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Turbulent Londoners: Catharine Macaulay, 1731-1791
May 30, 2019 May 30, 2019 / Hannah Awcock	/ Leave a comment
Turbulent Londoners is a series of posts about radical individuals in London's history who contributed to the city's contentious past, with a particular focus of women, whose contribution to history is often overlooked. My definition of 'Londoner' is quite loose, anyone who has played a role in protest in the city can be included. Any suggestions for future Turbulent Londoners posts are very welcome. This week it is the turn of Catharine Macaulay, who was a radical and a republican, as well as the first female English historian.
Catharine Macaulay in around 1775, by Robert Edge Pine (Source: National Portrait Gallery).
A lot of the women I feature on Turbulent London probably wouldn't describe themselves as activists or campaigners; many of them wouldn't even describe themselves as feminists (the term didn't exist before the late 1880s). These women advanced women's rights by simply striving for, and achieving, the things they wanted, even if they were told they couldn't because they were female. Catharine Macaulay, the first female English historian, falls into this category. Her determination to conduct and publish historical research in a time where there were no other female historians in the world made her remarkable. Her successful career as a historian was her primary goal, and the advancement of women's rights was just a side effect.
Born Catharine Sawbridge on 23rd of March 1731 to parents who were wealthy landowners, Catharine had a comfortable childhood. She was educated at home by a governess in Kent. We don't know much about the quality of her education, but by her twenties she was a voracious reader and had a deep love of history. On 20th June 1760, Catharine married a Scottish physician, Dr. George Macaulay. The couple moved to St. James' place in London, where they had one daughter, Catharine Sophia.
It was during this first marriage that Catharine began to publish The History of England from James I to the Revolution. It was a sprawling, detailed historical account of the seventeenth-century that would eventually run to 8 volumes, the last of which was published in 1783. Not only was it remarkable for a woman to undertake such a task (it was deemed inappropriate for a woman to be a historian), it was very unusual for her husband to support her endeavours. But George did support Catharine, and after the publication of the first volume she became an overnight celebrity.
Catharine believed that English society during the Anglo-Saxon period was characterised by freedom and equality, but that this ideal society was lost after the Norman conquest. She argued that all of English history since 1066 had been about the attempt to win back the rights crushed by the "Norman yoke." This stance was very popular with Whigs, who saw her work as an alternative to Hume's 'Tory' History of England. However, when Volume 4 was published in 1768, Catharine alienated her Whig supporters by justifying the execution of Charles I. She was a republican, and believed that if Kings become tyrants, as Charles did, then they forfeit the right to rule. She was no fan of Oliver Cromwell's either though; she blamed him for the downfall of the English republic.
Catharine was also critical of the 1688 Glorious Revolution. She acknowledged that it had limited the power of the monarchy, but argued that it was a missed opportunity to create a second English republic. She was also anti-Catholic, believing that Catholicism was incompatible with a "free constitution." Catharine was very concerned with the morals of the historical figures she wrote about; she argued that self-interest was the worst fault that a King or politician could possess, and believed that only a virtuous people could create a successful republic.
The title page of a 1769 reprint of Volume 1 of History of England (Source: Journal of the American Revolution).
After George's death in 1766, Catharine's London home became a gathering place for reformers, American sympathisers and visiting Americans, an important node in a transatlantic network of campaigners, radicals, and republicans. In 1774, Catharine moved to Bath, where she was treated by a physician, Dr. James Graham. There were rumours of a relationship, but in November 1778 Catharine married Dr. Graham's brother, William. The significant age gap (she was 47, he 21) was controversial, and many of Catherine's friends and supporters abandoned her. However, it seems that her second marriage was as happy as her first.
In July 1784, Catharine became the first English radical to visit a newly independent United States. Her books had been influential on American radical thought, and she was much admired there. Catharine and William stayed with George Washington and his family, and he allowed her to see his personal papers with the goal of writing a history of the War of Independence, although it was eventually written by another of Catharine's American supporters, Mercy Otis Warren.
After the last volume of History was published in 1783, Catharine continued to write and publish. Like Mary Wollstonecraft, Catharine believed that women's 'weakness' was due to their lack of education, and if they had the same opportunities as men they would excel. She also called for the abolition of capital punishment, reform of the penal system, and the abolition of slavery.
Catharine Macaulay died on 22nd June 1791, after suffering from poor health for many years. She was not a campaigner for women's rights, but she furthered this cause because of the way she lived her life. Catharine acted as if gender equality already existed: she refused to leave the room with other women after dinner, and she once said that "a historian is of no sex." She was determined to achieve her goals, no matter whether or not society deemed them appropriate. By achieving those goals, she paved the way for other women to follow similar paths.
Donnelly, Lucy Martin. "The Celebrated Mrs. Macaulay," William and Mary Quarterly. Vol. VI (1949): pp. 173–205.
Gleason, Emily Gilbert. "Macaulay, Catharine (1731-1791)." Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Last modified 2002, accessed 9th May 2019. Available at https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/macaulay-catharine-1731-1791
Hill, Bridget. The Republican Virago: The Life and Times of Catharine Macaulay, Historian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Hill, Bridget. "Macaulay [nee Strawbridge; other married name Graham], Catharine." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Last modified 24th May 2012, accessed 9th May 2019. Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/17344 (subscription required to access).
Wikipedia. "Catharine Macaulay." Last modified 11th April 2019, accessed 9th May 2019. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_Macaulay
On This Day: The Massacre of St. George's Fields, 10th May 1768
John Wilkes was a vocal critic of George III and enjoyed significant popular support (Source: National Picture Gallery)
Most people have probably never heard of John Wilkes, but in the eighteenth century he was one of London's most popular radicals. On the 10th May 1768, soldiers opened fire on some of his supporters outside the King's Bench Prison in Southwark where Wilkes was being held. 6 or 7 people were killed, including bystanders, in an event that would become known as the Massacre of St. George's Fields.
John Wilkes was a radical MP, and in June 1762 he started a newspaper, The North Briton, which was very critical of both the government and the monarchy. He was protected by parliamentary privilege, which means that MPs have legal immunity for things they do or say in the course of their duties. This only protected Wilkes up to a point, however, and he eventually went too far, publishing a poem that the House of Lords deemed to be obscene and blasphemous. They started the process of expelling Wilkes from the House of Commons, which would have removed his parliamentary privilege and left him open to prosecution. Wilkes fled to Paris before this could happen. In his absence he was found guilty of obscene and seditious libel and declared an outlaw on the 19th of January 1764.
Wilkes hoped that a change of government would lead to the charges against him being dropped. He ran out of money before that happened, however, and had to return to England. He wasn't immediately arrested, as the government feared it would only increase his support base. Wilkes was elected as MP for Middlesex, but in April decided to waive his parliamentary privilege and hand himself over to the court of the King's Bench. He was sentenced to 10 months in prison and given a £500 fine.
A map of St. George's Fields in the late eighteenth century. The King's Bench Prison is on the right hand side, near the junction of New Road and Blackman Street (Source: Mapco).
Wilkes was taken to the King's Bench Prison in Southwark, on the edge of a large open space called St. George's Field (an area stretching from Waterloo Station to Borough High Street today). As news of Wilkes' imprisonment spread, his supporters began to gather on St. George's Fields. The numbers increased daily, and by the 10th of May there were around 15,000 people there. Fearful of the large crowd, four Justices of the Peace requested military support, and a detachment of Horse Grenadier Guards were sent. This only increased tensions, however, as the crowd taunted the soldiers.
A group of soldiers chased one man who was being particularly offensive into a nearby barn. They opened fire, killing William Allen, an innocent bystander. As news of Allen's death spread, the situation on St. George's Fields only got worse. The Riot Act was read and more soldiers were called for, amongst fears that the crowd would attempt to break Wilkes out of prison. The crowd began to throw stones at the soldiers, who opened fire. In total, 6 or 7 people were killed, including another innocent bystander, and about 15 people were injured. Admittedly this isn't a large number of casualties, but at the time it was quite significant. Understandably afraid for their lives, the crowd on St. George's Field broke up, but as news of what had happened spread through London, sporadic rioting broke out across the city.
William Allen, who had nothing to do with the protest, was shot and killed by soldiers (Source: UNIVERSAL HISTORY ARCHIVE/UIG VIA GETTY IMAGES).
Two soldiers were charged with the murder of William Allen, but they were not convicted. Allen's father presented a petition to parliament asking for justice for his son, which led to a debate about whether the government, who had supported the soldiers, was too oppressive. Nothing came of it though. In a letter to some of his supporters in America, Wilkes suggested that the massacre may have been pre-planned by the government, although there is no evidence of this. Wlkes was released from prison in March 1770. He was re-elected as an MP several times, and each time Parliament expelled him. Instead, he was appointed a Sheriff of London, becoming Lord Mayor in 1774. During the 1780 Gordon Riots, Wilkes fought against the rioters, which significantly damaging his reputation with the people and other radicals.
John Wilkes was a champion of anti-government feeling and the right to free speech. His popularity with the people of London terrified the authorities, which may explain why the situation on St. George's Fields escalated so quickly. Or, it could just be an example of poor policing exacerbating a crowd, which has happened on many other occasions. Either way, it was a dramatic and deadly episode in the constant struggle between the authorities and the people for London's streets.
German, Lindsey, and John Rees. A People's History of London. London: Verso, 2012.
Harris, Sean. "The Massacre of St. George's Fields and the Petition of William Allen." UK Parliament. Last modified 31 October 2016, accessed 23rd April 2019. Available at https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/petitions-committee/petition-of-the-month/the-massacre-of-st-georges-fields-and-the-petition-of-william-allen-the-elder/
Simkin, John. "St. George's Fields Riot." Spartacus Educational. Last modified August 2014, accessed 23rd April 2019. Available at https://spartacus-educational.com/LONstgeorge.htm
TeachingHistory.org. "Boston's Bloody Affray." No date, accessed 7th May 2019. Available at https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/23472
White, Jerry. London in the Eighteenth Century: A Great and Monstrous Thing. London: The Bodley Head, 2012.
Wikipedia. "Massacre of St George's Fields." Last modified 15th March 2019, accessed 23rd April 2019. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_St_George%27s_Fields
Book Review: When the Clyde Ran Red- A Social History of Red Clydeside
February 7, 2019 January 18, 2019 / Hannah Awcock	/ Leave a comment
When the Clyde Ran Red by Maggie Craig.
Maggie Craig. When the Clyde Ran Red: A Social History of Red Clydeside. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2018. RRP £9.99 paperback.
I don't need much of an excuse to go book shopping, but traveling is one of them. Whenever I go somewhere new, I keep an eye out for books about local history, particularly relating to protest and dissent. On a recent trip to Scotland, I bought When the Clyde Ran Red: A Social History of Red Clydeside by Maggie Craig. The book tells the story of a period in Glasgow's history known as Red Clydeside. In the first half of the twentieth century Glasgow and the surrounding areas experienced a period of radical politics which saw a number of dedicated campaigners fighting to improve the lives of working-class Glaswegians. When the Clyde Ran Red tells the story of Glasgow between the Singer Sewing Machine Factory strike in 1911 and the Clydebank Blitz in 1941.
Warm and witty, kind-hearted and generous, interested in everything and everyone, the spirited men and women of Red Clydeside had one goal they set above all things…to create a fair and just society, one in which the children of the poor had as much right as the children of the rich to good health, happiness, education and opportunity.
Craig, p. 301
When the Clyde Ran Red is an engaging and lively read, it is a book that I thoroughly enjoyed. Maggie Craig has an informal writing style, her prose peppered with phrases in Scots that helps to transport the reader to Glasgow in the first half of the twentieth century. The book is comprehensive, covering everything from party politics undertaken by idealistic and self-sacrificing men, to rent strikes organised by fierce and determined housewives. Craig also brings in social history, explaining the context of Red Clydeside by describing the social, economic, and cultural life of Glasgow. For example, the Scottish Exhibition (1911), the Empire Exhibition (1938) and the popularity of increasingly 'raunchy' dance styles as a form of social revolution.
I criticised the last book I reviewed, The Road Not Taken by Frank McLynn (LINK), for going into too much detail. Sometimes, When the Clyde Ran Red goes to far in the opposite direction. I occasionally found its lack of detail frustrating. For example, the Singer Sewing Machine Factory strike in 1911 failed, but Craig does not any offer explanations about what went wrong. There were several points where I just wanted more information. Nevertheless, I think the book is a good introduction to an area of history that I previously knew very little about, and I can always find more detail elsewhere about all the events featured if I wanted to. When the Clyde Ran Red is an excellent starting point.
I admit that my knowledge of Scottish history is patchy at best, but When the Clyde Ran Red was an enjoyable way of filling some of those gaps. I would recommend it to anyone interested in labour history, the history of protest, or Scottish history.
Book Review: The Road Not Taken- How Britain Narrowly Missed a Revolution, 1381-1926
November 15, 2018 November 15, 2018 / Hannah Awcock	/ Leave a comment
The Road Not Taken by Frank McLynn
Frank McLynn. The Road Not Taken: How Britain Narrowly Missed a Revolution, 1381-1926. London: Vintage, 2013. RRP £12.99 paperback.
There are several books that document and discuss the history of protest in Britain. I have reviewed two of them–A Radical History of Britain (2010) by Edward Vallance and The English Rebel (2010) by David Horspool–on this blog. The Road Not Taken: How Britain Narrowly Missed a Revolution, 1381-1926, takes a very different approach to the previous two and, despite being quite difficult to read, manages to bring something new to the table.
The Road Not Taken is based on the premise that whilst Britain has never experienced a revolution, defined as an "overthrow of a regime and a drastic change of direction, politically, economically, socially," it has come close at several points (McLynn, 2013; ix). McLynn analyses these moments in great detail, considering why they happened, what happened, and why they failed to achieve revolution. The revolutionary moments he considers are: the Peasant's Revolt (1381), Jack Cade's Rebellion (1450), the English Civil War (1642-51), the 1745 Jacobite Rising, Chartism (1837-48), and the General Strike (1926).
"why has there been no true revolution in British history? It goes without saying that Britain never approached anything like the socio-economic convulsions of the Russian, Chinese, or Cuban Revolutions. The nearest the nation came to something like the upheavals in the French and Mexican varieties was in the aftermath of the English Civil War, but Cromwell slammed the brakes on hard and turned abruptly right."
(McLynn, 2013; p.479)
In the Conclusion, McLynn evaluates different explanations for why Britain has never experienced a revolution, including Britain's island status isolating it from the worst impacts of land-based war, the monarchy, the British Empire, and Methodism. He gives each argument a fair hearing, evaluating its strengths and weaknesses. My issue is that McLynn never comes to a conclusion. He has valid reasons for why every hypothesis is flawed, but he doesn't explain what he thinks is the best explanation. McLynn does the same thing in the Appendix, where he evaluates the different theories and typologies of revolution more generally, but he doesn't draw conclusions.
I also found McLynn's writing style difficult to get along with. The text is dense, and includes unnecessarily complicated words like "fissiparious" (p127), "galimaufry" (p312), and "exiguous" (p430). All that such a writing style does is make a narrative or argument much harder to follow. Academics often write in this way, perhaps in an attempt to appear more impressive. All it does, however, is widen the gap between academics and the general population, particularly when it is used in a book aimed at a popular audience such as The Road not Taken. The history of protest is one of the thing I am most interested in, but even I struggled to stay engaged with the book at some points.
The Road Not Taken does manage to bring something new to the topic of Britain's history of protest. It may well prove useful to me in my research someday, with its detailed and measured analysis. However, I would not recommend it as a 'fun' read, something to relax with curled up on the sofa or in the bath.
Book Review: London Fog- The Biography
October 18, 2018 October 20, 2018 / Hannah Awcock	/ Leave a comment
London Fog by Christine L. Corton.
Christine L. Corton. London Fog: The Biography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017. RRP £13.95 paperback.
I like books about London, and I like books that take very specific objects or phenomena, such as a particular weather condition, and links them to wider political, social, economic, cultural, and historical contexts (Tear Gas by Anna Feigenbaum is a really good example of this). So when I found London Fog: The Biography, I was excited to read it.
Although London's location in the Thames basin means it has always been susceptible to mist and damp, London Fog begins in the 1840s, when the city's rapid expansion and industrialisation meant London began to suffer from fog in earnest. The book's narrative ends in the 1960s; the last major period of fog London experienced was in December 1962. For more than a century the city suffered from dense, cloying fog during the winter months that was capable of shutting down the city by reducing visibility to almost zero, and caused breathing difficulties, respiratory illnesses, and even death.
Christine L. Corton uses the fog to tell a social, cultural, and political history of London between those two dates. She explores the way that fog was constructed and interpreted in various narratives, including political debates and identity. Over the course of the century in which fog was a defining characteristic of London life it was the subject of many arguments about what caused the fog, what was so dangerous about it, what could be done to prevent it, and whose responsibility it was. Corton traces these debates with skill and patience.
There is also a lot of literary and art criticism in London Fog; Corton devotes significant attention to how fog in London has been represented in various art forms including paintings, photography, novels, and films. In this way, London Fog reminds me of Nightwalking by Mathew Beaumont, which explores the literary history of London at night. Whereas Nightwalking suffers from a distinct lack of female writers, however, London Fog does discuss female artists.
London Fog is obviously the product of extensive and detailed research. It is full of wonderful images, often in colour. This is a big plus; it is quite unusual for books like this to have so many high-quality images. The narrative is incredibly detailed, which occasionally causes the pacing to suffer; readers with only a mild interest in the topic may struggle.
There are a huge number of books about London's history, and it takes a lot to write one that stands out from the crowd. London Fog is about a subject that is quintessentially London, but also manages to be original. It is an excellent example about how something small and specific can be used to better understand the large and general.
The Historical Geographies of Protest Reading List
July 5, 2018 June 21, 2018 / Hannah Awcock	/ 1 Comment
Source: Radicalhistory.co.uk.
As part of my thesis revisions, I had to read as much academic research on the historical geographies of protest as I could get my hands on. To keep track of it all, I made a database using Zotero, an open-source referencing programme. For those of you who aren't familiar, Zotero is a wonderful free-to-use (unlike EndNote or RefWorks) referencing software that I have used to keep track of all my academic reading since I started my PhD. It occured to me that I might not be the only person that would find this list useful, so I have made it publicly accessible. You can view the database here. Each book or journal article is tagged with key information such as the time period and location of case studies, as well as key themes, ideas, theories, and thinkers addressed.
A screen shot of the Historical Geographies of Protest reading list.
I will keep adding to the list as I find more. I am sure that I have missed things out too, so please do let me know and I will add them in. For example, the list is quite Anglo-centric so far, it would be great if we could get some more references about non-English speaking places. Or even some literature that is not written in English! I would really like this to be a resource that lots of people both contribute to and benefit from, so please do get in touch if you have something to add.
Book Review: A Radical History of Britain by Edward Vallance
May 31, 2018 May 28, 2018 / Hannah Awcock	/ 1 Comment
A Radical History of Britain by Edward Vallance.
Edward Vallance. A Radical History of Britain. London: Abacus, 2010. RRP £13.99 paperback.
The British have a reputation for being a bit passive when it comes to protest, rebellion, and revolution. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 is celebrated for being 'bloodless,' and when the rest of Europe was wracked with revolutions in the mid-nineteenth century we had the largely peaceful Chartist movement. Books such as A Radical History of Britain, however, demonstrate that us Brits can rebel with the best of them.
A Radical History of Britain pretty much does what it says on the tin, although Vallance does admit in the introduction that it is largely about England rather then Britain. The book is split into seven parts, each with several chapters, that focus on particularly contentious periods in English history, including: the English Civil Wars; British radicalism around the time of the French Revolution; Chartism; and the Women's Suffrage movement. In each case, Vallance focuses on two elements that make A Radical History of Britain more than just a straightforward narrative. The first is a concern with ideas as well as events; Vallances devotes significant attention to the theories and writings that inspired and drove radicalism, from those of the Levellers, to Thomas Paine, Feargus O'Connor, and the Pankhursts. The second element that makes the book stand out is discussion of how protests and periods of radicalism were used by later activists and campaigners as sources of inspiration, justification, and legitimisation. Social movements often draw on the history of radicalism in lots of ways, and A Radical History of Britain traces that process.
Our freedom lies in our power. Pessimists may point to demonstrations against the war in Iraq as evidence of modern government's capacity to ignore the will of the people. However, the millions who marched against that illegal war also remind us of the readiness of the British people once again, in the words of Shelley, to rise 'like lions after slumber.' This is the lesson of Britain's radical history: the struggle for our freedom goes on.
Vallance, 2010; p 552.
Last year, I reviewed The English Rebel by David Horspool. It too tells the story of English radicalism, although Horspool is more explicit about the English focus. On the surface, the two books are quite similar; they are telling the same story, and feature many of the same events. They also both indulge in my pet hate of collecting images together rather than dispersing them throughout the text. However, there are differences. The English Rebel is more of a straightforward narrative, whilst A Radical History of Britain explores radical ideas and legacies, as I have mentioned. David Horspool's overall message is that the English have always been more radical than our reputation implies. Edward Vallance's key message is that rights are something that the English fought long and hard for, and they can be lost if they are not defended. The narrative in The English Rebel is more complete than in A Radical History of Britain; Vallance sacrifices breadth for depth in some places, so skips over some time periods, and finishes in the mid-twentieth century, whilst Horspool goes right through to the nineteen-nineties. I personally found The English Rebel easier to read, but that doesn't necessarily make it a better book, it depends what the reader is looking for. I understand that not everyone enjoys reading about the history of protest as much as I do, so if you only want to read one, I can offer some advice. If you're after a more general overview of protest in England throughout history, I would recommend The English Rebel. If you would prefer something with more analysis, then I would suggest A Radical History of Britain.
A Radical History of Britain presents some interesting arguments about how legacies of protests and radicalism are shaped and used by radicals that come after, and it also provides a thorough introduction to the history of radical ideas in Britain. It is not the easiest book to read, but I think it is worth the effort.
Revolting New York: How 400 Years of Riot, Revolt, Uprising, and Revolution Shaped a City
December 7, 2017 December 6, 2017 / Hannah Awcock	/ Leave a comment
Revolting New York will be published early next year.
On my trips to New York City (in 2015 and 2016), I have scoured bookshops looking for a history of protest in the city, assuming that there must be one. After all, there are at least two books about London's turbulent past. Whilst there is lots of great research about dissent in New York, there has not been an overarching survey–until now. Next year, a book will be published not just about the history of protest in New York, but about the historical geography of protest in the city. Revolting New York: How 400 Years of Riot, Revolt, Uprising, and Revolution Shaped a City began as a project by Neil Smith with some of his post-graduate students at the City University of New York. When he passed away in 2012, Professor Don Mitchell took over the task of editing the collection, and it is finally being published next year. As you can imagine, I'm quite excited about it, whilst also being a bit frustrated that I didn't get there first!
Last week, Professor Mitchell gave a lecture about the project at Queen Mary, University of London. I went along to find about more about the project. Mitchell used various examples to demonstrate the strength of the relationship between dissent and the material landscape. We tend to view demonstrations, riots, and other expressions of dissent as unusual events, but they are actually very common, particularly in large cities like London and New York. It is actually more uncommon to have a peaceful period.
Mitchell started the lecture with an in-depth look at a decade of bombings in New York, culminating in anarchist Mario Buda's attack on Wall Street on the 16th of September 1920 (I have written a review of Mike Davis' excellent book about this bombing's part in the early history of the car bomb here.) The bombings contributed to the deindustrialization of New York, as the small-scale manufacturing and transport networks that produced and planted the bombs were driven out of the city. Finance, insurance, and real estate came to dominate the city's economy. In attempting to strike a devastating blow against the bankers of Wall Street, Buda inadvertently helped them tighten their grip on New York.
Mitchell used this narrative, and others, to argue that "landscape is power materialised." Whilst this is not a new argument, Revolting New York applies it in a new context. Space is produced through social struggle, the result of constant negotiation and conflict between groups with different visions for that space. Protest is just one form that this process takes. As such, protest shapes and reshapes the city you see when you look out the window (apologies to those of you who are not currently in a city!)
The lecture was an introduction to the Revolting New York project, outlining it's history, structure, and key arguments. It is particularly exciting for me because of its parallels with my own work on London. The book will be affordable too, less than £25 for the paperback, so hopefully it will help bring historical geography to a wider audience. I for one can't wait to read it!
On This Day: Occupation of the Savoy, 14th September 1940
September 14, 2017 September 7, 2017 / Hannah Awcock	/ 1 Comment
When we think of London during the Second World War, we think of the Blitz. When we think of the Blitz, we think of the Blitz spirit epitomising the British stiff upper lip. There is a collective imaginary of Londoners banding stoically together, facing down the Nazis with a grim smile, a cup of tea, and maybe a sing song. But London was not always united in the face of the enemy. The occupation of the Savoy Hotel on the night of the 14th September 1940, the 8th night of the Blitz, was a manifestation of some of these divisions.
Londoners sheltering in Elephant and Castle Underground station during an air raid. At first, the government were reluctant to let people shelter in the underground (Source: IWM)
In the early days of the Blitz, there was a serious lack of deep shelters in the East End, which was particularly hard hit due to the high levels of industry in the area. Pre-war planning by the government had rejected deep shelters in London, afraid that a 'shelter mentality' would develop. They decided instead to issue gas masks and rely on surface level shelters, such as the Anderson shelter. It very quickly became obvious that this provision was insufficient. What shelters there were lacked facilities and were overcrowded.
The Communist Party immediately took up the cause. the London district printed 100,000 leaflets and 5,000 posters calling for better provision of shelters and the requisitioning of empty houses for the homeless. The East End Communists decided to march for better air raid shelters in the East End, and to highlight the fact that not all Londoners suffered the effects of the bombs equally.
The entrance to the world famous Savoy hotel on the Strand (Source: The Daily Mail)
With the help of some sympathetic waiters, between 40 and 70 protesters occupied the Savoy's luxurious air raid shelter. The shelter was divided into cubicles, with beds and armchairs. Nurses and waiters served the hotel's guests during raids. When the air raid siren went off, the Savoy's manager realised he could not chuck the occupiers out; they would have to stay the night. After some negotiation with the catering staff, the occupiers were provided with tea, bread, and butter. All in all, it was a pretty pleasant way of drawing attention to the disparity of deep shelter provision across the capital.
The contrast between the shelter conditions for the rich and the poor called for exposure. This was done…One Saturday evening we gathered some seventy people, among them a large sprinkling of children, and we took them to the Savoy Hotel. We had heard from building workers of the well-constructed and luxurious shelter which had been built for their guests. We decided that what was good enough for the Savoy Hotel parasites was reasonably good enough for Stepney workers and their families.
Phil Piratin, Our Flag Stays Red (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2006); p. 73. Phil Piratin was a prominent member of the Communist Party, and became one of the party's first MPs in 1945. He was present during the occupation of the Savoy.
The Blitz was one of the darkest periods in London's history. By the time it ended 43,000 British civilians had been killed, half of them in London. Protest and dissent was less common during the world wars than in peace time, but Londoners were willing to fight for decent air raid shelter provision. Thanks to actions such as the occupation of the Savoy Hotel, the situation greatly improved, making the lives of Londoners that much more bearable as the bombs fell.
Piratin, Phil. Our Flag Stays Red. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2006.
Sweet, Matthew. "When Max Levitas Stormed the Savoy." Spitalfields Life. Last modified 3 November, 2011. Accessed 23 August, 2017. Available at http://spitalfieldslife.com/2011/11/03/when-max-levitas-stormed-the-savoy/
May 13, 2017 June 24, 2019 / Hannah Awcock	/ 5 Comments


Hawke's Bay is New Zealand's oldest wine region and is considered home of the best and most diverse wineries in the new world. The region also has great weather conditions making it the perfect place for produce, world class rich red wines, and gourmet delights. Join our Hawkes Bay day tours and let us show you around this land of milk and honey, showcasing the best the region has to offer -- from the best wines to the finest restaurants.
Our wine tours are great for those who are short on time. Visit the Vidal Estate, Tom McDonald Cellar – New Zealand's only wine museum, and sample the award winning wines of Gimblett Gravels.
Those who are looking for a bit of adventure, go on a self-guided cycling tour and explore this beautiful region on your bike. Visit wineries, orchards, farmlands, a farmer's market, and discover beautiful coastal villages.


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Ebola Panic vs. the Ebola Pandemic
In the following video, Bill Whittle talks about Ebola, or more accurately, the current media panic over Ebola. He rightly highlights the massively corrupt incompetence of the Obama administration in its inept handling of the Ebola outbreak in the United States, and points out that the fear of Ebola that seems to have engulfed the country is largely due to the perception that the administration is incapable of dealing with the disease in a timely and effective fashion.
He then goes on to discuss the way in which the epidemic — which is not yet an epidemic here or in Europe, not by a long shot — is irrationally over-hyped by the media, feeding into the general hysteria. I have only two (relatively minor) quibbles with his talk:
1. Airborne transmission. It is widely asserted that Ebola cannot be contracted through airborne droplets. However, some specialists disagree, and think that aerosolized transmission is theoretically possible. I don't see much evidence of it in the U.S. outbreak, since only two people who had direct personal contact with the Liberian victim have come down with the disease so far. But it's early days, and I won't rule it out.
2. Infection through the skin. It is also said that Ebola cannot be contracted through contact with healthy skin. However, once again some scientists disagree. I don't know enough to have an opinion on this aspect of the contagion.
I'll be discussing one further aspect of the disease that Bill Whittle doesn't mention. But first, let's hear what he has to say:
In his essay about Ebola last Thursday, Fjordman mentioned the fact that as the virus spreads more and more widely, it will also become less deadly.
This true of all pandemic diseases. It is a statistical certainty that a deadly virus will become less deadly as it infects more and more victims, provided that it mutates from time to time, which all viruses do. Call it Darwinian mechanics: if a variant of the pathogen kills fewer of its victims, then more of its victims will walk around longer sweating and excreting, transmitting it to even more victims while those infected are still contagious. During the course of the spread of the disease there is an overwhelming selective pressure on the pool of related viruses in favor those that are less deadly.
The number of victims of a deadly disease increases exponentially as long as R0 — the average number of persons infected by a victim of the disease — is greater than one. However, the deadliness of the disease decreases exponentially at the same time. The rub of the matter is, of course, that the increase in incidence may be far more rapid than the decrease in virulence.
A prime example of this process is the great influenza epidemic of 1918-1919, which was exceptionally deadly, and killed more than 600,000 Americans in a very short period of time. Over the course of the epidemic, about thirty million victims are thought to have died worldwide — a large number, more than had died in the Great War, yet less than two percent of the world population at the time.
The disease disappeared very quickly as soon as it had spread widely. Within a few months, the worst was over. Within a few years it had become just another endemic virus, the ancestor of many of today's flu variants, which are generally deadly only to the very young, the very old, and those with compromised immune systems.
Ebola is more deadly than the 1918 influenza. However, it also seems to be less contagious — R0 for the "Spanish Flu" is estimated to have been between 2 and 3, whereas for Ebola it is thought to be about 2.
So watch for Ebola to mutate and decrease in deadliness as the number of its victims continues to increase. I won't venture to predict what the situation will be like in six months or a year, but it's a safe bet that the disease will not remain as deadly as it is now.
Another interesting aspect of the Ebola epidemic that hasn't been discussed much in the media, as far as I know, is whether it will behave any differently in a northern clime than it does in Central and West Africa. The virus evolved in a tropical environment. Will its R0 be any different in, say, Helsinki or Sitka than it is in Monrovia?
I haven't read about any experiments being conducted to investigate the effects of latitude on the spread of Ebola. However, we may have a lot of real-time data to draw on in another six months or so.
This entry was posted in Africa, Media, News, Plagues, Politics, USA by Baron Bodissey. Bookmark the permalink.
13 thoughts on "Ebola Panic vs. the Ebola Pandemic"
anonymous on October 19, 2014 at 9:27 pm said:
After you watch Bill Whittle discuss "Fear of Ebola" . . . in which he tempers fear with
rational science, please take the time to read this "Weekly Standard" article, Six Reasons to Panic which explains why this rational science brings out the fear in all of us. Sobering stuff, yet with all those considerations, consider also, WashingtonExaminer: Pentagon readies Ebola response team (for domestic cases as they arise). Such is the 'brave new world' we face.
Takuan Seiyo on October 19, 2014 at 11:50 pm said:
Furthermore, I find Whittle quite within the PJ milquetoast profile, either pulling his punches on issues in which he has a good take or refusing to tackle the controversial gist of such issues at all.
The crux of the matter is that BHO is intentionally infecting America with Ebola, to make us feel the pain of his African brethren and to topple some more dominoes in his Clowad-Piven grand design . What else does one need as proof than his sending 4000 US soldiers with 4 hours of treaining and no hazmat suits to deal with Ebola in Africa, refusing to close the borders, refusing to halt flights from West Africa or to stop issuing visas to West Africans, lying brazenly in a public address that such measures would make the crisis worse, — all at the same time as the slowdown of the spread of Ebola in Africa is unequivocally credited to the closing of borders.
I recommend these pieces as complement to way-too-timid Whittle:
Porous Borders and Ebola
http://moonbattery.com/?p=51646
Since Ebola Outbreak, Obama Administration Has Made It Easier for West Africans Who Come to America
Obama Is Risking a U.S. Ebola Outbreak for His Own African Ambitions http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Columns/2014/10/15/Obama-Risking-US-Ebola-Outbreak-His-Own-Ambitions
Reported Source of New Virus Killing Kids: Obama's "Unaccompanied Alien Children"
http://directorblue.blogspot.com/2014/10/another-cdc-coverup-reported-source-of.html
anon on October 20, 2014 at 6:12 pm said:
You just cannot make this stuff up anymore…GotNews: #Ebola Czar Called Overpopulation Top Leadership Issue video clip at link 10/20/2014
simpleton on October 20, 2014 at 6:44 pm said:
It is not the ebola sickness that will kill many.
It is the flow on costs in the hospitals and health systems that the tax payer will ultimately fund. Hospitals setting up, special wards, or wings, with all the facilities for super isolation.Then managers, eventually dedicated nurses and Doctors for hopefully very few patients..
Funding all this will not be cheap and then the protocols for the ones involved with caring for a patient, possible 21 days quarantine.
The effect on the carers and their families, as will they have to keep a quarantine, and constant monitoring.
The flow on effect to the public, in particular with tax payer systems, as the time involved for nurses and doctors and the extra protocols in place, would make it seem if there is shortage of medical staff. It would seem to me that though a hospital is supposed to take time in the care of their patients, efficiency per doctor/nurse directly relates to the price charged per patient or cost to tax payer.
If this becomes over riding with just a drip feed of ebola cases, I do wonder about the flow on effect for elective surgery, that may be essential for people to get on with life, may have to be postponed. It would cause a triage effect, as many people who have a minor problem, that may make it difficult to work, and just a small surgery/treatment would make them as good as new, and so now would end up on long waiting lists to be managed with possibly even more eventual complications. The stitch in time saves 9.
We believe that our western style medical systems can easily control such problems in the west, and it will, if we give it all the resources.
The real issue to me is the bleeding ($), and though we appear to cope, it is our Achilles's heel of the west. Will be it just be a minor cut, that will scab over with just a band-aid ($), or develop an itch, requiring some more funds or will it ulcerate and become a small hemorrhage ($) that one can continue with a lot of bandages ($) and hopefully not deepen to weaken some major veins or an artery (major $) so the west is severely weakened, as mentioned as a Cloward-Piven set up
Over 30 countries now have travel bans or restriction, almost all of the African countries. This one of the ways of bringing the the disease the disease under control. I think essential trade may still continue, though a bit more slower and perhaps a few changes done. Ultimately what they are doing is protecting their scarce health resources.
If they can I would believe they also try and isolate areas too.
The media wind up the death and disease effect, but I want the costs and benefits of not only country quarantines to be compared to our costs to our medical systems.
That is where some journalist should be looking into.
Money is not every thing I know, but the most effective use of it, will save lives, and lead onto enhancing many lives.
Green Infidel on October 20, 2014 at 4:24 am said:
I agree ebola won't kill everybody – and may not be like the influenza of 1918… that said – I've read that the virus can stay on doorknobs and other objects for up to a few. Once it lands on someone's skin, a simple scratch of one's itchy face may be enough for transmission to take place. It also has a long incubation period (up to 3 weeks) – which eases transmission over long distances.
There is also the case of the nurse in Spain, who I heard was probably infected simply by touching with her hand hear sweaty forehead, after taking off her protective suit. So it does seem to be quite easy to catch ebola, if near a sufferer. (I learnt that I myself am 3 handshakes from that nurse, but am not panicking just yet :))
Apparently in the ebola epidemic countries at the moment (Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone), people are not shaking hands, handling money with gloves and taking other precautions.
So… while ebola may not kill everyone, what impact will it have on our daily lives? How will it be to touch objects on public transport, or lift weight at the gym? And what impact will it have on the nightclub scene, and student life? Will it be considered safe merely to scratch one's face if it itches?
In summary – will the disease's main impact be not in the number of people it kills, but on the way we lead our lives?
Baron Bodissey on October 20, 2014 at 11:21 am said:
The point isn't how efficiently the disease is spread, but whether it will remain as deadly as it is now. If the number of those infected continues to double at the current rate, within ten months there will have been more than 100 million victims. If that happens, we can state with certainty that Ebola will not be as deadly as it is now. If it follows the pattern of the influenza epidemic, the mortality rate will be below 5% by then.
I'm emphasizing this pattern because no one else seems to be talking about it. It has been a feature of every single deadly epidemic in the past, including the Black Death and the bubonic plague. As long as viruses continue to mutate (and I don't see any reason for them not to; the presence of ultraviolet wavelengths in the solar spectrum guarantees that they will), Darwinian mechanics will ensure that they eventually become less deadly to their hosts. The more rapidly they spread, the more quickly their virulence decreases.
This doesn't mean that we shouldn't be worried about Ebola. I certainly am. But there's no point in discussing the disease irrationally. It has a mortality rate of more than 50% now, but it will not have anywhere near that high a mortality rate in ten months, not if it continues to spread with an R0 of 2. This is as close to a statistical certainty as you can get in a real-world prediction.
As for its impact on the way we lead our lives — the modern taboo against spitting in public arose during the 1918 influenza epidemic, and now seems to be a permanent social feature. Perhaps shaking hands will go the same route in 2015.
Equation may hold, so long as militarized version of this or similar virus (as with Marburg) are eliminated.
Baron Bodissey on October 20, 2014 at 1:15 pm said:
Even "militarized" viruses mutate. They, too, are subject to Darwinian mechanics, and will become less deadly at an exponential rate as they spread exponentially.
In order to maintain lethality, new batches of artificially manufactured viruses would have to be continuously released in public areas.
Ivan Winters on October 20, 2014 at 1:18 pm said:
'As for its impact on the way we lead our lives — the modern taboo against spitting in public arose during the 1918 influenza epidemic, and now seems to be a permanent social feature. '
Spitting in public used to be rare in the UK. It is now very common again. The incidence of spitting in public has lead to a resurgence of TB (now often antibiotic resistant strains of TB). TB was virtually abolished in the UK by the 1970's and specialist TB treatment units were closed. Now it is rampant among a population who have no idea of identifying and preventing the spread of TB.
Why is spitting common again ? It is common amonst the followers of a new 'cultural group' in the UK. Muslims. It is a 'Muslim cultural thing' in'nit !!
anonymous on October 20, 2014 at 9:02 am said:
Simply cannot resist posting : Haiti installs anti-Ebola border controls
The Ministry of Health stressed that 'no case of the virus has been detected or revealed so far' in Haiti
Gene on October 20, 2014 at 4:53 pm said:
The claim is that there is "overwhelming selective pressure" for the virus to mutate in a way that makes it less dangerous. This is not entirely accurate. "Darwinian mechanics" don't necessarily favor "less deadly" or something that we perceive as being beneficial to the virus (i.e. not killing the host). The pressure is for the virus to change in a way that makes it easier to reproduce. While not killing the host is one way this might be achieved, another is simply to become more infectious. Hence, the fear that Ebola might become airborne. If the disease becomes more infectious, the pressure not to kill the host is reduced dramatically, and might become a non-factor until the virus begins to run out of hosts. It you trust in a politically correct view of "Darwinian mechanics" you could end up dead.
Yes, I agree, you are exactly correct. However, the second alternative has not been the historical pattern. Deadly pandemics generally spread exponentially for a short period, and then their virulence rapidly declines.
This may point to a greater selective advantage for those that spread well but are less deadly, vs. those that spread even more quickly, but are also more lethal.
And you're right about what will probably happen if Ebola becomes an airborne contagion: a much more rapid spread of the disease. However, I stand by my assertion that after hundreds of millions of people have become infected, the virus will be only a fraction as deadly as it is now. This has been the pattern throughout history. The most deadly period will last for a year, maybe two.
But that's bad enough. An awful lot of people will probably die horribly during that time.
jewdog on October 20, 2014 at 9:11 pm said:
The West African countries involved have large Muslim populations who follow the Muslim custom of family members hand-washing the dead. This is suspected to be a possible disease vector. The WHO and Red Cross have tried to discourage the practice, to no avail, and some of their efforts have resulted in attacks against their workers.
Jewish Law, or Halacha, also involves washing the dead, but Halacha also suspends ritual if it proves harmful, but I don't know if Sharia has the same exception.

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Santa owes me one. Big time.
We went to a Christmas Light Show last week to get in to the spirits of things. It was lovely, and also strange, with flashing Christmas trees set to the rhythm of ACDC songs and foam snow pouring from the sky. And there were Santas everywhere you looked. Small battery powered ones dancing Gangham Styles and big blow up ones floating eerily in the sky. But in the gleeful madness Ramona and I lost each other. It was only about 18 minutes of sprinting around trying to beat the advancing dark, my stomach clenched and my heart in my throat, but it was the most frightening 18 minutes of 2015 hands down. How we clung to each other when a kind elderly elf hefted a sobbing Ramona into my arms. One of my most wrenching parenting moments so far.
So yeah, Santa and his distracting Santanic minions get the blame for that one.
Which makes me feel compelled to write a Christmas wish list, like both of us fulfilling the traditional roles of human and, um, legendary fairy-man will help us get on good terms again. No one wants an ongoing beef with the bearded one. And if Santa makes my wishes come true we'll be even stevens.
If Santa is really real I know that when I wake up tomorrow I'll have a gift-wrapped repeat perscription for de-worming tablets and a robotic vacuum cleaner.
I'd also have a local library that didn't worry about the DVD's making it back with their covers on…. We never lose the DVDs but somewhere there is a stash of plastic covers and the librarians simply have no flexibility on these things! We probably lose an hour a week hunting around for DVD covers. Also, just quickly on that subject, if you are out there Santa, I'd wish that only good books made it on to the NY Times Bestselling list, please? And that it was against the law for famous authors to give other author's rubbish books misleading, supportive phrases for their covers. *glares at Jodie Picoult in particular* And that I would stop accidently getting out books from the library that I've already read because I like the cover/ it comes recommended from a famous author. And that I'd therefore never again be lying awake wrestling with the insomnia that has tracked me my whole life with Nothing To Read.
In fact, just help me be better at getting to sleep and not lying awake worrying about all the things I've lost or forgotten to do or losing my children or just worrying about my children in general.
Also, I wish for a dog that doesn't fart. WOAH THERE. No one mentions the dog farts when you are excitedly mentioning that you are gonna get a cute little puppy. We needed no other farting thing in our lives. We really didn't. Sometimes late at night I am reading an amazing novel and am zoned in to this fantastical story of wild adventure and then all of a sudden I am engulfed in this putrid cloud of terror as if someone just scratched a Scratch and Sniff card the size of the planet with a picture of a Rotten Egg Turd on it right in front of my face. UGH. Please will my dog stop farting.
This might sound like a frivolous list. But its only because I know if I had all these things I would be a more generally patient and lovely person, unstressed by the mundane and rank annoyances of daily life.
Okay, I know, you know, we all know that often the rank and mundane are the things that make us better people. Not the avoidance of these things.
and may a tiny Gangham Styles Santa never make you lose your children.
Good morning, sending you glorious happy hippy Christmas wishes. Don't be jealous but I have a robotic hoover! Love it!
Natalie @ Little Jam Pot Life Blog recently posted…Ten worries I have for my fourth pregnancy.
Ok, so this is odd but our old dog (RIP good girl!) had the WORST farts – and raising her food and water dishes to her chest level helped SO much. Apparently they can swallow too much air if they are stretching down too much when eating or drinking… and that air then comes out the stinky end!
This is wonderful. A very merry Christmas, Lucy.
So scary to lose a child. I got lost in Flamingo Land when I was a kid and still remember it with terror. Have you tried magnesium spray for insomnia? Never used it but my friend says it really works.
Oh, and I wrote about you in an interview recently, I hope that's ok.


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Overall, the Atom Bodyboard is a fantastic starter bodyboard. Of course, you can spend more money on a bodyboard, but it is debatable as to whether or not you would be able to tell the difference. To a pro rider, there might be a few noticeable differences, but even for an intermediate bodyboarder, it would be extremely hard to tell this from something that costs two or even three times as much money.
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