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Home | Mises Library | The Libertarian Manifesto on Pollution
The Libertarian Manifesto on Pollution
The EnvironmentFree MarketsInterventionism
04/17/2012Murray N. Rothbard
[For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973)]
All right: Even if we concede that full private property in resources and the free market will conserve and create resources, and do it far better than government regulation, what of the problem of pollution? Wouldn't we be suffering aggravated pollution from unchecked "capitalist greed"?
There is, first of all, this stark empirical fact: Government ownership, even socialism, has proved to be no solution to the problem of pollution. Even the most starry-eyed proponents of government planning concede that the poisoning of Lake Baikal in the Soviet Union is a monument to heedless industrial pollution of a valuable natural resource. But there is far more to the problem than that. Note, for example, the two crucial areas in which pollution has become an important problem: the air and the waterways, particularly the rivers. But these are precisely two of the vital areas in society in which private property has not been permitted to function.
First, the rivers. The rivers, and the oceans too, are generally owned by the government; private property, certainly complete private property, has not been permitted in the water. In essence, then, government owns the rivers. But government ownership is not true ownership, because the government officials, while able to control the resource cannot themselves reap their capital value on the market. Government officials cannot sell the rivers or sell stock in them. Hence, they have no economic incentive to preserve the purity and value of the rivers. Rivers are, then, in the economic sense, "unowned"; therefore government officials have permitted their corruption and pollution. Anyone has been able to dump polluting garbage and wastes in the waters. But consider what would happen if private firms were able to own the rivers and the lakes. If a private firm owned Lake Erie, for example, then anyone dumping garbage in the lake would be promptly sued in the courts for their aggression against private property and would be forced by the courts to pay damages and to cease and desist from any further aggression. Thus, only private property rights will insure an end to pollution — invasion of resources. Only because the rivers are unowned is there no owner to rise up and defend his precious resource from attack. If, in contrast, anyone should dump garbage or pollutants into a lake which is privately owned (as are many smaller lakes), he would not be permitted to do so for very long — the owner would come roaring to its defense.1 Professor Dolan writes:
With a General Motors owning the Mississippi River, you can be sure that stiff effluent charges would be assessed on industries and municipalities along its banks, and that the water would be kept clean enough to maximize revenues from leases granted to firms seeking rights to drinking water, recreation, and commercial fishing.2
If government as owner has allowed the pollution of the rivers, government has also been the single major active polluter, especially in its role as municipal sewage disposer. There already exist low-cost chemical toilets which can burn off sewage without polluting air, ground, or water; but who will invest in chemical toilets when local governments will dispose of sewage free to their customers?
This example points up a problem similar to the case of the stunting of aquaculture technology by the absence of private property: if governments as owners of the rivers permit pollution of water, then industrial technology will — and has — become a water-polluting technology. If production processes are allowed to pollute the rivers unchecked by their owners, then that is the sort of production technology we will have.
If the problem of water pollution can be cured by private property rights in water, how about air pollution? How can libertarians possibly come up with a solution for this grievous problem? Surely, there can't be private property in the air? But the answer is: yes, there can. We have already seen how radio and TV frequencies can be privately owned. So could channels for airlines. Commercial airline routes, for example, could be privately owned; there is no need for a Civil Aeronautics Board to parcel out — and restrict — routes between various cities. But in the case of air pollution we are dealing not so much with private property in the air as with protecting private property in one's lungs, fields, and orchards. The vital fact about air pollution is that the polluter sends unwanted and unbidden pollutants — from smoke to nuclear radiation to sulfur oxides — through the air and into the lungs of innocent victims, as well as onto their material property. All such emanations which injure person or property constitute aggression against the private property of the victims. Air pollution, after all, is just as much aggression as committing arson against another's property or injuring him physically. Air pollution that injures others is aggression pure and simple. The major function of government — of courts and police — is to stop aggression; instead, the government has failed in this task and has failed grievously to exercise its defense function against air pollution.
It is important to realize that this failure has not been a question purely of ignorance, a simple time lag between recognizing a new technological problem and facing up to it. For if some of the modern pollutants have only recently become known, factory smoke and many of its bad effects have been known ever since the Industrial Revolution, known to the extent that the American courts, during the late — and as far back as the early 19th century made the deliberate decision to allow property rights to be violated by industrial smoke. To do so, the courts had to — and did — systematically change and weaken the defenses of property right embedded in Anglo-Saxon common law. Before the mid and late 19th century, any injurious air pollution was considered a tort, a nuisance against which the victim could sue for damages and against which he could take out an injunction to cease and desist from any further invasion of his property rights. But during the 19th century, the courts systematically altered the law of negligence and the law of nuisance to permit any air pollution which was not unusually greater than any similar manufacturing firm, one that was not more extensive than the customary practice of fellow polluters.
As factories began to arise and emit smoke, blighting the orchards of neighboring farmers, the farmers would take the manufacturers to court, asking for damages and injunctions against further invasion of their property. But the judges said, in effect, "Sorry. We know that industrial smoke (i.e., air pollution) invades and interferes with your property rights. But there is something more important than mere property rights: and that is public policy, the 'common good.' And the common good decrees that industry is a good thing, industrial progress is a good thing, and therefore your mere private property rights must be overridden on behalf of the general welfare." And now all of us are paying the bitter price for this overriding of private property, in the form of lung disease and countless other ailments. And all for the "common good"!3
That this principle has guided the courts during the air age as well may be seen by a decision of the Ohio courts in Antonik v. Chamberlain (1947). The residents of a suburban area near Akron sued to enjoin the defendants from operating a privately owned airport. The grounds were invasion of property rights through excessive noise. Refusing the injunction, the court declared:
In our business of judging in this case, while sitting as a court of equity, we must not only weigh the conflict of interests between the airport owner and the nearby landowners, but we must further recognize the public policy of the generation in which we live. We must recognize that the establishment of an airport … is of great concern to the public, and if such an airport is abated, or its establishment prevented, the consequences will be not only a serious injury to the owner of the port property but may be a serious loss of a valuable asset to the entire community.4
To cap the crimes of the judges, legislatures, federal and state, moved in to cement the aggression by prohibiting victims of air pollution from engaging in "class action" suits against polluters. Obviously, if a factory pollutes the atmosphere of a city where there are tens of thousands of victims, it is impractical for each victim to sue to collect his particular damages from the polluter (although an injunction could be used effectively by one small victim). The common law, therefore, recognizes the validity of "class action" suits, in which one or a few victims can sue the aggressor not only on their own behalf, but on behalf of the entire class of similar victims. But the legislatures systematically outlawed such class action suits in pollution cases. For this reason, a victim may successfully sue a polluter who injures him individually, in a one-to-one "private nuisance" suit. But he is prohibited by law from acting against a mass polluter who is injuring a large number of people in a given area! As Frank Bubb writes, "It is as if the government were to tell you that it will (attempt to) protect you from a thief who steals only from you, but it will not protect you if the thief also steals from everyone else in the neighborhood."5
Noise, too, is a form of air pollution. Noise is the creation of sound waves which go through the air and then bombard and invade the property and persons of others. Only recently have physicians begun to investigate the damaging effects of noise on the human physiology. Again, a libertarian legal system would permit damage and class action suits and injunctions against excessive and damaging noise: against "noise pollution."
The remedy against air pollution is therefore crystal clear, and it has nothing to do with multibillion-dollar palliative government programs at the expense of the taxpayers which do not even meet the real issue. The remedy is simply for the courts to return to their function of defending person and property rights against invasion, and therefore to enjoin anyone from injecting pollutants into the air. But what of the propollution defenders of industrial progress? And what of the increased costs that would have to be borne by the consumer? And what of our present polluting technology?
The argument that such an injunctive prohibition against pollution would add to the costs of industrial production is as reprehensible as the pre-Civil War argument that the abolition of slavery would add to the costs of growing cotton, and that therefore abolition, however morally correct, was "impractical." For this means that the polluters are able to impose all of the high costs of pollution upon those whose lungs and property rights they have been allowed to invade with impunity.
Furthermore, the cost and technology argument overlooks the vital fact that if air pollution is allowed to proceed with impunity, there continues to be no economic incentive to develop a technology that will not pollute. On the contrary, the incentive would continue to cut, as it has for a century, precisely the other way. Suppose, for example, that in the days when automobiles and trucks were first being used, the courts had ruled as follows:
Ordinarily, we would be opposed to trucks invading people's lawns as an invasion of private property, and we would insist that trucks confine themselves to the roads, regardless of traffic congestion. But trucks are vitally important to the public welfare, and therefore we decree that trucks should be allowed to cross any lawns they wish provided they believe that this would ease their traffic problems.
If the courts had ruled in this way, then we would now have a transportation system in which lawns would be systematically desecrated by trucks. And any attempt to stop this would be decried in the name of modern transportation needs! The point is that this is precisely the way that the courts ruled on air pollution — pollution which is far more damaging to all of us than trampling on lawns. In this way, the government gave the green light, from the very start, to a polluting technology. It is no wonder then that this is precisely the kind of technology we have. The only remedy is to force the polluting invaders to stop their invasion, and thereby to redirect technology into nonpolluting or even antipolluting channels.
Already, even at our necessarily primitive stage in antipollution technology, techniques have been developed to combat air and noise pollution. Mufflers can be installed on noisy machines that emit sound waves precisely contra-cyclical to the waves of the machines, and thereby can cancel out these racking sounds. Air wastes can even now be recaptured as they leave the chimney and be recycled to yield products useful to industry. Thus, sulfur dioxide, a major noxious air pollutant, can be captured and recycled to produce economically valuable sulfuric acid.6 The highly polluting spark ignition engine will either have to be "cured" by new devices or replaced altogether by such nonpolluting engines as diesel, gas turbine, or steam, or by an electric car. And, as libertarian systems engineer Robert Poole, Jr., points out, the costs of installing the non- or antipolluting technology would then "ultimately be borne by the consumers of the firms' products, i.e., by those who choose to associate with the firm, rather than being passed on to innocent third parties in the form of pollution (or as taxes)."7
Robert Poole cogently defines pollution "as the transfer of harmful matter or energy to the person or property of another, without the latter's consent."8 The libertarian — and the only complete — solution to the problem of air pollution is to use the courts and the legal structure to combat and prevent such invasion. There are recent signs that the legal system is beginning to change in this direction: new judicial decisions and repeal of laws disallowing class action suits. But this is only a beginning.9
Among conservatives — in contrast to libertarians — there are two ultimately similar responses to the problem of air pollution. One response, by Ayn Rand and Robert Moses among others, is to deny that the problem exists, and to attribute the entire agitation to leftists who want to destroy capitalism and technology on behalf of a tribal form of socialism. While part of this charge may be correct, denial of the very existence of the problem is to deny science itself and to give a vital hostage to the leftist charge that defenders of capitalism "place property rights above human rights." Moreover, a defense of air pollution does not even defend property rights; on the contrary, it puts these conservatives' stamp of approval on those industrialists who are trampling upon the property rights of the mass of the citizenry.
A second, and more sophisticated, conservative response is by such free-market economists as Milton Friedman. The Friedmanites concede the existence of air pollution but propose to meet it, not by a defense of property rights, but rather by a supposedly utilitarian "cost-benefit" calculation by government, which will then make and enforce a "social decision" on how much pollution to allow. This decision would then be enforced either by licensing a given amount of pollution (the granting of "pollution rights"), by a graded scale of taxes against it, or by the taxpayers paying firms not to pollute. Not only would these proposals grant an enormous amount of bureaucratic power to government in the name of safeguarding the "free market"; they would continue to override property rights in the name of a collective decision enforced by the State. This is far from any genuine "free market," and reveals that, as in many other economic areas, it is impossible to really defend freedom and the free market without insisting on defending the rights of private property. Friedman's grotesque dictum that those urban inhabitants who don't wish to contract emphysema should move to the country is starkly reminiscent of Marie Antoinette's famous "Let them eat cake" — and reveals a lack of sensitivity to human or property rights. Friedman's statement, in fact, is of a piece with the typically conservative, "If you don't like it here, leave," a statement that implies that the government rightly owns the entire land area of "here," and that anyone who objects to its rule must therefore leave the area. Robert Poole's libertarian critique of the Friedmanite proposals offers a refreshing contrast:
Unfortunately, it is an example of the most serious failing of the conservative economists: nowhere in the proposal is there any mention of rights. This is the same failing that has undercut advocates of capitalism for 200 years. Even today, the term "laissez-faire" is apt to bring forth images of eighteenth century English factory towns engulfed in smoke and grimy with soot. The early capitalists agreed with the courts that smoke and soot were the "price" that must be paid for the benefits of industry.… Yet laissez-faire without rights is a contradiction in terms; the laissez-faire position is based on and derived from man's rights, and can endure only when rights are held inviolable. Now, in an age of increasing awareness of the environment, this old contradiction is coming back to haunt capitalism.
It is true that air is a scarce resource [as the Friedmanites say], but one must then ask why it is scarce. If it is scarce because of a systematic violation of rights, then the solution is not to raise the price of the status quo, thereby sanctioning the rights-violations, but to assert the rights and demand that they be protected.… When a factory discharges a great quantity of sulfur dioxide molecules that enter someone's lungs and cause pulmonary edema, the factory owners have aggressed against him as much as if they had broken his leg. The point must be emphasized because it is vital to the libertarian laissez-faire position. A laissez-faire polluter is a contradiction in terms and must be identified as such. A libertarian society would be a full-liability society, where everyone is fully responsible for his actions and any harmful consequences they might cause.10
In addition to betraying its presumed function of defending private property, government has contributed to air pollution in a more positive sense. It was not so long ago that the Department of Agriculture conducted mass sprayings of DDT by helicopter over large areas, overriding the wishes of individual objecting farmers. It still continues to pour tons of poisonous and carcinogenic insecticides all over the South in an expensive and vain attempt to eradicate the fire ant.11 And the Atomic Energy Commission has poured radioactive wastes into the air and into the ground by means of its nuclear power plants, and through atomic testing. Municipal power and water plants, and the plants of licensed monopoly utility companies, mightily pollute the atmosphere. One of the major tasks of the State in this area is therefore to stop its own poisoning of the atmosphere.
Thus, when we peel away the confusions and the unsound philosophy of the modern ecologists, we find an important bedrock case against the existing system; but the case turns out to be not against capitalism, private property, growth, or technology per se. It is a case against the failure of government to allow and to defend the rights of private property against invasion. If property rights were to be defended fully, against private and governmental invasion alike, we would find here, as in other areas of our economy and society, that private enterprise and modern technology would come to mankind not as a curse but as its salvation.
1. "Existing "appropriation" law in the Western states already provides the basis for full "homesteading" private property rights in the rivers. For a full discussion, see Jack Hirshleifer, James C. DeHaven, and Jerome W. Milliman, Water Supply; Economics, Technology, and Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), chapter IX.
2. Edwin G. Dolan, "Capitalism and the Environment," Individualist (March 1971): 3.
3. See E.F. Roberts, "Plead the Ninth Amendment!" Natural History (August–September 1970): 18ff. For a definitive history and analysis of the change in the legal system toward growth and property rights in the first half of the 19th century, see Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977).
4. Quoted in Milton Katz, The Function of Tort Liability in Technology Assessment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Program on Technology and Society, 1969), p. 610.
5. Frank Bubb, "The Cure for Air Pollution," The Libertarian Forum (April 15, 1970): 1. Also see Dolan, TANSTAAFL, pp. 37–39.
6. See Jane Jacobs, The Economy of Cities (New York: Random House, 1969), pp. 109ff.
7. Poole, "Reason and Ecology," pp. 251–52.
9. Thus, see Dolan, TANSTAAFL, p. 39, and Katz, The Function of Tort Liability in Technology Assessment, passim.
10. Poole, "Reason and Ecology," pp. 252–53. Friedman's dictum can be found in Peter Maiken, "Hysterics Won't Clean Up Pollution," Human Events (April 25, 1970): 13, 21–23. A fuller presentation of the Friedmanite position may be found in Thomas D. Crocker and A.J. Rogers III, Environmental Economics (Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press, 1971); and similar views may be found in J.H. Dales, iPollution, Property, and Prices (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), and Larry E. Ruff, "The Economic Common Sense of Pollution," Public Interest (Spring, 1970): 69–85.
11. Glenn Garvin, "Killing Fire Ants With Carcinogens," Inquiry (February 6, 1978): 7–8.
Murray N. Rothbard
Murray N. Rothbard made major contributions to economics, history, political philosophy, and legal theory. He combined Austrian economics with a fervent commitment to individual liberty.
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Maharaj Charan Singh Ji (1916–1990) was the Fourth Sant Satguru from India. He became the fifth Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB) in 1951 following the death of Sardar Bahadur Jagat Singh, and served until his death at the age of 73.
He was born in the Moga district of Punjab, his father was Shri Harbans Singh Grewal, the youngest son of Baba Sawan Singh Ji. He had two brothers and four sisters. He was married to Harjeet Kaur Ji who was from a Royal Satsangi family of Pisawa, U.P. He has three kids: two sons, Jasbir and Ranbir Grewal, and a daughter, Nirmaljeet Kaur.
He was a practicing Lawyer at Sirsa, Haryana. When his father died, he had to quit his profession and help in his family farm business in Sirsa.
His Satguru was Baba Sawan Singh Ji. His successor and the present Satguru is Baba Gurinder Singh Ji, headquartered at Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, Beas, Punjab, India.
He taught that, because of our attachment to the mind and body, we have lost sight of our true self. However, by using the ancient mystical practices of Sant Mat and Surat Shabd Yoga, we could be aligned with our higher selves.
He travelled to many parts of India as well as rest of the world and spread Sant Mat there.
He started the concept of the famous Seva known as 'Mitti ki Seva', which, was the levelling of the earth. It was started when the Beas river started changing its course towards the other side of Dera, as against earlier times when it flowed in front of the Foreign Guest House. When the ground for Langar became small to accomodate the growing size of the Sangat, he made another ground for Langar where now nearly 50,000 people can have langar together. He also built the Dera colony and inspected every corner of Dera personally and got the houses, Sarais, etc made. He also was the one to make the Dera Boundary Wall, which was not built earlier.
He did a lot of charity work by organizing various blood donation camps, Annual Eye Camps at Dera where every year thousands of people used to get treatment for cataracts and got operated on and after-treatment for free. He also opened a charitable hospital where the common man was treated as a VIP — 'Baba Sawan Singh Charitable Hospital', which is located at the NH-1, Grand Trunk Road and was built in the 1980′s, He also started another hospital project for Sikanderpur, Haryana, which was known as 'Maharaj Charan Singh Hospital' and completed in 1999.
Photography was his hobby. He loved his camera. He used to take photographs of nature, flowers, people and everything. He was also fond of travelling around the world. He used to love getting photographed with the Sangat and Sevadars. He also liked travelling with his family and close friends. His last trip was to Jaiselmer in 1990.
He gave Open Darshan to the Sangat and used to sit for the entire day wherever the Seva took place.
After his death in 1990, he was succeeded by his nephew, Satguru Baba Gurinder Singh Ji.
A group of satsangis from the mountanious region of Kulu were given a group Darshan during their visit to Dera. As it was raining outside, the Guest House dining room was cleared and rugs were put down for them. When Huzur came into the room, everyone spontaneously started crying, it was one of those charged atmospheres which made your hair stand on end, so intense was their love and devotion. Some of them were permitted to approach Maharaj Ji to speak to him, but they could not say anything, they just cried and cried and cried.
Every bhandara, as the crowds came into the Dera and ate the langar, Maharaj Ji made twice daily tours of the entire area. He would walk from his house and then go from section to section, ending in the hall where vast number fo chapattis were stacked. As he moved from one part of the langar to the next, he would stop for a few minutes in front of the groups of sevadars to give them darshan. The atmosphere would be so charged, only a heart of stone could fail to be moved.
Once during an evening meeting, Huzur Maharaj Ji spoke most lovingly about his own Master, Maharaj Sawan Singh Ji. Tears welled up in his eyes as he recalled his relationship with the Beloved. "I would give my life to see him again in his human form," he said.
By this incident, the Master revealed to us that even though the Shabad Master is always with us in his spiritual form, as human beings it is only natural to feel great love for the physical form. On this coarse plane of material existance where the Shabad form is inaccessible to us, it is the physical Master who teaches us how to go within and get in touch with the Inner Master. He is the one who guides us with infinite love, patience and understanding. In fact, it is only because of our love and trust in him that we are able to move forward and progress on the spiritual path.
But it was only after Huzur Maharaj Ji's sudden passing that we understood the pain and agony Huzur felt that evening. The shocking news of the unexpected departure on the first of June 1990 turned our whole world upside down, it may as well have been doomsday. How could he leave us orphaned and alone? We were inconsolable.
With the years gone by, as initiated of Huzur Maharaj Ji, we still find ourselves in pain. Like Huzur, we too shed tears when we think of our Beloved, his beautiful radiant face — if only we could see him again.
Knowing well the grief we would go through, Huzur made sure that we would not be left alone. He left us a precious gift — his most loving discpile, the one who would take over the guidance and care of all his souls and continue his spiritual work on this earth.
It is often said that everything happens for a purpose, and perhaps there was an important lesson learned from the passing of our Master — that our attachment to the physical was making us complacent towards our spiritual duty. Huzur often quotes Christ in the Bible "It is expedient for you that I go away… when I leave you it will be in your interest." He explained again and again that the disciple must connect with the Shabad within, that without the physical form, the disciple would have no choice but to seek him within. In the end, the message is clear, that Meditation and more Meditation is the only way to see him again.
The first hint of the momentous event that was to come in 1990 was in the previous year, when Maharaj Ji fell ill. In April 1989, for the first time ever, he cancelled a scheduled satsang programme.
In March 1989, he had called together all his closest family members to join him on what was to be his last holiday with his family. He squeezed those days into his schedule, driving non-stop 10 hours back to Delhi to present himself to the overseas sangat who were awaiting him there, since Punjab had not yet been opened to the foreigners.
He released the book Treasure Beyond Measure just weeks before he left. No book had been rushed through the press so quickly. Here, for the first time, a book was released that revealed the private face of Maharaj Ji to the entire sangat. He took personal interest that every family member and friend read the book. It put the record straight and in the open about the difficulties a successor might face in his situation. Many who were close to Maharaj Ji could not understand at that time why he should choose to publish such a book. After 1 June 1990, it became eminently clear.
Maharaj Ji delivered his last satsang on 27 May 1990. That morning, he felt cardiac pain, which later in the afternoon became quite severe. He didn't consult the doctors lest they should ask him to cancel the satsang, which would have disappointed a huge gathering numbering over 300,000 people. All through 80 minutes of the satsang, he took care to see that his voice, gestures and expressions would not betray the real state of his health. The entire satsang was delivered in his usual mellifluous but forceful voice. To many, he looked unusually radiant. This was the last occassion on which the sangat saw him, yet little did one realize that he decided to leave this world.
On 29 May 1990, he was not well enough to make his daily visit to his mother. On 30 May 1990, he requested that she be brought to him. He took her hand and placed it for some minutes upon his head, the blessings of a mother to her son, and took her leave. She never saw him again. He also called his other close family members and gave personal and specific guidance to each. He asked his son to bring some of his personal funds to his room, and then to each and everyone who had been employed in the household, he handed a gift of money. To Dr. Joshi, he gave a clock that was not working at that time. Ironically, the time showing on the clock was the exact time that Maharaj Ji left his mortal coil two days later.
Unknown to the family, he called the Dera Secretary, Shri S.L. Sodhi, and some other senior satsangis. What he said came as a terrible shock to them. He dictated his Will, appointing Sardar Gurinder Singh Dhillon from Moga, Punjab as his spiritual successor, entrusting him the power and authority to give satsangs and initiate seekers, and appointed him as the patron of Radha Soami Satsang Beas Society and Maharaj Jagat Singh Medical Relief Society, Beas. After the draft was complete, Maharaj Ji put on his reading glasses and went through it carefully.
When, around midday on 1 June 1990, he finally left his body, it was with the same simplicity that he had lived. He requested those attending him to help him lie down — he said he wanted rest. Once he was comfortable, he asked that they cover him with a sheet, turn out the light and leave the room. The moment they reached the adjoining room, the line on the heart monitor went flat and the alarms went off. Beloved, beautiful and wonderous being, he had left his physical body — he had merged with the Shabd.
His mortal frame was brought for darshan to the satsang compound and placed on a specially prepared reclining dias in front of the platform from where he had delivered satsangs for several decades.
On 2 June 1990, in the early hours of morning, thousands filed past the bier — about 1,250,000 people reached the Dera to have a last look of their beloved Master. There he was, beautiful, serene as ever, the magnificiant white beard, and same benign expression of tranquility on his face, and the familiar divine glow, which had won the hearts of friends and foes alike. It was the start of a new beginning, the light had merged, but another had been lit.
Consummate friend and inseparable, divine companion, he is both the life-giving Shabd that sustains us, and he is the successor, with us still on the physical plane. Our Master is at all times giving us his immeasurable perfection. It is a great, good fortune to meet a perfect saint such as he in one's lifetime. When we view it from the standpoint of total existance, life after life and aeon upon aeon, such good fortune cannot be conceived. We can only marvel that any being can be so blessed.
Here are the Last Wordings of our beloved 'Maharaj Charan Singh Ji' when He delivered His Last Satsang in Beas on 27th May 1990. These have been edited from the DVD of His Satsangs which we get but are there in the old cassette which we have at home.
"Sangat de agge binti hai badi khushi naal apne ghara nu jaao, agla Satsang 29 July nu hovega, jinnane vi aana hai badi khushi de naal aa sakde han, Radha Soami".
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Nice coverage on life of Satguru… May I know who is the Author of this splendid article?


text:
strem:
(1) nachal, English Versions of the Bible "stream," as: "Behold, he smote the rock, so that waters gushed out, and streams overflowed" (Ps 78:20). Often "valley," as "the valley (the King James Version "river") of the Arnon" (De 2:24); or "brook," as "the brook (the King James Version "river") of Egypt" (Jos 15:4; see Brook or EGYPT); or "river," as "the river Kishon" (Jud 4:7).
(2) nahar (Aramaic nehar (Da 7:10); compare Arabic nahr, "river"): "He bindeth the streams," the King James Version "floods" (Job 28:11); "the River" (Euphrates) (Ex 23:31, etc.); "Abanah and Pharpar, the rivers of Damascus" (2Ki 5:12).
(3) pelegh, the root palagh, "to split," "to divide," hence, "cleft," "channel": "a tree planted by the streams (the King James Version "rivers") of water" (Ps 1:3); "There is a river, the streams whereof make glad the city of God" (Ps 46:4); but: "The king's heart is .... as the watercourses" (the King James Version "rivers of water") (Pr 21:1).
(4) 'aphiq, the root 'aphaq, "to be strong," hence, "channel," "valley," as holding, confining (BDB): "the streams in the South" (Ps 126:4); elsewhere "brook," as "the brooks (the King James Version "rivers") of Judah" (Joe 3:18); or "channel," as "the channel of brooks" (Job 6:15); or "watercourses" (the Revised Version margin "ravines," the King James Version "rivers") (Eze 6:3, etc.).
(5) ye'or, from Egyptian 'iotr, 'io'r, especially of the Nile, as: "Seven other kine came up after them out of the river" (Ge 41:3); the Revised Version (British and American) "stream," the King James Version "river" (Ex 7:19; 8:5);, the Revised Version (British and American) "stream," the King James Version "brook"; "The streams (margin "canals") of Egypt shall be diminished and dried up" (Isa 19:6).
(6) yabhal, the root yabhal, "to bear along": "brooks and streams of waters" (Isa 30:25); compare yabhal, "river," "that spreadeth out its roots by the river" (Jer 17:8); 'ubhal, "the river Ulai" (Da 8:2).
(7) nazal, "to flow," "to trickle": "He brought streams also out of the rock" (Ps 78:16).
(8) 'eshedh, "the slope of the valleys," the King James Version "the stream of the brooks" (Nu 21:15); compare 'ashedhoth, "the slopes" (Jos 10:40); "the slopes (margin "springs") of Pisgah" (De 3:17).
(9) potamos, "The stream brake against that house" (Lu 6:48,49); elsewhere "river," as "the river Jordan" (Mr 1:5).
(10) kludon, "stream," the King James Version The Wisdom of Solomon 19:7 (the Revised Version (British and American) "surge").
See Brook; Canals; CHANNEL; RIVER; VALE; WATERCOURSE.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


« Best Yankee Manager of All-Time: Stengel or McCarthy?
AJ Burnett, who is coming off back-to-back 7 inning stints, returns to the Anaheim mound for the first time since his failed game 5 start in the ALCS. He'll be opposed by Ervin Santana, who makes his second start against the Yankees this season. Santana was the losing pitcher on Opening Day.
For much of the past decade, the Angels have had more than their fair share of success against the Yankees. At times, it has even seemed as if the Angels were in the Yankees heads. Well, last year's ALCS has likely changed that dynamic for good, so it will be interesting to see if the tone of this series is different from the recent past.
Earlier in the week, the Angels placed Jeff Mathis on the disabled list with a fractured wrist.
The Yankees look to change their luck in Anaheim. Since 2000, they have gone 20-27 in the Angels' home ball park.
On this date in 1903, the Highlanders (as the Yankees were then known) won their first game as a New York franchise. Since then, the team has won 9,467 more games in the city that never sleeps.


text:
Australian Open: Novak Djokovic returns a week before Melbourne event
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Some reports say Jain was last seen at an SLS lab at around 12PM, while a CCTV footage shows Jain leaving JNU campus around 12.30PM. Even before the missing...
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Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh had issued notifications prior to November 30, 2016, making it mandatory for cinema halls to play the anthem. It also said that t...
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Yakubu said that the appointment came at a time when INEC and Nigerians had begun the countdown to the 2019 general elections. According to the INEC timetable...
Haas free throw lifts Purdue past MI
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For a coach with a basketball intellect so bright, Brad Hagensen was being perceived by everyone around Marlboro as a mad scientist who'd finally snapped and lost is mind.
What was this guy trying to sell? A brand new style of play for the Mustangs based on analytics only a mathematician could fully appreciate. The only thing more bountiful than the amount of shots he was suggesting to take were the skeptics who lined up to initially questioned such an unusual concept.
Dribble-drive motion. Flex. Triangle. All are familiar offensive sets to even the pedestrian basketball fan. But, The System? What in the world is that?
Such queries were thrown at Hagensen early on, and in his genuinely humble manner, one engrained by his two most loyal and ardent fans - father Brad and mother Patricia - he eased concerns by assuring it was the ideal scheme because of the perfect group to execute it.
Hagensen reached out to various disciples who'd installed and mastered the scheme, one based on a number of factors, most notably getting up 3-point shots at an infinite rate, trapping and pressing, hammering the offensive glass and, above all else, being committed to maximum exertion in rapid intervals with the understanding that five fresh legs would be waiting at the scorer's table to spell the exhausted.
To bestow praise on Hagensen, who steered Marlboro, arguably the biggest surprise of the season in the Shore Conference, to a 23-8 mark that included an A North title and runs to the final of the WOBM Christmas Classic, where it bowed to No. 1 Manchester, and the Central Jersey, Group 4 championship, losing to No. 5 Middletown South in an epic 80-77 overtime thriller, would be greeted with appreciation before immediately deflected toward others. To call Hagensen modest would qualify for the Understatement of the Year.
Hagensen honed his craft as an assistant at St. John Vianney in the '90s, absorbing the wisdom of Russo and Bulman, the architects of what grew into a dynasty that reaped countless titles, including an unprecedented seven Tournament of Champions trophies. He was responsible for one, guiding the Lady Lancers to the crown in 1999, the stamp on a 29-2 mark in the first of his two seasons at the helm.
For the last five years, Marlboro has been his place of operation. In that time, he built a level of respectability for his program but worried that stagnancy might be looming. Furthering his curiosity into The System was an allegiance to his players and their incomparable work ethic. Each fully invested and deserving of reward.
The Mustangs hit a mind-blowing 340 3-pointers this winter, the number only overshadowed by the amount of formidable resources responsible for it.
While other teams conducted the traditional layup lines in pre-game warmups, the Stangs set up three stations of shooters and honed their accuracy from beyond the arc. The fruit of their labor supported by the slew of contributors eager to fire at will.
Sophomore forward Jessica Riepe (61 3-pointers), sophomore guard Sammy Jay (48), sophomore forward Laura Morehead (48), freshman guard Dani Schlesinger (47), senior forward Theresa Besso (47), junior guard Sam Nocco (40) and Romeo (38) briskly shared the basketball to find the shooter with the cleanest look. And, the spacing they relied on opened lanes for the occasional penetration for Romeo or Jay as well as clearing out the blocks for junior Brianna Diaz and sophomore Samantha Slofkiss to work the interior.
The only misconception about The System is the myth it has little defensive attention. Hagensen refutes the claim. While his offense pumped in 67.7 points a game, opponents tagged the Stangs for 53.2. Yet, the legs that produced that scoring generally did the brunt of it before the money minutes, eventually succumbing to attrition in the fourth quarter, allowing Marlboro to seal their fate with zest still untapped.
"Everything is generated from the defense," said Hagensen. "A lot of times, people look at scoring and think it's everything. It's not. There has got to be a balance. Our kids dedicated themselves to the defense and so much of our offense stems from generating the pace of the game defensively.


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Home Florida FL – The Office Star Signs
FL – The Office Star Signs
Colin Solan
B.J. Novak (The Office) signs at Books & Books in Coral Gables, FL on Saturday February 22nd at 7:30 pm!
B.J. Novak's One More Thing: Stories and Other Stories is an endlessly entertaining, surprisingly sensitive, and startlingly original debut that signals the arrival of a brilliant new voice in American fiction.
A boy wins a $100,000 prize in a box of Frosted Flakes—only to discover how claiming the winnings might unravel his family. A woman sets out to seduce motivational speaker Tony Robbins—turning for help to the famed motivator himself. A new arrival in Heaven, overwhelmed with options, procrastinates over a long-ago promise to visit his grandmother. We also meet Sophia, the first artificially intelligent being capable of love, who falls for a man who might not be ready for it himself; a vengeance-minded hare, obsessed with scoring a rematch against the tortoise who ruined his life; and post-college friends who try to figure out how to host an intervention in the era of Facebook. Along the way, we learn why wearing a red T-shirt every day is the key to finding love, how February got its name, and why the stock market is sometimes just . . . down.
Finding inspiration in questions from the nature of perfection to the icing on carrot cake, One More Thing has at its heart the most human of phenomena: love, fear, hope, ambition, and the inner stirring for the one elusive element that might just make a person complete. Across a dazzling range of subjects, themes, tones, and narrative voices, the many pieces in this collection are like nothing else, but they have one thing in common: they share the playful humor, deep heart, sharp eye, inquisitive mind, and altogether electrifying spirit of a writer with a fierce devotion to the entertainment of the reader.
B.J. Novak is a writer and actor best known for his work on NBC's Emmy Award-winning comedy series The Office as an actor, writer, director, and executive producer. He is also known for his stand up comedy performances and his roles in motion pictures such as Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds and Disney's Saving Mr. Banks. He is a graduate of Harvard University with a degree in English and Spanish literature.
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17/02/2016�� Just phone the Ird. They're really helpful and will sort it out for you (the number linked above isn't actually the Ird so I wouldn't phone them personally) They're really helpful and will sort it out for you (the number linked above isn't actually the Ird so I wouldn't phone them personally)... Authorization And Agreement. We follow all legality of agreement as laid down by the Government of New Zealand, as well as the IRD. Here is a simple breakdown of our Terms and Conditions of Engagement which you may find applicable to any other scenario as well.
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text:
association football club based in Nagoya, Japan
Nagoya Grampus (名古屋グランパス, Nagoya Guranpasu), formerly known as Nagoya Grampus Eight, is a Japanese professional football club[3] in Nagoya.[4]
Nagoya Grampus Eight
Mizuho Athletic Stadium,
Toyota Soccer Stadium
27,000,
Toyo Kato
Takafumi Ogura[1][2]
J1 League, 9th
2 League title
3 League position
3.1 Former position
4 Notable achievement
5 Related pages
The club was founded in 1938.[4]
1939-1992 Toyota Motors SC
1992-2007 Nagoya Grampus Eight
2008-present Nagoya Grampus
League titleEdit
Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
J1 League : 1
League positionEdit
2011 : J1 League - 2nd
2012 : J1 League - 7th
2013 : J1 League - 11th
2017 : J2 League - 3rd
Former positionEdit
1972 : JSL Division 2 - 1st
1973 : JSL Division 1 - 7th
1974 : JSL Division 1 - 10th
1985/86 : JSL Division 2 - 6th
1986/87 : JSL Division 2 - 2nd
1987/88 : JSL Division 1 - 12th
2010 : J1 League - Champions
Notable achievementEdit
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2010, Keiji Tamada made three goals in one game against Shimizu S-Pulse.[5]
Related pagesEdit
Sports in Japan
List of Japanese football teams
List of Nagoya Grampus players
↑ "スタッフデータ". Nagoya Grampus (in Japanese). Retrieved 12 April 2016.
↑ "名古屋グランパス新監督、GMに小倉隆史が就任。初の監督業で兼任に挑戦へ". theWORLD (in Japanese). FACTORIES Inc. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
↑ Jsoccer.com, "Japan J.League Teams" Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-7-5.
↑ 4.0 4.1 Soccerway.com, "Nagoya Grampus". Retrieved 2012-3-2.
↑ WorldFootball.net, "3 Goals in one game"[permanent dead link]. Retrieved 2012-7-5.
Media related to Nagoya Grampus at Wikimedia Commons
Nagoya Grampus website Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
This short article about Japan can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagoya_Grampus&oldid=8219847"


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Social Analytics has become the standard tool for influencer management for many advertising agencies, social media and PR agencies. Now and then there are good questions from our customers, which we collect here for you in the questions and answers part. With the insights and tips you can position your influencer marketing even more effectively.
Can I enter my own influencer prices?
On what basis does the tool suggest "similar influencers"?
What value does the statistic "media analysis" indicate?
What sets the influencer manager apart from the campaign manager?
The prices are currently held so that both company and influencers are "happy" and achieve a TKP, the under 50% of normal ads liet (eg Google Display Network). The assessment is for companies that do not yet have experience in booking influencers. The prices change depending on the agency, customer but also amount of postings and continuity or possibility of follow-up orders. For example, the price drops for 2 Postins + 5 Stories with the option of a follow-up booking in the next season. All these individual circumstances can not be represented by an algorithm. Our price estimate refers to a one-time booking of a new customer.
Similar influencers are currently based on the respective search. If not searched, it shows you influencers with similar reach, more generally. Go ahead about the search. For example, if you choose "Germany" and "Berlin" then look at a profile, it always shows you people who are also from Germany and Berlin + have similar reach. Soon the search will be refined by categories!
The "Media Analysis" shows you the amount of content (postings) retroactively for each day. At first you can see if the Instagramer also deletes photos or even makes whole deletions. On top of that, the statistics are good for the analysis of individual influencers or for the assessment of you. Here's a small example: This influencer (female, 19 years old) has been constantly following followers for weeks, even though she is constantly posting new content (chart 1). Compared to the second graphic, here you can see that the influencer is growing steadily. In chart 3 you can see the targeted purchase of likes over 48 hours.
What sets Influencer Manager apart from the Campaign Manager?
The tool will be finished this week! It is only merged for a short time.
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text:
Long-Ago Giant Impact May Have Created Moon's Mysterious Grooves
By Charles Q. Choi 2016-07-20T21:19:40Z
Grooves and gashes associated with the Imbrium Basin on the moon have long been puzzling. New research suggests some of these features were formed after a protoplanet slammed into the moon long ago.
(Image: © NASA/Northeast Planetary Data Center/Brown University)
A baby planet at least as large as New Jersey that smashed into the moon billions of years ago might have created the mysterious grooves that score the lunar surface, a new study suggests.
This finding could shed light on a violent era of impacts that once bombarded Earth and the rest of the inner solar system, researchers said.
Scientists investigated the area surrounding Mare Imbrium — Latin for "The Sea of Showers." This dark patch on the northwest quadrant on the near side of moon, the side that faces Earth, makes up the right eye of the "Man in the Moon." [The Moon: 10 Surprising Lunar Facts]
Mare Imbrium lies within the Imbrium Basin, the largest basin on the near side of moon. Previous research suggested that the 720-mile-wide (1,160 kilometers) basin was created by a giant ancient cosmic impact, and was later filled with vast lakes of lava that cooled to become dark rock.
Mare Imbrium is surrounded by grooves and gashes large enough to be seen from Earth even with small telescopes. These features, together known as the Imbrium Sculpture, are concentrated on Imbrium Basin's southeast side.
Many elements of the Imbrium Sculpture radiate from the center of Imbrium Basin like spokes on a wheel. Previous research had suggested that the Imbrium Basin and Imbrium Sculpture were created by a giant asteroid impact about 3.8 billion years ago. This asteroid was apparently traveling from the northwest to the southeast and collided with the moon at an oblique angle rather than straight on, with debris spraying southeast along this trajectory.
However, in addition to features radiating from Imbrium Basin's center, prior work discovered another set of grooves in the Imbrium Sculpture that did not spread out from the heart of the basin. Instead, they apparently came from a region northwest of the basin's center.
Trajectories of debris ejected from the Imbrium impact basin on the moon determined by the orientations of grooves and elongate secondary craters (along with locations of the Apollo landing sites). One set does not converge; rather, it forms parallel trends that correspond to the fragments originating from different portions of the Imbrium asteroid, rather than ejecta from the moon. (Image credit: Peter Schultz)
"This second set of grooves was a real mystery," study lead author Peter Schultz, an impact specialist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, said in a statement. "No one was quite sure where they came from."
But Schultz and co-author David Crawford, of Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, may have solved the mystery. Their results suggest that the Imbrium Basin and Imbrium Sculpture were likely formed by a giant asteroid large enough to be classified as a protoplanet, or baby planet.
To learn more about the impact that might have created the Imbrium, Schultz and Crawford performed hypervelocity-impact experiments using the Vertical Gun Range at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. These experiments involved a 14-foot (4.25 meters) cannon that fired small bullets at up to about 11,200 mph (18,000 km/h), while high-speed cameras and impact plates recorded details about the collisions.
The scientists found that, during a low-angle impact, a high-speed projectile often started breaking up after making contact with a surface. The bottom of the projectile would create a crater, while the sides and top of the projectile would shear off and continue traveling at high speeds along the projectile's original trajectory to scour the surface. The grooves from these chunks would appear to originate from a point slightly offset from the crater generated by the bulk of the projectile — a gap about equal to the distance between the bottom of the projectile and its top and sides. [Asteroid Basics: A Space Rock Quiz]
The researchers suggest that the mystery grooves of the Imbrium Sculpture were etched by chunks that sheared off the sides and top of the impacting asteroid when it hit the moon.
"For Imbrium, as much as 25 percent of the asteroid may have detached from the actual collision," Schultz told Space.com. "Some of the fragments actually escaped the moon entirely."
Computer models analyzing these grooves helped the scientists estimate the size of this "Imbrium Asteroid." Previous estimates suggested that the Imbrium Asteroid was only about 50 miles (80 km) wide. But these new findings suggest that the impactor was actually about 150 miles (250 km) across, or about the length of New Jersey.
Comparison of scours produced by the impactor in experiments (above) and those produced in a computational model of a 100-kilometer-diameter asteroid (red pattern, below). Physical processes affecting the fate of the projectile observed in the lab experiments at high speeds also apply at much larger scale. (Image credit: Peter Schultz)
"That's actually a low-end estimate," Schultz said in a statement. "It's possible that it could have been as large as 300 kilometers [185 miles]."
The scientists also found that several other basins on the moon may have been created by oblique impacts from protoplanets. For instance, they estimated that the Moscoviense and Orientale basins on the moon's far side may have been created by asteroids about 62 and 68 miles (100 and 110 km) across, respectively — larger than previous estimates.
All in all, the researchers suggest that protoplanets may have once been common in the asteroid belt. "The large basins we see on the moon and elsewhere are the record of lost giants," Schultz said in a statement.
Material from protoplanets smashing into the moon could help explain why lunar samples that NASA's Apollo missions brought back to Earth had high levels of meteoritic rock. This was especially true of the Apollo 16 mission, which landed downrange from the Imbrium impact.
The scientists added that collisions with these protoplanets might explain many of the impacts that battered the moon and the rest of the inner solar system during a violent era known as the Late Heavy Bombardment between 4.1 billion and 3.7 billion years ago. Thousands of chunks that sheared off the Imbrium Asteroid and other protoplanets would have kept going after impact, flying off into space to continue striking other bodies.
"These chips off the old blocks could have contributed significantly to the impact record we see on the moon and other terrestrial planets," Schultz said in a statement.
Schultz and Crawford detailed their findings online today (July 20) in the journal Nature.
Follow Charles Q. Choi on Twitter @cqchoi. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebookand Google+. Original article on Space.com.


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text:
package de.vanmar.android.yarrn.ravelry.dts;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Created by Kolja on 21.01.14.
 */
public class UploadResult extends HashMap<String, Map<String, Map<String, Integer>>> {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Whether it's doing cool tricks at the beach or traveling icy distances, kitesurfing is the way to go.
April 13, 2015, 12:33 p.m.
You may think watersports are a summertime-only thing, but that's not necessarily true. Every once in a while, you'll see pictures of guys in full wetsuits surfing after a February blizzard on one of the Great Lakes. But aside from these die-hards, most people wait for swimsuit weather before getting in the water.
However, there's one activity that changes the definition of "water sport." Kiteboarding requires water, but it doesn't matter if that water is in a liquid or solid form. In fact, in February, you could see dozens of these kites floating in the air in one of the unlikeliest places on Earth: snow-covered Siberia.
Kiting is windsurfing's younger, cooler sister. The sport relies on kites that are a cross between a paragliding chute and your standard recreational kite. Riders with boards strapped to their feet are connected to the kite with lines and a harness.
Kiteboarding has been growing in popularity despite a steep learning curve. Many people think it's worth learning, however, because kiting has some traits that other water sports lack.
Most of today's kites are given their structure by inflatable air chambers, not by any sort of rigid material. This means the kites are portable, unlike cumbersome windsurfing equipment. And unlike traditional wave surfing, kiters don't have to travel to a wave break and then spend 90 percent of their time paddling or waiting for their turn to catch a wave.
As long as you have a lake or river nearby, all you have to wait for is a stiff breeze. Wind speeds of at least 10 knots (11.5 mph) are usually seen as a minimum for all forms of kiteboarding.
Many kiteboarders use wakeboards instead of surfboards, but wakeboarding requires access to a powerful motorboat.
Another positive: kites fly regardless of temperature, so enthusiasts don't have to put their equipment away when it gets cold. They just have to trade their standard board for a snowboard or skis.
Snowkiting is popular in places where people are known for their lack of aversion to cold weather: Finland, Canada, Greenland, Russia and the northern United States.
Much like warm-weather kiting, different disciplines have emerged in snowkiting. In places like Sweden and Minnesota, people use kites to travel around frozen lakes, sometimes covering long distances. These same routes can be traveled with the same kite (and a board suitable for liquid) during the summertime.
Some people use kites to pull themselves over natural or artificial jumps so that they can perform tricks before floating back the ground parachute-style.
Actually, some of the first snowkiters had a very practical reason for learning the sport. A group of skiers in the French Alps realized that they could use kites to pull themselves back uphill after skiing down. Other early adopters used the kites to launch backcountry expeditions on skis.
Kiting is more than an extreme green sport. In a way, it is the ultimate form of wintertime transportation. Provided there is wind, one could hypothetically use a kite and skis or a snowboard to travel indefinitely without needing fuel or any kind.
Long distance riding is also a subset of the water-based kiting world. The current world record for distance kite surfing is over 300 miles (by a rider who traveled the coast of Portugal).
The problem with kiteboarding, in winter or summer, is that you can't learn it on your own. Training is pretty much required.
Making a mistake can have serious consequences. A misstep while turning might cause a rider to fall, or it might cause them to "fly." Changing the altitude and direction of a kite can literally lift you into the air, sometimes quite high. This can be dangerous in the water and, more obviously, on snow. (Experienced kiters "fly" on purpose so that they can perform tricks in the air).
This is a green sport. If you have the equipment, all you need is Mother Nature's motor. The learning curve will keep casual water sports enthusiasts away and help kiting retain its coolness factor (if that is important to you). At the same time, if you are prepared, investing in a kite can be practical. If you can get your hands on a snowboard and a wakeboard, you won't be limited to a two or three month season. You'll be able to kite all through the year.


text:
Kansas City Police agree to pay $900,000 and apologize to Black teen wrongfully jailed for weeks
KCUR | By Dan Margolies
Published February 23, 2022 at 11:24 AM CST
Updated February 23, 2022 at 12:31 PM CST
Tyree Bell was detained without charge for three weeks in 2016.
Tyree Bell was held in jail for three weeks without charge and released only after a detective watched patrol car videos from his arrest and concluded that his clothing and appearance did not match those of the suspect.
Updated: February 23, 2022 at 12:31 PM CST
This story was updated to include the comments of a police department spokesman.
The Kansas City Police Department has agreed to pay $900,000 and apologize to a Black teenager who was arrested and detained for three weeks for a crime he didn't commit.
The settlement would resolve a civil rights lawsuit brought by the family of Tyree Bell in 2017. The settlement needs to be approved by a federal judge, but that's expected to be a formality.
Kansas City lawyer Arthur Benson, who represented Bell, said the case was not just one of mistaken identity or "walking while Black."
"It was a part of a national disgrace that has been allowed to persist among white police for forty years: cross-race identifications of Black males by white officers are often wrong," Benson said. "And they are often wrong because too many police departments do not train their officers that all Blacks do not look alike and how to make an eyewitness identification that is not tainted by racial stereotypes. Tyree Bell was a victim of the Kansas City Police Department's failure to address this national outrage."
Police Department spokesman Sgt. Jake Becchina said in an email that the department "always sought a successful resolution for all parties."
"Regarding the settlement of the lawsuit in this matter, the Board of Police Commissioners have agreed to a settlement amount of $900,000 made payable to Mr. Bell and his attorney Arthur Benson representing $458,000 for attorney's fees and costs and $442,000 for compensatory damages," Becchina said. "We are glad we reached a mutual resolution and we wish Mr. Bell and his family all the best."
Bell, then 15, was walking home from a relative's house on June 8, 2016, when he was stopped by police. Earlier, someone had called 911 and reported three Black males playing on the corner with guns.
When Kansas City police officers Peter Neukrich and Jonathan Munyan arrived, one of the males began running in the opposite direction. While running, he pulled a gun from his shorts and tossed it over a fence.
One of the officers gave chase but lost sight of the suspect. About seven minutes later, another policeman saw Bell walking about a mile away and talking on his cell phone. Although he was considerably taller than the suspect, wore his hair differently, wore shorts, shoes and socks that were different from those of the suspect and was not out of breath, Bell was placed on a 24-hour "investigative hold."
He was held in jail for three weeks without charge and released only after a detective watched the patrol car videos from his arrest and concluded that his clothing and appearance did not match those of the suspect.
Bell originally sued Neukrich and Munyan as well as the officer who detained him, the members of the Kansas City Board of Police Commissioners and then-Kansas City Police Chief Darryl Forte. But a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit after finding the officers were entitled to qualified immunity – the legal doctrine that shields government officials from being sued for actions taken in their official capacity unless those actions violate a "clearly established" legal or constitutional right.
In October 2020, however, a federal appeals court reinstated the lawsuit after finding that the officers did not have probable cause to arrest Bell. The case went to trial in October. However, the jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict, and the judge declared a mistrial.
The case was set to go to trial again on Feb. 28. The court canceled the trial on Tuesday after the parties notified it of the pending settlement.
News Kansas City Police DepartmentSpot
Dan Margolies
Dan Margolies has been a reporter for the Kansas City Business Journal, The Kansas City Star, and KCUR Public Radio. He retired as a reporter in December 2022 after a 37-year journalism career.
See stories by Dan Margolies
Kansas City Teen Wrongfully Arrested And Locked Up For Three Weeks Sues KCPD
Appeals Court Revives Lawsuit By Black Teen Wrongfully Detained By Kansas City Police


text:
Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti lo  Fussballclub Zürich  nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 2013-2014.

Rosa

Note

Collegamenti esterni

2013-2014

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Posted January 8, 2015 by Elliott Brennan & filed under Featured Inner West Independent.
Roads Minister Duncan Gay has ruled out the possibility of WestConnex encroaching on Petersham Park in stark constrast to plans revealed in November last year.
State Minister for Roads & Freight Duncan Gay announced in December that the tunnel had been revised to avoid the park and would now travel under Leichhardt instead.
"The motorway would not impact on Petersham Park, and the new route would take the tunnels further from the historic park," he said.
It is hoped WestConnex will connect the growing Western Subrubs to Sydney's CBD and ease traffic congestion. Tunnels will be built for three lanes at a height of 5.3 metres and with a low gradient according to the government website.
Kath Reynolds, spokesperson for 'Save Petersham Park,' said although the group does not unanimously agree on WestConnex their intention to preserve the space is clear.
"It's a heritage conservation area, the park is a wonderful place to be and a big community meeting place… it's so full of character and it's got a fantastic feel," she said.
A Save Petersham Park community meeting at the local bowling club was attended by close to 200 people including residents and politicians who filled the venue to capacity. It is unclear whether activist groups affected Gay's decision but Carmel Tebbutt Labor Member for Marrickville says the Baird government recognise the enormous community fight they would have on their hands if Petersham Park is impacted.
"The park is a much loved green space with great historic value. The community will remain vigilant to ensure Petersham Park is protected as a beautiful park and a significant community and sporting facility," Ms Tebbutt said.
The park became legendary when Sir Donald Bradman made his cricketing debut on the pitch in 1926, scoring his first century there at age 18. 'Save Petersham Park' will not consider their campaign a success until Gay's decision is finalised after the March state election.
"We're not convinced that there won't be a change of mind again, there's been no reason given for why they've changed the route; if we were told the reason that would give us some assurance," Ms Reynolds said.
WestConnex has come under scrutiny most recently in a commissioned report by the Auditor General Grant Hehir that investigated the phase one of construction from Parramatta to Homebush Bay.
"The review that was conducted found that the preliminary business case was deficient and fell well short of the standard required for such a document," the report reads.
The audit was not concerned with analysing cost and effectiveness of the project but concluded that the WestConnex Delivery Authority had not met standards of best practice required for this scale of project. The Auditor General's office could not be drawn for further comment.
Greens and Labor spokespeople for Roads, Mehreen Faruqi and Michael Daley respectively, have since called for a full Business Case release and an inquiry into the venture.
Labor is in support of WestConnex, but says it has become difficult to trust the Baird Government when it comes to the motorway.
"So far the Government has announced five WestConnex routes and their inept management of the project has been slammed by the Auditor General," Ms Tebbutt told City Hub.
In a media release Duncan Gay outlined the objective of the motorway to ease congestion on Southern Cross Drive and the Eastern Distributor in anticipation of 1.6 million more people living in Sydney over the next 20 years.
Upon completion it is claimed motorists will save 40 minutes between Parramatta and Sydney Airport where much of the growth will be concentrated.
"A better run going west and a better run going east…as the premier said we have plans for the future and this is an indication of how we deliver them," Mr Gay said.


I'm cruising around in the State of Confusion trying to find an exit.
in hell. wish i were in england.
Watching the NFL draft in my house.
I am in Elwood, Indian Usa.
I'm in Lanzarote but I also was in "England's Green and Pleasant Land" for a couple of weeks earlier this month.
I'm seaching for Carmen Sandiego and I'm not quite sure where I am anymore.
Texas, but damn do I wish I was in England. Care to trade?
to hell with england, i'm in the east bay area, california! p.s. just kidding about the england remark, don't get offended.
I'm *with* Carmen Sandiego and she's got a gun! Please! Help meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee!!!!!
At work....night shift! 7pm-7am. Brutal.
At home, in Florida, in my house, in the computer room, in a computer chair.
Does school count? If so, then there.
In front of my computer. At home.
In the hospital... Turns out I have a nasty case of pneumonia... on top of laryngitis.
Home sitting at my desk wondering what to snack on while I'm here.
At home in my living room, listening to loud records and Answerbagging like I do most evenings.
home..sitting in my favorite chair.
Work! Last 12 hour nightshift, and then I'm off for two days!
Home, ABing and watching The Simpsons.
Home, sitting on a big pile of pillows.
As usual sitting cross legged on my bed, having not long ago arrived home from work. Well it is about an hour ago now so i am at home.
In my games room. I'm sitting on top of my snooker table. Anyone wanna play hide n seek!??
Sat in my front room on my computer.
The latitude of Broken Arrow is 36.052N. The longitude is -95.79W.
I live in Guatemala City, Guatemala, Central America.
Goulburn, NSW, Australia in my bedroom, behind a desk, with a computer in front of me.
northwest ohio. in my family room. watching scary movie 3 on comedy central. in a la z boy with a blue blanket and leopard pillow on my lap... and a laptop on top of that.
In Maryland,at home ,in my bedroom right now.should be sleeping guess answerbag's keeping me awake.
At home listening to dance music because its putting me in a great mood!
At my desk, at work still (It's 6pm where I am) and I will still be here for an indefinite time.
It's 3 in the morning and I'm sitting on my couch with the laptop.
in photography class, doing uuh photos.
Using my lap top while dinner is cookihg.
In my livingroom playing Wow and checking AB.
I am sitting at my computer located in my home office, which is in Central Florida!
I am at my computer in my house in Louisiana.
Home. More specifically, in the library.
According to my profile, I currently am on Theed, Planet Naboo also of the Naboo star system.
im right here, at home.
Chillin in my room in Idaho watching the show October Road.
On my bed, sitting in front of the window. With about a thousand books and random bits of paper around me.
at my parents house in lubbock, tx, in there tiny closet they call the computer room!
I'm in front of my computer with one foot out in the hall waiting for an important phone call.
Here on Answer Bag answering your question.


text:
Q: Can't connect to Spring Boot or to Mysql when using a VPN I work on Spring Boot and Angular4 which are deploy on a local server in my company. All works well when we connect directly from the local network, but when I use a VPN, the Angular4 app looks not able to connect to Spring Boot, or it's perhaps the Spring Boot app which is not able to connect to database.
Here is how spring boot is connected to database:
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/table_name?autoReconnect=true&useSSL=false
spring.datasource.username=username
spring.datasource.password=password
spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

Here is my constant used to connect Angular4 with Spring Boot:
export const appConfig = {
    apiUrl: 'http://xx.xx.xx.xx:8081',
};

Here is a screen shot of the error:

Thanks for help

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: DPM server 2010 Attach agent error : administrator privileges missing? I'm hoping you would be able to help me out with this little problem I'm having.
I installed DPM 2010 in our test environment to test backups on Exchange 2010 servers.
The environment includes :
1xDC
2x Exchange Server 2010
1x DPM 2010 server
All of these are running on Microsoft server 2008 R2 Virtual machines. The host machines are using Hyper-v.
So the problem goes like this :
1- I tried to install the agents from the DPM server GUI, which failed saying I didn't have the correct permissions.
2- So then I tried the manual installation using the commands from :  the Microsoft site http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb870935.aspx
3- The agent installation worked but when I get to attaching the agents to the DPM server it still gives me the error saying that the specified account does not  have administrator rights.
4- I tried the Domain admin, users who are domain admin + local admin, single local admins.
5- I have turned off the windows firewall and made sure all the services are running.
So now I'm out of ideas and really need help, the agent attach to the DPM server is the last thing that is holding me back from deploying everything to the production site. Any help would be really appreciated.

A: It's been a little while since I've setup DPM, try this one:
Run winrm quickconfig from an elevated command prompt on the servers with the agents.

A: Here is a link to troubleshoot Agent install issues.  It might cover what you're experiencing : http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb808878.aspx.  I would also check the COM and DCOM security settings.


text:
Rex Tillerson Basically Promised the Senate That He Would Start a War With China
By Eric Levitz
Ready and waiting. Photo: Kevin Frayer/Getty Images
Earlier this week, while national attention was focused on the possibility that Donald Trump has a pee fetish, the likely next secretary of State promised to block China's access to its disputed islands in the South China Sea — an action that would almost certainly entail a military confrontation between the world's two greatest powers.
"We're going to have to send China a clear signal that, first, the island-building stops," Tillerson told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Wednesday, likening China's activities in the South China Sea to Russia's annexation of Crimea. "And second, your access to those islands also is not going to be allowed."
China claims sovereignty over most of the South China Sea — and thus, most of the 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas that lie beneath it.
Vietnam and the Philippines are pretty sure that they actually have a rightful claim to much of that water and untapped energy. And international law, as clarified by a ruling handed down last year, largely agrees.
The Obama administration has declined to take a side in these sovereignty disputes, focusing instead on asserting America's right to move through those waters by sailing warships past China's islands in so-called "freedom of navigation exercises."
Meanwhile, China has sought to solidify its claims by constructing new islands throughout the sea and filling them with radar stations and runways capable of providing safe landing to jumbo jets.
So, Beijing is pretty serious about controlling those waters — it is not going to forfeit access to its islands because Rex Tillerson asked Xi Jinping super nicely. Experts who spoke with the Guardian all agreed that Trump could only fulfill Tillerson's vow via a "significant show of military force."
And Chinese state media has offered the same assessment.
"Unless Washington plans to wage a large-scale war in the South China Sea, any other approaches to prevent Chinese access to the islands will be foolish," the Communist Party–controlled Global Times wrote in an editorial Friday. "If Trump's diplomatic team shapes future Sino-U.S. ties as it is doing now, the two sides had better prepare for a military clash."
The implications of Tillerson's statement lead the paper to suspect that he "merely wanted to curry favor from senators and increase his chances of being confirmed by intentionally showing a tough stance toward China."
And that seems like the safe-money bet. Especially since, at other points, Tillerson stressed the importance of America's economic ties with China and praised it as a "a valuable ally in curtailing elements of radical Islam." What's more, incoming Defense Secretary James Mattis told the Senate Thursday that the U.S. will have to "manage" the "competition between us and China" because our military is not, presently, strong enough for us to dominate them.
That said, Trump has been nothing but belligerent toward Beijing since becoming president-elect. Beyond threatening to slap massive tariffs on China's exports and revoke America's support for the One China policy, Trump has also staffed his administration with multiple China hard-liners, including Peter Navarro, who has described the nation as a "despicable, parasitic, brutal, brass-knuckled, crass, callous, amoral, ruthless and totally totalitarian imperialist power."
And as the New York Times notes — if Tillerson feels any residual loyalty to his former employer — he'll have significant incentive to play hardball on China's sovereignty claims: In 2009, ExxonMobil signed an agreement with the Vietnamese-government-owned firm to drill for oil and gas in parts of the South China Sea that Beijing claims as its own.
If America were to pursue a foreign policy dictated by the interests of Exxon's shareholders, it would involve softening relations with Russia and confronting China in its disputed waters. A significant faction of Trump's advisers appear interested in such a policy.
Tillerson's South China Sea Pledge Would Mean War


Sea Scape by Nicholas Day Prints Now you can own a signed limited edition print, (only 50 printed), by a successful Wildlife Artist using an original medium.At an affordable price!
These signed and numbered pictures by Nicholas Day are printed to a very high resolution and standard, on superb quality paper with fast inks to guarantee total colour strength for at least 80 years under normal conditions.
Image shown,"Stormy Sea"in an acid free mount.Size of the print is 12" by 15"(38cm by 30.5cm)This is signed and numbered limited edition of 50 only.Printed to a very high resolution and standard, on superb quality paper with fast inks to guarantee total colour strength for at least 80 years under normal conditions.You will be very impressed with the price and the quality of this mounted print.


text:
Q: Как отключить подсказки пароля/логина на своём сайте? Делаю веб приложение: тут
Есть такая проблема:
Мой браузер (Хром) автоматически заполняет поля логина и пароля, меняя их background. Выглядит это не очень. Есть какой нибудь способ этого избежать?

A: Есть небольшой хак, можно сделать проще, но если хотите отключить для большинства браузеров, то используйте такой подход:
<form autocomplete="off">

  <!-- фейковые поля для chrome/opera -->
  <input id="username" style="display:none" type="text" name="fakeusernameremembered">
  <input id="password" style="display:none" type="password" name="fakepasswordremembered">

  <!--
    <input autocomplete="nope"> работает для всех полей кроме пароля
  -->
  <input id="real-username" type="text" autocomplete="nope">

  <!--
    <input type="password" autocomplete="new-password" отключит подстановку пароля для всех браузеров.
    -->
  <input id="real-password" type="password" autocomplete="new-password">

</form>


design in allure design was so sensational and also exciting.
Here we have another image 70 Best Maternity Dresses For Wedding 2018 featured under 201 Best Maternity Dresses For Wedding 2016. We hope you enjoyed it and if you want to download the pictures in high quality, simply right click the image and choose "Save As". Thanks for reading 201 Best Maternity Dresses For Wedding 2016.


text:
Angel Delivery Service is the major label debut by the German band Emil Bulls. It was released on June 4, 2001 and produced, as would their next record be, by Wolfgang Stach.

Track listing
All songs written by Emil Bulls except "Take On Me" by Magne Furuholmen, Morten Harket and Pål Waaktaar of the Norwegian group A-ha.

All lyrics are by Christoph von Freydorf except "Style School" (by von Freydorf and Paul Rzyttka) and "Take on Me" (by Furuholmen, Harket and Waakaar).

Original Edition
"Angel Delivery" – 3:00
"Style School" – 3:24
"Smells Like Rock'N'Roll" – 3:32
"Leaving You With This" – 4:18
"Water (A Snapshot)" – 3:17
"Chickeria" – 3:10
"Mirror (Me)" – 4:08
"Hi It's Me, Christ" – 3:47
"Monogamy" – 5:10
"Resurrected" – 4:49
"Tomorrow I'll Be Back Home" – 3:18
"Wheels Of Steel" – 6:29
"Quiet Night" – 6:17

Second Edition
"Angel Delivery" – 3:01
"Style School" – 3:25
"Smells Like Rock'N'Roll" – 3:30
"Leaving You With This" – 4:16
"Water (A Snapshot)" – 3:10
"Chickeria" – 3:19
"Mirror (Me)" – 4:07
"Hi It's Me, Christ" – 3:44
"Monogamy" – 5:18
"Resurrected" – 4:48
"Tomorrow I'll Be Back Home" – 3:16
"Wheels Of Steel" – 6:20
"Quiet Night" – 6:15
"Take on Me" – 3:36

Personnel
Christoph von Freydorf – vocals, guitar
James Richardson – bass (credited as Citnoh)
Stefan Finauer – drums (credited as Graint)
Stephan Karl – guitar (credited as M-Oikal)
Christian Schneider – guitar (credited as Ricky Glam)
Paul Rzyttka – deejay, synth (credited as DJ Zamzoe)
Pain In The Ass – guest vocals (on "Tomorrow I'll Be Back Home")
Mathias "Jablonski" Elsholz (TAE) – guest vocals (on "Wheels of Steel")
Dirk Riegener – programming, string arrangement (on "Monogamy")
Marcel Mader –percussion
Wolfgang Stach – producer, audio engineer, tambourine (credited as Wolfgang "Stackman" Stach)
Oliver Sroweleit – audio engineer
Clemens Matznic – audio engineer
Pelle Henricsson – mixer, mastering
Eskil Lõvstrõm – mixer
Mathias Bothor – photography

References

2001 albums
Emil Bulls albums


text:
Der Distrikt Granada liegt in der Provinz Chachapoyas in der Region Amazonas in Nord-Peru. Der Distrikt hat eine Fläche von 171 km². Beim Zensus 2017 wurden 518 Einwohner gezählt. Im Jahr 1993 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 551, im Jahr 2007 426. Sitz der Distriktverwaltung ist die  hoch gelegene Ortschaft Granada mit 191 Einwohnern (Stand 2017). Granada befindet sich 30 km ostnordöstlich der Provinz- und Regionshauptstadt Chachapoyas.

Geographische Lage
Der Distrikt Granada befindet sich in der peruanischen Zentralkordillere im Nordosten der Provinz Chachapoyas. Nur Teile des Distriktes sind über Straßen erreichbar, der größte Teil kann nur zu Fuß oder mit dem Maultier erreicht werden.

Der Distrikt Granada grenzt im Westen an den Distrikt Quinjalca, im Nordwesten an den Distrikt Olleros, im Norden an die Distrikte Pardo Miguel und Awajún (beide in der Provinz Rioja), im Osten an den Distrikt Vista Alegre (Provinz Rodríguez de Mendoza) sowie im Süden an den Distrikt Molinopampa.

Tourismus
Neben dem alljährlich vom 23. bis zum 30. Juni gefeierten Dorffest sind besonders die Ruinen von Granada, wie auch der Río Imaza recht attraktiv. Letzterer lädt zum Fischen von Forellen ein.

Ortschaften
Neben dem Hauptort gibt es folgende Dörfer und Gehöfte im Distrikt Granada:
 Airecampo
 Calviche
 Camellan
 Chillan
 Diosan
 Gorge
 Guillipcha
 Isco
 San Juan de Eñara
 Saviajcha
 Shundura
 Sugmal

Weblinks
 Municipalidad Distrital de Granada
 Peru: Region Amazonas (Provinzen und Bezirke) bei www.citypopulation.de
 INEI Perú, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica - Banco de Información Distrital

Distrikt in der Provinz Chachapoyas
Distrikt in Peru