*Get my license and a car!
*LIVE MY LIFE TO THE FULL!
Day 8 Rule of 5! Stilllll Working!!
Things are going grrreat! I have just found out that a car I wanted to buy near my house that was too expensive has come down to a ridiculously low price which I can afford! As long as there is nothing wrong with it and nobody has beaten... looks like I have myself a new car! Thank you sooo much universe and cocreatingourreality.com for setting up this 100 day challenge and bringing this into my life!
1. Ring up about car!!
Day 7 okay now this is getting FREAKY!
Hey Anna, how are you?
Thank you sooo much for the friend add & commenting on my page - most aprreciated! Thank you sooo much, im glad you like my goals :D your goals [i soo have to update them tho :P] but your goals are pretty inspiring Anna :D where do you give back Anna [do you a favourite charity or something similar]?
Really? you live in Noosa? Thats fantastic! :D thats only 2 n bit away from me! I live in Bundy a.k.a Bundaberg :D have you ever been?
Sarah have Great day! An Absolutely Awesome Wkend! Live with Passion!
P.S: Anna do you have facebook?
Hi Anna, I just read your Intentions and Goals. What I do, may be a fit for you! It will especially help with the last three things you listed. Two months ago I started a home based business with Arbonne: a botanically based Swiss skin care company that also focuses on general health and wellness, nutrition and weightloss. I'm looking to build my team, by teaching and training people to do what I do. This is a simple business to do, and yet it is challenging as well. Personal growth is a main focus in our training (which by the way has won awards). The support from the broader team and head office is unsurpassable. Arbonne is relatively new in Australia, so your potential market and clients would be huge! It is great for working around your university schedule and you decide how far you want to take it, and how much you want to earn. I have reached the first level in just 2 months and will now get a paycheck that will range anywhere from $300 to potentially as high as $1000 a month, depending on how hard I work this business. The top salaries range from $19000 to $25000 a MONTH! I am in Canada, but that doesn't matter, as my upline (she is top of the ladder, and did it in only a year) has a team member in Australia as well. So it can be done. If you want to know more, let me know.
Thank you for the kind words and the friend add. We do seem to have lots in common and I love your goals! I just wanted to say thank you, because your friend add and sweet comment could not have come at a better time in my life. I have fallen away from my 100 day challenge and goals because of the stress from school and I've been contemplating restarting it. Thank you for pulling me back to this site and for being the reminder I needed. I think I'll be crafty tonight and work on my goals. Keep your eye on my page, I'll post a photo some time this week!
Peace and Love and oodles of gratitude!!


Geography has a lot to do with how your doctor approaches end-of-life cancer care, according to new research. However, Obamacare may be changing that.
How much you spend on end-of-life cancer care varies according to where you live.
But more spending isn't necessarily associated with better outcomes.
A new study concludes that differences in end-of-life cancer care don't come from patient beliefs and preferences.
They have more to do with doctors' beliefs and practice style as well as healthcare services that are available in a particular region.
For the study, the researchers looked specifically at people with end-stage lung and colorectal cancers.
In some areas, patients received more intensive care and spent twice as much in the last month of life than patients in other areas.
"Given that more care and greater spending also do not stem from patient preferences, much of these additional services can be considered wasteful or even harmful," Dr. Nancy Keating, a study author and professor of healthcare policy and medicine at Harvard Medical School and a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital, said in a press release.
The researchers say there's a need for physician education and training in addressing end-of-life issues.
The full study is published in Health Affairs.
The data for the study came from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium (CanCORS).
It included social and demographic information as well as clinical characteristics of patients.
Doctor and patient surveys were also used.
The 1,132 patients in the study were all at least 65 years old. All were diagnosed with advanced lung or colon cancer between 2003 and 2005. All died before 2013.
On average, more than $13,600 was spent on end-of-life care in the final month of life.
But it ranged from slightly more than $10,000 to more than $19,300, depending on the geographic location of the patient.
Overall, almost 43 percent of doctors said they would advise a patient with late-stage lung cancer to have chemotherapy — even if that patient had poor performance status and pain.
Doctors in higher-spending areas were more likely to recommend chemotherapy for patients who were not likely to benefit from it.
More than 65 percent of doctors said they would enroll in hospice themselves if they were terminally ill.
But doctors in higher-spending areas said they would be less likely to seek hospice care for themselves in the event they had terminal cancer.
Higher-spending areas tend to have more doctors per capita. But they have fewer primary care doctors and hospices.
Among patients, 37 percent said they wanted treatment to live longer even if it caused more pain. Almost 43 percent said they'd want this treatment even if it depleted their finances.
In the higher-spending areas, doctors say they feel less prepared and less knowledgeable about care of patients with end-stage cancer.
They're less comfortable talking about "do not resuscitate" status and hospice care.
Kurt Mosley, vice president of strategic alliances at Merritt Hawkins health consultants, told Healthline that it's important to note the dates of the study.
The researchers used data from patients diagnosed from 2003 to 2005. They were followed through 2012.
Mosley noted that in 2016, as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Medicare created a separate billable service for end-of-life consulting.
That's a change that wouldn't be reflected in this particular study.
"We have to simplify things to help families make informed decisions. That's what Medicare is trying to do," said Mosley.
Marlon Saria, PhD, RN, a nurse scientist at the John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center in California, calls the issue complicated.
He cautions against making generalizations about physicians.
Saria also brings attention to the dates of the study.
"They were looking at data pre-ACA. When you talk about healthcare disparities by region, we don't know how much the ACA impacted this. It's unfortunate for a country like America to have these disparities based on where you live," he told Healthline.
On the issue of regional differences in the availability of healthcare services such as hospice, Saria said that advocacy is crucial.
"We still have a lot of work ahead of us if the quality of dying depends on where you are and what resources you have. Decisions that happen at the bedside are influenced by what happens in D.C.," said Saria.
The study didn't specifically look at where doctor practices and beliefs come from. But the researchers say it likely comes from shared observations of the doctors around them.
In some areas of the country, higher healthcare spending isn't just for end-of-life care but for all care, according to Mosley.
Other contributing factors are doctor and hospital inefficiencies, and a shortage of physicians and caregivers in the United States, he said.
Poverty and access to healthcare throughout life also play a role, he added.
"People that haven't had care their whole life — that can also throw cost higher," said Mosley.
He pointed out that many cancers, such as colon and lung, are largely preventable. And routine screening can catch these cancers before they have a chance to spread.
"We need to step up and enhance these issues earlier in life as opposed to prolonging death. And we need more empathy," he continued.
Keating said there are efforts, such as the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Foundation's Choosing Wisely campaign, that encourage doctors not to use chemotherapy for metastatic cancer patients with poor performance status.
Mosley said the United States can learn something from other countries that do a good job with healthcare and end-of-life care.
"A decade ago, 50 percent of people in Denmark were dying in hospitals. A study showed that people didn't want to die in hospitals, so they changed the way they handle it. Now 95 percent of people die in their home," he explained.
Mosley said some doctors using chemotherapy even when they don't think it will change the outcome may be practicing defensive medicine.
Two problems Mosley sees are the differences in availability of hospice around the country, and that doctors need more guidance in this area.
The Economist Intelligence Unit's 2015 Quality of Death Index ranked the availability, affordability, and quality of end-of-life care of 80 countries.
The U.K. was credited as having the best quality of death due to national policies and extensive integration of palliative care into the National Health Service, along with a strong hospice movement.
The United States ranked ninth.
Countries at the top of the list have several things in common.
Among them are a strong national palliative care policy framework, extensive palliative care training resources, and subsidies to help patients with the financial burden of palliative care.
"Palliative care is a way to take care of patients at end of life. That includes pain control, and helping them be comfortable. We also need to pay more attention to patients' mental state. And families should be involved," said Mosley.
Saria said that when it comes to cancer, there's a strong stigma against giving up the fight.
"There's an assumption that patients will want to continue fighting even if the outcome is clear," he added.
"Patients may defer to their oncologist. But with all the variations in knowledge, practice, acceptance, and end-of-life care in the healthcare community, you can imagine how that confuses patients even more," said Saria.
The study authors wrote that additional care at the end of life doesn't contribute to better outcomes in cancer.
Saria makes the case that there's a difference between treatment and care.
Additional care doesn't have to mean additional treatment of the disease.
"I want to emphasize that even when we withhold a treatment, it doesn't mean we're withholding care. We are still caring for patients," said Saria.


Last Game: Sunday in Hershey, the Penguins came back from a two goal deficit to force overtime and beat the Bears 6-5 in overtime. Will O'Neill scored the game winning overtime goal and was a +3 in the game and was named first star. For Binghamton, the B-Sens were in Utica Sunday and beat the Comets 3-2 in a shootout. Matt O'Connor stopped 46 of 48 shots and was named first star of the game for the Senators.
Last Meeting: January 5 in Wilkes-Barre, the Penguins won 4-1. Dominik Uher scored two goals and Matt Murray stopped 32 of 33.
Why you should care: Despite their last place showing, the B-Sens come into tonights contest winners of their last four games and have taken points in their last six games. Far out of serious playoff discussion, the Binghamton Senators are not an easy point grab. The Penguins will need to match the same intensity they had against Hershey Friday and Saturday if they want to walk away winners tonight.
Other Game to Watch: Hershey visits Lehigh Valley in a game that bears keeping a close eye on.


After two years of transition, the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program entered a new era with the late January announcement that the US Air Force and United Launch Alliance (ULA) have concluded negotiations on a contract for 36 rocket cores as part of change in the program that began in 2011. Based on the results, it looks very much like the old era. Yet, since 2011 much has transpired.
The good news was that the bulk buy was saving the taxpayer "up to $4.4 billion" over the duration of the current phase of the program. Or was it?
With the announcement of the New Entrants Certification guide in October 2011, the Department of Defense set the stage for changes to take place in its flagship launch program, but both the degree and pace of the changes were not clear. Two years later what is coming into view is a program that is very much in transition. The program has been buffeted by domestic changes brought on primarily by SpaceX, even as an increasingly difficult budget environment and a new threat assessment regarding anti-satellite capabilities are changing the underlying hyper-expensive, large satellite bias that served as the justification for the program in the first place.
The EELV program's new phase began in earnest with the announcement that the Air Force would reduce the proposed block buy from 50 to 36 cores, while reserving up to an additional 14 opportunities for open competition provided new entrants met the standards in time for consideration. While competition was now finally a possibility, the outcome was by no means assured, and for the most obvious entrant, SpaceX, everything depended on the timely and successful introduction of the Falcon 9 v1.1.
In June 2013, the Air Force and SpaceX signed a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) that called for the company to conduct three launches, including at least two consecutive successful ones, in order to submit data for evaluation. It was only after that point that the company could begin to compete for the first of the open launch opportunities set aside under the agreement. While it might have seemed likely that SpaceX would want to get the first test launch of the enhanced Falcon 9 behind it before submitting its candidacy, the company indicated that it would seek to meet the CRADA flight requirements from the very first launch. That opportunity came with the booster's inaugural flight, which took place out of Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on September 29, 2013. More than four months later, the Air Force has yet to release its report on the launch, which saw the terminated re-start of the second stage engine after the booster completed its primary mission. In the meantime, however, SpaceX has now completed two more launches, both to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), of the SES-8 and Thaicom-6 satellites; both were flawless. Presumably, the company has now crossed the threshold established by the CRADA and, subject to final analysis, can compete for future launch opportunities.
At the same time, and after protracted negotiations which saw the first seven cores ordered in 2013 as part of a "bridge agreement," elements of the space media reported with some fanfare that ULA had concluded an arrangement with the Air Force on the remainder of the 36-core buy. And the good news, it was saving the taxpayer "up to $4.4 billion" over the duration of the current phase of the program. Or was it?
As the recent Space News article outlining the agreement pointed out, based on publicly available information, the numbers do not appear to add up. In fact, a close look at the announcement reveals the numbers are every bit as questionable as the projected price increases put forward in late 2011 to justify the block buy in the first place, in large part because they appear to be based on the very same numbers. In order to see why, a little background may be helpful.
Despite assurances to the contrary, and a gradual rebound in the commercial market, launch costs continued to rise after the creation of ULA.
With the formation of United Launch Alliance as a joint venture between Lockheed Martin and Boeing in 2006, the Air Force formally enshrined a policy of "assured access to space" already underway in the form of subsidy payments that the two aerospace giants insisted were necessary to remain viable after a global retraction of the commercial launch market. Under the new arrangement, the subsidy would continue as the ELC, or launch capabilities contract that provides general infrastructure support, while specific launch services hardware is procured through a different contract, the ELS. Taken together with the wide variety of booster configurations offered through its "dial-a-rocket" approach, tracking the actual costs of launch services—the company will not disclose—became problematic. The important item to understand is that ULA receives the subsidy, about $1 billion annually, regardless of the number of launches it conducts (and if it launches more than eight times, it charges the government for additional "launch capability.") It also receives the benefit of separate R&D funds as well. Besides the R&D funding, ELS and ELC contracts, the EELV program also allocates lesser amounts to administration and to engineering analysis, costs which will ultimately cover any new entrants.
Despite assurances to the contrary, and a gradual rebound in the commercial market, launch costs continued to rise after the creation of ULA, and the Air Force fiscal year (FY) 2012 budget request for the EELV program contained a rather nasty surpris: an escalation that saw the total unclassified program budget go from $1.14 billion in FY 2011 to $1.7 billion in FY 2012, a 50% increase. In terms of the boosters, the cost per core increased from $92 million in FY 2010 for three cores and $96 million in FY 2011, also for three, to an astronomical $179 million for four in FY 2012. Those figures, however, do not include an appropriate portion of the launch capability subsidy that must be factored in to arrive at the actual cost. According to DOD numbers, the gross unit cost increased from a prior year average of $272 million through FY 2010 to $425 million in FY 2012, and it was these increases that set off a round of unaccustomed media scrutiny and intensified Congressional oversight.
Although ULA in large part blamed the cost increases on uncertainty in the supplier market, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) took considerable exception to the claims, noting that the data submissions were inconsistent, conflicting, and based on a highly flawed survey that ULA submitted to its own vendors seeking specific results. Meanwhile, the Department of Defense admitted that much of the data was "neither reviewed or independently assessed." The block buy went through anyway, and the results are perplexing.
After holding steady at $1.7 billion in FY 2013, and requesting $1.88 billion for FY 2014, the omnibus spending bill passed on January 15 trimmed the ELLV budget by roughly $300 million, noting in its explanation that $150 million of the adjustment was for "unjustified increase" and another $50 million for "program decrease." Additionally, it solidified a change already begun in the FY 2013 appropriations and formally broke apart the ELS and ELC contracts into separate accounts, assigning them at $809 and $678 million respectively, with most of the cost cuts coming from the latter. The result is a FY 2014 EELV budget for Air Force unclassified booster cores (ELS) and ELC of $1.5 billion, which appears to be the new baseline going forward. Notably, it is still well above the historical baseline.
So where did the $4.4 billion in claimed savings come from?
In the absence of further reductions or a full explanation from either United Launch Alliance or the Air Force, we are left with supposition. One explanation could be that a large portion of the "savings" have been manufactured by first extending the inflated and debunked FY 2012 budget, which projected out-year levels through FY 2017 of $1.7, 2.0, 2.1 and 2.2 billion, respectively, and then comparing them against the new FY 2014 levels.
Perhaps there are other sources as well. The National Reconnaissance Office portion of the EELV budget is classified, but as Space News pointed out based on leaked documents from Edward Snowden, it is substantial. Presumably reductions in that segment based on similar and equally misleading assumptions regarding the FY 2012 numbers could contribute to the total. Also, ULA could be making projections based on the very questionable assumption that it wins all of the 14 openly competed launches as well. In any event, without the increased scrutiny brought on by the potential for competition, one thing seems clear: the taxpayers were going for ride.
If the FY 2012 budget projections are indeed the basis for the claims, as has been acknowledged by ULA, it is, as an act of marketing bravado, as impressive as it is utterly misleading. While imaginary savings for deeply discounted retail products that were artificially elevated in the first place may be commonplace for designer clothing and fashion accessories, they are not likely to be well received in devising a family budget, and they are not useful in a launch program strapped for funds, particularly when contrasted against very real savings available elsewhere.
As SpaceX emerges as a second, completely independent and fully domestic commercial provider with its own growing reliability record, it is no longer possible to make a credible argument in favor of either restricted competition or subsidized support.
At the time the block buy was originally called into question in 2011, SpaceX had only conducted two launches of the original Falcon 9, both to low Earth orbit and neither with a payload fairing. In coming up with the New Entrant Strategy and setting aside up to 14 launch opportunities for new providers, the Air Force struck a reasoned balance between the confidence of a stellar launch record with ULA and the opportunity of significantly reduced launch costs with SpaceX. Two years later, the situation is very different. With SpaceX's current track record—eight Falcon 9 launches, three of which were of the upgraded version, including two to GTO—the potential savings to the EELV program offered by new entrants are no longer hypothetical. They are quickly becoming real, and there is every indication that by the time new opportunities are open for competition in 2015, significantly lower costs will be an indisputable fact of life in the launch industry.
Although SpaceX lists the Falcon 9 v1.1 at $56.5 million on its website, there is no doubt that due to mission assurance requirements levied by the government, the unit cost to the EELV program will be markedly higher. For example, the July 2012 contract award to SpaceX through NASA's NLS-II contract for the NOAA Jason-3 satellite was announced at $82 million, representing at 45% premium for mission assurance and the demands levied by a US government customer. Assuming the premium under the EELV program is even higher—and it probably is—there is still an enormous differential between the real costs of the Falcon 9 and the Atlas or Delta vehicles, one which appears to begin at roughly $50 million for the most basic version of the Atlas V, and then quickly escalates as a larger fairing and solid rocket boosters are added. In properly establishing the basis of competition for the 14 available cores, it is important that the Air Force fully explain or dismiss the apparently exaggerated savings currently being touted, and recognize the actual savings now being offered by SpaceX and the Falcon 9.
Why does it matter? From the Space Fence to the CHIRP hosted payload project, recent months have brought a slate of news regarding space defense programs which are being eliminated or curtailed due to budget pressures. Based on the claimed savings, the stage is being set for a facetious argument: if ULA is not awarded the additional launches, the taxpayer is losing out on additional savings. In reality, if the EELV program pursues its option to purchase all optional 14 cores, the Falcon 9 offers a real savings on the order of $1 billion.
There is also the issue of the industrial base and what comes after the current phase of the program expires. As SpaceX emerges as a second, completely independent and fully domestic commercial provider with its own growing reliability record, it is no longer possible to make a credible argument in favor of either restricted competition or subsidized support. In fact, the entire line of reasoning put forward in favor of the block buy now turns against the incumbent, as Elon Musk's company validates the original rationale put forward in seeking two fully independent providers, a goal still promoted in theory but abandoned in practice with the merging of two product lines in a single plant and a planned common upper stage engine. It also brings new focus to the glaring inconsistency in logic in continuing to support a product line powered by a foreign main engine, when there are now two main domestic lines in the Delta and Falcon series. This is a point brought home by another development since the block buy discussions began.
In June 2013, the Federal Trade Commission announced that it was opening an investigation into possible anti-competitive trade practices on the part of United Launch Alliance regarding its exclusive access to the Russian built RD-180 main engine that powers the Atlas V. Weeks later, Orbital Sciences filed suit against ULA over the same issue, asking for a jury trial and $515 million in damages with a possible trebling under RICO statutes. In December, a judge rejected a motion to dismiss, setting the stage for a trial (or, more likely, a settlement) later this year. Even without delving into the specifics of the case, which appear compelling, the simple fact that two American companies are fighting over access to a Russian engine both want to sell to the Department of Defense should be a clear sign that the decade-long policy of monopoly privilege and comfortable subsidies has failed badly. It is, in fact, embarrassing.
In looking ahead, the reality of two independent, domestic propulsion lines in the Merlin and RS-68 series engines suggests that it is time to place a sunset provision on the use of foreign engines for national security needs, and ultimately, for all taxpayer-funded launches. Implementing such a policy would help to resolve the obvious contradiction in supporting two product lines and a 50-50 distribution of orders between Atlas and Delta, when ULA's own arguments in favor of the block buy clearly indicate that the pricing of either would benefit from a focus on one line or the other. Based on the less than impressive actual cost reductions revealed in the 36-core announcement, it may be the only real hope of achieving competitive status.
If the EELV program is to protect taxpayer value while keeping its very practical goal of maintaining two independent sources into the next decade, it is time to phase out the launch subsidy and insist that the incumbent at least enter the present decade.
While the EELV program is now in a period of transition, and SpaceX still has a great deal to prove in terms of extending its reliability record and successfully introducing the more powerful Falcon Heavy, it is also a time for the program to recognize that there are much bigger changes in the works. SpaceX's surprising success in pursuing reusability with the Falcon 9-R, demonstrated in both the Grasshopper program and stunning progress in engine re-ignition on the Falcon 9 v1.1's inaugural flight, suggest that well before the current, transitional phase of the EELV program has passed, the entire basis of how we access orbit may undergo fundamental change.
In terms of reliability, which is the justifiable overriding concern of the EELV program, early efforts at first stage recovery are going to provide hard data and post flight analysis on engine and vehicle health to a degree that is not possible with any fully expendable launch vehicle. Because of these efforts, and irrespective of any technical issues encountered in its adolescence, the Falcon 9 is well on its way to substantiating claims that it was designed to be the most reliable launch vehicle in the world. It is already the most cost effective.
If the EELV program is to protect taxpayer value while keeping its very practical goal of maintaining two independent sources into the next decade, it is time to phase out the launch subsidy and insist that the incumbent at least enter the present decade. It begins with rejecting the false narrative of non-existent or exaggerated savings currently being put forward by the incumbent in an attempt to further justify its monopoly position in the market, and a clear recognition that it is time to demand the real savings through continuous competition which are already reshaping the launch industry.
Stewart Money is a freelance writer who lives in Alabama. His blog is Innerspace.net.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Realizing that every dream and ability for work is different, CTF ILLINOIS set out to develop smaller, customized employment opportunities for the individuals we support. In 2013, we developed our first customized opportunity in Charleston, 9 Muses Art Gallery. Shortly after, we opened Creative Crafters. Dog Gone Goodies is another customized option, where individuals produce all-natural, gourmet dog treats. In 2016, our second art studio, The Painted Turtle, was opened in Tinley Park. Each program gives participants the chance to learn about their passions, develop skills, and, ultimately, earn income through their creations.
- Eric Edquist at (708) 922-1532 for the Chicago South Suburbs.
Back to the WORK page.


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This listings is for one single theme. Multiples of some elements are encouraged in case you need a backup.
In your order notes in the cart, please provide sizes and description of what you would like on your Fill-In Sheet. All efforts will be made to fit everything on a single 8x10 page. We also offer a 10x16 Fill-In Page for those with larger projects. Edible Images come sealed in food grade bags for storage. Please store in envelope at room temperature.
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The Writers Guild of America, West (WGAW) and the Writers Guild of America, East (WGAE) have announced nominations for outstanding achievement in writing for the screen during 2013.
The nominees for Best Original Screenplay went to the writers for American Hustle, Blue Jasmine, Dallas Buyers Club, Her and em>Nebraska.
In the Best Adapted Screenplay category, the nominations went to the writers for August: Osage County, Before Midnight, Captain Phillips, Lone Survivor and the surprisingly controversial film The Wolf of Wall Street.
Winners will be honored at the 2014 Writers Guild Awards on Saturday, February 1, 2014, at simultaneous ceremonies in Los Angeles and New York City.


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Join Yoga Bellaire at Hello Vino for free appetizers and a cash bar from 5:30-7pm. Arrive early for Happy Hour until 6 and then great deals for locals all night. Bring a business card to win a prize and enjoy learning more about our Yoga and Fitness Studio.


Explain the relationship between the energy of a photon in joules or electron volts and its wavelength or frequency.
Calculate the number of photons per second emitted by a monochromatic source of specific wavelength and power.
These will make many calculations a little easier.
All EM radiation is composed of photons. Figure 1 shows various divisions of the EM spectrum plotted against wavelength, frequency, and photon energy. Previously in this book, photon characteristics were alluded to in the discussion of some of the characteristics of UV, x rays, and rays, the first of which start with frequencies just above violet in the visible spectrum. It was noted that these types of EM radiation have characteristics much different than visible light. We can now see that such properties arise because photon energy is larger at high frequencies.
Figure 1. The EM spectrum, showing major categories as a function of photon energy in eV, as well as wavelength and frequency. Certain characteristics of EM radiation are directly attributable to photon energy alone.
Photons act as individual quanta and interact with individual electrons, atoms, molecules, and so on. The energy a photon carries is, thus, crucial to the effects it has. Table 1 lists representative submicroscopic energies in eV. When we compare photon energies from the EM spectrum in Figure 1 with energies in the table, we can see how effects vary with the type of EM radiation.
Gamma rays, a form of nuclear and cosmic EM radiation, can have the highest frequencies and, hence, the highest photon energies in the EM spectrum. For example, a -ray photon with has an energy . This is sufficient energy to ionize thousands of atoms and molecules, since only 10 to 1000 eV are needed per ionization. In fact, rays are one type of ionizing radiation, as are x rays and UV, because they produce ionization in materials that absorb them. Because so much ionization can be produced, a single -ray photon can cause significant damage to biological tissue, killing cells or damaging their ability to properly reproduce. When cell reproduction is disrupted, the result can be cancer, one of the known effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Since cancer cells are rapidly reproducing, they are exceptionally sensitive to the disruption produced by ionizing radiation. This means that ionizing radiation has positive uses in cancer treatment as well as risks in producing cancer.
High photon energy also enables rays to penetrate materials, since a collision with a single atom or molecule is unlikely to absorb all the ray's energy. This can make rays useful as a probe, and they are sometimes used in medical imaging. x rays, as you can see in Figure 1, overlap with the low-frequency end of the ray range. Since x rays have energies of keV and up, individual x-ray photons also can produce large amounts of ionization. At lower photon energies, x rays are not as penetrating as rays and are slightly less hazardous. X rays are ideal for medical imaging, their most common use, and a fact that was recognized immediately upon their discovery in 1895 by the German physicist W. C. Roentgen (1845–1923). (See Figure 2.) Within one year of their discovery, x rays (for a time called Roentgen rays) were used for medical diagnostics. Roentgen received the 1901 Nobel Prize for the discovery of x rays.
Once again, we find that conservation of energy allows us to consider the initial and final forms that energy takes, without having to make detailed calculations of the intermediate steps. Example 1 is solved by considering only the initial and final forms of energy.
Figure 3. X rays are produced when energetic electrons strike the copper anode of this cathode ray tube (CRT). Electrons (shown here as separate particles) interact individually with the material they strike, sometimes producing photons of EM radiation.
While rays originate in nuclear decay, x rays are produced by the process shown in Figure 3. Electrons ejected by thermal agitation from a hot filament in a vacuum tube are accelerated through a high voltage, gaining kinetic energy from the electrical potential energy. When they strike the anode, the electrons convert their kinetic energy to a variety of forms, including thermal energy. But since an accelerated charge radiates EM waves, and since the electrons act individually, photons are also produced. Some of these x-ray photons obtain the kinetic energy of the electron. The accelerated electrons originate at the cathode, so such a tube is called a cathode ray tube (CRT), and various versions of them are found in older TV and computer screens as well as in x-ray machines.
Find the maximum energy in eV of an x-ray photon produced by electrons accelerated through a potential difference of 50.0 kV in a CRT like the one in Figure 3.
This example produces a result that can be applied to many similar situations. If you accelerate a single elementary charge, like that of an electron, through a potential given in volts, then its energy in eV has the same numerical value. Thus a 50.0-kV potential generates 50.0 keV electrons, which in turn can produce photons with a maximum energy of 50 keV. Similarly, a 100-kV potential in an x-ray tube can generate up to 100-keV x-ray photons. Many x-ray tubes have adjustable voltages so that various energy x rays with differing energies, and therefore differing abilities to penetrate, can be generated.
Figure 4. X-ray spectrum obtained when energetic electrons strike a material. The smooth part of the spectrum is bremsstrahlung, while the peaks are characteristic of the anode material. Both are atomic processes that produce energetic photons known as x-ray photons.
Figure 4 shows the spectrum of x rays obtained from an x-ray tube. There are two distinct features to the spectrum. First, the smooth distribution results from electrons being decelerated in the anode material. A curve like this is obtained by detecting many photons, and it is apparent that the maximum energy is unlikely. This decelerating process produces radiation that is called bremsstrahlung (German for braking radiation). The second feature is the existence of sharp peaks in the spectrum; these are called characteristic x rays, since they are characteristic of the anode material. Characteristic x rays come from atomic excitations unique to a given type of anode material. They are akin to lines in atomic spectra, implying the energy levels of atoms are quantized. Phenomena such as discrete atomic spectra and characteristic x rays are explored further in Chapter 30 Atomic Physics.
Ultraviolet radiation (approximately 4 eV to 300 eV) overlaps with the low end of the energy range of x rays, but UV is typically lower in energy. UV comes from the de-excitation of atoms that may be part of a hot solid or gas. These atoms can be given energy that they later release as UV by numerous processes, including electric discharge, nuclear explosion, thermal agitation, and exposure to x rays. A UV photon has sufficient energy to ionize atoms and molecules, which makes its effects different from those of visible light. UV thus has some of the same biological effects as rays and x rays. For example, it can cause skin cancer and is used as a sterilizer. The major difference is that several UV photons are required to disrupt cell reproduction or kill a bacterium, whereas single -ray and X-ray photons can do the same damage. But since UV does have the energy to alter molecules, it can do what visible light cannot. One of the beneficial aspects of UV is that it triggers the production of vitamin D in the skin, whereas visible light has insufficient energy per photon to alter the molecules that trigger this production. Infantile jaundice is treated by exposing the baby to UV (with eye protection), called phototherapy, the beneficial effects of which are thought to be related to its ability to help prevent the buildup of potentially toxic bilirubin in the blood.
Short-wavelength UV is sometimes called vacuum UV, because it is strongly absorbed by air and must be studied in a vacuum. Calculate the photon energy in eV for 100-nm vacuum UV, and estimate the number of molecules it could ionize or break apart.
Using the equation and appropriate constants, we can find the photon energy and compare it with energy information in Table 1.
According to Table 1, this photon energy might be able to ionize an atom or molecule, and it is about what is needed to break up a tightly bound molecule, since they are bound by approximately 10 eV. This photon energy could destroy about a dozen weakly bound molecules. Because of its high photon energy, UV disrupts atoms and molecules it interacts with. One good consequence is that all but the longest-wavelength UV is strongly absorbed and is easily blocked by sunglasses. In fact, most of the Sun's UV is absorbed by a thin layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere, protecting sensitive organisms on Earth. Damage to our ozone layer by the addition of such chemicals as CFC's has reduced this protection for us.
The range of photon energies for visible light from red to violet is 1.63 to 3.26 eV, respectively (left for this chapter's Problems and Exercises to verify). These energies are on the order of those between outer electron shells in atoms and molecules. This means that these photons can be absorbed by atoms and molecules. A single photon can actually stimulate the retina, for example, by altering a receptor molecule that then triggers a nerve impulse. Photons can be absorbed or emitted only by atoms and molecules that have precisely the correct quantized energy step to do so. For example, if a red photon of frequency encounters a molecule that has an energy step, , equal to , then the photon can be absorbed. Violet flowers absorb red and reflect violet; this implies there is no energy step between levels in the receptor molecule equal to the violet photon's energy, but there is an energy step for the red.
There are some noticeable differences in the characteristics of light between the two ends of the visible spectrum that are due to photon energies. Red light has insufficient photon energy to expose most black-and-white film, and it is thus used to illuminate darkrooms where such film is developed. Since violet light has a higher photon energy, dyes that absorb violet tend to fade more quickly than those that do not. (See Figure 5.) Take a look at some faded color posters in a storefront some time, and you will notice that the blues and violets are the last to fade. This is because other dyes, such as red and green dyes, absorb blue and violet photons, the higher energies of which break up their weakly bound molecules. (Complex molecules such as those in dyes and DNA tend to be weakly bound.) Blue and violet dyes reflect those colors and, therefore, do not absorb these more energetic photons, thus suffering less molecular damage.
Transparent materials, such as some glasses, do not absorb any visible light, because there is no energy step in the atoms or molecules that could absorb the light. Since individual photons interact with individual atoms, it is nearly impossible to have two photons absorbed simultaneously to reach a large energy step. Because of its lower photon energy, visible light can sometimes pass through many kilometers of a substance, while higher frequencies like UV, x ray, and rays are absorbed, because they have sufficient photon energy to ionize the material.
Example 3: How Many Photons per Second Does a Typical Light Bulb Produce?
Assuming that 10.0% of a 100-W light bulb's energy output is in the visible range (typical for incandescent bulbs) with an average wavelength of 580 nm, calculate the number of visible photons emitted per second.
Power is energy per unit time, and so if we can find the energy per photon, we can determine the number of photons per second. This will best be done in joules, since power is given in watts, which are joules per second.
This incredible number of photons per second is verification that individual photons are insignificant in ordinary human experience. It is also a verification of the correspondence principle—on the macroscopic scale, quantization becomes essentially continuous or classical. Finally, there are so many photons emitted by a 100-W lightbulb that it can be seen by the unaided eye many kilometers away.
Infrared radiation (IR) has even lower photon energies than visible light and cannot significantly alter atoms and molecules. IR can be absorbed and emitted by atoms and molecules, particularly between closely spaced states. IR is extremely strongly absorbed by water, for example, because water molecules have many states separated by energies on the order of to , well within the IR and microwave energy ranges. This is why in the IR range, skin is almost jet black, with an emissivity near 1—there are many states in water molecules in the skin that can absorb a large range of IR photon energies. Not all molecules have this property. Air, for example, is nearly transparent to many IR frequencies.
Microwaves are the highest frequencies that can be produced by electronic circuits, although they are also produced naturally. Thus microwaves are similar to IR but do not extend to as high frequencies. There are states in water and other molecules that have the same frequency and energy as microwaves, typically about . This is one reason why food absorbs microwaves more strongly than many other materials, making microwave ovens an efficient way of putting energy directly into food.
Photon energies for both IR and microwaves are so low that huge numbers of photons are involved in any significant energy transfer by IR or microwaves (such as warming yourself with a heat lamp or cooking pizza in the microwave). Visible light, IR, microwaves, and all lower frequencies cannot produce ionization with single photons and do not ordinarily have the hazards of higher frequencies. When visible, IR, or microwave radiation is hazardous, such as the inducement of cataracts by microwaves, the hazard is due to huge numbers of photons acting together (not to an accumulation of photons, such as sterilization by weak UV). The negative effects of visible, IR, or microwave radiation can be thermal effects, which could be produced by any heat source. But one difference is that at very high intensity, strong electric and magnetic fields can be produced by photons acting together. Such electromagnetic fields (EMF) can actually ionize materials.
It is virtually impossible to detect individual photons having frequencies below microwave frequencies, because of their low photon energy. But the photons are there. A continuous EM wave can be modeled as photons. At low frequencies, EM waves are generally treated as time- and position-varying electric and magnetic fields with no discernible quantization. This is another example of the correspondence principle in situations involving huge numbers of photons.
Photon energy is responsible for many characteristics of EM radiation, being particularly noticeable at high frequencies.
Photons have both wave and particle characteristics.
1: Why are UV, x rays, and rays called ionizing radiation?
2: How can treating food with ionizing radiation help keep it from spoiling? UV is not very penetrating. What else could be used?
3: Some television tubes are CRTs. They use an approximately 30-kV accelerating potential to send electrons to the screen, where the electrons stimulate phosphors to emit the light that forms the pictures we watch. Would you expect x rays also to be created?
4: Tanning salons use "safe" UV with a longer wavelength than some of the UV in sunlight. This "safe" UV has enough photon energy to trigger the tanning mechanism. Is it likely to be able to cause cell damage and induce cancer with prolonged exposure?
5: Your pupils dilate when visible light intensity is reduced. Does wearing sunglasses that lack UV blockers increase or decrease the UV hazard to your eyes? Explain.
6: One could feel heat transfer in the form of infrared radiation from a large nuclear bomb detonated in the atmosphere 75 km from you. However, none of the profusely emitted x rays or rays reaches you. Explain.
7: Can a single microwave photon cause cell damage? Explain.
8: In an x-ray tube, the maximum photon energy is given by . Would it be technically more correct to say , where BE is the binding energy of electrons in the target anode? Why isn't the energy stated the latter way?
1: What is the energy in joules and eV of a photon in a radio wave from an AM station that has a 1530-kHz broadcast frequency?
2: (a) Find the energy in joules and eV of photons in radio waves from an FM station that has a 90.0-MHz broadcast frequency. (b) What does this imply about the number of photons per second that the radio station must broadcast?
3: Calculate the frequency in hertz of a 1.00-MeV -ray photon.
4: (a) What is the wavelength of a 1.00-eV photon? (b) Find its frequency in hertz. (c) Identify the type of EM radiation.
5: Do the unit conversions necessary to show that , as stated in the text.
6: Confirm the statement in the text that the range of photon energies for visible light is 1.63 to 3.26 eV, given that the range of visible wavelengths is 380 to 760 nm.
7: (a) Calculate the energy in eV of an IR photon of frequency . (b) How many of these photons would need to be absorbed simultaneously by a tightly bound molecule to break it apart? (c) What is the energy in eV of a ray of frequency ? (d) How many tightly bound molecules could a single such ray break apart?
8: Prove that, to three-digit accuracy, , as stated in the text.
9: (a) What is the maximum energy in eV of photons produced in a CRT using a 25.0-kV accelerating potential, such as a color TV? (b) What is their frequency?
10: What is the accelerating voltage of an x-ray tube that produces x rays with a shortest wavelength of 0.0103 nm?
11: (a) What is the ratio of power outputs by two microwave ovens having frequencies of 950 and 2560 MHz, if they emit the same number of photons per second? (b) What is the ratio of photons per second if they have the same power output?
12: How many photons per second are emitted by the antenna of a microwave oven, if its power output is 1.00 kW at a frequency of 2560 MHz?
13: Some satellites use nuclear power. (a) If such a satellite emits a 1.00-W flux of rays having an average energy of 0.500 MeV, how many are emitted per second? (b) These rays affect other satellites. How far away must another satellite be to only receive one ray per second per square meter?
14: (a) If the power output of a 650-kHz radio station is 50.0 kW, how many photons per second are produced? (b) If the radio waves are broadcast uniformly in all directions, find the number of photons per second per square meter at a distance of 100 km. Assume no reflection from the ground or absorption by the air.
15: How many x-ray photons per second are created by an x-ray tube that produces a flux of x rays having a power of 1.00 W? Assume the average energy per photon is 75.0 keV.
16: (a) How far away must you be from a 650-kHz radio station with power 50.0 kW for there to be only one photon per second per square meter? Assume no reflections or absorption, as if you were in deep outer space. (b) Discuss the implications for detecting intelligent life in other solar systems by detecting their radio broadcasts.
Consider a laser pen. Construct a problem in which you calculate the number of photons per second emitted by the pen. Among the things to be considered are the laser pen's wavelength and power output. Your instructor may also wish for you to determine the minimum diffraction spreading in the beam and the number of photons per square centimeter the pen can project at some large distance. In this latter case, you will also need to consider the output size of the laser beam, the distance to the object being illuminated, and any absorption or scattering along the way.
29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.


SARPN acknowledges permission from PLAAS and CASS for posting this document.
Prior to colonialism, traditional land use was in harmony with the environment, because over the centuries societies had developed their own social customs and regulations, which ensured sustainable use of land-based natural resources from one generation to the next. Individual land use practices were governed by customs and regulations in such a manner that they were considered socially acceptable (Kowero 1990). Local communities relied on natural resources around them and thus exploited them with restraint (Western & Wright 1994).
During the colonial era, natural resources conservation policies were introduced, which meant taking large tracts of land away from rural people for the establishment of protected areas and removing their jurisdiction over the land (Murphree 2000). Thus protected areas were established at the expense of local people and often deprived them of their traditional economic livelihoods. As a result, local people considered protected or reserved areas as constraints to their livelihoods. Since it was not possible to create rigid separation between land used by local people to obtain natural resource products and those designated by governments as protected areas, encroachment, poaching, and degradation were inevitable (Primack 2002).
Unfortunately after political independence most governments in Africa embraced and continued colonial biodiversity protection policies. Due to poor outcomes associated with government-centred policies, many conservation policies in Africa failed because traditional local authorities that once controlled these resources have been disenfranchised (Agrawal & Clark 2001). Local people's cultural and socio-economic values regarding the natural resources around them were ignored in most state-centred management activities. According to Agrawal and Clark (2001), if local communities were effectively involved in conservation, the benefits they would receive would create incentive for them to become good stewards of natural resources. On the other hand, if communities are not involved in active management of natural resources it is likely that they will harvest resources at an unsustainable rate.
community-based forest management where jurisdiction is fully devolved to the community and sometimes includes ownership of the estate (such as is found in the Gambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Uganda).
There is need to evaluate the impact of these forms of collaborative forest management on resource base and people's livelihoods and to analyse critically the reasons for success or failure so as to design appropriate ways forward for ensuring sustainable management of forest resources.


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Scottish Government looks to speed up offshore renewable energy development
A new task force has been set up by the Scottish Government to aid offshore renewable development.
Energy Minister Fergus Ewing, who will chair the task force, said its aim will be to speed up the licensing and consenting system for offshore renewables developers.
The Scottish Government said development needs to gear up if its top meet its own target of creating 100 per cent of Scotland's electricity needs from renewables by 2020.
These developments could also create "tens of thousands of jobs in Scotland's communities", the Scottish Government said.
The new task force' remit will include "ensuring developers provide good applications and the regime deals with development applications swiftly".
A statement from the Scottish Government added: "The taskforce will help companies planning offshore wind and marine projects speed this up, while maintaining vital checks and balances on their environmental impact.
"It will help developers to share best practice, ensure better sharing of data, and help improve communication between developers and key stakeholders."
The taskforce will now draw up an implementation plan, which it expects to publish in January 2012.
Mr Ewing said: "Scotland has massive clean green energy potential that is delivering jobs and investment across the country.
"We therefore have an ambitious, but achievable, target for Scotland of meeting the equivalent of all our electricity needs from renewables by 2020.
"We need to ensure that companies who want to invest in our renewable energy industry and build the projects that would deliver the target can do so efficiently and quickly.
"My taskforce aims to help streamline this process and help offshore renewable energy developers produce sympathetic and well-conceived applications.
"This should not be at the expense of the concerns of communities. I want to help companies take local viewpoints and concerns into account and satisfy them, as well as helping them meet the technical requirements of the planning system quickly and thoroughly.
"By working together with industry, communities and environmental consultees, my task force will help Scotland to capitalise on its unique natural resources to secure its place as a world leader in renewable energy."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Iriswoods Wedding and Events Venue is a locally owned business that is proud to serve Mt. Juliet and the greater Nashville, TN area. Our beautiful facility is located in secluded woods and beautiful pastures, centered around our circa 1850's log home. We are a full service wedding venue and event venue, catering to our clients every needs while they utilize our facilities. We are also able to assist in preparations, with years of experience as wedding planners and event planners. If you are looking for a place to hold the perfect storybook wedding service, or a place for a magical celebration or family gathering, we hope you'll reach out to us to help be part of your special day.
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WASHINGTON, Gretel Johnston and Peter Voskamp (dpa)- Facebook chief executive Mark Zuckerberg on Tuesday said the company is working with Special Counsel Robert Mueller in his investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election, while pledging to invest more into stopping such foreign intervention.
"This is an arms race," the social media giant's co-founder and chief executive said in testimony to a joint hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation.
"They're going to keep on getting better at this," Zuckerberg added.
Facebook plans to have more than 20,000 staff working in security and content review by the end of the year to help counter the threat of those trying to exploit the platform's security measures, he said.
Zuckerberg offered few details about Facebook's cooperation with Mueller. He said he himself had not been interviewed by the special counsel, but acknowledged that "I know we're working with them."
Zuckerberg was making his first appearance before Congress as his company has come under fire in regard to a data privacy scandal and the abuse of the social media platform by Russian groups to interfere in elections.
The 33-year-old took pains to explain to the committees how research firm Cambridge Analytica improperly gained access to the personal information of as many as 87 million Facebook users and how fake accounts created by Russians were used to interfere in the election.
In his opening remarks, Zuckerman apologized, saying that Facebook was "too slow to spot and respond to Russian interference" and outline several moves it is taking to address the problem.
To prevent another data exposure like the one that allegedly occurred with Cambridge Analytica, Facebook has said it has already dramatically restricts the amount of data that developers can access and proactively reviews the apps on its platform.
Cambridge Analytica allegedly improperly accessed the data through a third-party quiz app, and a whistle-blower says the company used the information to build psychological profiles in an effort to target voters with political ads.
Zuckerberg testified that when Facebook learned Cambridge Analytica had bought the data in 2015 "we took down the app, and we demanded that both the app developer and Cambridge Analytica delete and stop using any data that they had. They told us that they did this .... In retrospect, that was clearly a mistake."
There is a lot at stake for Facebook. Several members of Congress have expressed their dismay over Facebook's actions or lack of action.
Among the possible outcomes of the testimony are new regulations on data protections that could restrict Facebook's ability to make money.
Zuckerberg faced questions about whether the company broke a consent decree Facebook signed seven years ago with the US Federal Trade Commission promising it would not share people's personal data without permission from users.
One senator, Democrat Bill Nelson of Florida, suggested to Zuckerberg that if Facebook and other social media companies "do not get your act in order none of us are going have any privacy anymore."
In response to other questions, Zuckerberg explained that policing hate speech is quite challenging and essentially reactive given current technology and the "sheer volume of content" moving through the platform in a variety of languages.
However, he said Facebook is developing artificial intelligence technology in order for such language to be "flagged upfront" in five or 10 years.
Senator Brian Schatz, Democrat of Hawaii, suggested that users signing up for Facebook "have no earthly idea what they're signing up for" in terms of how their data is used.
The Facebook head pushed back on this, saying that he hoped that "what we do with data is not surprising to people."
"We do not sell data to advertisers," Zuckerberg said, calling it a "common misperception."
He said that the current episode has taught him that Facebook needs "to take a more active role in policing the ecosystem ...."
He added that he was "committed to getting this right."
Facebook also says it is making it easier to understand which apps users allow to access their data by showing everyone a list of the apps they've used and giving them an easy way to revoke their permission to access user data.
Among the actions it has taken to stop Russian meddling are the disabling of thousands of accounts tied to organized, financially motivated "fake news spammers" and taking down pages and accounts operated by the Internet Research Agency (IRA), a Russian outfit that has tried to manipulate voters in the United States, Europe and Russia.
Zuckerberg is scheduled to appear Wednesday at 10 am before the House Energy and Commerce Committee.


In this episode, Did You Know Gaming takes a look at some facts, secrets, Easter eggs and history of the Nintendo DS. The NDS was the follow up to the popular Game Boy Advance (GBA), and featured all of Nintendo's hit franchises at the time, including Super Mario, The Legend of Zelda, Pokemon, and even Metroid. The system started it life as 'Iris', but had several iterations. The Nintendo DS Lite and Nintendo DSi were made later in the handheld's life, and was emulated on the Nintendo 3DS, and there was even a Nintendo DS emualtor on the Wii U. Through our analysis of the console's development, Nintendo DS games and their gameplay and beta builds, we hope to show some of the more interesting facts from the making of the Nintendo DS and have its history explained.


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Buist kan som auktorsförkortning betyda:

 George Buist
 Robert Buist

Robotskapade auktorsförkortningar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Difficult trekking, partly bad and suspension bridges ways in the Mayangdi Khola. Starts from Nayapul, ends in Pokhara.
Flora and Fauna in the Mayangdi Khola.
Monasteries and caravans in the upper Kali Gandaki.
Trek Difficulties -High elevation. - Trails are difficult to follow. - Avalanches between Dhaulagiri Base-Camp and French Col.


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Today Is The Last Day to Catch Captain EO at Walt Disney World Before It's Temporary Closure
April 9, 2015 EPCOT, Future World No comments
At the end of March we shared the news that "Captain EO" would be closing temporarily in "mid-April" at Epcot so that Disney could use the Imagination Pavilion theater to run a sneak peek of "Tomorrowland" that would also include special in-theater effects. At that time a date Disney did not release when the last day guests could see Captain EO would be before the "Tomorrowland" change. Yesterday we learned that TODAY (April 9) is the last day to see Captain EO before the "Tomorrowland" theater preparation starts.
The seventeen minute long Captain EO stars Micheal Jackson and was executive produced by George Lucas. It opened at Epcot on September 12, 1986 and cost an estimated $30 million to produce. At the time it was made it was "the most expensive film ever produced on a per-minute basis, averaging out at $1.76 million per minute". Captain EO is a 3D film about a crew delivering a gift to the "The Supreme Leader" Angela Houston. When it originally opened it had 3D action that extended into the audience with imagery like lasers with impact, smoke effects, asteroids and starfields. Epcot's version of Captain EO closed on July 6, 1994 and was replaced with "Honey, I Shrunk the Audience" on November 21, 1994. "Honey" played until the passing of Micheal Jackson, when Disney decided to bring "Captain EO" back to Epcot on June 30, 2010 where it has played since.
The current version of "Captain EO" includes a pre-show video that explains the innovations the movie had when originally released. It now uses the theaters new LED flood-lights, leg ticklers and seat shaking hydraulics that were installed for "Honey, I Shrunk the Audience". The current version of "Captain EO" also no longer includes the starfield effect or in-theater lasers that it had prior to it's 1994 closing.
A date has yet to be announced for when the 15-20 minute long "Tomorrowland" previews will start or end, but Captain EO fans and those who have never seen the movie shouldn't worry. Disney has stated that "EO" will return to Epcot after the previews of "Tomorrowland" are complete. An exact date as to when "Captain EO" will return was not released but we will update you as soon as we hear something!
*In theater image from TMSM Fan Nation Member Lisa M.
Author: Michele
Michele Atwood is the Owner/Editor of The Main Street Mouse and it's subsidiaries and author of the book "Moving to Main Street U.S.A." Michele also contributes Disney news to the Joe Kelley Morning Show on 96.5 WDBO in Orlando. She and her family made the move from Michigan to the Orlando area to pursue their Disney dreams. Michele is a life long Disney fan, and has two sons who have followed suit, each going on their first Disney trip before their first birthday's. Part of the goal Michele has for The Main Street Mouse is not only to keep members informed, but to create somewhat of a Disney Family by relating to others through personal experiences and opinions. Also, Michele is making it a priority to share stories of inspiration and hope to other Disney Fans in an effort to share the Magic and hopefully make a difference in the lives of others.
Captain EO, Epcot, Tomorrowlan


A 9 week trip from Istanbul to Bishkek through 8 countries. We see the best sites in Turkey, to Iran, with the friendliest people of the region and little visited sites. On to the deserts of Turkmenistan to Uzbekistan and to the mountains of Kyrgyzstan.


Quick Pic: What's in Your Freezer?
We are getting the first large collections that have been selected for freezing into our freezer. We are following the National Park Service's guidelines for packaging photographic materials for freezing.
Lucy Vanderkamp worked with us to wrap these boxes of negatives. We got better and faster at wrapping as we went along. By about box ten we felt like experts.
If you are unfamiliar with the NPS "Conserve-O-Gram" series, there is an awesome amount of information there. Check them out.
Today we hosted a delightful group of grad students from a class that Liz Milewicz, Head of Digital Scholarship Services, is working with. They declared Conservation to be "The Best Tour Ever." We kind of agree. Here we are looking at Kenneth Arrow's Nobel Prize medal. We recently had the preparators from the Nasher Museum here to fit the Nobel medal for a custom display mount. We know this medal will get a lot of use so we are having a special display mount made for it. The Nobel Prize is something almost everyone has heard about but rarely do you get a chance to see one up close. It's a special object to have in the lab for show-and-tell.
Today, as I was examining some items from the Lisa Unger Baskin Collection, I came across one of the longest armed manicules I've ever seen. This mark, whose name derives from the Latin meaning literally "little hand", is a common annotation meant to draw the readers attention, like a highlight. This one just looks like it belongs to Mister Fantastic. If you'd like to read more about this mark and see other examples, these recent articles from Slate and Atlas Obscura may be of interest.
Beth is on her way to Chicago for the ALA Annual Meeting, armed with some light reading. You can find a review of Kurlansky's book here.
I'm always amazed at what our library collections hold. This absolute gem of a book came to the lab for repair from the general collections, Watermarks In Paper in Holland, England, France, etc., by William Algernon Churchill (reprint of 1st edition; 1967).
Aren't these watermarks terrific? I love the elephants with their trunks coming out of the top of their heads.
1786, Map engraved in Amsterdam, w/m of Adriaan Rogge.
Today is Good Friday and we happen to have our three-volume octavo edition of Audubon's Quadrupeds of North America in the lab to get some stabilizing repairs and enclosures. The first volume of the set is absolutely teeming with prints of hares and rabbits and this seems like an auspicious day to share them. Audubon's Quadrupeds first appeared in three folio volumes (under the title "The Vivaparous Quadrupeds of North America") between 1845 and 1848. The first octavo edition was published by John James Audubon's sons (John W. and Victor) following his death in 1851. Initially both editions were issued in parts. You can view full a full digitized version of this book here.
Today was a busy day in the lab. We had 25 people come through on three tours, and we had to help set up for a tour in another department. Today is also the due-date for our performance evaluations. When life gives you a Friday like that, finding a beautiful illustration of cephalopods is a gift. I especially like the center illustration of the eyeballs.
This is one book in a serial on biodiversity. It is French, dated 1889, and beautifully illustrated. Some volumes in this series are available in Hathi Trust. I also found the page on mollusks, which was equally beautiful. This one is getting a custom box to keep it safe.


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Jeanneau Sun Odyssey 490.
Jeanneau brings a fleet of five yachts to Sydney International Boat Show
The sailing line up from the French brand Jeanneau is comprehensive and will satisfy a wide range of Australian sailor's demands. As the world's largest production boat builder, Jeanneau provides an international network of dealers with offices in every state of Australia, giving customers peace of mind for continuing backup and service.
2018 has seen the launch of a number of new yacht models with the new generation Sun Odyssey turning heads and attracting awards all over the world. At the 2018 Sydney International Boat Show Jeanneau Australia dealers will be displaying the multi-award winning Sun Odyssey 440 and holding the premiere of the new Sun Odyssey 490.
The Sun Odyssey 440 was announced in 2017 with four examples being sold immediately from the plans to keen Australian customers. The 440 has gone onto win the European Yacht of the Year (Family Cruiser), SAIL magazine Best Boats (Best Monohull Cruising Boat 40 to 50ft), Cruising World magazines Boat of the Year (Most Innovative), and the Asia Boating Awards (Best Monohull Sailing Yacht – up to 65ft).
With features such as walk-around side decks, cathedral rigging for ease of moving forward, full length chine, twin rudders and a lower boom, the Sun Odyssey 440 and 490 will be very first on the list of yachts to visit at the Sydney Show. The show will be the Australasian premiere of the 490 which is sure to be as successful as the 440.
Also on display will be the bestselling Sun Odyssey 349. After the launch just a few short years ago the 349 has gone on to be a success with over 500 being sold worldwide, over forty of them to Australia. The model has appealed so much to the Australian market for its performance and general 'bang for buck' that the Sydney dealer just recently held a weekend rally just for this model.
From the larger yacht cruising range the Jeanneau 51 will be on display. The 51, and the larger 54, have been designed by world renowned naval architect Philippe Briand, with superyacht designer Andrew Winch for the interior. Their level of finish and bespoke orientated options has assured that luxury yacht lovers are satisfied for every aspect of their sailing needs.
The last yacht on display embodies the racing heritage of the brand. The Sun Fast range has gone from strength to strength with the latest example, the Sun Fast 3600, gaining podium finishes for the racing inclined. The particular yacht on display, Maverick, has just returned from finishing in the Melbourne to Oska short-handed race. Maverick finished third on IRC with a West Australian SF3600 finishing second, and a Queensland SF3600 finishing fifth. Jeanneau gets results!
The whole team at Jeanneau Australia, with your local dealer, look forward to seeing you at the 2018 Sydney International Boat Show.
jeanneauaustralia.com
Patrice's crew dedicate Groupama Race glory to mother-in-lawUniquely harvested fine Tasmanian timbers for American boat-building project


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EuropeWorld
France to release 5 bln euros of SDRs to vulnerable countries under G20 programme
By Reuters News Service December 2, 2022 0180
FILE PHOTO: logo of IMF
France will release some 4 billion International Monetary Fund (IMF) Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), worth about 5 billion euros to the world's most vulnerable countries under a G20 programme and expects to release more next year, the finance ministry said on Friday.
It said France had agreed to contribute loans to two IMF funds, the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust and the Resilience and Sustainability Trust, with 1.2 billion SDRs for the former and 3 billion SDRs for the latter.
It will also give subsidies of 40 million euros and 63 million euros repectively to the funds.
The SDRs correspond to about 20 per cent of the SDRs that France had been awarded in August 2021.
The ministry said France would mobilise up to 30 per cent of the SDRs it had received, with decisions on the issue due at a summit in Paris in June 2023.
The contributions are part of a G20 initiative – led by France and the United States – to reallocate $100 billion worth of SDRs to the world's most vulnerable countries.
At a July 2021 summit in Venice, G20 finance ministers urged the IMF to come up with ways for countries to steer IMF resources they do not need to countries that need them. The IMF in August 2021 allocated $650 billion in SDRs, – which are a form of foreign currency reserves – to its 190 member countries.
FranceInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)
US whistleblower Snowden gets a Russian passport
Biden weighs reviving Trump-era immigration restrictions, officials say
Suicide bomber breaches high security in Pakistan mosque, kills 59 (Update 5)
Pilot dies in Greek F-4 jet crash in Ionian Sea, second pilot missing
German conservatives turn on ex-Nazi hunter over race comments


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Q: hpple elements within elements I have been using Hpple to parse some html in my iphone application (iOS5.1).  I have searched for all 'td' elements within a table row.  I am iterating through each of these elements, and for the most part I can retrieve all the information I need from the element, e.g.
[element objectForKey:@"rowspan"];

But one of the values I need is within the td:

  //This is my element

      link text  //The link text is what I want

Is there a way of getting the 'a' tags within my element, I have tried the following, but it doesn't work:
[[[element firstChild] firstChild] content];

Any help would be greatly appreciated!

A: I figured it out... The Xcode debugger wasn't as helpful compared to some other IDEs I work with, but once I found the 'print description' option I was able to see what was going on...
I was getting an error 'Invalid CFStringRef' when I tried [element content] and when I tried [[element firstChild] content] it printed "\n" which was not what I was expecting. Anyway, this is probably a really long way to get what I wanted, but this was my solution...
NSArray* childrenArray = [element children];
TFHppleElement *childElement = [childrenArray objectAtIndex:1];
TFHppleElement *newChildElement = [[childElement children] objectAtIndex:1];
NSString *name = [[newChildElement firstChild] content];  //This is the content I wanted

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We go to the terrace of our home to see the vast and beautiful sky.
a beautiful prom makeover game for girls to learn lot of different makeover styles.
Learn about all the different sea animals in this educational game for kids.


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text:
Subscribe to Editorial
Welcome — or ayubowan — as is said in Sri Lanka.
My name is Dee, and I'm the founder of Kalukanda House. A Sri Lankan, born and raised in London, I'm a mother of two, wife of one, we're so happy to host your Sri Lankan adventure.
As a family of four, a few years ago we took a trip that changed our lives – I finally took my English husband and children to Sri Lanka to show them a little of their heritage. My parents 'temporarily' left Sri Lanka for my father's career just after they got married, and as often happens, life got in the way, and they settled in the UK.
I have wonderful memories of spending joyous carefree days with my grandparents, a toddler running around barefoot, eating ice-creams by the sea, following my grandfather around everywhere. By 2016, I had a calling to show my family what I had carried in my heart for years.
Building a villa was never part of the plan, and three days before we were due home from that holiday, I was still only planning to return with a few postcards and maybe some spices.Looking back, there's a lot to be said for destiny. Suddenly we'd bought a plot of land with no idea what to do with it; 18 months later, we opened our doors. Kalukanda House has quickly taken on a life and story of its own.
Mushroomed from an idea to create a beautiful destination that shares the emotional soul of Sri Lanka and supports a circular economy, our sustainability ethos extends to our local communities and people as well as a charity that we passionately support.
We see Kalukanda House as a platform to celebrate an extraordinary island with people from all over the world. The house is more than a place to stay, it is a spot where you can live, breathe, feel Sri Lanka. The human spirit is such an important aspect, it is an antidote to an automated life elsewhere.
There's a magical energy here and the slower pace of life and diverse culture awakened us entirely. The golden rock which forms our boundary, and the stunning jungle and wildlife in our gardens is in striking contrast to our own urban life in the UK. Sri Lankan people are naturally warm and welcoming – speak to anybody who has been to the island and they'll undoubtedly confirm this.
Accustomed as we are to our modern Western lives, I was passionate about this design project transporting us to the bygone charms of Sri Lankan architecture. A return to my early memories of worry-free days travelling around the island with my engineer grandfather. I'm an interior designer experienced in large-scale, residential projects and yet this personal journey was one of the most challenging. It took a year of dedication to build of Kalukanda House, and every element is testament to the supportive and strong relationships cultivated with the contractors, artisans and suppliers who shared and understood my vision.
We welcome you to Kalukanda House and hope you will enjoy the creature comforts and make the most of being in paradise, far far away from the stresses of everyday life. There is something we can all learn from the Sri Lankan way of life – a love for this island never leaves after you've experienced it through all your senses.
Kalukanda Living Blog
All rights reserved ©Kalukanda House 2020


text:
Leonard Gardner (born 3 November 1933) is an American novelist, short story writer, and screenwriter. His writing has appeared in The Paris Review, Esquire, The Southwest Review, and other publications, and he has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

Gardner was born in Stockton, and went to San Francisco State University. He currently  in Larkspur, California.

Gardner's 1969 novel Fat City is an American classic whose stature has increased over the years. His screen adaptation of Fat City was made into an acclaimed 1972 film of the same title, directed by John Huston. The book and movie are set in and around Stockton and concern the struggles of third-rate pro boxers who only dimly comprehend that none of them will ever make the big time. Devoid of the usual "sweet science" cliches, the book roils with dark pessimism as the characters eke out a gritty existence. It is considered an underappreciated classic of early 1970s cinema. In their memoirs, producer Ray Stark and director John Huston both cited it as among their finest achievements.

Gardner adapted his short story "Jesus Christ Has Returned to Earth and Appears Here Nightly" into the screenplay for the low-budget 1989 film Valentino Returns. He has a small part in the film, playing a character named Lyle.

Gardner has made a couple of other acting appearances, most notably in Francis Ford Coppola's 1988 film Tucker: The Man and His Dream. Gardner appears in a handful of scenes as a character known only as the Gas Station Owner.

He has written a number of screenplays for television, including several for NYPD Blue, for which he was a writer and producer for a few seasons.

References

External links

 Website of Fat City Boxing Club

1933 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
Television producers from California
Writers from Stockton, California
People from Larkspur, California
San Francisco State University alumni
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from California
Screenwriters from California


Germany-based hard rock label Nuclear Blast has launched a new imprint, Arising Empire.
The firm said that the label would be a 'musical home to young, dynamic and hot bands from genres such as metalcore, punk and rock outside the "established" metal world'.
The first four bands signed to Arising Empire are Novelists (FR – pictured), Imminence (SWE), Amore (US) and GWLT (GER).
Check out a short teaser video for the label below.
"We at AE / NB are all very excited about our new venture and are looking forward to the many endeavors that lie ahead for us," said Markus Staiger (owner of Nuclear Blast) and Tobbe Falarz (former label manager of People Like You Records) in a joint statement.
The first Arising Empire release appears on 06/11/2015; it's NOVELISTS album, Souvenirs.
One of Nuclear Blast's rivals, Century Media, was recently acquired by Sony Music.


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Welcome Tutuglorn, the newest member.


How much wood can a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck can't chuck wood?
If wood chuck can not chuck wood, how much wood chuck can you put in wood chuck chuck?
If a wooden chuck can not chuck wood, how much wooden chuck can you put in a wood chuck chuck?
The cake isn't a lie.
I have a million dollars!


Few places in the world can rival the affluence of Vienna when it comes to artistic culture and heritage. For more than a century, Vienna has produced and drawn towards itself great artists who have been stimulated by the atmosphere of the city – liberal and creative – and have produced magnificent art works, be it in the field of paintings, architecture, sculpture or other disciplines.
A visitor to Vienna is bound to be dazzled by the beauty and magnificence that the city has acquired due to these qualities. You will see the most spectacular buildings exploring new vistas of architecture around the city.
Many of these buildings have become art centers, museums and galleries. They host shows and collections of art works ranging from those produced for the Habsburg royal family to ones taken from faraway countries. If you are a visitor to Vienna and want to visit the best places for checking out the artistic treasure that the city has, you will be spoilt for choice.
In fact, you would have a very hard time deciding which place to visit due to the sheer high number of museums and galleries. Even a week may seem too little a time to explore all the artistic treasure troves in the city. To help you out, here we provide you a list of the best art galleries that Vienna has to offer. For those who don't have much time, it is important to pick these locations for visiting before you complete your trip.
The appearance of the building itself is a delight. It looks like a giant monolith in the color of concrete. The unique architecture of this building is only the start of your experience. When you go inside, you will come across works from the 20th and 21st century including those made by Picasso and Warhol.
This is where you can admire the greatness of abstract art and see the works of masters in this field. Today, it contains more than 9000 works of art from genres such as classical modernism and Viennese Actionism. You will also see works reflecting the socio-political history of the country.
Kunst Haus, or, Art House is dedicated to the memory and works of Friedensreich Hunderstwasser. You will find paintings, designs, graphics and other types of art works of this multi-talented artist here.
The design and the architecture of the whole building is itself inspired by the architectural philosophy of Hunderstwasser and carries the imprint of his style and aesthetic sensibilities. The façade of the building itself is unique and alluring. It is not just another building but one that oozes art even from its exterior.
The works displayed here and the exhibitions organised are not restricted to the creations of the man after whom the museum is named but also other artists.
This gallery is devoted to modern art exclusively. So, you will see works by upcoming talented artists as well as those by the established names. The platform it provides to young artists results in this place witnessing latest innovations in the field of art. This may not be the most popular place but if you want to witness the new frontiers of art and the latest experiments in it, then this is the place to head to.
This is one of the largest galleries in Vienna but one dedicated to the art of photography. You will find many great exhibitions here that celebrate this art and display works from as early as 19th century. It's location in a former glass factory lends greater uniqueness to it.
Martin Janda established this gallery in 1992 and it is dedicated to the latest types of art works. It holds many exhibitions every year where leading artists of the world show their creations.
This unique gallery displays the royal furniture used by the Habsburg royal family in the past. This is the largest collection of its kind and houses more than 165,000 items from a period extending over three centuries. You will come across various furnishing styles from Biedermeier to Viennese Modern.
This place will let you see the affluence in which the Habsburg Monarchy lived with items ranging from their thrones to commodes.
An art lover could spend days in Vienna going to the different museums and art galleries without visiting the same place twice. This city is dotted with the most magnificent buildings displaying architecture of the finest and most creative quality. Many of these buildings also house collections of items which range from specimens of high art to exotic remnants of ancient history.
However, such is the artistic fervor of Vienna that even if you ignore the major art institutions of the city, there are plenty of art galleries that would make a connoisseur of art go tipsy. Many of these art galleries are small, even tiny compared to the grand museums which are aplenty in Vienna. But their value is far more than their physical size. Let's look at some of the best lesser known and less celebrated art galleries in Vienna.
The idea behind this gallery was to bridge the gap that existed between the artistic establishment of Vienna and the vibrant under culture of art in the city. This place is a dedicated platform for young artists who are exploring new themes of not just contemporary art but also urban art.
This is another great place for young artists to showcase their talents and their innovative works. This place holds four exhibitions every year showcasing works of upcoming Austrian artists along with those from students of arts institutions in other parts of the world.
The decision as to whose work would be displayed is taken by a jury. The exhibits are not limited to just paintings but also includes installation art, sculpture and even video art.
At this contemporary art gallery in the First District of Vienna, the American pop art movement is given a platform. You'll see works from legendary artists like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.
Lovers of urban art shouldn't miss out on an opportunity to visit Rabbit Eye Movement gallery. They will find all types of urban are here – street art, pop art, urban illustration, etc. This gallery contains works by artists of Austria as well as around the world.
Nychos, the most famous street artist of Vienna, displays his work here. This gallery has become the meeting point for the most active artists practicing urban art in the city. It is fast becoming an important institution in itself.
This is the hub for indie art in Vienna. This is where the leading exponents of urban art from Austria and other parts of the world have their works shown to a diverse crowd consisting of both art lovers and newbies.
This place is exploring the boundaries of art experience by acting as both an art gallery and an online art platform. They have kept things simple in this place but have joined forces with Artivive, an app providing augmented reality experience for art lovers. Through this app, people can take a tour of the place in virtual reality. This promotes the work of those young artists who display their works here.