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Historic CitiesPolandToruń
Toruń Show on the map
The Teutonic Order installs a legal order:
The city of Toruń (in German Thorn) came into being in close connection with the Teutonic Order's ascendancy at the Baltic Sea coast, commencing in the year 1231, when a division of the Order's knights crossed the Vistula and set about the conquest of the Chelmno (Kulm) region. At a ford through the Vistula, the Order built a castle which is located today in the village of Stary Toruń ('Old Toruń'), and an urban settlement soon grew up alongside it. In the ensuing years, the Teutonic Order founded two further towns in the region, Chełmno (1232) and Rehden (1234), and established in Pomezania the settlements of Kwidzyn (1234) and Elbląg (1237) at the Vistula Lagoon. The land on which the castle and old Toruń had been built in 1231 was at risk of flooding, which led to the establishment in 1236 of a new town approximately ten kilometres to the east of the original site, on a knoll around 18 metres above the level of the Vistula; the construction of the Order's castle followed some years later. On 28 December 1232 or 1233, Hermann von Salza (c. 1179–1239), grand master of the Order, and Hermann Balk (d. 1239), its Landmeister of Prussia and Livonia, issued a privilege – known as the Kulmer Handfeste – endowing Chelmno and Toruń with Magdeburg law. In the Order's territories, elements of the laws of other jurisdictions supplemented Saxon and Magdeburg law. Some of the most significant changes thus effected included the introduction of Flemish laws on inheritance and the reduction of fines to half those levied in Magdeburg. Chelmno's sovereign established an upper court of Magdeburg law, sitting in Chelmno, whose jurisdiction was to encompass the entire state of the Teutonic Order. The Kulmer Handfeste and the judgements handed down by the Chelmno upper court and by Magdeburg's lay judges' bench (Schöffenstuhl) were decisively influential factors in the emergence of Chelmno law, which comprised land law through Prussia. The Teutonic Order and the Prussian bishops conferred Chelmno law upon 88 urban settlements, numerous villages and manors.
Toruń's spread unfolded in three phases. Circa 1236, the northern limits of the first phase of the town extended as far as the southern edge of what would later become the marketplace. The town's central east-west thoroughfare was St Anna's Street, leading from the Old Toruń Gate to the parish church and to the square beside it, which was reserved for erecting facilities for small-scale trading and selling. The second stage of Toruń's expansion, at the beginning of the 1250s, saw the laying out of its rectangular marketplace, as the town swallowed up its erstwhile northern suburb. A third phase involved the establishment in 1264 of the new town in what had been the castle's outer bailey. The castle and its inner bailey dominated the area on the banks of the Vistula between the two towns.
In the urban settlement's early days, an alderman (Schultheiß) was at the municipality's head; the city's foundational privilege directed that this be an office electable by the citizenry, with the Teutonic Order holding the right to affirm or veto the successful candidate. A municipal Council came into being circa 1250 and successively expanded its influence on the city's governance. In Toruń, as in the other towns and settlements under the Kulmer Handfeste, the division of governance between the Council and the lay judges' bench, as modelled by Magdeburg law, came to find general acceptance and application. The Council held supreme executive and legislative power alongside a degree of juridical authority. The court system's principal institution was the lay judges' bench, headed by the alderman serving as a judge. At the end of the thirteenth century, Toruń's Council placed the office of sheriff under its authority and secured itself the right to appoint the lay judges. In 1346, the Grand Master of the Order ceded jurisdiction in greater and lesser legal matters in the suburbs and the manors and estates in the city's possession to the Council and the citizenry.
Like the councils of other major towns and cities in Prussia, the Council of Toruń sought to attain the right to elect officials independently of the territorial sovereign and to set local ordinances and take decisions in their own right. It succeeded in 1338, when the Magdeburger Rechtsweisung für Kulm affirmed these rights.
In the fourteenth century, the Council of Toruń's old city began to bypass Chelmno, referring those of its verdicts appealed by any party to the lay judges in Magdeburg. Subsequently, in 1458, the Council of Toruń assumed for itself jurisdiction over the administration of Chelmno law in greater legal matters, retaining it until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Toruń received requests for legal opinions from municipalities in Royal Prussia and Warmia, as well as those in Kujawy and Masovia. One witness to the contemporary practice of pronouncing judgement in legally doubtful cases is the book established circa 1400 by the city clerk Walther von Bunzlau, which recorded the requests for legal opinion directed to Magdeburg and the responses of its lay judges' bench. Toruń's new city had a legal order modelled on that of the old city and on Chelmno law. Its lesser economic power as compared to the old city and its lack of an influential mercantile class meant that it took until the mid-fourteenth century to succeed in asserting its authority over the office of judge.
Around the turn of the fourteenth to the fifteenth century, approximately 11,000 people lived in Toruń's urban area, including that of its castle. The old city, together with its suburbs, had a population of about 7,500, and an approximate further 2,500 were resident in the new city. The differences between the two Toruńs, thus apparent in the numbers of their populations, extended likewise to their social structure. Merchants formed the most significant occupational group in the old city; figures from the year 1395 indicate that 30 per cent of its taxpayers (868 individuals) were of the mercantile class, a wealthy group engaged in trade with distant regions and lands, and the class from which those of formal influence in the municipality originated. In new Toruń, meanwhile, most residents made their livelihoods from manual trades, and the town councillors ranged from craftsmen to shopkeepers and brewers.
Toruń's felicitous location on the boundary between the Kingdom of Poland and the state of the Teutonic Order made it a locality of importance to trade between Europe's western and northern regions and its eastern and central parts; it stood at an intersection of the Vistula trading route with the land-based routes to Masovia, Kujawy, Ruthenia and Silesia. Aa early as the mid-thirteenth century, Toruń attained trading privileges in Kujawy, Masovia, Greater Poland and Pomerelia. In the course of that century's second half, Toruń's merchants established trading relationships with their counterparts in Flanders, Kraków and Wrocław. Their cooperation with merchants from Westphalia enabled the expansion of Toruń's influence in trade in the Netherlands region during the fourteenth century. Toruń's old city had trading links to the south that extended as far as Wolodymyr-Wolynskyj, L'viv and Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia). Competition from the city of Gdańsk saw Toruń's merchants successively lose direct access to sea routes and markets in western Europe from the early fifteenth century onward, a development which restricted them primarily to contacts in the regions of Poland and Silesia. Wood, wax, copper from Upper Hungary, and especially cereal crops were crucial export goods, while import business revolved around luxury wares such as cloth, spices and wine, alongside salt and fish.
Toruń's involvement in the Hanseatic League and its mercantile activities required it to lend its voice to the association's political and diplomatic business. In 1280, the Council of Toruń's old city made its debut in Hanseatic politics by supporting Lübeck's efforts to have staple rights moved from Bruges to Aardenburg. Between 1356 and 1410, delegates from Toruń's Council took part in 60 Hanseatic Days (annual meetings called Hansetage) and Hanseatic negotiations. The crisis experienced by Toruń's interregional trading activities saw the Council's interest in relationships with the League decline; representatives from Toruń attended only 18 Hanseatic assemblies during the fifteenth century's first half. Toruń, as yet cut off from direct access to the Vistula, founded its economic advancement primarily on more local trade and craftsmanship.
The old city of Toruń is one of the group of Prussian cities and major towns – including Chelmno, the old town of Elblag, Gdańsk's Glówne Miasto, the old city of Kaliningrad, Kneiphof and Braniewo – distinguished both by the economic potential attained by involvement in Hanseatic mercantile relationships and their political position of privilege over smaller municipalities. Starting in the first half of the fourteenth century, Council representatives from larger towns and cities took part in the meetings convened by the Grand Master for decision-making on matters of the overall territory and the Hanseatic activities of Prussian towns and cities. Toruń was one of the most active participants in the political life of the Teutonic Order's state. Up to and including the year 1454, its old city's councillors had been in attendance at a total of 329 conventions of towns, cities and estates. From the 1430s onward, the old city's leaders worked with the Chelmno region's knights to form the opposition of the estates to the Teutonic Order; 1440 saw the foundation, at a convention in Kwidzyn (Marienwerder), of a confederation, known as Preußischer Bund, whose purpose was to defend the interests of the knights and the municipalities against their masters. Toruń was the meeting-place of a privy council which carried out the activities of the Preußischer Bund from 1453 onward and had the task of preparing a rebellion against the Order. Initially, the new city of Toruń joined the confederation of the Prussian estates, but its Council, ceding to pressure from the Order's local commander, subsequently left it again.
The seizure of Toruń's castle by its citizenry on 8 February 1454 sparked a revolt against the Teutonic Order across Prussia. On 6 March of that year, in Kraków, the delegates of the Preußischer Bund joined the mayor of Toruń's old city in paying homage to Poland's king Casimir IV, who subsumed Prussia under the Polish crown. The Council of the old city of Toruń made use of the new political dispensation to eliminate the constitutional particularity pertaining hitherto to the new city, issuing, on 8 March 1454, an act of incorporation that abolished the new city's Council and retained only a special lay judges' court for its citizenry. The incorporation of Prussia into the Kingdom of Poland ignited the Thirteen Years' War of Poland and the Prussian estates against the Teutonic Order. The Peace of Toruń, which ended the conflict in 1466, directed the annexation of the Teutonic Order's western territories – Royal Prussia with its major cities of Toruń, Gdansk and Elblag – to the Kingdom of Poland. Chelmno law remained in force in Toruń until the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, when Toruń became part of the Kingdom of Prussia.
By Roman Czaja
Historia Torunia [History of Toruń], vol. 1: W czasach średniowiecza (do 1454 r.) [In the Middle Ages to 1454], ed. Marian Biskup, Toruń 1999.
Krystyna Kamińska, Sądownictwo miasta Torunia do połowy XVII wieku na tle ustroju sądów niektórych miast Niemiec i Polski [Jurisdiction of the city of Toruń until the mid-seventeenth century, compared to the constitution of the courts of some German and Polish towns/cities], Warszawa/Poznań/Toruń 1980.
Krzysztof Mikulski, Przestrzeń i społeczeństwo Torunia od końca XIV do początku XVIII wieku [Spatial and social aspects of Toruń from the end of the fourteenth to the beginning of the eighteenth century], Toruń 1999.
Janusz Tandecki, Szkice z dziejów Torunia i Prus w średniowieczu i na progu czasów nowożytnych [Essays on the history of Toruń and Prussia in the medieval and early modern periods], Toruń 2008.
Roman Czaja, Toruń. The Teutonic Order installs a legal order in: Magdeburg Law. A building block of modernen Europe, 14/12/2020, https://magdeburg-law.com/historic-city/ toruń/
A version of the original German text previously appeared in Gabriele Köster and Christina Link (eds), Faszination Stadt. Die Urbanisierung Europas im Mittelalter und das Magdeburger Recht (catalogue of the eponymous exhibition, 1 September 2019 – 2 February 2020), Dresden 2019, pp. 208–212.


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Stereo pair miking is fun especially when recording something as dynamic as a piano.
The reason being that the recording engineer has to interact with the instrument and the room to create the best image possible. Stereo imaging is a whole science unto itself and there plenty of info in that across the web. There are some great techniques to experiment with – XY, ORTF or stereo spread to mention but a few.
It feels very different to a close miking approach because there's a lot of air in between the sound source and the microphone, allowing for the sound to fully develop. In a way, sounding more natural, as if you were in the room the with the performer.
In a recent piano session, I used a couple of Oktava MK-012s. This pair of mics are relatively unassuming and cool charcoal in colour. Oktava have been making microphones in Russia since 1927 and have honed their design and versatility (the MK-012 comes with interchangeable cardioid, hyper-cardioid and omni-directional capsules, plus a 10 dB pad) over the decades. We bought ours (which are a modded pair) from Michael Joly who's an absolute legend!
I went with a stereo spread in the beginning. I gave the mics a little more air after some initial testing. I really love the way that they handle dynamics. They reproduced a very flat response through different dynamic peaks, which could make them suitable for drum overheads too.
In fact, they could be useful for a whole bunch of different studio applications where clean, accurate sound capturing is required. I'm looking forward to more experiments with these versatile mics.


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Beijing smokebusters to go on patrol
May 30, 2015 06:15 am JST May 30, 2015 | 06:56 am JST
Noble713
May 31, 2015 10:23 am JST
Banning smoking for health reasons in a city with as much air pollution as Beijing strikes me as a bit asinine...
Still, it's a step in the right direction, I suppose...
jonobugs
May 30, 2015 07:09 pm JST
In my opinion, the most effective way to reduce smoking is just to make it costly, coupled with education (especially towards children aged 8 and up). People will WANT to quit smoking on their own which will in turn lead to less smoking in public areas, etc.
June 2, 2015 06:57 am JST
@Livingmemory
Also, rather than go with a fascist ban...
What's fascism got to do with it? The operative phrase right at the start of the article is "indoor public places." It's a public safety measure to prevent nicotine junkies from harming those around them. They can still get their fix in other places. This is a small step toward restoring the freedom of those who want to breathe clean air and stay healthy. Do you also call China's moves toward tougher vehicle emission standards fascist?
The tobacco industry latched onto the spurious liberty versus fascism/nanny state line decades ago as a way of deflecting attention from growing evidence about smoking and cancer, etc. I'm surprised anyone is still taken in by this transparent lie.
TravelingSales
June 2, 2015 04:25 pm JST
Let's hope Tokyo catches up to Beijing in the near future. Japan, Cambodia and North Korea still trail behind more advanced Asian countries in this area.
Let's hope Tokyo catches up to Beijing in the near future.
You must not have been to Beijing, as Tokyo is way ahead of it when it comes to smoking regulation.
turbotsat
All the countries should just shut down production and trafficking. Instead of permitting people to get hooked so governments can benefit from the tax revenue.
Think I noticed a cigarette ad in Time magazine the other day. Kind of difficult to question a large source of revenue.
And hasn't been that long since the no-smoking laws in various countries were put in place, I think.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ban#History
lolozo79
Who you gonna call? Smokebusters! Having lived in China, I know firsthand that smoking is their national past time. Individual smokers will be fined 200 yuan? That's about 3000 yen. May as well try to ban marjon. Bottom line, people who want to smoke will do so anyway.
lolozo79: "Bottom line, people who want to smoke will do so anyway."
Actually, everyone has her own boundaries… if the cost of cigarettes will be too high, some people will stop buying them, simply because they can't or because they don't think it's worth it. I want to eat ice cream, but I won't pay $200 for a scoop…
Bartholomew Harte
That brown air is coming from industrial pollution like the world has never seen. the chinese government denies this and refuses to take responibilaty,much less action! As for smoking they'll have to re- open the "Education Camps" to stop it.
Living Memory
The problem is not cigarettes, but rather the garbage the companies lace their tobacco with.
Also, rather than go with a fascist ban, establishments could be required to install air cleaning systems, such as ashtrays that suck the smoke out of the room.
Making and selling cigarettes are crimes against humanity because of the lethal impact of smoke on innocent bystanders, including children. When governments make and sell cigarettes, it's a double betrayal. According to the WHO, smoking kills around a million Chinese every year, and the number is expected to reach 3 million by 2050. That's a lot of painful, lingering and extremely expensive deaths. Beijing's new regulations are a small, slow and halfhearted step in the right direction.
Japanese artist turns heads with freaky flesh-like accessories
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Personalized Housekeeping Services from Kurashinity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Non-linearity in lapply computing in R I have written relatively huge function(about 500 rows; including some savings of data, learning ANN and take their prediction) which output is list of data.frames but the problem is when the output is supposed to be bigger list (e.g. 30 000 data.frames in this list).
I use the function this way
output_list<-mclapply(c(1:30000),FUN,mc.cores=detectCores(),mc.preschedule=FALSE)

and when I use it for
c(1:1000)

it takes about 100 secs, 10 data.frames per second.
But when I use it for, lets say
c(1:10000)

it slows dramaticaly down and it takes about 6500 secs. And with increasing vector c() it is slower and slower.
I have tried to fix it by reducing the FUN (litle efect on small vector c() but the same problem on bigger computation)
A also have tried to fix it by creating for loop which compute 200 cases and put them into empty list and then compute another 200 computation, join into this empty list (which is not empty yet, it involved frames of last computation) and again the same until the end.
But the result is the same, it slows down dramaticaly again.
I suppose the bug will be somewhere in environment or in some memory issue.
Have anyone experience with that? Any advices how to solve it? The computation is still the same so I dont understand why it works well for smaller ones and slows down for huge ones.
Thank you for your advices.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Morecambe looking to get what they deserve at Bury
Morecambe head to Bury tomorrow with manager Jim Bentley hoping his players start getting the rewards for their performances.
The Shrimps travel to Gigg Lane for a third consecutive match against a side relegated from League One last season.
Zak Mills was one of several Morecambe players who came close to scoring against Oldham Athletic
Bentley's players have produced their best two performances of the season in their last two outings against Northampton Town and Oldham Athletic.
Those two displays brought a win and a defeat from games in which the opposition keepers were the star men.
Positive performances are all well and good but four defeats in their opening five league matches – and only one goal scored – see Morecambe third-bottom of the table.
"It's got to change because it makes the job harder," Bentley said.
"It's a results business and that's what it's all about but we will concentrate on ourselves.
"We're giving it our all with everything around training and, in all the meetings we've had, we have done right by the players. They had a deserved day off after the Northampton game in midweek, we did all the analysis and we're doing all we can.
"We're saying the right things but it's all about putting it in the back of the net.
"I believe we should have taken something against Exeter, probably a point at Stevenage, we deserved the victory against Northampton and I think we deserved something against Oldham.
"However, we only have one win and one goal to show for our troubles."
Bentley is expected to make at least one change from the side beaten last weekend.
Skipper Barry Roche, who missed out through suspension, is set to be recalled in goal ahead of Mark Halstead.
Where are they now? - Revisiting Great Britain's 2012 Olympic Games football team


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Tues. 27/01
HPSC 325. Magic to Science. Syllabus 2004.
& Technology Studies.
22, Gordon Square.
Course HPSC 325,
Spring 2004.
Magic to Science.
Embryology LT.
Foster Court 101.
Dr. Andrew Gregory.
Room 3.3, 22 Gordon Square, x32490.
e-mail - andrew.gregory@ucl.ac.uk
Office hours - Tuesdays 12-1, Fridays 12-1.
This is an advanced course in history of science, and runs every second year. In subsequent years you may be interested in the following courses:
109 History of Science.
215 The Scientific Revolution.
326 The History of Astronomy and Cosmology.
Course Timetable and Background Reading 1.
There is no one text which covers all the aspects of this course. The following readings are all fairly short, and you will find it very helpful to read them prior to the relevant lecture. All the readings suggested here can be found in the filing cabinets in the departmental library, and also in the teaching collection in the D.M.S. Watson library (ask for them by the teaching collection number).
Fri. 16/01
2 - Science and the Nature of the Natural.
3 - Babylonian Medicine and Astrology.
S. Toulmin and J.Goodfield, Celestial Forecasting, in The Fabric of the Heavens - 3407
4 - The Greek Achievement.
A. Gregory, Eureka ! The Birth of Science, Ch. 1 & 2.
5 - Ancient Astrology.
A.G. Debus, Alchemy - 3941
6 - Ancient Alchemy.
D. Pingree, 'Hellenophilia vs. the History of Science', Isis 1992 - 3951
7 - Anthropological Approaches to Magic and Science.
C. Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, pp. 167-185, The Sorcerer and His Magic - 3938
8 - Chinese Science ? (1)
S.F. Mason, A History of the Sciences, pp. 73-88.
N. Sivin, Why the Scientific Revolution did not take place in China - or didn't it ? Chinese Science V, 1982, pp. 45-66 – 4017
10 - Islamic Science ?
D.C Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science, pp. 160-182, Science in Islam – 3936
Sunday 15th Feb. - Sunday 22nd Feb. is reading week - no lectures.
11 - Christian Attitudes to Astrology and Magic.
L. Thorndike, The History of Magic and Experimental Science, St. Augustine on Magic and Astrology – 3934
12 - The Renaissance and Natural Magic.
B. Hansen, Science and Magic, D.C. Lindberg (ed.) Science in the Middle Ages – 3920
13 - Astrology and the Revolution in Astronomy.
J. Ravetz, The Copernican Revolution, in The Companion to the History of Modern Science. – 3565
14 – Witchcraft (1).
B.P Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Introduction – 3907
B. Easlea, Witch Hunting, Magic and the New Philosophy, Ch 1.
16 - Paracelsus.
S.F Mason, A History of the Sciences, Ch. 20, From Alchemy to Medical Chemistry - 3906
17 - Hermeticism, Magic and the Scientific Revolution.
C. Webster, From Paracelsus to Newton, Introduction - 4033
18 - Bacon, Descartes and the New Science.
P.M Rattansi, The Scientific Background, in C.A. Patrides and R.B. Waddington, The Age of Milton - 3918
19 - The Hidden Newton; Alchemy and Biblical Studies.
P.M Rattansi, Newton and the Wisdom of the Ancients, in J. Fauvel (ed.), Let Newton Be ! - 3910
20 - Review and Conclusions.
End of term Friday 26th March.
Essays due for March 12th, if you want comments for a re-write.
The essay is finally due on Friday March 22nd !
General Information 1.
Assessment for the course is by means of one essay and an exam. The essay is worth 40% of the overall mark, and the exam 60%.
Attendance.
This course is taught by lectures. You are expected to attend all lectures. A record will be kept of your attendance. Failure to regularly attend lectures may result in you being withdrawn from the course, barred from the examination, or both. We must be able to certify to the College that you have seriously engaged the course content. The STS Undergraduate Tutor reserves the right to bar from examinations students not meeting attendance criteria specified in the UCL Student Handbook or by the Course Tutor at the start of term.
Lectures.
The lectures will give you the backbone of the course material. You will find it very helpful to read the background reading material prior to the relevant lecture. Questions are encouraged during lectures.
I will also circulate some handouts and notes. Some of these are for your general interest and information, some are summaries of important topics or people, and should form an integral part of your essay writing and exam revision.
Everything I display as an overhead projection is in the notes. Do not feel that you need to copy down everything. Use these as suits you best. If you need to take detailed notes to keep attention, please do so. A common practice is to use a highlighter pen to bring out important aspects of the notes, or to underline and make extra comments on the notes.
Completion.
All course work normally must be completed for a student to be eligible to sit the examination.
To complete the course, normally all course work must be completed and the student must sit the examination.
Feedback mechanisms
You can comment on this course by - filling in course evaluation forms; talking to your course tutor; talking to your personal tutor; talking to your Undergraduate tutor; via the Student-Staff consultative committee; Web comment boxes; STS Web site
To apply for an extension on coursework, students must submit a completed a 'request for extension of course work' form, available in the departmental office. This request should be submitted, with documentation, to the course tutor in first instance. If confidential issues are involved, submission of the extension request and documentation may be made through a student's personal tutor or the undergraduate tutor. Requests should be in advance of the set deadline; submission of a request is no guarantee of approval.
Tutorials and Office Hours.
There is no official tutorial session for this course, but I will be glad to answer any questions, discuss or revise any topic after the lectures.
If you wish to see me on a one - to - one basis to discuss essay questions, or discuss anything you haven't understood or would like to go over again, or anything else in relation to the course, I will be pleased to see you during my office hours (or see me to arrange another time).
I am in room 3.3, 22 Gordon Square, and my office hours are Tuesdays 12-1 and Fridays 12-1.
Course Materials.
There is no one text which covers the whole course, and there is no recommended text to buy.
There is a collection of photocopies in the departmental library, in the filing cabinets. There are all the background reading materials, arranged by lecture. There are all the main readings for the essays arranged by essay topics.
Many essay readings and all the background readings are in the teaching collection in the D.M.S. Watson library - ask at the issue desk quoting the teaching collection number.
There are two useful general overviews of the history of magic. One is the 8 volume History of Magic and Experimental Science by L. Thorndike, and the other is The History of Magic and the Occult by K. Seligmann, both of which can be found in the D.M.S. Watson library.
Another important tool which you should get used to using is the Dictionary of Scientific Biography. This is a multi-volume work with summaries of the lives and work and every important scientist from the ancient world to the present day. It can be found in the DMS Watson library opposite the issue desk.
I will also circulate handouts for each lecture. Some of these are for your general interest and information, some are summaries of important topics or people, and should form an integral part of your essay writing and exam revision.
Web Resources.
This course will be using the new WebCT resources.
If you log on to this, you will find all of the lecture notes, the past papers and the course syllabus.
There will also be an on-line tutorial. I will post replies to any questions you ask via the WebCT system.
I will also post some questions for discussion and further thought for each lecture.
Course Aims.
The most general aim of this course is to chart the relationship between science and magic from the beginnings of science up to the enlightenment. This involves examining a number of topics, both historically and as they arise now, notably;
Scientific and magical views of the nature of the universe.
The nature of rationality and its relation to science and to magic.
How science can be demarcated from non-science.
Science-like activities outside of the Western tradition.
Ultimately this course aims at producing a better and more sophisticated understanding of;
The history of science, and the changing relationship between magic and science.
What science is now, and what it considers the nature of the universe to be.
Of what alchemy, astrology and magic are and what their influence on science has been.
The current debates between science and mysticism.
The status of science relative to other activities.
Information on Exams.
The exam is three hours long and you will have to answer three questions. All the exam questions will be covered during the course, and there will be questions on all parts of the course - compare essay list, lecture list and past papers.
Last year's exam paper is included in this pack. Previous exam papers are available on the web at http://exam-papers.ucl.ac.uk/MAPS/SciTech/ or from Web CT
The exam is much more a test of understanding than memory. The questions are structured such that you will not be able to write down everything you know about the topic in one hour. The key skills in such exams are being able to orientate to what the question is asking you to do, and being able to select the most important information at your disposal in order to construct a good argument or discussion.
There will be sessions on exam technique early in the third term and I will distribute a handout on the nature of the exam and good practice in preparing for exams.
The course convenor, Dr. Gregory, is responsible for setting and marking the exam.
Some students require special dispensation for examinations (for example, anyone with dyslexia, other special medical conditions -- such as eye or back problems -- or who has suffered a bereavement). These dispensations can include additional time to complete an exam and use of a word processor, or alternative assessment. The UCL Examinations Section requires a lengthy application process for special consideration (including medical certification, if appropriate), and the application deadline is early in the academic year. If you think you qualify, discuss this with your personal tutor as soon as possible. Application to the College is necessary well before the examinations period.
Students achieving a final course mark below 28 normally have the right to make a re-entry at the next available opportunity. This involves repeating all assessed components of the course in which students will be expected to sit the examination and complete all other course work for the current offer of the course.
Students achieving a final course mark in the range 28 - 34 percent for an STS course may be allowed the option of referral, at the discretion of the sub-board of examiners. A referral normally involves written work set over summer. Successful completion of a referral earns the student a minimum passing mark of 35 E.
Students who have not taken 109 History of Science.
Students who have not taken 109 History of Science are strongly advised to read A. Gregory Eureka ! The Birth of Science. This will give you a reasonable account of the ancient background. Also recommened is S.F. Mason, A History of the Sciences.
Gregory is available at Waterstones, or from amazon.co.uk.
Mason is available from amazon.co.uk (go via the departmental website at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/udg/bstore.htm, and click on Mason) and is quite cheap. Do not believe any promise that Waterstones may make about this book, they are quite hopeless at getting it.
There are many copies of Gregory and of Mason in the library.
B.SC DEGREE 2002.
HPSCB325: Magic to Science.
Total time allowed: three hours.
Answer any THREE questions. All questions carry equal weight.
Did the Babylonians have the science of medicine, or merely a healing technology ?
How did the Greeks alter Babylonian astrology ?
Were Greek activities more scientific and more rational than those of their contemporaries ?
Was Ptolemaic astrology rational and scientific ?
How might one be able to make gold according to the theories of the ancient alchemists ?
How does the work of Levi-Strauss help us to understand tribal magical beliefs ?
What factors might help explain why the Scientific Revolution took place in Europe rather than China ?
Did Islamic culture merely absorb Greek science, or did it transform it ?
Why was the early Christian church so concerned about magic and astrology ?
Assess Kepler's proposed reforms for astrology.
How did Christian views on the nature of evil, magic and women affect the nature of the witch hunt ?
Paracelsus: arrogant madman or important contributor to medical science ?
Distinguish between science, natural magic and supernatural magic. Into which of these categories would a cosmos based on a macrocosm/ microcosm relation belong ?
What influence did the natural magic tradition have on the scientific revolution ?
How and why did Bacon criticise the natural magic tradition ?
What were occult and scholastic qualities ? What happened to them in the scientific revolution ?
Is it possible to see Newton's alchemy, biblical studies and physics as part of one overall quest for knowledge ?
END OF PAPER
There are no syllabus changes for 2004.
325 Magic to Science - Essays.
The essay should be around 3,000 words.
The final deadline is the last day of term.
If you give me a draft of the essay by around week 8, I will happily discuss the essay and give some comments on it before you hand in the final version.
Final versions of the essay will not be returned (they have to go for second marking and perusal by the external examiner) so please keep a copy of your essay.
Marks and comments will be sent to you by e-mail to your college e-mail address about a week into the Easter break.
STS students:
The difference between a 1,500 word essay and a 3,000 word essay is not a longer introduction and more background material. Keep introductions short and to the point (no longer than for any other essays) and keep the background material to the minimum required to support the arguments you wish to make. Go into depth with your discussion of the topic, develop the arguments as fully as possible and give a substantial conclusion drawing together what you have said and saying something about the significance of the topic and what you have said about it.
Non STS students (especially scientists):
You are very strongly advised to look at the STS guidelines for essays which can be found at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/udg/essyguid.htm
Please pay particular attention to the material on referencing and follow those guidelines when you write your essay. Essays without referencing or without bibliography will not be marked until they have proper references and bibliography.
The difference between science papers/ reports and STS essays can roughly be expressed like this. In science papers you give a relatively long introduction and description, a relatively brief discussion and a short conclusion. In STS (as in many other humanities subjects) we want a very brief introduction, a relatively brief description, plenty of discussion and a much more substantial conclusion, which talks about the outcomes of the discussion and what their significance are. If there is a debate about a point, we want to hear about both sides of that debate, heir advantages and their disadvantages.
The essays are marked on the coherence of the arguments and their relation to the evidence cited, and the appreciation of the significance of the topic and the arguments given shown in the conclusion. Do not give biographies, however short, and steer away from giving a catalogue of events or a straight narrative description in favour of giving the basic facts required by the arguments you wish to put forward. Biographies earn no marks, catalogues very few. It is the debate, and your mastery of the arguments which is significant.
The first three readings under the essay titles in the syllabus document I consider vital for that essay - the other readings are interesting and useful if you wish to examine the subject further. The bold numbers in the left margin are the teaching collection numbers (copyright regulations prevent us putting everything in the teaching collection !). Ask for them at the DMS Watson issue desk. The first three readings for each essay can also be found in the common room at the Department of science and Technology Studies (22 Gordon Square, 3rd floor).
Coursework Information.
You must do one essay of around 3,000 words.
All submitted course work must be accompanied by a signed 'HPSC course work submission sheet'. No course work will be marked without an accompanying cover sheet. Copies are available in the department office and on-line.
The deadline for the essay is Friday 26th March.
The first group of readings under each essay title are usually primary readings (actually by the person in question) and I expect you to at least have looked at the relevant parts of these. The second group are essential reading for doing that essay. The third group are optional readings for you to explore topics in greater depth if you wish. I will be happy to indicate which are the most important things to read when you discuss an essay with me.
Departmental policy on late essays is that work submitted up to one week late will have 5 points deducted, up to two weeks late 11 points will be deducted, and essays will not be accepted or marked if they are more than two weeks late, and will score zero.
The essay may be re-written. If you give it in by the due date, I will mark it and comment on it. If you wish to re-write it in the light of the comments that I make, I will then re-mark it.
Please note that the final version of your essay cannot be returned to you (though comments on it will be) as it has to be available for internal second marking and for the external examiner. It is therefore wise to produce two copies or retain it on disc for future reference and exam revision.
Assessed materials are marked by the course tutor(s) or their assistant examiners. These marks will be distributed to students at the first opportunity. To ensure fairness, materials are subsequently scrutinised by a second examiner within the Department, and a consensus is reached on their evaluation. All assessed materials and the consensus marks are made available for scrutiny by an examiner external to UCL. Marks are considered final only after the sub-board of examiners for science and technology studies has approved them in their annual meeting near the close of Term 3.
The comments on your essays will give you feedback on the quality, strengths and weaknesses of the work submitted, with a clearly defined grade or class.
Students are strongly advised in the first instance to discuss and resolve any grievances over marks informally with the course tutor. If informal discussion fails to resolve the matter satisfactorily and there appears to be genuine and substantive grounds for appeal, the student should submit a written explanation of their grievance to the chair of the sub-board of examiners . A final formal written appeal can be made to the College Registrar.
Hand-written essays.
All course work must be typed or word-processed rather than hand-written, with the obvious exception of invigilated examinations. However, as the College is unable to absolutely guarantee sufficient access to computing facilities, no student will be penalised if, in extremis, they find it impossible under reasonable circumstances to access appropriate facilities. In such circumstances, the Tutor must be informed, well in advance, of the circumstances necessitating hand-written submission. With hand-written course work, poor legibility may negatively affect assessment.
Plagiarism.
The UCL Student Handbook defines plagiarism as "the presentation of another person's thoughts or words or artefacts or software as though they were [your] own". Students are expected to know the College and Department policies in detail and to avoid even the appearance of inappropriate behaviour.
Essay Titles and Reading 1.
1. Is it correct to call the healing practices of the Babylonians 'medicine' ?
H.E. Sigerist, Primitive and Archaic Medicine, Ch. 4.
G.E.R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience, pp. 10-58.
S. Toulmin and J. Goodfield, The Fabric of the Heavens, pp. 27-58.
W.F.D. Wightman, The Emergence of Scientific Medicine.
C. Singer and E.A. Underwood, A Short History of Medicine Ch. 1 + 2.
O. Temkin, The Double Face of Janus, Ch. 8, Greek Medicine.
O. Neugebauer, The History of Ancient Astronomy, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4, 1945.
O. Temkin, The Falling Sickness.
R. Olson, Science Deified and Science Defied, pp. 16-61.
2. Did the Greeks develop a distinctive rationality and science ?
G.E.R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience, esp. pp. 10-58.
G. Vlastos, Plato's Universe, Ch. 1, The Greeks Discover the Cosmos.
D. Pingree, 'Hellenophilia vs. the History of Science', pp. 554-563, Isis 83, 1992.
The following papers are all from Isis 83, 1992:
F. Rochberg, Introduction, pp. 547-553, , G.E.R Lloyd, Methods and Problems in Ancient Science pp. 564-577, H. Von Staden, Affinities and Elisions, pp. 578-595, M. Bernal, Origins of Western Science, pp. 596-607.
W. Jaeger, The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers, pp. 1-37.
J-P. Vernant. The Formation of Positivist Thought in Ancient Greece.
3. Placed in the context of an Aristotelian cosmology, how plausible are Ptolemy's arguments for astrology ?
Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, Ch. 1.
G.E.R. Lloyd, Aristotle the Growth and Structure of his Thought, Ch. 7 + 8.
A.D. Gregory, Ptolemy and Astrology.
A. A. Long, Astrology: Arguments Pro and Contra, Science and Speculation, ed. J. Barnes.
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography on Ptolemy.
R. Porter, Man Masters Nature, Ch. 2 Ptolemy.
L. Katsoff, Ptolemy and Scientific Method, Isis 38, 1947, pp. 18-22.
4. Placed in the context of ancient theories of matter, how reasonable were the aims of the early alchemists ?
F. Sherwood Taylor, The Alchemists, pp. 1-50.
A.G. Debus, Alchemy.
S. Toulmin and J. Goodfield, The Architecture of Matter, Ch. 5 + 6.
R.P. Multhauf, The Science of Matter, in D.C Lindberg (ed.), Science in the Middle Ages, pp. 369-390.
H.M. Leicester, The Historical Background of Chemistry, pp. 33-52, Hellenistic Culture and the Rise of Alchemy.
E.J. Holmyard, Alchemy.
K. Seligmann, The History Of Magic And The Occult, pp. 79-130.
5. What has anthropology contributed to our understanding of the relationship between magic and science ?
C. Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, pp. 167-185, The Sorcerer and His Magic.
R. Horton, African Traditional Thought and Western Science, in B.R Wilson (ed.), Rationality, pp. 131-171.
R. Horton, Tradition and Modernity Revisited, in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds.), Rationality and Relativism, pp. 200-259.
C. Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind, pp. 1-33, The Science of the Concrete.
M. Douglas, Purity and Danger, Ch. 1.
W.B. Canon, Voodoo Death, in American Anthropologist XLIV, 1942.
T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
6. Explain why Chinese science has been said to be dominated by 'correlative' thought in contrast to the 'causal' thinking more characteristic of the West.
N. Sivin, Why the Scientific Revolution did not take place in China - or didn't it ? Chinese Science V, 1982, pp. 45-66.
J. Needham, Poverties and Triumphs of the Chinese Scientific Tradition, in The Grand Titration, Science and Society in East and West.
H.F. Cohen, The Scientific Revolution, the Nonemergence of Early Modern Science Outside Western Europe, China.
A.C. Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 313-370.
J. Needham, Mathematics and Science in China and the West, in B. Barnes (ed.), Sociology of Science.
A.C. Graham, China, Europe, and the Origins of Modern Science: Needham's Grand Titration, in S. Nakayama and N. Sivin (eds.) Chinese Science, Explorations of an Ancient Tradition.
S. Nakayama and N. Sivin (eds.) Chinese Science, Explorations of an Ancient Tradition, preface.
C.A. Ronan, The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China.
7. Discuss Duhem's assertion that 'There is no Arabian Science. The Wise men of Mohameddanism were always more or less faithful disciples of the Greeks, but were themselves destitute of all originality.'
D.C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science, pp. 160-182, Science in Islam.
H.M. Leicester, The Historical Background of Chemistry, pp. 62-73, Islamic Alchemy.
H.F. Cohen, The Scientific Revolution, the Nonemergence of Early Modern Science Outside Western Europe, Islam.
S.F. Mason, A History of the Sciences, pp. 95-102.
K. Seligmann, The History Of Magic And The Occult, pp. 130-149.
E.J Dijksterhuis, The Mechanisation of the World Picture, pp. 109-115.
O. Pedersen, Early Physics and Astronomy, Ch. 13.
S.H Nasr, Islamic Science, an Illustrated History.
S.H Nasr, Science and Civilisation in Islam.
8. Examine the views of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on miracles, astrology and magic. Are their views still relevant for Christians today ?
Examine the views of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on miracles, astrology and magic. How reasonable are their views within the context of early Christian beliefs ?
L. Thorndike, The History Of Magic And Experimental Science, Ch. 22 Augustine on Magic and Astrology.
L. Thorndike, The History Of Magic And Experimental Science, Ch. 60 St. Thomas Aquinas.
St. Thomas Aquinas, On Miracles.
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography on St. Thomas Aquinas.
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography on St. Augustine.
B. Hansen, Science and Magic, in D.C Lindberg (ed.), Science in the Middle Ages, pp. 483-506.
9. How did Kepler believe that astrology needed to be reformed after the transition from geocentrism to heliocentrism ?
J. Kepler, On the More Certain Fundamentals of Astrology.
A. Koestler, The Watershed, pp. 38-43.
J.R Ravetz, The Copernican Revolution, The Companion To The History Of Modern Science.
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography on Kepler.
L. Thorndike, The History Of Magic And Experimental Science Ch. 33, Adversaries of Astrology.
R. Lemay, The Late Medieval Astrological School at Cracow and the Copernican System.
Michael Servetus, Discourse in Favour of Astrology, Trans. by C.D O'Malley.
L. Thorndike, The History Of Magic And Experimental Science, Ch. 18, The Copernican Theory.
L. Thorndike, The History Of Magic And Experimental Science Ch. 35, Astrology after 1550.
(General works on the revolution in astronomy)
T.S Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution.
I.B Cohen, The Birth of a New Physics.
A. Koestler, The Watershed.
10. What were the intellectual foundations of the witch hunt ?
B.P Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Ch. 1 + 2.
W. Schumaker, The Occult Sciences in the Renaissance, Ch. 2, Witchcraft.
H. Scarre, Witchcraft and Magic in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.
A.L Barstow, Witch Craze (Feminist account).
B.P Levack, Witchcraft in the Ancient World and the Middle Ages.
A.C Kors, The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe.
H. Trevor-Roper, The European Witch Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (no copies at UCL (all stolen !), but useful if you can find it elsewhere).
R. Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials: Their Foundations in Popular and Learned Culture.
See also the articles on St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas cited in the bibliography for the early Christians; these are useful for the foundations of Christian thought on miracles and other magic.
11. Did Paracelsus develop medical chemistry out of alchemy ? Did any of his other work have any merit ?
S.F Mason, A History of the Sciences, pp. 227-242, From Alchemy to Medical Chemistry.
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography on Paracelsus.
R.P Multauf, The Origins of Chemistry, pp. 176-236.
C. Webster, Health, Medicine and Morality in the Sixteenth Century, Ch. 9, Alchemical and Paracelsian Medicine.
A.G Debus, Paracelsus and the Medical Revolution of the Renaissance.
P.M Rattansi, Art and Science: The Paracelsian Vision, in J.W Shirley and F.D Honniger (eds.), Science and the Arts in the Renaissance, pp. 50-58.
P.M Rattansi, Recovering the Paracelsian Milieu, in W.R Shea (ed.), Revolutions in Science.
W. Pagel and P.M Rattansi, Vesalius and Paracelsus.
A. Koyre, Paracelsus, In Oberman, The Reformation in Medieval Perspective pp. 185-217.
F.S Taylor, The Alchemists, Ch. 9.
A.G Debus, The Chemical Philosophy vol. 1, The Chemical Philosophy in Transition.
13. What role did magic play in the scientific revolution ?
J. Henry, The Companion To The History Of Modern Science, Magic and Science in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
C. Webster, Introduction, pp. 1-14, From Paracelsus to Newton: Magic and Making of Modern Science.
H.F. Cohen, The Scientific Revolution, The New Science and the Old Magic.
K. Hutchison, What Happened to Occult Qualities in the Scientific Revolution ? Isis 73, 1982, pp. 233-253.
F. Yates, The Hermetic Tradition in Renaissance Science, in C. Singleton (ed.), Art Science and History in the Renaissance, pp. 255-274.
B.P Copenhaver, Natural Magic, Hermeticism and Occultism in Early Modern Science, in D.C
Lindberg, ed., Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution.
P. Rossi, Hermeticism, Rationality and the Scientific Revolution, in M. Righini Bonelli and W.R Shea (eds.), Reason, Experiment and Mysticism in the Scientific Revolution.
R.S Westman, Magical Reform and Astronomical Reform: The Yates Thesis Reconsidered, in R.S Westman and J.E McGuire (eds.), Hermeticism and the Scientific Revolution, pp. 5-91.
J.E McGuire, Neoplatonism and Active Principles: Newton and the Corpus Hermeticum, in R.S Westman and J.E McGuire (eds.), Hermeticism and the Scientific Revolution, pp. 92-150.
F. Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition.
14. Discuss Bacon's plans to create a reformed natural magic.
P. Rossi, Francis Bacon: From Magic to Science, Ch. 1.
P. Rossi, Bacon's Idea of Science, in The Cambridge Companion to Bacon, ed. M. Peltonen.
P.M Rattansi, The Scientific Background, in C.A Patrides and R.B Waddington, The Age of Milton, pp. 210-216.
Francis Bacon, Novum Organon, Book 1.
Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, Book 2 esp. II vii, 1 (use index).
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography on Bacon.
E.J Dijksterhuis, The Mechanisation of the World Picture, on Bacon.
G. Reece, Bacon's Natural Philosophy: A New Source.
P. Urbach, Francis Bacon's Philosophy of Science.
15. How did the mechanistic programmes of Descartes and Hobbes undercut the basis of the revived natural magic of the Renaissance ?
R. Westfall, The Construction of Modern Science, Ch. 2, The Mechanical Philosophy.
B. Easlea, Witch Hunting, Magic and the New Philosophy, Ch. 3, The Barrenness of Matter.
M. Tamny, Atomism and the Mechanical Philosophy, The Companion To The History Of Modern Science Ch. 38.
B. Hansen, Science and Magic, D.C. Lindberg (ed.) Science in the Middle Ages.
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography on Descartes, see too Gassendi, Hobbes and Mersenne.
E.J Dijksterhuis, The Mechanisation of the World Picture, on Descartes.
E.A Burtt, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science, Ch. 4, Descartes.
16. Why was Newton interested in alchemy and biblical chronology ?
B.J.T Dobbs, The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy, pp. 6-24.
P.M Rattansi, Newton and the Wisdom of the Ancients, in J. Fauvel (ed.), Let Newton Be !, pp. 185-201.
P.M Rattansi, Newton's Alchemical Studies, in A.G Debus (ed.), Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance, pp. 167-180.
J. Henry, Newton, Matter and Magic, in J. Fauvel (ed.), Let Newton Be !
A.R Hall, Isaac Newton, Adventurer in Thought, pp. 179-201 and 381-386.
M. Golinski, in J. Fauvel (ed.), Let Newton Be !, pp. 147-168.
J. Brooke, The God of Isaac Newton, in J. Fauvel (ed.), Let Newton Be !
B.J.T Dobbs, The Janus Face of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.
R.S Westfall, Never at Rest, A Biography of Isaac Newton.
W.H Brock, The Fontana History of Chemistry, Ch. 2-3.
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Home Columns Legal Luminary Legal Luminary Profile: Hon. Justice Olabode Rhodes-Vivour CFR
Legal Luminary Profile: Hon. Justice Olabode Rhodes-Vivour CFR
On 22nd of March 1951, a bouncing baby boy was born to the family of Honourable Justice (Chief) Akinwumi R. W. Rhodes-Vivour in Lagos Island. According to customs and tradition, he was named eight days after as Olabode Rhodes-Vivour.
He started primary school in 1956. And quite unusually, he attended three (3) different primary schools i.e. Maryland Primary School, Ikeja, Lagos, St. Msthias Primary School, Akure, and Ibadan District Council School, Oke-Ado, Ibadan, where he obtained his First School Leaving Certificate in 1963.
Between 1963 and 1968, Honourable Justice Bode Rhodes-Vivour attended St. Gregory's College, Lagos. In 1970, he wrote and passed his Advanced Level Certificate Examinations and proceeded to University of Lagos for his undergraduate studies. He graduated from University of Lagos in 1974 with honours, and thereafter he was admitted into the Nigerian Law School, and was called to the Bar in 1975.
Honourable Justices Olabode Rhodes-Vivour rose through the ranks to become the eminent jurist he is today. As soon as he was called to Bar, he began to practice in his calling and by 1976, he became a Pupil State Counsel, shortly after, in 1978, he became a State Counsel and by 1982, he had become a Senior State Counsel. He was promoted to the position of a Principal State Counsel in 1984 and in 1989, he became Director of Public Prosecutions (D. P. P.) Lagos State, this position he held till 1994.
On the 18th of February 1994, he was appointed to the Bench as a High Court Judge. After many years of experience on the Bench at the High Court, he was elevated to the Bench of the Court of Appeal on the 25th of April 2005.
ALSO READ Legal Luminary Profile: Dr. Olisa Agbakoba SAN
In 2008 on secondment by the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, he was posted to Sierra Leone Judiciary as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone. At his return to Nigeria, after this posting, he was appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, on the 16th of September 2010.
Honourable Justice Olabode Rhodes-Vivour is a man of sterling qualities and unparalleled achievements. He has been successfully involved in various National Assignments, some of which include;
Member Election Petition Tribunal, Rivers and Imo States, 1990.
Member Election Petition Tribunal, Kwara and Anambra States, 2003 and 2004.
Member Election Appeal Tribunal, Edo State, 2005 – 2006.
Member Election Appeal Tribunal in Oyo, Ogun and Osun States in 2009.
He has attended various international professional conferences. In 1979, under the auspices of Commonwealth of Nations, Honourable Justice Bode Rhodes-Vivour took part in an international conference for a course in Legislative Drafting in School of Law, Nairobi, Kenya. Also in 1983, he attended a conference in Chicago, United States of America for an Advanced Course in Legal Drafting, similarly in 1992, he attended a Seminar on Drug Related Offences in Christ-church, University of Oxford, England. Honourable Justices Bode Rhodes-Vivour has equally attended conferences and delivered Papers within the Country. The conferences he has attended include; Court Administration and Case Flow Management by the National Centre for State Courts, Delegate and Rapporteur at All Nigeria Judges Conference, Abuja 2001, Stakeholders' Summit to Review High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules in Lagos State, 2002, EMCAP Workshop on "Strengthening the Relationship Between the Bar and the Bench", 2002, Reform of Criminal Justice System, the Hague Netherlands, (24th – 27th August) 2003, Chairman – Review of Criminal Procedure Law, Lagos State, 2004.
ALSO READ Legal Luminary Profile: Femi Falana SAN
The Papers he has delivered include: "Institution of Criminal Proceedings", delivered at the training programme for newly appointed Judges, High Court of Lagos State, organized by the Judicial Commission of Lagos State, 7th June 2001; "Fair Hearing, Law and Practice", delivered at the Zonal Workshop for Customary Court Judges in Southern Zone, organized by the National Judicial Institute, 18th June, 2001.
He is a recipient of many excellent awards, prominent among these awards are: An honourable award by Lagos State Government for Outstanding Contribution to the Lagos State Ministry of Justice, 2003; Lagos State Judiciary Merit Awards in recognition of Invaluable Service to the High Court of Lagos State, December 2003.
And like they say "all work and no play make Jack a dull boy", Honourable Justice Bode Rhodes-Vivour is a social person, who sometimes relaxes and socializes with friends. He is a member of both Ikoyi and Islands Clubs of Lagos, and his hobbies are reading, watching sports, movies and documentaries.
Honourable Justice Bode Rhodes-Vivour is happily married to Mrs. Adedoyin Rhodes-Vivour, and they are blessed with three (3) children.
Having reached the mandatory retirement age of 70, Hon. Justice Rhodes-Vivour bows out of the Supreme Court on Monday, 22nd March, 2021.
Culled: Supreme Court.
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Legal Luminary Profile: Paul Usoro SAN
Justice Uwani Musa Abba Aji: From Gashua to the Supreme Court


Sometimes, finding the love and acceptance for ourselves can be the hardest type of love. I created this meditation to help you get into a space of complete love and acceptance for exactly as you are in this moment. Every part of you!


text:
Q: Do level 10840 and 11026 specialists give the full effect? In the PSP version of Disgaea, Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness, it is possible to get subdued specialists from Foresights and Tainted Staffs. Broker, Manager, Statistician, Armsmaster at level 10840 and alchemists on the staffs at level 11026.
The max level for a Statistician is 300 which will increase your exp gain +300%. My question is, will a level 10840 increase exp gain by +10,840%? Or is it less powerful than level 300? And why?
Experimental Data
I've actually recorded some real data but can't figure out the exact effect they have.
The formula for exp gain seems to be: Exp Gain = 0.02 * Enext * EP + 6
On the map first map of the Final Episode I combined the 4 monsters to create a level 570 Neuntoter with "NEXT" displaying as 1,028,004. (passed ~5 stronger monster proposals)
With this we get: Exp = 0.02 * 1028004 * 20 + 6 = 411207.6
My completely new Recruit gained 4,168,848 Exp With 8 level 10840 Statisticians leveling to level 89.
If 8 level 300 Statisticians would increase experience by +2400% or x25. Then she should have gained 10,280,175. Since this seems to be an increase of ~914% I think there's an error in my calculations!?

A: According to KlayBuddy on GameFAQs, there is still a cap:

Statiscian, Brokers, and Managers are capped at 300%, whereas Armsmaster is capped at 1900%.
NOTE: Even with the Foresight glitch, the cap is still the cap. It does not matter if you have 2 sets of Statiscians, a Statiscian with <Insert some big number here>, an Armsmaster with a billion power, it will still be what the cap says.

There is a variety of other information about the Foresight-related glitches in that thread - notably, don't equip a glitched one as your Jump will be reduced to -100 and you can't move.


text:
Democrats Push Forward Bill on Restorative Justice
H.R. 40 would consider reparations for slavery and a national apology for centuries of systemic racism
AUSTIN, Texas — As President Biden positions racial equality at the center of his agenda, Democrats in the House Judiciary Committee last week voted to recommend H.R. 40, which would create a commission to consider reparations for slavery as well as a national apology for centuries of injustice. The bill is also intended to come up with a framework to begin a national dialogue on the effects of slavery and its shameful legacy that continues to pervade every aspect of American society.
2019 marked 400 years since the forced arrival of the first enslaved people in what would later become the United States. Throughout history, Black Americans have been consistently cut out from the benefits of the country for which many of their ancestors literally laid the foundation.
Even after an official end to slavery in the United States, laws across the country legally segregated and oppressed Black Americans until Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, today, the vestiges of the institution of race-based slavery continue to plague our country through systemic racism.
H.R. 40 is the culmination of decades of work by leaders and advocates to begin repairing the immense intergenerational harm still borne by Black Americans whose ancestors were enslaved.
Texas Democratic Party Gilberto Hinojosa issued a statement:
"President Biden and the Democratic Party understand that the United States' history of slavery lingers in all sectors of our society where Black Americans are still being held back, imprisoned, and killed simply due to the color of their skin. This will not stop until we fully address racial inequality in America — including owning up to the debt we owe Black Americans.
"I thank Rep. Sheila Jackson-Lee (D-TX-18) for her tremendous work on this bill as well as Rep. Al Green (D-TX-09) for pushing forward this incredibly important issue for decades."


Mr. Pat Rabbitte, TD, Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, today launched the Report of the Next Generation Broadband Taskforce.
Speaking at the launch in Dublin's Digital Hub, Minister Rabbitte said "Industry is telling us that by 2015 more than 50% of the population will have access to very fast broadband – at least 70 Mbps. We can also expect that most of the rest of Irish homes will be able to access broadband which, by today's standards would be considered very good quality. However, we face a major challenge because 15-30% of the population will continue to have basic broadband service only, as the case for commercial investment in rural areas is very challenging.
The NGB Taskforce (comprising CEO's of the leading Telecoms providers in Ireland), has been working with Minister Rabbitte and his Department since June 2011 to pool information and share views about the steps required to accelerate high speed broadband roll out across Ireland.
Stimulation of demand for broadband services.
A four week consultation period with users and other stakeholders will run through May. Thereafter the Minister will publish a National Broadband Plan for Ireland setting out the actions that Government will take to ensure the delivery of high quality broadband to all parts of Ireland.
Commenting on recent progress in Irish broadband, Minister Rabbitte noted that "The number of broadband subscribers in Ireland has grown from just over 400,000 to nearly 1.7 million over the past five years. Speeds are also increasing fast as evidenced in the NGBT report and by recent ComReg data as well as international comparative reports.
A four week period of consultation will now begin. Observations on the Report's contents and industry recommendations, and any other observations on how best to facilitate the provision of high speed broadband, would be welcomed by the Minister. Observations can be submitted electronically to nextgenerationbroadband@dcenr.ie. Thereafter the Minister will publish a National Broadband Plan for Ireland.
The Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg), the Telecommunications and Internet Federation (TIF) and Forfás also participated in observer capacities.
The specific purpose of the Taskforce was to create a forum at which key industry stakeholders could highlight the legislative, policy and regulatory levers that could facilitate greater investment in high speed broadband services across Ireland. It was also designed to identify where gaps in commercial service provision are likely to occur between now and 2020.
The Taskforce established five Working Groups which examined key issues impacting on industry investment in next generation broadband. The conclusions of each of these Groups are detailed in the report.
The report contains details of the Taskforce's analysis and industry recommendations. The Minister looks forward to feedback on the recommendations in the report from other interested stakeholders, before finalising policy as to Ireland's response to the second major challenge.
· A 4 week public consultation will start today seeking views of stakeholders on how best to facilitate the rollout of high speed broadband in Ireland.
· The outcome of the above consultations will inform the drafting of a new National Broadband Plan for Ireland which is expected to be published, following a further submission to Government, by July 2012.


text:
Q: Several issues with Gradle I'm sorry if i'm not being specific but I have many issues and I can't find the solution to them. When I try to run the app, it appears I have 3 problems with the gradle.
1- 1: Task failed with an exception.

*

*What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:checkDebugDuplicateClasses'.

Build cancelled while executing task ':app:checkDebugDuplicateClasses'

2-2: Task failed with an exception.

*

*What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:mergeDebugResources'.

Could not resolve all files for configuration ':app:debugRuntimeClasspath'.
Failed to transform firebase-storage-19.2.1.aar (com.google.firebase:firebase-storage:19.2.1) to match attributes {artifactType=android-res, org.gradle.category=library, org.gradle.libraryelements=jar, org.gradle.status=release, org.gradle.usage=java-runtime}.
> Execution failed for AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\4fe024a2b334d8544f8eaa9cab7ed523\jetified-firebase-storage-19.2.1.
> Build cancelled while executing AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\4fe024a2b334d8544f8eaa9cab7ed523\jetified-firebase-storage-19.2.1

Failed to transform picasso-2.71828.aar (com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.71828) to match attributes {artifactType=android-res, org.gradle.category=library, org.gradle.libraryelements=jar, org.gradle.status=release, org.gradle.usage=java-runtime}.
> Execution failed for AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\404382cef99e8c07ee7e6c1551073a5c\jetified-picasso-2.71828.
> Build cancelled while executing AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\404382cef99e8c07ee7e6c1551073a5c\jetified-picasso-2.71828

Failed to transform firebase-firestore-22.1.1.aar (com.google.firebase:firebase-firestore:22.1.1) to match attributes {artifactType=android-res, org.gradle.category=library, org.gradle.libraryelements=jar, org.gradle.status=release, org.gradle.usage=java-runtime}.
> Execution failed for AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\1b5a9ebef469875d1d39c8e5b85769d9\jetified-firebase-firestore-22.1.1.
> Build cancelled while executing AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\1b5a9ebef469875d1d39c8e5b85769d9\jetified-firebase-firestore-22.1.1

Failed to transform exifinterface-1.0.0.aar (androidx.exifinterface:exifinterface:1.0.0) to match attributes {artifactType=android-res, org.gradle.category=library, org.gradle.libraryelements=jar, org.gradle.status=release, org.gradle.usage=java-runtime}.
> Execution failed for AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\f6c88b0a3ddf6df8293f03115fc9af5d\exifinterface-1.0.0.
> Build cancelled while executing AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\f6c88b0a3ddf6df8293f03115fc9af5d\exifinterface-1.0.0

Failed to transform protolite-well-known-types-17.1.1.aar (com.google.firebase:protolite-well-known-types:17.1.1) to match attributes {artifactType=android-res, org.gradle.status=release}.
> Execution failed for AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\e53fbbcf78ffb18c7cd795b35d4efb56\jetified-protolite-well-known-types-17.1.1.
> Build cancelled while executing AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\e53fbbcf78ffb18c7cd795b35d4efb56\jetified-protolite-well-known-types-17.1.1

Failed to transform grpc-android-1.28.0.aar (io.grpc:grpc-android:1.28.0) to match attributes {artifactType=android-res, org.gradle.status=release}.
> Execution failed for AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\10a3513949333938587db48c8411373d\jetified-grpc-android-1.28.0.
> Build cancelled while executing AarTransform: C:\Users\DobleClick.gradle\caches\transforms-2\files-2.1\10a3513949333938587db48c8411373d\jetified-grpc-android-1.28.0

3- 3: Task failed with an exception.

*

*What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:processDebugResources'.

Build cancelled while executing task ':app:processDebugResources'

And here is my gradle.
   id 'com.android.application'
}

android {
   compileSdkVersion 30
   buildToolsVersion "30.0.3"

   defaultConfig {
       applicationId "com.example.firebaselognreg"
       minSdkVersion 16
       multiDexEnabled true
       targetSdkVersion 30
       versionCode 1
       versionName "1.0"

       testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
   }

   buildTypes {
       release {
           minifyEnabled false
           proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
       }
   }
   compileOptions {
       sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
       targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
   }
}

dependencies {
   implementation "androidx.multidex:multidex:2.0.1"
   implementation 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.2.0'
   implementation 'com.google.android.material:material:1.3.0'
   implementation 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.0.4'
   implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:20.0.3'
   implementation 'androidx.legacy:legacy-support-v4:1.0.0'
   implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-storage:19.2.1'
   implementation 'com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.71828'
   implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-firestore:22.1.1'
   testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.13.2'
   androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.2'
   androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.3.0'
   implementation platform('com.google.firebase:firebase-bom:26.6.0')
   implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-analytics'
   implementation 'com.google.android.material:material:1.4.0-alpha01'
}
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'com.google.gms.google-services' ```


*SPECIAL ROUND* barbie Fashion and Make-Up Contest: Round 21-30 - Pick your favorite!
which barbie in the rosado, rosa shoes cover is better?
Would tu like to participate in Magzine Designing Contest?
la elección de los fans: Yeah sure!
Which "To Be A Princess" Version Do tu Like?
Which Of Those cine barbie Played As Herself Is Your Favorite?
Since we have seen the música video and trailers, Which hairstyle of Kristyn do tu prefer?
Which logo do tu prefer?
Will rosado, rosa Shoes becomes your favorito! barbie Movies?
Would tu like to registrarse my RP (role-playing) game?
[Icon suggestion] Choose the best icono for this spot. For those icono makers, please, don't pick your own.
Which movie animated por Technicolor have the best animation?
If tu were Merliah in MT and MT2,would tu eat SEAWEED?
la elección de los fans: NOT AT ALL!!!! It is GROSS!
i'm making a música video from barbie fashion fairytale which song do tu think i should use?
I was thinking of making a fan video for PS when I'll have the DVD... which theme should I use?
Which Hadley do tu like?
Best Dressed barbie is ?
Is Hailey rosado, rosa Shoes reminds tu of Marie Alecia?
Which place do tu prefer? cisne Lake o Giselle?
Which Odette do tu like?
All For One o Keep On Dancing?
Would tu like to hear a/any new song/songs ?
Yes, but only if it&# 39; s classic.
If tu were in a barbie movie, which would tu rather be?
Shine vs Keep on Dancing. Which one do tu prefer?
Do tu want to watch barbie in The rosado, rosa Shoes?
la elección de los fans: Yes, I want!!
Now that the música Video is out, which look of Kristyn do tu prefer?
On parte superior, arriba Of the World o Keep On Dancing?
Which barbie cine do tu like?
BMCOTM January 2013: Which of Annika's hairstyle do tu like best?
BMCOTM January 2013: Which of Annika's outfit do tu like best?


Yishai Fleisher, the director of Arutz Sheva, Israel National News, is coming to Congregation Or Yisrael on July 27 as part of multi-city speaking tour in the US. Fleisher, the son of Russian refusniks, was born in Israel and moved to the United States as a child. Returning to Israel for his army service, he was wounded in Lebanon by Hezballah, and then came back to America to attend Yeshiva University, and, later, Cardozo Law School before returning to Israel. He hosts the Yishai & Friends Podcast dealing with Jewish current events, Torah, and Middle East politics.
Please note: The opinions expressed here are those of the Mr. Fleisher and do not reflect the positions of JewishBoston.com.
What is the message of your radio station, Arutz Sheva?
Our message is one of positivity and truth. We offer a different perspective, one that is nationalistic and pro-Israel. We are not a "pro-government" station; we are democrats, not demagogues.
The disengagement from Gaza in 2005. We thought that the government was making a mistake, but some people thought that we were being anti-government in saying so. In the end, given what has happened in Gaza, we were completely justified and history has shown that we were right. People like to blame us nationalists for being anti-state. That's ridiculous! We were and are in love with the state of Israel. We just know that disengagement was a bad policy.
You started the organization Kumah ("Arise" in Hebrew), which is described on your website as "dedicated to revitalizing Israel's sense of Jewish pride and instilling the Jewish nation with a love of the land and a feeling of unity." Can you speak a little about its message?
Israel is the central place of the Jewish people, and has been for the past 2,000 years. Not just in a religious way, but in a nationalistic way. This is our country and our people's project. I want people to think, "How can I be involved in it as much as possible?" Kumah has become more than just a push for aliyah. Kuma is about a renewal of Zionism, a second phase of the Zionist project. Now that we have a nation, how do we bring the country out of the malaise that it has sunken into? In practical terms, what we all do about it?
Zionism is a complicated word. What kind of Zionism do you believe in?
I want to bridge religious Zionist ideals with secular Zionist action orientation. Action is the key to existence in the land of Israel. We can't get stuck in a religious-prayer mentality; we have to do something.
Talk about the law you wrote for the Knesset.
I just wrote a law for the Knesset and it has already passed two committees. I want to create a National Aliyah Day, a day which will be celebrated in schools, by the media, and in the Knesset, reminding people to get up and talk about where their families have come from. We can't just celebrate the sad events like the Holocaust and our fallen soldiers. Let's celebrate the success of aliyah and the Zionist dream.
You made aliyah and really believe that Jews should move to Israel. What is your message for American Jews who are happy here and aren't going to make aliyah?
At some point everyone should think about making aliyah. I think that parents, if they aren't going to do it, should at the very least not discourage their children from doing so. Also, for American Jews who are going to stay in America, they have a very important role and responsibility. They have a duty to be a moral barometer for society. Jews, like it or not, have to help America rediscover its moral compass. American Jews right now also have a great mission in stopping the consensus push for a Palestinian state; this is dangerous for Israel. It is in everyone's interest — Jews, Americans, Arabs, the world — to work for a strong Israel, not a tiny land bifurcated into two.
You use the term "unity" in your materials. Discuss your vision for unity about Israel.
Unity is the will not to debase and delegitimize an opinion. If I meet an animated opponent, I will say to myself, "At least you care, and that's good." In America, since Israel has been portrayed as distasteful, there is not a unity of care around the issue. People have delegitimized the nationalistic perspective. The rational thing is to be strong and not allow our enemies to overrun us.
You have appeared on Al Jazeera, defending your nationalist/Zionist perspective. What was your message for their viewers?
What I wanted to get across to them was emotional and visceral. I wanted them to know that there are Jews who are tough and connected to the land of Israel. I wanted to send a message that the Jewish people are not pushovers and that the land is not meaningless to us, and, most importantly, that we have not lost our sense of nationalism. We always have our Alan Dershowitzes to give the legal, Talmudic answers to questions about Israel. I wanted to give an emotive answer; there are people who care.
What is your vision for your upcoming speaking tour?
I am excited to speak with Jews, non-Jews, and people of all backgrounds. I want to help to dispel the lies about Israel that are out there and get people excited about fighting for and defending Israel. I want to uncover the lie that focuses all of the problems on the issue of settlements. People need to understand that giving away land has never worked, and that any push for a Palestinian State within the borders of the Land of Israel is the set-up for the next war.
What do American Jews not realize about Israel?
Israel is not a sure thing. I mean that it's not a sure thing that we are not going to lose it. We cannot abdicate this serious moment and this serious opportunity. People don't realize that Israel is in a tough strategic situation, and that Hamas, Hezbollah, and Iran really, truly want to destroy Israel. People really don't appreciate what it means to be delegitimized. We can't take the miracle that is Israel for granted.
To hear more from Fleisher, check out this event from Congregation Or Yisrael on July 27.


text:
Souto (llamada oficialmente O Souto) es una aldea española situada en la parroquia de Meangos, del municipio de Abegondo, en la provincia de La Coruña, Galicia.

Demografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Souto (Meangos)
Souto (Meangos)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: video.js onComplete function? Pretty simple question, but can't seem to find anything searching google or the docs. I'm using video.js for our player but trying to call an alert at the end of the video. Is there an onComplete function like jwplayer?

A: They have an event called "ended"
So, to handle the completion of the video, you should be able to use code like this:
var myFunc = function(){
   var myPlayer = this;
   // Do something when the event is fired
 };
 myPlayer.on("ended", myFunc);


The supply and installation of a 13.3″ Roof mounted screen with built in DVD. This screen has interchangeable covers so if it's removed from this vehicle and re-installed, it can be changed to match the roof lining of the new vehicle. The audio is from wireless IR headphones, or it can be tuned through a radio station and utilise the vehicle speakers.


2017 Dodge Charger - Bluetooth audio and phone - Remote start - Remotely allow vehicle to cool down via AC - Sunpass (toll collection) equipped - You'll be charged according to the tolls you assess during your trip - AMAZING suspension, which provides a smooth ride - VERY quiet cabin -XM Radio I take pride in my level of service and the quality of the vehicle that I present to you. You'll receive a vehicle that will be cleaned inside and out (weather permitting) and a full tank of gas. New to Turo? Get $25 off your first rental when you sign up at the following link: https://turo.com/c/andreit41 What's in my garage? -2017 Dodge Charger -2015 BMW 428i Grand Coupe - With Navigation -2015 Ford Escape See my profile page to access the other vehicles and see the rates! NO SMOKING - A fee will be assessed to cover the time and expense to remove the debris and/or odor associated with smoking.
Andrei was outstanding. Great experience, would definitely rent from him again.
Andrei was so easy to work with. flight got cancelled as we were on the way to the airport and Andrei had no problem extending the trip. Car was spotless and drives amazing. Will definitely use Andrei again.
Andrei was great. Car was awesome. Thank you for providing a great ride for our weekend here in Florida.


Williams Ranch Group LLC is pleased to announce the sale of over 815 +/- acres in McCulloch County, Texas. The ranch is mix of cattle pasture and wheat fields. The seller conveyed all the mineral interest to the buyer at closing (100% rights). Williams Ranch Group LLC represented the Buyer during this transaction.


This stunning women's watch is brought to you by world renowned fashion designer Vivienne Westwood as part of their Orb collection.
Elegant in its design, the Orb watch features a highly polished gold plated stainless steel bezel and 32mm round case. Striking with its shell pink sunray serrated dial and complete with a large Vivienne Westwood logo in a contrasting champagne colourway; the dial is beautifully emphasised by the gold batons and is adorned with a heart shape decal to the second hand.
The Orb watch has been carefully crafted to ensure no opportunity for detail has gone amiss.
A small golden Orb charm has been delicately attached to the watch case another detail synonymous with the Vivienne Westwood design.
The sophisticated genuine leather strap is presented in a feminine embossed pink and finished with an oversized gold plated stainless-steel oval buckle closure.
Powered by Swiss Quartz movement and protected by mineral glass this beautiful watch is water resistant up to 50 meters and comes complete with a 2 year guarantee.
For us to size your new Vivienne Westwood Orb II watch as accurately as possible, please take a look at our downloadable Watch Sizing Guide.


This bustling 19th-century saloon is not your average Irish pub. The ground level of this New York City space is informal, yet chic. Here, guests can order craft beers, bottled punches and 147 different types of whiskey. Half of the cocktail menu is devoted to the spirit, but most famous of all is the Irish coffee made with quality filtered coffee, cream with more than 36 percent fat content, and Bushmills Original Irish Whiskey. If you're hungry, the hearty Irish and British food menu has fish and chips, sausage rolls and Scotch eggs, plus some modernized items including deviled eggs, burgersand truffle fries. Things get a little swankier up on the second-floor parlor — dubbed the "Cocktail Cathedral" —dedicated to expertly crafted mixed drinks. At $18 each, they're a little pricier than your run-of-the-mill cocktail, but they're good. Would you expect anything less from the fourth best bar in America?


Retailers in the Northeast are bracing for a snowstorm making its way up the East Coast set to hit during the last weekend of holiday shopping.
The Saturday before Christmas is often the busiest shopping day of the year.
The National Weather Service is warning the storm could bring snow to much of the region. Washington, D.C. could get 10 to 16 inches of snow, and the New York region 5 to 10 inches.
Experts say retailers already facing restrained shoppers could lose some sales they won't get back.
But Mike Niemira, chief economist at International Council for Shopping Centers, says a storm would put a dent in weekend sales in one region but might not be enough to hurt total holiday sales.


A full fleet under full sail power!
The summer solstice came and went, the days are getting shorter, and we are approaching our last session of summer 2013! Each year goes by quicker than the last and I sometimes forget to just stop and enjoy the Nokomis breeze and sunshine on my skin.
We had another coed regatta today (pictured above) with the Woodland girls. One of our up-and-coming skippers, Ryan B., came in first place on the X-Scape; even with the distraction of two lovely Woodland ladies on his boat. He has also earned the moniker of Capt. Izgonbeehotwon following his triumph in the Dread Pirate Regatta the other day.
We've had some big breezes the past few days. They've been building before a rumored cold front and making for some interesting sailing out here. Some of the more adventurous sailors experimented with paddleboarding and kayaking the other day, to mixed results.
The CITs have begun coed show rehearsals this week, gearing up for the big end-of-year show. We can't wait to show all you parents what we've been working on! The guys are pretty excited, but that may have more to do with seeing the girl CITs every night than it does with singing and dancing. Personally, I think we've got a great line-up.
Every night, I pause before turning in to reflect on how lucky I am to be at this place. I'll often stand out on the dock just to breathe deep of the night air and remind myself that it will all be over before I know it. I've been raised here at camp and it's easy for me to take it for granted, but those are the moments when I know I'm right where I belong.
Turn to the last page of your Vespers songbooks. Let's close with a little Bridge of Gold.


This white custom vanity in white on white powder room is dramatized by the custom French mirror hanging from the ceiling with a backdrop of wall tiles set in white sand and concrete. The silver chair fabric creates a glamorous touch.
bon, balance order nature, inc.
Arlene it was pleasure to collaborate with you. When we customized the hanger for our Link Mirror by bon, balance order nature, inc. I was excited to see the final installation.
This beautiful chair frame is by Nancy Corzine. The fabric and fringe is custom selected by Alene Workman Interior Design.
Thank you! It's absolutely fabulous!
What are the lighting elements in the room? - The lighting is very pretty. Aside from the overhead light and the sconce (in the mirror's reflection) what were the other lighting elements in this room? Are there lights on the sides of the dressing table?
There is a custom chandelier with up lights and down lights. The countertops are also lit from underneath. As you can see there are sconces on the opposite wall and the picture you are seeing has down lights. This is one of my favorite rooms in the home!
This is a gorgeous powder room. I am not sure what you are asking regarding "add more bedroom".
Countertop - What was used for the countertop and how were you able to achieve the rounded look?
This countertop is cut from a marble slab. Slabs can be cut into any shape needed for a project i.e. square, round, curved, etc. Thank you for asking.
Love the wallpaper! Can you tell me the name and where to buy it?
The wall is not wallpaper. It is made of imported french mosaic mirrored tiles. It is even more beautiful in person.