for a long time before the cable was built," says Simon Webster, head of submarine networks with NEC. "A number of objections had to be overcome. In the end it was probably the people of the island building their own FTTH network that swung it. They could go back to the government saying 'We've removed any last mile bottleneck, and there is now no excuse not to build'."
Seychelles to Tanzania >>
The Seychelles is well known as a sunkissed upmarket holiday destination in the Indian Ocean. What it has not been known for to date is the strength of its digital economy, and might well never have been but for the landing of the Seychelles East Africa System (SEAS) submarine cable this year, linking Beau Vallon on the main island of Mahé with Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. It is the country's first subsea connection, severing its 100% reliance on satellite.
The new subsea connection has been particularly welcome news for Seychelles's incumbent telephone services provider, a local division of Cable & Wireless Communications (CWC).
In preparation for the new subsea link, Cable & Wireless Seychelles has spent two years building a fibre-to-the-curb (FTTC) network project on the archipelago. CEO Charles Hammond says the countrywide network will enable fixed and mobile broadband usage across the islands, as well as providing better telecoms connections for businesses both locally and internationally.
Internet penetration until this year covered only around 30% of households and businesses. "There were a number of recurring problems with the copper network as it was," says Hammond. "We wanted something instead that could deliver modern services in a way that was flexible and up to date. We also wanted to save on the cost of operating our network, and deliver new types of services, like TV. We knew we didn't want to go live before the launch of the cable though."
The all-important SEAS system landed in May of 2012, and the FTTC network duly went live in August. "We now reach 20,000 households, which is about 90% of the island's population," claims Hammond. "These developments between them will stimulate the local economy. Already the ITU rates us the number one country for ICT in Africa, 70th in the world."
As well as services for homes, he says CWC is also delivering MPLS-based networking for enterprises and a range of business services from data to voice.
"The Seychelles is a lot more attractive to businesses now," he adds. "We've been able to transform our company too, moving in the direction of managed services. We'll soon be providing IaaS and SaaS, moving us beyond being just a telco to being a different sort of company altogether."
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The Journalist – Season 1 Episode 2 Recap & Review
Suzuki's Sacrifice
Episode 2 of The Journalist begins with Matsuda at hospital, worried about her older brother Kohei. Last episode we saw him convulsing and fitting wildly on the bed. As she heads in, Matsuda calls softly to try and wake him up.
Meanwhile, Murakami is briefed on his new job. He's to filter out massive amounts of information and weed out the people who could be obstacles and problems to the Eishin Academy scandal. That includes all journalists and public figures. Of course, this will likely lead him to both Suzuki (who's still thoroughly disgusted over what he's done) and Matsuda.
After a tense chat inside the Bureau, Matsuda shows up outside to talk to Suzuki. He's haunted, wound tight and unwilling to talk. His wife realizes as much back home when he's standoffish and refuses to even talk to her.
Part of this comes from his moral obligation to the state, but also from shielding his younger colleagues too. At work, he implores Kurosaki to let him change the records himself to save their careers. In doing so though, Suzuki saves the original copies on a YSB stick, cleverly covering his own back incase everything goes awry.
Suzuki doesn't talk to anyone about this though, not even his own wife. She's been following the news and admits that night that she's worried about him. Suzuki strains a smile, pointing out that he's sworn to secrecy. The thing is, this level of stress is bound to snap at some point. In the shower that night, he struggles to compose himself.
Eventually though, Suzuki does tell her that he's done something awful, struggling to compose himself and stop the tears from flowing.
News of the tampered documents are leaked to the press through an anonymous source. Kurosaki believes it may be Suzuki and outs him in front of the Chief. Suzuki categorically denies it but news that the Finance-Director about to resign overshadows this tense chat.
Marukami learns about this too and is encouraged to "clean up" this situation. His admission of being partly responsible for the man's resignation falls on deaf ears.
The thing is, Murai is going to testify before parliament. Like many things in politics, the Directors believe this is going to blow over in a few months, as long as they can weather the storm and hold tight.
One character who can't hold tight is Suzuki. Following the shameful fabrication of documents, he's lost. On his way home, Matsuda follows and catches up with him. He looks close to admitting the truth but thinks twice about it at the last minute.
The next day, Murai opens up in front of the whole nation and admits to the fabrication. However, he also clears the Prime Minister or his office too, claiming they weren't involved in his decision. Instead, he throws the entire Finance Bureau under the bus. The testimony is also completely useless, given Murai keeps avoiding questions, but our central characters know how damning this is.
Yagawa from the Public Prosecutor's Office soon shows up to see Suzuki. He's not in a good way. Trembling, he tells them he had no choice and was forced be a part of this. Tears rolling down his cheeks, the Prosecutor reassures him they just want to know what he knows.
One thing he doesn't show them though is the USB stick, holding all the incriminating evidence. Up on the rooftop, he hands it over to Mr Kurosaki, entrusting him to do what's right. Suzuki's also reassured that he wasn't transferred solely for the altering of documents, despite what Matsuda may have led him to believe. Suzuki has his doubts.
With the pressure too much to bear, and the guilt overwhelming, Suzuki heads home and hangs himself.
The Episode Review
This episode features some absolutely beautiful editing. The cuts between our three main characters as the scandal starts heating up is beautifully done and it ties in nicely with the soundtrack, which is both haunting and pulsating.
Not only that, The Journalist has a way of weaving its story across these three different characters, taking bits of the facture film Spotlight and weaving that into a topical and timely story about political corruption.
This has been a really powerful watch so far and as the scandal continues to heat up, it would appear that Suzuki isn't going to be the only casualty in this.
You can read our full season review for The Journalist here!
Categories Drama, thriller, TV Shows Tags 2022, drama, Japanese, netflix, thriller, tv shows


If you want to get GamePlayer Download on iPhone/iPad and also want to get GamePlayer Install on iOS 11+/10+/9+/8+/7+, then you are in the right place to get one of the most popular Game editor app. GameGem is alternative to GamePlayer on Non-Jailbroken Devices.
GamePlayer app is memory editor app which allows you to change Game values, and users can allowed to scan and modify Game characters and values. You can create your own mods, cheats and trainer for all of your iDevices. But don't forget one thing, all these things will you get only when you Jailbreak your iDevice.
Note: If don't know what is Jailbreak, then read my previous article on "How to Jailbreak iPhone/iPad" to Jailbreak your iDevices, to get pre-installed Cydia on iPhone/iPad.
Game Player is a gaming editing app, which allows users to change the data on the Game. There are hell lot of Game Editing apps are available on the web, but Game Player is the most popular one and it is compatible with the most of iOS versions. While some other memory editors like GameGem, might throw up error messages and fail to initiate, GamePlayer will work on far more devices and OS versions than not. It is also very easy to use.
Actually, Game Player is the beginner game hacking app for iOS Devices. The app may looks like some very basic anti-cheat bypass that may allows to hack many more advanced games on your iDevices that leave some value processing to the game client.
Game Player is soft cheat engine app which scans the game and which allows us to edit the already stored data on Game which you want to change. As I already mentioned above you have to Jailbreak your iDevice to Install GamePlayer successfully. Overall whatever it may I recommend my users to Download GamePlayer if you are new to cheating codes.
GamePlayer you can hack almost all offline games and some online game, change the variables of a game in order to have Unlimited, infinite money, gold, gems, coins, Skill points and whatever you want to modify. OK, let's read more to Know How to Use Game Player on iOS 11+/10+/9+/8+/7+ to edit already stored data on your Games.
You can Download this app from pre-installed Cydia Store on Jailbroken iDevices.
Simple Repo source is enough to get installed this Game Player iOS 11/10/9/8/7.
After Download Game Player app you can play different types of series like Tournament, Survival, League, Head Cup & Multi-Player etc.
You can do Exact Value Search (Dword, Word, Integer, Float, Auto Mode, Bianry).
If you don't know what vale needed to add, then it automatically do fuzzy search and will add some value to it.
Anti-cheat bypass available for semi-online games.
First and Foremost thing is you have to Jailbreak your iDevice to get GamePlayer Installed on iDevices. After that follow my below steps to Install Game Player.
Step 1) First of all open Cydia Store on your Jailbroken iPhone/iPad.
Step 2) Now Navigate to Sources option at the bottom bar of the Store.
Step 3) Here Click on Edit option at the top right corner.
Step 4) Now Click on Add at the top Left Corner.
Step 5) I think it is the main step, here you have to Add Repo to the Cydia, to Install Game Player iOS.
Step 6) Now Add the below Repo to the "Enter Cydia/APT URL" box.
Step 7) After adding GamePlayer Repo, Tap on Add Source, then Cydia will automatically read your Repo source and it will add GamePlayer app to the Cydia Store.
Step 8) Last step, simply navigate to the Cydia Store Home Page, there search for GamePlayer, if you find Install it by natural methods.
That's it kudos, finally you have successfully Installed GamePlayer on iPhone/iPad. What are you waiting for, open the app and edit your games to bypass difficulty levels.
That's it friends, I tried these steps and installed it successfully without any errors. I you don't understand the process, then read again and follow each and every step to Install it. If you face any errors or problems while downloading and installing, then let me know through comments.
This article mainly concludes you "How to Download GamePlayer iOS 11/10/9/8/7 on iPhone/iPad Jailbreak". If you feel this article helps you to edit game values and cheat codes, then share this article with your friends and family on social media.