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1. From Joining to Leaving: Domestic Law's Role in the International Legal Validity of Treaty Withdrawal
Author: Hannah Woolaver
Publication Date: 01-2019
Content Type: Journal Article
Journal: European Journal of International Law
Institution: European Journal of International Law
Abstract: If a state withdraws from a treaty in a manner that violates its own domestic law, will this withdrawal take effect in international law? The decisions to join and withdraw from treaties are both aspects of the state's treaty-making capacity. Logically, international law must therefore consider the relationship between domestic and international rules on states' treaty consent both in relation to treaty entry and exit. However, while international law provides a role for domestic legal requirements in the international validity of a state's consent when joining a treaty, it is silent on this question in relation to treaty withdrawal. Further, there has been little scholarly or judicial consideration of this question. This contribution addresses this gap. Given recent controversies concerning treaty withdrawal – including the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, South Africa's possible withdrawal from the International Criminal Court, and the threatened US denunciation of the Paris Agreement – and the principles underlying this body of law, it is proposed that the law of treaties should be interpreted so as to develop international legal recognition for domestic rules on treaty withdrawal equivalent to that when states join treaties, such that a manifest violation of domestic law may invalidate a state's treaty withdrawal in international law.
Topic: International Law, Treaties and Agreements, European Union, Courts, State Actors
Political Geography: United Kingdom, Europe, South Africa, United States of America
2. Ocean Floor Grab: International Law and the Making of an Extractive Imaginary
Author: Surabhi Ranganathan
Abstract: In this article, I argue for a critical recognition of the law of the sea, as it developed from the post-war period, as fostering a 'grab' of the ocean floor via national jurisdiction and international administration. I discuss why we should view what might be discussed otherwise as an 'enclosure' or 'incorporation' of the ocean floor within the state system as its grab. I then trace the grounds on which the ocean was brought within national and international regimes: the ocean floor's geography and economic value. Both were asserted as givens – that is, as purely factual, but they were, in fact, reified through law. The article thus calls attention to the law's constitutive effects. I examine the making of this law, showing that law-making by governments was influenced by acts of representation and narrative creation by many non-state actors. It was informed by both economic and non-economic influences, including political solidarity and suspicion, and parochial as well as cosmopolitan urges. Moreover, the law did not develop gradually or consistently. In exploring its development, I bring into focus the role played by one influential group of actors – international lawyers themselves.
Topic: Economics, International Law, History, Law of the Sea, Maritime
Political Geography: Europe, Oceans
3. The European Union and the Law of Treaties: A Fruitful Relationship
Author: Paz Andrés Sáenz De Santa María
Abstract: This article examines the European Union's (EU) treaty practice from the perspective of the international law of treaties, focusing on its most significant examples. The starting point is the EU's attitude towards the codification of treaty law involving states and international organizations. The article discusses certain terminological specificities and a few remarkable aspects, such as the frequent use of provisional application mechanisms as opposed to much less use of reservations, the contributions regarding treaty interpretation, the wide variety of clauses and the difficulties in determining the legal nature of certain texts. The study underlines that treaty law is a useful instrument for the Union and is further enriched with creative contributions; the outcome is a fruitful relationship.
Topic: International Law, Treaties and Agreements, European Union, Courts
Political Geography: Europe, European Union
4. The Private Life of Family Matters: Curtailing Human Rights Protection for Migrants under Article 8 of the ECHR?
Author: Alan Desmond
Abstract: This article critically examines the evolving practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) towards the definition and use of the concepts of family life and private life in cases involving migrants who seek to resist deportation by invoking Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The examination reveals an approach on the part of the Court that has the effect of shrinking the protection potential of Article 8 for migrant applicants, allowing state interest in expulsion to carry the day. This is symptomatic of Strasbourg's deference to state sovereignty in the realm of migration. While the ECtHR has issued a number of landmark rulings roundly vindicating migrants' rights, these are the exception to the rule of Strasbourg's deference to state powers of immigration control. This approach has far-reaching implications for migrants in the member states of the Council of Europe. The article concludes by highlighting the tools at the Court's disposal that could be employed to construct a more human rights-consistent approach in this strand of jurisprudence, which is an issue all the more relevant in light of the growing number of migrants seeking to establish a life in Europe.
Topic: Human Rights, International Law, Migration, Sovereignty, Courts
Political Geography: Europe, France
5. Maritime Legal Black Holes: Migration and Rightlessness in International Law
Author: Itamar Mann
Abstract: This article explores the trope of the 'legal black hole' to reveal questions of legal theory arising from contemporary migrant drownings. The theme was popularized during what was then called the 'war on terror', but its trajectory is longer and more complex. Its material history, as well as its intellectual history within legal scholarship, suggest three distinct 'legacies' of legal black holes: the counterterrorism legacy; the migrant-detention legacy; and the legacy of the maritime legal black hole. The tripartite division provides a conceptual typology of instances where persons are rendered rightless. While the two former types are characterized by de facto rightlessness due to a violation of international law, the latter exposes a seldom acknowledged, yet crucial, characteristic of international law; the age-old doctrine on the division of responsibilities between states and individuals at land and at sea is now creating the conditions in which some people are rendered de jure rightless. Moreover, the typology sheds light on the specifically legal reasons for the seeming failure to end mass drowning of migrants and refugees in the Mediterranean Sea. Tracing the ways in which people become de jure rightless is ultimately suggested as a broader research agenda for scholars of international law.
Topic: Human Rights, International Law, Migration, Maritime
Political Geography: Europe, Mediterranean
6. The Return of Cultural Genocide?
Author: Leora Bilsky, Rachel Klagsbrun
Abstract: Cultural genocide, despite contemporary thinking, is not a new problem in need of normative solution, rather it is as old as the concept of genocide itself. The lens of law and history allows us to see that the original conceptualization of the crime of genocide – as presented by Raphael Lemkin – gave cultural genocide centre stage. As Nazi crime was a methodical attempt to destroy a group and as what makes up a group's identity is its culture, for Lemkin, the essence of genocide was cultural. Yet the final text of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) does not prohibit cultural genocide as such, and it is limited to its physical and biological aspects. What led to this exclusion? In this article, we examine the various junctures of law, politics and history in which the concept was shaped: the original conceptualization by Lemkin; litigation in national and international criminal courts and the drafting process of the Genocide Convention. In the last part, we return to the mostly forgotten struggle for cultural restitution (books, archives and works of art) fought by Jewish organizations after the Holocaust as a countermeasure to cultural genocide. Read together, these various struggles uncover a robust understanding of cultural genocide, which was once repressed by international law and now returns to haunt us by the demands of groups for recognition and protection.
Topic: Genocide, International Law, History, Culture, Courts, Holocaust
Political Geography: Europe, Germany
7. The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and Their Contribution to the Crime of Rape
Author: Alexandra Adams
Abstract: The article analyses the over 20 years' jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda with respect to the crime of rape. It discusses how the attitude towards the prosecution of sexual crimes has changed since the Tribunals work began and what impact its jurisprudence has had on other attempts to define rape (elements of crime [EOC]). The article explores in depth the various definitions of rape given by the different chambers of both Tribunals. Consequently, it examines if the ultimate definition of the Kunarac chamber will prevail in international law. Not only are the weaknesses of the Kunarac definition that followed a pure consent approach revealed but the EOC of rape that opted for a combination of the coercion approach with one aspect of the lack-of-consent doctrine (incapacity) also face criticism. This leaves only one response – namely, that the elements of rape in international criminal law today can only be based upon a newly conducted comparison of national laws, thereby reflecting the general principles of the major legal systems of the world. The strongest accomplishment of both Tribunals concerning the crime of rape therefore lies not in the clarification of the elements of rape but, rather, in the revelation of a law-finding method, which is indispensable to the rudimentary field of international criminal law.
Topic: International Law, War Crimes, Gender Based Violence , Courts, Rape
Political Geography: Europe, Yugoslavia, Rwanda
8. Changing State Behaviour: Damages before the European Court of Human Rights
Author: Veronika Fikfak
Abstract: Regardless of the efforts undertaken through the many reforms of the European Convention on Human Rights system, non-compliance with the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) remains a major problem for the Council of Europe. This article asks how we can change state behaviour and what role, if any, could damages play in this context. First, the article focuses on how the choice of remedy affects compliance and why aggravated or punitive damages look like an ideal option to nudge states into compliance. I explore recent arguments by scholars and judges who argue that the ECtHR should actively shift its approach (or perhaps already has) to nudge state behaviour towards compliance and prevention of future violations. Based on my empirical research, I show that the current case law presents several obstacles to the introduction of such damages. Building on the economic analysis of the law and insights from behavioural sciences, I reveal how the Court's approach fails to comply with any of the elements needed to incentivize states to change their behaviour. I finally question to what extent aggravated or punitive damages can be efficient within a system that relies on voluntary compliance.
Topic: Human Rights, International Law, Reform, Courts
9. The ad bellum Challenge of Drones: Recalibrating Permissible Use of Force
Author: Alejandro Chehtman
Abstract: Drones constitute an incremental advance in weapons systems. They are able to significantly reduce overall, as well as collateral, damage. These features seem to have important implications for the permissibility of resorting to military force. In short, drones would seem to expand the right to resort to military force compared to alternative weapons systems by making resorting to force proportionate in a wider set of circumstances. This line of reasoning has significant relevance in many contemporary conflicts. This article challenges this conclusion. It argues that resorting to military force through drones in contemporary asymmetrical conflicts would usually be disproportionate. The reason for this is twofold. First, under conditions of radical asymmetry, drones may not be discriminatory enough, and, thereby, collateral damage would still be disproportionate. Second, their perceived advantages in terms of greater discrimination are counteracted by the lesser chance of success in achieving the just cause for war. As a result, resorting to military force through drones in contemporary asymmetrical conflicts would generally be disproportionate not because of the harm they would expectedly cause but, rather, because of the limited harm they are ultimately able to prevent. On the basis of normative argument and empirical data, this article ultimately shows that we need to revise our understanding of proportionality not only at the level of moral argument but also in international law.
Topic: International Law, War, Military Affairs, Weapons , Drones
Political Geography: Afghanistan, United States, Europe
10. Does and Should International Law Prohibit the Prosecution of Children for War Crimes?
Author: Noëlle Quénivet
Abstract: This article investigates whether international law prohibits the prosecution of children for war crimes and, if it does not, whether it should do so. In particular, the interplay between restorative and retributive post-conflict justice mechanisms, on the one hand, and juvenile rehabilitative justice mechanisms, on the other, is discussed in detail. The article suggests that in certain, narrow, circumstances children having committed war crimes should be prosecuted.
Topic: Conflict Resolution, Human Rights, International Law, Children, War Crimes, Transitional Justice
Political Geography: Afghanistan, Europe, Democratic Republic of Congo
11. The Value of the European Court of Human Rights to the United Kingdom
Author: Merris Amos
Abstract: National debates concerning the appropriate role of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the United Kingdom (UK) recently intensified with the suggestion by the government that the UK might leave the European Convention on Human Rights system. It has been argued that a British Bill of Rights, to replace the current system of national human rights protection provided by the Human Rights Act 1998, would provide better protection than the ECtHR, making its role in the national system redundant. Claiming that the ECtHR is legitimate and has an impact that is usually illustrated by the transformative power of judgments more than 10 years' old, have not provided a convincing answer to this claim. In this article, rather than legitimacy or impact, the value of the ECtHR to the objective of protecting human rights through law is assessed. Three different levels of value are identified from the relevant literature and then applied to the judgments of the Court concerning the UK from 2011 to 2015 to determine what has happened in practice. It is concluded that given that the UK government's objective remains to protect human rights through law, although some types of value are now more relevant than others, overall the potential value of the Court to the UK in achieving this objective is still clearly evident.
Topic: Human Rights, International Law, Courts
Political Geography: United Kingdom, Europe
12. The Responsibility to Protect beyond Borders in the Law of Nature and Nations
Author: Luke Glanville
Abstract: While histories of human rights have proliferated in recent decades, little attention has been given to the history of thinking about duties to protect these rights beyond sovereign borders. We have a good understanding of the history of duties of sovereign states to ensure the safety and well-being of their own citizens and of the right of other states to forcefully intervene when these duties are violated. But the story of the development of thinking about duties to assist and protect the vulnerable beyond borders remains to be told. This article defends the importance of excavating and examining past thinking about these duties. It then sketches key aspects of Western natural law thinking about such duties, from Francisco de Vitoria through to Immanuel Kant, claiming that such study holds the promise of exposing from where ideas that prevail in international law and politics have come and retrieving alternative ideas that have been long forgotten but that may reward renewed consideration. It concludes by briefly outlining how three such retrieved ideas might be of particular use for those seeking to push international law and politics in a more just direction today.
Topic: Human Rights, International Law, Sovereignty, History, Humanitarian Intervention, Philosophy
Political Geography: Europe, Global Focus
13. Feminist Strategy in International Law: Understanding Its Legal, Normative and Political Dimensions
Author: Catherine O'Rourke
Abstract: While international law has typically waxed and waned in feminist favours, contemporary feminist engagements reveal a strongly critical, reflective thrust about the costs of engaging international law and the quality of ostensible gains. To inform this reflection, this article draws on feminist scholarship in international law – and a specific feminist campaign for the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security in Northern Ireland – to distil three distinct feminist understandings of international law that underpin both theory and advocacy. International law is understood, first, as a system of rules to which states are bound; second, as an avenue for the articulation of shared feminist values; and, third, as a political tool to advance feminist demands. The study finds that feminist doctrinalists, and those working within the institutions of international law, share concerns about the resolution's legal deficiencies and the broader place of the Security Council within international law-making. These concerns, however, are largely remote for local feminist activists, who recognize in the resolution important political resources to support their mobilization, their alliances with others and, ultimately, it is hoped, their engagement with state actors. The article concludes that critical reflection on feminist strategy in international law is usefully informed by more deliberate consideration of its legal, political and normative dimensions as well as by an awareness that these dimensions will be differently weighted by differently situated feminist actors.
Topic: International Law, United Nations, Women, Feminism
Political Geography: Europe, Northern Ireland
14. Hebrew Sources in the Doctrine of the Law of Nature and Nations in Early Modern Europe
Author: Charles Leben
Abstract: This article sets out to re-examine Hebrew sources in the doctrine of the law of nations of the 17th century, from Gentili's De Jure Belli Libri Tres (although it strictly belongs to the 16th century since it was first published in 1598) to Pufendorf's De Jure Naturae et Gentium (1672). It incontrovertibly confirms the importance of Jewish sources in the general intellectual education of the founding fathers of international law and in their general political philosophy while limiting their role with respect to the construction of international law in the strict and contemporaneous sense of the term.
Topic: International Law, Religion, Political Theory, History, Law, Judaism
15. Shifting Sands: Power, Uncertainty and the Form of International Legal Cooperation
Author: Timothy Meyer
Abstract: This article argues that the form of international agreements – binding hard law agreements versus non-binding soft law agreements – can be partially explained by states' interests in promoting renegotiation in the presence of uncertainty and shifting power. I make this argument in three steps. First, I explain that states regularly use unilateral non-compliance as a renegotiation strategy. Second, I argue that making an agreement soft facilitates this use of unilateral non-compliance. Third, I analyse the conditions – uncertainty characterized by common interests (but not uncertainty characterized by distributive concerns) and shifting power – under which facilitating renegotiation through soft law will appeal to states. In particular, I argue that in the presence of these conditions preventing renegotiation creates long-term costs for states that can inhibit short-term cooperation. In effect, under these conditions the shadow of the future can inhibit cooperation rather than support it, as is conventionally thought. These conditions are common to many major contemporary subjects of international cooperation in a way they were not during the latter half of the 20th century, partially explaining the increased importance of soft law to contemporary international governance.
Topic: International Relations, International Law, International Trade and Finance, Treaties and Agreements, United Nations
Political Geography: Europe, United Nations, Global Focus
Topic: International Law, International Trade and Finance, Treaties and Agreements, United Nations
17. The Right to Leave by Sea: Legal Limits on EU Migration Control by Third Countries
Author: Nora Markard
Abstract: The EU and its member states are progressively involving third countries in their border control measures at sea. Relevant instruments of cooperative migration control range from capacity building measures to joint patrols in third-country territorial waters and shared surveillance intelligence on ship movements. So far, the discussion on migration control at sea has mainly focused on the illegality of 'push-backs' of migrant boats by EU member states to their point of departure. By contrast, the increasing incidence of departure prevention or 'pull-backs' by third countries in the service of EU member states has been largely neglected. In particular, such measures raise grave concerns with respect to the right to leave any country, including one's own. Of central importance during the Cold War, this human right is of no lesser relevance at Europe's outer borders. This paper explores to what extent departure prevention and pull-back measures are compatible with the right to leave and the law of the sea and discusses the responsibility of EU member states for internationally wrongful acts committed by third countries in such cooperative migration control scenarios.
Topic: Human Rights, International Law, Migration, Border Control, Maritime
18. Asia's Ambivalence about International Law and Institutions: Past, Present and Futures
Author: Simon Chesterman
Abstract: Asian states are the least likely of any regional grouping to be party to most international obligations or to have representation reflecting their number and size in international or ganizations. That is despite the fact that Asian states have arguably benefited most from the security and economic dividends provided by international law and institutions. This article explores the reasons for Asia's under-participation and under-representation. The first part traces the history of Asia's engagement with international law. The second part assesses Asia's current engagement with international law and institutions, examining whether its under-participation and under-representation is in fact significant and how it might be explained. The third part considers possible future developments based on three different scenarios, referred to here as status quo, divergence and convergence. Convergence is held to be the most likely future, indicating adaptation on the part of Asian states as well as on the part of the international legal order.
Topic: International Law, International Organization, History, Courts, Colonialism
Political Geography: Japan, China, Europe, India, Asia
19. Guest Editorial: Ten Years of ESIL – Reflections; European Hypocrisy: TTIP and ISDS; Masthead Changes; Roll of Honour; In this Issue; Christmas Reading? Christmas Gifts? Some Suggestions from the Editor-in-Chief
Abstract: From time to time, we are asked about the relationship between EJIL and the European Society of International Law (ESIL). That relationship is simple: the Journal and the Society are two separate, but mutually supportive and complementary entities. Indeed, past and present EJIL Editors can boast, with parental pride, of having been present at the conception, as well as the birth, of the Society! From its inception, membership in ESIL has included automatic online and print subscriptions to EJIL – including very soon a tablet version.The relationship has only strengthened in recent years, with ESIL Presidents and Presidents-elect serving ex officio on the EJIL Board. It is in the spirit of that growing bond that we wholeheartedly share in ESIL's 10-year celebrations, and have invited the following Guest Editorial from its leadership.
Topic: International Relations
Political Geography: Europe
20. International Legal Scholarship as a Cooling Medium in International Law and Politics
Author: Jochen von Bernstorff
Abstract: <p>The article aims to contribute from a history of science angle to the recent debate on the relation between legal scholarship, utopian ideals, and practice, which was spurred by the EJIL Symposium on Antonio Casseses Realizing Utopia and subsequent publications in this journal. It defends a conception of legal scholarship that keeps a reflexive distance vis--vis practice and current political trends in international relations. It focuses on traditional background assumptions of international legal scholarship, which constantly threaten this reflexive distance. Arguably these background assumptions are a 19th century legacy and today in a context of fragmentation and globalization stand in the way of developing the full potential of international legal scholarship as a medium of societal reflection. The classic role of the scholar as a law reformer in the current context turns out to be more problematic than it may have been in the past. Inspired by Kelsenian concerns and Nietzschean metaphorics, the article instead suggests that international legal scholarship functions as a cooling medium for the overheated discursive operations of the political, economic and legal subsystems of World Society./p
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"Norwegian Immigration to LaSalle County and beyond".
Author Dave Johnson has been involved with the Norsk Museum for ten years and as board president for the past six years. Three of Dave's grandparents were 100% Norwegian, immigrating from 1847 to 1892, all settling in Norway, Illinois area. In 1967, Dave's grandmother took a trip back to Norway, partly for genealogy reasons, tracing one line back to 1490's. This is when Dave was hooked on genealogy, almost 50 years ago. His goal to see the Norsk Museum [former Hauge Lutheran Church] recognized for its historic value was finally realized in October 2015, by the Illinois Register of Historic Places. The goal to be recognized on the National Register is the next step, because of this building's connection to Cleng Peerson, the Sloopers, Rev. Elling Eielsen and Norway, Illinois [the first permanent Norwegian Settlement in America]. Dave receives calls and emails from throughout the country and Norway regarding questions about tracing their roots, our Norwegian forefathers and about visiting our museum. Norwegian history is his passion as well as sharing the story.


Is there a correct answer to this question? Gartner says this is a question of rapidly-increasing importance. Read on for some insight.
The DevOps-Security hybrid model is not a new thing. Gartner first introduced this model nearly five years ago. It was driven by the need to define where DevOps' responsibility for security starts and ends, and how security teams can facilitate a streamlined process for building and deploying software in a secure manner.
Since then we've come a long way and today this model is often referred to as DevSecOps. The beauty of this hybrid model is that it integrates the best of both worlds – delivering value that is greater than the sum of its individual parts.
In the container space, DevSecOps becomes even more relevant and actionable. Until recently, DevSecOps wasn't so easy to achieve due to the lack of standardized, usable technology and tools. But now, the path to DevSecOps is open.
Let's take a look at the "traditional" roles of DevOps and security.
The DevOps movement sprung up as a push to get developers (the dev part) and operations (ops, the people who manage servers) a little closer. In the container space, rapid development cycles mean that DevOps tend to perceive traditional security processes and controls as impediments - stumbling blocks that they need to address but don't necessarily have the time or mindset to handle.
In container environments, images are assembled by developers from self-sourced and/or open source components. This places tremendous power in the developers' hands, and as Spiderman has taught us: with great power comes great responsibility. For reasons of preferring expediency over security, developers may choose to use unvetted code. Or they may inadvertently include code with known (or unknown) vulnerabilities. Either way, this can represent a serious security risk.
At the same time, developers can't be expected to know and address all security risks. Security is not their main responsibility; creating and running applications is. This means that they can't afford to dedicate a large portion of their time to security checks.
Security teams are traditionally responsible for creating and enforcing the procedures and policies that determine what constitutes acceptable vs. unacceptable risk. They may not be the ones fixing the vulnerabilities, but they do decide which vulnerabilities must be fixed. In order to accomplish this, Security requires visibility and enforcement capabilities over the process and outcome. They need to know which containers are running where, and be able to establish a clear container security checklist.
This is good in theory. The problem is that rapid container development cycles strain traditional security processes and controls. They truly can't keep up with the pace of change. In some organizations, we see that they have tried to cope with this by periodically shifting security experts into their DevOps team. This is great for the short-run but what about the long-run? That's why we see a steady shift towards the combination of both DevOps and Security.
By collaboratively and transparently integrating security at multiple points in DevOps workflows, the new DevSecOps model minimizes the impact on agility and speed while maximizing the security of the build and ship process.
This process is often referred to as "shifting security left" – moving security practices into the early phases of design and coding, instead of applying them haphazardly at the last minute before release. The DevSecOps model offers a security schema that fits the way container developers think and work – incremental, automatic, efficient, and repeatable.
How to Start Talking DevSecOps?
To facilitate implementation of the DevSecOps model, security controls must be automated within DevOps toolchains. From a process standpoint, security needs to start "talking DevOps", not the other way around. The tools used need to be transparent to DevOps teams, and shouldn't impede DevOps agility – yet at the same time fulfill legal and regulatory compliance requirements, with full control over policy and visibility given to security teams.
Container technology is probably the great enabler of DevSecOps. Not only does it make for rapid, repeatable application development and deployment cycles, but it also makes it possible for them to be more secure. Containers are immutable and therefore are never patched in runtime, but simply replaced with new versions. This shifts much of the security controls to the "left", i.e., upstream into the development cycle.


Families can flock to downtown Midland to visit their favorite stores and hear heroic superhero stories during the April 13 annual Downtown Story Day event.
Participating businesses from noon to 4 p.m. will create a cozy space for a volunteer to perform a "dramatic" reading of a children's superhero picture book, carefully selected by youth librarians at Grace A. Dow Memorial Library.
Following each story time, guests will receive raffle slips to enter for a chance to win the superhero books read at Downtown Story Day. The raffle will be held the week of April 15 with all books mailed to the winners.
Ace Hardware and Sports -- "Be a Star, Wonder Woman!"
Dive & Glide -- "Aquaman is Fair"
Gift of Hope -- "PJ Masks: Into the Night to Save the Day"
Good To Go -- "Night, Night Groot"
Grape Beginnings Winery -- "Ten Rules of being a Superhero"
Happy. Pretty. Lifestyle Design -- "The Day I Lost My Superpowers"
Health Hut -- "Dex: The Heart of a Hero"
Heather 'n Holly -- "Saved by the Shell"
Imagine That! -- "Ladybug Girl and the Rescue Dogs"
Little Forks Outfitters -- "The Astonishing Secrets of Awesome Man"
Peel 'n Pare -- "Even Superheroes Have a Bad Day"
Pizza Sam's -- "Ladybug Girl and Bumblebee Boy"
Serendipity Road -- "Family is a Superpower"
Ways to Wellness -- "Do Super Heroes Have Teddy Bears?"
A full reading schedule for each story is available at www.downtownmidland.com.
For questions or additional information, contact the Downtown Development Authority office at 989-837-3330 during regular office hours, Monday-Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., or visit www.downtownmidland.com.


text:
January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa.

Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

History

January (in Latin, Ianuarius) is named after Janus, the god of beginnings and transitions in Roman mythology.

Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February, so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the Decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on March 15 until 153 BC, at which point they started entering office on January 1.

Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes called Circumcision Style because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, being the seventh day after December 25.

Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, the Saxon term Wulf-monath (meaning "wolf month") and Charlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth ("winter / cold month"). In Slovene, it is traditionally called prosinec. The name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.

According to Theodor Mommsen, 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar (153 BC), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War. A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, "they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time" (March 15).

January symbols

 January's birthstone is the garnet, which represents constancy.
 Its birth flower is the cottage pink Dianthus caryophyllus or galanthus as well as the traditional carnation.
 The Japanese floral emblem of January is the camellia (Camellia sinensis).
 In Finnish, the month of tammikuu means the heart of the winter and because the name literally means "oak moon", it can be inferred that the oak tree is the heart of the grand forest with many valuable trees as opposed to the typical Arctic forests, which are typically pine and spruce. The photograph of a large tree covered with ice against a blue sky is a familiar scene during Finland's winter.
 The zodiac signs for the month of January are Capricorn (until January 19) and Aquarius (January 20 onwards).
 The name of the full moon occurring in January is the wolf moon.

January observances
This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.

Month-long observances

 Alzheimer's Awareness Month (Canada)
 Dry January (United Kingdom)
 National Codependency Awareness Month  (United States)
 National Mentoring Month (United States)
 National Healthy Weight Awareness Month  (United States)
 Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month (United States)
 Stalking Awareness Month  (United States)
 Veganuary

Food months in the United States
This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.
 Be Kind to Food Servers Month (by proclamation, State of Tennessee)
 California Dried Plum Digestive Health Month
 Hot Tea Month
 National Soup Month
 Oatmeal Month

Non-Gregorian observances, 2021 dates
All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown on the date in question.
 List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar
 List of observances set by the Chinese calendar
 List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar
 List of observances set by the Islamic calendar
 List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar

Moveable observances
This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.
 See: List of movable Western Christian observances
 See: List of movable Eastern Christian observances
January 2 unless that day is a Sunday, in which case January 3: January 2
 New Year Holiday (Scotland)
First Friday
 Children's Day (Bahamas)
Second Saturday
 Children's Day (Thailand)
Second Monday
 Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos (Puerto Rico, United States)
 Coming of Age Day (Japan)
Friday before third Monday
 Lee–Jackson Day (Virginia, United States, defunct)
Third Friday
 International Fetish Day
Sunday closest to January 22
 National Sanctity of Human Life Day (United States)
Third full week of January
 Hunt for Happiness Week (International observance)
 National Non-Smoking Week (Canada)
Last full week of January
 National School Choice Week (United States)
Third Monday
 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (United States)
 Idaho Human Rights Day (Idaho, United States)
Wednesday of the third full week of January
 Weedless Wednesday (Canada)
Friday between January 19–25
 Husband's Day (Iceland)
Last Saturday
 National Seed Swap Day (United States)
Last Sunday
 Liberation of Auschwitz Memorial Day (Netherlands)
January 30 or the nearest Sunday
 World Leprosy Day
Last Monday in January
 Bubble Wrap Appreciation Day
Fourth Monday
 Community Manager Appreciation Day (International observance)
 National Heroes' Day (Cayman Islands)
Monday Closest to January 29
 Auckland Anniversary Day

Fixed observances
 December 25 – January 5: Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)
 December 26 – January 1: Kwanzaa (African Americans)
 December 31 – January 1, in some cases until January 2: Hogmanay (Scotland)
 January 1
 Feast of the Circumcision of Christ
 Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus (Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church)
 Feast of Fools (Medieval Europe)
 Constitution Day (Italy)
 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia-related observances:
 Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic (Slovakia)
 Restoration Day of the Independent Czech State (Czech Republic)
 Euro Day (European Union)
 Flag Day (Lithuania)
 Founding Day (Taiwan)
 Global Family Day
 Independence Day (Brunei, Cameroon, Haiti, Sudan)
 International Nepali Dhoti and Nepali Topi Day
 Jump-up Day (Montserrat, British Overseas Territories)
 Kalpataru Day (Ramakrishna Movement)
 National Bloody Mary Day (United States)
 National Tree Planting Day (Tanzania)
 New Year's Day
 Japanese New Year
 Novy God Day (Russia)
 Sjoogwachi (Okinawa Islands)
 Polar Bear Swim Day (Canada and United States)
 Public Domain Day (multiple countries)
 Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Catholic Church)
 World Day of Peace
 Triumph of the Revolution (Cuba)
 January 2
 Ancestry Day (Haiti)
 Berchtold's Day (Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and the Alsace)
 Carnival Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
 Happy Mew Year For Cats Day (Thomas Roy)
 Kakizome (Japan)
 National Creampuff Day (United States)
 National Science Fiction Day (United States)
 The second day of New Year (a holiday in Armenia, Kazakhstan, North Macedonia, Mauritius, Montenegro, New Zealand, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, and Ukraine)
 Nyinlong (Bhutan)
 Victory of Armed Forces Day (Cuba)
 January 3
 Anniversary of the 1966 Coup d'état (Burkina Faso)
 Memento Mori (Thomas Roy)
 Nakhatsenendyan toner (Armenia): January 3–5
 Ministry of Religious Affairs Day (Indonesia)
 National Chocolate Covered Cherry Day (United States)
 Tamaseseri Festival (Hakozaki Shrine, Fukuoka, Japan)
 January 4
 Day of the Fallen against the Colonial Repression (Angola)
 Day of the Martyrs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 Dimpled Chad Day (Thomas Roy)
 Hwinukan mukee (Okinawa Islands, Japan)
 Independence Day (Myanmar)
 Ogoni Day (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People)
 World Braille Day
 January 5
 National Bird Day (United States)
 National Whipped Cream Day (United States)
 Sausage Day (United Kingdom)
 Strawberry day (Japan)
 Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day (Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, Australia)
 Tucindan (Serbia, Montenegro)
 January 6
 Armed Forces Day (Iraq)
 Epiphany or Three Kings' Day (Western Christianity) or Theophany (Eastern Christianity), and its related observances:
 Befana Day (Italy)
 Christmas (Armenian Apostolic Church)
 Christmas Eve (Russia)
 Christmas Eve (Ukraine)
 Christmas Eve (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 Christmas Eve (North Macedonia)
 Little Christmas (Ireland)
 Þrettándinn (Iceland)
 Three Wise Men Day
 Pathet Lao Day (Laos)
 January 7
 Christmas (Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches using the Julian Calendar, Rastafari)
 Christmas in Russia
 Christmas in Ukraine
 Christmas (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 Remembrance Day of the Dead (Armenia)
 Distaff Day (Medieval Europe)
 Nanakusa no sekku (Japan)
 Pioneer's Day (Liberia)
 Tricolour day (Italy)
 Victory from Genocide Day (Cambodia)
 January 8
 Show and Tell Day at Work (Thomas Roy)
 The Eighth (United States) (defunct observance)
 Typing Day (international observance)
 January 9
 Start of Hōonkō (Nishi Honganji) January 9–16 (Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism)
 Martyrs' Day (Panama)
 National Cassoulet Day (United States)
 Non-Resident Indian Day (India)
 Republic Day (Republika Srpska) (defunct, declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 St. Stephen's Day (Eastern Orthodox)
 January 10
 Fête du Vodoun (Benin)
 Majority Rule Day (Bahamas)
 January 11
 Children's Day (Tunisia)
 Eugenio María de Hostos Day (Puerto Rico)
 German Apples Day (Germany)
 Independence Manifesto Day (Morocco)
 Kagami biraki (Japan)
 National Human Trafficking Awareness Day (United States)
 Republic Day (Albania)
 January 12
 Memorial Day (Turkmenistan)
 Prosecutor General's Day (Russia)
 National Youth Day (India)
 Zanzibar Revolution Day (Tanzania)
 January 13
 Constitution Day (Mongolia)
 Democracy Day (Cape Verde)
 Liberation Day (Togo)
 Old New Year's Eve (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro, Republic of Srpska, North Macedonia), and its related observances:
 Malanka (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus)
 St. Knut's Day (Sweden and Finland)
 Stephen Foster Memorial Day (United States)
 January 14
 Azhyrnykhua (Abkhazia)
 Day of Defenders of the Motherland (Uzbekistan)
 Feast of Divina Pastora (Barquisimeto)
 Feast of the Ass (Medieval Christianity)
 Flag Day (Georgia)
 National Forest Conservation Day (Thailand)
 Ratification Day (United States)
 Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)
 Yennayer (Berbers)
 January 15
 Arbor Day (Egypt)
 Armed Forces Day (Nigeria)
 Indian Army Day (India)
 John Chilembwe Day (Malawi)
 Korean Alphabet Day (North Korea)
 Sagichō at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū (Kamakura, Japan)
 Teacher's Day (Venezuela)
 Wikipedia Day (international observance)
 January 16
 National Nothing Day (Thomas Roy)
 National Religious Freedom Day (United States)
 Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Coptic Church)
 Teacher's Day (Myanmar)
 Teachers' Day (Thailand)
 Zuuruku Nichi (Okinawa Islands, Japan)
 Thiruvalluvar Day (Tamil Nadu, India)
 January 17
 Hardware Freedom Day (international observance)
 Judgement Day
 National Day (Menorca)
 The opening ceremony of Patras Carnival, celebrated until Clean Monday (Patras)
 January 18
 Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)
 Royal Thai Armed Forces Day (Thailand)
 Week of Prayer for Christian Unity (January 18–25) (Christianity)
 January 19
 Confederate Heroes Day (Texas), and its related observance:
 Robert E. Lee Day (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi)
 Lee–Jackson–King Day (Virginia, United States, defunct)
 Husband's Day (Iceland)
 Kokborok Day (Tripura, India)
 National Popcorn Day (United States)
 Theophany / Epiphany (Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy), and its related observances:
 Timkat, (on 20th during Leap Year) (Ethiopian Orthodox)
 Vodici or Baptism of Jesus (North Macedonia)
 January 20
 Armed Forces Day (Mali)
 Cheese Day (United States)
 Heroes' Day (Cape Verde)
 Inauguration Day, held every four years in odd-numbered years, except when January 20 falls on a Sunday (United States)
 Martyrs' Day (Azerbaijan)
 January 21
 Babinden (Bulgaria, Serbia)
 Birthday of Princess Ingrid Alexandra (Norway)
 Errol Barrow Day (Barbados)
 Flag Day (Quebec)
 Grandmother's Day (Poland)
 Lady of Altagracia Day (Dominican Republic)
 Lincoln Alexander Day (Canada)
 National Hug Day (United States)
 January 22
 Answer Your Cat's Question Day
 Day of Unity of Ukraine (Ukraine)
 Grandfather's Day (Poland)
 National Hot Sauce Day (United States)
 January 23
 Bounty Day (Pitcairn Island)
 Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic Church)
 National Pie Day (United States)
 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's Jayanti (Orissa, Tripura, and West Bengal, India)
 Snow Plow Mailbox Hockey Day
 World Freedom Day (Taiwan and South Korea)
 January 24
 Feast of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholic Church), and its related observances:
 Feria de Alasitas (La Paz)
 Moebius Syndrome Awareness Day (international observance)
 National Peanut Butter Day (United States)
 Unification Day (Romania)
 January 25
 2011 Revolution Day (Egypt)
 A Room of One's Own Day
 Burns night (Scotland, Scottish community)
 Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Wales)
 Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches, which concludes the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity)
 National Police Day (Egypt)
 National Voters' Day (India)
 Tatiana Day (Russia, Eastern Orthodox)
 January 26
 Australia Day (Australia)
 Duarte Day (Dominican Republic)
 Engineer's Day (Panama)
 International Customs Day
 Liberation Day (Uganda)
 Republic Day (India)
 January 27
 Day of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad (Russia)
 Liberation of the remaining inmates of Auschwitz-related observances:
 Holocaust Memorial Day (UK)
 Holocaust Remembrance Day (Sweden)
 International Holocaust Remembrance Day
 Memorial Day (Italy)
 Memorial Day for the Victims of the Holocaust and Prevention of Crimes against Humanity (Czech Republic)
 Memorial Day for the Victims of National Socialism (Germany)
 National Holocaust Memorial Day (Greece)
 Family Literacy Day (Canada)
 Feast of Saint Slava (Serbia)
 National Chocolate Cake Day (United States)
 Saint Devota's Day (Monaco)
 January 28
 Army Day (Armenia)
 Data Privacy Day (international observance)
 January 29
 Kansas Day (Kansas, United States)
 January 30
 Day of Azerbaijani customs (Azerbaijan)
 Day of Saudade (Brazil)
 Fred Korematsu Day (California, United States)
 Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi-related observances:
 Martyrs' Day (India)
 School Day of Non-violence and Peace (Spain)
 Start of the Season for Nonviolence January 30 – April 4
 National Inane Answering Message Day (United States)
 Teacher's Day (Greece)
 January 31
 Amartithi (Meherabad, India, followers of Meher Baba)
 Independence Day (Nauru)
 Me-Dam-Me-Phi (Ahom people)
 Street Children's Day (Austria)

References

01

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bigger Than Big Brother: The play of power relations in Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Clash 2010 - iskWiki!
This study focuses on the power relations that existed between Big Brother and the teen boarders in the duration of Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Clash 2010.
Pinoy Big Brother (PBB) has become a phenomenon in modern Philippine television. This reality show isolates and houses a group of individuals. Their actions and conversations are recorded and they are supervised by Big Brother who is known to be the 'owner' of the house.
The paper explores the different notions of power that have been analysed by Robert Dahl and Michel Foucault. Guided by these notions, it examines the mechanisms of power employed inside the Big Brother House and their correlation to the power relations between Big Brother and his boarders.
This study examines the kind of strategies that arose in the show and how they were used as attempts to produce obedient and productive boarders. It also looks at how 'free' were the boarders in their decision making considering the fact that they had certain capacities for action but were also subjected to the power relations inside the house.
This study also investigates resistance, if any, coming from the boarders and Big Brother himself. By studying closely the activities of the boarders, I analyse the text inside the Big Brother house and describe the phenomena of power relation that existed in the said show.
Carbon, K. (2011). Bigger Than Big Brother: The Play of Power Relations in Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Clash 2011. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.
This page was last modified on 30 April 2012, at 07:01.


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text:
Gay Activists Alliance Protest at New York City Police Headquarters
Activism & Politics Manhattan Lower Manhattan 1970s Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Public Spaces
On November 11, 1972, the Gay Activists Alliance led a protest over never-ending police mistreatment of the LGBT community at Police Headquarters downtown.
This was said to be the first such protest at that location.
Protest at NYC Police Headquarters on November 11, 1972. Councilman Eldon R. Clingan (left), original co-sponsor of Intro 475 to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, and Bruce Voeller (right), who became the third GAA president in January 1973. Photo by Artie Felson. Source: GAY, December 11, 1972.
GAA Protest at NYC Police Headquarters press release, November 8, 1972. Source: Archives of Sexuality and Gender.
GAA flyer for the Protest at NYC Police Headquarters on November 11, 1972. Source: Peter Fisher Collection, NYC LGBT Community Center Archive.
Nearly three and a half years after Stonewall, the LGBT community was still suffering from mistreatment by the New York City Police Department. This included police harassment of homosexuals, their refusal to come to the aid of the gay community when it was actually needed, and their use of obsolete sodomy and solicitation laws. On November 11, 1972, the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) led a protest for over an hour by about 100 people at Police Headquarters downtown. This was said to be the first such protest at that location. The crowd also included members of the Mattachine Society New York, Gay Alliance of Brooklyn, Gay Activists Alliance New Jersey, Village Independent Democrats, Park West Democrats, and New York State Americans for Democratic Action.
NEW YORK'S 800,000 HOMOSEXUAL WOMEN AND MEN WILL NO LONGER TOLERATE GOVERNMENTAL DISREGARD FOR THEIR CIVIL RIGHTS AND PERSONAL DIGNITY AND SAFETY!!!!!
Gay Activists Alliance, protest flyer
Ronald Gold, GAA spokesman, criticized Mayor John V. Lindsay for his failure to follow through on his promises of support for the rights of the LGBT community. One of the speakers was city councilman Eldon R. Clingan, who had initially sponsored Intro 475 (Clingan-Burden Bill) in the City Council in January 1971 to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, but it had failed to pass. Arthur Bell, GAA member and reporter for the Village Voice, also spoke.
Read about other GAA actions, listed in chronological order, in our curated theme.
Architect or Builder: Hoppin, Koen and Huntington
Year Built: 1905-08
Edward Hudson, "Protest Staged by Homosexuals," The New York Times, November 12, 1972, 48.
Gay Activists Alliance, "Gay People Protest Police Perversion of Justice" flyer, November 11, 1972, in Peter Fisher Collection, LGBT Community Center National History Archive.
Gay Activists Alliance, Protest at NYC Police Headquarters press release, November 8, 1972.
"N.Y. Activists Protest Police Harassment," GAY, December 11, 1972, 20, 23.
Gay Activists Alliance
Whitehall Street, south of Water/State Streets
New Amsterdam "Place of Execution"
Robert Rauschenberg Residence & Studio
City Hall Park
Jane Addams Memorial

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Plant a Tree for John
John C. McDonald
October 18, 1929 ~ January 17, 2023 (age 93) 93 Years Old
Read more about the life story of John and share your memory.
John C. McDonald, age 93 of Wisconsin Rapids, went to be with his wife Therese on Tuesday, January 17, 2023 at the Waterford in Wisconsin Rapids.
Services will be at 1:30 p.m. on Thursday, January 19, 2023, at Herman-Taylor Funeral Home. Visitation will be from 10:00 am until the time of services at the funeral home. Private burial with military honors will be at Arlington Cemetery in Milwaukee, WI at a later date.
John was born October 18, 1929, in Milwaukee to Charles and Evelyn (Goetz) McDonald. He married Therese Guenette on December 22, 1951, in Schaefer, MI. They were blessed with 72 years of marriage until her passing on December, 31, 2022.
John proudly served his country in US Army as a paratrooper during the Korean conflict, completing 19 jumps. He was a founding partner in Northern Steel Castings Foundry in Wisconsin Rapids working there for over 25 years. In his earlier years he was a speed skater also teaching his children to skate. John also enjoyed snowmobiles, he helped restore a 1969 669 TNT Ski-Doo. He also enjoyed auto racing especially midget cars. He was known for his craftsmanship of traditional long bows. John loved the outdoors, especially spending time with his wife Therese and their family at their cabin in Butternut. John loved eating Therese 's chocolate chip cookies just as much as she loved baking them.
John is survived by his loving children: Kathleen (Gregory) Skerven, John R. (Margy) McDonald, Jean (Rock) Irving, Dennis (Lori) McDonald, David (Brenda) McDonald; grandchildren: Heather, Erin, Karen, John M., Travis, Crystal, Amber, Mindy, Alaina, Jennifer, Kristin, Emily, Nick, and Kate; 21 great-grandchildren; special daughter-in-law Sheri McGinnis; niece and nephew, Dona (Michael Spencer) Haske and Robert (Sharon) Haske.
He was preceded in death by his loving wife Therese; sister, Margaret (Robert) Haske and his grandson Robert "Bucky" Skerven.
The family would like to express a heartfelt Thank you to friends Lisa Sommerfeldt and Rhoda King and the staff of the Waterford for their exceptional care of Dad and Mom during their stay there.
To plant a beautiful memorial tree in memory of John C. McDonald, please visit our Tree Store.
John McDonald
October 18, 1929-January 17, 2023


text:
Covid Scotland update RECAP: 41 further deaths as 966 new cases confirmed
John Swinney is speaking at today's daily briefing - here's the latest.
Gary ArmstrongJournalist
Holly LennonJournalist
Carla Jenkins
The Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine has now arrived in the UK, with a military operation to protect where it is being held.
Jeane Freeman has said yesterday that there are concerns from MI5 about publishing a list of locations where coronavirus vaccines will be stored in Scotland.
There are currently 23 freezers in Scotland that can store the vaccine at -17 degrees in Scotland.
Yesterday, Ms Freeman revealed the plans behind administering the vaccination in Scotland, which will start on December the 8th - these will be posted in the blog.
However, today, sadly another 41 deaths were announced.
Deputy First Minister John Swinney, speaking at today's briefing, also confirmed 966 positive cases in the past 24 hours. 258 of those cases have been recorded in the Greater Glasgow and Clyde area, with 166 in Lanarkshire.
965 people across the country are in hospital, a decrease of 17, with 65 in ICU, a decrease of four.
For the latest from the briefing, follow our live blog updates below.
Timeframe for under 50s being vaccinated is the 'biggest unknown'
Vaccinating under 50s is the 'biggest unknown' in the vaccinating programme, says Professor Jason Leitch.
He adds: "Under 50s is the biggest unknown because we'll need the biggest number of vaccines. We hope it'll begin in the first half of next year, will depend on us getting the vaccine. Many more vaccines will come along and we're hoping that'll happen in the next few months.
"99 per cent of mortality happens in over 50s that why we're concentrating on that age."
Pay freeze for MSPs 'right thing to do', says John Swinney
A pay freeze for MSP's is the 'right thing to do', says John Swinney.
Salary increases for MSPs are linked to public sector pay and they would have been in line for a 5.1% rise in 2021.
But Presiding Officer Ken Macintosh announced the Scottish Parliament's cross-party corporate body has rejected a pay rise for MSPs next year and has called for salaries to be frozen.
Gyms to remain closed for any area in Level 4 as of next review
Professor Jason Leitch has confirmed that gyms will remain closed for any area in Level 4 as they are not 'risk-free'.
A review of the level will be announced on Tuesday when all Level 4 restrictions are expected to be lifted.
Professor Leitch said: "Level 4 is used in exception to drive down prevalence so has to be severe. The FM has been very clear that level 4 will finish on December 11 at that point we'll announce which levels local authorities will go into.
"Gyms will be open in Level 3, they are not risk-free. We can't publish exact transmission sites for every case. That data is impossible because of the incubation period of the virus. Everyone gets symptoms 7-10 days after catching it so it's impossible to tell where they've got it from."
First phase of vaccination programme to be completed by Spring
Scotland's vaccine roll-out plan has been confirmed by the Deputy First Minister.
We will start by vaccinating those who will vaccinate everybody else. We will then follow the independent advice that we have received from the joint committee on vaccination and immunisation.
They have recommended prioritising those with the greatest clinical need, specifically frontline health workers, residents and workers in care homes for older people, and people over the age of 80.
These will be the first groups to receive the vaccine. With regards to the Pfizer vaccine, there are conditions attached to its authorisation which makes it difficult to transport to some locations, such as care homes.
We are in the process of planning how that can be done safely and effectively, and we plan for the vaccine to start reaching care homes from 14th December.
Provided that the volume of vaccines being delivered allows - and this'll be influenced by other vaccines gaining approval like Pfizers - we aim to have the first phase of the vaccination programme completed by spring.
Clearly, if there are delays in supplies that will impact our timings, but we will move as swiftly and effectively as vaccine supplies allow.
Rates relief for nurseries extended until 2023
The Scottish Government has today announced the extension of rates relief scheme for nurseries.
The scheme provides full non-domestic rates relief for premises that are used entirely or primarily as day nurseries. This year alone it is estimated to have saved eligible nurseries around an average of £12,000.
The rates relief scheme was due to expire in March. It's now been extended for a further two years until June 2023.
Deputy First Minister John Swinney says: "We hope this helps to ensure childcare can remain as affordable as possible. Day nurseries, like so many businesses, have faced continuing financial pressures as a result of the pandemic.
"However they play a critical part in supporting the learning and the development of young children, and they will also be especially important, as our economy recovers from the crisis, in allowing parents and carers to work, study, and to learn new skills."
Care home vaccinating to begin on December 14
Vaccinating care home residents will begin on December 14.
It comes after it was confirmed that the vaccine can be transported safely.
Scottish Government continuing to advise strongly against any unnecessary travel overseas
Anyone arriving from countries not on the safe travel list will still have to quarantine for two weeks, regardless of changes in England.
England is preparing to make changes to quarantine requirements for people in certain industries.
The Scottish Government has not made any changes to the quarantine exemption list.
41 further coronavirus deaths reported overnight
The coronavirus statistics today are:
966 people have tested positive for coronavirus - 4.2 per cent of the total number of tests carried out.
Total number of cases 98,686
965 patients in hospital - a decrease of 17
65 in intensive care - 4 less than yesterday
41 deaths registered of patients who had tested positive in last 28 days.
Total deaths under that measure is 3,889
Healthboard breakdown:
258 are in Greater Glasgow and Clyde Glasgow
166 in Lanarkshire
117 in Lothian
John Swinney to speak at today's daily briefing
No Nicola Sturgeon for today's briefing - Deputy First Minister John Swinney and Professor Jason Leitch will be up at 12.15.
Jeanne Freeman confirms vaccine 'can be taken to care homes'
The Health Secretary says a full list of vaccination venues will be published as soon as it is confirmed, which will be before Holyrood's Christmas recess.
She said the 23 freezers allocated for storing the Pfizer vaccine at ultra-low temperatures are already in place in the health board areas, but the UK's national security services are "unsure about the wisdom" of going public with where the storage of the "very precious" vaccine is located.
She adds that it is now known that vulnerable people can be vaccinated in their care homes, and possibly even their own homes.
FULL STORY: Covid Scotland: Health Secretary confirms vaccine 'can be taken to care homes'
Freeman updates on vaccine plan
Jeane Freeman has outlined the immediate coronavirus vaccine plan as follows:
vaccinating to begin on December 8
16/17 year olds with underlying conditions now treated as priority
each person will need a second dose between 21 and 28 days after their first
pregnant women and those planning to be pregnant within three months not to get the vaccine
vaccinators will be trained from tomorrow
by vaccinating health and social care workers, care home residents and staff aims to cover almost 99 per cent of vaccine-preventable deaths from Covid-19


text:
Battling Evolution to Fight Antibiotic Resistance
For any new antibiotic, resistant bacteria typically show up in four years, or less.
Monya Baker(mbaker@the-scientist.com)
For any new antibiotic, resistant bacteria typically show up in four years, or less. Penicillin resistance was reported clinically even before large-scale use of the antibiotic began in 1942. The battle against antibiotic-resistant bacteria demands new drugs and smarter, more responsible ways to use existing ones. Some researchers, however, are pursuing another type of weapon: drugs that sidestep natural selection. Less virulent bacteria would decrease the need for antibiotics, some reason, and drugs that drastically slow mutation rates might cut off evolution's power source.
Evaluating nonkilling approaches in the lab and clinic is tricky, and outfoxing evolution in the real world could prove even more difficult. Bacteria have evolved their way past ostensibly impenetrable barriers a number of times. Still, even if new approaches only hold off the inevitable, they could be a big win. "Half a loaf is better than none," says Abigail Salyers, professor of microbiology at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Moreover, since microbe defenses develop so quickly, staying ahead of these pathogens requires more than new drugs that kill bacteria in new ways.
DISARMING BACTERIA
If bacteria are rendered harmless, there's no need to kill them, and no need for bacteria to develop resistance, says Stuart Levy, a Tufts University professor and director of the Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance. He hopes to counter resistance by keeping bacteria from becoming virulent. In the 1990s, while investigating tetracycline resistance, he stumbled on a single point mutation that made bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics. This led to the discovery of the mar operon, which so far has homologs in every sequenced bacterium. Function appears conserved as well, at least across the enterobacteria, a class that includes Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, and other human pathogens.
The operon's chief activator, MarA, controls more than 50 genes, many of which promote not resistance, but virulence.1 Several help bacteria to form biofilms. These microbial mats are less vulnerable to host immune systems and are blamed for some 80% of infections.
A drug that blocks MarA's activity, Levy reasons, would keep bacteria in a free-floating state, both less dangerous and easier prey for the immune system. Ideally, infections could be prevented in susceptible patients without resorting to antibiotics that select for resistance. Because the drug wouldn't actually kill the bacteria, mutations blocking its function wouldn't be highly selected for. Levy has cofounded a company to search for these drugs.
COMMON PATHS TO RESISTANCE:
Joelle L. Bolt
Just as antibiotic mechanisms vary, resistance to them can take many forms. Plasmid or chromosomal gene-encoded mechanisms are generally directed at the antibiotic itself – degrading the drug, modifying it, or actively pumping it out of the cell. Mutation-derived resistance mechanisms commonly alter the drug target. More than one mechanism can provide resistance to the same antibiotic.
It's an intriguing idea, but difficult to test, says Molly Schmid, a microbiologist at the Keck Graduate Institute in Claremont, Calif. Antibiotic research has been built around standard, decades-old measures, such as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Approaches inhibiting virulence will have a more difficult time establishing efficacy. "Because you don't have that simple test anymore, there would need to be a great deal of change in how we think about what we are treating," says Schmid. Clinical trials and even preclinical models could become difficult to design.
Inhibiting the mar operon should make bacteria easier to kill as well as less virulent, and as a result, inhibitors may provide a way to fight bacteria directly while validating more subtle approaches. "If we saw a bigger than expected effect," says Schmid, "there may be more benefits than we can readily realize through simple in vitro studies."
STOPPING EVOLUTION
Floyd Romesberg, assistant professor of chemistry at Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, contends that evolution of new resistance genes can be stopped, or at least slowed by a factor of ten thousand. Conventional wisdom says that any population of a hundred million bacteria would have some resistant individuals just by chance. But Romesberg says the process can't be that passive. "Resistance is able to evolve efficiently against anything," he says. "So the diversity would have to be infinite."
If E. coli is plated onto media containing the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, the plates show no growth for the first four days of incubation. Then, the plates become covered with bacteria. During the initial lag, a tiny fraction of bacteria survive but do not grow, reasons Romesberg. Almost none of the resistant colonies come from slow-growing bacteria that start out resistant, he hypothesizes, because bacteria from 99.99% of these colonies regrow in one day, not five.
By deleting genes, Romesberg's team found a handful of otherwise healthy strains that don't regrow on ciprofloxacin-laced plates. All these strains lack genes that are part of the so-called SOS response, which allows bacteria to repair DNA, albeit sloppily, in a crisis. Romesberg has homed in on LexA, a protease that represses the SOS response in healthy cells. When DNA is damaged, single-stranded DNA bound to a regulatory protein causes LexA to cleave itself, which derepresses the production of nonessential DNA polymerases that conduct sloppy repair and introduce mutations.
Romesberg's group created a version of LexA that still represses the SOS response but can't cleave itself. The researchers injected mice with pathogenic E. coli expressing either normal or noncleavable LexA; they then treated the mice with antibiotics for three days. Resistant bacteria showed up in the mice infected with normal E. coli, but not in mice infected with E. coli expressing noncleavable LexA.2 Romesberg says that the sloppy repair provided by the SOS response accelerates the evolution of resistance. He has cofounded a company to develop SOS-response inhibitors.
But the story is hardly a lock. "Self-mutagenesis is a very dangerous strategy for cells to use, especially since many stresses that would induce this, in theory, are ones for which no beneficial mutations could solve the problem," says John Roth, professor of microbiology at University of California, Davis. "In these situations, mutagenesis would be suicidal."
Romesberg agrees that aspects of his mechanism are speculative. For example, during the five days before the appearance of lawns of resistant bacteria, exponential growth of very small populations could occur, rather than the inhibited growth of most survivors. That still does not change the finding that LexA is crucial to resistance evolution. "What matters," says Romesberg, "is that there are proteins that, when you inhibit them, the cells don't mutate."
So far, Romesberg has worked only with E. coli and only with antibiotics that affect DNA and RNA synthesis, but he says the mechanism is turned on whenever stress stalls DNA replication: "My wild speculation is that it utterly underlies evolution."
DARWIN VERSUS ANTIBIOTICS
Salyers applauds Romesberg's work as "trying to get to the root of the problem," and commends Levy's work for considering "real-world ecology" of the spread of resistance. But Salyers remains skeptical: "It's a great strategy, but people that tell you it's a salvation are fooling you."
Both Romesberg's and Levy's approaches would require two drugs to fight infections: one to kill the bacteria, and another to keep them susceptible. Evolving resistance to overcome two barriers is much harder than overcoming resistance to a single agent (see box above). Still, such resistance happens.
Bacteria tend to collect resistance mechanisms, and countering one kind of resistance may be completely ineffective if another kind is present. For example, says Salyers, efflux pumps were once thought to be the only mechanism of resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline, but some forms of bacteria have an internal protein that blocks tetracycline's effects. "You can block all the efflux pumps you want," she says; "It won't make a difference against that kind of resistance." In fact, all approaches to stall evolution suffer from a common weakness: They work in laboratory conditions, but are unproven in the varied environment of human societies. Salyers and others say that most resistant bacteria do not evolve resistance on their own but acquire it from mobile genetic elements.
Even so, spontaneous mutation ultimately underlies all resistance mechanisms, and it is particularly important in long-lasting infections such as tuberculosis. For certain antibiotics, such as rifampin and the quinolines (including ciprofloxacin), evolving resistance requires mutations in three or fewer base pairs in one gene. Partly for this reason, and partly because these are relatively new antibiotic classes, mutation seems more important for generating resistance. (Nonetheless, resistance plasmids for the quinolines have been reported.)
Salyers welcomes evolution-thwarting approaches, but insists that they will only help, not solve, problems of antibiotic resistance. Schmid agrees that these approaches challenge scientists and clinicians "to believe there are other ways [to fight bacteria] than just using a hammer and smashing them." But she doubts that evolution can be kept down: "If there are simple mutational changes that will allow the bacteria to grow, then they're going to do it."
Double-teaming Resistant Bacteria
Plants have already evolved a double-pronged strategy to combat resistance. Kim Lewis, professor of biology at Northeastern University, found the first natural example of synergistically acting compounds while studying bacterial multidrug-resistant (MDR) pumps. Lewis assumed the pumps evolved to defend against natural products, but when he compiled a list of known substrates to a particular pump that ejected hydrophobic cations, he found only artificial compounds. "I had drawn up all this evolutionary logic," he recalls, "but all the compounds had been synthesized just 30 years ago."
Determined to find a natural-product substrate, Lewis searched through the Merck Index for hydrophobic cations with no known activity. He stopped at berberine, an alkaloid made by Berberis, a plant native to Colorado. "We test it as an antimicrobial and it's lousy. Then we test it against a strain where we've knocked out the MDR pump and it's fantastic."
Working with phytochemists in Colorado, Lewis worked out that Berberis fights bacteria not just with berberine, but also with 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin (MHC), a compound previously known only as a minor component of a traditional leprosy treatment. MHC potently inhibits the MDR pump. Together, these compounds provide powerful antimicrobial protection.
Pump inhibitors are already in clinical trials but are thwarted by bacterial diversity. Pump inhibitors that work well against one species are often powerless against another, and clinicians rarely have time or means to identify the pathogen they're fighting. But when they do, pump inhibitors could make nearly impotent antibiotics into wonder drugs once again.
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WHO OKs Plan to Fight Antibiotic Resistance


One of the most important things you can do to prepare for travel is to itemize what you need to pack. You should start this list at least one week in advance, preferably earlier than that. The list should include all of your necessities for the trip. Even if you won't have time to pack until the last minute, having a list will keep you organized.
As you travel abroad, be conscious of the taxi services you use. You should ensure that you are using a legitimate taxi service. Anyone could put a taxi magnet on their car, but they could be someone else.
Check out your hotels alarms when you arrive. The alarm clock may be set to go off in the dead of the night or at the crack of dawn either due to the last guest's plans or as a prank. Turn the alarm off, or set it when you want to get up, if you want your vacation to start in a relaxing way.
Make sure you keep a matchbook, business card or some other small item from the hotel when you're going out. If you get lost, this item will help to show someone where it is you need to get back to. This is very useful if you do not know the language well.
When packing light for longer trips, try bringing a softly-lined raincoat. You don't want to be caught in terrible weather without a way to protect yourself. This rain coat can make you feel very comfortable during hazardous conditions or just running around your hotel room.
Consider buying bottled water once you arrive or melt the hotel ice to get filtered water for making coffee. Since the tap water may not taste too good, fill the ice bucket with ice and let it melt while you sleep. In the morning, you can brew your coffee with filtered water that tastes fresher.
The Internet has become an awesome resource when it comes to planning your next vacation. Travel websites can assist you in the planning of your trip's itinerary. It is simple to find a hotel, schedule a flight or choose a rental car all while using your computer. All major travel websites have images of the hotels in their listings. They also include ratings and reviews by users who have stayed at the hotels. Travel sites also show reviews of hotels along with photos of rooms and their facilities.
If you are traveling on a plane, pack snacks that are non-liquid. Fresh snacks like grapes, strawberries or apple slices break the trip up and give your stomach a break from those heavy airplane meals. Since you are taking along some tasty fresh snacks, it will save you from purchasing those expensive airport treats, and have something to share with your neighbor on the plane.
In order to get your body to get used to a different time zone, it is recommended that you do not go to bed until 8 P.M. or later. You'll be tired that day, but staying up will force you to adjust to the new time zone. Sleeping when you get tired will just lengthen the adjustment time period. Your jet lag will end more quickly if you immerse yourself in the current time zone.
To make the most of your precious travel time, don't forget to consider how the weather may influence and affect your travel plans. Check the forecast for your destination. Nothing can ruin the best travel plans quicker than ending up on a freezing beach in Florida or a sweltering ski slope in Colorado.
When traveling to new countries, keep a card handy with a few important words in the local language, such as any foods you might be allergic to. This will give your server a good idea of what you are able to eat. These cards will increase the chances of you having great dining experiences while you are gone.
Travel should be fun! Use the advice you learned here to keep your trip fun from the day you start planning until you return home.


Service oriented is what Cafe de Patan all about. We are privileged to state that for the convenience of our guests, we have a small guest house attached to the Cafe. There are 8 rooms in total, each with spectacular views of the old temples of Patan. Next time you want to wake up with the shrines around you, just book yourself a room in Cafe de Patan.
We have beautiful space for private parties. The homely atmospheres and the ever smiling staffs around will always make you feel as if you are partying at your own home. Be it your child's birthday or your own birthday, just remember us.
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We continue to deliver quality baked goods to satisfied customers every day. Also there is a 25% off on all bakery products after 7 pm every day.