text:
Justia Regulation Tracker Department Of The Interior Land Management Bureau Temporary Closure of Public Lands During Competitive Special Recreation Permitted Events: Nevada, Carson City Field Office, 11263-11264 [05-4422]
Temporary Closure of Public Lands During Competitive Special Recreation Permitted Events: Nevada, Carson City Field Office, 11263-11264 [05-4422]
Download as PDF Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 44 / Tuesday, March 8, 2005 / Notices intersection of Horse Drive and Bradley Road. N–78352—Elementary School Mount Diablo Meridian T. 19 S., R. 59 E., sec 13: E1⁄2SW1⁄4NW1⁄4SE1⁄4, SE1⁄4NW1⁄4SE1⁄4, 15 acres—General location: Northwest of the intersection of Elkhorn Road and North Hualapai Way. N–78353—Middle School Mount Diablo Meridian T. 19 S., R. 59 E., sec 13: E1⁄2NE1⁄4SW1⁄4, W1⁄2W1⁄2NW1⁄4SE1⁄4, 30 acres—General location: Northwest of the intersection of Elkhorn Road and North Hualapai Way. N–78354—Elementary School Mount Diablo Meridian T. 19 S., R. 59 E., sec 24: SE1⁄4SE1⁄4NW1⁄4, E1⁄2SW1⁄4SE1⁄4NW1⁄4, 15 acres—General location: Northwest of the intersection of Deer Springs Way and Alpine Ridge Way. N–79018—Elementary School Mount Diablo Meridian T. 22 S., R. 60 E., sec 18: S1⁄2S1⁄2NE1⁄4NE1⁄4SW1⁄4, SE1⁄4NE1⁄4SW1⁄4, 12.5 acres—General location: Northwest of the intersection of West Ford Avenue and Grand Canyon Drive. Consisting of a total of 132.45 acres, more or less. The land is not required for any Federal purpose. Conveyance is consistent with current Bureau planning for this area and would be in the public interest. The conveyance, when issued, will be subject to the provisions of the Recreation and Public Purposes Act and applicable regulations of the Secretary of the Interior and will contain the following reservations to the United States: 1. A right-of-way thereon for ditches and canals constructed by the authority of the United States, Act of August 30, 1890 (43 U.S.C. 945). 2. All minerals shall be reserved to the United States, together with the right to prospect for, mine and remove such deposits from the same under applicable law and such regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe. And will be subject to: All valid and existing rights. Detailed information concerning this action is available for review at the office of the Bureau of Land Management, Las Vegas Field Office, 4701 N. Torrey Pines Drive, Las Vegas, Nevada 89130. On March 8, 2005, the above described public land will be segregated from all other forms of appropriation under the public land laws, including the general mining laws, except for conveyance under the Recreation and Public Purposes Act, leasing under the VerDate jul<14>2003 19:54 Mar 07, 2005 Jkt 205001 mineral leasing laws and disposal under the mineral material disposal laws. Interested parties may submit comments regarding the proposed classification for conveyance of the lands to the Field Manager, Las Vegas Field Office, 4701 N. Torrey Pines Drive, Las Vegas, Nevada 89130 until April 22, 2005. Classification Comments: Interested parties may submit comments involving the suitability of the land for elementary and middle school sites. Comments on the classification are restricted to whether the land is physically suited for the proposal, whether the use will maximize the future use or uses of the land, whether the use is consistent with local planning and zoning, or if the use is consistent with State and Federal programs. Application Comments: Interested parties may submit comments regarding the specific use proposed in the application and plan of development, whether the BLM followed proper administrative procedures in reaching the decision, or any other factor not directly related to the suitability of the lands for elementary and middle school sites. Any adverse comments will be reviewed by the State Director who may sustain, vacate, or modify this realty action. In the absence of any adverse comments, these realty actions will become the final determination of the Department of the Interior. The classification of the land described in this Notice will become effective on May 9, 2005. The lands will not be offered for conveyance until after the classification becomes effective. Dated: January 31, 2005. Sharon DiPinto, Assistant Field Manager, Division of Lands, Las Vegas, NV. [FR Doc. 05–4421 Filed 3–7–05; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–HC–P DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Land Management [NV–030–05–1232–EA–NV15] Temporary Closure of Public Lands During Competitive Special Recreation Permitted Events: Nevada, Carson City Field Office Bureau of Land Management, Interior. ACTION: Temporary closure of affected public lands in Lyon, Storey, Churchill, Carson, Douglas, Mineral, Washoe, Nye, and Esmeralda Counties. AGENCY: SUMMARY: The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Carson City Field PO 00000 Frm 00071 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 11263 Office, announces the temporary closure of selected public lands under its administration in Lyon, Storey, Churchill, Carson, Douglas, Mineral, Washoe and Nye Counties. By agreement with the Las Vegas and Battle Mountain Field Offices and the Tonopah Field Station, those lands affected by the Vegas to Reno and Nevada 1000 OHV Races in Nye and Esmeralda Counties are included in this closure. This action is taken to provide for public and participant safety and to protect adjacent natural and cultural resources during the conduct of permitted special recreation events. EFFECTIVE DATES: March through November 2005. Events may be canceled or rescheduled with short notice due to weather, sudden change in resource conditions, emergency actions, or at the discretion of the authorizing officer. Fran Hull, Outdoor Recreation Planner, Carson City Field Office, Bureau of Land Management, 5665 Morgan Mill Road, Carson City, Nevada 89701, Telephone: (775) 885–6161. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This notice applies to public lands directly affected by and adjacent to competitive special events for which a BLM Special Recreation Permit (SRP) has been authorized. Examples of events include: motorized Off Highway Vehicle (OHV) races, mountain bike races; horse endurance rides and dog trials. Race and ride events are conducted along dirt roads, trails, and washes approved for such use. One or more events occur monthly from March through November. Unless otherwise posted, race closure periods are from 6 a.m. race day until race finish or until the event has cleared between affected check point locations. Closures may occupy 2 to 24 hour periods. The general public will be advised of event and closure specifics via on-the-ground signage, public letters, e-mail, or local newspaper notices. The public may call to confirm or discuss closures at anytime prior to an announced event date. Locations commonly used for permitted events include, but are not limited to: 1. Lemmon Valley MX Area—Washoe Co., T.21N R.19E Sec. 8. 2. Hungry Valley Recreation Area— Washoe Co., T.21–23N R.20E. 3. Pine Nut Mountains—Carson, Douglas & Lyon Counties: T.11—16N R.20–24E. 4. Virginia City/Jumbo Areas—Storey and Washoe Counties: T.16–17N R.20— 21E. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: E:\FR\FM\08MRN1.SGM 08MRN1 11264 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 44 / Tuesday, March 8, 2005 / Notices 5. Yerington/Weeks Areas—Lyon Co.: T.12–16N R.23–27E. 6. Fallon Area (Including Sand Mtn.)—Churchill Co.: T.14–18N R.27– 32E. 7. Hawthorne Area—Mineral County: T.5–14N R.311⁄2—36E. 8. Vegas to Reno OHV Race Route: Nye, Esmeralda, Mineral, Churchill, and Lyon Counties: From Johnny to Dayton, Nevada—approximately 510 miles in the vicinity of Highway 95. 9. Nevada 1000 OHV Race: Nye, Esmeralda and Mineral Counties from Tonopah, Nevada. Approximately 250– 300 miles per day. Marking and effect of closure: BLM lands to be temporarily closed to public use include the width and length of those roads and trails identified as the race route or event area by colorful flagging, chalk arrows in the dirt and directional arrows attached to wooden stakes. The authorized applicants or their representatives are required to post warning signs, control access to, and clearly mark the event routes, common access roads and crossings during closure periods. Recreational and other permitted use generally affected by a Temporary Closure include: road and trail uses, camping, shooting of any kind of weapon including paint ball, and public land exploration. Spectator and support vehicles may be driven on open roads only. Spectators may observe the races from specified locations (such as designated pit and check point areas) as directed by event and agency officials. Exceptions. Closure restrictions do not apply to race officials, medical/ rescue, law enforcement, and agency personnel monitoring the events. Authority: 43 CFR 8364.1 and 43 CFR, part 2930. Penalties. Any person failing to comply with the closure orders may be subject to imprisonment for not more than 12 months, or a fine in accordance with the applicable provisions of 18 U.S.C. 3571, or both. Dated: January 25, 2005. Donald T. Hicks, Manager, Carson City Field Office. [FR Doc. 05–4422 Filed 3–7–05; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–HC–P DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Land Management [CO–200–1220–DU] Proposed Supplementary Rules Regarding Operation of Motorized Vehicles and Bicycles and Closure of Public Lands to Recreational Target Shooting Bureau of Land Management; Royal Gorge Field Office, Interior. ACTION: Proposed supplementary rules for public lands within El Paso, Fremont, Park and Teller Counties, Colorado. AGENCY: SUMMARY: The Bureau of Land Management (BLM)'s Royal Gorge Field Office is proposing supplementary rules. The proposed supplementary rules would implement three decisions from the Gold Belt Travel Management Plan, approved August 18, 2004. These supplementary rules would apply to the public lands within the Gold Belt Travel Management Plan area under the management of the Royal Gorge Field Office, in El Paso, Fremont, Park, and Teller Counties, Colorado. The rules are needed in order to protect the area's natural resources and provide for public health and safety. DATES: You should submit your comments by April 7, 2005. In developing final supplementary rules, BLM may not consider comments postmarked or received in person or by electronic mail after this date. ADDRESSES: Mail, personal, or messenger delivery: Bureau of Land Management, Royal Gorge Field Office, ˜ 3170 East Main Street, Canon City, Colorado 81212. Internet e-mail: rgfo_comments@blm.co.gov (Include ''Attn: Gold Belt Plan''). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Roy L. Masinton, Field Manager, or Leah Quesenberry, Outdoor Recreation Planner, Royal Gorge Field Office, 3170 ˜ East Main Street, Canon City, Colorado 81212, telephone (719) 269–8500. Individuals who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may contact them individually through the Federal Information Relay Service at 1–800/877–8339, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. I. Public Comment Procedures II. Background III. Discussion of the Supplementary Rules IV. Procedural Matters I. Public Comment Procedures Please submit your comments on issues related to the proposed VerDate jul<14>2003 19:54 Mar 07, 2005 Jkt 205001 PO 00000 Frm 00072 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 supplementary rules, in writing, according to the ADDRESSES section, above. Comments on the proposed supplementary rules should be specific, confined to issues pertinent to the proposed supplementary rules, and explain the reason for any recommended change. Where possible, your comments should reference the specific section or paragraph of the proposal that you are addressing. BLM may not necessarily consider or include in the Administrative Record for the final rule comments that we receive after the close of the comment period (see DATES) or comments delivered to an address other than those listed above (see ADDRESSES). BLM will make your comments, including your name and address, available for public review at the address listed in ADDRESSES above during regular business hours (8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, except on Federal holidays). Under certain conditions, BLM can keep your personal information confidential. You must prominently state your request for confidentiality at the beginning of your comment. BLM will consider withholding your name, street address, and other identifying information on a case-by-case basis to the extent allowed by law. BLM will make available to the public all submissions from organizations and businesses and from individuals identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations or businesses. II. Background A ''Notice of Intent to Prepare the Gold Belt Travel Management Plan (TMP) and Amend the Royal Gorge Resource Management Plan'' was announced in the Federal Register on June 18, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 117, page 41442). The completion of the Gold Belt Travel Management Plan Environmental Assessment led to a 30day public comment period, starting on January 15, 2004. Following analysis of the public comments, a decision on the Gold Belt TMP was issued on August 18, 2004. The decision restricts OffHighway Vehicle use to designated roads and trails in the TMP area and includes the proposed supplementary rules. III. Discussion of Supplementary Rules These supplementary rules apply to the public lands within the Gold Belt Travel Management Plan area. This area consists of 138,600 acres of public lands within El Paso, Fremont, Park, and Teller Counties, Colorado, in the following described townships: E:\FR\FM\08MRN1.SGM 08MRN1
Land Management Bureau
[Federal Register Volume 70, Number 44 (Tuesday, March 8, 2005)]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 05-4422]
[NV-030-05-1232-EA-NV15]
Temporary Closure of Public Lands During Competitive Special
Recreation Permitted Events: Nevada, Carson City Field Office
AGENCY: Bureau of Land Management, Interior.
ACTION: Temporary closure of affected public lands in Lyon, Storey,
Churchill, Carson, Douglas, Mineral, Washoe, Nye, and Esmeralda
Counties.
SUMMARY: The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Carson City Field Office,
announces the temporary closure of selected public lands under its
administration in Lyon, Storey, Churchill, Carson, Douglas, Mineral,
Washoe and Nye Counties. By agreement with the Las Vegas and Battle
Mountain Field Offices and the Tonopah Field Station, those lands
affected by the Vegas to Reno and Nevada 1000 OHV Races in Nye and
Esmeralda Counties are included in this closure. This action is taken
to provide for public and participant safety and to protect adjacent
natural and cultural resources during the conduct of permitted special
recreation events.
EFFECTIVE DATES: March through November 2005. Events may be canceled or
rescheduled with short notice due to weather, sudden change in resource
conditions, emergency actions, or at the discretion of the authorizing
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Fran Hull, Outdoor Recreation Planner,
Carson City Field Office, Bureau of Land Management, 5665 Morgan Mill
Road, Carson City, Nevada 89701, Telephone: (775) 885-6161.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This notice applies to public lands directly
affected by and adjacent to competitive special events for which a BLM
Special Recreation Permit (SRP) has been authorized. Examples of events
include: motorized Off Highway Vehicle (OHV) races, mountain bike
races; horse endurance rides and dog trials. Race and ride events are
conducted along dirt roads, trails, and washes approved for such use.
One or more events occur monthly from March through November. Unless
otherwise posted, race closure periods are from 6 a.m. race day until
race finish or until the event has cleared between affected check point
locations. Closures may occupy 2 to 24 hour periods. The general public
will be advised of event and closure specifics via on-the-ground
signage, public letters, e-mail, or local newspaper notices. The public
may call to confirm or discuss closures at anytime prior to an
announced event date. Locations commonly used for permitted events
1. Lemmon Valley MX Area--Washoe Co., T.21N R.19E Sec. 8.
2. Hungry Valley Recreation Area--Washoe Co., T.21-23N R.20E.
3. Pine Nut Mountains--Carson, Douglas & Lyon Counties: T.11--16N
R.20-24E.
4. Virginia City/Jumbo Areas--Storey and Washoe Counties: T.16-17N
R.20--21E.
5. Yerington/Weeks Areas--Lyon Co.: T.12-16N R.23-27E.
6. Fallon Area (Including Sand Mtn.)--Churchill Co.: T.14-18N R.27-
7. Hawthorne Area--Mineral County: T.5-14N R.31\1/2\--36E.
8. Vegas to Reno OHV Race Route: Nye, Esmeralda, Mineral,
Churchill, and Lyon Counties: From Johnny to Dayton, Nevada--
approximately 510 miles in the vicinity of Highway 95.
9. Nevada 1000 OHV Race: Nye, Esmeralda and Mineral Counties from
Tonopah, Nevada. Approximately 250-300 miles per day.
Marking and effect of closure: BLM lands to be temporarily closed
to public use include the width and length of those roads and trails
identified as the race route or event area by colorful flagging, chalk
arrows in the dirt and directional arrows attached to wooden stakes.
The authorized applicants or their representatives are required to post
warning signs, control access to, and clearly mark the event routes,
common access roads and crossings during closure periods.
Recreational and other permitted use generally affected by a
Temporary Closure include: road and trail uses, camping, shooting of
any kind of weapon including paint ball, and public land exploration.
Spectator and support vehicles may be driven on open roads only.
Spectators may observe the races from specified locations (such as
designated pit and check point areas) as directed by event and agency
officials.
Exceptions. Closure restrictions do not apply to race officials,
medical/rescue, law enforcement, and agency personnel monitoring the
Authority: 43 CFR 8364.1 and 43 CFR, part 2930.
Penalties. Any person failing to comply with the closure orders may
be subject to imprisonment for not more than 12 months, or a fine in
accordance with the applicable provisions of 18 U.S.C. 3571, or both.
Dated: January 25, 2005.
Donald T. Hicks,
Manager, Carson City Field Office.
[FR Doc. 05-4422 Filed 3-7-05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-HC-P


Bainbridge Vineyards Puget Sound Pinot Noir 2006 A deeply unexpected hit with punchy, bright red fruit and some cedary complexity that suggests Bainbridge Island in Washington really has its Pinot game down. At 12 years old, too.
Simon Bize Savigny-lès-Beaune Aux Vergelesses 2006 A much more expected but nonetheless scrumptious hit, this has just hit its stride, with strawberry fruit and mushroomy savoriness vying for top billing against a mouthfeel so torrid it should come with a warning label.
Altamont Adelaide Hills Pinot Noir 2012 Rounding out our February Pinot's, this zingy, tart-fruited bottle was like a jolt of electricity to our languid, winterised palates. Did not love the label though (a less charitable friend likened it to Tang).
Icardi Barolo Parej 2007 perfectly demonstrated the pleasures of 10 year-old Barolo that is tap dancing through its drinking window: still ample flesh and juiciness and tannins that are reaching a soft, melted stage. Definitely time to drink this, and probably all but the most austere 2007s.


text:
What to Do on This Very Weird New Year's Eve
December 23, 2020 |Juliet Rylah|0
The longest year of our lives is nearly at an end. Parties are out, clubs are out, and kissing anyone outside of your household at midnight is definitely out. But, pandemic aside, there are a few ways you can still ring in what will hopefully be a better year. Here are our suggestions.
Pacific Park
Santa Monica Pier's Pacific Park will host a New Year's Eve livestream starting at 11:30 p.m. The Pacific Wheel's 174,000 LED lights will be aglow with colorful designs, including an animated 60-second countdown and banners that say "Happy New Year" in 16 languages. Watch it for free here. Also, if you happen to pass by the pier on the days leading up to New Year's Eve, keep an eye out for the Ferris wheel's holiday-themed light show featuring animated snow, wreaths and reindeer.
NYELA
For obvious reasons, Grand Park will not be throwing its annual NYE bash. However, Grand Park is hosting "NYELA" — a free online event featuring appearances from Steve Aoki, Bia, Andrekza and 2Deep with hosts DJ Eddie One and Jessica Flores. You can watch on Fuse, YouTube or The Music Center Offstage from 11 p.m. to 2 a.m.
New Year's Steve
Cameron Esposito's "New Year's Steve" is a virtual party that includes comedy sets, special guests and an earlier ball drop for those who like to go to bed before midnight. Also, Esposito appears to be playing an ascot-wearing mustachioed host named Steve for this event. The show is free with RSVP, though donations will benefit Dynasty Typewriter and the performers. Festivities kick off at 6 p.m.
Snoop Dog's Virtual New Year's Eve Special
The benefit of a virtual New Year's is that you finally get an invite to Snoop Dog's party. Starting at 8 p.m., Snoop Dog will ride out the end of 2020 with music, stunts and special guests. Expect tunes from DJ Cassidy and DJ Battlecat, a sword swallowing performance from Andrew Stanton and appearances from guests including Bert Kreischer, Rosario Dawson, Jennifer Nettles and Cody Rhodes. The event is free with RSVP.
2020 Uncaged
Alamo Drafthouse and Legion M are throwing a New Year's party in a virtual theater on the video-calling platform Gather. You'll attend as an 8-bit avatar and roam the space to find DJs, magicians, poets, comedy from insult comic Cheddar Goblin (this makes sense if you've seen "Mandy"), private and public karaoke rooms, tarot readings, video installations, interactive quests with prizes, photo booths, poker and board game rooms, celebrity ball drops and more. The event runs from 6 p.m. to 1:30 a.m. Tickets start at $25.
The Lost New Year
"The Lost New Year" is a showcase of musical performances running from 2:30 a.m. on Dec. 31 until 3:30 a.m. on Jan. 1. As you enjoy the show, you can hang out with others in the chat. Each time zone will get its own countdown and celebration beginning at 11:30 p.m. Tickets are free with registration.
Credit: Eataly L.A.
Eataly L.A.
Perhaps you just want to eat and drink this abysmal year away? That's cool because Eataly L.A. is offering a New Year's Eve meal kit and a brunch kit for the morning after. The Festa di Mezzanotte features a meat and cheese board, a shrimp cocktail, cotechino con lenticchie (a pork sausage and lentil dish traditionally served for NYE), panettone cake, sparkling wine, kits to make Aperol spritzes and more. Each $300 package serves two to four people. The Festa di Capodanno kit includes an Italian-style brunch of strata with eggs and prosciutto, a yogurt parfait with fresh fruit and Bearclaw Kitchen granola, a box of housemade pasticcini (Italian mini pastries), bellinis and more. The $135 package serves two to three people. Order by Dec. 27 for pickup on Dec. 31 by emailing [email protected]
Rossoblu
Rossoblu's New Year's Eve dinner for two ($198) includes antipasti (Dungeness crab salad, burrata, salsa rosa, Persian cucumbers; 24-month prosciutto di Parma, fruit; stuffed baby butternut squash, pomegranate, pine nuts, bread crumbs, pecorino), tagliolini with sweet shrimp, maltagliati with turkey neck ragu, braised veal cheek and dessert with an option to add on sparkling wine and Prosecco. Guests may also join an optional happy hour over Zooom from 6-7 p.m. that includes cocktail demos, a wine talk and giveaways. Order on Tock.
Dark Corners: Hotel NYE
A Curated Situation presents Dark Corners: Hotel NYE, a virtual party where interconnected Zoom rooms offer plenty of opportunities to explore from the comfort — and safety — of your home. Starting at 8 p.m., there will be DJs, live performances and a countdown to 2021. Dressing up is encouraged. Tickets are free, though a suggested donation of $10 is recommended.
Whiskey Business
KatNip Productions' "Whiskey Business" is a whiskey tasting wrapped in an Old West drama. The virtual event takes you to Bandera, Texas as newcomer Cletus is about to get into a dustup with Snake Eye, the tiny town's local bully. The online production is an interactive show where your choices determine how things end up in Bandera — plus there's whiskey. It's worth noting that KatNip's Halloween event, "The Sleepover," was one of the best Zoom shows I've seen since, you know, all this. "Whiskey Business" starts at 7 p.m. It's $50 with whiskey, $58 for whiskey and a bubbly NYE toast and $30 for just the show. Your flight will arrive via contact-free delivery (L.A. only).
Dragon Theatre's Light at the End NYE Party takes place at a virtual theater that you'll navigate with an avatar to discover a host of performances and art. Some things you might find: a cocktail class, circus acrobatics, poetry readings, an open mic featuring rants about 2020, live music, a virtual art gallery (that you can also shop), a scavenger hunt, fortune tellers, juggling and more. Tickets start at $25.
Eschaton is a virtual nightclub based in New York where guests are free to wander its many breakout rooms in search of new interactive performances, mysteries and puzzles. On New Year's Eve, the club will host "The Dissolution Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the End." It runs from 8-10 p.m. if you're in L.A., so it's great for those who turn in early. Tickets start at $25.
EventsFood and Drink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.
Find sources: "ELDee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Lanre Dabiri
eLDee The Don
Kaduna, Nigeria
Afro hip hop
Rapper, record producer, song writer, Architect
Rapping, Singer
Trybe Records
Trybesmen, Sasha P, Yemi Alade, Chiddy Bang, Dr SID, Sticky ya Bongtur, M.I Abaga, Sarz, Wizkid, Davido, Banky W, Sound Sultan,
tryberecords.com
Lanre Dabiri (born May 23, 1977), better known by his stage name Eldee, stylized as eLDee, is a retired Nigerian-American rapper, singer, and record producer but now an IT Consultant based in the United States[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
He is a member of the band Trybesmen, which was started in 1998 with rappers KB and Freestyle. He has made five solo albums. In 2019, he said he does not regret quitting music as the path his career was going would not make him have time for his family.[8]
5.2 Compilations
Early life[edit]
eLDee was born on 23 may 1977, in Kaduna state a northern geopolitical zone of Nigeria. He is originally from Lagos Island in Lagos State of Nigeria.
He attended Command Children School kaduna and Essence International School before Moving to Lagos for his higher education. He has a master's degree in Architecture from the University of Lagos,Nigeria in 1994.
Career[edit]
eLDee is credited as one of the pioneers of the afrobeats music genre. In 1998, he started a band called Trybesmen which went on to be one of the music groups that popularized the fusion of Hip-hop, highlife, pop and traditional afrobeat music. Trybesmen were a continental hit by the year 2000 and played a pivotal role in the shaping of the new music genre.
eLDee signed a total of 16 artists to his Trybe Records label, and named the collaboration of all said artists Da Trybe. They produced the singles "Work it out" and "Oya" in 2002, and the album BIG Picture in 2005.
After moving to the United States in 2002, eLDee recorded a solo album titled Long Time Coming (2004). He followed it up with Return of the King (2006), which contains the single "I Go Yarn". Return of the King won "Best International Album" at the 2007 Nigeria Entertainment Awards in New York City.[9] His subsequent albums are Big Boy (2008), originally titled Evolution, Is it your money Vol.1 (2010) and Undeniable (2012).
eLDee has worked as an artist, producer, director and an interactive media consultant.
"Lanre" is a derivative for the Yoruba name "Olanrewaju" (which translates to "Wealth is moving forward").[10]
eLDee and his long-term partner, Dolapo Latinwo-Bello married and together they have 2 daughters, Temi, and Toke. He has been based in Atlanta, USA since 2002.
In December 2013 he posted a message on his official Twitter page to voice his support for gay rights, saying that hopefully one day soon Africa will realize that anti-gay sentiment is no different from racial or religious discrimination.[11]
Main article: eLDee discography
2004: Long Time Coming
2006: Return of the King
2008: Big Boy
2010: Is It Your Money
2012: Undeniable
Compilations[edit]
2000: L.A.G Style by Trybesmen
2004: The Big Picture (Trybe Records Album)
2009: The Champion: The Hits
African hip hop
Nigerian hip hop
Music of Nigeria
^ Akan, Joey. "eLDee: Rapper to make comback for Olamide collaboration?". Pulse.ng. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "eLDee And Wife Celebrate 7th Wedding Anniversary – INFORMATION NIGERIA". Informationng.com. November 7, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ [1][dead link]
^ "Eldee Picks Rapper, Eva Alordiah As First Lady". Nigeriafilms.com. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ "TheNET.ng – Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games". Nigerian Entertainment Today. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ "Eldee signs female rapper, Eva Alordiah to Tribes Records v.20 – Daily Post Nigeria". Dailypost.ng. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ "I don't regret leaving music –Eldee". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
^ "Eldee". afrobios.com. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ "Olanrewaju - Nigerian.Name". Nigerian.name. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ "Rapper Eldee advocates for gay rights, as fans go wild! – Vanguard News". Vanguardngr.com. December 26, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
Interview with Eldee
Listen to a clip of a Trybesmen single from the BBC Website
Is It Your Money?
L.A.G Style
The Champion: The Hits
"Speak Out"
"Many Emcees"
"I Go Yarn"
"Better Days"
"Watch Me"
"African Chiquito"
"Return Of The King"
"I'm Leaving"
"Everyday"
"Champion"
"Sun Re"
"I Know Bad People"
"Uma Do Me"
"Bosi Gbangba"
"Big Boy"
"Best I Ever Had (African Remix)"
"Feeling Me"
"You Blowing My Mind"
"Ota Mi"
"Higher"
"Today Today"
"Wash-Wash"
"Category"
Trybesmen
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ELDee&oldid=1050164595"
Nigerian male musicians
Nigerian songwriters
Nigerian male rappers
American people of Yoruba descent
Yoruba architects
Yoruba musicians
Nigerian hip hop singers
University of Lagos alumni
People from Kaduna
Rappers from Lagos
Nigerian emigrants to the United States
The Headies winners
Nigerian music industry executives
English-language singers from Nigeria
Yoruba-language singers
20th-century Nigerian musicians
21st-century Nigerian musicians
Nigerian hip hop record producers
21st-century Nigerian architects
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians
BLP articles lacking sources from July 2010
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BIOREGULATORY Principles
DIAGNOSTIC Philosophy
Fluoride Toxicity
BIOREGULATORY MEDICINE
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Fluorides are properly defined as binary compounds or salts of fluorine and another element. Examples of fluorides include sodium fluoride and calcium fluoride. Both are white solids. Sodium fluoride readily dissolves in water, but calcium fluoride does not. Since the mid-1940s, sodium fluoride has been added to drinking water supplies and to a variety of dental products, including toothpastes and mouth rinses. Other fluoride compounds that are commonly used for water fluoridation are fluorosilicic acid and sodium fluorosilicate.
Water fluoridation has been carried out on the premise that fluoride's primary benefit to teeth comes from ingestion. However, the consensus among dental researchers today is that fluoride's limited benefit in preventing dental caries is topical not systemic. Health concerns expressed by opponents have largely been dismissed until recently. Now, evidence is mounting that in an era of fluoridated toothpastes and other consumer dental fluoride products, the potential risks from consuming fluoridated water outweigh any potential benefits.
Fluoride is a neurotoxin and is bio-accumulative in the body. The widespread distribution of fluoride in the environment through drinking water, dental products, food and in industry has been shown to cause numerous detrimental health effects. Though most controversy revolves around water fluoridation, fluoride is used in several other industrial applications.
Toothpaste Warning
Fluoride is not biochemically needed in the body or necessary for any human metabolic pathway. Not only has been shown to be a neurological toxin, it is an endocrine disrupting substance and in high or accumulative doses can damage the brain, bones, thyroid gland, pineal gland, affect fertility, and is linked to nerve diseases like Parkinson's. Fluoride toxicity has been shown to cause or exacerbate diabetes, nutrient deficiencies, and kidney disease. Despite commercial ads, there is no such thing as 'fluoride deficiency.' Aside from the toxicological concern, the ethical issue is that these silicofluorides, widely used in water fluoridation, are unlicensed medicinal substances, administered to large populations without informed consent or supervision by a qualified medical practitioner.
Water fluoridation started at a time when asbestos lined our pipes, lead was added to gasoline, PCBs filled our transformers and DDT was deemed so "safe and effective" that officials felt no qualms spraying kids in school classrooms and seated at picnic tables. One by one all these chemicals have been banned, but water fluoridation remains untouched. Since the Public Health Service endorsed fluoridation in the 1940s, over 2/3 of United States reservoirs have been fluoridated with sodium fluoride and hydrofluosilicic acid (efforts are continually being made to significantly increase this proportion), the waste by-products of the aluminum and phosphate fertilizer industries. Substances that would cost these industries millions to store at Class 1 Hazardous Waste Sites, are instead sold to communities at great profit and added into our drinking water. Currently, the United States has more people drinking fluoridated water than the rest of the world combined. Most developed nations, including all of Japan, China and 97% of western Europe, do not fluoridate their water.
Healthy adult kidneys excrete only 50 to 60% of the fluoride ingested each day (Marier & Rose 1971). Infants and children excrete less fluoride from their kidneys and take up to 80% of ingested fluoride into their bones (Ekstrand 1994). Not only does fluoride accumulate in the body, largely in calcifying tissues such as the bones, but it also targets and accumulates in the pineal gland. When fluoride accumulates in our pineal gland, it possibly lowers the production of melatonin, a very important regulatory hormone (Luke, 1997, 2001).
Too much fluoride over a long time when teeth are forming under the gums can cause dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of enamel which occurs during enamel forming. It is caused by systemic overexposure to fluoride during the first six years of life, when the enamel of the crowns of permanent teeth is formed. The enamel contains more protein, is porous, opaque and less transparent. Clinical manifestation varies from (quantitative) narrow, white horizontally running lines, larger patches or yellow to light brown colored areas of porous enamel, to (qualitative) loss of enamel in varying degrees.
The fluoride concentration in bone steadily increases over a lifetime (US National Research Council). Thus, fluoride accumulates in our bones and has been shown to make them more brittle and prone to fracture. Essentially, excess fluoride severely damages bone matrix formation and prevents hardening of bones. The weight of evidence from animal studies, clinical studies and epidemiological studies on this is overwhelming. Lifetime exposure to fluoride will contribute to higher rates of hip fracture in the elderly. There are also concerns about a possible connection between fluoridation and osteosarcoma in young men (Bassin 2006; Cohn, 1992), as well as water fluoridation and the current epidemic of hypothyroidism. Fluoride is a halogen and can compete with iodine -another halogen - on thyroid receptors. This can inhibit the thyroid's ability to utilize iodine to create thyroxin. By far the most damming research on fluoride toxicity has focused on its detrimental effect on cognitive development and decreased IQ in children.
It has been shown by several researchers that water fluoridation is ineffective in reducing caries and that the decline in caries observed in various countries is not due to fluorides, but rather to improved hygiene and nutrition. This is supported by the fact that irrespective of whether the country ever fluoridated its water, rates of dental caries have declined. Indeed, most western countries do not fluoridate their water and yet their tooth decay rates have declined at the same rate as the U.S. and other fluoridated countries.
Some of the earliest opponents of water fluoridation were biochemists precisely because of fluoride's known poisonous interactions with enzymes, the proteins which act as the catalysts for over 10,000 or so chemical reactions in the body. Dr. James Sumner, for example, who won a Nobel Prize for his work with crystallization of enzymes, said in the 1950s,
"We ought to go slowly. Everybody knows fluorine and fluorides are very poisonous substances and we use them in enzyme chemistry to poison enzymes, those vital agents in the body. That is the reason things are poisoned, because the enzymes are poisoned and that is why animals and plants die."
There has been 13 other Nobel Laureates who have objected to fluoridation of water.
Perhaps the most worrisome concern is animal research suggests high levels of fluoride may be toxic to brain and nerve cells. Human epidemiological studies have identified possible links to learning, memory, and cognition deficits, though most have focused on populations with fluoride exposures higher than those typically provided by U.S. water supplies. A 2019 report by the National Toxicology Program (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health) concluded that 'fluoride is presumed to be a cognitive neurodevelopmental hazard to humans. This conclusion is based on a consistent pattern of findings in human studies across several different populations showing that higher fluoride exposure is associated with decreased IQ or other cognitive impairments in children. Additionally, randomized safety studies done on fluoride supplementation are scarce, very scarce. There is no accurate assessment of just how much fluoride individuals are taking into their bodies from water, dental procedures, and an array of other sources (see below).
In fact, the amount of fluoride now regularly consumed by many people in fluoridated areas exceeds the doses repeatedly linked to IQ loss and other neurotoxic effects; with certain subpopulations standing at elevated risk of harm, including infants, young children, elderly populations, and those with dietary deficiencies, renal impairment, and/or genetic predispositions.
Historically, there has been a delay, often of several decades, between the recognition of the adverse effects of a substance, such as DDT, asbestos and tobacco, and the reduction of exposure to it in the environment. The concern is emerging that as increased knowledge is obtained about the detrimental effects of fluoride from treated water and foods, it will be seen in a much less favorable light than it is viewed in today.
Other Sources of Fluoride
Workplace exposure: Fluoride is an air contaminant in certain industrial workplaces. As a result, workers in many industries - including the aluminum, fertilizer, iron, oil refining, semi-conductor, and steel industries - can be routinely exposed to high levels of fluoride exposure. Thus, airborne fluorides can be a substantial daily source of fluoride intake for certain industrial workers.
Dental products: Many dental products now contain fluoride, including over 95% of toothpaste. Studies show that a significant number of children swallow more fluoride from toothpaste alone than is recommended as a total daily ingestion.
Processed beverages and foods: Even if you do not live in a community that adds fluoride to its water supply, you will still be exposed to fluoridated drinking water. This is because once fluoride is added en masse to water it ends up in almost all processed beverages and foods. In the U.S., studies have shown that sodas, juices, sports drinks, beers, and many other processed foods, including infant foods, now have elevated fluoride levels.
Pesticides: Due bto its neurotoxicity, fluoride (sulfuryl fluoride) has been used as a pesticide and fumigant on stored grain, such as wheat and oats; dried fruit; coffee and cocoa beans; and other foods. It is also used for treatment of bed bugs, termites, rats, and mice. As a result, some food products, particularly grape products, dried fruit, dried beans, cocoa powder, and walnuts, may contain high levels of sulfuryl fluoride. When breathed in, sulfuryl fluoride is rapidly absorbed into the body. There, it breaks down into sulfate, fluoride, and fluorosulfate. These components move in the blood stream to many parts of the body. Collectively, these include the lungs, kidney, spleen, nasal tissues, and brain.
Fluorinated pharmaceuticals: Many pharmaceuticals are fluorinated, meaning they contain a carbon-fluorine bond. Although the carbon-fluoride bond in most drugs is strong enough to resist breaking down into fluoride within the body, this is not always the case as research has found that some fluorinated drugs, including Ciprofloxacin, do break down into fluoride and can thus be a major source of fluoride exposure for some individuals. (Ciprofloxacin differs from other quinolones in that it structurally has a fluorine atom at the 6-25 position)
Mechanically deboned meat: Foods made with mechanically separated meat (e.g., chicken fingers, nuggets, etc.) contain elevated levels of fluoride due to the contamination from bone particles that occurs during the mechanical deboning processed. Mechanically processed chicken meats exhibit the highest levels.
Tea drinks: Tea is a hyperaccumulator of fluoride as tea plants hyper-absorb fluoride from the soil. As a result, tea leaves–particularly old tea leaves–contain elevated levels of fluoride. Brewed black tea averages about 3 to 4 parts ppm fluoride, while commercial iced tea drinks contain between 1 and 4 ppm. As a result of these elevated levels, numerous studies have linked excessive tea consumption to a bone disease (skeletal fluorosis) caused by too much fluoride intake.
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General Information on Fluoride Toxicity
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Cognitive Impairment, Reduced IQ and Neurological Development
Fluoride is a powerful central nervous system toxin and adversely affects brain functioning even at low doses. It can induce neuron apoptosis and decreased cerebral functions, plus impaired memory and learning ability. Findings published over 20 years clearly show an inverse association between high fluoride exposure and children's intelligence. Children who lived in areas with high fluoride exposure had lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-exposure or control areas. Studies also demonstrate fluoride to be a developmental neurotoxicant that affects children's brain maturation at exposures much below those that can cause toxicity in adults.
Numerous studies indicate that both high and low fluoride exposure can affect the normal development and function of the cerebrum as well as the entire nervous system, causing a decrease in intellectual ability. The abundance of research demonstrating fluoride's detrimental effect on children's neurological development and IQ is one of the most serious concerns surrounding water fluoridation.
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The effect of fluoride on male and female fertility has become an area of growing concern. Various studies show that fluoride causes adverse effects on both male and female fertility. Fluoride intake has been linked to lowered human birth rates and decreased testosterone concentrations. Infertility was found in an area of India where fluorosis is highly endemic. Furthermore, in vitro exposure of human sperm to fluoride produced a significant decline in sperm motility.
Chinoy, Niloufer J., and Murakonda V. Narayana. "In vitro fluoride toxicity in human spermatozoa." Reproductive Toxicology 8, no. 2 (1994): 155-159.
Elbetieha, Ahmed, Homa Darmani, and A. S. Al-Hiyasat. "Fertility effects of sodium fluoride in male mice." Fluoride 33, no. 3 (2000): 128-134.
Freni, Stan C. "Exposure to high fluoride concentrations in drinking water is associated with decreased birth rates." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Current Issues 42, no. 1 (1994): 109-121.
Kour, Kulbir, and Jagdish Singh. "Histological finding of mice testes following fluoride ingestion." Fluoride 13, no. 4 (1980): 160-2.
Messer, H. H., W. D. Armstrong, and L. Singer. "Influence of fluoride intake on reproduction in mice." The Journal of nutrition 103, no. 9 (1973): 1319-1326.
Narayana, M. V., and N. J. Chinoy. "Effect of fluoride on rat testicular steroidogenesis." Fluoride 27, no. 1 (1994): 7-12.
Neelam, K., R. V. Suhasini, and R. Y. Sudhakar. "Incidence of prevalence of infertility among married male members of endemic fluorosis district of Andhra Pradesh." In Abstract Proc Conf Int Soc for Fluoride Res. 1987.
Ortiz-Pérez, Deogracias, Manuel Rodrı́guez-Martı́nez, Flavio Martı́nez, Vı́ctor H. Borja-Aburto, Julio Castelo, Juana I. Grimaldo, Esperanza de la Cruz, Leticia Carrizales, and Fernando Dı́az-Barriga. "Fluoride-induced disruption of reproductive hormones in men." Environmental Research 93, no. 1 (2003): 20-30.
Sharma, J. D., Mamta Solanki, and Deepmala Solanki. "Sodium fluoride toxicity on reproductive organs of female albino rats." Asian J. Exp. Sci 21, no. 2 (2007): 359-364.
Susheela, A. K., and A. Kumar. "A study of the effect of high concentrations of fluoride on the reproductive organs of male rabbits, using light and scanning electron microscopy." Reproduction 92, no. 2 (1991): 353-360.
Susheela, Andezhath K., and Poonam Jethanandani. "Circulating testosterone levels in skeletal fluorosis patients." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 34, no. 2 (1996): 183-189
Cardiovascular Effects
Research has demonstrated that fluoride is a cytotoxic agent inducing damage in myocardial tissues by oxidative stress. This also can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, vascular stiffness, inflammatory mechanisms, and myocardial cell damage. Fluoride induced oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of a variety of cardiac disorders such as cardiac failure and ischemia. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase), an important source of reactive oxidative species in the vasculature, is activated by high levels of fluoride exposure. The fluoride ion combines avidly with blood calcium and magnesium with resultant metabolic disorder and cardiovascular system damage. Fluoride toxicity can cause atherosclerosis at the molecular level and aortic stiffness and disturbed ventricular distensibility clinically.
Varol, Ercan, and Simge Varol. "Effect of fluoride toxicity on cardiovascular systems: role of oxidative stress." Archives of toxicology 86, no. 10 (2012): 1627-1627.
Varol, Ercan, Selahattin Akcay, I. Hakki Ersoy, Banu Kale Koroglu, and Simge Varol. "Impact of chronic fluorosis on left ventricular diastolic and global functions." Science of the total environment 408, no. 11 (2010): 2295-2298.
Yan, Xiaoyan, Qiurong Ren, Xianhui Hao, Na Chang, Guoqiang Xu, Lihua Wu, and Ruiying Cheng. "Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis and alters the cardiac arrest rate in primary cardiomyocytes." Fluoride 48, no. 3 (2015): 234.
Blaylock, Russell L. "Excitotoxicity: a possible central mechanism in fluoride neurotoxicity." Fluoride 37, no. 4 (2004): 301-314.
Chirumari, Krishnaiah, and Pratap Karnati Reddy. "Dose-dependent effects of fluoride on neurochemical milieu in the hippocampus and neocortex of rat brain." Fluoride 40, no. 2 (2007): 101-110.
Dong, Zhong, Changwu Wan, Xiaolei Zhang, and Jialiu Liu. "Determination of the contents of amino-acid and monoamine neurotransmitters in fetal brains from a fluorosis-endemic area." J Guiyang Med Coll 18 (1993): 241-5.
Long, Yi-Guo, Ya-Nan Wang, Jia Chen, Su-Fen Jiang, Agneta Nordberg, and Zhi-Zhong Guan. "Chronic fluoride toxicity decreases the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brain." Neurotoxicology and teratology 24, no. 6 (2002): 751-757.
Reddy, P. Yugandhar, K. Pratap Reddy, and K. Praveen Kumar. "Neurodegenerative changes in different regions of brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rats treated with sodium fluoride." Journal of Medical & Allied Sciences 1, no. 1 (2011): 30.
Shashi, A. Histopathological investigation of fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in rabbits. Fluoride 36, no. 2 (2003): 95-105.
Vani, M. Lakshmi, and K. Pratap Reddy. "Effects of fluoride accumulation on some enzymes of brain and gastrocnemius muscle of mice." Fluoride 33, no. 1 (2000): 17-26.
Varner, Julie A., Karl F. Jensen, William Horvath, and Robert L. Isaacson. "Chronic administration of aluminum–fluoride or sodium–fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity." Brain research 784, no. 1-2 (1998): 284-298.
Wang, Y., Z. Guan, and K. Xiao. "Changes of coenzyme Q content in brain tissues of rats with fluorosis." Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 31, no. 6 (1997): 330-333.
In the 1990s, a British scientist, Jennifer Luke, discovered that fluoride not only accumulates in the bones, but also at strikingly high levels in the pineal gland where it accumulates calcifications. The pineal gland is located between the two hemispheres of the brain. Hormonal secretions from the pineal gland participate in the control of reproductive function. In turn gonadal steroids, gonadotrophins and prolactin modify pineal metabolic activity and change the rate of synthesis of pineal hormones. In some religions the pineal gland it is considered a "spiritual center of intuition." It is also responsible for the synthesis and secretion of the important hormone melatonin. Melatonin maintains the body's circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle), regulates the onset of puberty in females, and helps protect the body from cell damage caused by free radicals. Preliminary animal experiments found that fluoride reduced melatonin levels and shortened the time to puberty. (Luke, 1997). Based on this and other evidence, the National Research Council has stated that "fluoride is likely to cause decreased melatonin production and to have other effects on normal pineal function, which in turn could contribute to a variety of effects in humans" (NRC, 2006, p. 256).
Luke, Jennifer. "Fluoride deposition in the aged human pineal gland." Caries Research 35, no. 2 (2001): 125-128.
Luke, Jennifer Anne. "The effect of fluoride on the physiology of the pineal gland." PhD diss., University of Surrey, 1997.
Fluoride exposure has been shown to cause cumulative effects in animals, not only in parental generations, but also in subsequent generations, resulting in decreased thyroid hormone, and associated learning and memory impairments in addition to variation in neuronal cytoarchitecture.
Basha, Piler Mahaboob, Puja Rai, and Shabana Begum. "Fluoride toxicity and status of serum thyroid hormones, brain histopathology, and learning memory in rats: a multigenerational assessment." Biological trace element research 144, no. 1-3 (2011): 1083-1094.
Wang, H., Z. Yang, B. Zhou, H. Gao, X. Yan, and J. Wang. "Fluoride-induced thyroid dysfunction in rats: roles of dietary protein and calcium level." Toxicology and industrial health 25, no. 1 (2009): 49-57.
The use of fluoridation as a prophylactic medical intervention without the fully informed consent of the public violates numerous articles of international conventions aimed at the protection of human rights with respect to State-sponsored medical interventions and health care. This practice violates medical ethics and undoubtedly constitutes medical malpractice.
Balog, Douglas A. "Fluoridation of public water systems: valid exercise of state police power or constitutional violation." Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 14 (1996): 645.
Cohen, Howard, and David Locker. "The science and ethics of water fluoridation." Journal-Canadian Dental Association 67, no. 10 (2001): 578-579.
Cross, Douglas W., and Robert J. Carton. "Fluoridation: a violation of medical ethics and human rights." International journal of occupational and environmental health 9, no. 1 (2003): 24-29.
© 2017-2021 Dr. James Odell, ND, OMD, L.Ac.
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Introduction to Tree and Shrub Identification
Plants are generally much more variable in form from one individual to the next than is true of animals. Individual plants can't migrate to a warmer climate when winter comes, move to a better source of water if it gets too dry, or move into the sun if they are shaded. Instead they must adapt to the existing conditions wherever they are. As a consequence most plants have developed various means of adapting to the conditions by varying their form. For example, it is well known that trees grown in full sun are often much broader of canopy than is true for the same species grown in shade. They must also adapt to damage of their growing tips by animals and various other natural phenomena. Because they tend to be long-lived they may also exhibit dramatic variation in certain characters, such as bark, at different stages in their life history.
If we are to learn to recognize the species of trees in their diverse forms we must learn to recognize reliable character differences between similar species, and to understand the range of variablity within each species. The mechanism most often employed for learning these characters is a "dichotomous key" based on a set of diagnostic characteristics that have been confirmed by use over a wide area and a large number of individuals. A dichotomous key may be thought of as a word tool in which the user is presented with two exclusive alternatives (e.g. leaves opposite or alternate) and chooses the alternative that best fits the plant in question. That choice leads to another set of two alternatives from which the best choice is accepted, and so on, until the user reaches an answer. With practice, as the user learns to understand the terms, it becomes easier to quickly narrow the possibilities to a small subset of species, within which a few critical characters can be examined to conclude the identification.
A simple example from the following key illustrates the process. We examine a particular tree in question and the key leads us through the steps, 1. broad leaves, 2. leaves compound, 3. leaves opposite, 4. each leaf with three leaflets. If we have interpreted the characters properly, we will arrive at the answer, Staphylea trifolia, the bladdernut tree. Of course many species will require more steps and perhaps more difficult choices, but the process is the same.
The species of plants are often best distinguished by the characters of their flowers and fruits, primarily because those characters are the most consistent and dependable. The use of characters based on flowers and fruits can make the job of identification much easier, but they are typically present for only a brief period and may be resticted to the upper portions of the tree, beyond the reach of the botanist. In order to make this key functional over a longer portion of the year it is based mainly on vegetative characters, especially those of the leaves and twigs. A separate key based on flowers may be added later.
The following discussion introduces the basic concepts and terms that are used to identify trees. A good starting point is to determine whether the leaves are simple or compound and if their attachment to the twigs is opposite or alternate. Simple leaves have one undivided (though sometimes lobed) blade. Compound leaves have the blade fully divided into several "leaflets". Each point along the twig at which one or more leaves is attached is called a node. Opposite leaves, as the name suggests, are attached oppposite one another on opposite sides of the twig resulting in two leaves at each node. Alternate leaves produce only one leaf at each node on the twig, usually alternating sides or arranged in a long spiral pattern along the twig.
One of the easiest characters to recognize is the presence of thorns or other forms of armament. These structures range from narrow, flexible "prickles" to short, stiff, broad-based thorns, to long, branched thorns and may arise in many intermediate forms. They may be scattered widely over the surface of the stems or arranged in specific patterns as single, paired or even trebled structures at the nodes. In addition, each species may have specific characters related to the hairiness or pubescence of the leaves, bark or buds, or to other coverings such as scales.
Even after the leaves have fallen, we can still easily determine how the leaves were attached to the stem. After a leaf falls, a leaf scar remains on the twig at the point at which each leaf was attached. Leaves that were opposite will leave behind opposite leaf scars and leaves that were alternate will leave alternate leaf scars. Within each leaf scar there are one or more bundle scars, each representing a cross-section of vascular bundles that ran from the branch into the petiole when the leaf was attached. The number, shape and pattern of bundle scars can be used to help identify some species.
Above each leaf scar there is a bud. Buds are one of the most important characters for identification of woody species. They form during the summer and autumn and persist until the next spring, providing dependable key characters over a long period of time. These so-called "winter buds" contain the small beginnings of the next season's leaves and a meristem region which will continue to permit cell division and potential growth of the branches.
For many species each bud has one or more protective external bud scales varying among species in size, number, shape, color, pubescence and arrangement. A few species lack the outer protective scales and the small developing leaves are therefore visible in these "naked" buds.
Buds which terminate a twig are defined as terminal buds or end buds. Buds developed along the side of a twig are known as axillary buds or lateral buds. In some species a true terminal bud does not form at the end of the twig. The axillary bud nearest the end of the twig becomes the end bud by default. This false end bud can be recognized by a growth of the twig beyond the bud's base. It can be difficult to discern the difference between true and false end buds until the character is fully understood, and it may require a good hand lens to observe clearly for some species. However, it is often a critical character for identification of tree and shrub species and should not be ignored.
The tissues which will become next season's flowers are included in the same buds as the leaves for some species, and in others they are borne in separate flower buds--often of a different appearance. The flowers of some trees are aggregated in conspicuous structures called aments or catkins appearing much like large buds. They are actually a very compact inflorescence consisting of many reduced, unisexual flowers borne close together on a common axis, with subtending scales.
Another subtle, but very important character in identification of trees and shrubs is the presence or absence of stipules. Stipules are green, leaf-like, (often small) structures, attached to the twigs in pairs, one at each side of each petiole. In some species they may fall off early in the growing season and in others they may persist essentially throughout the growing season. In either case they leave behind distinctive, though often very small, stipule scars on the twig that may provide important key characters.
During the first year of a tree's life a region known as the pith forms in the center of the twigs. Subsequent growth in the diameter of the twig is accomplished via the addition of new cells produced toward the outer regions of the twigs, leaving the pith as the central region of the twig throughout the tree's life. Identification of species may be aided in some cases by recognition of characteristics of the pith, including color, structure and cross-sectional shape.


As we gear up for the 2nd Annual Live Wedding Experience + Open House at 7F Lodge, we wanted to look back at this fabulous 7F wedding from last fall! We are always excited to be part of wedding days but when you can literally feel the love in the room, there is something special about that wedding that we always remember. Kaitlyn+Michael's ceremony is one that I will never forget - so personal and moving - I know their love is a true gift. I cried at the ceremony, the dances, the speeches... it was all so special and I am truly thankful to have been part of it.
With a slew of fantastic vendors, their wedding vision came to life beautifully and you can see all the personal touches and incredible attention to detail. We hope their design will inspire you and hope you enjoy the fun photos that follow!


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The inaugural Disabled British Open golf championships needed a website to inform potential players, visitors and volunteers about the forthcoming championships.
Within one week of receiving the brief, a new custom built content managed website was launched.
This golf community site needed a high performance website with video content streaming functionality for its catalogue of hundreds of golf instruction videos from famous golf coaches.
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The sophomore cross-country runner, racing in her first event of the season, dominated the field at the Westmoor-Daly City Ram Invitational on Saturday. Daly covered the 2.4-mile course in 14 minutes, 45 seconds to win by almost 15 seconds over runner-up Beth Raymond (14:59), of Washington-Fremont. Daly is the defending Central Coast Section Division III champion.
The sophomore running back stole the show from Salesian-Richmond tailback Jahvid Best, rushing for 201 yards and three touchdowns in a 28-14 victory at Kezar Stadium. Yarnway, a 6-foot, 205-pounder, broke open the game with a 76-yard TD run with 11:50 remaining. Best, the Bay Area's leading rusher, finished with 106 yards on 16 carries, and threw two halfback passes for 135 yards.
Maurice Barton (Washington-SF football), Alycia Cridebring (College Park-Pleasant Hill cross country), Matt Duffy (St. Mary's-Berkeley cross country), Roy Helu Jr. (San Ramon Valley football), David Henderson (Lincoln football), Michael Hicks (El Cerrito football), Robbie Knorr (Valley Christian-Dublin cross country), Blake McDowall (Montgomery-Santa Rosa cross country), Andy Peabody (College Park cross country), Tillman Pugh (De La Salle-Concord football), Thomas Reynolds (Mitty football), Alesandra Roger (Marin Academy cross country), Don-Miguel Tutass (El Cerrito football).