text:
JVP And LTTE: Mailgram Study, Stanford Prison Experiment And Hammond Hill To The K (Killing) Point
By Ruwan M Jayatunge –
Dr. Ruwan M Jayatunge
Sometimes this whole world is just one big prison yard. Some of us are prisoners, the rest of us are guards. — Bob Dylan
Psychologist Albert Bandura once said "Our ability to selectively engage and disengage our moral standards…helps explain how people can be barbarically cruel in one moment and compassionate the next.". Indeed man is capable of committing atrocities and derives satisfaction. Contrary to that man is capable of love and care. But our past experiences in Nanking, Guernica, Gulags, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald, My Lai, Killing Fields in Cambodia, Rwanda, Abu Ghraib prison and Guantanamo Bay detention camp etc indicate the destructive and torturous dynamism inside the Homo sapiens.
In 1929 with the publication of Civilization and Its Discontents Sigmund Freud concluded that the conflict between sexual needs and societal mores is the source of mankind's propensity for dissatisfaction, aggression, hostility and ultimately, violence. Freud saw the savage and destructive part of the human psyche.
Man's inhumanity to man has been noticed since the dawn of civilization. There have been numerous theories and elucidations to explain why man commits atrocities against another man. In the past few decades researchers like John Dollard, Stanley Milgram , Philip Zimbardo etc tried to find answers to these age old questions.
Stanley Milgram's Obedience Experiment
Stanley Milgram's obedience to authority experiment countered the participant's moral beliefs against the demands of authority. His Experiment was created to explain some of the horrors committed by the Nazis during the WW2. This experiment measured how far people would go in electric-shocking others as part of a learning project. After this experiment Stanley Milgram stated that
a substantial proportion of people do what they are told to do, irrespective of the content of the act, and without pangs of conscience, so long as they perceive that the command comes from a legitimate authority. In 1974 Milgram wrote..
….It is ironic that virtues of loyalty, discipline, and self-sacrifice that we value so highly in the individual are the very properties that create destructive organizational engines of war and bind men to malevolent systems of authority. The aftermath of the Holocaust and the events leading up to World War II, the world was stunned with the happenings in Nazi Germany and their acquired surrounding territories that came out during the Eichmann Trials. Eichmann, a high ranking official of the Nazi Party, was on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The questions is, "Could it be that Eichmann, and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?"
Milgram's experiment explored the degree to which people could be persuaded to obey an authority figure blindly and perform cruel acts although it conflicted with their conscience.
Stanford Prison Study
World renowned social psychologist Philip Zimbardo conducted a prison simulation study in 1971 at the Stanford University with his student volunteers. He randomly divided these volunteers into guards and inmates and then placed in a mock prison environment. This study continued for six days and Zimbardo observed radical behavioral changes in guards and prisoners over time. He noticed sadistic abuse in prison guards and abject submissiveness among the prisoners.
Professor Zimbado's Stanford prison experiment uncovered the manifestation of deindividuation, vandalism and dehumanization when ordinary people were put in to specific authoritative figures with unlimited power and control over others. He showed that ordinary people could be led to engage in anti-social acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous. This simulation study demonstrated how ordinary people sometimes turn evil and commit atrocities.
The Stanford prison experiment narrates the power of roles, rules, symbols, group identity and situational validation of behavior. When the prison experiment was continuing the prisoners demonstrated symptoms of depression and extreme stress while the guards had become more and more sadistic. This research revealed the psychological impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Many years after this research Philip Zimbado expressed his thoughts thus.
"It does tell us that human nature is not totally under the control of what we like to think of as free will, but that the majority of us can be seduced into behaving in ways totally atypical of what we believe we are,"
The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil
Philip Zimbardo's 2007 book The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil argues that people are not born good or born evil. He gives numerous case examples how the situational forces and group dynamics affect people to commit atrocities.
……..the idea that an unbridgeable chasm separates good people from bad people is a, source of comfort for at least two reasons. First, it creates a binary logic, in which, Evil is essentialized. Most of us perceive Evil as an entity, a quality that is inherent, in some people and not in others. Bad seeds ultimately produce bad fruits as their, destinies unfold. We define evil by pointing to the really bad tyrants in our era, such as Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot, Idi Amin, Saddam Hussein, and other political, leaders who have orchestrated mass murders. We must also acknowledge the, more ordinary, lesser evils of drug dealers, rapists, sex-trade traffickers, perpetrators of fraudulent scams on the elderly, and those whose bullying destroys the, well-being of our children………….
………… War engenders cruelty and barbaric behavior against anyone considered the, Enemy, as the dehumanized, demonic other. The Rape of Nanking is notorious, for the graphic detail of the horrific extremes soldiers went to degrade and destroy innocent civilian "enemy non-combatants." However, were it a singular incident and not just another part of the historical tapestry of such inhumanities, against civilians we might think it an anomaly. British troops executed and raped civilians during the U.S. Revolutionary War. Soviet Red Army soldiers raped an estimated 100,000 Berlin women toward the end of World War II and between, 1945 and 1948. In addition to the rapes and murders of more than 500 civilians, at the My Lai massacre in 1968, recently released secret Pentagon evidence describes 320 incidents of American atrocities against Vietnamese and Cambodian, civilians. (The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil )
Hammond Hill Prisoners and Prison Guards
In 1971 a rebel group known as the JVP attacked the democratically elected Sirimavo Bandaranaike regime in Sri Lanka. The rebel group was mainly consisted of unemployed Sinhalese youth. Soon the insurrection was crushed and a large number of young rebels were taken as prisoners. The authorities decided to send hundreds of hardcore members to the Jaffna Hammond Hill Prison Island.
The Hammond Hill fortress was built by the Dutch in the late17th Century and they had large nine dungeons to store gunpowder. These dungeons were turned in to prison cells in 1971. At the Hammond Hill prison, the prisoners had to face inhuman conditions. The dungeons were infested with rats. The air inside the dungeons was not breathable. The heat was intolerable and due to poor ventilation almost every prisoner became sick. Many prisoners had anxiety reactions, claustrophobic attacks within the first few weeks of their arrival. The condition became worse when a 16 year old prisoner named Arnuna Shantha Lamahewa died as a result of savage beatings by the Police and poor sanitary facilities in the prison cell.
The Hammond Hill Prison was not suitable for human habitation. This small island had no fresh water supply. The sanitary condition was extremely poor and most of the prisoners suffered from skin diseases. The Hammond Hill prison had no medical facilities. The food rations were limited and it was almost impossible to eat unpalatable food with low nutrition. Often the prisoners starved. Malnutrition and chronic dehydration were common among the prisoners.
The prisoners of the dungeon number 6 made an unsuccessful attempt to dig a secret cave. They knew it was impossible to penetrate the lime stone. But they kept on digging the dungeon wall with primitive tools. Although the attempt was insane this effort gave the detainees some hope and kept them in sane later revealed by a former Hammond Hill prisoner.
The prisoners had no way of getting any information from the outside world. They were totally cut off from the civilization. The relatives were not allowed to visit them. For a long period they had no legal representatives. Without knowing what's happening in the outside world the prisoners believed that their comrades were fighting the government forces and they would be victorious and soon the Red guards were coming to release them from this awful prison. Many of the inmates believed this myth for nearly a year. Eventually they realized the truth about the uprising. When the hope was lost the prisoners became more and more depressed and aggressive.
After a few months the prisoners started analyzing their situation and ideological differences emerged. Following these ideological clashes some inmates were violently beaten by the hard core members. There was an assault team of hardline members called Poriyal Hamudava that instigated physical beatings of their fellow comrades. Severe restrictions were imposed on so called the traitors. They were excommunicated by the other prisoners. When the prisoners had no control over their situation they tried to control it by using ideological framework. The hardliners proclaimed that communist rules prevail in the Hammond Hill prison island and later this was known as Hammond Hill socialism. They abolished the ownership of private property although they had very limited personal items. Even the prisoners were not allowed have their own pair of slippers as private property.
Following the ideological confrontations some victims became detached from the main group and lived in isolation. They renounced the common ideology that made unit cohesiveness before the uprising. Some collaborated with the prison guards and their interrogators. Mistrust and culture of silence could be observed among the inmates.
Many of the prisoners had negative feelings about their future. The young inmates had no outlet to reroute their biological needs at the Hammond Hill Island. Most of the detainees were in their early twenties and unmarried. They were dedicated to a political cause. But when their revolution became a fiasco and some of the trusted comrades collaborated with guards and the Police many became desolated, confused and disconnected.
According to Wilfred Peris (alias Kegalle Peris) a former Hammond Hill prisoner, homosexual relations began to emerge among some of the young prisoners. These heterosexual young men who dedicated their lives to a Marxist philosophy now found a bizarre emancipation in gay relationships. Stress anxiety and unpredictability totally changed their sexual orientation. There were graffiti of naked females on the toilet walls and some prisoners used to achieve temporary satisfaction by observing these images and performing masturbation. Despite all these drastic changes some hardliners did not trade their ideology and stayed unchanged. They constantly discussed Karl Marx's theories and the Communist Manifesto.
Before transporting the prisoners to the Hammond Hill Prison they were savagely beaten at the Jaffna Police station and the Jaffna prison. Most of the rebels were arrested after their unsuccessful attack on the April 5th 1971 at the Jaffna Police station and the prison complex. Several of the prisoners were shot by the security forces during the attack and some Police officers had an urge to kill the prisoners who surrendered to the security forces. But their attempt became ineffective when the Assistant Superintendent of Police Mr. R. Sunderalingam intervened. Mr. Sunderalingam ordered the men to disperse and to give medical treatment to the wounded suspects. Even today the former Hammond Hill prisoners remember this Tamil Police Officer who saved their lives with absolute respect.
The prison guards were very harsh on the prisoners at the Hammond Hill. There was no supervision by senior officers. For long hours the prisoners were locked inside the dungeons that filled with extreme heat. It was so dark inside the dungeons even during the day time and prisoners had no sense of orientation. Even for a life-threatening medical emergency the guards never opened the doors. The tension went up to such a point on one occasion the inmates broke the iron doors and set themselves free. The prisoners gathered under a Bodhi tree that was near the dungeons. But they had no intention of fleeing the island. Soon the Naval guards surrounded the prisoners and ordered them to surrender. The Naval guards said that they would open fire if any prisoner tries to escape. One of the educated and respected prisoners among the group explained the Naval guards that the inmates had no war with the Navy and they were only fighting injustices committed by the prison guards. Their aim was not to escape but to have fresh air which is a basic human right. Later this prisoner was identified as S.D Somarathna.
Although the prison guards of the Hammond Hill were cruel to the inmates on most occasions the prisoners still recall some guards who had humane qualities. Mr. Vallipuram and Mr. Pasupathi were two Tamil prison guards who were very sympathetic to the young Sinhalese rebels who were held at the Hammond Hill prison in 1971. Mr. Vallipuram felt exceedingly sorry for these youth and often told the prisoners that one day they would be released and never to abandon the hope. Within several years his prediction became a reality and the Government released all of the Hammond Hill Prisoners.
Now almost 40 years have passed and the post traumatic impacts that affected the Hammond Hill Prisoners have never been studied by anyone. Today these men are in their sixties and a large percentage is still hounded by the reminiscences of the Hammond Hill Prison. It is evident that many of the former inmates had abandoned their radical political ideology and now lead politically inactive lives. Vasantha alias Mabole Rexy was one of the very few remaining members of the JVP who stayed with the movement. He was an active JVP member until 2005.
Atlas Bandara who was a wealthy businessman in 1971 and volunteered to rescue Rohana Wijeweera from the Jaffna Prison now living his life in poverty. He has severe disappointments about the 71 events. His driver Sirisena Alwis alias Baldhi Sira too had to spend several years at the Hammond Hill with his master. Sirisena Alwis died several years ago.
Lal Smasiri had a tough time at the Hammond Hill when he gave his statement to the Criminal Investigation Department revealing Rohana Wijeweera's message after his arrest at Ampara on the 13th of March 1971. At the CJC (Criminal Justice Commission) Rohana Wijeweera denied delivering such a message to Lal Smasiri. Soon the hardliners at the Hammond Hill prison denounced him as a traitor. Today he is politically inactive and for a number of years he was forced to spend an undercover life.
Wanigabadu now a practicing lawyer has repressed his memories of the Hammond Hill saga. Jayathilaka once an active and dedicated member now runs a small business and living a simple life. Piyumasena Kannangara who participated in the Jaffna prison attack no longer connected with any political party.
Birty Ranjith masterminded the Jaffna prison attack in 1971. He organized the attack to rescue the rebel leader Rohana Wijeweera who was held under tight security at the Jaffna prison. The attack went for several hours but ended in failure. Birty Ranjith was arrested and then severely beaten. His attackers broke his leg. He suffered heavily physically and mentally. At the Hammond Hill Birty made an unsuccessful attempt to reanalyze the events that occurred on the April 5th 1971. The JVP leaders refused to accept his conclusions. After sometime Birty became disappointed in the 71 events. He felt that he had been used and then betrayed. He left the movement while he was still at the Hammond Hill. Today Birty Ranjith lives in exile in Germany. He is a political writer and had published his experiences in 1971 uprising and subsequent prison life at the Hammond Hill.
The psychological impact of the Hammond Hill prison was never been studied although it was a dark part of our political history. Hammond Hill signifies a beginning of a gloomy era- political detention system and gross violation of human rights. Despite all odds Hammond Hill shows us human behavior in extreme conditions. Unusual human relationships under extreme circumstances. It narrates the wickedness of the prison guards and also humane qualities that some possessed. Hammond Hill story described sadistic hearts as well as the kind warmth feelings under the uniform.
Hammond Hill recounts group dynamics, collective behavior of youth who became united under one political ideology. They were ready for extreme sacrifices in the name of this ideology. When the political attempt became unsuccessful disagreements surfaced. The comradeship was shifting to the opposite pole – the traitor. The rebels denounced their fellow comrades in a tiny isolated island. Those who fought for one common political aim started fighting with each other. For some detainees the prison guards and interrogators became their new saviors. Some had radical behavioral changes at the prison sometimes accepting changes in their sexual orientation. Some sustained permanent emotional scars after facing horrors of the Hammond Hill.
The inmates at the Hammond Hill prison underwent severe environmental and manmade stressors. Apparently a large number of prisoners suffered from depression and anxiety related ailments that were never diagnosed or treated. Perhaps time healed many emotional wounds. But for some victims time didn't. Two of the former inmates Rev Morawaka Badhhiya and Susil Galgamuva committed suicide less than 15 years after their release from the Hammond Hill Prison. Therefore posttraumatic impact of the Hammond Hill prison cannot be underestimated.
The Devipuram Torture Chamber
The LTTE or The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam had their torture her chambers in a secret location at Devipuram in the North of Sri Lanka. For many years the outside world had no clue about this slaughter house. This torture chamber was under the direct command of Pottu Amman (Shanmugalingam Sivashankar ) who was the chief of TOSIS (Tiger Organization Security Intelligence Service). He was also known as the Heinrich Himmler of the LTTE.
Many of the Devipuram Torture Chamber guards were LTTE child soldiers who were trained in torture. The child soldiers had extreme power over adult prisoners and often the prisoners were viciously beaten, humiliated and sometimes killed. The senior leaders constantly taught the child soldiers not have compassion or show no mercy to the prisoners since they are traitors and the enemies of the people. The LTTE child soldiers had power and authority over the elders in their community just like the Pol Pot's Khemer Rouge child soldiers. These young soldiers could arrest or detain any civilian if they though he or she was against the LTTE.
When the Sri Lankan armed forces advanced in 2009 the prison guards of the Devipuram Torture Chamber killed all the prisoners and burnt their bodies to hide the evidence. The buildings and chambers were dismantled or set on fire. Still the little information is known about Devipuram Torture Chamber and its victims. But according to the reports thousands of LTTE opponents were made to suffer and eventually killed at the Devipuram Torture Chamber. The escapees and the other witnesses coincide that brutal methods such as forced starvation, controlled drowning, electrocution, vicious beatings were frequently used by the guards at the Devipuram Torture Chamber.
According to the official estimations the LTTE killed over 20,000 Tamil civilians who they thought as traitors. Many perished at the Devipuram after undergoing unspeakable horror.
The POWs of the Eelam War
The psychological impact of being taken as a prisoner of war is devastating. Former POWs of the Eelam War still undergo a range of mental health problems. The words can hardly explain the physical and mental agony experienced by former POWs.
Lance Corporal P joined the Sri Lanka Army in 1991 as a signalman. After his basic training he was sent to the operational area. In 1993 he was posted to Welioya Senapura camp and he was working in the signal room. During this period the LTTE launched a massive attack against the Senapura camp. He was wounded and captured as a prisoner by the LTTE in 1993. For nearly five and half years he spent his life in the LTTE prisons. During this period he was physically and mentally tortured.
Lance Corporal P reveals his horrendous experience thus….
"When the LTTE attacked our Camp I was in the signal room with a Lieutenant. We wanted to send a message and request for reinforcement. The signal room was attacked by a RPG. Our radio and other equipment were destroyed by the attack. Then a group of LTTE members broke in to our signal room. They grabbed the Lieutenant and killed him with a mammoty. His eyes were taken out in front of me.
I was wounded and lost my consciousness. When I opened my eyes I was in a LTTE vehicle blindfold and my arms and legs were tightened. Then I realized that I was a prisoner. I was anxious about my future. A number of times I asked from myself are they going to kill me? I could not escape and I was helpless.
First few weeks they interrogated me. They thought I was an officer in disguise. They wanted to get our classified signal cords. They tortured me and threatened to kill me. The first few months I was unbreakable and told them nothing. Then they put me in isolation. For seven months I was in a small dark room. My biological clock was disrupted. I did not know it was day time or night. I was given food three times a day. That was the only time I saw a human being. I was sleeping on the dirty rough prison cell floor fearfully waiting for my tormentors.
This was the worst part of my POW experience. That was a frightening and disorienting event.
After seven months I was daily taken for interrogations and every day they asked same set of questions. For any slightest incompatibility I was savagely beaten and sometimes electrocuted. They crushed my genitals, also used to put Chili powder in to my foreskin. I was in pain and agony. No one was there to save me. I was abandoned by my people and I knew this was my end.
They threatened to kill me a number of times. Each time I was oozing with fear and helplessness. Once they took me to a deserted area where they execute prisoners. They shot an EPRLF prisoner who was belonged to a different militant group. But they did not kill me that day perhaps they wanted to bargain my freedom with the Government.
The Guards were extremely brutal in their handling of prisoners of war. Interrogators as well as the prison guards administered torture. I was tied up for interminable periods into painful positions. I was a POW for nearly five years. All these years I was tortured and humiliated. Every single day I prayed for my life. Finally me freedom came unexpectedly. I was released in 1998 September after the intervention of the ICRC. I came home. There was no welcome ceremony. I went on leave for few weeks. My family members were happy to see me. But I could not feel the happiness. I was always on guard. I had fear feelings that the LTTE might capture me again. Some nights I was troubled by nightmares and I could not sleep."
Lance Corporal P was deeply traumatized and his psychological wounds were a direct result of his being in the LTTE prison camp. He is a casualty of war, strained by the emotions that had haunted since 1993. Following the long term repressive conditions, the torture and degradation under which Corporal P suffered resulted PTSD.
POWs and the Prison Guards
Lance Corporal U became a POW in July 1991 during the Balawegaya operation. He was wounded during the battle and taken as a prisoner. Until his release in March 1995 he was subjected to inhuman treatment. He was deprived of sanitation, light and proper medical treatment. He was kept in a small cell with 40 other prisoners. They had no enough space and practically every prisoner developed skin infections. The sick and wounded were left in their own excrement for many days. Some days they were given rotten food and while they were having meals the guards used to disturb them with loud noises etc. They were not allowed to take baths for months.
Lance Corporal U describes the nature of the LTTE Prison Guards in a distinctive manner. Some guards were extremely brutal and poisoned with racial hatred. They used to administer torture on the POWs. They maintained authoritative status and often humiliated the POWs. In addition they were suspicious of the POWs and their movements. After a few months of his captivity Lance Corporal U decided to do physical exercises to regain his muscle strength. One of the guards became apprehensive when he saw a POW was doing exercises and lashed him.
Lance Corporal U states that there were LTTE Prison Guards with kind nature. Some of them taught him Tamil words and even gave extra food. They spoke to him kindly. But when the Sri Lanka Army or the Air Force attacked the LTTE targets these guards became hostile towards him.
The K Point alias the Eliyakanda Torture Chamber
In 1988 the JVP launched its 2nd insurrection against President Premadasa's regime. The rebels and the security forces were responsible for gross violation of human rights during this period. The JVP insurrection claimed more than 60,000 lives. A large number of youth were arrested in connection with anti-government activities. The suspects were kept in numerous detention centers.
Eliyakanda camp (in Matara District) became one of the detention centers and it was well-known for its inhuman handling of the detainees. It was also known as the K (killing) point. Rohitha Munasinge's book titled Eliyakanda wada kandawura (Killing Point) published in 2000 gives firsthand narration of torturing methods and merciless behavior of the K point guards. Rohitha Munasinge who was a detainee in this center underwent torture and also witnessed horrific events. He is now living in France.
According to Rohitha Munasinge the guards of the K point unleashed extreme brutality on the suspects. They used sledge hammers to beat prisoners. When a prisoner was hit on the head with a sledge hammer he falls down and then goes in to seizure with violent body movements says Rohitha Munasinge who witnessed such events. For sadistic amusement the guards named two of such sledge hammers as Loku Molaya (Large Brain) and Podi Molaya (Small Brain). If a detainee was found with a relatively minor offence he was hit with the small brain on the occipital region of the skull. For a big offence they used Large Brain to hit on the parietal region of the skull. When a victim falls and starts convulsions the guards became very excited and gathered to observe it. They called it break dance.
The inmates were kept for long hours without giving water. When they were given food the detainees had to eat everything within ten seconds. If any food remained on the plate after the 10th second the victims were beaten with clubs.
The Guards of the K Point
The K point guards were under educated youth who joined the Army low ranks during the height of the Eelam War. In 1989 the JVP issued an announcement to the armed forces members to resign from the military and they further said that those who disobey the order would suffer heavily. Several family members of the soldiers were killed after this notification and the soldiers became extremely hostile towards the rebels. They hated the JVP suspects and tortured them repeatedly.
Rohitha Munasinge says that many of the K point guards sexually molested the under aged suspects mostly the school boys those who were arrested for pasting JVP posters. Some guards openly talked about their atrocious acts and killings and boasted in front of others.
Munasinge describes on one remarkable guard who was kind to the prisoners. He had a minor disability in his right arm following arson and ever since he became less cruel to the suspects. When he was on guard he allowed the prisoners to have their meals without pressing for time. Once another guard tried to torture the prisoners unnecessarily he became so annoyed and pointed his gun at him. But on one occasion when the prisoners made a big noise (while talking with fellow prisoners) the said guard became angry and flogged the prisoners with his leather belt.
The K Point Guard Suffered from Malignant PTSD
Private xx2 worked as a guard at the K point during the 88/89 insurrection period. He used to physically beat the inmates, used to burn them with lighted cigarettes, pushed the genitals of the victims inside the drawer of a table then close the drawer causing them enormous pain, and sometimes conducted executions. He worked in the K point for about a year and half then got a transfer.
From 1992- 1993 his mental health started fading. He could hear the voices of his victims, their shouting in pain. Private xx2 had intense rage and as a result of repeated physical abuse, his wife and children left him. Several times, he tried to commit suicide. In 2002, he was diagnosed with PTSD after a series of psychological assessments and detailed clinical interviews.
Private xx2 had intrusions, nightmares, phobias, ideas of reference, hallucinations and various other trauma related symptoms. He was severely abusing alcohol in order to forget the events that occurred at the K point.
His recollections of the K point concurred with many descriptions given in the book Eliyakanda Wada Kandawura by Rohitha Munasinge. When Private xx2 was asked the color of the double cab vehicle in which they disposed dead bodies he gave the correct answer. This yellow color vehicle was vividly described in the book by the author.
The story of Private xx2 and his brutal experience as a guard at the K point recounts that the torture is a doubled edged sword that can harm not only the victims but the perpetrators too.
Stanley Milgram's Obedience Experiment, Philip Zimbardo 's Stanford Prison study demonstrated how average people could be turned in to evildoers. We ought to understand the power of social situations that can work as catalysts for ordinary people to rise above others and then perform cruel acts. From Stanford Prison study to Abu Ghraib prison, Guantanamo Bay detention camp, Hammond to the K point we see the situational dynamics, deindividuation, dehumanization, anonymity, diffusion of responsibility etc played crucial roles. These experiments and factual situations showed that human psyche is not totally pure or evil. Perhaps good and evil are part of the human condition.
Today the societies are full of religious, ethnic and racial tensions. Politicians like Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot etc and religious fanatics like Jim Jones could bring extreme carnage in to the society once again. Therefor people are not totally safe from evil. Economic recessions, mass unemployment, social unrests always welcome pseudo Messiahs forcing people to find scapegoats. As Zimbardo states all evil begin with an ideology. We have to find the root causes and social vectors of these social evils and how decent educated people turn in to un-empathetic monsters and banish their fellow human beings due to ethnic, religious or ideological differences or do nothing when wicked people are initiating gross human right violations.
Talking about good and evil the Great Russian novelist Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky once said "nothing is easier than to denounce the evildoer: Nothing more difficult than understanding him. Dostoyevsky was absolutely correct.
The Trouble Is The People Stupid!, Adjusting To Democracy's Deficits
Military Suicides: Lessons Learnt From The Eelam War In Sri Lanka
« Sri Lanka Rupavahini Is Not Allowed To Enter 2012 Olympic Opening
A Tale Of Two Interventions »


text:
Beyond Words: Dictionaries and Indigenous Languages
Beyond Words: Dictionaries and Indigenous Languages highlights the complex relationship between Indigenous languages and dictionaries over several centuries, from word lists and dictionaries developed for exploration, colonization, conversion and assimilation purposes, to online language materials being developed by Indigenous communities to transmit the elders' language knowledge to today's youth.
If you would like information about hosting this travelling exhibit, please contact exhibits@languagemuseum.ca
Markham Public Library, Aaniin Branch
L3S 3K5 Markham , Ontario
Monday, July 8, 2019 to Sunday, July 21, 2019
For all previous exhibit locations click here
Panels / Audio
Read Between the Signs: 150 Years of Language in Toronto
Toronto's diverse languages shape our city's streets. These languages are part of the landscape, visible in storefronts, building facades, and street signs. They can reflect, and sometimes even obscure, the communities that live and work in this city. In presenting a visual history of Toronto's languages, this exhibition makes use of archival and contemporary photos.
If you would like information about hosting this traveling exhibit, please contact exhibits@languagemuseum.ca
This exhibit is not currently on display.
To find out how to book an exhibit click here...
A Tapestry of Voices: Celebrating Canada's Languages
This exhibit surveys Canada's rich linguistic landscape, including over 60 aboriginal languages, Canada's two official languages (French and English), and more than 100 languages that immigrants have brought to our shores. The exhibit explores themes that touch the lives of speakers of every language in Canada, such as: How have the languages of Canada changed over time? What happens when languages come in contact? How can our languages be maintained for future generations?
The Canadian Language Museum presents an exhibit about Cree, the most widely spoken Canadian Aboriginal language. Six colourful panels present maps, photos and information on topics including the syllabic writing system, word formation, animacy, and the future of Cree. There are also audio clips of Cree dialects from across Canada.
Learn more about the Cree language by downloading our supplementary resources package below:
cree_resources_package_english.pdf
Photo credit: "Proof Close Up" by Christopher Chen (lumachrome)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode
Northern District Library
40 Orchard View Boulevard
M4R 1B9 Toronto , Ontario
Monday, October 21, 2019 to Saturday, October 26, 2019
Mount Dennis Library
M6N 3S3 Toronto , Ontario
Monday, October 7, 2019 to Saturday, October 19, 2019
Le français au Canada
Canada is not only the second largest country in the world, it is also the country with the largest number of native French speakers after France. French plays an important role in the linguistic landscape of Canada, perpetuating a language whose North American origins are nearly four centuries old. French in Canada presents the dynamic history and contemporary status of Francophone communities from coast to coast. This exhibit highlights the Laurentian and Acadian dialects and describes language contact with English and Aboriginal languages.
For more information, visit the website www.continent.uottawa.ca
Dans les prisons de Londres
Speaking the Inuit Way introduces viewers to the diversity of the Inuit language. This exhibit presents Inuit writing systems, dialect differences and modern revitalization efforts, and illustrates how the language reflects both historical and contemporary Inuit culture and identity.
Canadian English, Eh? focuses on Canadians' distinctive use of the English language. This exhibit explores the history of English in Canada, variations in Canadian English across the country and across generations, as well as influences from French and Aboriginal languages.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Painting becomes akin to staging, and the surface of the canvas, the set, in the work of Amber Koroluk-Stephenson. This November, at Anna Pappas Gallery, the Hobart-based painter brings bodies and buildings together in an indeterminate environment, an alternate world in which geographical distinctions of place are troubled, confounded, remade and rearticulated.
Since graduating from the Tasmanian School of Art with a BFA (Honours) in 2010 Amber Koroluk-Stephenson has held numerous solo and group exhibitions nationally including Bett Gallery, Hobart, MOP Projects, Sydney, Sawtooth, Launceston, Archive Space, Sydney, Contemporary Art Tasmania, Hobart, Trocadero Art Space, Melbourne and Firstdraft, Sydney.
She has has been selected for a number of Australian prizes including The Churchie National Emerging Artist Prize, Portia Geach Memorial Award, Ravenswood Art Prize, Tidal National Art Award, Redlands Art Award, Albany Art Prize, Glover Prize and Paddington Art Prize. Koroluk-Stephenson has received several grants and awards for her practice, including an Australia Council ArtStart Grant, a NAVA Australian Artists' Grant, Arts Tasmania ArtsBridge National and International Grants and a Highly Commended Soya Visual Art Award. Koroluk-Stephenson has also received numerous studio residencies including Contemporary Art Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Arts Tasmania, Cite Internationale des Arts in Paris.


text:
Q: Does a prediction interval have to contain the mean? I am having a huge problem with a conceptual problem that I came up with.
Say a company has a distribution that is highly skewed. Something similar to an exponential or lognormal only more extreme.  Now pretend the distribution is so skewed that the mean of the distribution is higher than the 99% Percentile of the distribution.  (Aka 1-2 extreme higher values caused the mean to be extremely high compared to the rest of distribution).
By definition, if this distribution was used to forecast a future value (aka a random sample from the distribution) would it be true that mean would not be in the 95% Prediction interval?
In my brain, a 95% predition interval is a range that 95% of all future values will fall between. For any distribution this should exactly equal the .025 Percentile on the lower bound, and the .975 percentile on the upper bound... If the mean is higher than the .975 Percentile, then the mean would not be within the '95% prediction interval'.
Am I thinking of this incorrectly?  It seems strange to report a forecast as

*

*Mean Forecasted Value:  6,000,0000

*95% Prediction Interval:   [400,5000].

A: No, a prediction interval need not contain the mean.  I think some of your confusion might be mixing prediction intervals and confidence intervals.  While the goal of a prediction interval is to contain with some certainty future values of the random variable, the goal of a confidence interval is to contain the true mean of distribution.
As you mentioned in highly skewed distributions these ideas seem to be at odds with each other.  The important thing is to recognize the value in each of the statistics provided.
The predictive value of the mean is:
1) Cumulative: As more samples come in, their average will tend toward the true mean.  So if the cumulative value is of interest (for instance, if you're gambling and dealing with winnings or losses you're interested in cumulative effects) then the mean is very useful.
2) Minimizes Squared Residuals: While squared residuals are a somewhat arbitrary quantity of interest it is worthwhile to know what your prediction is minimizing.
If however your goal is to minimize the absolute error in your predictions, the mean forecasted value of 6,000,000 is not what I would go with.

A: Consider the distribution of possible returns in the St Petersburg paradox:
Prob(1)=1/2
Prob(2)=1/4
Prob(4)=1/8
...
Prob(2^n)=1/2^(n+1)
The mean diverges and is outside of any reasonable prediction interval.  (The median is 1 in this case, but I don't know what I'd use for my point forecast.  Maybe Stephan Kolassa, see above, has a suggestion.)
There's another complication:  Let's say you want a 95% prediction interval for some distribution (other than the one I just mentioned).  Do you go from the 2.5%tile to the 97.5%tile or the 0 to the 95th or the 5th to the 100th or....?  The answer probably depends on why you are asking the question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Combatte nella categoria dei pesi gallo per l'organizzazione UFC. In passato ha combattuto nella categoria dei pesi mosca per l'organizzazione UFC, nella quale è stato un contendente al titolo di categoria nel 2013 e nel 2015, venendo sconfitto dal campione Demetrious Johnson; nel 2011 vinse il torneo dei pesi gallo della 14-esima edizione del reality show The Ultimate Fighter.

Carriera nelle arti marziali miste

Inizi
John Dodson nasce nel Nuovo Messico da genitori di origini afroamericane e filippine.

Come moltri altri atleti statunitensi di arti marziali miste Dodson vanta un buon background nella lotta libera a livello scolastico, essendo stato per due volte campione statale del Nuovo Messico.

Nel 2002 Dodson inizia ad allenarsi nella palestra di Greg Jackson che ha sede proprio ad Albuquerque, sua città natale.
Debutta nel 2004 con una vittoria per sottomissione in un incontro per una promozione locale.

Già nel suo secondo match ha la possibilità di combattere in Giappone contro il futuro campione Shooto Yasuhiro Urushitani, lottatore che negli anni a venire si confermerà uno dei lottatori più forti dei pesi mosca: Dodson subisce la sua prima sconfitta in carriera, venuta per decisione dei giudici di gara.

Dal 2005 al 2010 Dodson combatterà in promozioni minori degli Stati Uniti, mettendo a segno un record personale di 11-5 e ottenendo vittorie importanti contro il futuro lottatore WEC Clint Godfrey e l'imbattuto prospetto John Moraga; in quegli anni lotta anche per il titolo dei pesi mosca Ultimate Warrior Challenge, perdendo la sfida decisiva per pochi punti.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Causa la momentanea assenza della divisione dei pesi mosca nella promozione dominante UFC Dodson accetta di combattere come peso gallo e nel 2011 prende parte alla 14-esima stagione del reality show The Ultimate Fighter organizzato proprio dall'UFC: allenato da Jason "Mayhem" Miller riesce a vincere il torneo di categoria dominando nell'ordine John Albert, l'esperto Johnny Bedford ed in finale mette KO l'imbattuto T.J. Dillashaw, vincendo il torneo ed ottenendo il premio Knockout of the Night.

Ottenuto un contratto con l'UFC Dodson scende nella neonata divisione dei pesi mosca, categoria più consona al suo fisico.
Debutta in tale categoria UFC nel 2012 con una vittoria per decisione unanime su Tim Elliott, lottatore che sostituiva l'indisponibile Darren Uyenoyama.

In seguito, dato anche il corto roster del quale disponeva l'UFC in quel momento per i pesi mosca, Dodson poté subito combattere un incontro che avrebbe determinato il contendente al titolo che era nelle mani del neo-campione Demetrious Johnson: Dodson affrontò il forte brasiliano Jussier Formiga, al tempo unanimemente considerato uno dei primi 5 pesi mosca al mondo, e in quell'incontro Dodson dimostra di avere un pugno da KO per la categoria dei pesi mosca, riuscendo a stendere il proprio avversario nel secondo round.

Il match per il titolo si svolse nel gennaio 2013 con l'evento UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Dodson contro il campione in carica Demetrious Johnson: Dodson partì bene nei primi due round ma calò notevolmente alla distanza, e al termine dell'incontro tutti i giudici assegnarono la vittoria al rivale.

In ottobre torna alla vittoria con uno spettacolare KO nel primo round contro il promettente Darrell Montague, venendo premiato con il riconoscimento Knockout of the Night.
In dicembre avrebbe dovuto sostituire Ian McCall ed affrontare l'ex peso gallo Scott Jorgensen, ma proprio Dodson s'infortunò.

Nel giugno 2014 si impose anche sull'ex contendente al titolo e numero 5 dei ranking John Moraga, contro il quale aveva già vinto un incontro nel 2010.
In seguito all'incontro dovette operarsi al legamento crociato anteriore e al menisco.

A maggio dell'anno successivo sconfigge per decisione unanime Zach Makovsky, all'evento UFC 187. Mentre a settembre del 2015 affronta nuovamente il campione in carica Demetrious Johnson; Dodson venne sconfitto per decisione unanime, sfumando per la seconda volta l'opportunità di diventare il nuovo campione dei pesi mosca.

Il 16 aprile del 2016 dovette affrontare Manvel Gamburyan in un match valido per la categoria dei pesi gallo. A soli 47 secondi dall'inizio del match, Dodson sfruttando la sua velocità riuscì a colpire ripetutamente il volto di Gamburyan con una serie di pugni, ponendo fine all'incontro per KO tecnico.

A ottobre dovrà affrontare il brasiliano John Lineker. Durante la cerimonia del peso, Lineker superò il limite massimo della categoria, pesando 61,9 kg. Il match venne quindi spostato nella categoria catchweight. Il match durò ben 5 riprese, dove entrambi i lottatori scambiarono un gran numero di colpi in piedi, regalando al pubblico un grandissimo incontro. Alla fine Dodoson venne sconfitto per decisione non unanime.

Risultati nelle arti marziali miste
Gli incontri segnati su sfondo grigio si riferiscono ad incontri di esibizione non ufficiali o comunque non validi per essere integrati nel record da professionista.

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Senhor do Bonfim é um município brasileiro localizado no centro-norte da Bahia. Localizado a 375 quilômetros da capital Salvador, sua população, conforme estimativas do IBGE de 2019, era de  habitantes. O município possui uma forte tradição de festas juninas e é considerada a capital baiana do forró.

História

A história da formação de Senhor do Bonfim está diretamente relacionada à busca de ouro e pedras preciosas e à introdução da criação de gado no sertão baiano. Em fins do século XVI, portugueses pertencentes à Casa da Torre, organizavam expedições com destino ao rio São Francisco e às minas de ouro de Jacobina, iniciando a ocupação do interior da província e a formação de vias de comunicação com o litoral.

Situado em zona de passagem dessas expedições, estabeleceu-se no território do atual município uma rancharia de tropeiros no século XVII, servindo de pouso para vaqueiros, bandeirantes e desbravadores que transitavam naquela região. Na mesma época, dentro da estratégia de catequese das populações indígenas, foi criado o arraial da Missão do Sahy a partir de 1697, dirigido pela Ordem dos Frades Menores ou Ordem dos Padres Franciscanos. No Arraial, estabelecido nas proximidades de uma aldeia pataxó, foram construídos convento e igreja sob invocação de Nossa Senhora das Neves. Em 1720, o arraial do Sahy passou à categoria de Vila, sediando a comarca de Jacobina até 1724, quando a sede foi transferida para a Vila de mesmo nome.

Com o crescimento da atividade pecuária, a expansão das pastagens e o consequente avanço da ocupação do sertão baiano, formou-se uma povoação ao redor da antiga rancharia, às margens da estrada das Boiadas Em 1750, o núcleo contava com várias edificações e com população estabelecida, recebendo a denominação de arraial de Senhor do Bonfim da Tapera.

O Arraial, além de rota para a penetração no território, destacava-se como importante núcleo, desenvolvendo-se com base em atividades ligadas à criação de gado. As riquezas minerais da Região, além da localização privilegiada do Arraial, atraiam grande número de tropeiros, aventureiros e peões vindos de outras partes da Bahia e do Nordeste, dificultando o controle e a ordem na localidade. O município criado em 1776 por força de Carta Régia, para solucionar os constantes problemas que surgiam em 1799 com a população local que chegava a 600 pessoas, requereu ao governo da Província a criação da Vila, solicitação que foi atendida no mesmo ano com a instalação da Vila Nova da Rainha em primeiro de outubro.

Em 1885, a vila foi elevada à categoria de cidade, passando a chamar-se Senhor do Bonfim.

Geografia
A cidade está localizada no sopé sul da Serra do Gado Bravo, extensão da Chapada Diamantina, na Cordilheira do Espinhaço. Sua altitude, na região central da cidade, é de 453 metros acima do nível do mar, mas possui locais na extensão do município com altitude superior a 600 metros. Por ter localização privilegiada, é sempre verde em todos os meses do ano, sempre abastecida de frutas e verduras da região denominada "Grota", nos vales da cordilheira.

Nos seus domínios encontram-se várias nascentes de rios, todos pertencentes à bacia do Rio Itapicuru. Existem vários açudes no município, como o Açude do Sohen, Açude do Quiçé, Açude da Boa Vista, que ajudam a minorar a falta d'água nos tempos de seca. Esses açudes represam riachos também pertencentes à bacia do rio Itapicuru.

Na área do município é possível observar vários tipos de vegetação, desde a densa mata serrana, remanescente da Mata Atlântica, até a caatinga, sendo um observatório perfeito para quem pretende contemplar ou estudar os aspectos da cobertura vegetal do Nordeste brasileiro.

Segundo dados do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), referentes ao período de 1977 a 2011, a menor temperatura registrada em Senhor do Bonfim foi de  em 9 de junho de 1997, e a maior atingiu  em 3 de outubro de 1997. O maior acumulado de precipitação em 24 horas foi de  milímetros (mm) em 7 de fevereiro de 1991. Acumulados acima de  também ocorreram nos dias 30 de março de 2008 () e 11 de janeiro de 1999 ().

Distritos
 Senhor do Bonfim
 Carrapichel
 Igara
 Missão do Sahy
 Quiçé
 Tijuaçu

Povoados
 Baraúnas
 Barroca do Faleiro
 Barro
 Boa Vista
 Caatinguinha
 Caçador
 Cachoeirinha
 Caldeirão de Dentro
 Campo do Meio
 Canavieira
 Cariacá
 Coité
 Estiva
 Itapicuru
 Lagoa do Boi
 Passagem Velha
 Pereiros
 Rancharia
 Socotó
 Tanquinho
 Tanque Velho
 Tapuia
 Terrerinho
 Umburanas
 Varzéa do Mulato
 Santa Rosa de Lima
 Várzea Grande
 Gameleira

Economia
A região que Senhor do Bonfim centraliza é uma rica província mineral, destacando-se a grande produção de cobre (Mina da Caraíba), Cromo (Mina de Pedrinhas e Ferbasa), ouro, vanádio, magnesita, ferro, manganês, calcita, granito, ametista (Mina da Cabeluda), esmeralda (Minas da Carnaíba e Socotó) e níquel.

Possui também uma intensa atividade agropecuária, com produção considerável de milho e feijão bem como de gado de corte. Destaca-se também na pecuária leiteira. Possui dois matadouros para abate do gado bovino, caprino e ovino e começa a destacar-se também na produção de suínos.

Merece destaque a agricultura familiar que serve de sustento para uma parcela considerável da população e é geralmente comercializada na feira livre, pelos próprios produtores.

Infraestrutura

Educação
Senhor do Bonfim é uma das quatro cidades baianas (Vitoria da Conquista, Salvador e Cachoeira) a sediar o Educandário Nossa Senhora do Santíssimo Sacramento, fundado a 22 de junho de 1937, além de uma variada rede de escolas particulares e públicas, como o Colégio Modelo Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Colégio Isabel de Queiroz, Colégio Teixeira de Freitas dentre outros.

Em 1986, foi inaugurada a então Faculdade de Educação de Senhor do Bonfim, hoje Departamento de Educação do Campus VII da Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), considerada pioneira e uma das mais tradicionais instituições do ensino superior público na Bahia e que oferece cursos de graduação, licenciaturas e bacharelados em diversas áreas, como também Cursos de Especialização lato sensu e Mestrado.

A cidade abriga um campus do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia Baiano (IFBaiano, antiga Escola Agrotécnica), que oferece Cursos técnicos de nível médio e pós-médio, cursos do PRONATEC, Graduação, Ensino à Distância e Pós-graduação.

A Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB), articulada com a Universidade São Carlos.

Em 2011 a Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), inaugurou um campus na cidade, que possui ainda uma ampla gama de instituições privadas de nível superior, tornando o município um polo de referência educacional na região.

Comunicações
 97.3 - FM Rainha
 105.9 - Princesa FM (Faixa comunitária)

Cultura
Senhor do Bonfim é considerada a Capital Baiana do Forró. Sua Festa de São João, que é o maior evento junino da Bahia e está entre os maiores do Brasil, é muito conhecida pela guerra de espadas (proibida desde 2017 por decisão do TJ-BA com fulcro no art. 16 do Estatuto do Desarmamento) e pela tradição cultural de seu povo de acender fogueiras em frente às suas residências. As noites juninas são animadas por inúmeros grupos de forró e desfiles de 'quadrilhas', que seguindo a tradição portuguesa consiste em pares que executam várias evoluções de passos de dança, sempre ao ritmo do forró pé de serra.

A festa em Senhor do Bonfim transcorre durante todo o mês de junho e envolve toda a área urbana. Várias ruas são decoradas com motivos juninos e nordestinos, tendo como homenageada a figura de Luiz Gonzaga. Durante os festejos desta época, a cidade de Senhor do Bonfim recebe cerca de 80 mil visitantes. Nesses dias é possível conhecer e desfrutar uma enorme variedade de pratos da culinária nordestina, como o bode assado, a buchada, o sarapatel, o feijão de torresmo, a legítima carne do sol do sertão, o feijão verde, o andu, a canjica, a pamonha, os mingaus variados, o baião de dois, dentre outros. A variedade de bebidas típicas dos festejos como os licores caseiros é abundante, e é essencial provar desde os mais tradicionais, como o de jenipapo, maracujá, laranja e gengibre como os mais modernos, de uvas passas.

As serras são especiais para a prática do motocross e trilhas, adequadas para hiking. Para os amantes da vela, a 40 quilômetros de distância, as represas de Ponto Novo e Pindobaçu, são ótimas para a prática desse esporte, sendo que na primeira existe uma etapa da Copa de Vela da Bahia. Nesses dois lagos pratica-se também pesca esportiva.

No Monte Tabor, localizado no distrito de Missão do Sahy, ainda podem ser encontradas ruínas das edificações realizadas pelos padres franciscanos, principalmente de uma capela no topo da elevação.

A cidade também realiza anualmente, no mês de julho, a procissão de São Cristóvão, considerado o santo padroeiro dos motoristas.

Ligações externas

 Página da Prefeitura Municipal

Fundações na Bahia na década de 1790


AWinware Pdf Security Remover application is fast desktop program helps to decrypt encrypted & user password protected pdf files. This advance Windows utility can perform batch pdf unlocking, supports decryption of RC4 and AES 128 bits encrypted strong protection removal. Download free evaluation of pdf password remover, removes both user password as well as owner password. User password also known as pdf open password stands for opening and viewing pdf contents while owner password also known as permissions password stands for various user level restrictions like pdf editing, printing, content copying on clipboard, signing, commenting, and page extraction. Pdf security remover software instantly enables all pdf rights, permits user to copy pdf text & graphics on clipboard, allow pdf editing & printing, form filling, signing, commenting and pdf page extraction etc. Features: # Program can remove user as well as owner password. # Utility is compatible with all Windows OS. # Users don't need to provide owner password for decryption. # Tool supports decryption of RC4 as well as AES 128 bits encryption level security. # Program is easy to use and does not require extra technical skills to operate.


Introducing a very nice look to the house is quite effortless, people simply need to apply the reasoning behind coming from Closet Painting Ideas pic gallery. Whether your private upgrading job is focused over the major and also trivial improvements, the following Closet Painting Ideas photograph stock can be especially ideal for your private a blueprint. Closet Painting Ideas picture stock will allow you to supply a superb influence with the look of your dwelling which can be only just use some ideas. There is lots of ideas which you could decide on this amazing Closet Painting Ideas photograph stock, in addition to every single design has got a unique originality. Go for the technique of Closet Painting Ideas pic stock of which in accordance with your require and additionally flavor which means your home provides convenience back to you. You can actually intermix a lot of classic lighting fixtures to complement the concept you end up picking from Closet Painting Ideas photo stock. As well as the type from this marvelous Closet Painting Ideas graphic gallery also will work nicely by using several modern day accesories. Consequently, regardless if you will be some sort of fanatic of an vintage or simply current look, that Closet Painting Ideas graphic collection has to be your best personal preference.
You may use Closet Painting Ideas pic stock being mention of offer a great appear to your residence. That designing type of which exhibited by way of every single picture in Closet Painting Ideas pic collection can be timeless in addition to modern, so you can get a fresh glimpse on your property at any time. If perhaps applied accordingly, your versions from this Closet Painting Ideas picture stock can provide an elegant together with glamorous check that can create anyone stunned. This Closet Painting Ideas image gallery not alone courses you to ultimately give a beautiful check to your dwelling, nonetheless you can also acquire a calming atmosphere. A Hi-Definition level of quality photos furnished by Closet Painting Ideas pic collection will assist to your private remodeling job perfectly. I highly recommend you love this particular Closet Painting Ideas photo stock , nor leave behind to help you save this page.


text:
Bayinnaung ou Bayintnaung (birmanês ဘုရင့်နောင်  lit. O irmão mais velho do Rei; em português Braginoco; em Língua tailandesa พระเจ้าบุเรงนอง   (Burinnaung ou Burengnong)  foi o terceiro rei da dinastia Taungû, na actual Birmânia (reinou de 1551 a 1581). Venerado no país, é sobretudo conhecido por ter acabado sua unificação e conquistado o estado Shan, assim como uma parte da Tailândia e do Laos. Também é bem conhecido na Tailândia por uma canção popular chamada  "Pu Chanah Sip Tit" significando "Conquistador das dez direcções."

Reconquista da Birmânia (1550-1555)
Bayinnaung chamava-se Kyaw Htin Nawrata ou Htin Kyaw Nawrahta. Bayinnaung era o nome que lhe tinha dado seu cunhado, o rei Tabinshwehti (reino de 1530 a 1550). Depois do assassinato de Tabinshwehti pelos mons da sua corte de Pegu em 1550, Bayinnaung teve que trabalhar para recuperar o reino. Retomou Taungû e Prome em 1551, Pegu, Martabão e Pathein em 1552, e finalmente a antiga capital Ava em 1555.

Conquistas exteriores

Depois de tornar a apoderar-se da Alta e da Baixa Birmânia, lançou uma expedição contra os Shans do Nordeste. Conquistou Mong Mit, Thibaw, Yawnghwe, Mong Yang e Mogaung em 1557.

O ano seguinte, foi a vez de Mong Nai e de Chiang Mai (Zin Mè), capital do Reino de Lanna. Em 1563 submeteu o estado sino-tailandês de Mong Mao.

No mesmo ano, lançou também uma campanha contra o Reino de Aiutaia (Sião). Encontrou grande resistência, mas conseguiu finalmente apoderar-se da capital em 1569. Milhares de cativos foram levados para a Birmânia e o Sião transformou-se em estado vassalo do reino de Taungû (libertou-se em 1584, sob Maha Tammaratchathirat I).

No fim dos anos de 1560, vários viajantes europeus como Cesar Fedrici e Gaspero Balbi visitaram Pegú, e deixaram descrições detalhadas do reino de Bayinnaung.

Últimos anos
Nos anos 1570, Bayinnaung atacou o reino de Lan Xang (Lin Zin, ou Milhão de elefantes) no actual Laos. O seu rei Setthathirat e os habitantes da capital Vientiane fugiram para a selva, onde continuaram a luta.

Bayinnaung persegui-os, mas o combate transformou-se em guerrilha. Confrontado com um inimigo invisível, e sem vitória decisiva, Bayinnaung teve que deixar o país.

De regresso a Lan Xang em 1574, tentou de fazer voltar os habitantes para Vientiane para reconstruir o reino com um soberano escolhido por ele.

Teve também que lançar uma expedição para reafirmar o seu controlo sobre o estado Shan de Mogaung em 1576.

Á sua morte, em 1581 Bayinnaung estava no ponto de lançar um ataque contra o reino de Arracão. O seu filho Nandabayin sucedeu-lhe.

Ligações externas
 , by Pamaree Surakiat,Mar 2006, Asia Research Institute, Singapore.
 , by U Thaw Kaung.

  Jon Fernquest, Mae Fa Luang University, SOAS bulletin, Spring 2005
  The Back Page, The Irrawaddy, February 2007
  Khun Sam, The Irrawaddy, January 25 2007
  Sai Silp, The Irrawaddy, February 2007

Monarcas de Myanmar
Políticos de Myanmar
Mortos em 1581


What kind of foods do you eat? It's my favorite food. Why don't we go dancing? There are four members in our family. I feel more alert after drinking a cup of coffee. To my mind this one's better. There's a restaurant over there, but I don't think it's very good. Bring them here. She wants to meet him again. Algebra is a branch of mathematics.
Dota 6.73: - When do you go to bed?
- I wasn't aware that you were feeling that bad.
- May I do it right now?
- Where did you learn English?
- He's had many unhappy experiences.
- Can you find it?
- She looked around, but she couldn't see anything.
- It will snow tomorrow.
- We shared the cost of the meal.
She testified against him. John is going on vacation tomorrow. How do you write your last name? I'm going to study at the library. I have to take an exam tomorrow. We complained about the poor service. Sure, what's up? She bit him. We���re going to make sure that no one is taking advantage of the American people for their own short-term gain. The car is fixed. I know, they look very similar.
it's not suppose to rain today. That's not the problem. Where are you going? What's your major? I didn't need to tell him. She heard him scream, so she ran into his bedroom. His sudden appearance surprised us all. My mother is making a cake for my father. There is a hole in his sock. Is he a friend of yours?
Vybz Kartel Ft Tommy Lee Betray Di Gaza Boss: - She persuaded him to marry her.
- Please keep in touch.
- We live near a big library.
- I wish you good luck.
- Do you have a lot of pens?
- He came several times.
- My family is not that large.
- I have put in three years of service in Film Making.
- I can't figure out how to open this suitcase.
- Where is your cap?
Tom cut classes again. I offered to lend money to her. I want a few empty glasses. It doesn't bother me if you take that book. I'd be unhappy, but I wouldn't kill myself. When did you arrive in Boston? What woke you up? I have a lot of things that I must deal with. Has she ever fallen in love? I'm free tonight.
You look so pale. She knows her limitations. Okay. Please shut the door. There are many rats on the ship. The car wouldn't start. No, not yet. I sent out a lot of resumes, but I didn't receive many responses. It's pretty hard to find a job right now. Oh, I am sorry to hear that. Is your father still working? Hi Sarah, how are you? I have to look for my pen.
Microsoft Word 2010 Francais: - Please show me another.
- What in the world do you think you're doing?
- She stared at him with hatred.
- Now, let me see.
- She told him that she was leaving.
- I'd like a table near the window.
- The horse stopped and wouldn't move.
- Christmas is December 25th.
- I know that she has been busy.
There is no school today. We debated the problem. He's so thin that he looks like a skeleton. Hello, Marriott Hotel, how may I help you? Is there anyone you're interested in? He never fails to call his mother on her birthday. I wondered why people were staring at me. She dumped him. How is your brother? I thought we were going to go somewhere.
I have a burning sensation in the eyes. I advised her to come by 9:00. This one is prettier. The soldier gave his name. When is your birthday? I can't go with you because I'm very busy. She used to enjoy being with him. Is he breathing? I bought this shirt yesterday. Who told you?
Gchat Install: - Tell me the truth.
- I am thinking about that matter.
- It seems obvious that he is sick.
- It's my business to investigate such things.
- She was too short to see over the fence.
- I have a lot of things that I must deal with.
- Sorry, we don't have any.
- I saw a boy crossing the street.
- I don't know what to do next.
How did you spend your vacation? If you would move over, there would be room for everyone. I'm worn out. I would like to drastically decrease the amount of time it takes me to clean the house. Whose friend is he? I was a teacher. I wish I had seen her. Would you like to watch TV? Is it nearby? I'll either write to you or phone you next week.
He was determined to go abroad. He looks older than my brother. I haven't the faintest idea what you mean. Please refer to page ten. The castle is now in ruins. She was born last year. Tomorrow is Christmas Day. He suggested that we go for a swim. That was my major when I started college, but I switched to engineering after the first year. It will snow tomorrow.
Email Extractor Software Reviews: - I bought every book on Japan I could find.
- She took a walk before breakfast.
- I admire your courage.
- Is he coming regularly?
- We were so excited that we couldn't sit still.
- It's time for bed.
- He kept silent all day.
- She heard him scream.
You look nice with your hair short. Yes, that was fun. She suggested that I give it to him right away. The nurse attended the patient. According to Mike, Mac bought a new car. I refuse to be ignored any longer. I'll be very busy next month. I thought I'd try eating Mexican food today. I can't put up with her any longer. Mary and I are in the same class.
I went to see the baseball game yesterday. That's OK, I didn't want to bother you. I know you don't like to wake up early. Does he like the school? If she calls again tell her I'm gonna to be late. Meet them in person. I'd like to go see a movie. A lot of people are dealing with hay fever now. He needs some new clothes. Yes. Last time I went to the doctor, he did some tests and told me I have allergies. It gets worse in the spring. He has been sick in bed all week.
Ncis S10e10 Torrent: - Is this 617-228-2289?
- I think we should get there early because they might be sold out. Is 5:00PM OK?
- Ask him to call me. He has my number.
- He's very young. He's much younger than Tom.
- Tom is not a lazy boy. As a matter of fact, he works hard.
- What newspaper do you subscribe to?
- I have a high fever.
- I heard him go out.
- They can speak Spanish.
- Shall I ask them to wait?
We had a pleasant evening. The captain ordered his men to gather at once. I think you're right. They're going to close soon. Has the mailman already come? He likes coffee without sugar. If he had taken my advice, he would now be rich. She nursed him back to health. I will ask him to meet you tomorrow at 5 o'clock. I regarded Tom as a friend. He likes to swim.
She used to be a very shy girl. Who is playing the guitar? Tom arrived last. I called you yesterday. Did you get my message? If I had to take a guess, I'd say she's 26 He can also speak Russian. He was born in Ohio. That's not the problem. I thought the clothes were cheaper. She forgave him.
Hp Officejet 4500 Wireless: - Did you have a nice summer?
- I'll bring it to you tomorrow.
- She is from France.
- Tom has no wish to study.
- When is the sports day?
- I think it's time for me to call it quits.
- It was a terrible affair.
- Do as you please.
- Let's go by car.
- Lisa, would you like to go to the library with me?
She looked lonely. About 2 weeks. What time do you have supper? Everything's going to be OK. He is a self-made man. We have no sugar. You must be kidding! How's your mother? Take whichever one you like. He is suffering from a headache.
If you are also a warez blogger and want to talk about it, you are in the right place. Here we are sharing links to the file hostings, which store all of our favorite warez and can upload them in no time. We enjoy talking about them and sharing info about how to use them. If you have any additional questions, maybe about one of your files, which is stored here, contact us.


With the Anticipated Ban on Plastic Straws in the UK, These Eco-Friendly Silicone Straws Offer the Perfect Solution. The Thick Silicone Walls are Highly Durable and Resistant to Biting and Chewing Meaning They can be Reused Over and Over Again. Our Drinking Straws are Available in Two Different Styles, Single Part Straw or Two Part Straw With Detachable End for Easy Cleaning. The Soft, Flexible Design and Wide Diameter Makes These Straws Practical and Suitable for all Types of Thick Drinks Both Hot and Cold Including Smoothies and Soups. Made From FDA Certified Food Grade Silicone With No Bpas, Phthalates, Glues Or Lead, They are Both Dishwasher and Microwave Safe. These Low Cost, Lightweight Straws are the Ideal Environmentally Friendly Promotional Gift With Branding Available on the Side of the Straw. Standard Colours: Light Green, Dark Green, Light Blue, Dark Blue, Red, Yellow, Orange, Purple. Minimum Quantity : 500.


text:
Home Research > Members > 1660-1690 > CORNWALLIS, Charles II (1632-73)
CORNWALLIS, Charles II (1632-73), of Brome Hall, Suff.
Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690, ed. B.D. Henning, 1983
1661 - 7 Jan. 1662
bap. 19 Apr. 1632, 1st s. of Sir Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis, by 1st w. m. Margaret, da. of Sir Thomas Playsted of Arlington, Suss., 8s. (3 d.v.p.) 2da. KB 23 Apr. 1661; suc. fa. as 2nd Baron Cornwallis 7 Jan. 1662.
Capt. of militia horse, Suff. Apr. 1660; commr. for assessment, Suff. Aug. 1660-d., Mdx. 1661-2; j.p. Suff. 1662-d.; alderman, Thetford by 1669-?d.; steward, honour of Eye 1671-d.1
Although Cornwallis's eligibility under the Long Parliament ordinance must have been dubious, he was returned for Eye at the general election of 1660. An inactive Member of the Convention, he was appointed in the first session only to the committee of elections and privileges and made no recorded speeches, but he was teller in five divisions. On 1 Aug. he opposed the bill for inquiring into embezzlements during the Interregnum. After the recess he was added to the committee for the militia bill, and appointed to two other committees of less importance. A court supporter, he was teller for the grant of the second moiety of the excise to the King for life. Re-elected in 1661, he was a very active Member in the first session of the Cavalier Parliament. He was appointed to 39 committees, including the committee of elections and privileges and the committee for the security bill, and acted as teller on three occasions. He was named to the committee for the corporations bill, and opposed the motion that all Members who attended it should be allowed to vote. He was also among those named to consider the bill of pains and penalties and to ask the lord treasurer for a report on the condition of the Forest of Dean. His career in the Commons was cut short by the death of his father at the end of the Christmas recess. He himself died on 13 Apr. 1673, aged 41, and was buried at Culford. His grandson was returned for Eve as a Whig in 1695.2
Author: M. W. Helms
1. Cal. Treas. Bks. iii. 888.
2. CJ, viii. 188, 277; CSP Dom. 1660-1, p. 559.


text:
59 Results Found in Sanpada-Navi-Mumbai
Showroom on Sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 1,993 sq ft
Ground Floor Showroom on Sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 1,305 sq ft
1,304 sq ft Showroom on Sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai

This retail space is available for sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai. It has a carpet area of 920 square feet and a built up area of 1334 square feet. The property is unfurnished and comes with its own private washroom. Concerning amenities, this Vashi building has full time security, two lifts, reserved car parking (a dedicated car park comes with this unit), power backup, a fire fighting system and water storage. Lastly, this property is well situated on the main road, is within walking distance of Vashi Railway Station and easily accessible via rail & road.

Navi Mumbai

Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai) is located directly east of Mumbai and is connected by the Vashi Bridge & Airoli Bridge to the Eastern Express Highway. Navi Mumbai is a planned township that covers a vast area of approximately 344 square kilometers and has expanded to include its own international airport that will be completed in 2019.

Navi Mumbai is home to a large educated work force and is often preferred over Mumbai due to the less expensive residential properties, better infrastructure, more space & less pollution than its neighbor to the west. Navi Mumbai’s highly educated middle class and upper middle class population is an asset for any business.

Navi Mumbai is an alternative to the more expensive Mumbai office and retail spaces. In addition to being less expensive, Navi Mumbai offers more modern commercial properties with larger floor plates than Mumbai not to mention quality infrastructure that is sometimes lacking in Mumbai proper.

The main commercial areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi, Nerul, Seawoods, CBD Belapur, Kharghar, MIDC Industrial Area (Turbhe & Pawane), Ghansoli & Airoli. Navi Mumbai houses countless IT parks (Reliable Plaza, K Raheja Corp Mindspace), malls & office complexes.

Shopping malls in Navi Mumbai include Inorbit, Raghuleela, Centre One, Little World Mall & Glomax Mall. In addition, the following corporates & organizations have their offices in Navi Mumbai: Bizerba, CIDCO, Wipro, Bureau Veritas, Capgemini, Accenture, Larsen & Toubro, Siemens, Reliance, Fortis Hosptiral, MGM Hospital, Wockhardt & RBI.

Navi Mumbai is more than just a commercial hub, it is also home to DY Patil Sports Stadium where the Indian Premium League & Indian Super League games are played, DY Patil University, Central Park, its own golf course, Bharti Vidyapeeth University, Medical Colleges & Cidco Exhibition Center.
 ... Read more
920 sq ft Showroom on Sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai
920 sq ft Showroom on Sale in Vashi - Navi Mumbai
Showroom on Sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 920 sq ft

This retail space is available for sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai. It has a carpet area of 4,508 square feet (a built up area of 6,500 square feet) which includes the basement, the ground floor and the first floor. The property is unfurnished and comes with its three private washroom. Concerning amenities, this Vashi building has full time security, two lifts, reserved car parking (three dedicated car parks comes with this unit), power backup, a fire fighting system and water storage. Lastly, this property is well situated on the main road, is within walking distance of Vashi Railway Station and easily accessible via rail & road.

Navi Mumbai

Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai) is located directly east of Mumbai and is connected by the Vashi Bridge & Airoli Bridge to the Eastern Express Highway. Navi Mumbai is a planned township that covers a vast area of approximately 344 square kilometers and has expanded to include its own international airport that will be completed in 2019.

Navi Mumbai is home to a large educated work force and is often preferred over Mumbai due to the less expensive residential properties, better infrastructure, more space & less pollution than its neighbor to the west. Navi Mumbai’s highly educated middle class and upper middle class population is an asset for any business.

Navi Mumbai is an alternative to the more expensive Mumbai office and retail spaces. In addition to being less expensive, Navi Mumbai offers more modern commercial properties with larger floor plates than Mumbai not to mention quality infrastructure that is sometimes lacking in Mumbai proper.

The main commercial areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi, Nerul, Seawoods, CBD Belapur, Kharghar, MIDC Industrial Area (Turbhe & Pawane), Ghansoli & Airoli. Navi Mumbai houses countless IT parks (Reliable Plaza, K Raheja Corp Mindspace), malls & office complexes.

Shopping malls in Navi Mumbai include Inorbit, Raghuleela, Centre One, Little World Mall & Glomax Mall. In addition, the following corporates & organizations have their offices in Navi Mumbai: Bizerba, CIDCO, Wipro, Bureau Veritas, Capgemini, Accenture, Larsen & Toubro, Siemens, Reliance, Fortis Hosptiral, MGM Hospital, Wockhardt & RBI.

Navi Mumbai is more than just a commercial hub, it is also home to DY Patil Sports Stadium where the Indian Premium League & Indian Super League games are played, DY Patil University, Central Park, its own golf course, Bharti Vidyapeeth University, Medical Colleges & Cidco Exhibition Center.
 ... Read more
Showroom on Sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 4508 sq ft

This retail space is available for sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai. It has a carpet area of 3,573 square feet (a built up area of 1,786 square feet) and comes with an attached terrace. The property is unfurnished and comes with its own private washroom. Concerning amenities, this Vashi building has full time security, two lifts, reserved car parking (two dedicated car parks comes with this unit), power backup, a fire fighting system and water storage. Lastly, this property is well situated on the main road, is within walking distance of Vashi Railway Station and easily accessible via rail & road.

Navi Mumbai

Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai) is located directly east of Mumbai and is connected by the Vashi Bridge & Airoli Bridge to the Eastern Express Highway. Navi Mumbai is a planned township that covers a vast area of approximately 344 square kilometers and has expanded to include its own international airport that will be completed in 2019.

Navi Mumbai is home to a large educated work force and is often preferred over Mumbai due to the less expensive residential properties, better infrastructure, more space & less pollution than its neighbor to the west. Navi Mumbai’s highly educated middle class and upper middle class population is an asset for any business.

Navi Mumbai is an alternative to the more expensive Mumbai office and retail spaces. In addition to being less expensive, Navi Mumbai offers more modern commercial properties with larger floor plates than Mumbai not to mention quality infrastructure that is sometimes lacking in Mumbai proper.

The main commercial areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi, Nerul, Seawoods, CBD Belapur, Kharghar, MIDC Industrial Area (Turbhe & Pawane), Ghansoli & Airoli. Navi Mumbai houses countless IT parks (Reliable Plaza, K Raheja Corp Mindspace), malls & office complexes.

Shopping malls in Navi Mumbai include Inorbit, Raghuleela, Centre One, Little World Mall & Glomax Mall. In addition, the following corporates & organizations have their offices in Navi Mumbai: Bizerba, CIDCO, Wipro, Bureau Veritas, Capgemini, Accenture, Larsen & Toubro, Siemens, Reliance, Fortis Hosptiral, MGM Hospital, Wockhardt & RBI.

Navi Mumbai is more than just a commercial hub, it is also home to DY Patil Sports Stadium where the Indian Premium League & Indian Super League games are played, DY Patil University, Central Park, its own golf course, Bharti Vidyapeeth University, Medical Colleges & Cidco Exhibition Center.
 ... Read more
Retail Space on Sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 3573 sq ft

This retail space is available for sale in Vashi, Navi Mumbai. It has a carpet area of 4,622 square feet and a built up area of 7,626 square feet. The property is unfurnished and comes with its own private washroom. Concerning amenities, this Vashi building has full time security, two lifts, reserved car parking (two dedicated car parks comes with this unit), power backup, a fire fighting system and water storage. Lastly, this property is well situated on the main road, is within walking distance of Vashi Railway Station and easily accessible via rail & road.

Navi Mumbai

Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai) is located directly east of Mumbai and is connected by the Vashi Bridge & Airoli Bridge to the Eastern Express Highway. Navi Mumbai is a planned township that covers a vast area of approximately 344 square kilometers and has expanded to include its own international airport that will be completed in 2019.

Navi Mumbai is home to a large educated work force and is often preferred over Mumbai due to the less expensive residential properties, better infrastructure, more space & less pollution than its neighbor to the west. Navi Mumbai’s highly educated middle class and upper middle class population is an asset for any business.

Navi Mumbai is an alternative to the more expensive Mumbai office and retail spaces. In addition to being less expensive, Navi Mumbai offers more modern commercial properties with larger floor plates than Mumbai not to mention quality infrastructure that is sometimes lacking in Mumbai proper.

The main commercial areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi, Nerul, Seawoods, CBD Belapur, Kharghar, MIDC Industrial Area (Turbhe & Pawane), Ghansoli & Airoli. Navi Mumbai houses countless IT parks (Reliable Plaza, K Raheja Corp Mindspace), malls & office complexes.

Shopping malls in Navi Mumbai include Inorbit, Raghuleela, Centre One, Little World Mall & Glomax Mall. In addition, the following corporates & organizations have their offices in Navi Mumbai: Bizerba, CIDCO, Wipro, Bureau Veritas, Capgemini, Accenture, Larsen & Toubro, Siemens, Reliance, Fortis Hosptiral, MGM Hospital, Wockhardt & RBI.

Navi Mumbai is more than just a commercial hub, it is also home to DY Patil Sports Stadium where the Indian Premium League & Indian Super League games are played, DY Patil University, Central Park, its own golf course, Bharti Vidyapeeth University, Medical Colleges & Cidco Exhibition Center.
 ... Read more

This retail space is available for sale in Sanpada, Navi Mumbai. The property is unfurnished so one can design and furnish the space as per the business's needs. It has a carpet area of 750 square feet (a mezzanine floor of 400 square feet) and comes with its own private washroom. As for amenities, this Sanpada building has full time security, open car parking spaces and a water storage facility. This property is well situated on the main road and is within driving distance of Sanpada Railway Station thus, this retail space would be a good fit for any shop, showroom, leisure or hospitality business.

Navi Mumbai

Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai) is located directly east of Mumbai and is connected by the Vashi Bridge & Airoli Bridge to the Eastern Express Highway. Navi Mumbai is a planned township that covers a vast area of approximately 344 square kilometers and has expanded to include its own international airport that will be completed in 2019.

Navi Mumbai is home to a large educated work force and is often preferred over Mumbai due to the less expensive residential properties, better infrastructure, more space & less pollution than its neighbor to the west. Navi Mumbai’s highly educated middle class and upper middle class population is an asset for any business.

Navi Mumbai is an alternative to the more expensive Mumbai office and retail spaces. In addition to being less expensive, Navi Mumbai offers more modern commercial properties with larger floor plates than Mumbai not to mention quality infrastructure that is sometimes lacking in Mumbai proper.

The main commercial areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi, Nerul, Seawoods, CBD Belapur, Kharghar, MIDC Industrial Area (Turbhe & Pawane), Ghansoli & Airoli. Navi Mumbai houses countless IT parks (Reliable Plaza, K Raheja Corp Mindspace), malls & office complexes.

Shopping malls in Navi Mumbai include Inorbit, Raghuleela, Centre One, Little World Mall & Glomax Mall. In addition, the following corporates & organizations have their offices in Navi Mumbai: Bizerba, CIDCO, Wipro, Bureau Veritas, Capgemini, Accenture, Larsen & Toubro, Siemens, Reliance, Fortis Hosptiral, MGM Hospital, Wockhardt & RBI.

Navi Mumbai is more than just a commercial hub, it is also home to DY Patil Sports Stadium where the Indian Premium League & Indian Super League games are played, DY Patil University, Central Park, its own golf course, Bharti Vidyapeeth University, Medical Colleges & Cidco Exhibition Center.
 ... Read more
Retail Space for Sale in Sanpada - 750 sq ft
Keshav Kunj 3, Sanpada, Budhyadev Mandir Marg, Sector 14, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Kopar Khairane


Ender smiled. Despite Jane's vast wisdom, she had no understanding of kinship. Though she had been created by humans and conceived herself in human terms, she was not biological.
Jane is more than Ender's virtual personal assistant. She's Ender's closest friend and constant companion. She runs his programs and searches, schedules his travels, and knows Ender well enough to tease him.
You already know where we are going with this. Yes, we are talking about Apple's Siri. Siri is a voice recognition software for newer Apple devices. The program, voiced by a female named Siri, can schedule your appointment reminders, give you the weather forecast, and even tell you a joke. Siri cannot whisper, but her voice through a bluetooth device would be very similar to Jane's voice in Ender's jewel.
While these things are handy, what really relates Siri to Jane are Siri's sometimes unexpected remarks. Siri is programmed with more than enough cheeky responses to remind 'Ender's Game' fans of Jane's sassy attitude. For example, tell Siri that it is your birthday and she begins to sing "the happy birthday song" only to stop and remind you that she cannot because the song is copyrighted. Siri may not be a sentient being like Jane, but she has enough whit that someone created this website.
On a final note, if you have ever contemplated changing your Siri's name to Jane, Apple does not allow it. We've tried.
Have you ever thought, "This reminds me of 'Ender's Game,'" while reading an article? Our new column, 'Beyond Fiction' is dedicated to sharing those stories. Each Saturday we'll publish a piece both reminiscent and beyond the fiction of 'Ender's Game'. Of course, if you'd like to nominate a feature, please contact us.


text:
Albion Online: Unlimited MMO Adventure Opens Its Doors Today
Often a game is measured by how freely the player can be lost and the formula is usually: the more, the better. This idea of the sandbox genre is pushed to the top, with which you should be completely unrestrained, just like a child in the sandbox. The German developer studio with the apt name…
25/07/2017 in Albion Online, Game Guides, Other Game.
Albion Online Announced The Brand-New Starter Packs
Albion Online announced the official release of the brand-new Starter Packs before the game launches. As the game is set to release on July 19th, wonder when you can start playing? The Veteran Founders and Veteran Starters have access to Albion Online at 13:00 UTC on July 19. Epic Founders and Epic Starters can visit…
Albion Online Guardians – Details About The World's Raid Bosses
On the eve of the upcoming MMORPG update Albion Online, Sandbox Interactive posted a fresh release of the developer's diaries. This time the article is devoted to the most powerful creatures of the game, known as the Guardians. They protect the world from the players. Naturally, it's worth killing them to pick up a valuable…
Albion Online: Take A Look At Three Up-and-coming Guilds On June
As the Hector has been published, Albion Online selected three new guilds that promising and rising to help players to overcome some hurdles in their first time exploring of Albion. The three guilds contains new player-friendly GoodFellas, the roleplay-tinted Rangers of Celidon, and the competitive-minded Iron bank. As community members observed, each of these guilds…
Hector Is Coming To Albion Online On June 7 With Black Market
The next content update is almost here, bringing the Black Market, redesigned Hellgates and more. Find out everything you need to know here! It's no longer a secret: Hector is coming to Albion Online on June 7, 2017! This is the last update before the game's release on July 17, 2017, and it came packed.…
Albion Online's Hellgates Got A Revamp In Form Of Hector Update
What is Albion Online? Albion Online is a medieval sandbox MMO. It allows people to write their own stories in a vast medieval world. The gam is just a lot of fun and it is the kind of game, you can easily spend a few hours playing and then wonder where the time went! Previously,…
Albion Online Gold Is A Secret Weapons In-game
Albion Online, a great deal of gamers are super excited for this game, from originally announced to now, in general, Albion Online will bring a PvE as well as PvP medieval fantasy world with a player-driven economy. All equipment items are player-crafted, along with a unique classless system and much more. The release date was…
28/04/2017 in Albion Online.
Enjoy The Best Shopping Experience At UPAlbion
As the release date come closer, most of Albion Online fans even cannot wait to try this game, especially to those who did not get the qualification to take part in the internal testing. So what are you planning to do once this game is opened? When you intent to buy Albion Online gold cheap,…
Galahad Brings An Abundance Of Other New Content
Galahad was launched on March 13, in the meantime, along with a new world map, PvE was improved, Galahad brings an abundance of other new content. In the four weeks since the update, according to relevant statistic, up to now, a few of the number was gathered by some developers, some Founders have already played…
Albion Has A Countless Amount Of Possible Builds
In Albion Armory of this week, we can clearly see a build, and it's aim to pierce the morale and the hearts of its enemies. Actually, Albion Online has a countless amount of possible builds, and which some are designed for a more general playstyle, others are created with a specific goal in mind. Let's…


text:
Portsmouth, Rhode Island facts for kids
Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Portsmouth welcome sign
Location of Portsmouth in Newport County, Rhode Island
59.3 sq mi (153.6 km2)
23.2 sq mi (60.1 km2)
203 ft (62 m)
749.5/sq mi (289.3/km2)
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
EDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s)
FIPS code
GNIS feature ID
www.portsmouthri.com
Portsmouth is a town in Newport County, Rhode Island, USA. The population was 17,389 at the 2010 U.S. Census. Portsmouth is the second oldest municipality in Rhode Island, after Providence; it was one of the four colonies which merged to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, the others being Providence, Newport, and Warwick.
1990 U.S. Census
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 59.3 square miles (154 km2), of which, only 23.2 square miles (60 km2) (39.14%) of it is land and 36.1 square miles (93 km2) (60.86%) of it is water. Most of its land area lies on Aquidneck Island, which it shares with Middletown and Newport. In addition, Portsmouth encompasses some smaller islands, including Prudence Island, Patience Island, Hope Island, and Hog Island.
Portsmouth Compact memorial at Founder's Brook.
Portsmouth was settled in 1638 by a group of religious dissenters from Massachusetts Bay Colony, including Dr. John Clarke, William Coddington, and Anne Hutchinson. It is named after Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. Roger Williams convinced the settlers that they should go there instead of settling in the Province of New Jersey, where they had first planned on going.
It was founded by the signers of the Portsmouth Compact. Its original Indian name was Pocasset, and it was officially named Portsmouth on May 12, 1639. It became part of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (see Aquidneck Island) and eventually part of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Portsmouth is the site of one of the earliest and most bizarre murder trials. In 1673, Rebecca Cornell, widow of emigrant Thomas Cornell, died in a suspicious house fire. Her son Thomas Jr. was accused, tried, convicted, and hanged for the crime. There was only circumstantial evidence presented against him, and there were a number of other potential suspects, including his wife and a local Indian. It was also possible that Rebecca simply caught fire trying to stay warm near a fireplace. But an alleged visit of the ghost of Rebecca to a testifying relative was admitted as solid evidence in the case. (This was known as Spectral evidence, which was also admissible evidence in the Salem witch trials; the practice was subsequently abandoned.) This case and its history have been chronicled in the book Killed Strangely: The Death of Rebecca Cornell by Elaine Forman Crane.
Portsmouth is the site of an important capture during the American War for Independence. Lieutenant Colonel William Barton of Rhode Island captured British Commander at Rhode Island General Richard Prescott there. It is also the site of Rhode Island's only major battle in that war on Butt's Hill. Nearby Founder's Brook is said to have run red with the blood of fallen British soldiers on August 29, 1778. The 1st Rhode Island Regiment was composed mostly of African-American soldiers, and it served in the army of General John Sullivan during the Battle of Rhode Island.
1820 1,645 −8.4%
At the time of the 1990 U.S. Census, there were 16,857 people residing in the town.
The 2000 U.S. Census reported that there were 17,149 people, or an increase of 1.7%, residing in the town. There were also 6,758 households, and 4,865 families recorded. The population density was 739.0 people per square mile (285.3/km²). There were 7,386 housing units at an average density of 318.3 per square mile (122.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 95.82% White, 1.17% African American, 0.19% Native American, 1.36% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.45% of the population.
There were 6,758 households out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the town, the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $78,835, and the median income for a family was $88,577. Males had a median income of $46,297 versus $31,745 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,161. About 2.0% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
The 2010 U.S. Census reported that there were 17,349 people, or an increase of 1.15%, residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 94.57% White, 1.35% African American, 1.58% Asian, 0.21% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 0.04% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.40% of some other race, and 1.86% of two or more races.
In the town, 22.98% of the population was under the age of 18 and 16.47% were 65 years of age or older. Females made up 51.03% of the population.
The 1725 schoolhouse owned by the Portsmouth Historical Society is one of the oldest surviving in the U.S.
Battle of Rhode Island Site
Greenvale Farm (1864)
Green Animals Topiary Garden (1859)
Hog Island Shoal Lighthouse (1901)
Lawton-Almy-Hall Farm
Mount Hope Bridge (1929)
Oak Glen
Portsmouth Friends Meetinghouse Parsonage and Cemetery (1699)
Prudence Island Lighthouse (1823)
Union Church (1720)
Wreck Sites of H.M.S. Cerberus and H.M.S. Lark (1778)
The Mount Hope Bridge, connecting Portsmouth with Bristol, Rhode Island.
Portsmouth, Rhode Island Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.