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Home / Business / What is inside the Personal Safes of Korea's Richest Men?
What is inside the Personal Safes of Korea's Richest Men?
Posted on June 14, 2016 by Korea Bizwire in Business, Industries, Law & Cases, National, Top News with 0 Comments
However, there have been cases in the past where secret safes were used to safeguard funds obtained illicitly by Korean conglomerates. (image: KobizMedia/ Korea Bizwire)
SEOUL, June 14 (Korea Bizwire) – Amid an ongoing investigation into Lotte, one of Korea's largest conglomerate groups, prosecutors have confiscated the secret safes of Shin Kyuk-ho, founder and general chairman of Lotte, and Shin Dong-bin, the second son of Shin senior and current CEO of Lotte.
According to the prosecutors' office and Lotte officials, the older Shin had a personal safe on the 34th floor of Lotte Hotel in Myeongdong, while the younger CEO had a personal safe at his Gahoe-dong house in Jongno district.
Prosecutors initially found the general chairman's safe empty during their search and seizure on June 10. But after interrogating Shin Kyuk-ho's financial manager, only referred to as Lee, the prosecutors found several documents along with 3 billion won in cash at the house of Lee's sister-in-law, money which is believed to have been concealed by Shin.
Lee once served as chief secretary for Shin Kyuk-ho but was removed from his position during last year's dispute between the elder Shin's two sons over Lotte's management rights.
Prosecutors also discovered documents and a bankbook that included the Shin family's money transfer records in a secret space inside the secretary's office on the 33rd floor of Lotte Hotel.
The younger Shin's personal safe was discovered on June 10 at his house, also referred to as Young-bin-gwan (Korean for 'guesthouse'), in Jongno. The house is one of the two known residences used by Shin Dong-bin, along with an apartment at Lotte Castle in Pyeongchang-dong. Lotte explains that the Jongno residence, as the term Young-bin-gwan suggests, is mainly used for receiving guests.
Although the contents of the box were kept from the public, officials have revealed that no useful evidence was discovered that could help with the ongoing investigation.
"The safe was probably for his personal use," said a Lotte official. "But it is far-fetched to relate simple possession of a personal safe to slush funds."
The younger Shin's personal safe was discovered on June 10 at his house, also referred to as Young-bin-gwan (Korean for 'guesthouse'), in Jongno. (image: Yonhap)
However, there have been cases in the past where secret safes were used to safeguard funds obtained illicitly by Korean conglomerates.
In 2006, prosecutors discovered 8 billion won in concealed funds in a secret safe during an investigation of Hyundai Motor Group. The box was found behind the walls inside the CEO's office at the Hyundai Glovis building.
In 2013, an investigation revealed that CJ Group also had illicit funds stored in a secret safe at its main headquarters building in Jung district, Seoul. The safe was a three-by-three meter concrete room surrounded by an iron fire door and iron bars, which required two keys, a remote control, and a password for access.
By Kevin Lee (kevinlee@koreabizwire.com)
Slush funds
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text:
import os
from setuptools import setup, find_packages

def read(fname):
    return open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), fname)).read()

def requirements(fname):
    for line in open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), fname)):
        yield line.strip()

setup(
    name = "wikiclass",
    version = read('VERSION').strip(),
    author = "Aaron Halfaker / Morten Warncke-Wang",
    author_email = "ahalfaker@wikimedia.org",
    description = ("A library for performing automatic detection of assessment classes of Wikipedia articles."),
    license = "MIT",
    url = "https://github.com/halfak/Wiki-Class",
    packages = find_packages(),
    long_description = read('README.rst'),
    install_requires = requirements('requirements.txt'),
    classifiers=[
        "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
        "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
        "Programming Language :: Python",
        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
        "Intended Audience :: Developers",
        "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
        "Operating System :: OS Independent",
        "Topic :: Text Processing :: Linguistic",
        "Topic :: Text Processing :: General",
        "Topic :: Utilities",
        "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering"
    ],
)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The 2011–12 season was Annan Athletic's fourth consecutive season in the Scottish Third Division, having been admitted to the Scottish Football League at the start of the 2008–09 season. Annan also competed in the Challenge Cup, League Cup and Scottish Cup.

Summary
Annan finished sixth in the Third Division. They reached the semi final of the Challenge Cup, the first round of the League Cup and the third round of the Scottish Cup.

Results & fixtures

Third Division

Challenge Cup

League Cup

Scottish Cup

Player statistics

Squad
Last updated 5 May 2012

|}

Disciplinary record
Includes all competitive matches.
Last updated 5 May 2012

Awards

Last updated 21 December 2011

League table

Transfers

Players in

Players out

See also
List of Annan Athletic F.C. seasons

Notes

Annan Athletic F.C. seasons
Annan Athletic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
AbleTo Announces Strategic Investment from Optum Ventures
Funding marks the beginning of a relationship aligned around behavioral health innovation
NEW YORK, Jan. 8, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- AbleTo, the market-leading provider of virtual behavioral health care, announced today that it had secured a significant investment from Optum Ventures, closing out a recently raised Series D financing.
AbleTo partners with payers to analyze health data and identify members who would benefit from access to high-quality behavioral health care, and then delivers that care virtually through a nation-wide network of skilled professionals. AbleTo is proven to improve health and reduce medical costs with evidence-based behavioral health care.
The investment by Optum Ventures recognizes the high cost of unmet behavioral health needs, access challenges for individuals and the growing demand for more proactive solutions to address the problem. AbleTo's data-driven approach is making a significant impact on the behavioral health care landscape, and the company's new partnership with Optum Ventures aligns with the need to foster continued innovation.
"We've proven huge value in treating the underlying behavioral health needs that accompany chronic and complex conditions," said Trip Hofer, CEO of AbleTo. "We are excited to partner with Optum Ventures on our journey to create a better approach to behavioral health care for the millions of people in need."
"AbleTo's behavioral health solutions have a meaningful effect on total cost of care, productivity and overall well-being," said Stephen Renfro, Principal, Optum Ventures. "AbleTo is changing the way people access and experience behavioral health care, and we look forward to working with AbleTo to drive further innovative solutions."
Optum Ventures joins a syndicate of earlier AbleTo investors: .406 Ventures, Aetna, Bain Capital Ventures, HLM Venture Partners, Horizon Healthcare Services, Inc. and Sandbox Industries.
About Optum Ventures:
Optum Ventures is the independent venture fund of Optum, a leading information and technology-enabled health services business dedicated to helping make the health system work better for everyone, and part of UnitedHealth Group. Optum Ventures invests in digital health companies that use data and insights to help improve consumers' access to health care services and how care is delivered and paid for, and that make the health care system more reliable and easier to navigate. For more information, visit www.optumventures.com.
About AbleTo:
About AbleTo, Inc. AbleTo, Inc. is a market leader in providing technology-enabled behavioral health care. AbleTo has been treating patients for over six years, and improves patient outcomes and lowers costs by providing treatment that integrates behavioral and medical health care. AbleTo's structured therapy programs strengthen medical recovery and self-care among members with chronic or complex clinical needs. AbleTo analytics, coupled with our multi-channel engagement platform, identify and engage members with unmet, often undiagnosed, behavioral health needs. A proprietary platform connects individuals and their care teams with AbleTo licensed providers who deliver weekly sessions by phone or video supported by an integrated digital experience. AbleTo programs are clinically proven to improve both behavioral health and medical outcomes while lowering overall spending for higher-cost, higher-risk members. Follow AbleTo on LinkedIn and Twitter.
Media Contact: AbleTo, Inc.
Mary Mooney
mary.mooney@ableto.com
View original content to download multimedia:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ableto-announces-strategic-investment-from-optum-ventures-300774743.html
SOURCE AbleTo, Inc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


from the corners and wait.
with coffee that is salted with tears.
all through my empty little rooms.
This really touches the part of our souls that knows how to hurt!
You have sad loneliness as companions who make poor bedmates. The answer is to love yourself a little bit more.
aww. hope you are fine there. the voice of your poem has pathos.
Sometimes silence can really be intense & assume a personality, especially when one sees it everywhere. Oh, if only there was a way to drive it out.
I immediately thought of migraine headaches and how to cure them---with help from those who've gone before.
One can feel the emptiness of the silent rooms. Very evocative, Abin. So poignant the "coffee salted with tears."
Those alone times that are more lonely....deep sadness here.
silence and coffee...i think i could make a night of that, minus the tears!
Yes, it definitely feels like a an empty house.
I love this depiction of those silences!


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The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to conquer various empires ruling over China. It spanned six decades in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty, Western Liao, Western Xia, Tibet, the Dali Kingdom, the Southern Song, and the Eastern Xia. The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan started the conquest with small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207.

By 1279, the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan had established the Yuan dynasty in China and crushed the last Song resistance, which marked the onset of all of China under Yuan rule. This was the first time in history that the whole of China was unified by non-Han people, and it marked the first time in history when Tibet was unified with the rest of China.

Conquest of Western Xia

In the early 1200s, Temujin, soon to be Genghis Khan, began consolidating his power in Mongolia. Following the death of the Kerait leader Ong Khan to Temujin's emerging Mongol Empire in 1203, Kerait leader Nilqa Senggum led a small band of followers into Western Xia, also known as Xi-Xia. However, after his adherents took to plundering the locals, Nilqa Senggum was expelled from Western Xia territory.

Using his rival Nilga Senggum's temporary refuge in Western Xia as a pretext, Temujin launched a raid against the state in 1205 in the Edsin region. The Mongols plundered border settlements and one local Western Xia noble accepted Mongol supremacy. The next year, 1206, Temujin was formally proclaimed Genghis Khan, ruler of all the Mongols, marking the official start of the Mongol Empire. In 1207, Genghis led another raid into Western Xia, invading the Ordo region and sacking Wuhai, the main garrison along the Yellow River, before withdrawing in 1208.

In 1209, the Genghis undertook a larger campaign to secure the submission of Western Xia. After defeating a force led by Kao Liang-Hui outside Wuhai, Genghis captured the city and pushed up along the Yellow River, defeated several cities, and besieged the capital, Yinchuan, which held a well-fortified garrison of 150,000. The Mongols, at this point inexperienced at siege warfare, attempted to flood out the city by diverting the Yellow River, but the dike they built to accomplish this broke and flooded the Mongol camp. Nevertheless, Emperor Li Anquan, still threatened by the Mongols and receiving no relief from the Jin dynasty, surrendered to the Mongol and demonstrated his loyalty by giving a daughter, Chaka, in marriage to Genghis and paying a tribute of camels, falcons, and textiles.

After their defeat in 1210, Western Xia served as faithful vassals to the Mongol Empire for almost a decade, aiding the Mongols in their war against the Jin dynasty. In 1219, Genghis Khan launched his campaign against the Khwarazmian dynasty in Central Asia, and requested military aid from Western Xia. However, the emperor and his military commander Asha refused to take part in the campaign, stating that if Genghis had too few troops to attack Khwarazm, then he had no claim to supreme power. Infuriated, Genghis swore vengeance and left to invade Khwarazm, while Western Xia attempted alliances with the Jin and Song dynasties against the Mongols.

After defeating Khwarazm in 1221, Genghis prepared his armies to punish Western Xia for their betrayal, and in 1225 he attacked with a force of approximately 180,000. After taking Khara-Khoto, the Mongols began a steady advance southward. Asha, commander of the Western Xia troops, could not afford to meet the Mongols as it would involve an exhausting westward march from the capital Yinchuan through 500 kilometers of desert, and so the Mongols steadily advanced from city to city. Enraged by Western Xia's fierce resistance, Genghis engaged the countryside in annihilative warfare and ordered his generals to systematically destroy cities and garrisons as they went. Genghis divided his army and sent general Subutai to take care of the westernmost cities, while the main force under Genghis moved east into the heart of the Western Xia Empire and took Ganzhou, which was spared destruction upon its capture due to it being the hometown of Genghis's commander Chagaan.

In August 1226, Mongol troops approached Wuwei, the second-largest city of the Western Xia empire, which surrendered without resistance in order to escape destruction. In Autumn 1226, Genghis took Liangchow, crossed the Helan Shan desert, and in November lay siege to Lingwu, a mere 30 kilometers from Yinchuan. Here, in the Battle of Yellow River, the Mongols destroyed a force of 300,000 Western Xia that launched a counter-attack against them.

Genghis reached Yinchuan in 1227, laid siege to the city, and launched several offensives into Jin to prevent them from sending reinforcements to Western Xia, with one force reaching as a far as Kaifeng, the Jin capital. Yinchuan lay besieged for about six months, after which Genghis opened up peace negotiations while secretly planning to kill the emperor. During the peace negotiations, Genghis continued his military operations around the Liupan mountains near Guyuan, rejected an offer of peace from the Jin, and prepared to invade them near their border with the Song. However, in August 1227, Genghis died of a historically uncertain cause, and, in order not to jeopardize the ongoing campaign, his death was kept a secret. In September 1227, Emperor Mozhu surrendered to the Mongols and was promptly executed. The Mongols then mercilessly pillaged Yinchuan, slaughtered the city's population, plundered the imperial tombs west of the city, and completed the effective annihilation of the Western Xia state.

Conquest of Jin dynasty

One of the major goals of Genghis Khan was the conquest of the Jin dynasty, allowing the Mongols to avenge the earlier death of a Mongol Khan, gain the riches of northern China and to establish the Mongols as a major power in the East-Asian world.

Genghis Khan declared war in 1211, and while Mongols were victorious in the field, they were frustrated in their efforts to take major cities. In his typically logical and determined fashion, Genghis and his highly developed staff studied the problems of the assault of fortifications. With the help of Chinese engineers, they gradually developed the techniques to take down fortifications. This eventually would make troops under the Mongols some of the most accomplished and most successful besiegers in the history of warfare.

As a result of a number of overwhelming victories in the field and a few successes in the capture of fortifications deep within China, Genghis had conquered and consolidated Jin territory as far south as the Great Wall by 1213. Cherik soldiers were non-nomad soldiers in the Mongol military. Jin defectors and Han Chinese conscripts were recruited into new armies formed by the Mongols as they destroyed the Jin dynasty. A critical role in the defeat of the Jin was carried out by the Han Chinese cherik forces. Han Chinese defectors led by General Liu Bolin defending Tiancheng from the Jin in 1214 while Genghis Khan was busy going back north. In 1215 Xijing fell to Liu Bolin's army. The original Han cherik forces were created in 1216 and Liu Bolin appointed as their leading officer. As Han troops kept defecting from the Jin to the Mongols the size of Han cherik forces swelled and they had to be partitioned between different units. Han soldiers made up the majority of the Khitan Yelu Tuhua's army, while Juyin soldiers from Zhongdu made up Chalaer's army and Khitan made up Uyar's army. Chalaer, Yelu Tuhua and Uyar led three cherik armies in northern China under the Mongol commander Muqali in addition to his tamma armies in 1217–1218.

Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze,  (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan  () defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (), Tabuyir () and Xiao Zhongxi () commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ogödei Khan. Shi Tianze (Shih T'ien-tse),  (Chang Jou, ), and  (Yen Shih, ) and other high ranking Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state.  The Mongols received defections from Han Chinese and Khitans while the Jin were abandoned by their own Jurchen officers. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time. The Han Chinese General Shi Tianze's father Shi Bingzhi (史秉直, Shih Ping-chih) were married to a Jurchen woman Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women (Mo-nien and Na-ho), a Han Chinese woman (Shi), and a Korean woman (Li), and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives and the family served the Yuan prominently. and Shi Gang married a Kerait woman, the Kerait were Mongolified Turkic people and part of the "Mongol nation".

Genghis advanced with three armies into the heart of Jin territory, between the Great Wall and the Yellow River. With the help of Chenyu Liu, one of the top officers who betrayed Jin, as well as the Southern Song, who wanted revenge on Jin, Genghis defeated the Jin forces, devastated northern China, captured numerous cities, and in 1215 besieged, captured and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (modern-day Beijing).

However, the Jin emperor, Xuan Zong, did not surrender, but moved his capital to Kaifeng. The city fell in the siege of Kaifeng in 1232. Emperor Aizong fled to the town of Caizhou. After this, the Han Chinese general Shi Tianze led troops to pursue Emperor Aizong as he retreated, and destroyed an 80,000-strong Jin army led by Wanyan Chengyi (完顏承裔) at Pucheng (蒲城). The Jin dynasty collapsed after the siege of Caizhou in 1234. Eastern Xia, an short-lived kingdom which declared independence from Jin in 1215, was conquered in 1233.

The first Han armies in the Mongol army were those led by defecting individual officers. There were 1,000 Han (Chinese) troops each in 26 units which made up three tumeds arranged by Ogedei Khan on a decimal system. The Han officer Shi Tianze, Han officer Liu Ni and the Khitan officer Xiao Chala, all three of whom defected to the Mongols from the Jin led these three tumeds. Chang Jung, Yen Shi and Chung Jou led three additional tumeds which were created before 1234. The Han defectors were called the "Black Army" (Hei Jun) by the Mongols before 1235. A new infantry based "New Army" (Xin Jun) was created after the Mongols received 95,000 additional Han soldiers through conscription once the 1236 and 1241 censuses were taken after the Jin was crushed. Han cherik forces were used to fight against Li Tan's revolt in 1262. The New Army and Black Army had hereditary officer posts like the Mongol army itself.

The Mongols valued physicians, craftsmen and religious clerics and ordered them to be spared from death and brought to them when cities were taken in northern China.

Conquest of Dali Kingdom
Möngke Khan dispatched Kublai to the Dali Kingdom in 1253 to outflank the Song. The Gao family dominated the court, resisted and murdered Mongol envoys. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the Sichuan basin. The second column under Uryankhadai took a difficult way into the mountains of western Sichuan. Kublai himself headed south over the grasslands, meeting up with the first column. While Uryankhadai galloping in along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of Dali and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Dali King  () himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan. The Mongols appointed King Duan Xingzhi as Maharajah and stationed a pacification commissioner there. After Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among the Black Jang (one of the main ethnic groups of the Dali kingdom). By 1256, Uryankhadai, the son of Subutai had completely pacified Yunnan. The Duan family were originally Han Chinese from Wuwei in Gansu.

The Duan family still ruled Dali relatively independently during the Yuan dynasty. The Ming abolished them.

The Tusi chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles. The Han Chinese Yang family ruling the Chiefdom of Bozhou which was recognized by the Song dynasty and Tang dynasty also received recognition by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty and later by the Ming dynasty. The Luo clan in Shuixi led by Ahua were recognized by the Yuan emperors, as they were by the Song emperors when led by Pugui and Tang emperors when led by Apei. They descended from the Shu Han era king Huoji who helped Zhuge Liang against Meng Huo. They were also recognized by the Ming dynasty.

Southwestern China
Many Tusi chiefdoms and kingdoms in southwestern China which existed before the Mongol invasions were allowed to retain their integrity as vassals of the Yuan dynasty after surrendering, including the Kingdom of Dali, the Han Chinese Yang family ruling the Chiefdom of Bozhou with its seat at the castle Hailongtun, Chiefdom of Lijiang,
Chiefdom of Shuidong, Chiefdom of Sizhou, Chiefdom of Yao'an, Chiefdom of Yongning and Mu'ege. As were the Goryeo dynasty and the Kingdom of Qocho.

The Han Chinese nobles Duke Yansheng and Celestial Masters continued possessing their titles in the Yuan dynasty since the previous dynasties.

Conquest of Southern Song

At second, the Mongols allied with Southern Song as both had a common enemy in the form of Jin. However, this alliance broke down with the destruction of Jur'chen Jin in 1234. After Song forces captured the former Northern Song capitals of Luoyang, Chang'an and Kaifeng from the Mongols and the Song had killed a Mongol ambassador, the Mongols declared war on the Song. Very quickly the Mongol armies forced the Song back to the Yangtze, although the two sides would be engaged in a four-decade war until the fall of the Song in 1276. Islamic engineers joined later and especially contributed counterweight trebuchets, "Muslim phao", which had a maximum range of 300 meters compared to 150 meters of the ancient Chinese predecessor. It played a significant role in taking the Chinese strongholds and was as well used against infantry units on the battlefield.

The Mongol force which invaded south China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.

The Mongols made heavy use of indigenous ethnic minority soldiers in southern China rather than Mongols. The Kingdom of Dali's indigenous Cuan-Bo army led by the Duan royal family were the majority of the forces in the Mongol Yuan army sent to attack Song China during battles along the Yangtze river. During a Mongol attack against the Song China, there were only 3,000 Mongol cavalry at one point under the Mongol commander Uriyangkhadai, the majority of his army were native Cuan-Bo with Duan officers.

While the Mongol forces had success against the non-Han Chinese ruled states of the Jin and Xia, conquering the Song took much more time. The Song forces were equipped with the best technology available at the time, such as an ample supply of gunpowder weapons like fire lances, rockets and flamethrowers. The fierce resistance of the Song forces resulted in the Mongols having to fight the most difficult war in all of their conquests, and the Mongols required every advantage they could gain and "every military artifice known at that time" in order to win. They looked to peoples they already conquered to acquire various military advantages. However, intrigues at the Song court would favor the Mongols.

The Yuan dynasty created a "Han Army" () out of defected Jin troops and army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (). Southern Song Chinese troops who defected and surrendered to the Mongols were granted Korean women as wives by the Mongols, whom the Mongols earlier took during their invasion of Korea as war booty. The many Song Chinese troops who defected to the Mongols were given oxen, clothes and land by Kublai Khan. As prize for battlefield victories, lands sectioned off as appanages were handed by the Yuan dynasty to Chinese military officers who defected to the Mongol side. The Yuan gave Song Chinese soldiers who defected to the Mongols juntun, a type of military farmland. Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Han tumen General Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on the Song dynasty ordered by Töregene Khatun.

After several indecisive wars, the Mongols unsuccessfully attacked the Song garrison at Diaoyu Fortress Hechuan when their Great Khan, Möngke, died of cholera or dysentery. However, the general responsible for this defence was not rewarded but instead was punished by the Song court. Discouraged, he defected to the Mongols and suggested to Möngke's successor, Kublai, that the key to the conquest of Song was the capture of Xiangyang, a vital Song stronghold.

The Mongols quickly enclosed Xiangyang and defeated any attempt to reinforce it by the Song.

After a siege that lasted several years, and with the help of Muslim artillery created by Iraqi engineers, the Mongols finally forced the city of Xiangyang to surrender. The dying Song dynasty sent its armies against the Mongols at Yehue under the incompetent chancellor Jia Sidao. Predictably, the battle was a disaster. Running out of troops and supplies, the Song court surrendered to the Mongols in 1276.

Many Han Chinese were enslaved in the process of the Mongols invasion of China proper. According to Japanese historian Sugiyama Masaaki (杉山正明) and Funada Yoshiyuki (舩田善之), there were also a certain number of Mongolian slaves owned by Han Chinese during the Yuan dynasty. However, there is no evidence that Han Chinese, who were considered people of the bottom of Yuan society according to some researchers, suffered particularly cruel abuse.

With the desire to rule all of China, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty and became Emperor of China. However, despite the surrender of the Song court, resistance of Song remnants remained. Chinese resistance lasted for a few more years as Song loyalists organized themselves around a powerless boy emperor, brother to the last formal Song emperor. In an attempt to restore the Song dynasty, several Song officials set up a government in Guangdong, aboard ships of the vast Song navy, which still maintained over a thousand ships (which then carried the Song army, which had been forced by the Mongol army off of the land onto these Song warships). Realizing this, in 1279 Kublai sent his fleet to engage the Song fleet at the battle of Yamen in the waters off of modern Hong Kong, winning a decisive victory in which the last Song Emperor Bing of Song and his loyal officials committed suicide.  This was the final major military confrontation of the Mongol conquest of the Song in southern China.

However, members of the Song Imperial Family continued to live in the Yuan dynasty like Emperor Gong of Song, Zhao Mengfu, and Zhao Yong. Zhao Mengfu painted at the Yuan court and was personally interviewed by Kublai Khan. This practice was referred to as 二王三恪.

Historian Patricia Buckley Ebrey noted that the Mongol Yuan dynasty treated the Jurchen Jin dynasty the Mongols treated the Jurchen Wanyan royal family harshly, totally butchering them by the hundreds as well as the Tangut emperor of Western Xia when they defeated him earlier. However Patricia also noted the Mongols were totally lenient on the Han Chinese Zhao royal family of the Southern Song explicitly unlike the Jurchens in the Jingkang incident, sparing both the Southern Song royals in the capital Hangzhou like the Emperor Gong of Song and his mother as well as sparing the civilians inside it and not sacking the city, allowing them to go about their normal business, rehiring Southern Song officials. The Mongols did not take the southern Song palace women for themselves but instead had Han Chinese artisans in Shangdu marry the palace women. The Mongol emperor Kublai Khan even granted a Mongol princess from his own Borjigin family as a wife to the surrendered Han Chinese Southern Song Emperor Gong of Song and they fathered a son together named Zhao Wanpu.

Chinese resistance in Vietnam against the Mongols

The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian and later migrated to Đại Việt under Trần Kinh (陳京 Chén Jīng), the ancestor of the Trần clan. Their descendants, the later rulers of Đại Việt who were of mixed-blooded descent later established the Trần dynasty, which ruled Vietnam (Đại Việt). Despite many intermarriages between the Trần and several members of the Lý dynasty alongside members of their imperial court as in the case of Trần Lý and Trần Thừa, some of the mixed-blooded descendants of the Trần dynasty and certain members of the clan were still capable of speaking Chinese such as when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1282.

Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song dynasty China like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to Tran dynasty ruled Vietnam after the Mongol invasion of the Song and they helped the Tran fight against the Mongol invasion. The ancestors of the Tran clan originated from the modern day province of Fujian as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as "Northern bandits". He quoted the Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư which said "When the Song [Dynasty] was lost, its people came to us. Nhật Duật took them in. There was Zhao Zhong who served as his personal guard. Therefore, among the accomplishments in defeating the Yuan [i.e., Mongols], Nhật Duật had the most." The Tran defeated the Mongol invasions of Vietnam.

Southern Song Chinese military officers and civilian officials left to overseas countries, went to Vietnam and intermarried with the Vietnamese ruling elite and went to Champa to serve the government there as recorded by Zheng Sixiao. Southern Song soldiers were part of the Vietnamese army prepared by emperor Trần Thánh Tông against the second Mongol invasion.

Tactics and policies

During their campaigns, the Mongol Empire recruited many nationalities in their warfare, such as those of Central and East Asia. The Mongols employed Chinese troops, especially those who worked catapults and gunpowder to assist them in other conquests. In addition to Chinese troops, many scholars and doctors from China accompanied Mongol commanders to the west. The Mongols valued people with specialized skills.

The ability to make cast iron which was tough enough for shooting objects with gunpowder was available to the Chinese in the Song dynasty and it was adopted by the Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties.

During the invasion of Transoxiana in 1219, along with the main Mongol force, Genghis Khan used a Chinese specialist catapult unit in battle. They were used in Transoxania again in 1220. The Chinese may have used the catapults to hurl gunpowder bombs, since they already had them by this time (although there were other siege engineers and technologies used in the campaigns, too.) While Genghis Khan was conquering Transoxania and Central Asia, several Chinese who were familiar with gunpowder were serving with Genghis's army. "Whole regiments" entirely made out of Chinese were used by the Mongols to command bomb hurling trebuchets during the invasion of Iran. Historians have suggested that the Mongol invasion had brought Chinese gunpowder weapons to Central Asia. One of these was the huochong, a Chinese mortar. Books written around the area afterward depicted the use of gunpowder weapons which resembled that of China.

One thousand northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol Hulagu Khan during his conquest of the Middle East. 1,000 Chinese participated in the Siege of Baghdad (1258). The Chinese General Guo Kan was one of the commanders during the siege and appointed Governor of Baghdad after the city was taken.

While serving in the Mongol armies, Chinese generals were able to observe the invasion of West Asia.

According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut Assassins fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ox's bow. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini.

Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).

Against the Alans and the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide and conquer tactics:  first the Mongols told the Cumans to stop allying with the Alans and then, after the Cumans followed their suggestion, the Mongols defeated the Alans and then attacked the Cumans.  Alan and Kipchak guards were used by Kublai Khan. In 1368 at the end of the Yuan dynasty in China Toghan Temür was accompanied by his faithful Alan guards. "Mangu enlisted in his bodyguard half the troops of the Alan prince, Arslan, whose younger son Nicholas took a part in the expedition of the Mongols against Karajang (Yunnan). This Alan imperial guard was still in existence in 1272, 1286 and 1309, and it was divided into two corps with headquarters in the Ling pei province (Karakorúm)." Alans were converted to Roman Catholic Christianity as were Armenians in China by John of Montecorvino.

Siege strategy
James Waterson cautioned against attributing the population drop in northern China to Mongol slaughter since much of the population may have moved to southern China under the Southern Song or died of disease and famine as agricultural and urban city infrastructure were destroyed. The Mongols spared cities from massacre and sacking if they surrendered, like Kaifeng which was surrendered to Subetai by Xu Li, Yangzhou, which was surrendered to Bayan by Li Tingzhi's second in command after Li Tingzhi was executed by the Southern Song, and Hangzhou, which was spared from sacking when it surrendered to Kublai Khan. Han Chinese and Khitan soldiers defected en masse to Genghis Khan against the Jurchen Jin dynasty. Towns which surrendered were spared from sacking and massacre by Kublai Khan. The Khitan reluctantly left their homeland in Manchuria as the Jin moved their primary capital from Beijing south to Kaifeng and defected to the Mongols.

See also
 Conquest dynasty
 Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai
 Mongol invasions of Tibet

References

Citations

Sources

 Li Bo, Zheng Yin. 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp, 2001. .

 Wright, David Curtis. "Mongol conquest of China," in Gordon Martel, ed., The Encyclopedia of War, First Edition (Hoboken, New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011).

Wars involving Imperial China


By the time you read this, the Olympic Torch will have passed through Barrie on its way up Highway 11 and actually gone through Huntsville as well. How lucky are we that our city was on the route?
As the athletic eyes of the world focus on our most western province and athletes themselves prepare for a lifetime achievement, we'll no doubt be true Canadians. Some of us will feel an incredible sense of pride. Some of us will bicker about the cost. Those who were at the Calgary Olympics will wax poetic about the community spirit engendered during 1988.
And almost every columnist in the country will write about the new year and its potential for meaningful resolutions.
As I look back a decade on this community I see great things and not-so-great things. We have a municipal challenge ahead of us to repair the chaos in our downtown and return to some retail balance. We continue to enhance and build on our beautiful waterfront and make it truly a place that every Barrie resident can enjoy. As a community we can hope to right our out-of-balance residential/industrial tax base to lighten the load on residential taxpayers and begin to balance the need for infrastructure like police, fire, emergency services, medical beds. It's a huge job to recover from rezoning of land in the 80's that pushed us out of whack in our residential numbers.
Enough of municipal politics... daily impact on our everyday lives.
We can relish the fact that we have regular garbage pickup, an aggressive recycling program, clean water that's safe to drink, and good roads for the most part.
It's so easy to jump on the complaint bandwagon, but a good friend taught me a long time ago that there's a gift in every complaint and it's been a lesson well learned.
And so, what do I love about this city and its residents?
I love the fact that we come from all walks of life and have lots of room for each other and our differences. I love that Barrie's residential component is becoming increasingly multi-cultural. I love our waterfront... all 11 kilometres of it... and the fact that it belongs to all of us. I love coming up Essa Rd from the south end, cresting the hill by the TV station and looking at the sprinkle of lights that now stretch on for miles and miles.
When we moved here 39 years ago, I remember our little 1963 Valiant chugging up Essa Rd. The magic of that evergreen forest (which is now Timberwalk) ran all the way to Hwy 400. Little Barrie, its 24,000 inhabitants, was nestled in the valley, up against the shores of Kempenfelt Bay. It was magical, driving into Barrie that way and I will never forget it.
We moved here to make a living, first husband at the television station and I with the forerunner of this newspaper. Several cars and three apartments and four houses and three kids later, we realize that we've stayed to build a life.
As we enter into the third generation of our family here (a new grand-daughter last Christmas and another new grand-daughter this Christmas Eve), we realize that what you call home comes really from your heart. We love it here. For many, many reasons. But the love begins inside and glows outside.
And that's what I wish for all of us, really. That we love it here. That we thrive. That we get the opportunity to be our best.


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The Best Internet Radio Stations for 2020
Hosted by IBM's Softlayer Datacenters, we are powered by the industry's most advanced network systems, Provided with the well known radio stream control panel - Centova Cast 3 and numerous unique embeddable players, this is what makes Caster. Include a contact form to enable visitors to quickly send an email or embed a Twitter/Facebook button to contact you or the station controller directly. Smart blocks help to auto-populate your content by genres or time which helps you prioritise the prime time content. How much does a website cost in 2020? For web designers that did list their prices, we found the going rate in 2020 to build a modern, professional small business website was typically ,000-,000 but could be as much as ,000 (or more) depending on the number of pages on the site and the amount of customization required. If you broadcast music on the internet you must pay royalties for it.
Broadcast audio through the internet to listeners across all platforms, including mobile devices, desktops, laptops and tablets.
It may seem like a distant dream now, but people could soon flock to your station for a reliable, amazing blast of their favourite music. 75 per month, our SHOUTcast hosting packages are bursting with great features to help you build and maintain your online streaming presence. How much bandwidth do I need to stream SHOUTcast audio? Plus, our expert had an interesting experience with the support team, so make sure you read our full InterServer review. It is often a software that will automatically manage your diffusion for you according to what you have planned.
More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, or cell-phone-based radio combined. Prices are extremely low, and six data center locations are available, in the US, the UK, Brazil, the Netherlands, Singapore, and Indonesia. Similarly, the Shoutcast homepage doesn't mention any codecs beyond MP3 and AAC ("up to 320 kbps"). Grace your ears with the latest bars featured by Power 105.
Starting an Internet radio station means sharing your tastes, knowledge and experience around the world. If you are a DJ or radio presenter looking for a platform to broadcast your live or recorded shows over the Internet then there are many existing online radio stations that you can choose from. You'll find even greater streaming audio diversity should you dig deeper into the space. Some of the most popular streaming platforms for Internet Radio currently include Spreaker, Mixlr and Chew. What's the state of your studio setup? 5, using roughly 40% less CPU at 1000 listeners.
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Can I Design My Own Hosting Plan for SHOUTcast?
Additionally, Shoutcast has changed owners several times, with subsequent rebalancing of priorities, including the recent shift towards commercialization. Best website builders, namely, Duda's target audience are agencies, digital publishers, and hosting companies. Let us know in the comments below. Read on to find the pros and cons of the best online music streaming services we've reviewed.
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Create An Online Radio Station, Free, In Just A Few Minutes.
However, there's dozens of stream directories on the web that you can submit your radio stream to for free, including TuneIn (the largest by far), so we don't recommend basis your decision off this feature. Also note that older versions of Icecast (such as 2. )Icecast-KH is the most flexible streaming server when it comes to configuration. We have servers ready for reliable streaming in Canada, United States and Europe. If you're not careful with your choice of hosting, poor performance is sure to be an issue. This is commonly used for internet radio stations.
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The adaptive-bitrate HTML5 player from Wowza is a great choice for seamless broadcasting and a loyal listener base. It receives an audio source, such as an input from an audio application. As a result, Icecast-KH has become the defacto Icecast server used by most streaming hosting companies. Web hosting service, it gives you a visually appealing interface that is well organized, so you can find all of the tools you need easily. Our powerful radio hosting services will not only help you achieve your overall station goals, but will also provide you with the confidence you need in knowing that you are partnered with a reliable and secure hosting platform. A rancorous dispute ensued over how performance royalties should be assessed for Internet broadcasters. – Available for free if you choose the no-root access. Music and royalty advice to help protect you online. You can listen to these radios on their websites, their mobile applications, connected speakers, listening directories, Internet provider boxes and even in connected cars & TVs.
Your broadcasts are sent out to players on your site, directories, apps, and direct links for your listeners to tune in. TV spots are still hugely popular to promote your station, even for local ads. Feedback is the most valuable thing listeners can offer. 75 GB of storage, 2 TB of bandwidth – That's enough storage for a big music library, and enough bandwidth for streaming around 600,000 songs a month. There's one twist - In 2020, Karl Heyes forked a branch of Icecast called Icecast-KH, to overhaul some of the internals and multithreaded performance, as well as add some experimental features like listener authentication. Finally, the third and final investment is the radio studio.
The Best ShoutCAST Hosting Solution.
As a general recommendation, we suggest evaluatingfirst, but carefully monitoring the stability of whichever streaming server you choose. Free accounts typically limit your ability to skip songs to just six per hour, and they feed you ads in either audio or video form. Name.com vs hostgator, domain transfers to NameCheap are free of cost but one has to renew the domain for transferring. What are the web hosting requirements for SHOUTcast? Different tools are needed to deliver both of these options. A broadcasting specialist is on standby to help you get started with a SHOUTcast, Icecast or Video Hosting package. While you can get set up and pay to play music on an audio stream, there are currently no mechanisms for video streamers to legally stream music. If paying a music license seems daunting, it is also possible to play royalty-free music and avoid it. Also from your website you can choose to enable song requests.
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He/she can also take control of the programming whenever he/she wants or needs to, and replace it with a live broadcast. Each SHOUTcast server will house a maximum of 50 clients at a time. Read our in-depth A2 Hosting review to see why. Start your own internet radio has never been easier. Not only do we provide the best SHOUTcast hosting solutions available in the UK at present, we also provide outstanding VPS Hosting services if you require a semi-dedicated solution for your streaming service. Given the various strengths and weaknesses of each streaming server and the different needs of each individual broadcaster, you have to decide for yourself which streaming server is best for you. It is possible to get started with just some free software and a microphone attached to your laptop. Shoutcast hosting enables your listeners to tune in through any supported media player including Winamp, iTunes, RealPlayer etc.
There are hundreds of genre specific channels you can play at any time, with playlists that are curated by actual human DJs who love music and love their genres. River city sculptures on parade, the show flopped--- it didn't help it was shown on ABC, then an also-ran network, coincidentally owned by Paramount, and went unseen (indeed, was thought lost) until good ol' TCM located it in their purchase of the film library. The daily spin features a heavy focus on both mainstream and underground hip-hop and R&B with a splash of Latin and reggae crossover. You'll risk losing your entire project to arbitrary terms of use or outside attackers.
SoundExchange has also offered alternative rates and terms to certain eligible small webcasters, that allow them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, instead of at a per performance rate. The history of Icecast and Shoutcast goes back to the early days of internet radio. The internet-only station purerockradio. You now have the keys in hand to move on to the next course… So go ahead! Simply because it actually includes two categories of Internet radio stations. Failure to pay music royalties can lead to massive penalties and legal action. You'll get one-on-one time with an InMotion expert to set up and configure your server for Shoutcast, and everything from security to updates is included as part of the service. The extremely varied sounds of the Bay Area are best explored on KUSF, the University of San Francisco's radio station.
'You'll Never Walk Alone' … But Will Radio Be There?
Companies like Stream Guys, Shoutcast, and many more offer these services for a monthly fee. This new release brings a brand new, glossy user interface with plenty of animations and effects, which we hope will be easier on the eyes and more intuitive for you our clients. Best wordpress hosting 2020 – siteground vs wp engine, hostgator customer support team was fast enough to respond to our live chat in 3 minutes. That doesn't mean live video hasn't become a huge asset to traditional radio, because it truly has. Have a suggestion for the Hive Five? New shows can have a bit more of an uphill battle when trying to organically grow an audience but the key is consistency. Icecast and Icecast-KH support is provided through mailing lists, IRC and a community forum as well. Traditional radio stations are now all looking to broadcast on the Internet to follow their listeners, who are are increasingly adopting online listening.
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Ned Beauman: "Glow"
Ned Beauman's "Glow" is the second story in Granta 123: Best of Young British Novelists 4. For an overview of the issue and links to my reviews of its other stories, please click here.
At 28, Ned Beauman is the youngest author on this Granta list of Best Young British Novelists, which means he'll be eligible for the next list when it comes out in a decade. Beauman is obviously talented and fortunate; Boxer, Beetle won the Goldberg Prize for Outstanding Debut Fiction and The Writers' Guild Award for Best Fiction Book, and The Teleportation Accident was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize. Talented and fortunate, though not having read either novel it's impossible for me to speculate whether he's more talented than fortunate or more fortunate than talented. It's been obvious that Beauman himself believes he is much more talented than fortunate, perhaps too talented to be gracious at all, in fact. It will be interesting to see if Beauman shot himself in the foot last year when he said this in an interview with The Guardian (here):
Boxer, Beetle got a lot of praise and a little bit of criticism. But what seems to stick in my mind is praise from the wrong people. Obviously this is incredibly elitist and snobbish, but then that's my prerogative as a novelist. The people who wrote four-star Amazon reviews were almost more annoying than the one- or two-star reviews, because of the way they looked at the book . . . I wanted to take all the caveats they had and really emphasise those things, to slough off as many of them as possible.
Even if that quote weren't enough, his attitude toward his readers is dismal, even those who praised his work. From anecdotes, I've heard he's gone so far as to be one of those atrocious authors who writes complaints to reviewers who are either "the wrong people" or who liked his books for the wrong reasons. Consequently, when his name was announced on this Granta list, there was quite a bit of backlash. At this point in his career, it appears his books haven't spoken louder than he has.
"Glow" is an excerpt of his forthcoming novel (also entitled Glow). Where Shamsie's excerpt "Vipers" was effective as a short piece and as an excerpt, making me anxious to read the novel, Beauman's excerpt felt absolutely pointless. It made me wonder if we readers are simply supposed to appreciate anything these authors deigned to submit to Granta.
Apparently the new novel takes place in 2010, and this excerpt is actually a flashback to 2007, included in the novel to give us a bit of backstory to one of the characters. Beauman chose it because "it has a beginning, middle and end, like a short story" (here). Okay, but it has little else. It falls terrifically short of a short story and in no way entices me to read the novel. Obviously, these novelists have little choice but to submit something on hand, a fragment — I understand it, but I don't always like the results.
As it stands here, outside of the context of the remainder of the novel, "Glow" is about a doomed love triangle, and incidentally a new drug is invented (probably much more important in the novel). "Glow" opens one night in 2007 when our central character Win walks into a bar and meets a "white guy." They chat for a while. The man's name is Craig. Win debates whether to go back to the man's hotel room, but he does. We learn that one reason Win is hesitant to sleep with Craig is because Win is a kind of toy for his boss, Hseng. And blah blah blah — we've all read about these lopsided love triangles before. This one plays out as you'd expect.
What we might not expect is that this love triangle leads to the invention of a new drug: glo. What we don't get here is why any of that matters — not even why any of it might some day matter enough for us to seek out this novel — so I won't speculate.
The drug does lead — or, rather, Win's ability with chemistry leads — to some of the more unique passages in the book, though, and I imagine it's for these passages that we have this excerpt: we are to admire Beauman's voice and Beauman's sentences. Here's an example from just after Win and Craig's first sexual encounter:
Afterwards, as Win lay dreamy and exhausted, Craig got up and started rummaging through his suitcase. Even though the windows were wide open, the air in the room was still fuggy and ammoniac, as if within the valvular manifold of their connected bodies they had synthesized a molecule so complex it couldn't filter out through the mosquito screens.
Whether you find that lyrical or overdone is a matter of taste, but the rest of the story feels like a lengthy yet under-developed diversion — which makes me wonder if the entire piece will actually make it into the novel.
By Trevor Berrett|2013-05-09T12:03:00-04:00May 9th, 2013|Categories: Ned Beauman|1 Comment
Lee Monks May 13, 2013 at 9:12 am
Whilst obviously a prat, you'd hope the work backed up his hubris. It doesn't. Which makes him all the more laughable. I've no problem with bounders producing good work and then holding forth oleaginously about it: I need never again read an interview with VS Naipaul, for example. But Beauman is just tiresome. I had the misfortune to happen upon an interview he gave on a Guardian podcast and had to switch off: he was waffling about the number of ways his last (savagely overdone) novel, The Teleportation Incident may be interpreted, or something. The man is a total weapon.


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Read yourself well: 7 inspirational books about #recovery
By editor on November 7, 2014 in Stories
A special feature from Laura Gulliver: a freelance health writer who has spent the last few years of her career writing and talking very openly about her own battles with mental health and addiction.
Although there are many who think self-help books are something that should be given a wide berth, for many millions of people they have been the catalyst to seek the truth about their inner demons and a further mechanism for them to be able to get the professional help they need. Whatever your emotional problem there will be a book out there that can help reaffirm that you're not alone in your thoughts and that there is an answer.
Books about breaking free from the suffocating grip of addiction are important – especially the ones that are brutally honest and challenge the status quo. Some have happy endings; some conclude with a palpable sense of heartache. Hundreds of addiction-related memoirs are published each year and, no matter the specific affliction, readers gravitate toward authors who are fearless and authentic.
According to the World Drugs report of 2012, an estimated 230 million people worldwide struggle with some form of addiction. Though the road to recovery isn't easy, in the end, it's always worth the struggle. With that in mind, here's a look at seven must-read books that speak to the heart of addiction.
Broken: My Story of Addiction and Redemption: Brokenis a gritty and true-to-life tale of recovery as told by William Cope Moyers. As a young man, Moyers was locked in an unrelenting love affair with crack cocaine. The addiction eventually led him to the brink of death, with no obvious light at the end of the tunnel. Thanks to a loving support system, Moyers eventually embraced equal amounts of spirituality and recovery. In the end, Moyers conquered his shame, transformed his life, and dedicated himself to changing the politics of addiction in the United States. Learn more.
Up from Down: A True Story of Recovery from Addiction: Strung out on heroin, Ted Adamson did what he had to do to survive. His days and nights were spent trying to satisfy an addiction that could never truly be quenched. From county jail to state prison, Up from Down gives readers a real life glimpse into the life of a junkie. Nothing is sugarcoated; Adamson describes his world and all its ugliness with crisp, disturbing clarity. From the Church of Synanon's bizarre addiction therapies to our modern 12-step programs, readers will be taken aback by Adamson's journey and inspired by his ultimate redemption. Learn more.
Tweak: Growing Up On Methamphetamines: Nic Sheff grew up way too fast. By his early teenage years, Sheff regularly abused pot, cocaine, and MDMA. He'd also developed addictions to crystal meth and heroin. Despite all the obvious signs of addiction, Sheff thought he'd be able to quit whenever he wanted to. It took one nearly fatal relapse in California to convince him otherwise. In a voice that is raw and honest, Sheff paints himself as a young man at odds with his past, his family, and himself. It's a ghastly tale that, despite the trials and obstacles, concludes with a welcome sense of hope. Learn more.
In My Skin: A Memoir of Addiction : Kate Holden, for all intents and purposes, seemed to have it all. She was a college graduate from a solid middle-class home. Despite outward appearances, Holden was painfully shy and chronically depressed. When she tried her first hit of heroin, she had no idea that the drug would take over. She eventually lost her job, apartment, and friends. She stole money from her family and, when push came to shove, sold her body to support her heroin habit. Thanks to the unyielding love of family, Holden ultimately conquered her addiction and never looked back. Learn more.
Scar Tissue: Think rock stars are immune to the pitfalls of addiction? Well, Red Hot Chili Peppers front man Anthony Kiedis begs to differ. Scar Tissue is a detailed account of Kiedis' addictions to drugs and sex. Readers learn about his first drug experience, which took place under the tutelage of his father. By the time his band gained popularity in the 1980s, Kiedis and bandmate Hillel Slovak had severe drug addictions. Slovak died from an overdose in 1988, prompting Kiedis to skip town and miss the funeral. Haunted by his friend's death, Kiedis plunged even deeper into his addictions. After a few failed attempts at sobriety, the Chili Peppers' singer finally got clean and has remained sober since December 2000. Learn more.
Unbearable Lightness: A Story of Loss and Gain: On the outside, Portia de Rossi appeared thin, beautiful, and successful. On the inside, however, the actress was quickly marching toward death's door. In her first leading movie role, de Rossi was struggling with an eating disorder and weighed a mere 82 pounds. She eventually collapsed on the set of that film. Unbearable Lightness is the story of de Rossi's life, first as a child model and then as an extremely successful television actress. In this unflinchingly honest book, she captures the complex emotional truth of what it is like when food, weight, and body image take priority over everything else in life. She also describes the Hollywood push to be "perfect" and how that pressure often leads to an eating disorder. Learn more.
Born to Lose: Memoirs of a Compulsive Gambler: Set in San Francisco's Chinatown, Bill Lee's Born to Loseblows the lid off of gambling addiction and its terrible grip on Chinatown culture. From gambling away a treasured baseball card collection at the age of nine to betting everything he owned at blackjack tables in Las Vegas, each and every loss Lee encountered only made him feel worse. Lee details what gambling addicts are feeling, illustrating the pain and hopelessness that brought him to ruin. He also shares the beauty of recovery and explains how the 12-step program single-handedly saved his life. Learn more.
This post was originally published at Recovery.org
books, drug and alcohol, guest post, review
What have you learned from blogging? Tops tips from our Community Correspondents
Growing up and signing up: Peter's story of becoming a soldier #poppyday
2 Responses to Read yourself well: 7 inspirational books about #recovery
Greg Usrey November 7, 2014 at 9:31 am #
NHS GG&C supports and advises on Healthy Reading Lists in many of the Local Authority libraries. It would be great to think one or more of these could be receommended onto the list(s)?
Pru Davies November 7, 2014 at 10:05 am #
What a great blog and one that's often difficult to talk about as addiction can so often be "the elephant in the room" sometimes more so than mental illness. Comes with added stigma. You lose family, friends and your own identity. If you can climb out of the depths of despair that is to be applauded


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This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Indian political party
Political party in India
Swatantra Party
C. Rajagopalachari
Split from
Merged into
Bharatiya Lok Dal
Conservatism (Indian)[1]
Classical liberalism[2]
Liberal conservatism[3]
Secularism[4]
Political position
Centre-right[5][6][7][note 1]
Election symbol
Politics of India
The Swatantra Party was an Indian classical liberal political party, that existed from 1959 to 1974. It was founded by C. Rajagopalachari[11] in reaction to what he felt was the Jawaharlal Nehru-dominated Indian National Congress's increasingly socialist and statist outlook.[12]
It had a number of distinguished leaders, most of them old Congressmen, for example, C. Rajagopalachari, Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu, Minoo Masani, N.G. Ranga, Darshan Singh Pheruman,[13][14] Udham Singh Nagoke[15] and K.M. Munshi. The provocation for the formation of the party was the left turn which the Congress took at Avadi[16] and the Nagpur Resolutions. Swatantra stood for a market-based economy with the "Licence Raj" dismantled, although it opposed laissez faire policies. Considered to be on the economic right of the Indian political spectrum, Swatantra was not a religion-based party, unlike the Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra had to be formed, even though they were hitherto Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the struggle for independence.[17] The Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was highly critical of Swatantra, dubbing the party as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and zamindars".[18]
Swatantra Party of India
C. Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party. Previously, he was the last Governor-General of India and one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.
N.G. Ranga was the founder member of the Swatantra Party and was its President for several years.
Gayatri Devi, the Maharani of Jaipur and princess of Cooch Behar, was a successful politician in the Swatantra Party.
In the 1962 general election, the first after its formation, Swatantra received 7.89 percent of the total votes and won 18 seats in the third Lok Sabha (1962–67). It emerged as the main opposition to the dominant Congress in four states—Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Orissa. By the next general election in 1967, Swatantra had become a significant force in some parts of India; it won 8.7 percent of the votes and became the single-largest opposition party in the fourth Lok Sabha (1967–71) with 44 seats. In 1971, Swatantra joined a "Grand Alliance" of parties from across the political spectrum who aimed to defeat Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The party secured eight seats, winning 3% of the votes. The next year, in 1972, its founder Rajagopalachari died, and Swatantra declined rapidly. By 1974, it had dissolved with many of its members joining the Charan Singh-led Bharatiya Lok Dal.
Popular-
1962 1962 Indian general election 7.89 %
Fundamental principles
First and foremost the Swatantra Party committed to social justice and equality of opportunity of all people 'without distinction of religion, caste, occupation, or political affiliation'.[20]
The party felt that progress, welfare, and happiness of the people could be achieved by giving maximum freedom to individuals with the state minimising intervention. The state should replace its intervention with fostering the Indian tradition of helping others in people.[20]
In particular, the party believed that the state should adhere to the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India and, in particular, should compensate individuals if their property had to be acquired for public purposes. It also believed in giving citizens full freedom to educate their children as they wanted.[20] It recognised the need for increasing food production and sought to do that by giving peasants full land rights and incentives for increasing production in agriculture.[20] In industry, it sought to reduce state presence only to the minimum necessary to supplement private enterprise and in national services like the Railways. It sought to do away with controls on trade and commerce. However, it committed against unreasonable profits, prices, and dividends. It believed in placing equal emphasis on the development of capital goods industries, consumer goods industries, and rural and small industries.[20] In the fields of taxation and state expenditure, it believed in thrift and called that taxation should suffice for carrying on of administration and social and economic activities taken upon by the state but it should not depress capital formation and private investment. The government should also desist from running abnormally large deficits or taking foreign loans that are beyond the capacity of the country to repay. In particular, it resisted unnecessary expansion of the bureaucracy.[20]
While standing for minimising state intervention in the economy the Swatantra Party committed to securing a fair deal for labour, correlating wages to increased productivity and workers' right to collectively bargain.[20] It also gave their members full freedom to question and criticize any point not included in the fundamental principles of that party.[20]
Party's fundamental principles had not covered several issues like foreign policy, national language, state reorganisation and religious and social reform.[21]
The party was generally opposed to Communism and in 1969, urged the Indian government to ban the 3 major Communist parties in India at that time, namely the CPI, CPI(M) and the Naxalites due to their open or tacit support for armed struggles, which the Swatantra party viewed as a major security threat to the nation.[22]
In foreign affairs, it opposed non-alignment and a close relationship with the USSR and advocated an intimate connection with the United States and Western Europe.[22][21]
Decline and legacy
Swatantra failed mainly because there was as yet no space in Indian politics for a centrist party. Also, the rich and middle peasants were not yet fully and irrevocably alienated from Congress, especially as cooperative farming had been put in cold storage and land ceiling laws actually posed little threat to the existing holdings. On the other hand, they were the major beneficiaries of several government policies and measures: reduction of land revenue and extension of services including provision of rural credit, improved transport, irrigation, and electrification. By and large, the business class found that planning, the public sector, and government regulations did not block its growth and, instead, in many respects, helped it to develop. The mixed economy also left enough scope for its expansion. Above all, though steady in pursuing its developmental and reformist agenda, the Nehru government was quite moderate in dealing with and conciliatory towards the propertied classes. Even the princes and landlords had not been wiped out and had been consoled with compensation and other economic concessions. Lastly, the Congress right realised that so long as Nehru was alive his position in the country was unassailable; it, therefore, showed no inclination to leave. On the other hand, when Congress split in 1969 and Congress (O) emerged as a political force, the reason for the existence of Swatantra as a separate party disappeared, for the former was much more potent as a right-wing party.[citation needed]
When Nagabhairava Jaya Prakash Narayana, the founder-leader of Lok Satta Party, was asked in 2014 whether he saw his party "as a modern-day re-embodiment of the Swatantra Party", he replied "in a large measure, yes. ... The founders of the Swatantra Party were visionaries and had India followed their leadership, we could have been where China is today, economically."[23]
Liberalism in India
Gayatri Devi
K. M. Munshi
Udham Singh Nagoke
Darshan Singh Pheruman
Mariadas Ruthnaswamy
Minoo Masani
N. G. Ranga
Piloo Mody
S. V. Raju
V. P. Menon
H. Ajmal Khan
Venkatesh Geriti
Indian National Congress breakaway parties
^ It is also sometimes rated as "centrist"[8] or "right-wing".[9][10]
^ Erdman, H. L. (28 October 2017). The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 62–63. ISBN 9781527802711.
^ Das, Gurcharan (2002). The Elephant Paradigm. Penguin. p. 244.
^ Pratapchandra Rasam, Vasanti (1997). Swatantra Party: a political biography. Dattsons. p. 199.
^ Smith, Donald E. (1966). South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton Univeraity Press. p. 110.
^ Raghbendra Jha, ed. (2014). Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume I. Springer. p. 263.
^ Lancy Lobo, Jayesh Shah, ed. (2015). The Trajectory of India's Middle Class: Economy, Ethics and Etiquette. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 123.
^ Rudra Chaudhuri, ed. (2014). Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 100.
^ Snippet view, ed. (1978). Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance - Volume 47. Triveni Publishers. p. 24.
^ Chaudhuri, Rudra (2014). Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947. Oxford University Press. p. 100.
^ Jha, Raghbendra (2018). Facets of India's Economy and Her Society. 1. Springer. p. 263.
^ Rajagopalachari, C. (2016-07-16). "C. Rajagopalachari | Why Swatantra?". Mint. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
^ Erdman, H.L. (2007). The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-521-04980-1. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
^ Singh, Ranjit (2008). Sikh Achievers. New Delhi, India: Hemkunt Publishers. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-8170103653.
^ "Darshan Signh Pheruman (1885–1969)". Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
^ "Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920-70)". Panjab Digital Library. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
^ Ramakrishnan, Venkitesh (2012-09-22). "Long way from Avadi". frontline.thehindu.com. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
^ The 21 Principles of the Swatantra Party. 1959.
^ Erdman, 1963–64.
^ "Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h "Statement of Principles of the Swatantra Party, Principle 1" (PDF). Indian Liberals. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ a b Erdman, Howard L. (1963). "India's Swatantra Party". Pacific Affairs. 36 (4): 394–410. doi:10.2307/2754685. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2754685.
^ a b "From the Archives (May 13, 1969): Swatantra urges ban on Communist Parties". The Hindu. 2019-05-13. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
^ "Interviewing Jayaprakash Narayan".
Bipan Chandra et al. India Since Independence. Penguin India. 2008 [2011 digital edition].
Mariadas Ruthnaswamy. "Swatantra Party and its leaders". Swarajya. 30 July 1960.
Mariadas Ruthnaswamy. "Is Swatantra inspiring enough?". Swarajya. 22 October 1960.
H. R. Pasricha. The Swatantra Party—Victory in Defeat. Rajaji Foundation. 2002.
Howard L. Erdman. "India's Swatantra Party". Public Affairs, vol. 36, iss. 4, pp. 394–410. Winter 1963–64.
Howard L. Erdman. The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism. Cambridge University Press. 1967. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013.
Madhavankutty Pillai. "Last Man Standing". Open. 5 April 2014.
Rajmohan Gandhi. Rajaji: A Life. Penguin India. 1997.
Ramachandra Guha. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. HarperCollins. 2008.
Rasam Vasanti. Swatantra Party: a political biography. Dattson Publishers, Nagpur. 1997.
Rasam Vasanti. "Role of Swantantra Party as an Opposition Party (National Level)". Readings on Parliamentary Opposition.
C. Rajagopalachari : Save freedom. Why Swatantra, 1960
Minoo Masani: To provide A Democratic Alternative. Why Swatantra, 1960
K. M. Munshi: To Restore Fundamental Rights. Why Swatantra, 1960
N. G. Ranga: To Preserve Family Economy. Why Swatantra, 1960
Rediff On The NeT: Rajmohan Gandhi on C Rajagopalachari and the birth of the Swatantra Party
Revive the Swatantra Party
Minoo Masani and the Swatantra Party
1959 establishments in India
1974 disestablishments in India
Classical liberal parties
Liberal conservative parties
Defunct political parties in India
Political parties established in 1959
Political parties disestablished in 1974
Conservative parties in India


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Q: cordova-plugin-facebook4 ionic facebookConnectPlugin is not defined I'm working on ionic project and i have installed this plugin cordova-plugin-facebook4
but when  i'm trying to use it in controller
    .controller('LoginCtrl', function($scope) {
        console.log ("dzdqsdqs");

    $scope.login=function() {
      console.log ("dzdqsdqs");
            facebookConnectPlugin.login(['email'], function(response) {
                alert('Logged in');
                alert(JSON.stringify(response.authResponse));
            }, function(error){
                alert(error);
            })
        }
})

I got this error :
ReferenceError: facebookConnectPlugin is not defined

A: As mentioned by @bakrim in the comments, you need to run this code on a device or emulator.
To run on an iOS emulator:
ionic platform add ios
ionic build ios
ionic emulate ios

To run on an Android simulator:
ionic platform add android
ionic build android
ionic emulate android

For more information on running on real devices: http://junerockwell.com/how-to-run-ionic-on-real-devices/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The first major driver behind the dispossession and fateful resistance of the indigenous and migrant African tribes of what became South Africa was the colonisation of the Southern Cape by first Dutch, French and German, and then later, British settlers.
... By 1795 there was not a single legally recognised free Khoi community west of the Fish River. Most Khoi lived as labourers on their old lands, now divided among the Boers, and even those who managed to maintain an independent existence in the remote corners of the frontier were insecure and without legal rights.
The Khoi saw their opportunity in 1799, when British troops arrived to fight the rebel Boers of Graaf-Reinet. They flocked to the British standard in the hope of getting their country back.
According to a delightful newsletter published in Richmond (3), Klaas Stuurman offered refuge in 1799 to drosters, escaped slaves, and those who had been forced into what was euphemistically called and "apprenticeship". These renegades then unilaterally declared themselves as "Gounaqua" or "The Gamtoos Nation" and raided farms as far afield as Plettenberg Bay.
The AmaGqunukhwebe were a sub-group of the amaXhosa created under the reign of King Tshiwo (1670-1702), who was a grandfather to Gcaleka and Rharhabe.
They were made up mostly of the Inqua, Gonaqua, Hoengeiqua, and others overrun by western amaXhosa pioneers and then incorporated into the Xhosa nation Khwane kaLungane, the son of Lungane ka-Depe, was a trusted counsellor and a great warrior of King Tshiwo. He was given leadership of this new chiefdom of amaGqunukhwebe, creating the Khwane dynasty. (4) Their land ran from the Buffalo (Qonce) to the Zwaartkops (Qhagqiwa) rivers, but most of it was lost as a result of the Frontier Wars and was mostly given to colony settlers (west of the Fish River) and amaMfengu (between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers) by the colonial government.
During the late 1780s, Ndlambe defeated the amaGqunukhwebe, inflicting heavy losses upon them. They were forced to retreat westwards towards the Langkloof under Chungwa. Because of their long association, the amaGqunukhwebe and Stuurman's frontier raiders were natural allies.
When I was researching this story, I had nearly completed the research in the time allowed when – ironically – I found a perfectly set out version by Professor Andrew Duminy in a March 1986 edition of this very same VPHS Bulletin (5). Most of that which follows, therefore, will be drawn from that article.
Between 1789 and 1800, a large number of expeditions attempted unsuccessfully to 'persuade' the amaGqunukhwebe to remove themselves and to bring the Stuurmans under control. From 1789 to 1801, the renegades were able to raid at will throughout the frontier region and the massacre at de Poort was one of the consequences.
Apart from the incidents around Plettenberg Bay and Knysna, about 470 farms – about 35 percent of those registered in the Graaf-Reinet and Swellendam districts – were laid waste, while the colonists claimed to have lost 50,000 head of cattle; 50,000 sheep and 1,000 horses.
The most harrowing story was that of the de Poort murders, close to a spot which is now known as "The Garden of Eden". Fearing for their lives, a group of farmers from the Piesang Valley had set off for Knysna, intent on seeking refuge in Cape Town.
"The party was led by Cornelis Botha and included his wife, his son and daughter-in-law with their young child, and two other farmers with their families. As they reached de Poort, they were ambushed. Botha escaped on horseback with two others and fled to the farm Stofpad near Wittedrif, where fortifications had been erected to provide shelter for the local inhabitants.
A letter dated 31 October 1802 from the Resident at Plettenberg Bay, P.J. Meeding, to General Dundas refers to "the necessity of abandoning post and embarking for Cape Town".
In another letter of 15 November 1802, General Dundas writes to the Minister of War in London, with reference to Knysna pioneer James Callendar's complaints of the raiders that it was "more consistent with the character of an English man, to take up his gun, join the commando, and show an example of spirit than writing alarming letters.
Meanwhile, according to Duminy (5), the survivors in the Southern Cape clustered around the only four fortified places that could provide protection: Stofpad in Plettenberg Bay; Algoa Bay (Fort Frederick); the Langkloof; and Scheeper's Drift on the Oliphants River.
In 1812 the British forces were able to mount an operation far larger than any of its predecessors. 900 Colonial burghers and 700 Khoikhoi members of the newly formed Cape Regiment, assisted by 500 British troops drove about 8 000 Xhosa eastwards, forcing them across the Fish River. Those who resisted, including women and children, were hunted down and indiscriminately killed.
Cape of Good Hope, 7th March 1812.
... In my late instructions to Lt. Colonel Graham I have pointed out to him the expediency of destroying the Kaffir Kraals, laying waste their gardens and fields, and in fact totally removing every object that could hold out to their chiefs an inducement to revisit the regained territory. ... I am very happy to add that in the course of this service there has not been shed more Kaffir blood than would seem to be necessary to impress on the minds of these savages a proper degree of terror and respect.
Chungwa himself was tracked down to his secret hiding place in 1811 where, unable to rise from his bed, he was shot repeatedly by a party of Boers.
As for the third community that had been involved in the de Poort incident, the Boer frontiersmen, their future also lay elsewhere. A few stayed on but many of those who had deserted their farms in 1802 did not return.
The amaGqunukhwebe developed new subdivisions through Chungwa's sons, Pato and Kama, that he had with Malishe (daughter of Nqeno of the amaMbali chiefdom). They respectively settled along the coast and inland.
The authorities arrested him again in 1823 and decided to banish him. He was the first black South African banished to New South Wales in Australia.
Thomas Pringle led an unsuccessful campaign for the release and repatriation of David Stuurman.
The London Mission Society bought the Stuurman lands and established the Hankey Mission station there.


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TRICYCLE DRIVERS ANGAYAN IPAMEMBRO UG ASOSASYON PARA MAS DALI ANG PAGDISIPLINA SA MGA BADLONGON
CITY TO APPEAL CAPITOL DISAPPROVAL of Ordinance Mandating Membership of Tricycle Drivers to Associations
Members of the City Council expressed dismay over the decision of the Provincial Board to declare null and void the city ordinance that mandates all tricycle drivers to become members of associations before they are allowed to convey passengers.
Earlier the Provincial Board disapproved the ordinance that mandates all tricycle drivers to become members of associations on the grounds that it violates the constitutional right or freedom of an individual to association.
Both Vice-Mayor Franklin Esmeña Jr. and Councilor Manuel Arbon requested the Secretariat to ask for a reconsideration or repeal of the action of the Provincial Board.
Councilors Lilani Ramon and Estanislao Alviola lamented the action of the Provincial Board especially for not holding consultation with the tricycle drivers, stakeholders and the City Council before they decided to disapprove the city ordinance and declared the same as null and void.
Ramon stressed that the intention of the ordinance is to ensure the safety of the riding public considering that many teenagers especially girls are at risk of being sexually assaulted by drivers or extradors, many of whom are not from Dumaguete City, and could not be apprehended due to the absence of a system that will establish their identities and moral character.
She added that it would have been better if the Provincial Board checked on the police records of some malfeasance and even assaults perpetrated by erring and abusive drivers before deciding to disapprove the ordinance.
Councilor Agustin Miguel Perdices inquires if the Provincial Board is the proper authority to determine the constitutionality of any ordinance considering that these questions are normally settled by the courts particularly the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of legal disputes.
Councilor Alan Gel Cordova rejected the assertion of the Provincial Board in invalidating the ordinance saying that the mandate for tricycle drivers to become members of an association before they are allowed to practice their trade skill is consistent with the exercise of police power of the LGU to promote public safety.
He added that no one is forcing any person to become tricycle drivers but once he or she chooses to be one, that person can be compelled to join an association as part of regulation so that the officers of the association can vouch for their character and integrity.
"By analogy, no one can be forced to become a lawyer but when one does, the Supreme Court mandates that the legal practitioner should be a member of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines which sets the standards in the practice of law," Cordova pointed out.
He stressed that there are 3, 000 tricycle drivers in the city, some of whom drive at night or extradors, and amid the reports of abuses and other traffic related offenses, authorities have a hard time identifying and apprehending the bad drivers because many of them are not members of associations duly accredited by the city government.
It is noted that the ordinance was passed upon the suggestion of the tricycle drivers themselves as a means to weed out the bad elements in their ranks.
Finally, the City Council also expressed doubt whether the Provincial Board's action was valid considering that it took the higher body more than 30 days to act on the ordinance.
Per records of the secretariat, the ordinance was passed on November 14, 2018 and was submitted to the Provincial Board on November 16, 2018 after Mayor Felipe Antonio Remollo signed it for approval. But the Provincial Board began deliberation on January 14, 2019 or nearly two months after and finally disapproved it on February 6, 2019.
"By operation of law, that requires the reviewing body like the Provincial Board to take action (approve or disapprove) on a pending ordinance within 30 days, the ordinance is already effective and enforceable," Cordova concluded.


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Home News Celebrating 'Black Sabbath's' 50th Anniversary ZAKK SABBATH Release 'Vertigo'
Celebrating 'Black Sabbath's' 50th Anniversary ZAKK SABBATH Release 'Vertigo'
ZAKK SABBATH is the BLACK SABBATH cover band featuring guitarist/vocalist Zakk Wylde (BLACK LABEL SOCIETY, OZZY OSBOURNE), bassist Blasko (OZZY OSBOURNE, ROB ZOMBIE) and drummer Joey Castillo (DANZIG, QUEENS OF THE STONE AGE).
Vertigo Records issued the debut album by Black Sabbath on a Friday the 13th in 1970 and the world was never the same. Legendarily recorded in a single day in October 1969, the earth-moving self-titled set closed the book on hippie optimism with its dark magic and ushered in a brand new genre, setting the metal template for decades to come.
Exactly 50 years later, ZAKK SABBATH celebrates the first chapter in the Sabbath catalog with a reverently rendered tribute, simply titled "Vertigo." Faithfully recorded in the spirit of the original, live in the studio and with a film crew documenting the process, the session culminated in a new version of a landmark album that celebrates the greatest heavy metal band of all time and the record that started it all.
"We recorded a live EP and were wondering what we could do next as a cover band, so the 50th album anniversary came just at the right time", explains Blasko regarding Zakk Sabbath's decision to go studio. "Compared to 'Paranoid,' which is almost like a best-of record, the bulk of the material on 'Black Sabbath' is deep-cut, really experimental stuff that was never thoroughly explored, so that was a challenge, not to forget that we wanted to meet our own high standards."
Describing the DIY process as "very productive", the three respectfully added their own flair to make for a slightly different flavor, also revisiting various live renditions and "extending a solo here or slowing things down because that's what they tended to do on stage."
ZAKK SABBATH 's ode to the masters won't be available digitally, "to make the release feel authentic to the time when vinyl ruled the earth. It was such a cool time for those of us that grew up during that time. The fan experience with the physical product is irreplaceable with digital and streaming. We wanted to capture that authenticity."
• Digipak CD
• CD/DVD hardcover book with the album behind-the-scenes-interviews and
• limited edition yellow vinyl
Read our review here.
zakk sabbath
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I'm just a lucky guy who has chosen metal to live with for a long time. Metal changed my life for good. It made me more confident and stronger. Metalheads are naturally far away from the mass mediocrity and don't accept impostures from anybody else. Metal is more than music, it's a life changing oportunity!
ZAKK WYLDE Plays On Entire Upcoming OZZY OSBOURNE Record
ZAKK WYLDE: 'I Converted Back To Catholicism Just So I Could Thank God For Creating BLACK SABBATH'
OZZY OSBOURNE's New Album To Feature TONY IOMMI, ZAKK WYLDE, JEFF BECK And ERIC CLAPTON
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ZAKK WYLDE Says That OZZY OSBOURNE Is Preparing For 2022 Tour
BLACK LABEL SOCIETY Launch New Music Video For 'House Of Doom'


Hi Yamadude! Planning to have an engine rebuild. Hoping you can do magic on it. PM me for pricing & delivery period. Thanks!
Do you have any orange linkages up for sale?
Sounds good Mike, take your time, were getting ready to pack up the shop for a move so we mite been down for a couple weeks after the move setting up the new place..
next; how are you doing, hopefull y2010 is a good year for ya.
this is what i have; 2 all aluninum bajas that weight at around 53lb. i need an engine that is very durable for bashing ONLY. i do not race. my current problem is that the stock ss motors dont like the torque gearing. and on the stock system this baja moves pretty slowly .
i would like a piston port motor that will handle a lot of torque. i do not need it to hit 50-60mph. but it should have enough torque to roll on the back wheels.
roman 412-805-9662 i prefer to talk on the phone than shoot pm's back and forth.
Hi first off seen many videos on your work and all I can say is wow. Have not seen anybody say anything bad bout your work. I wanted to see if you would have any time to build me a motor. Or if you have any engines that you wanna sell?
There's not really a vid but there is a PDF herefor all to see..
The engines are something I do for fun, not my full time job but just something I like to do for guys here on the forum, PM me and we can talk and see what you have in mind.
Click on this link and order away.
I'd like to order a linkage, what is the procedure?
Hey thanks for the birthday wishes guys, I been in Cali for the last 2 weeks so I haven't been checking the forum while I was gone.
hey brian... happy be-lated birthday... It's been awhile since i've been on line, too much work, pulling doubles for the last three weeks, as you probably heard no more Alltel, now Verizon. we've been working on merging the networks in a couple of weeks. At least now i'll have signal at S.L. and not have to find a high spot like test hill to call out... he he later dude!!! B.