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Home › Memoir › The Glass Castle PDF Free Download
The Glass Castle PDF Free Download
August 27, 2022 by Debbie Millman
The Glass Castle PDF is a 2005 memoir by Jeannette Walls. The book was published by Scribner and sold more than two million copies. It has been translated into 22 languages.
The memoir tells the story of Jeannette's unconventional childhood growing up with her highly dysfunctional and often alcoholic parents, Rex and Rosemary Walls. The family moved around constantly, living in abject poverty and often on the brink of homelessness. Despite the difficult circumstances, Jeannette and her siblings were able to find moments of happiness and hope.
The book was met with critical acclaim and was a bestseller. It was a finalist for the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. The Glass Castle is available in paperback, ebook, and audiobook formats.
Summary of The Glass Castle
The Glass Castle Book Details
The Glass Castle Book Multiple Languages Editions
Similar Books to The Glass Castle Book
The Glass Castle is a memoir by Jeannette Walls. The book tells the story of her unconventional childhood growing up with alcoholic and dysfunctional parents. Despite the challenges she faced, Jeannette was able to overcome them and go on to have a successful life.
The book begins with Jeannette's earliest memories of living in the desert with her parents and siblings. Her father, Rex, was an alcoholic who often went on binges, leaving the family to fend for themselves. Her mother, Rose Mary, was a dreamer who was more interested in her art than in taking care of her children. As a result, the children often had to fend for themselves.
Despite the chaotic home life, Jeannette and her siblings had a happy childhood. They were close to each other and made the best of their situation. Rex was a charismatic man who taught them how to be self-sufficient. He also instilled in them a love of learning.
Book The Glass Castle PDF
Author Jeannette Walls
Published Date March 2005
Publisher Scribner
Category Memoir
Jeannette Walls is the author of The Glass Castle. She was born in Phoenix, Arizona, and spent her childhood moving around the American Southwest with her nomadic family.
Her parents were unconventional and often drank to excess, which led to chaotic and unstable home life for Jeannette and her siblings. Despite the challenges she faced, Jeannette was determined to make something of herself. She ultimately put herself through college and became a successful journalist.
Jeannette Walls's bestselling memoir, The Glass Castle, chronicles her unconventional childhood with her alcoholic father and eccentric mother. The book was published in 2005 and spent more than two hundred weeks on the New York Times bestseller list.
In an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Jeannette Walls said that she wrote The Glass Castle to share her story in the hope that it would inspire other people who come from difficult backgrounds. "I think that if you've had a hard life and you've triumphed over it, it gives you a lot of credibility to be able to say to somebody else, 'I know it's hard, but you can do it, too,'" she said.
The Glass Castle is available in multiple languages, including English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. The book has been translated into over 30 languages.
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The Fault in Our Stars by John Green
The Help by Kathryn Stockett
If you are looking for a pdf file of The Glass Castle then click on this download button below and get it into your pc.
What is the main lesson of The Glass Castle?
The main lesson of The Glass Castle is to never give up on yourself no matter how difficult your life may be.
How many pages are in The Glass Castle pdf?
The Glass Castle is 303 pages long.
Who are the main characters in The Glass Castle?
The main characters in The Glass Castle are Jeannette Walls, her parents, and her siblings.
How long does it take to read The Glass Castle?
It takes most people about four to six hours to read The Glass Castle.
What is the genre of The Glass Castle?
The genre of The Glass Castle is a memoir.
What is the author's purpose for writing The Glass Castle?
The author's purpose for writing The Glass Castle is to inspire people who come from difficult backgrounds.
What is the thesis of The Glass Castle?
The thesis of The Glass Castle is that no matter how difficult life may be, you should never give up on yourself.
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text:
«Матчем століття» у різних видах спорту називають матчі, які ввійшли до історії спорту завдяки ажіотажу навколо цих матчів чи несподіваному розвитку подій.

У футболі:
 «Матч століття» — гра Англія — Угорщина 1953 року
 «Матч століття» — гра Англія — збірна світу 1963 року, присвячена 100-річчю Футбольної асоціації Англії
 «Гра століття» — гра Італія — Німеччина на чемпіонаті світу 1970 року

У шахах:
 «Матч століття» — матч СРСР — збірна світу 1970 року
 «Матч століття» — матч за звання чемпіона світу із шахів 1972 між Борисом Спаським і Боббі Фішером

У тенісі
 «Матч століття» — матч між Сюзанн Ленглен і Гелен Віллз 1926 року
 «Битва статей» — матч між Біллі Джин Кінг і Боббі Ріґґсом 1973 року

Спортивні терміни

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Summary: On June 27, 2016, the District executed a 12-month lease addendum for three (3) 24x40 standard DSA-approved classroom housing units at Concord High School. A lease extension piggy backed via Franklin-McKinley School District further extended the contract to February, 7, 2018; after which a month-to-month payment schedule was applied. There were two (2) additional 24x40 classroom buildings on site at that time.
At this time, Concord High School desires to extend the lease agreement for all five (5) classroom buildings thru June 30, 2021 (additional 3 years total). Per current DSA guidelines, the District must request authorization for the buildings to remain on site additional years.
To accommodate site needs, staff recommends lease agreements to be executed with Mobile Modular Management Corporation for these DSA modular buildings #76374, #76440, #76580, #41212, and #41214.
Recommendation: Approve the the Three-Year Lease Contract Addendum with McGrath Corporation, dba Mobile Modular Management Corporation, for the classroom buildings at Concord High School.
Member Linda Mayo Moved, Member Debra Mason seconded to approve the Original motion 'Approve the the Three-Year Lease Contract Addendum with McGrath Corporation, dba Mobile Modular Management Corporation, for the classroom buildings at Concord High School.'. Upon a Roll-Call Vote being taken, the vote was: Aye: 5 Nay: 0.


As a kid, sour cream and onion potato chips were one of three absolute favorite grocery store snacks, beef jerky and dill pickles being the other two. As I got older, I was gradually awakened to the deflating reality that those powdery green-flecked slivers of potato-esque goodness weren't as transcendent as I had once believed. Fast forward through 20 years of relative snacking disappointment until last year when The Scientist's cousin-in-law made us this dip. Sour cream n' onion is back, only now it's genuinely tasty. Of course this recipe isn't Iraqi, but it is a family favorite, so enjoy!
Stir to combine and refrigerate 1-4 hours before serving to allow flavors to develop. It's good the next day, too!
This recipe is a welcome and additive-free addition to party trays. Serve with potato chips (of course) or cut veggies such as carrots, celery, sweet peppers, broccoli, cherry tomatoes or mushrooms, as a sandwich spread, on baked potatoes or chili, or anywhere you'd like a cold and creamy punch of rich oniony flavor.
The richness of this dip can be adjusted easily by which yogurt you choose. I prefer whole milk Greek yogurt, but 2% or fat-free could be subbed in. The texture and mouth feel would be affected, but if you'd like to reduce fat content, they are acceptable alternatives to whole milk yogurt.


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Big Bash League (BBL05) Round 8 Betting Tips
It is a credit to this year's Big Bash League that the final four isn't yet settled as we head into the final round of BBL05 matches. Who will come out on top and win a berth in the finals?
Jan 14, 7:40 PM local: Melbourne Stars vs Brisbane Heat at the MCG
Stars are in a feel-good territory after their recent derby win over Renegades which gave a big boost to their qualification chances. Another win will confirm their rise in the table too which could give them home advantage in the later stages. The Stars will be hoping surprise bowling of Marcus Stoinis in the last two games will continue but it is the free-flow batting of Kevin Pietersen which has been vital. However the loss of John Hastings to the Australian ODI squad will be a blow.
The Heat are already out of contention for finals and would like to play spoil sport once again. Chris Lynn failed in their last match but they went on to make 162 with contributions from Lendl Simmons and Joe Burns and eventually put it past Sixers. A win here and the Heat will avoid the wooden spoon.
Verdict: Back the Heat to surprise the Stars at odds of $2.67 at Sportsbet
Jan 16, 6:10 PM local: Sydney Sixers vs Sydney Thunder at the SCG
The Sixers have a mathematical chance of qualification which depends on other results going their way, as well as improving their own run rate. Here is a chance to not only win a derby but also extinguish the chances of their derby rivals. Will the Sixers be able to pile more misery on Thunder?
The tournament started with a Sydney derby which the Thunder won emphatically. The Thunder now have another chance to win bragging rights as well as give themselves a chance of qualification. But, will they be able to snap up a four match losing run? They will have to do without Usman Khawaja who was recalled to the national side.
Verdict: Back the Sixers at odds of $2.35 at Sportsbet
Jan 16, 6:15 PM local: Perth Scorchers vs Melbourne Stars at the WACA
The Scorchers are in a safe zone at the top of the table but would like to consolidate home advantage for the knock-outs. Michael Carberry came back to the side with an emphatic fifty while Andrew Tye continues to tangle batsmen at the death. With Adam Voges back in the fold, the double defending champions can count on their batting to deliver.
Stars play their second game of the round and would know their requirements prior to the start of this match. The presence of Stephen Fleming in the dugout has worked wonders for one of the perennial under-achievers. Can they pull themselves for one last push at the title?
Verdict: Back the Scorchers at odds of $1.66 at Sportsbet
Jan 18, 7:40 PM local: Melbourne Renegades vs Adelaide Strikers at Etihad
A must win for the Renegades after a topsy-turvy campaign. Dwayne Bravo is carrying the side with both bat and ball and will be crucial once again. Cameron White will be important for big scores for the home side.
The Strikers are the surprise package of the season with the two overseas players – Mahela Jayawardene and Adil Rashid pulling their weight emphatically. Rashid was brilliant in their last ball win against the Hurricanes and deserves to lead the competition for most wickets. Then of course is the presence of big hitting Travis Head in the top order which could tilt the scales in favor of Strikers.
Verdict: Renegades may have a chance to finals if they win this match. Back them at odds of $1.70 at Sportsbet
Follow Bet King on Twitter @BetKing_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When the Dieselgate emissions scandal broke, Volkswagen put a stop sale on TDIs and eventually started buying back hundreds of thousands of affected cars from customers. Hundreds of those cars now sit in the abandoned Detroit Lions stadium parking lot, others are rotting on a decommissioned California Air Force base, and thousands are being held at a port in Baltimore. The photos of these oceans of cars are a sad sight.
At the moment hundreds of thousands of Volkswagen TDIs are currently in limbo, as VW waits to see if they can get the EPA and California Air Resources Board to approve fixes for the cheating cars, or if the company will be forced to send the vehicles to the salvage yard.
Once a buyback transaction is complete, Volkswagen will remove the vehicle from the dealership and store it at a regional facility. These vehicles will be held until it is determined whether an approved emissions modification becomes available.
After a bit of hunting on forums, and a couple of tips from readers and friends, I seem to have found three such "regional facilities": one in Pontiac, Michigan; one in San Bernardino, California; and one in Baltimore, Maryland.
The Pontiac Silverdome is a bit of a shitshow in southeast Michigan. It used to be the proud home of the Detroit Lions and the Pistons, and it was even the venue for Super Bowl XVI, multiple NCAA tournament games and some FIFA World Cup matches.
But now the huge building lies dormant, with its interior decaying and its parking lots cracking after years of neglect. Some automakers use the lots to store cars, and Fiat Chrysler even did burnouts at a Roadkill Nights events there last year. Now, the Silverdome is mostly just a giant pathetic eyesore on the southeast Michigan landscape.
So I followed the truck until it turned into an entrance for the Silverdome, where the driver checked in with a security guard, and drove in to dump his loot.
I took a few pictures, and left after a very annoyed security guard confronted me. Man, just look at all of these poor VWs. Sitting. Lonely. Just hoping that someday someone will take them on 50 MPG+ road trips again.
Michigan is hardly the only place where you can find a massive lot full of TDIs. I found a thread on TDI Club Forums where one user, Ram4Sam, had come upon an airport lot filled with TDIs.
Over email, Ram4Sam told me the airport was in San Bernardino, California on a remote part of Norton Air Force Base, which has been decommissioned for over 20 years now, as is now part of the San Bernardino International Airport. You can actually see the cars on Google Street View here.
The forum-user says there are over a thousand California-plated Volkswagens and Audis in that lot; he went on to tell me he recognized the windshield markings on the cars from when he turned in his own 2015 VW TDI last month, indicating that he thinks this airfield lot was indeed a holding lot for cars that had been bought back from customers.
A reader named Nathan Brown sent me some pictures of a VW holding lot in Baltimore. He had grown suspicious of a nearby TDI lot after frequently seeing transporters moving VW diesel vehicles during his daily commute.
Nathan had also seen posts on social media with pictures of TDI-filled trucks headed north from D.C. All that, plus the fact that he knew Baltimore was a major automotive import/export hub, drove Curtis to head out last weekend on a mission to find the land of the bought-back TDIs.
I found a total of five storage lots with what had to be thousands of cars, ranging from older Mk5 Jetta models to high line Audi A3s, Passats and MQB Mk7 Golfs and a huge quantity of Jetta Sportwagens... Several of the lots stretched much farther than I could see.
He said all the cars were in exceptional condition, "with very few if any showing any dents, dings or damage," (some bought-back cars weren't returned in quite such condition) but that they were definitely used; the bumper stickers, modification, and older-generation cars gave that away. So this is almost certainly a lot filled with bought-back VWs.
The pictures of these lots are heartbreaking. Once, Volkswagen TDIs were such good, efficient, torquey, handsome and (mostly) reliable vehicles. They were beloved by owners and enthusiasts alike. Now they rot in these parking lots, their potential wasted, all because VW couldn't be bothered to follow emissions laws.
Even more sad is the fact that these cars used to be peoples' babies—their prides and joys, responsible for bringing newborns home from the hospital and taking college kids to their first job interviews. It's that human element—that little taste of the previous owner brought out by things like bumper stickers and custom license plate brackets—that makes seeing these cars in such a state so depressing.
But still not quite as depressing as the Pontiac Silverdome.


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Surabhi has a plethora of patterns and designs for you to choose as per your sense of style and the budget. From making you have a subtle yet delicate and refined design to giving you a full heavy bridal look, she can do whatever you desire and demand. She will take suggestions on what you really want and will replicate the same on your hands and feet, ensuring that it dries fast and leave a dark intense colour.
Surabhi is ready to offer mehendi services for commitment service, Roka functions, and different religious events including Bhaiduj, Karvachauth, Raksha Bandhan, Teej, Naamkaran function, Diwali and numerous other events. She completes your bridal appearance for the special day with class, giving you elegant hands and feet. She is also ready to travel outstations for your convenience.


"2.7.0 branch will be marked as the long-term-support (LTS) release branch. This branch will be supported for a window of 6 months starting from the day it is marked as an LTS branch. Beam community will decide on which issues will be backported and when patch releases on the branch will be made on a case by case basis.
- Discussion on the dev@ list .
- Beam's release policies .


2. (r) on or to one side; "step aside" "stood aside to let him pass" "threw the book aside" "put her sewing aside when he entered"
4. (r) out of the way (especially away from one''s thoughts) "brush the objections aside" "pushed all doubts away"
5. (r) not taken into account or excluded from consideration; "these problems apart, the country is doing well" "all joking aside, I think you''re crazy"
6. (r) in a different direction; "turn aside" "turn away one''s face" "glanced away"
7. (r) placed or kept separate and distinct as for a purpose; "had a feeling of being set apart" "quality sets it apart" "a day set aside for relaxing"
8. (r) in reserve; not for immediate use; "started setting aside money to buy a car" "put something by for her old age" "has a nestegg tucked away for a rainy day"


Lens Description compatible AF Nikkor lenses, including type G and D lenses (PC Micro-Nikkor subject to certain limitations), DX lenses (using DX24 × 16 1.5 × image area), AI-P Nikkor lenses and non-CPU AI lenses (exposure modes A and only M). IX Nikkor lenses can not be used, for F3AF lens and non-AI lenses. Lens' maximum aperture of f/5.6 or above may use electronic rangefinder.
White Balance Auto (2 types), incandescent, fluorescent (7 types), sunny, flash, cloudy, shade, preset manual (up to 4 values can be stored), choose color temperature (2500 K-10000 K) all can be fine-tuned.
en el precio esta incluido el objetivo ?
Tell us what you think about nikon d800e digital camera, share your opinion with other people. Please make sure that your review focus on nikon d800e digital camera. All the reviews are moderated and will be reviewed within two business days. Inappropriate reviews will not be posted.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Daimler To Test Israeli Startup's Waste Conversion Tech For Auto Parts
By NoCamels Team January 21, 2020 4 minutes
Environment Technology
UBQ Materials has developed a technology that takes household waste and converts it into a bio-based plastic substitute. Courtesy.
German automotive giant Daimler AG announced on Tuesday that it was testing a waste conversion solution developed by Israeli company UBQ Materials for the production of "clean" automobile parts.
Daimler is embarking on a trial and development partnership with UBQ which will look at incorporating UBQ's tech into the production of a range of Daimler automobile parts. The Israeli company developed an innovative, patented process to convert unsorted household waste (think chicken bones, hamburger leftovers, and yogurt containers) into a sustainable, fully recyclable thermoplastic substitute.
Following a number of trials, Daimler and UBQ will decide whether to pursue a go-to-market strategy, but both companies indicated that initial results have proven positive.
SEE ALSO: Bye Bye, Trash: Israeli Startup Pilots Breakthrough Waste Conversion Solution In US
Daimler will become the first automotive company to partner with UBQ, founded in 2012 by Rabbi Yehuda Pearl, a founder of the globally recognized hummus brand Sabra, and Jack "Tato" Bigio, an entrepreneur and leader in the renewable energy sector who also serves as CEO. The team emerged from stealth mode in late 2018.
Tato Bigio is the co-founder and CEO of UBQ Materials.
Bigio tells NoCamels in an email exchange that the auto parts in question will include injection molding parts and non-structural components such as door coverings, glove compartments, and connection boxes.
He adds that specific details on the results from the trial are currently under wraps but that they "are very promising."
The partnership with Daimler was made through Plug and Play's Startup Autobahn, an innovation platform that connects emerging technologies to pilot opportunities with multinational corporations. Daimler is also set to promote the use of UBQ materials with partnering logistics manufacturers to support the offsetting of carbon footprints across the Daimler supply chain, according to a company statement.
"UBQ is a conduit for the next generation of sustainable products," said Bigio in a press statement. "We could not think of a more fitting partner than Daimler, which has long been a global leader in technical innovation and quality engineering and shares our commitment to the health of the environment."
UBQ currently also has running partnerships with Arcos Dorados (or Golden Arches), the largest independent McDonald's franchisee in the world and the company that operates the brand in Latin America and the Caribbean, and with the Central Virginia Waste Management Authority (CVWMA).
In Latin America, the McDonald's franchisee plans to replace some of the materials in McDonald's restaurants with similar, more sustainable ones made using UBQ technology. In Virginia, UBQ delivered some 2,000 recycling bins made with UBQ Materials' converted waste material.
A cluster of bins from UBQ Materials. Courtesy
UBQ runs a plant in Kibbutz Tze'elim in southern Israel where some 7,000 tons of garbage is converted per year. The company plans to open a full-scale facility in the United States later this year and hopes to add additional locations in Europe, and Asia.
As a raw material, UBQ says that its products can be used in thousands of applications including shopping carts, pipes, trash cans, and automotive parts.
UBQ Materials facility in Israel. Courtesy
In a September interview with Bigio, the CEO told NoCamels that UBQ Materials was a "plastic replacement company," but also that the converted waste can be used in the construction industry to make bricks, pavement, buildings and more.
SEE ALSO: Israel's UBQ, Largest McDonald's Franchise Team Up For Eco-Friendly Restaurant Materials
Bigio also called UBQ Materials a climate positive solution, which he said included an energy-efficient and environmentally sound process where no emissions are produced, no water utilized, and no waste left behind. It saves 11.7 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per kg. of UBQ produced, he explained at the time.
UBQ, derived from the word "ubiquitous," has been "transforming waste into a new natural resource" in Israel for a number of years, Bigio told NoCamels. "We're taking the waste before it goes to the landfill," he explained. "There's no technology today that does that."
UBQ Materials. Courtesy
"We don't need to separate anything," he said, "We just take the plastics together with the food waste, the cardboard, and paper and convert it into a new climate positive material. This new material can be used by the existing manufacturing industry again and again and recycled many times. It's an easy way to dispose of the plastic and ease the process through a commercially viable solution."
Bigio indicated then that manufacturers, retailers, brands, and international conglomerates have been approaching the company as they search for ways to reduce their own company's carbon footprint.


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USGS Daily Statistics for Tennessee
The statistics generated from this site are based on approved daily-mean data and may not match those published by the USGS in official publications. The user is responsible for assessment and use of statistics from this site. For more details on why the statistics may not match, click here.
USGS 03592500 BEAR CREEK AT BISHOP,AL.
Colbert County, Alabama
Hydrologic Unit Code 06030006
Latitude 34°39'21", Longitude 88°07'21" NAD27
Drainage area 667.00 square miles
Gage datum 419.91 feet above NGVD29
HTML table of all data
Tab-separated data
Reselect output format
00060, Discharge, cubic feet per second,
Mean of daily mean values for each day for water year of record in, ft3/s (Calculation Period 1926-10-01 -> 2018-09-30)
Calculation period restricted by USGS staff due to special conditions at/near site
2,310 2,210 1,900 2,320 1,550 678 353 350 338 196 330 795
2,540 2,080 2,170 1,930 1,380 646 482 301 209 244 361 1,170
2,520 1,960 2,110 2,070 946 570 451 317 221 208 499 1,360
1,560 2,270 3,510 1,790 1,070 483 398 235 322 368 1,030 1,240
1,530 1,970 2,340 1,720 945 440 421 246 245 334 1,110 1,590
1,830 3,140 1,560 753 367 331 241 204 273 846 2,350
1,830 2,730 676 314 254 315 2,410
Title: Surface Water data for Tennessee: USGS Daily Statistics
URL: https://waterdata.usgs.gov/tn/nwis/dvstat?
Page Contact Information: Alabama Water Data Support Team


What Textured Materials are Available for Wine Labels?
The look and feel of a product can be a large factor when someone is buying a product. For wine and spirits a label is crucial.
Premium paper labels are a good option, it provides a classy look and is often used for wine and spirits. But what's the difference between papers? A good question. Sometimes it can be as noticeable as plain computer paper to high quality resume paper.
White felt: Bright white, great for photographs and full color designs. The print quality is very smooth with low to no bleed. Texture wise it has a nice rough feel but looks smooth.
Eggshell: As the name suggests it is an off-white, eggshell, color. It is a nice textured paper that you can see and feel. Great for a vintage look.
Estate 8: This paper has a ridge texture, similar to tree bark, and comes In off white.
Estate 9: The look and feel of this white paper can be compared to a diploma. It's wonderful for full colored prints.
Diamond allure: The paper is a soft shimmered very light grey with a diamond texture etched in.
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There are reports that the Palestinian Authority will seek a vote in the Security Council on a resolution mandating Israel's military withdrawal from Occupied Palestine no later than November 2016. Such a resolution has been condemned by the Israeli Prime Minister as bringing 'terrorism' to the outskirts of Tel Aviv, and this will never be allowed to happen.
The United States is, as usual, maneuvering in such a way as to avoid seeming an outlier by vetoing such a resolution, even if it has less stringent language, and asks the PA to postpone the vote until after the Israeli elections scheduled for 2015.
Embedded in this initiative are various diversionary moves to put the dying Oslo Approach (direct negotiations between Israel and the PA, with the U.S. as the intermediary) on track.
The French want a resolution that includes a revival of these currently defunct resolutions, with a mandated goal of achieving a permanent peace within a period of two years based on the establishment of a Palestinian state, immediate full membership of Palestine in the UN, and language objecting to settlement activity as an obstruction to peace.
Overall, European governments are exerting pressure to resume direct negotiations, exhibiting their concern about a deteriorating situation on the ground along with a growing hostility to Israeli behavior that has reached new heights since the merciless 51-day onslaught mounted by Israel against Gaza last summer.
The horrendous events of the last several months in Jerusalem and Gaza have exhibited both the depths of enmity and tension between Jews and Palestinians and the utter irrelevance of American-led diplomacy as the path to a sustainable peace.
This is not a time for people of good will, the UN, and governments to turn their backs on what seems on its surface either irreconcilable or on the verge of an Israeli victory. The challenge for all is to consider anew how these two peoples can manage to live together within the space of historic Palestine.
We need fresh thinking that gets away from the sterile binary of one state/two states, and dares to ponder the future with fresh eyes that accept the guidance of a rights based approach shaped by international law.
Israel will resist such an approach as long as it can, understanding that it has gained the upper hand by relying on its military prowess and realizing that if international law was allowed to play a role in demarcating the contours of a fair solution it would lose out on such crucial issues as borders, refugees, Jerusalem, settlements, and water.
A necessary step toward a sustainable peace is to overcome Washington's blinkered conception of the conflict.
It is worse than futile because Israeli land grabbing on the West Bank in relation to the settlements, the settler only roads, and the separation wall continuously deteriorate Palestinian territorial prospects.
The collapse of the Kerry talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in April were unquestionably a negative watershed for the Obama presidency so far as its insistence that the Oslo Approach was the only viable roadmap that could resolve the conflict.
Ever since the Oslo Declaration of Principles was sanctified by the infamous Rabin-Arafat handshake on the White House lawn in 1993, the U.S. Government has contended that only this diplomatic framework can end the conflict, and to this day it objects to any moves by governments to take steps on their own.
During the presidency of George W. Bush there was an interval during which 'the roadmap' was adopted as an elaboration of the Oslo approach in which a commitment to the idea of an independent Palestinian state was explicitly confirmed by Bush in a speech on June 24, 2002, and then formalized in a proposal made public on April 30, 2003; in this same period 'the quartet' was created at a Madrid Conference in 2002 that seemed to broaden diplomatic participation by adding the Russia, the EU, and the UN to the U.S., but in fact the quartet has been completely marginalized for the past decade.
The Oslo Approach consists of direct negotiations between the parties and designated the United States, despite its undisguised partisan role, as the exclusive and permanent intermediary and go between. Without the slightest deference to Palestinian sensitivities, U.S. presidents have appointed as special envoys to these negotiations only officials with AIPAC credentials such as Dennis Ross and Martin Indyk, and have proceeded as if their blatant partisanship was not a problem.
Evidently Israel would have it no other way, and the Palestinian Authority has meekly gone along either out of weakness or naiveté.
Not only was the Oslo framework itself flawed because it leaned so far to one side, but it was an unseemly tacit assumption of the process that the Palestinians would be willing to carry on negotiations without reserving a right to complain about the relevance of ongoing Israeli violations of international law, most conspicuously the continued unlawful settlement activity.
Palestine's primary bargaining position and its only advantage in relation to Israel was to have international law in its favor as regards most of the outstanding issues between them.
When on several occasions the Palestinians complained that this settlement activity was incompatible with good faith negotiations, they were immediately slapped down, informed that such objections interfered with the peace process, and that issues pertaining to the settlements would be deferred until the 'final status' stage of the negotiations.
The Palestinians were assured that these issues would be addressed at the very end of the peace process after the main elements of a solution had been agreed upon.
This was very detrimental to Palestine's bargaining position as their only advantage in relation to Israel was to have international law in their favor in relation to most of the outstanding issues.
Besides to allow Israel to continue with settlement expansion, rather than freezing the status quo, was obviously disadvantageous to Palestine. If legal objections were excluded it is not surprising that diplomatic bargaining would tend to reflect 'facts on the ground,' which were completely in Israel's favor, and would continue to accumulate month by month.
Despite this, Israel at no point seemed responsive to proposals for accommodation in accordance with the stated objective of establishing an independent sovereign Palestinian state.
After more than 20 years of futility Washington's continuing public stand that only by way of the Oslo Approach will a solution be found is beginning to fall on deaf ears, and new directions of approach are beginning to be articulated.
Israel itself is moving ineluctably toward a unilaterally imposed one-state solution that incorporates the West Bank in whole or in large part. It has recently seized 1000 acres of strategically placed land to facilitate the largest spatial enlargement of a settlement since the early 1990s and it has given approval for 2,600 additional housing units to be built in various West Bank and East Jerusalem settlements that already have more 650,000 settlers.
In addition, the current Israeli president, Reuven Rivlin, elected by the Knesset a few months ago is an avowed advocate of the maximalist version of the Zionist project involving the extension of Israel's borders to encompass the whole of Palestine as delimited in the British mandate.
Rivlin couples this rejection of any Palestinian right of self-determination with proposals for equality of treatment for both peoples within this enlarged Israel, offering the Palestinians human rights, the rule of law, and unrestricted economic and political opportunity within Israel in exchange for renouncing their political ambitions for either a state of their own or a power-sharing arrangement on the basis of equality with Israel.
There is no prospect that the Palestinian people, or even their compromised leaders, would accept such a Faustian Bargain.
The Palestinians have their own version of a unilateral solution, although it is far more modest, and seems more fantasy than political project.
It is essentially establishing a state of their own within 1967 borders, taking an ambiguous posture toward the settlement blocs and even East Jerusalem, and relying on political pressures to coerce an Israeli withdrawal. Such a state claims 22% or less of historic Palestine, and includes the somewhat confusing contention that Palestine is already a state in the eyes of the international community, having been recognized as such by 134 states and in a resolution of the General Assembly on 29 November 2012.
It is currently reinforcing this position with this draft resolution that Jordan will submit on its behalf at some point to the Security Council proposing a resumed period of direct negotiations for a further nine months (accompanied by a freeze on settlement construction), followed by Israel's mandatory withdrawal from the West Bank.
On balance, this Palestinian approach seems ill-considered for a number of reasons. It appears to reduce the parameters of the conflict to the occupation of the West Bank, and leaves to one side the fate of Gaza and East Jerusalem, as well as what is to happen to the several million Palestinians living in refugee camps in neighboring countries or in exile.
It also overlooks the structure of discrimination embedded in Israeli nationality laws that reduces the 20% Palestinian minority in Israel to a second class status in the self-proclaimed Jewish state.
Among the problems with these reactions to the breakdown of Oslo are the contradictory expectations.
What the Netanyahu unilateralism is seeking is utterly inconsistent with any kind of viable Palestinian state constructed within the 1967 borders, and those opposition forces to his right are seeking an even more defiant unilateralism.
Equally, what the Palestinian Authority is proposing would seem to require the elimination of most Israeli settlements, the dismantling of the security wall, and the abandonment of the Israeli-only network of roads, while ignoring those Palestinian grievances not directly associated with territorial issues.
Each of these versions of a post-Oslo solution is doomed to failure as it proceeds as if the behavior of others need not be taken into account.
The Israeli failure to do this is far more unacceptable as its claims are far more excessive than those of the Palestinians, which is really just a matter of wishing away the pattern of Israel's unlawful encroachment on what is a minimalist Palestinian vision of a solution that it and the UN had long ago accepted in Security Council Resolution 242.
There is an evident unfortunate reluctance on the part of all sides to let go of the two-state conception of a solution. It is what Washington and even Tel Aviv and Ramallah continue to say they seek, although Netanyahu has been telling Israeli audiences that after its experience with Hamas rockets last July and August, it will never agree to allow the emergence of a neighboring Palestinian state in the West Bank that would bring Palestinian threats much closer to the Israeli heartland.
The 2002 Arab Peace Initiative is built along the same lines as the PLO proposal, and includes a commitment to establish full diplomatic and economic relations with Israel on the part of the entire Islamic world.
Ever since the 1988 decision of the Palestinian National Council, the PLO has agreed to a solution framed in relation to a state within of its own within the 1967 borders, and even Hamas has signed on since 2006 to the extent of accepting a 50 year plan for peaceful coexistence with Israel providing it ends the occupation of Palestinian territories, and lifts the Gaza blockade.
These are big concessions from the Palestinian side considering that the UN Partition Plan of 1947 awarded 45% of historic Palestine to the Palestinians and proposed the internationalization of the entire city of Jerusalem.
The 2002 Arab Peace Initiative is built along the same lines as the PLO proposal, and includes a commitment to establish full diplomatic and economic relations with Israel on the part of the entire Islamic world. This proposal of the Arab League by a 56-0 vote of the Islamic Conference, with only Iran abstaining, and a year ago as a result of American pressure was modified to make it even more appealing to Israel by its acknowledgement of Israeli security concerns.
Most recently, a letter to Netanyahu by 106 high ranking retired Israeli military and security officials strongly urged this same two-state solution, implicitly condemning Israeli unilateralism and Zionist maximalism as leading to a future for Israel of periodic warfare of the sort that occurred this past summer in Gaza.
These members of the Israeli security establishment argue that these expansionist policies are weakening security for the entire Israeli population. The letter emphasized Israel's moral decline associated with keeping millions of Palestinians under prolonged occupation, which they argue is unnecessary from the perspective of security.
Again there is a lack of clarity about whether such encouragement assumes that the settlements can be retained, the rights of Palestinian refugees can be ignored, and Jerusalem can be kept under unified Israel control.
Europe has also, at last, exhibited a limited unwillingness to accept any longer the Oslo Approach that keeps the United States alone in the driver's seat.
I interpret the recent Swedish recognition of Palestinian statehood, the House of Commons vote urging that the British government take a similar move, as well as similar moves by several other European countries as expressing both a loss of confidence in the Oslo Approach and a criticism of the manner in which Israel and the United States have dealt with the conflict.
This is a desirable development in these respects, but it is coupled with some regressive features. Such initiatives are coupled with renewed faith in the two-state approach as the only solution, and call with a sense of urgency for a renewal of negotiations without giving the slightest indication as to why a further round of talks would yield any different results than past attempts.
Such a prognosis seems more true at present than in the past given Israel's moves toward a unilateral solution, which Netanyahu somewhat disguises so as not to affront the United States and Europe. It should be obvious to all who wish to look that Israel has created irreversible conditions that have all but ruled out the establishment of a viable Palestinian sovereign state.
The expected controversy surrounding the PA initiative in the Security Council is a sideshow without any serious consequences however it is resolved.
The best, and in my view, only realistic hope is to forget traditional interstate diplomacy for the present, and understand that the Palestinian future depends on a robust mobilization of global civil society in solidarity with the Palestinian national movement.
The current BDS campaign is gaining momentum by the day, and is coupled with a sense that its political program is more in keeping with the wishes of the Palestinian people than are the proposals put forth by the formal representations of either the Palestinian Authority or Hamas.
When neither governmental diplomacy nor the UN can produce a satisfactory solution to a conflict that has caused decades of suffering and dispossession, it is past time to endorse a people-oriented approach.
When neither governmental diplomacy nor the UN can produce a satisfactory solution to a conflict that has caused decades of suffering and dispossession, it is past time to endorse a people-oriented approach. This is the kind of populist politics that helped end apartheid in South Africa and win many anti-colonial struggles.
We have reached a stage in global history in which it is people, not weapons nor international institutions, that have the resilience and patience to win the legitimacy struggle involving law and morality, and on such a basis eventually prevail in the political struggle despite being inferior militarily.
The challenge of living together on the basis of equality seems to be the only template that offers the parties a vision of sustainable peace.
Concretely, this would seem to require Israel to renounce all ethnocratic claims that Israel is a Jewish state as distinct from being a Jewish homeland. Israel's leaders would also have to renounce the present unrestricted right of return for Jews throughout the world or create some equivalent right of return for the Palestinians, and possibly for the Druse minority.
How such a conception of a sustainable peace is given concrete form is necessarily a subject for diplomacy by suitable representative of both sides and carried on under neutral auspices and by authentic representatives of the two peoples.
We cannot foretell how much further suffering and bloodshed will occur before this kind of vision, seemingly a remote prospect at present, can be converted into a practical project, but do know that nothing that falls short of this deserves to be considered 'a solution' given the realities of the situation.
Until it is realized that USA are hardly more than an Israeli vassal state, there is no prospect of resolving this Palestinian knot.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The study of relativistic particles in static magnetic fields has a long history and is still attracting considerable attention, especially for cases where someone deals with curved manifolds.

Even though on Minkowski spacetime the
relativistic behavior of an electron in various magnetostatic configurations
is well understood (see, for example, the Johnson and Lippmann's paper [1]),
a weakness on curved spacetime regards the explicit gauge-covariant formulation.

Recently, when dealing with slowly rotating neutron stars which have been termed as magnetars [2], it has been assumed that their huge magnetic induction in the core and crust, $B \sim 10^{14} - 10^{15}$ (G), is affecting the spacetime geometry. A way out could be the search for general relativistic solutions with the magnetic field considered as a perturbation of the spherically symmetric background [3].
Another way is to assume that magnetized metrics, as the one belonging to the Melvin class [4, 5] may be reliable candidates for describing these
highly compact astrophysical objects with a dominant axial magnetic field
[6].

Within a coordinate-dependent formulation, switching between canonical and pseudo-orthonormal basis, the above mentioned authors are
integrating the system of four coupled first-order differential equations, in the first approximation, neglecting the terms in higher orders of the polar radial coordinate $\rho$.
Their solutions are expressed in terms of generalized Laguerre polynomials, similarly to the case of the Dirac equation in cylindrical coordinates on a flat manifold  [7].

In the present work, we are applying a free of coordinates method to  analyze the Klein--Gordon and Dirac equations describing particles evolving in a Melvin's spacetime.
Employing the Cartan's formalism, we are computing all the essential geometrical objects for writing down the corresponding matter fields and Einstein's equations.

It turns out that the $SO(3,1) \times U(1)-$gauge covariant Klein--Gordon equation can be exactly solved, its solutions being given by the Heun biconfluent functions
[8--10]. The same happens with the approximate expression of the second-order differential system derived from the Dirac equation.

The Heun functions, either general or confluent, are main targets of recent investigations and have been obtained for massless particles evolving in an Universe described by the metric function written as a non-linear mixture of Schwarzschild, Melvine and Bertotti-Robinson solutions  [11].

\section{The geometry}

Recently, in [12], it was presented the procedure of transforming a
known static symmetric solution to Einstein-hydrodynamic equations  into a magnetized
metric, by (nonlinearly) adding the magnetic field. In spherical coordinates, this has the general form
\begin{equation}
ds^2= \Lambda^2 g_{11}  (dr)^2 + \Lambda^2 r^2  (d \theta )^2 + \frac{r^2 \sin^2 \theta}{\Lambda^2}  (d \varphi)^2 - \Lambda^2 g_{00}  (dt)^2 \, ,
\end{equation}
with the metric functions $g_{11}$ and $g_{00}$ depending only on $r$ and
\begin{equation}
\Lambda = 1 + \frac{B_*^2}{4} r^2 \sin^2 \theta \,  ,
\end{equation}
where, for the moment, $B_*$ is a parameter related to the magnetic field intensity.

In the pseudo-orthonormal Cartan frame corresponding to the metric (1),
\begin{equation}
\omega^1=  \Lambda \sqrt{g_{11}} \, dr\; , \; \;
\omega^2= \Lambda r  \,d\theta \; ,
\; \;
\omega^3=\frac{r \sin \theta}{\Lambda} \, d\varphi \; , \; \;
\omega^4=\Lambda \sqrt{g_{00}} \,dt \; ,
\end{equation}
for the potential
\begin{equation}
A_2= \frac{B_0 r \sin \theta}{2} \, ,
\end{equation}
where $B_0$ is the strength of the magnetic field on the axis,
the Maxwell tensor components, corresponding to a poloidal magnetic field with $B_{\rho}$ and $B_{\theta}$, are given by the relations
\begin{equation}
F_{23} = \frac{B_0 \cos \theta}{\Lambda^2} \; , \;
F_{13} = \frac{B_0 \sin \theta}{\Lambda^2 \sqrt{g_{11}}} \; ,
\end{equation}
pointing out a prolate (in shape) star.

Once we assume $g_{00} = g_{11} =1$, we can switch to cylindric coordinates $\lbrace \rho , \varphi , z , t \rbrace$, by
\[
\rho = r \sin \theta \; , \;  \;  z = r \cos \theta \, ,
\]
so that the magnetized metric (1) turns into the simple Melvin expression
\begin{equation}
ds^2 \, = \, \Lambda^2  ( d \rho )^2 + \frac{\rho^2}{\Lambda^2} ( d \varphi)^2 + \Lambda^2 (dz)^2  - \Lambda^2 (dt)^2 \, ,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\Lambda = 1 + \frac{B_*^2 \rho^2}{4}  \; .
\end{equation}

Within an $SO(3,1)-$gauge covariant formulation, we introduce the pseudo-orthonormal frame
\[
e_1 = \frac{1}{\Lambda} \partial_{\rho} \; , \; e_2 = \frac{\Lambda}{\rho} \partial_{\varphi} \; , \; e_3 = \frac{1}{\Lambda} \partial_z \; , \;
e_4 = \frac{1}{\Lambda} \partial_z \; , \]
whose corresponding dual base is
\begin{equation}
\omega^1=  \Lambda \, d \rho \; , \; \;
\omega^2 = \frac{\rho}{\Lambda} \, d\varphi \; , \; \;
\omega^3 = \Lambda \,dz \; ,
\; \;
\omega^4= \Lambda \,dt \;  ,
\end{equation}
so that the metric (6) gets the Minkowskian form $ds^2 = \eta_{ab} \omega^a \omega^b$, with $\eta_{ab} = \left[ 1 , \, 1 , \, 1 , \, -1 \right]$.
The first Cartan equation,
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
d\omega^a=\Gamma^a_{.[bc]}\,\omega^b\wedge \omega^c \, ,
\end{eqnarray}
with $1 \leq b<c \leq4$ and $\Gamma^a_{.[bc]} = \Gamma^a_{.bc} - \Gamma^a_{. cb}$,
leads to the following connection one-forms:
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{12} = \left( \frac{\Lambda^{\prime}}{\Lambda^2} - \frac{1}{\rho \Lambda} \right) \,\omega^2 \; , \; \;
\Gamma_{13} = - \, \frac{\Lambda^{\prime}}{\Lambda^2} \, \omega^3 \; , \; \;
\Gamma_{14} = \frac{\Lambda^{\prime}}{\Lambda^2} \, \omega^4 \; , \;
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda^{\prime}$ is the derivative of $\Lambda$ with respect to $\rho$.

Employing the second Cartan equation
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
\mathcal{R}_{ab}=d\Gamma_{ab}+\Gamma_{ac}\wedge\Gamma^c_{.b} ,
\end{eqnarray}
one derives the curvature two-forms $\mathcal{R}_{ab} = R_{abcd} \, \omega^c \wedge \omega^d$, with $1 \leq c<d \leq 4$, leading to the curvature components
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
R_{1212} = \frac{2B_*^2}{\Lambda^4} \left[ 1 - \frac{B_*^2 \rho^2}{8} \right] , \; \;
R_{3434} = \frac{B_*^4 \rho^2}{4 \Lambda^4}
\; , \nonumber \\*
& &
R_{1313} = R_{2323} = - \, \frac{B_*^2}{2 \Lambda^4} \left[ 1 - \frac{B_*^2 \rho^2}{4} \right]  = - R_{1414} = - R_{2424} \, , \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
pointing out the special radius value $\rho_* = 2/B_*$, for which only the components $R_{1212} = B_*^2 / \Lambda^4 = R_{3434} $ are surviving and the Weyl tensor vanishes.

Since the scalar curvature is zero, the Einstein tensor components
are given by the Ricci tensor components, as
\begin{equation}
G_{11} = G_{22} = - \, G_{33} = G_{44} = \frac{B^2_*}{\Lambda^4} \, .
\end{equation}

In the pseudo-orthonormal frame whose dual bases is (8), it turns out that the potential (4), generating the magnetic induction along $Oz$, gets the familiar expression
\begin{equation}
A_2 = \frac{B_0 \rho}{2}  \,  ,
\end{equation}
and the essential component of the Maxwell tensor reads
\[
F_{12} = A_{2|1} + \Gamma_{212} A_2 = \frac{B_0}{\Lambda^2} \, ,
\]
where $f_{|1} = e_1 (f)$.

Using the energy-momentum tensor components
\[
T_{11} = T_{22} = - \, T_{33} = T_{44} = \frac{1}{2} F_{12}^2 =
\frac{1}{2} \frac{B_0^2}{\Lambda^4} \, ,
\]
in the Einstein equations $G_{ab} = \kappa_0 T_{ab}$,
one gets the following relation between the parameters $B_*$ and $B_0$,
\begin{equation}
B_*^2 = \frac{\kappa_0 B_0^2}{2} \, ,
\end{equation}
with $\kappa_0 = 8 \pi G /c^4$.

\section{Exactly solvable Klein--Gordon equation}

In this section, we are going to construct the wave function of the charged bosons, considered as test particles evolving in the crust of a relativistic magnetar.
The complex scalar field of mass $\mu$,
minimally coupled to gravity, is described by the $SO(3,1) \times U(1)$ gauge-covariant Klein--Gordon equation
\[
\eta^{ab} \Phi_{|ab} - \eta^{ab} \Phi_{|c} \Gamma^c_{\; ab} \, = \, \mu^2 \Phi \,  + 2iq \, A_2 \, \Phi_{|2} + q^2 A_2^2 \, \Phi \, ,
\]
which, in the
pseudo-orthonormal frame with the dual bases (8), reads
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial \;}{\partial \rho} \left[ \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \rho} \right]
+ \frac{\Lambda^4}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial \varphi^2}
+ \frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial z^2}
- \frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial t^2}
\nonumber \\* & & = \left[
\mu^2 \Lambda^2 +
iq \, B_0 \Lambda^3 \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \varphi} + \left( \frac{q B_0 \rho \Lambda }{2} \right)^2 \right] \Phi  \, .
\end{eqnarray}
The above form suggests the variables separation
\begin{equation}
\Phi = \phi (\rho) e^{im \varphi} e^{i p_z z} e^{-i \omega t} \, ,
\end{equation}
which leads to the following differential equation for the un-known function $\phi$,
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial \;}{\partial \rho} \left[ \rho \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \rho} \right] + \left[ \omega^2 -  p_z^2 - \frac{m^2}{\rho^2} \Lambda^4 - \mu^2 \Lambda^2 + m qB_0 \Lambda^3  - \left( \frac{qB_0 \rho \Lambda}{2} \right)^2  \right] \phi = 0 \, ,
\end{equation}
with $\Lambda$ defined in (7).

This can be exactly integrated, its solution being expressed in terms of the Heun biconfluent function as [9, 10]
\begin{equation}
\phi (y) \sim \exp \left[ - \frac{y^2}{2}  - \frac{\beta y}{2}  \right] y^{\alpha /2} HeunB \left[ \alpha , \, \beta , \, \gamma , \, \delta , \, y \right] ,
\end{equation}
where the variable and the parameters are respectively given by
\begin{equation}
y = \frac{\sqrt{b} \, B_* \rho^2}{4} \; , \; \; b = q B_0 - \frac{mB_*^2}{2} \approx q B_0 \, ,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\alpha = \pm m \; , \;
\beta \approx 2 \frac{\sqrt{qB_0}}{B_*}  \; ,
\;
\gamma \approx m - \frac{\mu^2}{qB_0} \; ,
\;
\delta \approx - \, \frac{2 \left[\omega^2 - p_z^2 - \mu^2 + m q B_0 \right]}{B_* \sqrt{q B_0}} \;  .
\end{equation}

Let us point out that the Heun biconfluent equation has one regular singularity at the origin and one irregular at $\infty$ and can be obtained, from the Heun general equation, by a process of successive confluences [10].

Regarding the asymptotic behavior of the function (18), solution to the equation (17), that has a singularity in $\rho \to 0$, due to the exponential term, this is vanishing for large $y-$values.  On the other hand, for a regular solution at the origin $y=0$ (where $HeunB(0) =1$), one has to choose the plus sign of $\alpha$ in (20).

\section{The $SO(3,1) \times U(1)-$gauge covariant Dirac Equation}

For relativistic fermions of mass $M$, coupled to the external magnetic field generated by (13), the Dirac equation has the $SO(3,1) \times U(1)-$gauge covariant expression
\begin{equation}
\gamma^a \, \Psi_{;a} + M \Psi \, = 0 \, ,
\end{equation}
where ^^ ^^ ;'' stands for the covariant derivative
\begin{equation}
\Psi_{;a} =  e_a \Psi + \frac{1}{4} \, \Gamma_{bca} \, \gamma^b  \gamma^c \Psi - i q A_a \Psi \; .
\end{equation}
In view of the relations (10), the term expressing the Ricci spin-connection in the equation (21) reads
\[
 \frac{1}{4} \, \Gamma_{bca} \, \gamma^a \gamma^b \gamma^c = \frac{f}{\Lambda}  \,  \gamma^1  \, ,
 \]
where we have introduced the function
\begin{equation}
f = \frac{1}{2} \left[ \frac{1}{\rho} + \frac{\Lambda^{\prime}}{\Lambda} \right] \, .
\end{equation}

The explicit form of the Dirac equation (21) being
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\Lambda} \left[
\gamma^1 \left( \partial_{\rho} + f \right) + \frac{\Lambda^2}{\rho} \gamma^2 \partial_{\varphi} + \gamma^3 \partial_z + \gamma^4 \partial_t + M \Lambda - i q \gamma^2 \Lambda A_2 \right] \Psi = 0 \, ,
\end{equation}
one may use the variables separation
\begin{equation}
\Psi = e^{i(m \varphi + p_z z - \omega t)} \psi ( \rho ) \; ,
\end{equation}
to derive the differential equation satisfied by the part depending on $\rho$, i.e.
\begin{equation}
\gamma^1 \left[ \psi^{\prime} + f \psi \right] +  i \left \lbrace  \gamma^2 \Lambda
\left[ \frac{m \Lambda}{\rho} - \frac{qB_0 \rho}{2}  \right] +  p_z \gamma^3 - \omega \gamma^4 - i M \Lambda  \right \rbrace \psi = 0 \, .
\end{equation}

With the following function substitution
\begin{equation}
\psi = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\rho \Lambda}} \, \chi \, ,
\end{equation}
the above equation becomes
\begin{equation}
\gamma^1 \chi^{\prime} +  i \left \lbrace  \gamma^2 \, F
+  p_z \gamma^3 - \omega \gamma^4 - i M \Lambda  \right \rbrace \chi = 0 \, ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
F ( \rho ) = \Lambda \left[ \frac{m \Lambda}{\rho} - \frac{qB_0 \rho}{2}  \right] ,
\end{equation}
and we are going to use the Dirac representation for the $\gamma^i$ matrices,
\begin{equation}
\gamma^{\mu} = -i \beta \, \alpha^{\mu} \; , \; \; \gamma^4
= - i \beta \; , \; \; \mu = \overline{1,3}
\, ,
\end{equation}
with
\[
\beta = \left( \begin{array}{cc} {\cal I} & 0 \\ 0 & - {\cal I}
\end{array} \right)
\; , \; \; \alpha^{\mu} = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \sigma^{\mu} \\
\sigma^{\mu} & 0
\end{array}
\right) ,
\]
where $\sigma^{\mu}$ denotes the usual Pauli matrices.

In the followings, we are assuming that the particle is not moving along the magnetic field direction, i.e. $p_z = 0$, and the bi-spinor $\chi$ is of the form
\begin{equation}
\chi( \rho ) = \left[ \begin{array}{c}
\zeta  ( \rho ) \\ \eta ( \rho )
\end{array} \right] ,
\end{equation}
so that the equation (28) decouples in two equations for the (two-component) spinors $\zeta$ and $\eta$ i.e.
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
\sigma^1 \zeta^{\prime} + i F \sigma^2 \zeta  = i ( \omega + M \Lambda ) \eta \; ,
\nonumber \\*
& &
\sigma^1 \eta^{\prime} + i F \sigma^2 \eta  = i ( \omega - M \Lambda ) \zeta \; .
\end{eqnarray}

Applying the usual procedure, one gets the following differential equations
\begin{equation}
\zeta_A^{\prime \prime} - \frac{M \Lambda^{\prime}}{\omega + M \Lambda} \, \zeta^{\prime}_A + \left \lbrace \omega^2 - M^2 \Lambda^2 - F^2 \mp \left[ F^{\prime} - \frac{M F \Lambda^{\prime}}{\omega + M \Lambda} \right] \right \rbrace \zeta_A = 0 \; ,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\eta_A^{\prime \prime} + \frac{M \Lambda^{\prime}}{\omega - M \Lambda} \, \eta^{\prime}_A + \left \lbrace \omega^2 - M^2 \Lambda - F^2 \mp \left[ F^{\prime} + \frac{M F \Lambda^{\prime}}{\omega - M \Lambda} \right] \right \rbrace \eta_A = 0 \; ,
\end{equation}
which cannot be analytically solved. However,
by imposing the condition $B_*^2 \ll q B_0$ and neglecting the powers of $\rho$ larger than 3, the equations (33) and (34) get the simpler forms
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
\zeta_A^{\prime \prime} - \frac{M B_*^2 \rho}{2 (\omega + M)} \left[ 1 - \frac{M B_*^2 \rho^2}{4( \omega +M)} \right] \zeta^{\prime}_A \nonumber
\\*
& & + \left \lbrace \omega^2 - M^2 + \left( m \pm \frac {1}{2} \right) q B_0 - \frac{m(m \mp 1)}{\rho^2} - \left( \frac{qB_0 \rho}{2} \right)^2  \right \rbrace \zeta_A = 0 \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
\eta_A^{\prime \prime} + \frac{M B_*^2 \rho}{2 (\omega - M)} \left[ 1 + \frac{M B_*^2 \rho^2}{4( \omega - M)} \right] \eta^{\prime}_A \nonumber
\\*
& & + \left \lbrace \omega^2 - M^2 + \left( m \pm \frac {1}{2} \right) q B_0 - \frac{m(m \mp 1)}{\rho^2} - \left( \frac{qB_0 \rho}{2} \right)^2  \right \rbrace \eta_A = 0 \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
The corresponding solutions, i.e.
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
\zeta_1 = \left \lbrace \sqrt{\rho} , \rho^{m} \right \rbrace
u_1 \; , \; \;
\zeta_2 = \left \lbrace \sqrt{\rho} ,  \rho^{m+1} \right \rbrace u_2 \; , \; \nonumber \\*
& &
\eta_1 = \left \lbrace \sqrt{\rho} ,  \rho^m \right \rbrace v_1 \; , \; \eta_2 = \left \lbrace \sqrt{\rho} ,  \rho^{m+1} \right \rbrace v_2 \, ,
\end{eqnarray}
are
expressed in terms of Heun's biconfluent functions [8--10]
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
u_1 = HeunB \left[ \alpha_1 , \beta , \gamma^+ , \delta^+_1 ,  \, x_u \right] \; , \;
u_2 = HeunB \left[ \alpha_2 , \beta , \gamma^+ , \delta^+_2 , \,  x_u \right] ;
\nonumber \\*
& &
v_1 = HeunB \left[ \alpha_1 , \beta , \gamma^- , \delta^-_1 , x_v \right]
\; ; \;
v_2 = HeunB \left[ \alpha_2 , \beta , \gamma^- , \delta^-_2 , x_v \right] ,
\end{eqnarray}
of variables
\[
x_u = - \, \frac{\sqrt{2} M B_*^2 \rho^2}{8 ( \omega+M)} \, , \;
x_v = \frac{\sqrt{2} M B_*^2 \rho^2}{8 ( \omega-M)} \, ,
\]
and parameters
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \alpha_1 = m - \frac{1}{2} \, , \;
\alpha_2 = m + \frac{1}{2} \, , \;
\beta = \sqrt{2} \, , \;
\gamma^{\pm} =
- 2 \left[ \frac{qB_0 ( \omega \pm M)}{M B_*^2} \right]^2 \, , \;
\nonumber \\*
& &
\delta_1^{\pm} = \pm \, \frac{2 \sqrt{2}}{M B_*^2 } ( \omega \pm M ) \left[ \omega^2 - M^2 + \left( m + \frac{1}{2} \right) q B_0 \right] , \, \;
\nonumber \\*
& &
\delta_2^{\pm} = \pm \, \frac{2 \sqrt{2}}{M B_*^2 } ( \omega \pm M ) \left[ \omega^2 - M^2 + \left( m - \frac{1}{2} \right) q B_0 \right]
\end{eqnarray}
and therefore the components of the bi-spinor $\psi$ in (27) are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \psi_1 = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\Lambda}} \left \lbrace 1 , \rho^{m- \frac{1}{2}} \right \rbrace u_1 \; , \;
\psi_2 = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\Lambda}} \left \lbrace 1 , \rho^{m+ \frac{1}{2}} , \right \rbrace u_2 \; ,
\nonumber \\*
& & \psi_3 = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\Lambda}} \left \lbrace 1 , \rho^{m- \frac{1}{2}} \right \rbrace v_1 \; , \;
\psi_4 = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\Lambda}} \left \lbrace 1 , \rho^{m+ \frac{1}{2}}
\right \rbrace  v_2 \; .
\end{eqnarray}

Using the expressions (40) in (25), one may compute the radial current density, meaning particles per unit time and per unit covariant 2-surface
\[
d \Sigma_1 = \omega^2 \wedge \omega^3 = \rho d \varphi \wedge d z \, ,
\]
as
\[
j^1 = i \, \bar{\Psi} \gamma^1 \Psi = \Psi^{\dagger} \alpha^1 \Psi
= \frac{1}{2 \Lambda} \left[ u_1 v_2 + u_2 v_1 \right]
\]
and the corresponding (radial) current,
\begin{equation}
I ( \rho ) = \int_{-\frac{L_z}{2}}^{\frac{L_z}{2}} \int_0^{2 \pi} e_a^1 j^a \, d \Sigma_1   = \frac{\pi L_z \rho}{\Lambda^2}
\left[ u_1 v_2 + u_2 v_1 \right] ,
\end{equation}
represented in the figure 1, as a function of
\[
x \approx \frac{\sqrt{2} \, M B_*^2 \rho^2}{8 \omega} \, .
\]
One may notice that, for $x \ll 1$, the current is suddenly increasing from zero to a maximum value, which depends on the ratio $M / \omega$ and on the magnetic field intensity.

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figure.jpg}
  \caption{The radial current (41) in terms of the variable $x \approx \sqrt{2} M B_*^2 \rho^2/(8 \omega)$.}
\end{figure}

The case corresponding to massless fermions is significantly less complicated. Thus, the equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\Lambda} \left[
\gamma^1 \left( \partial_{\rho} + f \right) + \frac{\Lambda^2}{\rho} \gamma^2 \partial_{\varphi} + \gamma^3 \partial_z + \gamma^4 \partial_t \right]
\Psi_0 - i q \gamma^2 A_2 \Psi_0 = 0 \, ,
\end{equation}
with the variables separation (25),
leads to the following differential equation satisfied by the part depending on $\rho$, i.e.
\begin{equation}
\gamma^1 \left[ \psi_0^{\prime} + f \psi_0 \right] +  i \left \lbrace  \gamma^2 \Lambda
\left[ \frac{m \Lambda}{\rho} - \frac{qB_0 \rho}{2}  \right] +  p \gamma^3 - \omega \gamma^4  \right \rbrace \psi_0 = 0 \, .
\end{equation}

As customary for massless fermions, we are going to use the Weyl representation for the $\gamma$ matrices,
\begin{equation}
\gamma^{\mu} = -i \beta \, \alpha^{\mu} \; , \; \; \gamma^4
= - i \beta \; , \; \; \mu = \overline{1,3}
\, ,
\end{equation}
with
\[
\alpha^{\mu} = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\sigma^{\mu} & 0 \\
0 & - \sigma^{\mu}
\end{array}
\right) ,
\]
and the bi-spinor $\psi_0$ will be taken as
\begin{equation}
\psi_0 ( \rho ) = \left[ \begin{array}{c}
\zeta  ( \rho ) \\ \eta ( \rho )
\end{array} \right] .
\end{equation}
Once the equation (43) decouples in two equations for $\zeta$ and $\eta$,
one gets, for the {\it up} spinor's components, the
second-order differential equations
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \zeta_A^{\prime \prime} + 2 f \zeta_A^{\prime} + \left[ \omega^2 - p^2_z + f^2 -  F^2
+ \partial_{\rho} \left( f \mp  F \right) \right] \zeta_A = 0 \,   ,
\end{eqnarray}
and similarly for $\eta_A$.
Within the same approximation $B_*^2 \ll qB_0$ and neglecting the powers of $\rho$ larger than 2,
the equations (46) turn into the simpler forms
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \frac{d^2 \zeta_A}{d \rho^2} + \left[ \frac{1}{\rho} + \frac{B_*^2 \rho}{2} \right] \frac{d \zeta_A}{d \rho}
\nonumber \\* & &
+ \left[ \omega^2 - p_z^2 + qB_0 \left( m \pm \frac{1}{2} \right)  - \left( m \mp \frac{1}{2} \right)^2 \frac{1}{\rho^2} - \left( \frac{qB_0 \rho}{2} \right)^2 \right] \zeta_A = 0 \, , \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
whose solutions can be expressed either in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions as [13]
\begin{eqnarray}
\zeta_1 & = & x^{\frac{1}{2} \left( m - \frac{1}{2} \right)} e^{-x/2} U \left[ - \frac{\omega^2 - p_z^2}{2qB_0} + \frac{B_*^2}{4 qB_0} \, , \, m + \frac{1}{2} \, , \, x \right] \, ;
\nonumber \\*
\zeta_2 & = & x^{- \frac{1}{2} \left( m + \frac{1}{2} \right)} e^{-x/2} U \left[ - \frac{\omega^2 - p_z^2}{2qB_0} + \frac{B_*^2}{4 qB_0} - \left( m - \frac{1}{2} \right) \, , \, - \left( m - \frac{1}{2} \right) , \, x \right] \, ,
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
or in terms of Whittaker functions [13], as
\begin{equation}
\zeta_1 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}  \, {\rm W}_{\lambda_1 , \mu_1} (x) \; , \;
\zeta_2 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \, {\rm W}_{\lambda_2 , \mu_2} (x) \; , \;
\end{equation}
with the dimensionless variable
\[
x = \frac{B_*^2 \rho^2}{4} \sqrt{ 1 + \left( \frac{2qB_0}{B_*^2} \right)^2} \approx \frac{qB_0 \rho^2}{2} \, ,
\]
and
parameters
\begin{eqnarray}
& &
\lambda_1 \approx \frac{\omega^2 - p_z^2}{2qB_0} - \frac{B_*^2}{4 qB_0} + \frac{1}{2} \left( m + \frac{1}{2} \right) , \; \; \mu_1 =
\frac{1}{2} \left( m- \frac{1}{2} \right) ;
\nonumber \\*
& &
\lambda_2 \approx \frac{\omega^2 - p_z^2}{2qB_0} - \frac{B_*^2}{4 qB_0} + \frac{1}{2} \left( m - \frac{1}{2} \right) , \; \; \mu_1 =
\frac{1}{2} \left( m  + \frac{1}{2} \right) . \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Conclusions}

Within the framework of the gauge-invariant geometry, based on the semi-direct product of the local groups $SO(3,1)$ and $U(1)$, the present paper is focusing on the Klein--Gordon and Dirac equations describing particles evolving in a background endowed with the Melvin's metric.

By making use of the Cartan's formalism, we have derived the corresponding Einstein--Melvin equations leading to the essential relation between the model's parameters (14).
As a remark, switching to the canonical bases, the third covariant induction component is given by the expression
\[
B_z = \sqrt{|g|} F_{(c)}^{12} =  \sqrt{|g|} \, e_a^1 e_b^2 F^{ab} \equiv B_0 \, .
\]

In case of bosons, the Klein--Gordon equation can be integrated exactly, its solution being given by the Heun biconfluent functions of parameters (20).

The equations (33) and (34) coming from the Dirac equation (24) have rather complicated expressions, containing several additional terms which were neglected in [6].
In the assumption $B_*^2 \ll q B_0$, we have been able to find solutions for the equations (35) and (36), expressed in terms of Heun's biconfluent functions (38).
The corresponding radial particle-current (41), represented in the figure 1, is starting from zero, at the origin $\rho =0$ and exhibits a rather non-trivial behavior, characterized by a sudden growth to a maximum value. This one is followed by a local minimum which might signal, in the approximation we have used, the presence of a plateau. The seemingly far away unlimited increasing is a result of the violation of the approximation holding condition which demands $x < 1$.

\begin{flushleft}
\begin{Large}
{\bf Acknowledgement}
\end{Large}
\end{flushleft}
This work was supported by a grant of Ministery of Research and Innovation, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0131, within PNCDI III.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Vivar o Vivar del Cid es una localidad española, perteneciente al municipio de Quintanilla Vivar, situada a 7 kilómetros de Burgos. Posee una población aproximada de 340 habitantes.

La tradición afirma que en esta aldea nació El Cid, aunque no hay documentación que lo pruebe y la primera vinculación de Rodrigo Díaz con Vivar (a la que se añadió «del Cid» para reforzar esta adscripción) aparece en un cantar de gesta: el Cantar de Mio Cid, compuesto hacia 1200.

Durante el mes de julio se celebran las Jornadas Medievales, cuyos actos giran en torno a la figura de El Cid.

Situación administrativa
Entidad Local Menor cuya alcaldesa pedánea es M.ª Esther López Ortega, del Partido Popular.

Historia

Lugar que formaba parte, del Alfoz y Jurisdicción de Burgos, en el partido de Burgos, uno de los catorce que formaban la Intendencia de Burgos durante el periodo comprendido entre 1785 y 1833, tal como se recoge en el Censo de Floridablanca de 1787. Tenía jurisdicción de realengo con alcalde pedáneo.

Antiguo municipio de Castilla la Vieja, en el Partido de Burgos, código INE-095193, que en el Censo de la matrícula catastral contaba con 57 hogares y 114 vecinos. Entre el Censo de 1857 y el anterior, este municipio desaparece porque se integra en el municipio 09301 Quintanilla Vivar.

Emblemática
Escudo partido: Primero, en gules, dos espadas de empuñadura de oro y hoja de plata puestas en sotuer, cargadas de escudo, también de plata, y en él castillo donjonado de tres donjones, el central de homenaje, mazonado de sable. Segundo, en plata , árbol arrancado de sinople, surmontado de azor, azorado, y en punta onda de azur. Al timbre corona real cerrada.

Bandera.– Cuadrada, o de 1x1. Tricolor. Banda de plata de 3/10 de anchura; parte superior de la bandera en rojo y la inferior en verde. En el corazón de la bandera campeará el Escudo Municipal.

Sitio histórico

Una tradición asentada desde el Cantar de mio Cid y los posteriores romances ha asociado a Vivar desde antiguo con el lugar de nacimiento de Rodrigo Díaz el Campeador.

Su presencia en las tradiciones de la Villa en diversas creaciones literarias, la toponimia proveniente del Cantar de mio Cid que vincula a Vivar con el Camino del Cid, la cita expresa que de la Villa se hace en la Carta de arras que el Campeador otorgó a Jimena con ocasión de su casamiento, lo que indica que el Rodrigo Díaz histórico tenía posesiones en Vivar, y la existencia del convento que guardó durante siglos el manuscrito del Cantar de mio Cid, justifican la protección del núcleo urbano como Sitio Histórico.

Lugares de interés

 Iglesia de San Miguel
 Monumento al Cid Campeador en el llamado Solar del Cid.
 Monasterio de Nuestra Señora del Espino: Fundado por Pedro López Padilla y su esposa Isabel Pacheco Padilla en 1477. En su biblioteca se guardó el manuscrito del Cantar de mío Cid, hoy en la Biblioteca Nacional.
 Molino del Cid: Inicio de la ruta Camino del Cid.

Fiestas
 Carnaval (Cena martes de carnaval)
 San Antonio de Padua (13 de junio)
 Fiestas en Honor a D. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar. Primer Fin de semana mes de julio (actividades cidianas, cenas medievales, mercado medieval, etc...).
 Jueves Santo con procesión de las tres caídas.
 Fiestas patronales de San Miguel Arcángel: 29 de septiembre.

Rutas
 Localidad de partida del Camino del Cid.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Vivar del Cid, página oficial

Vivar del Cid
Localidades de la provincia de Burgos
El Cid


text:
The Law Treats Women More Harshly than Men
a MEMRI Interview with Dr. Radhwa Farghali
"In some cases, the law does not treat women and men equally. Take, for example, the issue of honor [killings]…"
Interviewer: "So there is one law for men and another for women?"
Dr. Radhwa Farghali: "Exactly, even though the discrimination in these issues is not ordained by religion. Take, for example, the issue of prostitution. If a woman is caught in a case pertaining to sex, she is severely punished, whereas the man gets off scot free. In most of these cases, the man turns state's evidence, while the woman receives the most severe punishment – not to mention the social damage done to her and the mark of shame that she bears. This does not mean that I am personally advocating women's promiscuity, or that I am calling for lighter sentences for women, but at the very least, there should be equality, because there are two parties to this crime, so how can you punish one party and not the other?"
Interviewer: "Is this true of the laws of all Arab countries?"
Dr. Radhwa Farghali: "The laws of most Arab countries do not punish the man and the woman equally, even though religion treats them equally. The second issue has to do with honor killings. A man has the right to kill his sister, his daughter, or his wife, if she is caught in immoral circumstances. The same does not hold true for women. If a woman kills her husband, who cheated on her, she is subject to severe legal measures, and in most cases, she is punished like any murderer. The man, on the other hand, is considered to be defending honor, and he gets a mitigated sentence or is even acquitted."
Arab Wives are Treated "Like a Piece of Furniture in the House"
Interviewer: "We have on the line Ibrahim Abdallah from Saudi Arabia. Hello…"
Caller over the phone: "Islam has given everybody their rights. What about women's violence against men? For example, a woman might stubbornly rebel against her husband, leave the house without his permission, bring home people he hates, and constantly incite their children against him. Some husbands were even killed by wives who were unbalanced, mentally disturbed, or socially retarded. To this list I should add the woman's sexual betrayal of the husband, going about unveiled in front of men in public places, berating her husband for being poor, comparing him to others, traveling abroad on her own, insisting on working without his permission, constantly wanting to have the last word, and always using the weapon of pretending to be oppressed. Allah said about women: 'Truly, mighty is their snare.' There should be equality between the rights of the man of the woman.
Interviewer: "Thank you, brother Ibrahim. […]"
Dr. Radhwa Farghali: "In Arab society, women are treated as if they were minors or incompetent. The man has the right to beat his wife in order to discipline her. He has the right to kick her, to burn her, and sometimes even to kill her, or to debase her body, as a form of discipline. She is like a piece of furniture in the house. […]
"Why should a man marry four wives? If a man is married to a good wife, who communicates with him psychologically, socially, and physically, and raises the children – why would he want to marry four wives? For the sake of variety?"
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AO Smith 80 Gallon ProLine Electronic Thermostat High Capacity Residential
Bradford White 80 Gallon - Energy Saver Electric Residential AeroTherm
Rinnai RL94eN Non-Condensing Natural Gas Tankless Water Heater, Outdoor Installation,
Original Design: Tankless hot water heater's Circ-Logic technology offers recirculation patterns that match your habits; For the latest in non-condensing technology that speeds up service and installation, check out our new RE180eN model
Never Run Out of Hot Water with this Compact Tankless Gas Water Heater: Non-condensing tankless hot water heater from Rinnai is only the size of a small suitcase and fits in a wide variety of spaces, but provides up to 9.8 GPM (6 fixtures at once) more
American Standard D-100-199-AS Natural Gas Heavy Duty Commercial Water Heater,
80% thermal efficiency
194 GPH at 100 degree rise more
AO Smith BT-100 Tank Type Water Heater with Commercial Natural
Standing Pilot
CSA Certified and ASME Rated TandP Relief Valve more
Best sale: Rinnai RL94iP Non-Condensing Propane Tankless Water Heater
The Rinnai RL94iP Non-Condensing Propane Tankless Water Heater is a high-efficiency, propane-powered water heater that can provide up to 9.8 gallons per minute of hot water. It is designed for indoor installation and has a maximum output of 199,000 BTUs.
One of the key features of this water heater is its compact size and lightweight design, which makes it easy to install in a variety of locations. It also has a digital control panel and a remote control, which allow you to easily adjust the temperature and flow rate of the hot water.
In terms of efficiency, the RL94iP has a high energy factor of 0.82, which means it is able to extract a large amount of heat from the fuel it consumes. It also has a low NOx emissions rating, making it environmentally friendly.
Overall, the Rinnai RL94iP is a reliable and efficient choice for homeowners who want a high-performance tankless water heater that can provide an ample supply of hot water on demand.
Best overall: A.O. Smith ENT-55 ProMax Tall Electric Water Heater
The A.O. Smith ENT-55 ProMax Tall Electric Water Heater is a traditional tank-style water heater that has a capacity of 55 gallons. It is designed for use with electricity as the energy source and is suitable for residential and commercial applications.
One of the key features of this water heater is its ProMax technology, which helps to increase the efficiency of the heater and reduce energy costs. It also has a durable glass-lined tank and a non-metallic tank lining, which help to prevent corrosion and extend the life of the heater.
In terms of control and convenience, the ENT-55 is equipped with a digital control panel and a remote control, which allow you to easily adjust the temperature and flow rate of the hot water. It also has a diagnostic system that alerts you to any maintenance issues or errors.
Overall, the A.O. Smith ENT-55 ProMax Tall Electric Water Heater is a reliable and efficient choice for homeowners and businesses who want a high-capacity tank-style water heater that can provide a continuous supply of hot water.
Best budget: AO Smith 80 Gallon - 4,500 Watt ProMax Residential Electric Direct Solar Booster Water Heater
The AO Smith 80 Gallon ProMax Residential Electric Direct Solar Booster Water Heater is a hybrid water heater that combines an electric water heater with a solar water heater. It has a capacity of 80 gallons and is equipped with a 4,500 watt heating element to provide a continuous supply of hot water.
In terms of solar capability, the ProMax Direct Solar Booster Water Heater is equipped with a solar panel and a controller, which allow it to harness the energy of the sun to heat the water. This can help to reduce your energy costs and make your home more environmentally friendly.
Overall, the AO Smith 80 Gallon ProMax Residential Electric Direct Solar Booster Water Heater is a reliable and efficient choice for homeowners who want a high-capacity water heater that can provide a continuous supply of hot water and take advantage of solar energy.
A 60 gallon electric water heater is a traditional tank-style water heater that uses electricity as the energy source. It is designed to store and heat a large volume of water, providing a continuous supply of hot water on demand.
60 gallon electric water heaters are suitable for use in homes with high hot water demand, such as those with multiple bathrooms or large families. They are also a good choice for commercial applications, such as in hotels, restaurants, and other businesses.
One of the main benefits of a 60 gallon electric water heater is its ability to store and heat a large volume of water, which allows it to meet the hot water needs of a large household or commercial space without running out. It also has a relatively low upfront cost and is easy to install, making it a convenient and cost-effective choice for many homeowners and businesses.
However, electric water heaters can be more expensive to operate than other types of water heaters, such as natural gas or propane, due to the higher cost of electricity. It is important to consider the long-term operating costs of a 60 gallon electric water heater when making your purchasing decision.
There are a few key factors to consider when buying a 60 gallon electric water heater:
Energy efficiency: Look for a water heater with a high energy factor, which indicates how efficiently the heater converts electricity to heat. The higher the energy factor, the more efficiently the heater will operate and the lower your energy costs will be.
Warranty: Look for a water heater with a good warranty, as this will help protect your investment in the event of any issues.
Price: Electric water heaters can vary in price depending on size, efficiency, and other features. Determine your budget and look for a water heater that fits within your price range.
Brand reputation: Consider the reputation of the manufacturer and the customer service they offer. This will give you peace of mind and help ensure that you receive timely support in the event of any issues.
Installation requirements: Make sure to consider the installation requirements of the water heater, including the type of electrical connection it requires and any venting or plumbing considerations.
Professional installation: Depending on the complexity of the installation, it may be advisable to hire a professional plumber to install the water heater. This can help ensure that the installation is done correctly and safely.
It is also a good idea to do your research and read reviews from other homeowners who have purchased and used the same or similar water heaters. This can help you make an informed decision and choose the best water heater for your needs.
Rinnai tankless heater.
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Laurence released In The WasherandDryerdirect in 2019 with the project of fixing the US`s cleansing and laundry dilemmas. Since then, he has edited and truth checked masses of articles and learnt loads approximately cleansing and laundry withinside the process!
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A) automatic alarm system: the equipment is equipped with sound and light alarm system, any of the following faults: start failure, the water temperature is too high, low oil pressure, speeding, overload, over current automatic alarm and shutdown.
1, the technical service: free sent staff to the scene to for technical guidance, assist improve room setup, free debugging, free for users to formulate training plans, (factory or field) training for operational staff, the two sides to discuss the training methods, contents and time, in accordance with the actual situation and.
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