text:
How to create an OS from scratch – tutorial (github.com/cfenollosa)
377 points by zabana on Sept 20, 2018 | hide | past | favorite | 58 comments
justinian on Sept 20, 2018 | next [–]
I've seen a number of "build an OS" tutorials pop up recently, and that's awesome! Building an OS will definitely help you understand how to write better user-space programs, and it's fun.
One thing I wish is that more of them would feature UEFI instead of BIOS, or at least come with a warning, as Intel plans to drop support for legacy BIOS in 2020.
Going through UEFI is actually easier anyway, IMHO. ... Maybe I should stop complaining and write that tutorial myself instead. Hmm.
panic on Sept 20, 2018 | parent | next [–]
Or use the multiboot format (https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/multiboot/multiboot...), which lets you offload the dirty work to GRUB. Writing bootloaders is kind of pointless unless you want to learn about them specifically.
tazard on Sept 20, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
As opposed to writing an OS? I'm pretty sure the target audience for these tutorials are people interested in learning how these things work, not people who know and are writing The Next Big Thing
exDM69 on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
The common wisdom with OSdev hobbyists is "if you want to write an OS, don't write a bootloader".
Boot protocols are very uninspiring, arcane knowledge and understanding it does not bring any advantages (unless you want to write bootloaders). Especially dealing with legacy BIOS boot sequence, which is essentially a backwards compatibility emulation layer implemented in the firmware.
It's not like home computers of the 1980s where you'd look at the processor data sheet how the CPU actually boots (which address the program counter starts from, what's the initial machine state, etc).
By far the easiest way to get started in x86 bare metal programming is using the Multiboot header, which is supported by bootloaders (like Grub) and emulators (like QEMU). And you can use GDB for debugging.
Using UEFI is more involved to get started. The initial setup is more involved (you need UEFI headers and libs, etc), the build process is more complex (UEFI images are "Windows" PE executables) and attaching a debugger is not as easy as with a Multiboot-ELF image. UEFI "boot services" provide some nice things that may be helpful to get memory maps and CPU hierarchy so you don't need to go through the hassle of parsing EBDA and MP and ACPI tables.
The legacy BIOS boot protocol is "easy" to get started with (nasm -f bin mykernel.asm), but you have to deal with arcane stuff (like floppy drive BIOS routines, A20 lines), you don't get a debugger. This is by far the worst way to get started. It's not really "doing it from scratch", instead of using a proper bootloader you need to deal with a really bad bootloader implemented in your PC firmware.
Doxin on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Have you got any reference material on how to get started using the multiboot/qemu/gdb route? I've started (and failed) the BIOS-bootloader route a fair few times now, But I'm not really interested in the boot process itself in the first place.
msla on Sept 20, 2018 | root | parent | prev | next [–]
You're allowed to limit how much crap from the 1980s you allow into your life. If you want to learn about the Good Stuff (schedulers, filesystems, TCP algorithms) as soon as possible, jumping a bit and leaving the completely arbitrary bootloader stuff to some pre-written system is completely reasonable.
nostrademons on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | prev | next [–]
Is there any downside to using the multiboot format for your OS anyway, bootstrapping off GRUB to get started, and then if you really want to learn how everything works, writing a replacement for GRUB? It looks like multiboot is just a protocol that lets you plug in to a bunch of industry-standard software; it can still be quite educational (and easier) to go rewrite both ends of that protocol independently.
No, there are no disadvantages to using the Multiboot protocol, but there are numerous advantages.
The biggest advantage is that your kernel images are a bootable, debuggable ELF binary.
The emphasis being on "debuggable", you can easily plug in GDB to QEMU and use a proper debugger with your bare metal projects. Using GDB is much better than using the built-in debugging facilities of QEMU or Bochs. You can get the source view, set breakpoints and do everything you normally do in a debugger. In QEMU/Bochs built-in debuggers you have no source view and can only inspect memory and registers - not variables with symbolic names.
Here's some examples and documentation on building a debuggable ELF image for bare metal project, which I contributed to someone else's project:
https://github.com/Overv/MineAssemble/commit/56e317a28d069f4...
userbinator on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
The more people keep using BIOS, the more likely it will stay around. IMHO UEFI is a bloated mess compared to BIOS, so I very much hope the latter will continue to live.
abenedic on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
I have my own ideas on why UEFI sucks, mainly around utf-16 and such, but I wouldn't really consider it bloated compared with some BIOS implementations. What is your objection to it?
bogomipz on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Could you say why the encoding format is an issue for you? Thanks.
Immortalin on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
If you are writing an OS, I highly recommend the Pure64 bootloader from Return Infinity. It's much more straightforward to use compared to GRUB which imposes a lot of conventions on how you structure things.
httpss://github.com/ReturnInfinity/Pure64
majewsky on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Working link: https://github.com/ReturnInfinity/Pure64
alias_neo on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | prev | next [–]
Do you know of any tutorials (like OP) that are based off of this?
tomcam on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
Upvoted to encourage you to write that tutorial. Please feel free to harvest my profile email address for any mailing list you might have for it.
rosege on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
AWS and as far as I am aware Azure don't support UEFI so hard to see BIOS going away until that is done.
jhinra on Sept 21, 2018 | prev | next [–]
"Once you pass college, excessive theory is worse than no theory because it makes things seem more difficult than they really are."
About every third minute I've changed my mind about this quote. I think that means it's a good quote.
SmellyGeekBoy on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | next [–]
As someone from a computer science background who's recently been getting into electronics in a really big way, this quote really struck a chord with me.
jeffreyrogers on Sept 20, 2018 | prev | next [–]
Writing an OS is a fun exercise and it makes you appreciate all the effort that goes into making something like Linux usable and relatively robust and performant. It's also interesting to look at how Linux (or other open source OS) implements some of these features once you've tried implementing them on your own. You'll find that much of Linux is understandable once you know what problem the code in question is trying to solve.
carlesfe on Sept 21, 2018 | prev | next [–]
Hi, author here. I'm humbled by the kind words. This is a project I started when I was in between jobs and unfortunately it's kind of stalled because I had difficulties implementing the file system. Really want to get back to it some time.
Anyway, feel free to leave your comments, I appreciate them a lot.
LaneRendell on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | next [–]
Just shot you an email to ask you to do that! Thanks for this resource. Good work :)
carlesfe on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Glad you liked it! Thanks for the kind words
geezerjay on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
Thank you for your work. It's really enjoyable and inspiring.
fokker on Sept 20, 2018 | prev | next [–]
These kinds of posts are the reason I come to HN hoping to find. Amazing work! I'm going to come back and read some chapters over the weekend.
da_murvel on Sept 21, 2018 | prev | next [–]
I'm currently traversing through Linux From Scratch, http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/. Not necessarily because I wanted to build a Linux OS but because it was the best guide I could find. But at a first glance this looks promising to me, so I'd definitely check it out and try out a few "chapters" when time comes.
deytempo on Sept 21, 2018 | prev | next [–]
I legit thought they wrote an OS in the scratch programming language for a second lol
simula67 on Sept 21, 2018 | prev | next [–]
Can anyone recommend good resources on writing a compiler from scratch ?
charlysl on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | next [–]
Stanford CS143 - Compilers [1] and [2] MOOC: This self-paced course will discuss the major ideas used today in the implementation of programming language compilers, including lexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation, abstract syntax trees, types and type checking, intermediate languages, dataflow analysis, program optimization, code generation, and runtime systems. As a result, you will learn how a program written in a high-level language designed for humans is systematically translated into a program written in low-level assembly more suited to machines. Along the way we will also touch on how programming languages are designed, programming language semantics, and why there are so many different kinds of programming languages.
MIT 6.035 - Computer Language Engineering [3]: This course analyzes issues associated with the implementation of higher-level programming languages. Topics covered include: fundamental concepts, functions, and structures of compilers, the interaction of theory and practice, and using tools in building software. The course includes a multi-person project on compiler design and implementation.
[1] https://lagunita.stanford.edu/courses/Engineering/Compilers/...
[2] http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs143/
[3] https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-compu...
pjmlp on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
Wirth's book, "Compiler Construction"
https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/
On the way you can also grab "Project Oberon" from there, both 1992 and 2013 editions, to see how to write an OS from scratch, including an FPGA board, in a GC enabled systems programming language.
There are also the tiger books, in C, Java and ML variants.
https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~appel/modern/
faitswulff on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
Destroy All Software has (as usual) an excellent screencast on it: https://www.destroyallsoftware.com/screencasts/catalog/a-com...
GeorgeTirebiter on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
I think the best first book is: James E. Hendrix, The Small-C Handbook, Reston 1984, ISBN 0-8359-7012-4
He explains every detail, goes through every routine, and you can see exactly what the compiler does. It's 'Small-C' so it doesn't have any fancy features, like floats or structs. But the basic machinery is there, and one can add features as desired. It does compile itself. The compiler outputs x86 assembly, which must be assembled and linked with standard programs.
The original Small-C was done by Ron Cain, and produced 8080 code. I like Mr. Hendrix' better because I have lots of x86 around (I specifically wanted it for my HP-200 LX palmtop, which I still have and works great!); and because the book is fantastic.
It's fully understandable in a small quantity of time. And, the back end is re-targetable, so you could, say, output to ARM or RISC-V or whatever.
I spoke with Mr. Hendrix some years ago, maybe 10 or so, and asked if he would consider putting the compiler into the public domain. He did.
Thanks for this suggestion.
In case anyone else is interested, there is a freely available ISO of the the book available from Dr Dobbs Journal. From the README in the ISO:
>"Welcome to Dr. Dobb's Small-C Resource CD-ROM, the definitive collection of Small-C related information and source code. This CD-ROM includes the full text to James Hendrix's book "A Small-C Compiler: Language, Usage, Theory, and Design," selected articles on Small-C from "Dr. Dobb's Journal" magazine, and Small-C implementations for a number of processor platforms, including the 8080, Z80, 6502, and others."
It's available here:
http://www.drdobbs.com/developer-network-small-c-compiler-bo...
IronBacon on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
There are already a lot of suggestions here, I've added to my always increasing reading list this one[1] because, being based on Scheme (Racket to be exact), I'm curious on how a Lisp dialect compiler works internally.
[1] https://github.com/IUCompilerCourse/Essentials-of-Compilatio...
oxryly1 on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Here's a great description of compiling from a largish subset of Scheme all the way to x86 assembly language: http://schemeworkshop.org/2006/11-ghuloum.pdf
IronBacon on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
The author is mentioned it that book in the introduction chapter and in the acknowledgments.
Thanks, I'll put in the pile of things to read.
gilmi on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
https://gist.github.com/soupi/73ab7dfd4d65fc68b62868d56b720b...
arundelo on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
https://compilers.iecc.com/crenshaw/
earenndil on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
Crafting interpreters, also the dragon book.
3rdAccount on Sept 21, 2018 | prev | next [–]
I'll be the guy to mention Forth as it is the only system I know of that a single person can fully understand and build up a fully functional and REPL interactive system using just assembly and a microcontroller. Most Forthers are doing embedded work though and don't need everything that comes with an OS.
bigmit37 on Sept 21, 2018 | prev | next [–]
Does any one have other resources I can look into as well. I'm still a relatively new programmer but I really want to get a deeper understanding of how OSes work. I'm assuming I need to use either C/C++ or Rust? I only Python and am currently learning C++.
Stanford CS140e - An Experimental Course on Operating Systems [1]: students implement a simple, clean operating system (virtual memory, processes, file system) on a Raspberry Pi 3 in the Rust programming language and use the result to run a variety of devices
MIT 6.828 - Operating System Engineering [2]: This course studies fundamental design and implementation ideas in the engineering of operating systems. Lectures are based on a study of UNIX and research papers. Topics include virtual memory, threads, context switches, kernels, interrupts, system calls, interprocess communication, coordination, and the interaction between software and hardware. Individual laboratory assignments involve implementation of a small operating system in C, with some x86 assembly
[1] https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs140e/about/
[2] https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2018/schedule.html
movedx on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Thanks for these links. Very useful indeed. I've been looking for something to get me into C and Rust, so I can learn the lower level stuff, and get me away from higher level web technologies (which I play with all day, everyday.)
charlysl on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Please note that the MIT 6.828 is really tough but will turn you into a bad-ass C hacker.
It relies on MIT 6.004 - Computation Structures [1] (has edx mooc [2,3,4]) and MIT 6.033 - Computer Systems Engineering [5] as pre-requisites given that they teach you the fundamentals of computer architecture (digital abstraction, gates, circuits, processors, assembler, memory, cashes, pipelining, virtual memory, interrupts/io, buses, what have you) and system design (basically, managing complexity); they are not programming courses, but I recommend them if you have the time and interest, they are an awesome and principled way of learning the core concepts that you really need to have down before dabbling with OSs.
[2] https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MITx+6.004.1x_3+3T...
[3] https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MITx+6.004.2x+3T20...
bigmit37 on Oct 2, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Thank you so much for these resources.
molteanu on Sept 21, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
XINU OS worked for me. You can work with a beaglebone or a raspberry pi. There is a nice book for explaining every piece of the OS (IO, scheduler, memory management, etc.) and the source code is all there for you to tweak, browse, read or do whatever.
HN discussion here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10643757
Is there an accompanying book for the Xinu on the Pi now then? I looked a while back and I only saw it for the Beaglebone Black.
giancarlostoro on Sept 20, 2018 | prev | next [–]
I've been wanting to do this but with a Pi or any SBC board with Linux from Scratch, but not sure how I would even approach LFS on a Pi.
mikestaszel on Sept 20, 2018 | parent | next [–]
I'm in extremely early stages of writing up some documentation for how to build a Linux distro for a Raspberry Pi 3, gauging interest and figuring out pain points. Shoot me an email [my username]@gmail if you've got ideas or requests!
codetrotter on Sept 20, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
That sounds interesting. I think your guide would be extra helpful if it focused on building a distro that has as much of the system loaded into memory as possible to minimize amount of reads from the SD card, and which is configured with a read-only file system and never even tries to write to the SD card. That would be very useful. SD card corruption is a pain!
hak8or on Sept 20, 2018 | root | parent | prev | next [–]
Maybe we can somehow refer to each other? I wrote a guide for a custom board I made running Linux, but it's very low level up to tge stage of getting the kernel running with a minimal user land.
I would be happy to refer to you at the end of mine: brainyv2.hak8or.com
uep on Sept 20, 2018 | root | parent | prev | next [–]
What do you mean by building a distro? Have you looked at Yocto/poky/angstrom? It's kind of a distro-generator.
Alupis on Sept 20, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
Might be worth doing the CLFS (Cross Linux From Scratch)[1] path since it'll be a LOT faster to compile things like the kernel and gcc on your deskop computer.
I did this and wrote a bunch of scripts to automate the process. CLFS uses busybox and DropBear to keep things really small (~42MB binary for the entire OS, including the Raspberry Pi blobs) - but you'll learn enough to be able to swap out components of your choosing.
[1] http://clfs.org/view/clfs-embedded/arm/
zokier on Sept 20, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
I'm not sure why you'd expect the approach for RPi needing to be significantly different from that of any other computer. Bootloader would be the biggest difference I foresee, but that is fairly small part of the whole LFS.
craftyguy on Sept 20, 2018 | parent | prev | next [–]
I've not done LFS, but have worked a bit with Linux on arm devices, and I would avoid choosing an arm device for this purpose because the state of upstream kernel support for many devices that arm manufacturers use is, well, shit. You'll almost certainly have to use some old, unmaintained manufacturer kernel to get all of the devices working (e.g. graphics).
Edit: It actually doesn't seem that bad for some(?) rpi devices: https://elinux.org/RPi_Upstreaming
Not sure if that list includes all devices found on even the newer ones too.
Jaruzel on Sept 21, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
My problems with LFS are:
1. The documentation is always in flux. You may get lucky and it's accurate, or you may not, and spend hours looking for tarballs that no longer exist online, or worse find them and they are no longer compatible with LFS - They don't host the required source archives along with the LFS book, and a lot of links to parts you need end up going nowhere.
2. As a step-by-step it does do what it says on the tin, but as a learning tool, there's a lot missing. When I was less knowledgeable about Linux I found myself following the LFS book with little to no idea about what I was actually doing and why. It would say things like 'chroot in the build folder' without actually explaining why, and what chroot actually did.
3. The whole thing can fail at any point, leaving you with a broken build, that more often than not, you'd have to wipe and start over. As most of the steps involve compiling, that's a lot of lost hours.
giancarlostoro on Sept 20, 2018 | root | parent | prev | next [–]
I'm fine with older kernels / older devices. My goal is to see how it all comes together and learn more about the internals. I like SBC's because they're usually cheap and can be replaced quickly and easily enough.
craftyguy on Sept 20, 2018 | root | parent | next [–]
Older devices is fine, but you can start to run into trouble with older kernels. For example, newer glibc versions are notorious for requiring newer kernels [0].
So then you're stuck with an old glibc for your kernel. Not all applications (especially newer ones) will successfully link against that, so then you're looking for replacements or older versions that do (if there are any). What about other libc implementations, like musl? There are differences between musl and glibc[1] that will drive you nuts trying to find things that will link in musl that were originally written to link against glibc.
0. https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/software/libs/glibc/hjl/...
1. https://wiki.musl-libc.org/functional-differences-from-glibc...
LaneRendell on Sept 21, 2018 | prev [–]
Does anyone else have a good list of similar tutorials? I'm highly interested in this type of implementation from scratch approach.


FORT BRAGG, N.C. – Pvt. 1st Class Darrell Robinson of San Angelo, Texas was found deceased on post due to unknown causes on August 31.
The incident is currently under investigation by Special Agents from the US Army Criminal Investigation Command.
Pvt. 1st Class Robinson, 23, was a military policeman in the 550th Military Working Dog, 42nd Military Police Detachment, 503rd Military Police Battalion, 16th Military Police Brigade.
Robinson joined the Army in May 2013 and completed one station unit training at Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri. He was assigned to the 16th Military Police Brigade in April 2014.


text:
' Copyright (c) Microsoft.  All Rights Reserved.  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.  See License.txt in the project root for license information.

Imports System.Collections.Immutable
Imports System.Globalization
Imports System.Reflection
Imports Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Collections
Imports Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PooledObjects
Imports Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.VisualBasic.Symbols

Namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.VisualBasic

    Friend Class ErrorFactory

        Private Const s_titleSuffix As String = "_Title"
        Private Const s_descriptionSuffix As String = "_Description"
        Private Shared ReadOnly s_helpLinksMap As Lazy(Of ImmutableDictionary(Of ERRID, String)) = New Lazy(Of ImmutableDictionary(Of ERRID, String))(AddressOf CreateHelpLinks)
        Private Shared ReadOnly s_categoriesMap As Lazy(Of ImmutableDictionary(Of ERRID, String)) = New Lazy(Of ImmutableDictionary(Of ERRID, String))(AddressOf CreateCategoriesMap)

        Private Shared Function CreateHelpLinks() As ImmutableDictionary(Of ERRID, String)
            Dim map = New Dictionary(Of ERRID, String) From
                {   '  { ERROR_CODE,    HELP_LINK }
                }

            Return map.ToImmutableDictionary
        End Function

        Private Shared Function CreateCategoriesMap() As ImmutableDictionary(Of ERRID, String)
            Dim map = New Dictionary(Of ERRID, String) From
                {   '  { ERROR_CODE,    CATEGORY }
                }

            Return map.ToImmutableDictionary
        End Function

        Public Shared ReadOnly EmptyErrorInfo As DiagnosticInfo = ErrorInfo(0)

        Public Shared ReadOnly VoidDiagnosticInfo As DiagnosticInfo = ErrorInfo(ERRID.Void)

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_ERR_WithEventsRequiresClass As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.ERR_WithEventsRequiresClass)

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_ERR_StrictDisallowImplicitObject As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.ERR_StrictDisallowImplicitObject)

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_WRN_ObjectAssumedVar1_WRN_StaticLocalNoInference As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_ObjectAssumedVar1, ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_StaticLocalNoInference))

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_WRN_ObjectAssumedVar1_WRN_MissingAsClauseinVarDecl As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_ObjectAssumedVar1, ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_MissingAsClauseinVarDecl))

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_ERR_StrictDisallowsImplicitProc As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.ERR_StrictDisallowsImplicitProc)

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_ERR_StrictDisallowsImplicitArgs As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.ERR_StrictDisallowsImplicitArgs)

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_WRN_ObjectAssumed1_WRN_MissingAsClauseinFunction As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_ObjectAssumed1, ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_MissingAsClauseinFunction))

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_WRN_ObjectAssumed1_WRN_MissingAsClauseinOperator As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_ObjectAssumed1, ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_MissingAsClauseinOperator))

        Public Shared ReadOnly GetErrorInfo_WRN_ObjectAssumedProperty1_WRN_MissingAsClauseinProperty As Func(Of DiagnosticInfo) =
            Function() ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_ObjectAssumedProperty1, ErrorInfo(ERRID.WRN_MissingAsClauseinProperty))

        Public Shared Function ErrorInfo(id As ERRID) As DiagnosticInfo
            Return New DiagnosticInfo(MessageProvider.Instance, id)
        End Function

        Public Shared Function ErrorInfo(id As ERRID, ParamArray arguments As Object()) As DiagnosticInfo
            Return New DiagnosticInfo(MessageProvider.Instance, id, arguments)
        End Function

        Public Shared Function ErrorInfo(id As ERRID, ByRef syntaxToken As SyntaxToken) As DiagnosticInfo
            Return ErrorInfo(id, SyntaxFacts.GetText(syntaxToken.Kind))
        End Function

        Public Shared Function ErrorInfo(id As ERRID, ByRef syntaxTokenKind As SyntaxKind) As DiagnosticInfo
            Return ErrorInfo(id, SyntaxFacts.GetText(syntaxTokenKind))
        End Function

        Public Shared Function ErrorInfo(id As ERRID, ByRef syntaxToken As SyntaxToken, type As TypeSymbol) As DiagnosticInfo
            Return ErrorInfo(id, SyntaxFacts.GetText(syntaxToken.Kind), type)
        End Function

        Public Shared Function ErrorInfo(id As ERRID, ByRef syntaxToken As SyntaxToken, type1 As TypeSymbol, type2 As TypeSymbol) As DiagnosticInfo
            Return ErrorInfo(id, SyntaxFacts.GetText(syntaxToken.Kind), type1, type2)
        End Function

        Private Shared s_resourceManager As Resources.ResourceManager
        Friend Shared ReadOnly Property ResourceManager As Resources.ResourceManager
            Get
                If s_resourceManager Is Nothing Then
                    s_resourceManager = New Resources.ResourceManager("VBResources", GetType(ERRID).GetTypeInfo().Assembly)
                End If

                Return s_resourceManager
            End Get
        End Property

        'The function is a gigantic num->string switch, so verifying it is not interesting, but expensive.
        Friend Shared Function IdToString(id As ERRID) As String
            Return IdToString(id, CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture)
        End Function

        'The function is a gigantic num->string switch, so verifying it is not interesting, but expensive.
        Public Shared Function IdToString(id As ERRID, language As CultureInfo) As String
            Return ResourceManager.GetString(id.ToString(), language)
        End Function

        Public Shared Function GetMessageFormat(id As ERRID) As LocalizableResourceString
            Return New LocalizableResourceString(id.ToString(), ResourceManager, GetType(ErrorFactory))
        End Function

        Public Shared Function GetTitle(id As ERRID) As LocalizableResourceString
            Return New LocalizableResourceString(id.ToString() + s_titleSuffix, ResourceManager, GetType(ErrorFactory))
        End Function

        Public Shared Function GetDescription(id As ERRID) As LocalizableResourceString
            Return New LocalizableResourceString(id.ToString() + s_descriptionSuffix, ResourceManager, GetType(ErrorFactory))
        End Function

        Public Shared Function GetHelpLink(id As ERRID) As String
            Dim helpLink As String = Nothing
            If s_helpLinksMap.Value.TryGetValue(id, helpLink) Then
                Return helpLink
            End If

            Return String.Empty
        End Function

        Public Shared Function GetCategory(id As ERRID) As String
            Dim category As String = Nothing
            If s_categoriesMap.Value.TryGetValue(id, category) Then
                Return category
            End If

            Return Diagnostic.CompilerDiagnosticCategory
        End Function
    End Class

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Concatenates messages for a set of DiagnosticInfo.
    ''' </summary>
    Friend Class CompoundDiagnosticInfo
        Inherits DiagnosticInfo

        Friend Sub New(arguments As DiagnosticInfo())
            MyBase.New(VisualBasic.MessageProvider.Instance, 0, arguments)
        End Sub

        Public Overrides Function GetMessage(Optional formatProvider As IFormatProvider = Nothing) As String
            Dim builder = PooledStringBuilder.GetInstance()

            If Arguments IsNot Nothing Then
                For Each info As DiagnosticInfo In Arguments
                    builder.Builder.Append(info.GetMessage(formatProvider))
                Next
            End If

            Dim message = builder.Builder.ToString()
            builder.Free()

            Return message
        End Function
    End Class

End Namespace

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
US Senate committee approves Turkey sanctions bill
Russian-made S-400 missile system bought by Turkey. (Reuters pic)
WASHINGTON: A US Senate committee backed legislation on Wednesday to impose sanctions on Turkey after its offensive in Syria and purchase of a Russian S-400 missile system, the latest move in the chamber to push Republican President Donald Trump to take a harder line against Ankara.
The Republican-led Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted by 18-4 to send the "Promoting American National Security and Preventing the Resurgence of ISIS Act of 2019" for a vote in the full Senate.
"Now's the time for the Senate to come together and take this opportunity to change Turkey's behaviour," said Senator Jim Risch, the panel's Republican chairman, a lead sponsor of the bill with Senator Bob Menendez, the panel's top Democrat.
Another Republican, Senator Rand Paul, opposed the act.
He said it would weaken the president's power and could make it more difficult to negotiate with Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan on matters such as the Nato ally's purchase of the missile system and fighting in Syria.
Other senators strongly disagreed. Many lawmakers, Trump's fellow Republicans as well as Democrats, are angry about Turkey's S-400 purchase, which they see as a threat to Nato defences.
They also criticised Trump's decision to withdraw US troops from northern Syria, which cleared the way for Turkey's offensive in the area against Kurdish militias, who until recently were fighting alongside American forces against Islamic State militants.
"This is not some minor dustup with this country. This is a drift by this country, Turkey, to go in an entirely different direction than what they have in the past," Risch said.
"They've thumbed their noses at us, and they've thumbed their noses at their other Nato allies," he said.
The Turkish Foreign Ministry described the latest initiatives in Congress as "a new manifestation of disrespect for our sovereign decisions regarding our national security."
"These initiatives do not have any function other than to harm Turkish-US relations," it said in a statement overnight, calling on Congress to act with common sense.
Turkey, which has not wavered from its plans to buy the Russian system despite Erdogan's recent visit to the White House, earlier vowed to retaliate against any US sanctions over its purchase of the S-400 and said they would not affect its use of the Russian systems.
"It is understood that members of (the US) Congress have shut their eyes and ears to the truth," Turkish presidential spokesman Ibrahim Kalin said.
To become law, the legislation would have to pass the House of Representatives, which passed its own Turkish sanctions bill by an overwhelming 403-16 vote in October and to be signed by Trump.
sanctions bill
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Q: WebStorm create .js file when create .tsx automatically I'm using WebStorm IDE and make CRA TypeScript project.
My coworker get something strange situation. When she create .tsx file, .js file create together.
And It's icon has x mark unlike other JSfiles.
In contrast, when I create .tsx file, just .tsxmade.
What is this file and why create differently? I think it's because of WebStorm setting but couldn't find difference.
We check Setting > Code style > TypeScript > Imports tab

A: You must have Recompile on changes enabled in Settings | Languages & Frameworks | TypeScript - when this option is on, the built-in compiler service emits the .js files for your Typescript sources. As you are using CRA that takes care of your .tsx and .ts files, piping them through a chain of webpack loaders, you don't need having this option enabled, please consider turning it off

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you are looking to maximise your income or generate more money, a good starting point is finding an industry where there is a prominent level of demand. There is no denying that there is a strong level of demand for rental accommodation in the UK these days.
Therefore, acting as a landlord provides people with an opportunity to make money each month and if you are looking to become a Loughborough landlord, we are here to help. At Strawberry Lettings and Sales, we're pleased to say we have assisted many local landlords, and we can help you if you wish to join the ranks.
There is evidence to suggest that many people in the UK are looking to become landlords this year. A study was undertaken by Sainsbury's Banking and the findings suggest 9% of United Kingdom adults are considering obtaining a buy to let mortgage this year. If 9% of the UK population decided to become landlords, there would be around 4.8 million new landlords in the country. It is to likely that this will happen, but there will be many people who decide to enter the rental market this year.
The reason that so many people are looking to become landlords is down to the fact that there are genuine reasons to do so. 35% of respondents who said they are looking to obtain a buy to let mortgage this year cited a change in their personal circumstances as a leading factor in their decision. There was also 29% of respondents who cited the demand for rental accommodation as the leading factor as their inspiration to enter the rental market.
With rental fees rising and the demand for rental property looking set to continue, if not climb higher, it is a natural decision for many people to get involved with the rental market. There are many landlords who are currently in the rental market looking to exit the market. Landlords who are in the market have faced many challenges in recent years including tax changes, regulatory issues and rising fees and costs. However, these changes have impacted on professionals who have had a structure to their business for many years. New entrants to the market will find that they can set up their business which takes these current issues into consideration, allowing them to deal with these challenges in the most appropriate manner.
The fact that many rental professionals are looking to exit the market further enhances the opportunity for new entrants to the lettings market. Tenants aren't going anywhere so if landlords exit the market, it makes sense that new landlords will find that there will be many prospective clients and tenants to focus on and reach out to.
If this sounds like an opportunity that you want to take advantage of, come and speak with Strawberry Lettings and Sales. We're pleased to say we have helped many landlords in Loughborough and no matter what assistance you need, we are on hand to help you achieve success.


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HMD's Bridge Project is proud to support choreographer Gerald Casel for a full year as Lead Artist in Dancing Around Race, the 2018 Community Engagement Residency. Members of the artist cohort for Dancing Around Race are: Raissa Simpson, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Sammay Dizon, Yayoi Kambara and David Herrera. As part of this project, HMD presents three Public Gatherings that invite the community into this process. The first gathering was Thursday, September 20th at Humanist Hall in Oakland, CA. The event featured Aruna D'Souza, author of Whitewalling: Art, Race & Protest in Three Acts.
Funding for HMD's Community Engagement Residency comes from the San Francisco Arts Commission and the Center for Cultural Innovation's Investing in Tomorrow program. This activity is also supported in part by the California Arts Council, a state agency. Learn more at arts.ca.gov. HMD's 2018 programs are sponsored by the Joe Goode Annex.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Let's Talk Haters. Bullies, Beware.
Bullying happens in the workplace, in college, in relationships. Bullying isn't just limited to middle school. Bullying happens to everyone, to some extent. Here are some tips for dealing with bullying.
But sometimes it's good to be "in-your-face," right?
I hope to wear not just my heart but also my soul on my sleeve.
January Spotify music Playlist—check out some of my favorite music.
I've started three fires in my mom's kitchen. Don't worry, I didn't burn the house down.
I mean come on, think about inviting your boyfriend over to a house with two huge football players.


Discover how the physical workplace can influence, hinder or enhance human performance.
Explore facts regarding human cognition, and how individual concentration or focus works.
Understand why focus work is important for collaboration and why it is good business to design for both.
Apply five key design elements to create high-performance workplaces where people can thrive.
Why collaboration earned its place as key to innovation?
Define focus work; and discuss who needs focus work time.
Explanation of the anatomy of focus work.
How to achieve focus work.
Five themes for designing for focus.


Frustration with the high cost of healthcare isn't just a Jersey problem.
Most Americans continue to see healthcare costs in the U.S. as a major issue, with only one in five satisfied with the total cost, according to a recent Gallup poll. This trend appears to be increasing Americans' concern about access to healthcare.
NJBIA is Offering Members Health Benefit Solutions Through Association Master Trust. Learn More!
While these two issues have topped the list each year since 2003, the high ranking of cost and access reflects a shift in Americans' concerns about health in the U.S. from years earlier when specific diseases or health threats topped the list.
In New Jersey, the relationship between cost and access was reflected in NJBIA's 2018 Health Benefits Survey. While overall New Jersey employers have a strong commitment to providing health benefits, the percentage of companies offering them had drop from 85 percent in 2016 to 78 percent.
At the same time, 40 percent of the companies that offer coverage said they took a lower profit or suffered a loss in order to continue providing health benefits – compared to 33 percent in 2016. Another 27 percent froze or limited wage increases and 21 percent delayed or reduced business investments to maintain their coverage.


"We surmise that higher education may provide sufficient cognitive reserve to counter the effects of mild hearing loss, but not enough to overcome the effects of more severe hearing impairment," said Linda K. McEvoy, PhD.
The researchers note that nearly 75 percent of adults over the age of 70 experience hearing loss, and they used this study to try to help combat any other aging issues that could come along with that.
Using a longitudinal study, the researchers followed over 1,100 participants for about two and a half decades. The majority of the participants were women, and the average age was roughly 74 years old.
None of the participants used a hearing aid when the study began, and they all had their hearing tested at the outset. Five additional examinations were conducted during the study period -- typically every four years.
At the start of the study, the participants also completed several tests to analyze their cognitive functioning, and the researchers found that those with more severe hearing loss didn't perform as well on these tests as those with more mild hearing loss.
The tests revealed that less than 20 percent of participants had moderate to severe hearing loss, while nearly half of the group was classified as having mild hearing loss. However, the researchers found that participants who had finished college performed better cognitively over time than those who didn't.
The researchers hope these findings serve as a warning to healthcare professionals, and they encourage their patients to start protecting their hearing as early as possible.
The researchers emphasize in their study that hearing loss cannot be reversed, and as their findings showed, patients can experience more than just impaired hearing.
Another recent study found that hearing loss could be associated with premature death.
The study found that those with spouses or partners were less likely to die early due to hearing loss; however, the researchers found that accidental deaths were a much larger risk for those who were on their own.


Tooltime – It's MY WAY or THE HIGHWAY!
Home » Blogs » Tooltime – It's MY WAY or THE HIGHWAY!
If asked to consider different tooling options to accomplish your agile software planning and development needs, would 'ease-of-adoption' come to mind? Perhaps you wonder how the tool will constrain you and your teams to adapt to a single process flow, dictated by the application, and to which you will have to map your existing team practices… The two sides of the spectrum provide either a strict workflow with little choice in the process, or a completely unfettered environment in which the organization has to configure (and document!) everything from scratch.
There IS a happy medium – a common-sense (and widely-used) approach that provides direction and supporting artifacts at every step, and the freedom to configure and customize the system to your organization and team's practices and culture, whether you are using Scrum, XP, DSDM, AgileUP, etc.
Interested? If you have an hour to spare, join us for a live product demo, and catch VersionOne in action!
The post Tooltime – It's MY WAY or THE HIGHWAY! appeared first on VersionOne Blog.


Next year, one of Europe's most remarkable research funders will celebrate its 10th anniversary. The European Research Council was born with the seventh edition of the Framework programme for research. Today, it is such a fixture of the research funding landscape that it is difficult to imagine life without it. Yet even for its most fervent advocates, the ERC's inception was so unexpected that it felt almost miraculous.


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SE Cornwall Labour Party
Sign our petition – end school funding cuts
A Fair Deal for Coastal Fisheries
Save Our NHS in Cornwall
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Anti-Poverty
Statement of Values
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A Reply to Our MP on School Cuts
Following our petition against school cuts, presented to our local MP at a march and rally in November, Mrs Murray wrote to many of those who had signed. Our Campaign Coordinator responds…
Dear Supporter … Thank you for signing our petition to the government on fair funding for schools between June and November last year. We managed to get almost 2000 signatures from our Saturday morning street stalls. This shows how important protecting funding of our schools is to the people of South East Cornwall and how, like you, others in the constituency are concerned that the government is trying to save money at the expense of the education and future of our children and grandchildren.
I am sorry that instead of presenting our petition to Parliament as requested our local MP, Sheryll Murray, spent time and resources on matching names and postcodes from the petition to addresses so that she could write to you and others who had signed the petition enclosing a letter from the secretary of state for education that contains misleading OECD data with the purpose presumably of suggesting that the UK government spends more money on education than other OECD countries.
The presentation of this data has already been discredited by the government's own statistics authority, The UK Statistics Authority (UKSA), which complained in October last year that it had written to the Department for Education (DFE) on four separate occasions in the past year about its presentation and use of education statistics. In an unusually strongly worded letter, The UKSA chair, Sir David Norgrove, said he had 'serious concerns' about the DFE's use of statistics. The UKSA complained that the figure used by the government in its OECD data 'included a wide range of education expenditure unrelated to publicly funded schools … rather than a comparison of school spending alone'. It included university student tuition loans as well as fees paid by private school pupils. In other words, it was not just money spent on schools and some of it was not government money at all.
Furthermore, the government's claim, repeated in Sheryll Murray's letter to you that 'funding has risen every year and the proportion of children in good or outstanding schools has also risen from 66% to 86%' was also criticised by The UKSA which complained that the information was presented in cash terms rather than real terms and should be set in the context of increasing pupil numbers, changes to the inspection framework and out of date inspections.
Instead of manipulating figures to hide real terms cuts to school budgets, it would be better if Ms Murray and her government invested in the education of our children and grandchildren or at the very least stopped applying their financial squeeze on our schools. According to The Institute of Fiscal Studies (IFS) school budgets have been cut by 8% since 2010 and £1.7bn in real terms since 2015. That means that annual spending on school budgets would be 1.7bn higher in 2018-19 if funding per pupil had been maintained in real terms since 2015.
If you want to know the real effect of school budget cuts ask the headteacher or the staff in your local school or look up your child or grandchild's school on the school cuts website at https://schoolcuts.org.uk. The website shows how on average primary schools are losing £52.5k per year and secondaries £178k. In our constituency, Torpoint Community School is losing £213k per year; Saltash.net community school, £188k; Looe Community Academy, £92k and Liskeard School & Community College, £85k. The worst affected primary schools include, St Cleer which is expected to lose 78k; Brunel, £55k and Lostwithiel, £54k.
In addition, this year teachers were awarded a 3.5% pay uplift for those on the main pay scale and a 2% uplift for those on the upper pay scale. This was less than the recommendation made by The School Teachers Review Body (STRB) and follows eight years of zero and below inflation pay increases. However, apart from having to fund the first 1% of this from existing budgets, schools need to apply to the DFE for the additional money to fund the pay uplift which is then released to schools not on the basis of the cost of the uplift in salaries but through a complicated formula based on the number of pupils in the school. This means that some smaller schools are likely to lose out. Also, the extra money has only been made available until the end of March 2020. So how will the pay uplift be funded beyond that?
Furthermore, the 'funding increase' in the October budget that Ms Murray refers to is for capital spending in schools and actually hides a huge cut in this budget. The schools' capital budget went down from £7.6bn in 2010 to £5.2bn just before the budget. The chancellor's 'little extras' brings it back to £5.6bn but that is still a £2bn cut in cash terms since this government came into office in 2010.
What these cuts mean for our children and grandchildren are the loss of teaching and support staff as schools cut posts in order to balance their budgets; larger class sizes; fewer subjects on the curriculum and less time for extra-curricula activities. Also, the government's own figures show that over 2000 pupils with special educational needs and disabilities are not getting access to the equipment and resources they need to learn as a result of funding cuts.
What you can do is write to Sheryll Murray and ask her to present the petition that you signed to Parliament as requested and to put pressure on her government to restore funding to schools to at least its real term value of 2010. Furthermore, at the next election you can vote for a Labour government that will build a National Education Service that will cater for the many, not the few; restore the funding of schools to their 2010 level in real terms as a minimum and introduce a genuinely fair National Funding Formula in which no school loses out. Our young people are our future and investment in their education should be a priority.
Glen Mynott, Campaign Coordinator, SE Cornwall Labour
Posted in: Education, Opinion, School Funding | Tagged: Education, School Funding Cuts
Published by lesleycarty
View all posts by lesleycarty
Climate Emergency: what can we do?
Thinking, Sharing Ideas and Listening June 28, 2019
Cornwall and climate breakdown: the need for a strategy June 14, 2019
Common Sense, Integrity and National Harmony May 31, 2019
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South East Cornwall Labour Party
Email: secretary@laboursecornwall.org.uk
Write: 25 Melbourne Road Liskeard PL14 4JD


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Nenad Zimonjić, född 4 juni 1976 i Belgrad, dåvarande Jugoslavien är en serbisk högerhänt professionell tennisspelare, tidigare världsetta i dubbel (november 2008).

Tenniskarriären
Zimonjić blev professionell spelare på ATP-touren 1995. Han är en utpräglad dubbelspecialist och har till november 2010 vunnit tre dubbeltitlar och fyra mixed dubbeltitlar i Grand Slam-turneringar. Totalt har han till juni 2011 vunnit 39 tour-titlar i dubbel och spelat in 5 271 961 US-dollar i prispengar.

Zimonjić vann sin första dubbeltitel 1999 tillsammans med Max Mirnyi, därefter årligen till och med säsongen 2006 mellan en och tre titlar med olika partners, bland andra Tim Henman, Leander Paes och Fabrice Santoro.

Störst framgångar har Zimonjić haft under säsongerna 2007-2010 då han vunnit 26 titlar, varav tre i GS-turneringar. De 22 senaste titlarna (t.o.m. november 2010) har han vunnit tillsammans kanadensaren Daniel Nestor. De båda har hittills spelat fem finaler i GS-turneringar, den första 2008 (Franska öppna) och vunnit dubbeltiteln i Wimbledonmästerskapen 2008 och 2009. Den första Wimbledontiteln vann de genom finalseger över Jonas Björkman/Kevin Ullyett och den andra över bröderna Bob och Mike Bryan. Zimonjic/Nestor vann 2008 dubbeltiteln i säsongsavslutande Tennis Masters Cup genom finalseger över bröderna Bryan.

Zimonjić har haft betydande framgångar i mixed dubbel och vann 2004 tillsammans med ryskan Elena Bovina Australiska öppna genom finalseger över det förstaseedade spelarparet Martina Navratilova/Leander Paes. Han har nått sex GS-finaler i par med slovenskan Katarina Srebotnik och vunnit två av dem (Franska öppna 2006 och 2010). I par med kinesiskan Sun Tiantian vann han 2008 mixed dubbeltiteln i Australiska öppna.

Zimonjić deltog 2009 i det segrande serbiska laget i World Team Cup.

Grand Slam-finaler

Herrdubbel

Mixed dubbel

Övriga ATP-titlar i dubbel
 1999 - Delray Beach (med Max Mirnyi)
 2000 - Delray Beach (med Brian MacPhie), Wien (med Jevgenij Kafelnikov)
 2001 - Lyon (med Daniel Nestor)
 2002 - Memphis (med Brian MacPhie)
 2003 - Delray Beach (med Leander Paes), St. Petersburg (med Julian Knowle)
 2004 - Monte Carlo (med Tim Henman)
 2005 - Monte Carlo (med Leander Paes), Barcelona (med Leander Paes)
 2006 - Sydney (med Fabrice Santoro), Halle (med Fabrice Santoro), Moskva (med Fabrice Santoro)
 2007 - Doha (med Michail Juzjnyj), Dubai (med Fabrice Santoro), Rom (med Fabrice Santoro), New Haven (med Mahesh Bhupathi), St. Petersburg (med Daniel Nestor), Hamburg (med Daniel Nestor),
 2008 - London (med Daniel Nestor), Toronto (med Daniel Nestor), Tennis Masters Cup (med Daniel Nestor),
 2009 - Rotterdam (med Daniel Nestor), Monte Carlo (med Daniel Nestor), Barcelona (med Daniel Nestor), Rom (med Daniel Nestor), Madrid (med Daniel Nestor), Cincinnati (med Daniel Nestor), Basel (med Daniel Nestot), Paris (med Daniel Nestor).
 2010 - Sydney (med Daniel Nestor), Rotterdam (med Daniel Nestor), Monte Carlo (med Daniel Nestor), Barcelona (med Daniel Nestor), Wien (med Daniel Nestor), ATP World Tour Finals, London (med Daniel Nestor).
 2011 - Washington DC (med Michaël Llodra).

Externa länkar

Serbiska tennisspelare
Tävlande vid olympiska sommarspelen 2000 från Serbien och Montenegro
Tävlande i tennis vid olympiska sommarspelen 2000
Tävlande vid olympiska sommarspelen 2008 från Serbien
Tävlande i tennis vid olympiska sommarspelen 2008
Tävlande vid olympiska sommarspelen 2012 från Serbien
Tävlande i tennis vid olympiska sommarspelen 2012
Tävlande vid olympiska sommarspelen 2016 från Serbien
Tävlande i tennis vid olympiska sommarspelen 2016
Män
Födda 1976
Levande personer
Idrottare från Belgrad


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Forums - Nintendo Discussion - Radical Idea: Nintendo EPD spining-off internal development teams
TheMisterManGuy
TheMisterManGuy on 19 September 2019
All First party Nintendo software production is run through the Entertainment Planning and Development division, led by Shinya Takahashi. In addition to having its own internal production groups, EPD also has teams dedicated to oversight of Nintendo's external developers and games such as MonolithSoft, Intelligent Systems, Camelot, HAL Laboratory, Retro Studios, Next Level Games, among others. However, what if we could take it a step further. What if, Nintendo decided to do yet another restructuring, this time it's a bit radical. The bulk of the changes going to EPD, all of its internal software groups would be spun-off into their own independent development subsidiaries. Each with its own name, management, and development culture. Shinya Takahashi will still oversee all software development, and Producers who mainly oversee outside companies like Hitoshi Yamagami and Kensuke Tanabe will continue their roles in new positions. Under this new structure, EPD would strictly be an oversight department, possible with a new name as well, rather than a development department with oversight duties. It'd be similar to how Sony Interactive's Worldwide Studios operates, or the experiment Sega tried during the Dreamcast-era, where they split-off all their in-house development departments, into independent subsidiaries.
This probably won't happen... Ever. But it'd be interesting to see Nintendo take a big risk like that.
SpokenTruth
SpokenTruth on 19 September 2019
That would be highly costly. Let's not forget they just completed a new HQ a couple of years ago for the primary purpose of consolidating their internal teams.
Massimus - "Trump already has democrat support."
gergroy
gergroy on 19 September 2019
Why? What would be the point? You don't think the system Nintendo currently uses is producing quality work?
twintail on 19 September 2019
TheMisterManGuy said:
I'm failing to see how this benefits Nintendo in any meaningful way.
GuyDuke
GuyDuke on 19 September 2019
That is basically the system that was in place before Nintendo merged everything into EPD. They had 5 different EAD software group, each dedicated to specific IPs.
I believe Nintendo has felt the need to pool all resources into one single development beast, as the average yield of all EAD individual teams was pretty poor at that time. It's a creative way to speed up output and increase efficiency, as teams are able to share expertise, standardize proprietary engine development and dispatch human resources in a cost-effective procedure.
I do think this was one of the smartest moves by Nintendo, as the ouput has never been as good as today, quality and quantity-wise.
mZuzek
mZuzek on 19 September 2019
But why, though?
my 50 favorite games
Xxain
Xxain on 19 September 2019
The only benefit I can see to this is the same reason SEGA did it; to allow each development team to define their own personal styles. Each of SEGA's development team had their unique flavor. They produced very different things.
GuyDuke said:
That's actually how EPD is still set up. There's 11 individual production groups, some mainly work with outside companies, some work on their own games internally, and some do a mix of both. What changed was that Software Planning and Development was merged with Entertainment Analysis and Development, thus creating EPD. The structure I'm proposing, is the internal software R&D groups would be split off into their own autonomous studios.
Last edited by TheMisterManGuy - on 19 September 2019
AngryLittleAlchemist
Hitman 2 (PC)
AngryLittleAlchemist on 19 September 2019
The only benefit to this is console wars "Studio" lists. That's it honestly.
Sony and Microsoft might have a structure like this, but that's because those studios are technically not "internal" in the sense that they're acquisitions owned by the parent company. They already belonged to a different location.
Sarkar on 19 September 2019
That is not true. Nintendo EPD output lately has been abysmal. What have they made for the Switch? BOTW which was just a Wii U game delayed for their next system. Mario Odyssey, Mario Maker 2 and Splatoon 2. Those are the only well received ones barring those they've made Arms, 1-2 Switch, Labo. That's it.
With 11 teams and given how small scale most of Nintendo's games are we should expect a lot more. I mean these guys aren't making huge games with cutting edge visuals and detail that they need 3-5 years to put out a game.


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Can not load local report.
Hi,I just download the trial version and make my first pivot.
Unable to open file report.xml.
It seems that this file doesn't exist or 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is absent in the resource requested.
but when i change configUrl to "http://www.flexmonster.com/reports/report.xml",everything is fine.
The file report.xml and the demo.html is in the same folder,what is the matter?
Do you open your html file in browser right away from the folder on your local computer?
If yes, the problem with opening report.xml file is caused by browser's security policy. It doesn't allow the component to access to the local file.
1. Open demo with Firefox. It doesn't have such strict security rules.
2. Put this demo on the web server like http://localhost. When you put the component on your web server, you will be able to replace configUrl with relative URL and licenseKey could be removed from embedPivotComponent() as well – it will be taken from flexmonsterpivottablekey.txt file.
Please let me know if the above works for you.
Thank you so much ,it works.
Thank you very much for letting me know that the answer was helpful. It is always good to get feedback. Please feel free to contact us should you have any further questions.


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5 Great Books for Working Mothers
Lifestyle | posts· recommended reading for working moms
While we've rounded up the best pregnancy books and essential books for new moms in past posts, we haven't offered any recommended reading for moms who have moved beyond those stages of parenthood, so today we're featuring 5 great books for working mothers. Please share your own picks! What are your favorite books for working moms?
This post contains affiliate links and CorporetteMoms may earn commissions for purchases made through links in this post. For more details see here. Thank you so much for your support!
5 Great Books for Working Mothers:
Balance Is a Crock, Sleep Is for the Weak: An Indispensable Guide to Surviving Working Motherhood by Amy Eschliman and Leigh Oshirak (2010)
Balance Is a Crock, as you can probably tell from the title, isn't a self-help book with a serious tone, but a snarky, funny take on working motherhood. The publisher calls it a "wickedly funny, girlfriend-to-girlfriend survival guide." (One example of the tongue-in-cheek chapter titles is "Maternity Leave: Vacation or Hell?") In addition to drawing from their own experiences as working moms, the authors give advice that's based on the experiences of hundreds of moms they interviewed and surveyed. The tips in Balance Is a Crock are realistic and straightforward — because, as Eschliman says in a promo video for the book, "30-minute meals are 25 minutes too long."
Sample blurb: "Like a bracing, affectionate talking to from a (funnier and more experienced) dear friend, Balance is a Crock, Sleep is for the Weak is the perfect irreverent self-help manifesto for any working mom who struggles to keep it together. That is: just about all of us." — Kristin van Ogtrop, former Real Simple editor
Unfinished Business: Women Men Work Family by Anne-Marie Slaughter (2015)
You may recognize Anne-Marie Slaughter's name from her very popular Atlantic piece from 2012, "Why Women Still Can't Have It All." The title is an oversimplification, really — it concluded, in part, "I still strongly believe that women can 'have it all' (and that men can too). … But not today, not with the way America's economy and society are currently structured." A few years later, Slaughter wrote Unfinished Business, which details her vision for a future where men and women are truly equal. She lays out her thoughts in three parts: "Moving Beyond Our Mantras," "Changing Lenses," and "Getting to Equal."
Sample blurb: "I'm confident that you will be left with Anne-Marie's hope and optimism that we can change our points of view and policies so that both men and women can fully participate in their families and use their full talents on the job." — Hillary Rodham Clinton
Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead by Sheryl Sandberg (2013)
While the messages of Lean In have generated a ton of debate since 2013 (and in fact, after the death of her husband, Sheryl Sandberg explained she didn't understand the life of a single mom until she became one), this classic book of working motherhood can still be worth a read. Sandberg shares her advice on negotiation, mentorship, taking risks, and aggressively pursuing your goals. Even if you agree with some of the book's critics, you can always pick and choose the strategies that you think will work for you and also use the book to explore your own viewpoints about life as a working mom.
Sample blurb: "Fifty years after The Feminine Mystique … Sandberg addresses 21st-century issues that never entered Betty Friedan's wildest dreams … Lean In will be an influential book. It will open the eyes of women who grew up thinking that feminism was ancient history. …" — New York Times review
Darling, You Can't Do Both: And Other Noise to Ignore on Your Way Up by Janet Kestin and Nancy Vonk (2014)
Speaking of Lean In and its impact, here's how the publisher of Darling, You Can't Do Both describes this book: a "smart, relatable guide for all of the women who embraced the spirit of Lean In but were left wondering where to start — how could they, in all industries and at all levels, really start to change the institutions they work in from the ground up." Janet Kestin and Nancy Vonk encourage working women to think differently — to break the rules, to understand how motherhood can make you a better leader, and more. (By the way, the book title is from a quote from Vonk's former boss, who told her that having kids would hurt her career aspirations.)
Sample blurb: "A guide to breaking the rules that stunt careers and wreak havoc at home. The how-to follow-up to Lean In." — Alan Weber, co-founder of Fast Company
I Know How She Does It: How Successful Women Make The Most of Their Time by Laura Vanderkam (2015)
The foundation of I Know How She Does It, which tackles the idea of "having it all," is the collection of hourly time logs (1,001 days' worth!) that Laura Vanderkam collected from women who make at least $100,000 a year — supplemented by case studies and interviews. (By the way, you might want to also watch her very popular TED Talk on gaining control of your free time.) Vanderkam gives advice for working moms on how to protect your free time, reclaim your commute, lower your standards for household chores, be creative about the meaning of family time, and more.
Sample blurb: "The most positive take on work and family I've read in a long time." — KJ Dell'Antonia, formerly of Motherlode
Bonus mentions: What Happy Working Mothers Know: How New Findings in Positive Psychology Can Lead to a Healthy and Happy Work/Life Balance by Cathy L. Greenberg, Ph.D, and Barrett S. Avigdor, J.D., and Tilt: 7 Solutions to Be a Guilt-Free Working Mom by Marci Fair.
What do you think are great books for working mothers? Which ones have resonated with you the most, and which ones did you disagree with?
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Reviews and sample blurbs aren't the same thing-I would have expected a short line or two from the book.
IHeartBacon says
Irish Midori says
Also curious about Mel Robbins, since I just got an ad to pre-order Work it Out on Audible. Is she legit?
EB0220 says
For new moms, I liked The Milk Memos. I like LV's other books as well. I recently read and enjoyed Forget "Having it All" by Amy Westervelt. It looks at historical views of mothers and how the modern "good moms stay home" narrative is a fairly recent phenomenon.
I enjoyed the Forget Having It All book as well! Interesting take on the racial divide about what a "good mom" is. It was also interesting to read how maternity leave policies were implemented in Europe more due to economic need as a lot of European men died in WWII.
I really connected with I Know How She Does It. It has such a positive tone.
Minat says
Agreed. When I first started listening to/reading Laura, it took some getting used to her tone, because her message of "you are in control of how you spend your time" felt very accusatory to me, who at the time felt I did NOT control how I spent my time. But I've come to realize: I am in control. I do make decisions about how I spend my time, and that's okay.
For example, in the baby years, it was more important for me to be present with my toddlers during my non-work hours than it was to go to the gym — it wasn't that I "didn't have time" to go to the gym, it's that I made the choice to stay home and snuggle my babies, and that was 100% fine in that season! Now, they're a bit older, need me less, and I'm more comfortable leaving them in the gym daycare for an hour a couple times a week so that I can exercise outside of work hours — also a choice.
Her teachings also helped me recently in a discussion with my husband — he was talking about how his job might expect him to "work weekends" in the future. I got all upset, thinking, oh no, we'll never have time for family activities like hikes, etc. Then we pinned down what he was actually talking about: logging on for 3-4 hours one morning a week. In Laura-style, I reasoned, ok, the weekend is 48 hours long, even if DH spends 4 of it working, that's still 44 hours to work with. Even with the kids sleeping 10 hours a night, that's 24 hours to fit in a 3-hour hike somewhere. It's fine!
I really liked The Ambition Decisions. Its focus on long-term patterns was great.
How Not to Hate Your Husband After You Have Kids! Super funny, great advice, interesting research.
I highly recommend "Drop the Ball: Achieving More by Doing Less" by Tiffany Dufu.
I enjoyed The Fifth Trimester: The Working Mom's Guide to Style, Sanity, and Big Success After Baby
Book by Lauren Smith Brody. I read this as a new mom about to return to work and I found the advice and tips to be very helpful to me in those first 12-16 weeks back (and beyond).
Brad Lohhy says
Work for moms
bradlohhy@gmail.com