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Books > History > Architecture > Stolen Images of Nepal
Stolen Images of Nepal
by Lain S. Bangdel
The Author, Lain S. Bangdel (born 1924) is one of the leading authorities on Napalese art. He graduate from the Government College of Arts and Crafts, Calutta (India) in 1945. He studied at the Ecole Nationale Superior des Beaux Arts, Partis (1952-55). In London, he undertook research into the histoey of European art (1956-60). Mr. Bangdel was also a visiting professor at Denisn University, Ohio, U.S.A. (1968-69), where he taught history of Southeast Asian art. In 1961, His late Majesty King Mahendra nominated him a member of the Royal Nepal Academy. His Majesty king Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev nomi8nated him as the Vice-Chancellor of the Royal Nepal Academy (1974-79) and as the Chancellor (1979-89).
Lain S. Bangdel is the author of a number of a number of novels, travalogues and biographies of great European masters. He is the author of The Early Sculptures of Nepal and Twenty-Five Hundred Years of Nepalese Art (German Ed.). He has also contributed many articles on arts and crafts to reputed journals.
He has received foreign decorations from a number of countries, including Italy, France, Great Britain and Spain, as well as national and international awards such as Birendra Gold Medal and Dulichand Gold Medal, for his contribution to art and literature.
For the past few years, stone sculptures of great historical value have been stolen from the Valley of Kathmandu. This is indeed a great loss to our cultural heritage. In view of this. A project was undertaken by the Royal Nepal Academy in which research was carried out on the stolen images of Nepal by Mr. Lain S. Bangdel, former Chancellor of the Royal Nepal Academy, who is a distinguished scholar, a noted artist, and one of the leading authorities on Nepalese art. It is hoped that this book will draw the attention of antique dealers, art collectors and museums all over the world the world and eventually stop the illegal smuggling of religious images from Nepal.
The art of Nepal, which expanded over two thousand years, is mostly concentrated in the Valley of Kathmandu.
The Kingdom of Nepal was isolated from the rest of the world for many centuries: firstly, due to geographical isolation; and secondly, no outsider was allowed to visit the country. Therefore, the art objects of Nepal whether stone sculptures, bronzes, or wooden works or paintings, were all safe and intact in the country. Those foreigners who were allowed to visit the Valley of Kathmandu with special permission were spellbound to see the art and architecture of the Vallry. They wrote on and lavishly what they saw. Among them were Percival Landon, Saniel Wright, Oldfield, Sylvan Levi, Kirkpatrick and percy Brown.
In the early fifties, Nepal was opened to the world and for the first time foreigners could see the ancient city of Kathmandu. They found the Valey of Kathmandu like an enormous open museum where thousands of icons of gods and goddesses in stone, metal, wood or terra-cotta could be seen scattered around. Such art objects were found literally almost everywhere – in temples, shrines, monasteries, Buddhist charityas, stupas, old palaces, private courtyards, streets, narrow lanes bylanes, water spouts, opem fields, neglected places, etc. Until then the art of Nepal was virtually unknown to the world. In 1964, Dr. tella Kramrisch organized an exhibition of Nepalese art in Asia Hous, New Your and published a magnificent catalogue. Actually, she was the first scholar to introduce the art Nepal to the western world. In Department of Archaeology of His Majestry's Government of Nepal arranged an exhibition of Nepalese art in western Wurope which further generated interest in the art of Nepal among the western public. Then, a number of articles and books on various aspects of Nepalese began to appear. Perhaps it would not be out of place to mention here a few noted publications which further helped to introduce the art of Nepal to the world.
Dr. Pratapaditya Pal's book, The Arts of Nepal, Part I, Sculpture, appeared in 1974, and Part II, painting, in 1978. In Nepal Mandala by Dr. Mary Slusser appeared into volumes; and the same years. The Early Sclptures of Nepal by the author was published. The latter was a major breakthough especially in the ancient art of Nepal of Nepal.Mr. Krishan Deva;s book, Images of Nepal, appeared in 1984; this was followed the author's book, 2500 years of Nepalese Art, in 1987, in a German edition. The above mentioned books are major contributions to the field of Nepalese art, although other books on the art of Nepal have also appeared, such as The Art of Nepal by Amita Ray, Nepoal; Treasures From The Himalayas by E. And R.L. Waldschmidt, and Newar Art by A. W, McDonald and Anne Stahl.
As interest was growing in the art of Nepal, art objects of Kathmandu Valley began to disappear fast. From the late sixties, stone sculptures of great archaeological value were missing. At night, valuable images were stolen from temples, shrines, chaityas, stupas or niches where the image had been kept for centuries. In some cases, priceless images were mutilated or disfigured in attempts removed them.
This book provides strong and authentic photographic evidence of those sculptures which were stolen the Valley of Kathmandu and the surrounding areas during the past twenty-five years. Other Nepalese art objects, such as bronzes, wooden sculptures and terra-cottas which were stolen earlier, are not included here. It is hoped that they will also be published in the near future.
We are more concerned now about the safety of the remaining images in Nepal, in view of the increasing art theft of stone sculptures. Therefore, our next publication will be an inventory of stone sculptures of the Valley of Kathmandu based upon a comprehensive survey. During our survey, we discovered that a great number of stone sculptures were already stolen. Since photographic evidence had been made, these images are lost forever.
Although we are aware of the UNESCO Convention, we hope this book will attract the attention of the western art world, where antiques are bought and sold in the art markets, through art dealers or in public auctions. Many would by such art objects not knowing whether they been stolen or illegally smuggled out of the country. In fact, many of the stolen sculptures mentioned in this book may some day appear in the art market, or museums, but, once it is proved they are stolen art objects, no one has the right to possess them. This small Himalayan country if such illegal art trafficking is not checked and stopped in time.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my fried Jurgen Schick who supplied a number of photographs. My heartful thanks to Dr. Pratapaditya Pal, Dr. Mary Slusser, Dr. Gutschow, Dr. Jerome Rogoff, Ian Alsop, Jim Goodman, Mrs. Lydia Aran Sanuraj Sakya for supplying a number of photographs with kind permission to publish them. Dina Bangdel, my daughter, has been a great help in the preparation of this book. Without her help this book would not have been completed in time. My sincere thanks to her. I would also like to thank Betty Woodsend for helping me in more ways than one in regard to the preparation of this book.
I am thankful to Laksman Lamichhanry, administrative chief of the Royal Nepal Academy and other staff, Hemanta Shestha, Sanjeev Dhungana, Mangal Dev Pariyar and Dhuba Khadka for helping me in this projects. I am grateful to my friend Mr. Krishna Deva, an eminent scholar of Indian art and archaeology for his valuable advice. My special thanks to His Excellency Mr. Milton Frank. Ambassador of the United States of America to the Kingdom of Nepal, for going through the entire manuscript and giving valuable suggestion.
I would also like to express my profound gratitude to William F. Almand, Jr. Who devotedly went though the final proof of this book.
Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to the Toyota Foundation, Tokyo, Japan, without whose generous financial help this project would not have materialized.
Land and People of Nepal
The Kingdom of Nepal lies on the southern slope of the great Himalayan mountains which include Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world. The Himalayan range is a great barrier and a natural rampart, extending from the northwest of Pakistan through northern India and Nepal. The territory of Nepal from east to west is about five hundred miles long and the breadth is between one hundred to one hundred and forty miles. Beyond the northern border of Nepal lies the Plateau of Tibet, known as the "Roof of the World," now part of the People's Republic of China. In southern region, the lowland of the Tarai forms a belt which gradually merges into the vast Gangetic plain of India.
lions of years ago, the Himalayan mountain rang was a sea are found in the Muktinath area, twelve to thirteen thousand feet above sea level. Most interesting of these fossils are the black ammonite concretions which look like ram's horns or a coiled serpent. The age of these objects is Triassic-Jurassic; that is, about three hundred million years old.
Geographically, Nepal has extreme variations in altitude, climate and ecology seldom found anywhere else in the word. Topographically, the Kingdom of Nepal can be divided into main zones:
(1) The Tarai: The Tarai, meaning the low lands, is a narrow belt, 600 feet above sea level, between the foothills and the plains of India.
(2) The Siwalik Range: This Range is a sharp formation of ridges rising abruptly out of the southern plains of Nepal, and is almost parallel to the Mahabharata Lekh on the northern belt. Their range, which runs all the way from northern India and extends throughout Nepla, has yielded the most interesting fossils hitherto unknown. Milions of years ago, strange animals, now extinct, used to roam about the area when the Siwalike range was still a lowland.
(3) The Mahabharata Lekh: The Mahabharata Lekh consists of a chain of rocky hills running from west to east through the country, forming a natural barrier. Rising up to 6000 feet above sea level, the Mahabharata Lekh consists of steep hills and dense forests with varieties of trees forming a defensive wall from the Indian plains.
(4) The Midlands: The Midlands of Nepal are the heart of the country protected by the Himalayan range in the north and the Mahabharata Lekh in the south. These regions lie between 2000 to 6000 feet above sea level and extend about 45 miles in width. The contours of the land are soft and picturesque with gentle rolling hills. The Midlands provide a congenial climate for the inhabitants. The Valley of Kathamandu, the capital city and the focal Nepal's history and heritage, also lies the heart of the Midlands and has the advantage of a variety of horticulture and agriculture because of its fertile soil.
(5) The Inner Himalayas: The Inner Himalayas consists of high mountainous valleys with fast flowing rivers which have created some of the deepest gorges in the world. Man lives up to a height of fourteen thousand feet above sea level. Beyond that are barren lands, conifers and alpine meadows, as well as arctic vegetation in the higher regions. Snow falls heavily during their homes and descend with their cattle to the lower regions where the winter is less severe.
(6) Trans-Himalayan Zone: The Trans-Himalayan zone is covered with chains of mountains and some of the highest peaks in the world, including Everest, Kanchanjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, Gauri Shankar, and Ganesh Himal. The grandeur of the snow-capped giants is indeed bewildering and has evoked the awe and wonder of man since the drawn of man since the dawn of civilization. They have been referred to frequently in the Vedas, the oldest Hindu scriptures.
The size of the Kingdom of Nepal is small, but its ethnic variety is surprisingly great. Various ethnic groups and tribes live and speak their own dialects, although Nepali is now the national language. Besides the Brahmins and the Kshatriyas of Indo-Aryan origin, the major groups primarily belong to Mongoloid (non-Aryan) stock.
In this context, it would be interesting to note that in recent years, some new discoveries are shedding light on the evolution and early civilization of mankind.
The direct ancestor of man is believed to be the early fossil primate of Ramapithecus, fourteen million years old, discovered in Kenya, east Africa. Interestingly enough, a tooth of a hominoid Ramapithecus found in western Nepal near the Tinau River at the foot of the Siwalik Range a few years ago is believed to be the second oldest of its kind in the world. This shows that the Siwalik Range, which extends from Kashmir through Nepal, could possibly have been the original home of early man.
Mammal fossils, some sixteen million years old, of a rhinoceros and an extinct type of elephant, recently have been discovered not only in the Dang Valley of western Nepal, but also at the bank of the Kamala River in eastern Nepal, about one mile south of the Churia hills. These species were parts of the vast array of Pleistocene mammals that once roamed the areas that are now the lowlands of Nepal. The fossil evidence of the early man found in Nepal is indeed a very interesting discovery.
The first evidence of Stone Age sites in Nepal has recently come to light. The Stone Age tools discovered at these sites have shown close affinity to the Paleolithic tools of southeast Asia, attesting to the fact that the Stone Age man and his ancestors lived millions of years ago in the Siwalik Range.
Neolithic tools were also found in the following regions: Nawalparasi district of Lumbini Zone, Janakpur Zone, Morang district of Kosi Zone and also in the surrounding areas of the Kathmandu Valley. Very recently, Neolithic tools were discovered on the bank of the Rosi River in Jugu village near Panauti, as well as at Lubu on the southwest fringe of Lalitpur district. Our ancestors lived on hunting and fishing, roaming about and migrating in search of a congenial climate. They must have found the Valley of Kathmandu a suitable place with an ideal climate. Once dead, they joined their ancestors to live in a timeless world and at the same time continued to live in the memory of their descendants. Thus, ancestor worship originated and has continued ever since, even up to this day.
The people of Nepal may be divided into two main groups - the Indo-Aryans and the Mongoloids (non-Aryan stock). The Indo-Aryans seem to have migrated from the Gangetic plains of India a long time ago and settled here permanently. Brahmins belong to the priest class and rank highest in caste hierarchy. The Chhetries (Kshatriyas), who rank second to the Brahmins, are the warrior class. Other occupational castes lower than the Brahmins and Chhetris are Kami (blacksmith), Damai (tailor), Sunar (goldsmith) and Sarki (cobbler). People belonging to the Indo-Aryan race speak the Nepali national language.
The Mongoloid race belongs to the non-Aryan stock, which is divided into many ethnic groups such as Newar, Rai, Limbu, Tharu, Tamang, Gurung, Magar, Sunuwar, Thakali, Sherpa, etc. These ethnic groups are scattered all over the Kingdom of Nepal and speak their own dialects.
Among different tribal groups, there are three major ones in Nepal: the Tharus, the Jyapus and the Kiratis (Rais and Limbus). Their physiognomy is surprisingly similar. The Tharus, one of the ancient tribes, occupy the southern border of Nepal, while the Rais and Limbus live in the eastern districts of Nepal between the Kosi and the Arun rivers and claim to be the Kiratas. Distinct from the rest of the tribes are the jyapus of the Kathmandu Valley associated with the Newars. They are mostly farmers with a distinct ethnic character. The jyapus were most likely the earliest settlers of the Valley. Like the Tharus, they live in closely-knit groups with a strong sense of ethnic solidarity. Several indirect sources of evidence indicate that the ancestors of the Jyapus were the Kiratas of non-Aryan stock.
Among the Mongoloid race, the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley and environs have played a unique role in the history of Nepal. The Newars have excelled in all forms of craftsmanship and art work. They are mainly responsible for the architecture of the Valley. Examples of their unique contributions are the magnificent wood carving of temples, shrines, palaces and private houses. Among other art works, their bronze sculptures rank among the finest in the world. Thus, the Newars have achieved the highest level of culture among the people of Southeast Asia.
Religion of Nepal
Hinduism and Buddhism are the two main religions in Nepal. One of the most interesting features in Nepal is the coexistence of the two great religions; indeed, a rare example in world history. Both religions have flourished side by side in a harmonious atmosphere, even to this day.
Hindu religion was first evolved and developed in India about three and half thousand years ago. The earlist Indian literature, the Veda, refers to gods such as Indra (God of Sky and Storm), Agni (God of Fire), Surya (The Solar Deity), Varuna (God of Rain), Yama (God of Death), Vayu (God of Winds) and Rudra (God of Lightning). In course of time, however, many of the Vedic gods gradually lost their importance and were reduced to minor deities. The later development was the Hindu trinity: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver; and Shiva, the destroyer. Of the trinity, Vishnu and Shiva receive the most devotion.
Vishnu is one of the most popular deities in the Hindu pantheon. He is also identified with Surya, the Sun god; as he is related to the Solar Divinity, he is popularly known as Surya-Narayana. He is also represented as Sesasayi Vishnu; that is, Vishnu reclining on the serpent, symbolizing eternity.
Ten incarnations are attributed to Vishnu. Assuming different incarnations from time to time, he saved the world from various disasters when demons brought evil to the world. Most important among them are Trivikrama or Vamana (the dwarf), Narasimha (half- man and half-lion) and Varaha (the boar). In the Rigveda, it is said that the most important task of Vishnu was to take three steps (Trivikrama) traversing the universe. Sri-Lakshmi, consort of Vishnu, is one of the most popular female deities. She is worshipped as the goddess of fortune and wealth.
Shiva is the most popular Hindu god in Nepal and has many attributes and functions. He is believed to have created the world through his Cosmic Dance. He is the god of destruction and known as Rudra. He is the god of music, of knowledge and of love. He is also the Lord of the Animal World (Pashupati). The famous temple of Pashupatinath in Deo Patan is dedicated to him. He is known by various names, such as Mahadeva, Mahesvara, Shankara, Nilakantha, etc. He is worshipped in anthropomorphic as well as in linga (phallic) form, symbolizing his creative power. His abode is Mt. Kailasha in the Himalayas. He is often seen with his consort, Parvati, the daughter of the Himalayas, who is also known as Uma, the benevolent Universal Mother. As Durga Mahishamardini, she destroyed a demon embodied in a buffalo. She is the most popular of the female deities in Nepal and is worshipped by different names. She is known as shakti or Mother Goddess, the female counterpart of Shiva. Numerous temples and shrines are dedicated to her.
Mother cult is extremely popular among the Nepalese people. Mother worship is undoubtedly one of the most ancient cults in the world, whose antiquity goes back earlier than the Neolithic period. The discovery of numerous female terra-cotta figurines of Mother Goddess throw an interesting light on the beliefs of the people who lived thousands of years ago.
Until recently it was thought that the cult ofVishnu, Shiva and Mother Goddess was not prevalent before the 5th century A.D. in Nepal; however, a number of ancient sculptures of Vishnu, Shiva and Mother Goddess included in this book, and hitherto unknown to the previous writers, will clearly show that worship of the above mentioned divinities was quite popular during the early centuries of the Christian era. Details of these ancient icons will be discussed later.
Siddhartha Gautama, son of Sakya King, Suddhodana, was born in Lumbini, in the southern region of Nepal in the 6th century B.C., while his mother, Mayadevi, was on her way to her maternal home. Seven days after his birth, Mayadevi died and Prince Siddhartha Gautama was brought up at his father's palace in Kapilavastu, the capital city of the Sakyas. He spent a carefree youth until he became conscious of the fate of man by seeing human misery, 1 old age and death. He then renounced all worldly. 1 possessions and left his father's palace to become a 1 wandering mendicant. After years of meditation he attained Enlightenment; thus, he, became the Buddha or the Enlightened One. Having been born in the Sakya clan, he is called Sakyamuni Buddha or Gautama Buddha.
His teachings were simple. He preached the doctrine of Eightfold path. The ultimate goal was to achieve Nirvana, a release from suffering and rebirth.
Emperor Ashoka of Magadha became a great exponent of Buddhism. His capital was Pataliputra, the present-day Patna city of Bihar in India in the 3rd century B.C. In the ninth year of his reign (261 B.C.), he waged war against Kalinga and defeated the kingdom, but the horrors of war deeply shocked him; he then adopted Buddhism as his state religion. He spread Buddhism throughout the country and sent emissaries to foreign countries to propagate Buddha's teachings. He engraved numerous edicts on rocks and caves. He erected a number of pillars of polished sandstone with inscriptions. He visited Lumbini, where the Buddha was born, and erected a stone pillar in 249 B.C. to commemorate his visit to this holy place.
It is also said that Charumati, daughter of Ashoka, came to Kathmandu to preach Buddhism, married a Nepali prince named Devapala, and settled in Nepal. She ultimately set up a monastery and spent her life there. The name of Chabahil is said to be the corrupt form of Charumati vihara. Although no archaeological evidence has so far been found, it is likely that Buddhism was introduced in this mountainous country before the Licchavi dynasty was founded here.
Regarding the development of early Buddhist art in India, it should be noted that there was a succession of invasions from the northwest of India by Bactrians, Greeks, Parthians and Sakas, culminating in the establishment of the Kushana Empire about the 1st century A.D. The Kushanas were a branch of the Yuet-Chih tribe from the Central Asia, and Kanishka was their greatest ruler; he was also an ardent patron of Buddhism. The rise of the Kushana Empire constitutes a landmark in the cultural history of India.
After the 1st century A.D., Buddhism divided into two sects.Those who closely followed the teaching of the Buddha were known as Hinayanist (Hinayana: Lesser Vehicle). To them Buddha was a great ethical teacher, a jewel among men and a great reformer. But the other progressive group regarded the Buddha not only as a great teacher and reformer but also the highest being in the world - the supreme god. The followers of this doctrine were called Mahayanist (Mahayana: Greater Vehicle). Mahayana Buddhism had a concept different from the simple ethical creed. The Buddha was no longer a dead teacher but a living Saviour God. During the Kushana rule, Gandhara in the northwestern region of the Punjab became the great center of Buddhist art. With the introduction of Mahayana Buddhism, countless images of the Buddha and Bodhisattva were carved in Greco-Roman style. Contemporary to the Gandhara school was the Mathura school where the indigenous artists carved the Buddha images in Indian style. Thus, the appearance of the Buddha image marks the evolution in Buddhist iconography, and Mathura remained one of the great centers of Indian art. It must be noted that before Mahayana Buddhism was introduced, the Buddha was represented only through his symbols, relics and Jataka stories relating to his previous life.
Mahayana Buddhism also conceived the idea of Bodhisattva or Bodhisattva-Avalokitesvara in the early centuries of the Christian era. He is one of the most important divinities in the Mahayana Buddhism, assisting in the salvation of all living beings; he is also the all-seeing lord who watches over the world until Maitreya, the future Buddha, appears.
Mahayana Buddhism further evolved the concept of Vajrayana as early as the 7th century A.D. Vajra (thunderbolt) became the symbol of the Vajrayana cult, since the Buddha is credited to have shattered the demons with a thunderbolt. This doctrine further paved the way for the evolution of the Tantric cult, invoking elaborate rituals with mantras (magic spells), mudras (symbolic hand-gestures), kriyas (religious rites), charyas (ritual ceremonies), etc., as the means of obtaining divine grace. Not only these mystic symbols but also the sexual act, were conceived as important means of salvation. This was the most complex period in the religious history of Nepal because both the Buddhist-Tantric and Hindu-Tantric movements flourished side by side practicing the mystic cult of Tantra. The artists translated these mystic principles into visual experiences through sculptures and paintings. A Brief Outline of The History of Nepal
The dawn of Nepalese history being with the birth of Gautama Bhudda. He was born at Lumbini in the southern region of Nepal in the 6th century B.C. During the time of the time of the Buddha, there were sixteen republican states which rules the northern half the Indian subcontinent. We know from early history that Kapilavastu was the land of the Sakyas to which the Bhuddha belonged. It flourished along with other neighbouring republican states. Vaisali was the capital of the Licchavis and was the most powerful of the vijjian republic. In addition to the Licchavis of Vaisali, the Koliyas of Ramagrama (Gautama Buddha's maternal home), the Mallas of Pava, the Moriyas of Pippalivan and the Sakyas of Kapilavastu were included in the Vijjian republic.
Literary evidence shows that Nepal was already conducting trade with northern Indian at the time of the Buddha (B.C. 563-483). Mulasarvastivada Vinaya refers to a group of merchants proceeding towards Nepal with a large number of pilgrims. The word 'Nepal' was also mentioned in the Arthasastra of Kautilya, datable to 2nd century B.C. In addition, the household from palace included woollen blankets imported from 'Nepal' into the Magadha Empire.
According to tradition, Emperor Ashoka visited the Valley of Kathmandu into the 3rd century B.C. and founded the city of Patan by erecting four stupas. No epigraphical evidence, however, survives. The early history of Nepal presents colourful myths and legends, but there is no concrete evidence from which one can construct a chronological history of the Valley before the Licchavi dynasty.
The Vamsavalis (traditional chronicles of Nepalese kings) name a few dynasties such as the Gopalas and Kiratas that preceded the Licchavis. According to these chronicles, there were thirty-two Kirata kings who ruled the Valley for several centuries. These chronicles, written from the 14th century onwards, were intermixed with historical, mythological and legendary tales; hence, their authenticity as a historical source is very doubtful.
The history of Nepal takes a definite shape only from the 5th century A.D. with the inscription of Manadeva, dated A.D. 464 at Chagu Narayana Temple about 15 miles northeast of Kathmandu. From this date the history can be divided into four periods: Licchavi (A.D. 400-800), Thakuri (A.D. 880-1200), Malla (A.D. 1200-1769) and Shah (A.D. 1769 to the preent day).
As mentioned earlier, the Licchavis, Sakyas, Koliyas and Mallas belonged to republican status, at the time of the Buddha. Ajatasatru, king Magadha and contemporary of the Buddha, waged war against the Licchavis, destroyed their homes and annexed the republic of Vaisali (present Muzzafarpur district of Bihar in India) to his own kingdom. The Licchavis provably fled to the neighbouring states or took refuge in the foothills of the Himalayas to save themselves from the ruthless prosecution of Ajatasatru. The Sakyas of Kapilavastu suffered a similar fate when Virudhaka, son of Prasenajit, attacked and drove them out of their homelands. In all provbability, the Sakyas left Kapilavastu, their capity, and took shelter in the nearly foothills of the Himalayas. Nothing is known of the Licchavis, the Sakyas or the Mallas for a long time. But, after nine hundred years of oblivion, their names appear in the inscriptions of the Licchavi king, Manadeva of Nepal. In India, however, their names are mentioned on the coins of Chandra Gupta I (A.D. 320-335) a century earlier than in Nepal. Chandra Gupta is said have married a Licchavi princess named Kumara Devi, and this matrimonial alliance helped the Guptas to establish themselves in Magadha. His son and successor, Samudra Gupta, (ca.A.D. 336-375) left an inscription at Allahabad in India referring to the Licchavis in which he took pride in being called the grandson of the Licchavis. He also refereed to Nepal as his border kingdom; but this inscription does throw any light on the geographical location of the Lichavis nor is there any mention as to what happened to them or where they settled after they were driven out of their homelands.
Long before the migration of the Indo-Aryan people, the original settlers were living in the Valley of Kathmandu. In the early Lichavi inscriptions, almost all local names are of non-Aran origin. This linguistic evidence clearly shows that the Valley of Kathmandu was already occupied by ethic groups belonging to the Mongoloid race even before the arrival of the Licchavis, Sakyas, or other Indo- Aryan immigrants from the Gangetic plain. Most probably, these indigenous people were called the Kiratas.
The Kiratas were probably an ancient people of the Mongoloid race who were living in the foot hills of the Himalayas long before the arrival of Aryans. Various Mongoloid ethic groups lived from time immemorial in the areas of Kashmir, Nepal, Butan, Burma and beyond.
The Kiratas are mentioned in the Vedas and in the Indian epics: the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. In the hymns of the Vedas, the Kiratas are referred to as people living in the forests and caves. In the Rajatarangini, the history of Kashmir, the Kiratas are mentioned to be primitive low-caste group which lived in the forests. In his Kumarasambhava, the great Indian poet Kalidasa described the Kiratas as people who lived beyond described in the foothills of the Himalayas.
'Kirata' is a Sanskrit word which means 'people who live on the borders'. They said to have lived in the forests and caves. When the Indo-Aryans began to spread throughout the Gangetic Valley and towards the foothills of the Himalayas, they seemed to have confronted the Kiratas who were living in a most primitive way. The Kiratas worshiped nature spirits and their own tutelary divinities and lived on hunting and fishing. Sanskrit literature alludes to the marksmanship of the Kiratas, who main weapons were bows and arrows. Even today, a number of small tribal groups still live in a similar manner in some remote areas of Nepal.
On historical evidence it can be surmised that Indo-Aryan people such as the Sakyas, Licchavis, Mallas, Koliyas and Abhiras were the earliest Indo-Aryan people to migrate and settle in the Valley of Kathmansu. As noted already, their names frequently occur in the inscriptions of the Licchavi period. It is a matter of conjecture as to which was the first Indo-Aryan group to penetrate the Valley of Kathmandu. A number of Licchavi inscriptions throw interesting throw interesting light on the aryl history of Kathmandu as well as on the Abhiras (Gptas) who played an important role from the very beginning. They appear to have acted at first as tribal heads or as feudal chiefs, and, later no, they occupied high positions in the administrative hierarchy. In the 7th century A.D., the political power was seized by the feudal Anhiras (Guptas), and one Vishnu Gupta became de facto rule while the puppet Licchavi king Bhimarjunadeva sat on the throne.
The origins of the Abhiras or Ahiras are obscure; however, they are said to be the Gopalas (cow herders) and were known to be nomadic people from the Mathura regions of India. If the chronicles of Nepal are t believed, the Gopalas were the first to establish themselves in the Valley of Kathmandu. It cannot be ruled out that they were among the earliest Indo-Aryans to migrate to the Valley. It is quite possible that these Indo-Aryans made their entry into the Valley in the fertile areas. It is quite natural that they had had their own colonies of Indo-Aryan groups. They brought with them their own priests and worshipped their ancestral divinities. Icons of Mother Goddess, Yaksha, Naga, Kubera, Vishnu and Shiva were worshipped. Obviously, the iconographical forms and traditions of India since the iconographiy as well as styles of early sculptures of the Valley were close to the ancient sculptures of India.
Small villages inhabited by indigenous people seem to have scattered around the undeveloped Valley. Few patches of land were cleared for cultiration and habitation. Our survey has established that the first settlements appear to have been in the areas of Balambu, Balkhu, Kirtipur, Patan, Pashupati and Hadigaon, in that all ancient sculpture predating the Licchavi period at these sites. Thus, the Valley became the homeland of new immigrants as well as centre for the Brahmanical cults.
The political history of the Valley during the early centuries of the Christian era is not knows. The social structure was perhaps based on tribal groups which formed a nucleus for settlement. In wake of religion, original settlers may have gradually absorbed the Brahmanical culture. Thus, a synthesis was created between the sophisticated culture of the immigrants and the tribal culture of the original inhabitants. Hoards of ancient sculpture found in the Valley of Kathmandu show that not only the worship of Mother Goddess, Solar Deities or Folk Divinities but also Shaiva and Vaishnava cults flourished side by side. It must be further noted that the recent discovery of a sculptural fragment in red stone from Mathura at the Hadigaon excavation clearly indicates that icons were brought for worship of cult deities from Mathura regions of India as early as the 1st-2nd century A.D.
There seems to have been some political chanfes at the beginning of the 4th century A.D. The distinct ethnic groups of the Valley apparently took control over the Indo—Aryan community, but this did not last for long. The Licchavis grew powerful and found their own dynasty. They soon began to expand their territory in the eastern as well as the western regions as far as the Gandaki River. However, it was only from the time of King Manadeva that coins and inscriptions were introduced. From this period onwards, the history of Nepal begins to a clear shapes.
It must be noted that the inscription of Manadeva at Changu Narayana, referred to above, gives a account of the situation which he had to face at the time of his father's death. When Rajyavati, mother of King Manadeva, was ready to commit sati (the ritual of burning herself with her husband his mother to change her mind. The inscription also mentions an uprising of the people of tee east which he eventually subdued; but it is not clear who rebelled against him. Furthermore, the inscription shows that there was another uprising at Mallapuri in the west. The young king sent this uncle with an army consisting of many elephants and horse towards Mallapuri. The king later joined his uncle to crush the rebellion and they returned victorious. This epigraphical record given an authentic account of the political situation when King Manadeva ascended the throne in the Valley Kathmandu.
Foreword 11
Photographic Acknowledgements 12
Map of Nepal 16
Land and People of Nepal 21
Religion of Nepal 23
A Brief Outline of the History of Nepal 25
Sculptures Of Kathmandu Valley
Earlt Images of Minor Divinities 31
Yaksha, Kubera, Naga, Mother Goddess and Solar Divinity 31
Chaturmurti 35
Shaiva Sculpture 35
Vaishnava Sculpture 37
Buddhist Sculpture 38
List Of Plants 43
Text of Stolen Images 43
Conclusion 319
Additional Comments 320
Historical Chronology 322
NAM761
The Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu
11.0 inch X 8.5 inch
328 (Throughout B/W Illustrations)
Viewed 3414 times since 13th Sep, 2016
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text:
var mysql = require("mysql");
var nJwt = require('njwt');
var utils = require("../utils/utils.js");

function REST_ROUTER(router,connection,md5, secretKey) {
    var self = this;
    self.handleRoutes(router,connection,md5, secretKey);
}

REST_ROUTER.prototype.handleRoutes= function(router,connection,md5, secretKey) {

    /**
     * @api {get} /foodies/:id/messages Get all messages for a Foodie
     * @apiName Get all messages for a Foodie
     * @apiGroup Foodie
     *
     * @apiParams {String} foodieId In url (like ?foodieId=...
     *
     * @apiSuccessExample Success-Response:
     *   {
     *     "Error" : false,
     *     "Message" : "Success",
     *     "Messages" : [
     *       {
     *         "Id": 3,
     *         "SenderId": 8,
     *         "ReceiverId": 7,
     *         "SenderFirstName": "foodie",
     *         "SenderLastName": "foodie",
     *         "Message": "test by postman",
     *         "Creation": "2016-05-10T07:56:08.000Z",
     *         "ReceiverFirstName": "quentin",
     *         "ReceiverLastName": "journet"
     *       },
     *       ....
     *     ]
     *   }
     *
     * @apiErrorExample Error-Response:
     *   {
     *     "Error" : true,
     *     "Message" : "Error excecuting MySQL query"
     *   }
     *
     */
    router.get("/foodies/:id/messages", function(req, res, next) {
	var query = "SELECT T1.Id, T1.SenderId, T2.ReceiverId, T1.FirstName AS SenderFirstName, T1.LastName AS SenderLastName, T1.Message, T1.Creation, T2.FirstName AS ReceiverFirstName, T2.LastName AS ReceiverLastName FROM (SELECT M.Id, M.Message, M.Creation, F.Id AS SenderId, BU.FirstName, BU.LastName FROM Message AS M, Foodie AS F, Base_User AS BU WHERE M.SenderId = F.Id AND F.BaseUserId = BU.Id) AS T1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT M.Id, F.Id AS ReceiverId, BU.FirstName, BU.LastName FROM Message AS M, Foodie AS F, Base_User AS BU WHERE M.ReceiverId = F.Id AND F.BaseUserId = BU.Id) AS T2 ON T1.Id = T2.Id WHERE (T1.SenderId = ?) OR (T1.SenderId = ?) ORDER BY T1.Creation DESC;";
	var table = [parseInt(req.params.id),
		     parseInt(req.query.foodieId)];
	query = mysql.format(query, table);
	connection.query(query, function(err, rows) {
	    if (err) {
		res.json({"Error" : true, "Message" : "Error executing MySQL query"});
	    }
	    else {
		res.json({"Error" : false, "Message" : "Success", "Messages" : rows});
	    }
	});
    });

    /**
     * @api {post} /foodies/:id/messages post a message
     * @apiName post a message
     * @apiGroup Foodie
     *
     * @apiParams {Int} baseUserId baseUserId provide by the API.
     * @apiParams {String} _token Token provide by the API.
     * @apiParams {Int} foodieId Id of the receiver.
     * @apiParams {String} message Message send.
     *
     * @apiSuccessExample Success-Response:
     *   {
     *     "Error" : false,
     *     "Message" : "Your message is send."
     *   }
     *
     * @apiErrorExample Error-Response:
     *   {
     *     "Error" : true,
     *     "Message" : "Error excecuting MySQL query"
     *   }
     *
     */
    router.post("/foodies/:id/messages", function(req, res, next) {
	var query = "INSERT INTO Message (SenderId, ReceiverId, Message, Creation) VALUES (?, ?, ?, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);";
	var table = [parseInt(req.params.id),
		     parseInt(req.body.foodieId),
		     req.body.message];
	query = mysql.format(query, table);
	connection.query(query, function(err, rows) {
	    if (err) {
		res.json({"Error" : true, "Message" : "Error executing MySQL query"});
	    }
	    else {
		res.json({"Error" : false, "Message" : "Your message is send."});
	    }
	});
    });

    router.get("/foodies/:id/contacts", function(req, res, next) {
	var query = "SELECT BU.FirstName, BU.LastName, F.Id FROM Foodie AS F, Message AS M, Base_User AS BU WHERE M.SenderId = F.Id AND F.BaseUserId = BU.Id AND M.SenderId != ? GROUP BY F.BaseUserId";
	var table = [parseInt(req.params.id)];
	query = mysql.format(query, table);
	connection.query(query, function(err, rows) {
	    if (err) {
		res.json({"Error" : true, "Message" : "Error executing MySQL query"});
	    }
	    else {
		res.json({"Error" : false, "Message" : "Success", "Contacts" : rows});
	    }
	});
    });

    router.get("/foodies/:id/contacts/:contactId", function(req, res, next) {
	var query = "SELECT * FROM Foodie AS F, Message AS M WHERE M.ReceiverId = F.Id AND (F.Id = ? OR F.Id = ?)ORDER BY Creation DESC";
	var table = [parseInt(req.params.id), parseInt(req.params.contactId)];
	query = mysql.format(query, table);
	connection.query(query, function(err, rows) {
	    if (err) {
		res.json({"Error" : true, "Message" : "Error executing MySQL query"});
	    }
	    else {
		res.json({"Error" : false, "Message" : "Success", "Messages" : rows});
	    }
	});
    });
}

module.exports = REST_ROUTER;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


First impression should always be incredibly powerful and so it becomes obvious that the suit you select isn't a decision to make lightly. This range demonstrates that camouflage's aesthetic characteristics and multiple symbol enables it to become a classic style device that constantly cycles in and out of fashion.
Fashion uses camouflage solely for its ability to make one stand out. Perfect unique piece to opt for if you are facing decision fatigue and not quite knowing what to wear. As with anything else that's stuck around for centuries, it is less about trends and more about timeless style.


Are you a clinician whose skills and interests mesh with our treatment goals?
We are currently seeking highly skilled and experienced clinicians to join our fast-growing group practice in the Metro-Atlanta area. Both full and part-time positions are available.
We are looking for masters and doctorate level licensed therapists, who are experienced with a proven track record in outpatient counseling. Our practice works with adults, families, and children, and we would prefer clinicians with a broad range of experience in a variety of clinical settings. Testing skills are a plus. You must be able to work flexible hours, and local travel within the Metro-Atlanta area is required of all our clinicians.


Accurate, Complete, & Continually Updated.
In today's competitive marketplace, when it comes to information, people expect nothing less than precision.
Your CORRECT contact Information - map - content. Indeed, misinformation can be the difference between a loyal customer and a lost sale - and even someone assuming you are incompetent.
But, how do you check to see if your company information is correctly listed online - there are SO many directories. And then - when you find a listing and the information is wrong - how do you fix it?!!
We have decades of experience in working with business' online listings and directories. Our Directory Listing Management System keeps your information accurate, fresh, and up-to-date.
Call us at 405-755-8187 for more information.


Tulum was such an easy town to navigate. You can walk the length of the beach or ride bikes down the main street of the Hotel Zone, and of course, taxis are readily available to take you to the many great restaurants and fun attractions in the area. I think the most we paid for a taxi in Tulum was about 160 pesos (about $8) and about 60 pesos (about $3) within the Hotel Zone.
We loved staying in Tulum because we were so close to all of the great restaurants, beach clubs, shops and activities. I have included a basic travel guide below to help you plan your next visit!
Tulum Ruins - Go early and you will have it all to yourself. You can read my full guide about visiting the ruins here.
Cenote Cristal and Escondido - For the best chance of having a cenote all to yourself, read my full guide here.
Gran Cenote - This cenote is in a cave. It costs about $10 to enter with locker rentals available, as well.
Cenote Dos Ojos - Probably the most popular cenote in Tulum, prices will vary depending on if you book a tour and rent gear.
Cenote Sac Atun - A beautiful and less crowded cenote with several open and closed caves to explore. A tour is a required though, which will cost around $40. You can rent an underwater camera as well!
Chichen Itza and Cenote Ik Kil - About two hours from Tulum, this day trip is worth it to see one of the New Seven Wonders of the World and one of the most beautiful cenotes in the Yucatan Peninsula!
Sian Ka'an - This UNESCO Biosphere Reserve is beautiful place to see plenty of wildlife including sea turtles and dolphins. Tours typically include a leisurely lagoon boat ride followed by snorkeling at a reef. The Muyil Ruins onsite are also worth exploring.
Josa Tulum - This open air boutique is your source for chic, flowy kaftans and dresses inspired by the carefree lifestyle of the Tulum based designers.
Hoki Poki Pana - This trendy boutique features styles from designers like Lisa Marie Fernandez, as well as, trendy resort wear styles and accessories from local designers.
Ziggy Beach- Okay, do me a favor and just eat every meal here. Start with the cinnamon, pineapple and cardamom horchata with the chilaquiles for breakfast, followed by the fish tacos, your choice of ceviche, and guacamole in molcajete with a spicy Mezcal margarita for lunch. Finally, enjoy a sunset dinner of the Grilled Grouper Al Pastor marinated in bitter orange and plated with grilled pineapple while being serenaded by relaxing live music. Seriously, I do not have the vocabulary of a food critic, but the flavors, plating, and texture of everything I ate here was incredible!
Frescos- The Beach Tulum's health food restaurant offering fresh smoothies and juices, avocado toast, and overnight oats with quinoa.
Encantada - This place is a hidden gem, tucked inside one of the nicest boutique hotels in Tulum. The restaurant offers an intimate ambience set to romantic live music, and the staff was so incredibly sweet and accommodating. I highly recommend the Cochinita Pibil Tacos!
Casa Violeta - A beautiful ocean view, the freshest ingredients, and the perfect blend of your favorite Mexican and Italian dishes. We loved this boutique hotel and restaurant! You can dine in the restaurant or enjoy a great cocktail in a hammock on the beach.
Matcha Mama - We were biking in Tulum at midday and the heat began to get the best of me. We saw Matcha Mama's adorable drink stand just in time. Enjoy vegan ice cream, coconut acai bowls, or iced lattes from the swing bar.
Raw Love Cafe - If you love beautiful smoothie bowls, then this is the place for you. The cafe offers a full menu of health foods and hippie inspired decor set in the shaded grounds of Ahau Tulum.
Taqueria Honorio and Burrito Amor are both beloved Mexican restaurants in the main Tulum town (not in the Hotel Zone) which attract locals and tourists alike.
Posada Margherita - In case you get tired of Mexican food, this Italian restaurant was recommended to me by so many people!
Rosa Negra - Gorgeous interiors paired with a blended menu of Latin American dishes.
Ziggy Beach - The Beach Tulum's hotel beach club is open 9AM to sunset and costs $30 USD to enter. The fish tacos, guacamole, and drinks were the best we had in Tulum. A mix of plush loungers and dining tables make it one of the classier beach clubs.
Coco Tulum - As one reviewer stated, this beach club is where twenty somethings go to take their Instagram photos. White decor includes plenty of hammocks and beach swings while a DJ plays club music throughout the day. Entry is $25 per person.
Nomade Tulum - This trendy yogi resort has a great beach club with really nice cabanas and beach chairs. However, it is only available to non-guests for an undisclosed minimum consumption when the hotel is not full. You can always visit the beachfront sea grill La Popular for lunch, dinner or drinks and pretty much anyone can wander their instagram friendly grounds. Just beware the scent of constant fumigating.


text:
Wilhelm I (Württemberg)
Wilhelm I (27 Sept 1781 - 25 Jun 1864) was a King of Württemberg (30 Oct 1816 - 25 Jun 1864).
1 reign and titles
2.4 Patrilineal ancestors from Top ancestor
reign and titles
King of Württemberg (König von Württemberg 30 Oct 1816 - 25 Jun 1864)
predecessor: Friedrich
successor: Karl
father: King Friedrich of Württemberg (6 Nov 1754 - 30 Oct 1816)
mother; Princess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (3 Dec 1764 - 27 Sept 1788)
Karoline Auguste of Bavaria (8 Feb 1792 - 9 Feb 1873) married 8 Jun 1808, divorced 31 Aug 1814
Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia (10 May 1788 - 9 Jan 1819) married 24 Jan 1816
Pauline Therese of Württemberg (4 Sept 1800 - 10 Mar 1873) married 15 Apr 1820
by Karoline Auguste of Bavaria (m. 8 Jun 1808 - 31 Aug 1814)
no issue
by Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia (m. 24 Jan 1816 - 9 Jan 1819)
f. Maria Friederike Charlotte (30 Oct 1816 - 4 Jan 1887)
f. Sophie Friederike Mathilde (17 Jun 1818 - 3 Jun 1877)
by Pauline Therese of Württemberg (m. 15 Apr 1820 - 25 Jun 1864)
f. Katherine (24 Aug 1821 - 6 Dec 1898), married Friedrich of Württemberg
m. Karl (6 Mar 1823 - 6 Oct 1891), later King Karl of Württemberg
f. Auguste (4 Oct 1826 - 3 Dec 1898), married Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Patrilineal ancestors from Top ancestor
Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg (1226 - 25 Feb 1265)
Eberhard I, Count of Würtemberg (13 Mar 1265 - 5 Jun 1325)
Ulrich III, Count of Württemberg (a.1286 - 11 Jul 1344)
Eberhard II, Count of Württemberg (a.1315 - 15 Mar 1392)
Ulrich of Württemberg (? - 1388)
Eberhard III, Count of Württemberg (1364 - 16 May 1417)
Eberhard IV, Count of Württemberg (23 Aug 1388 - 2 Jul 1419)
Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg (1413 - 1 Sept 1480)
Heinrich, Count of W¨urttemberg (7 Sept 1448 - 15 Apr 1519)
George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard (4 Feb 1498 - 17 Jul 1558)
Friedrich I, Duke of Württemberg (19 Aug 1557 - 29 Jan 1608)
Johann Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg (5 May 1582 - 18 Jul 1628)
Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (16 Dec 1614 - 2 Jul 1674)
Friedrich Karl, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental (12 Sept 1652 - 20 Dec 1697)
Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg (24 May 1684 - 12 Mar 1737)
Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg (21 Jan 1732 - 23 Dec 1797)
Friedrich, King of Württemberg (6 Nov 1754 - 30 Oct 1816)
Wilhelm I, King of Württemberg (27 Sept 1781 - 25 Jun 1864)
Friedrich King of Württemberg
30 Oct 1816 - 25 Jun 1864 Succeeded by
Retrieved from "http://admiral31.dip.jp/wiki31/en/index.php?title=Wilhelm_I_(Württemberg)&oldid=311934"
Index W
People of Germany
King of Wurttemberg
House of Wurttemberg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
2011 Kaggle competition Give Me Some Credit

This is a copy of the Kaggle dataset.
http://www.kaggle.com/c/GiveMeSomeCredit/

Description:

Improve on the state of the art in credit scoring by predicting the probability that somebody will experience financial distress in the next two years.

Banks play a crucial role in market economies. They decide who can get finance and on what terms and can make or break investment decisions. For markets and society to function, individuals and companies need access to credit.

Credit scoring algorithms, which make a guess at the probability of default, are the method banks use to determine whether or not a loan should be granted. This competition requires participants to improve on the state of the art in credit scoring, by predicting the probability that somebody will experience financial distress in the next two years.

The goal of this competition is to build a model that borrowers can use to help make the best financial decisions.

Historical data are provided on 250,000 borrowers and the prize pool is $5,000 ($3,000 for first, $1,500 for second and $500 for third).

Attribute Information:

Variable Name	;	Description	;	Type
SeriousDlqin2yrs	;	Person experienced 90 days past due delinquency or worse 	;	Y/N
RevolvingUtilizationOfUnsecuredLines	;	Total balance on credit cards and personal lines of credit except real estate and no installment debt like car loans divided by the sum of credit limits	;	percentage
age	;	Age of borrower in years	;	integer
NumberOfTime30-59DaysPastDueNotWorse	;	Number of times borrower has been 30-59 days past due but no worse in the last 2 years.	;	integer
DebtRatio	;	Monthly debt payments, alimony,living costs divided by monthy gross income	;	percentage
MonthlyIncome	;	Monthly income	;	real
NumberOfOpenCreditLinesAndLoans	;	Number of Open loans (installment like car loan or mortgage) and Lines of credit (e.g. credit cards)	;	integer
NumberOfTimes90DaysLate	;	Number of times borrower has been 90 days or more past due.	;	integer
NumberRealEstateLoansOrLines	;	Number of mortgage and real estate loans including home equity lines of credit	;	integer
NumberOfTime60-89DaysPastDueNotWorse	;	Number of times borrower has been 60-89 days past due but no worse in the last 2 years.	;	integer
NumberOfDependents	;	Number of dependents in family excluding themselves (spouse, children etc.)	;	integer


Pens try to end series with Bolts - NHL - Are You Watching This?!
(Sports Network) - The Pittsburgh Penguins will try to punch their ticket to the second round of the playoffs when they host the Tampa Bay Lightning today in Game 5 at CONSOL Energy Center.
After splitting Games 1 and 2 in Pittsburgh, the Penguins won the last two tests in Tampa to grab a 3-1 lead in this best-of-seven Eastern Conference quarterfinals.
Both of Pittsburgh's recent wins in Florida came in 3-2 decisions and Wednesday's Game 4 victory was won in double overtime.
The fourth-seeded Penguins would like to end this series today or they will have to head back to Tampa for Monday's Game 6 at St. Pete Times Forum.
James Neal was the hero for Pittsburgh in Game 4, as his first career NHL playoff goal won the game for the Pens at 3:38 of the second overtime. It was also just his second goal since joining the Pens after being traded from Dallas in February. Neal had just one goal in 20 regular season contests with Pittsburgh after scoring 21 in his first 59 tests with the Stars.
Paul Martin started the winning goal by keeping the puck in the Tampa Bay end at the right point. Jordan Staal dished to Neal and he let go a quick shot from the boards near the outer edge of the right circle that beat Lightning goaltender Dwayne Roloson.
"As long as you keep shooting, one is going to find its way into the back of the net," Neal said. "I got a shot off the draw and just wanted to shoot. I didn't have the angle, but it managed to find its way in. I was lucky to get one, but like I said again, the guys battled all night. Everyone did good."
Tyler Kennedy and Arron Asham also lit the lamp for the Penguins, who got a 29-save performance from Marc-Andre Fleury.
The winning goal was on the soft side, but Roloson did make a whopping 50 saves for Tampa in the losing effort.
"This is a long way from over," Roloson said. "We came back from 3-1 down twice when I played in Minnesota. We've got the character in this room to do it and we need to play our game for 60 minutes or for however many minutes it's going to take to win."
Tampa Bay erased a two-goal deficit on tallies from Martin St. Louis and Sean Bergenheim to send the game to overtime tied at 2-2. Bergenheim's game-tying tally came with 3:17 left in regulation.
Both teams will be getting suspended players back today, as Pittsburgh's Chris Kunitz and Tampa Bay's Steve Downie are eligible to return from one-game bans. Kunitz earned his suspension for elbowing Simon Gagne in the head in Game 3, while Downie received the sanction for a hit on Ben Lovejoy in the same contest.
The Penguins are 8-1 all-time when leading a series three-games-to-one. The only loss was in the 1975 quarterfinals, when Pittsburgh blew a 3-0 series lead to the New York Islanders.
Tampa Bay has never come back from a 3-1 deficit to win a series.
The Lightning have a trio of defensemen battling injuries, as Marc-Andre Bergeron (undisclosed), Randy Jones (left ankle) and Matt Smaby (lower body) are all questionable for today's game.
Of course, Pittsburgh is still playing without captain Sidney Crosby due to a concussion. Crosby continues to practice with the team, but he has not been cleared for contact and will miss today's game.
Pittsburgh and the Bolts split four meetings during the regular season and this playoff series marks the first-ever postseason matchup between these clubs.
Tampa Bay Power-Play Goal - Dominic Moore, at 15:35.
Pittsburgh Goal - Chris Conner, at 8:22.
Pittsburgh Goal - Michael Rupp, at 6:36.
Tampa Bay Power-Play Goal - Pavel Kubina (2), from Teddy Purcell and Steve Downie at 5:45.
Arron Asham wrist shot on Dwayne Roloson.
Tampa Bay Power-Play Goal - Steven Stamkos (2), from Eric Brewer at 7:00.
Tampa Bay Goal - Simon Gagne, at 5:31.
Tampa Bay Goal - Vincent Lecavalier (2), at 1:55.
Tampa Bay Goal - Steven Stamkos, at 17:43.
Steven Stamkos shot on Marc-Andre Fleury.
Teddy Purcell snap shot hit the goalpost.


Nepal lies south Asia between two huge country, India in the south west east, and the Tibetan Autonomous region, The people's republic of China in the north. Nepal covers 1,47,181 Sq. Kilometers landmass, lies 26 o , 12'and 30 o 27'North latitude,80 o 4'and 88 o 12' east longitude. Kathmandu is the capital city, However Nepal is one of the riches country for the nature sources , cultural ,traditional, heritages lay 7 world cultural heritage sites in her bosom. Nepal is one of the small countries in the word, but that has more 59 ethnic groups their own cultural heritages and 70 spoken languages represent various cultural practices. The country is rich in her diversified ecologically mountains, Hills, terrain, Flora, Fauna, Cultural, traditional, echoing rivers, Lakes, All tourist activities are related with natures diversified, we the Amazing Authentic Treks & Expedition aim to preserve cultures, traditional and natural beauty for the future.
After the restore of democracy in 1951,it can beside that modern tourism industry started in Nepal . In May 29, 1953 , Sir Edmond Hilary and Tenjing Norgey Sherpa climbed, Mt. Everest , The top of the world lies in Nepal . In 1956, Thomas cook and son handled their tour in Nepal consisted 12 American 2 Brazilian. In this way, Nepal started to recognize as tourist destination in world tourism market. The Ecological issues in tourism especially mountain tourism while number of tourists increased in Nepal, More and more, Similarly the income from tourism was centralized in city and negative impact are nature and culture, The world Eco-tourism became a buzzword literature of tourism in our country. If Eco- tourism is practiced such tourist destination of Nepal , where travel products are heavily dependent on nature and eliminate mountain poverty. The Himalayan mountain villages are in remote corner of the country, So that become very difficult to develop infrastructure in this areas, due to lack up education, We the Urgen chholing social service (Samrat Treks & Expedition) have handled several package programs since last 10 years to develop rural villages through Eco-tourism. We are warmly requests you to join hand to hand, to implement Eco-tourism project.
We the Amazing Authentic Treks & Expedition teams Members are experienced in tourism, we will organize yours memorable holiday packet tours/ individual tours in all part of Nepal , from 3 days up to 90 days treks and Tours . As a toiler making programmers.
Tours in kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lumbini birth place of lord budha and others Historical and heritage site, Hotel and resorts reservation, Domestic and international Airs ticket booking, City sight seeing, Mountain view flight.
Wildlife Activities, Chitwan National Park , Bartya national park, Kositapu wildlife conservation, Parsa wildlife conservation.
Remote area treks fully organize Treks Arrangement. Lower Dolpo, upper dolpo,Shey Gumba saltang, Do tarap c to Jumsom,Uper mustang, lumanthang, Humla,Jumla,Rara lake,Simikot,Mansulu,Larke pass, Dhaulagri Dhampuss Franch pass, Kanchanjunga, pangpema best camp ,Makalu,Hunku valley Amabulapsa pass, Gaurisangar, Rollpaling Himal.
For the normal Treks. Guide and porters service.
Nomal Trekking Areas . Langtang, gosainkunda, Helambu, Panch pokhari, Jugal Himal, Everst, Jumsom, Muktinath, Manang to thorong la pass, Annapurna Bescamp, Ghorepani pun Hill, Ghandruk, Dhampus,Siklis, Royal treks, Pokhara valley and Kathmandu valley.


Miles Dominic Heizer was born on 16 May 1994, in Greenville, Kentucky, USA, and is best known as a musician, and the actor who played Alex Standall in ''13 Reasons Why'', and Tommy in ''Nerve''.
So just how rich is Miles Heizer as of early 2018? According to authoritative sources, this actor has a net worth of over $500,000 with his wealth being accumulated from his over a decade long career in the previously mentioned fields.
Miles' family moved to Los Angeles during his formative years, and he went on to make his acting debut in 2005 with a small role in an episode of ''CSI: Miami'', a critically appraised TV crime series. He then joined the cast of ''Paramedic'', in which he played young James in 2006, and this short crime drama movie received a mostly positive response. In the following period, Heizer was a guest star in several television series, including ''Ghost Whisperer'' and ''Bones'', which achieved considerable success as well. Acting in such prominent projects, Miles was starting to get more experience, and so grow on a professional level, despite being young. In 2007 he portrayed Joshua Lipnicki in the four episodes of ''ER'', and as of 2010, he joined the cast of ''Parenthood'' in the role of Drew Hold, eventually appearing in 103 episodes, in the story of the Braverman family members, which received a mostly positive response, and was nominated for a Golden Globe award – additionally, the series won 15 awards including Critics' Choice TV, Gracie, Prism and GMS awards, besides being for nominated for several more.
In 2015 Miles appeared in ''Rudderless'' as Josh, then in 2016, he played one of the most important roles in ''Nerve'', an adventure crime movie, in which he worked side by side with Emma Roberts and Dave Franco. Despite getting mixed to negative reviews from the critics, this movie, focused on a teenager who finds herself lost in an online game of truth or dare, grossed $85.2 million at the box office, with $3.7 million earned on its opening day. All added steadily to his net worth.
When it comes to Miles' latest projects, he played Alex Standall in ''13 Reasons Why'', one of the most controversial and most talked about series of 2017, which follows the story of a young girl who commits suicide after being sexually harassed, and which was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and received a generally positive response from the critics.
Speaking about Heizer's future projects, he worked on ''Love, Simon'', as Cal, one of the more prominent characters in the film, will be released in March 2018. To conclude, Miles has had 21 acting gigs so far.
When it comes to his private life, Heizer doesn't share much information, but is apparently close to colleague Mae Whitman, and has been rumoured to be dating his ''13 Reasons Why'' co-star, Brandon Flynn. He is active on social media such as Twitter and Instagram, with his account being followed by 142,000 people on the former and 2.7 million on the latter.


Everleigh is a fun-loving actress and model with a vivid imagination who loves to entertain! She made her professional stage debut at age six as a violin-playing Ivonka in the musical Once at the Paramount Theatre in Aurora, IL. She has appeared in several national commercials as well as print campaigns, and recently played the role of Rachel on NBC's television series Chicago Fire. At just seven-years old, Everleigh has an established sense of self, a wildly creative nature, and confidence beyond her years. A natural performer, she brings careful consideration and thoughtful action to her craft. Everleigh takes direction well and has quick memorization skills. She sees the world through the lens of curiosity, creativity and compassion. Everleigh began dancing at age 2 and is a company member at the Gus Giordano Dance School. A musician at heart, she began studying the violin at age 4 and loves to sing. In her spare time, she enjoys playing with her sister, reading, creating art, exploring nature, playing softball, building Legos, and visiting museums with her family. Her dream theatrical roles include Annie, Matilda, Cosette, and Young Anna. She looks forward to more work in not only the theatre but in film and television as well!


At Mark Young & Associates, in Chattanooga, our legal team understands the emotional and financial hardships associated with overwhelming debt. We are aware of the fears and concerns people have about what is involved in filing for bankruptcy protection. We are directed by certified as a specialist in consumer bankruptcy by the American Board of Certification consumer bankruptcy attorney Mark Young, who has more than 30 years of experience preparing and filing Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 petitions. We are committed to helping individuals achieve more than debt relief: We are committed to helping you achieve financial freedom.
When you retain Mark Young & Associates, you can be assured that your matter will be handled effectively and efficiently. We devote the necessary time, talent and resources to each client because client service is our guiding principle.
We believe everyone deserves a chance to start anew and achieve a debt-free life. If you are struggling to make ends meet, or need to stop a foreclosure, repossession or garnishment, bankruptcy may be the answer.
Our legal team is available to discuss your situation at 423-933-1606 or toll free at 888-376-0282. You may also send us an email to schedule your free consultation with an experienced lawyer. We are conveniently located and offer handicap accessibility, as well as free parking.


NewTek Discussions > Other Products > VT-VT > VT - General Support > VT5 (?): Effects / Slates with 4 Video Sources?
View Full Version : VT5 (?): Effects / Slates with 4 Video Sources?
We've just installed our upgrade to VT5 and it looks great! I've been reading a bit about the live sets for the past few days, and it seems like the LiveSet Constructor isn't quite ready yet.
With that being said... is there anyway using the VT5 that we can still achieve 3 camera inputs on one "slate" without using a plugin like bob's 3rd Channel?
Is there any of the "packaged" programs that come with the VT bundle that can pull this off? Lightwave, Aura, Something Built in?
Anyone who could shed some light for this VT newbie would be much appreciated!!!
I don't think any of the example LiveSets provide 3 live sources, but the ability to roll your own to taste is just a bit more than a heartbeat away.
The answer is NOPE! You dont even have 4 live inputs on the VT.
If you add DV you can get another source so maybe that way..
Aaah, but the original post didn't specify "4 live inputs" Bob.
For T3,T4 and sooner or later T5.
If you are interested, contact me directly about the beta Aura/Mirage/TVPaint plugin for LiveSet creation. It's almost ready to go, but I'm working out installer kinks for all these different applications.
If you have any experience with Aura it's incredibly easy to make them.
You can also contact me about the LightWave 9.3.1 plugin, but you must be a registered LW9 owner since it requires the new LW 9.3.1 beta.


Providing outstanding service that delivers results.
Getting the best result for the client is Sherry's number one priority. She doesn't take her job lightly and totally respects the fact that she is dealing with people's most precious asset.
While Sherry believes professionalism is paramount she likes to make the process comfortable easing away the worries and tensions that selling a property can create. Communication is extremely important and Sherry likes to keep everyone informed during the sales process.
In over ten years selling real estate with Tremains she's experienced both extremes in the market and tenaciously worked through those tough years. Since being "Rookie of the Year" in 2007-08 Sherry has sold close to $50 million worth of property.
She lives in Taradale and is conveniently based in the Taradale office where she manages a team of 11 high achieving sales consultants to successfully sell property throughout Napier - from Bay View to Clive including Puketapu and Poraiti.
"We are very grateful to Sherry O'Sullivan for all her help, expertise and support in selling our former home in Blenheim Street.
"Sherry is extremely approachable and makes you feel relaxed from the start. She is not pushy and allows you to comfortably make your own decision throughout the process.
"I enjoyed Sherry's approach, which was honest and practical. She worked hard at finding out what we liked and took us round a variety of homes.
I also appreciated Sherry's sense of humour, as she helped us through some depressing times when we thought we'd never find anything.
"Sherry, thank you most sincerely for the wonderful way that you marketed and sold our house within a short space of time.
Your ideas that enabled it to be shown to its best advantage, something we would not have been able to do ourselves, was a real asset. You worked tirelessly at the open homes, following up on all prospective purchasers, and really did go "that bit extra".
Should we ever return to Napier to live you can be sure that we will be calling on you to find us our new home. Once again our most grateful thanks."
"I would like to take the opportunity to thank Tremains for their involvement with the recent sale of our previous home. I especially thank Sherry for her huge part of the sale process, she assisted us in a most professional manner and her knowledge was invaluable to us.
Sherry's wonderful personality made the process very easy and we appreciated her hard work and effort."
We would sincerely like to thank you for the wonderful help you gave us in selling our family home of 60 years.
Your compassion, understanding and care was truly appreciated at a very difficult time.


There are just so many handsome male herpers! I must agree that a men of BPnet calendar would be awesome.. I'd buy it!
I'd definitely buy a calendar too!
Me and 2 of my 3 children.
Me and Abuelo my granddad.
Holy cow! I had scroll back up to check the name - you're almost smiling in these pictures!
Didn't realize my pixs where blocked.
He attends most of our get togethers, so that sort of counts, right?
This is my boyfriend Karl, who, while not into snakes himself is supportive of my love of them, and never complains about them!
Here he is with his son and his son's girlfriend at the time. He had no idea that they were being so goofy!


Description This particular picture belongs to the Triangulation Series. While experimenting with harmonic oscillation in Processing and Scriptographer I discovered the Lissajous Oscillation where two waves interfere with each other so that a new modulated wave develops.
This is getting very interesting aesthetically when every point is connected with a all other points nearby, kind of a triangulation which is overlapping. I got very organic looking pictures that look like virtual grass leaves in a slow, natural flow.
I then applied purple, blue and green colors and color gradients which support that natural flow so that it looks like the static picture is animated. The gray background balances the leaves in a nice calming and comforting way.
I'd like to thank the guys from processing.org and generative-gestaltung.de for providing me such a great code base to experiment with.


Constructia centralei de la Tarnita-Lapustesti inseamna o investitie green-field in jur de 1 miliard euro (fara TVA), ceea ce va contribui semnificativ la dezvoltarea economica a tarii, dar si a zonei situate in apropierea orasului Cluj-Napoca.
Building the Tarnita-Lapustesti power plant is a green-field investment around Eur 1.164 billion (without VAT), which will contribute greatly to the economic development of the country and of the area surrounding Cluj-Napoca.
The investments in this hydro power plant will lead to the creation of an important number of jobs, increasing the quality of life in the area. An employment peak would be reached in the first stage of the construction (the first 5 years) – namely 4049 jobs. In the second stage, the number of jobs would decrease.
Moreover, important investments will be made for improving the access ways in Lapustesti, by building the new road which will ensure the connection between the road existing on the shore of Tarnita lake and the superior plateau.


text:
What is the Mosquers?
Based out of Edmonton, Canada, what started in 2007 as a modest short-film competition tackling everyday issues and showcasing the diversity and talents of the local Muslim community, the Mosquers today draws talented filmmakers, performers, and an audience from across North America.
The Mosquers was started to combat misconceptions about Islam and Muslims, demonstrate our diversity, and provide a channel for talented individuals to express themselves.
OUR VISION IS TO BE THE WORLD'S LEADING FILM FESTIVAL THAT TRANSFORMS THE WAY PEOPLE SEE MUSLIMS.
Over the past 10 years, our entries have entertained, inspired and educated our audience on an array of social issues. The Mosquers Film Festival continues to unite the community through a night of celebrating the art of film.
The Mosquers Awards Ceremony is now a premier event that attracts attention and talent from across North America. The event is comprised of:
A red-carpet ceremony
The screening of our short-film finalist (typically 6 to 8 films at about 10 minutes per film)
A feature entertainment component - previous performers have included world famous comedians Jeremy Mclellan, Maz Jobrani, Ahmed Ahmed, Azhar Usman, Mohammed Amer, and many others.
The Awards presentation as selected by an expert panel of judges (up to $6,000 in awards) - previous judges have included Zarqa Nawaz (creator of "Little Mosque on the Prairie")
MOSQUERS 2018


Could Snoozing Kill YOU? Ignoring the Warning Signs of Drowsiness?
You are here: Home » Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders » warning signs » Could snoozing kill you?
This morning when I woke up, I lay there thinking about snoozing. Not thinking I wanted to snooze, but about snoozing per se. My wife was practicing the art of snoozing (repeatedly – but that's another story).
My own inaction made me think about how people may recognise others' need for help but for one reason or another do not act.
Is it a fear of confrontation?
A desire for harmony, or plain old cowardice, or is it that it's just too much trouble and it doesn't really matter anyway?
Perhaps my inaction is more relevant to sleep apnoea and snoring than it is to snoozing. Specifically, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) which you may recognise as recurrent 'drowsiness' or excessive daytime sleepiness, in circumstances when ordinarily the stimulus of the individual's environment should keep them alert i.e. driving, flying, operating machinery etc.
Call it what you will, perhaps "Snoozing when Driving"(!) but I'm thinking that most of us know someone, perhaps even live with someone, who snores or who has become more drowsy and grumpy over time.
Perhaps they fall asleep on the couch straight after dinner?
Perhaps they can't drive for more than an hour without a stop for a sleep or strong coffee/energy drink?
They snore like hell and over time have become more, sleepy, irritable and grumpy?
Yet we don't reach out to help them – and I'm wondering why?
Some possible excuses you may have used?
Overcoming the 'Status Quo' – change is unsettling?
Elephant in the room – as in, been there before and met with an argument?
Recognising the problem for what it is – they don't see it as their problem?
Pride, ego and a fear of showing weakness?
Perhaps you think that there's nothing but an argument to be gained from confronting the drowsy / sleepy person – once bitten, twice shy, perhaps?
Staying alive! What if they were driving the family car with YOU on board (or the kids) and they fall asleep …. no more you and how many other people get killed at the same time?
Money you don't pay in tax. Chronic disease care consumes a huge amount of NHS funds and it is set to rise enormously.
If you know the snorer/drowsy person, perhaps they think of you as a friend or partner?
Does any of the above excuse your inaction?
A challenging question perhaps or one you've never really asked yourself.
Prevention, individual responsibility and self-awareness are perhaps components of a longer-term solution; a change in culture to one where we take responsibility for our own health and wellbeing, instead of taking them for granted and looking for 'cures' after things have gone wrong.
What can you do RIGHT NOW about "Johnny Snorer" on the couch?
That snorer across the room on the couch or snoring in the spare room, needs your help and by helping them (the health benefits for them are significant) you help yourself.
Get 'Johnny Snorer' to use signposting (its free) and find out who can help.
Plans take a little effort and some 'homework'.
We have a dedicated page for Partner's who are kept awake that will help you start.
Including how to discuss snoring with your partner constructively… and how to record the noise / videoing the sleepy episodes.
STOP – Don't just kick of an argument now!
Lately, I've been giving some thought to how to encourage people to think about their health. So far, I've only come up with possible reasons mentioned in the above list, with no real answers as to what to do about it.
Created by Adrian Zacher. Last updated 22nd March 2019. Snorer.me Signposting™ is a CE marked Clinical Decision Support System. Snorer.com Ltd is the manufacturer registered with the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority.
Sleep well. If you or a loved one has problems with sleeping (or not sleeping), please DO consult a Doctor with experience of sleep medicine. I strongly support providing current, accurate medical information so that individuals are better able to make informed decisions about their health care. If you think you have a sleep disorder please seek appropriate medical advice.
Bearing in mind most yawning is done when we're tired, I would urge anyone with daytime tiredness/sleepiness to investigate whether it could be Sleep Apnoea or another sleep disorder, and especially if you're a snorer. What does upset me is when people get investigated AFTER the stroke or heart attack, and especially as my own mother died of a sudden heart attack at the age of 49 and was untreated for her Sleep Apnoea – hindsight eh?
Thanks so much for taking the time to share your experiences for the benefit of others. How sad your story is – but I imagine not unique.
How many time bombs are driving on the roads now?
Thanks for sharing your worrying story! I hope that it inspires others to seek help promptly. You are so right when you question how many 'time bombs' are driving on the roads. We would go further and add how many in multiple roles where vigilance is critical for safety (pilots, master mariners, air traffic control, train drivers…. the list goes on and on) are either in denial or too worried about losing their job to seek help.
Thank you for this reflection and call to action. The evidence of the consequences of not addressing poor sleep, whether due to apnoea or some other reason, is too solid to look other way. Not addressing it in children should be viewed as neglect and failing improving their sleep will be a disaster for society.
Providing educational resources and support are key to an empowered patient. Equally important is a shift in society's attitude to sleep – accepting that sleep is important to good health.
Your efforts are advancing both fronts – thank you and God speed.
Ed, thanks for your really kind words and encouragement. At Snorer.com everyone shares a passion to help – we will keep 'banging the drum' and hope that we can change society's view of the value of sleep and how vital it is for continued good health and day-2-day functioning. We recognise that this is a long term struggle and in the meantime have decided to offer another way for fearful people to access expert help – through the provision of anonymity.
Thank you so much for writing this article. I have apnoea, yes. Kath and Edward covered those praises quite well. 🙂 I adore your article because it touches on the topic of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and calls for people to be caring, supportive and try to help. You're right- EDS IS a serious problem that needs to be addressed. I also have Hypersomnia and this article also helps Hypersomniacs. People with EDS are often met more with annoyance rather than anyone looking at the full picture. Thank you for bringing that picture to light in a positive way. It was really refreshing to read.
Dear Kasha. I am humbled! What lovely things you say. My heart goes out to you and I wish you every success.
Kath, Arie, Ed, Kasha, anyone – do you have anything to add about how those around sleepy/drowsy people – how they can help them – without a screaming argument?


New technologies are a vital component of delivering high performance learning in a way that is cost-effective and that results in measurable improvements in workforce and business performance.
There is no shortage of compelling technology-based learning approaches today, from e-learning to web-based seminars to podcasting to simulations. The challenge most organizations face, however, is in incorporating those specific technologies within an integrated and holistic infrastructure, in a way that makes sense both economically and from the standpoint of learning effectiveness. That's not an easy job.
A comprehensive high performance learning transformation recently executed by Gyrus Systems also included a transformation of the company's technology infrastructure for learning. Its existing technology base was in a shape similar to many companies today: it was fragmented, with information distributed over hundreds of databases. That situation raised distressing data integrity issues, and it also made it difficult to run centralized compliance reports or assess the value delivered from internal training. Managing any of the information centrally was time consuming and needed a great deal of manual support, so the learning infrastructure had also become very expensive.
The transformation path was to Use technology in the most effective way possible to provide exceptional learning experiences, track learning delivery and results, and provide the information needed to support effective decision making about how to steer the learning function in the long term.
The proper application of technology to Gyrus's learning design and delivery capabilities has resulted in more timely and relevant support for the company's different workforces across the industry. The training team can more effectively plan courses that meet business needs, in ways that also create compelling learning experiences for the company's employees. Training delivered via e-learning or online seminars can be integrated into the holistic picture of career development and learning for the company. And executives can use reporting from the learning management system to make more informed decisions about helping employees work together toward the common goal of achieving high performance.


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By Scott Dubois on April 9, 2020
The pronghorn antelope population in Texas has declined from a million or more animals pre-colonization to only a few thousand today. The Parks and Wildlife Department actively works to expand their numbers today, but in 1903 the pronghorn hunt was put on hold to help rebuild the population. It didn't resume until 41 years later. The story below chronicles the first pronghorn hunt after the hiatus in 1944. A permit application is included as well.
The first antelope hunt in Texas in 41 years was a complete success. Of the 328 hunters afield, 90.5 percent were successful in taking one of the 297 antelope killed.
"Antelope Hunt" by Daniel W. Lay Texas Game and Fish Magazine – December 1944, p. 4-6
Texas Game and Fish Magazine – July 1944
Published in pronghorn and West Texas
More from West TexasMore posts in West Texas »
The Last Texas Gray Wolf – 1970
West Texas Lobo Wolves – 1941-1955
Big Bend Beavers – 1931


Once you have some ideas for your new design, it's time to contact a reputable contractor and see if your ideas fit into your budget. Fixtures, materials, and labor will all need to be accounted for. Be prepared to scale back plans if the budget is tight, or splurge on some wish-list features if you've got more room in the budget..
If you are making additions to your home, such as a steam shower installation, you might want help there too. A steam shower could present difficulties if you don't know how to build a steam shower. You should probably know a little bit about wiring and plumbing, for example.
Studies show that the amount of copper in your body has a direct relationship to how much hair you have on your head. Too much copper means too little hair. The primary culprit is the copper pipes through which you get your drinking water. It's probably not economical to re-tool your entire plumbing system, but you can start drinking bottled water. That will significantly reduce your copper in-take — and perhaps give you hair a chance to come back.
Steam is great for the skin. The large number of customers in spas is a huge indicator that steam baths and steam showers are very in-demand. Why is this so?
Taking precautions and making home remodeling plans are vital to make your home livable for the seniors. Since one of the most dangerous places in your home is the bathroom, making the necessary changes in this part of the house is a good start. Even simple, inexpensive, but appropriate purchases like a shower bench can help prevent falls and protect your loved ones from injury.
install a shower faucet valve if you don't already have one on the premises. Not only are showers more accessible than bathtubs, you can also save much more water by using them, especially if your family is large. Drawing a full bath can use more than four times as much water as taking a quick shower.
Baths are still essential in the home especially if you have young children. We all like to spoil ourselves occasionally and have a nice soak, however we need to think more about the environment and not ourselves. Just run enough water to be able to bathe you or the children and this should help reduce water usage.
This entry was posted in install a shower and tagged plumbing, shower installation. Bookmark the permalink.


I don't reproduce this with 3.6 sources or 4.0 branch both updated yesterday.
So, Linux only for the moment.
Debian GNU/linux 64, Libo 4.0beta2, can't reproduce, file opens just fine, I can scroll it, the close it without problems.
Terrence: could you give a try to this bug? Perhaps it's like fdo#55974, it can be reproduced only with specific configuration.
Meanwhile, I've made some cleanup on my laptop. There were several gcc version installed + boost 1.49. I removed all gcc but last 4.7 version and boost (to be sure only internal LO Boost 1.44 is used) + ccache -C.
it seems the crash may only be triggered in debug mode.
Thorsten: just noticed o3tl part in the bt, would you have some time to take a look?
I shall take a look.  But my development machine is off the net, and my local library will soon be closed until Wednesday; so any thoughts I get will be delayed.
Yes, one of my recent bug reports--I cannot find it at the moment--definitely came up because STL iterators do more checking in debug mode.
I apologize if I am even less coherent than usual.  Watching the clock and preparing to be kicked out.
built and running on ubuntu-natty (11.04) 32-bit.
Seems that CompareSwpHtEnd is not behaving as to what equal_range expects.
Put it at VERIFIED, thank you Michael!


text:
Copris martinezi är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Matthews och Halffter 1968. Copris martinezi ingår i släktet Copris och familjen bladhorningar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Bladhorningar
martinezi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How do I Clean my Camera Lens?
Can I use a Microfiber Cloth to Clean Camera Lens?
What can be Used to Clean Camera Lens?
What is a lens Pen?
How do you Clean a Camera Sensor?
Having a dirty lens will definitely affect the quality of the images your produce. It is therefore vital that you clean both lens and filter in the right way and using the proper tools. There is a very simple and easy way to ensure that your lenses and filters remain clean and ensure great picture quality and we give you some insight here.
There is a right and wrong way to clean your lenses. It is also important to note that you do not have to clean your lens after every use. Every time you clean your lens you run the risk of scratching it so use your caps and clean your lenses when you really need too. Now to the cleaning. There are three steps to follow and we outline them here for you.
Clean you lens thoroughly using a specialised blower to get rid of any excess dust, you can also use a soft brush to accomplish this if you do not have a blower available.
Place a few drops of your cleaning liquid either on a soft cleaning cloth or on the lens directly.
Clean your lens gently, do not apply pressure to the lens. Clean in circular motions and not up and down or side to side.
Yes, you can use a microfiber cloth to clean your camera lens (click for Nikon D5300 lenses), in fact, they are quite popular to use as they are soft and will work gently. You will have to ensure that you keep your cloth clean. If you do not clean it after you have cleaned your lens you may well apply the dirt you have just removed from your lens to it again when you use it multiple times.
There are a number of different things you can use to clean your lens, from brushes and blowers, to lens cleaning tissue, cloths and of course cleaners. We will go through them here for you to understand what is best to use and what not to use when cleaning your lens.
Removing dust is simple and easy when using a blower. Do not use compressed air though as this is a little too heavy for your delicate lens. If you do not have a blower you could blow on your lens to remove the dust, however, you run the risk of getting some of your saliva on the lens which will create smudges and smears that are a lot more difficult to remove than dust.
There a lot of brushes on the market for you to choose from. You will need a high-quality camel hair one and when using it avoid touching the bristles with your fingers as you can leave residue on them which will transfer to your lens when you are cleaning.
There are numerous different types of cloth and tissue that you can use to clean your lens. The genuine lens tissue is also really not that expensive, however you must be sure to use it only once and not for more than one application.
Microfiber is very popular to use when cleaning your lenses and filters. Another great option for cleaning is cotton swabs. These work really well when cleaning the edges of your lenses.
When it comes to solutions to clean your lens with, most manufacturers will offer specially designed for the purpose. If you prefer using your own though you could use de-ionized water, or isopropyl alcohol is also great, especially for removing oily smudges.
If you like to travel and get out and about with your camera, it is important to ensure you bring cleaning tools with you just in case.
A lens pen is a lens cleaner. It is so named because it looks like a pen. It is small and lightweight and it is specifically designed to be used on camera lenses. It usually has a 12mm concave tip which makes it perfect for use on the convex lenses of DSLR cameras as well as other cameras, scopes, and binoculars.
Be sure that you are not in a windy areas when cleaning. Then remove the lens from your camera and on the menu select the "clean your camera manually" option. When you select this option the mirror will lock back giving you access to the sensor.
Hold the camera upside down and use the blower to blow away any dust that may be there. Do not use compressed air as this will damage your sensor. Once you are satisfied, turn your camera off, replace the lens and then take a test shot to make sure all the dust has been removed.
You will need lint-free swabs, cleaning solution, air blower, sensor loupe and a head lamp.Remove the lens and place the camera on a flat surface with the LED screen facing down. Again select the manual cleaning option on the menu.Take a sensor swab, use the air blower to blow it a little to ensure that there is no lint stuck to the swab. Add two to three drops of the cleaning fluid, do not use too much as it will leave streaks.
Do not use force when cleaning your sensor, Move the swap back and forth gently over the sensor until the whole sensor has been wiped. Wipe up first and turn the swab over when wiping back to ensure no cross-contamination. Use the sensor loupe to check all the dust has been removed.
Turn off camera, replace the lens and take a test shot to ensure your sensor is properly cleaned.
Cleaning your camera lens and senor may seem daunting but they are actually very simple processes. Cleaning them yourself will save you a lot of money as well as the inconvenience of being without you camera for a period of time if you take it in for professional cleaning.


Angelo J. Bufalino has been practicing intellectual property law for over 38 years.
He counsels clients in patent, trademark and copyright matters, including intellectual property litigation, transactional issues, licensing matters, and patent validity and infringement studies, and he has extensive, worldwide experience in prosecuting patents and trademarks. He has appeared in U.S. federal district and appellate court litigation relating to products in various industries and technologies, in inter partes proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in proceedings before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. He has been involved in approximately 30 patent, trademark and copyright trials. Mr. Bufalino serves a diverse range of clients with an emphasis on electrical and mechanical technology and consumer products.
Mr. Bufalino was selected for inclusion from 2005 to 2006 and from 2008 to 2016 in Illinois Super Lawyers. He was also selected by his peers from 2012 to 2019 for inclusion in The Best Lawyers in America in the fields of Patent Law and Trademark Law. In addition, Mr. Bufalino has been selected by his peers from 2013 to 2019 as a Leading Lawyer in Intellectual Property.