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A probabilidade teve origem aproximadamente no século XVI e se aplicava inicialmente em jogos de azar, onde os jogadores ricos tinham mais conhecimento sobre as teorias de probabilidade e planeavam estratégias para levar vantagens nos jogos. Ainda hoje essa prática é utilizada, como em lotearias, cassinos de jogo, corridas de cavalos e esportes organizados. Mais do que isso, a probabilidade é utilizada por governos, empresas e organizações profissionais em seus processos diários de deliberação.
A utilização da probabilidade indica que existe um elemento de acaso ou incerto de ocorrer ou não um evento futuro. Na probabilidade não se pode afirmar o que ocorrerá, mas sim o que pode ocorrer.

A probabilidade proporciona muitas vantagens no dia dia, pois são extremamente úteis para o desenvolvimento de estratégias. Ela obtém, organiza e analisa dados estatísticos com a finalidade de descrever e explicar tais dados e determinar possíveis correlações e nexos-causais.

A probabilidade empírica, também conhecida por frequência relativa, ou probabilidade experimental, é a relação entre o resultado de uma ocorrência em um evento e o número total de ensaios, não num espaço amostral teórico, no experimento atual. Por outras palavras, é a percentagem de vezes que se espera que um evento aleatório aconteça, se se repetir a experiência um grande número de vezes nas mesmas condições. De modo geral, probabilidade empírica estima as probabilidades da experiências e observações.

Vantagens e desvantagens

Vantagens

Uma vantagem de estimar probabilidades usando a probabilidade empírica é que esse método é relativamente livre para suposições.
Por exemplo, considera a estimação da probabilidade em que a população de homens que satisfaz duas condições:

1.Que eles têm mais de 1,80 metros de altura.

2.Que eles preferem gelatina de morango a de framboesa.

Uma estimativa pode ser encontrada contando o número de homens que satisfazem as duas condições para obter a probabilidade empírica das duas condições. Outra alternativa seria multiplicar a proporção de homens acima de 1,80 com a proporção de homens que preferem gelatina de morango a de framboesa, mas essa estimativa só é válida quando as duas condições são estatísticamente independentes.

Desvantagens

Uma desvantagem no uso da probabilidade empírica são probabilidades de estimação com valores muito próximos de zero, ou muito próximos de 1. Neste casos amostras de tamanho muito grande terão que estar em ordem para obter cada probabilidade com um bom nível de precisão. Neste caso, os modelos estatísticos podem ajudar, dependendo do contexto, mas em geral um modelo será mais preciso comparado a probabilidades estatísticas.
Por exemplo, considera a probabilidade de estimação a menor das temperaturas máximas diárias em lugar, no mês de Fevereiro em um ano qualquer é abaixo de zero graus Celsius. O registro das temperaturas em anos anteriores podem ser usados para estimar essa probabilidade.

Exemplo

Existem 4200 estudantes em um curso pré-vestibular. Os dados abaixo mostram, por exemplo, que o curso de Medicina é o mais procurado. Se um estudante qualquer deste curso pré-vestibular é aleatoriamente escolhido, qual a probabilidade de prestar Direito?

A probabilidade de escolher ao acaso um estudante que prestará vestibular num curso de Direito é o número de estudantes que prestarão o curso de Direito dividido pelo total dos alunos do curso pré-vestibular.
Logo,
P = número de estudante que prestarão direito / número total de estudantes no curso = 23%

Ver também
 Estatística
 Probabilidade
 Teoria da Probabilidade

Estatística


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Q: What are the differences between sudo and the use of groups? I know these are  tools used for improving security. But what I would like to know is what they are and how they work?

A: In short, Sudo allows privilege escalation, while a user's groups allow access to things owned by the group.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Making deb file I want to make deb file with java project I made and install it on other computer
I checked Debian New Maintainer's Guide and other tutorials, still I can't get it.
I made a file 'MyApp' and made a .deb file with it,

MyApp/Debian/control
  MyApp/MyApp.jar

And installed it in my terminal to check it

sudo dpkg -i MyApp.deb

The terminal says it is unpacked, but nothing happens
So here are my questions,

*

*How do I execute 'MyApp' in terminal simply typing

MyApp

in my terminal?

*How do I make man page with it? I want to install man page with MyApp.deb. I made MyApp.1 file but I don't know where to put it.

A: Packaging (for Debian, or anything else), is non-trivial.
It's not something that can be explained in a forum in three paragraphs.
Luckily, there is quite a bit of documentation available for creating Debian packages, e.g.

*

*Guide for Debian Maintainers, as found in the debmake-doc package.

*Debian New Maintainers' Guide as found in the maint-guide package

*Introduction to Debian packaging, as found in the packaging-tutorial package.

Your problems are covered by these tutorials (even though the list includes the "New Maintainer Guide" which you've already read).
To give a more specific advice:

*

*make sure you know where your stuff should be installed to. if your project has a make install use that. if it doesn't, what would it do if there was one?

*a .jar file is not an executable. if you want your program to be executable, you will need a wrapper script, that calls your .jar file with the proper java-interpreter

*checkout packages that do something similar; learn from them

*checkout the debian/install file

*checkout the debian/manpages file

A: Most of the Debian doc contain very complicated methods to create deb file.
You can find simple steps to follow to create deb files in below link
https://www.lookup2learn.com/post/how-to-create-debian-package


A German language play for children aged 4 upwards.
Harvest time in the garden: All of the bean pods have been picked. All of the bean pods except for the one containing the bean seeds Bob and Bonny. When they do manage to come out of their pod, they don't know what to do. Buzz the bee comes to their aid, telling them that they have to sprout. That's their mission. On their journey to becoming plants, they go through a series of adventures, including meetings with Maggie the ladybird and Suzie the spider.
This play is in German and is a great teaching aid for lessons about the life cycle of plants. It is for kindergarten kids aged four and over and for schoolchildren, grades one and two.


Core Box Cleaning System | the jdi group, Inc.
the jdi group worked hand-in-hand with MT Systems on this project, which entailed the installation of a $2 million Core Box Cleaning System at the Saginaw Metal Castings Operations of one of the Big 3 automakers. Core Box Cleaning Systems use high pressure water to remove particles of sand that plug up air vents inside of foundry equipment.
jdi provided engineering services to prepare the site for the machinery and equipment installation. This included visitations to the site to determine the requirements for air pressure, water supply, voltage requirements, floor space, floor weight capacity, plant truss height/structural support capacity, and required floor trenches and pits. It was jdi's responsibility to notify the client of any machinery and equipment having installation and operational requirements exceeding the parameters of the facility.
Design services provided by jdi included layout of all equipment and the development of 3D models to show the connection of the machinery and equipment to the required utilities, including compressed air, natural gas, city water, industrial sewer, cooling tower water, power Ethernet cable, and nitrogen.
The project spanned four months, from contract award to the completion of the Installation Safety & Testing Certification.


Julia Chiang"Your I Love Yous"
Your I Love Yous came together after a workshop Julia Chiang did at the New Museum at the end of 2012. She made work in the museum's shop for a few days and while she was there she invited all visitors to write "I Love You" in any way they wanted to and to continually layer and add to a single sheet of paper she had there.
For this collaboration with Case Studyo she thought this mirror would be a beautiful object made by friends, strangers, and herself that could continually reflect all that come across it down the line.


November is "Gratitude Month" at Zenana Center for Wellbeing! To express our appreciation for our guests and community, we've created a Gratitude Ritual Gift especially for you.
Choose from any of our 60 – 90 minute self-care and wellbeing spa treatments, and we'll enhance your visit by adding our signature Gratitude Ritual including, Gratitude Mist and Fragrance Oil, featuring 100% organic wild-crafted essential oil blend of vanilla, sage, frankincense and vetiver, a gratitude meditation and poem, plus a Gratitude essential oil sample to take home.
Our limited edition Gratitude Mist ($45) and Fragrance Oil ($49) can also be purchased individually or together.
We're honored to be of service in our community these past 11 years and feel grateful for the opportunity to support each guest on their self-care journey.
Grace has been at Zenana Center for Wellbeing since 2007. She has been a cornerstone of the massage department and has gifted our center, our team and our guests with her body work skills and expertise. It is such an honor to work with Grace.
We welcome Jacqueline to our Massage Team! She is such a delight to work with and we know that you too will enjoy her sweet demeanor and calming presence. During the month of November mention this newsletter to enjoy 10% off your massage or body treatment with Jacqueline.
Upon graduating from the East West College of the Healing Arts in 1996, Grace began her path in the spa world. Working for a number of high end Portland spas has given her a variety of treatment knowledge, including hydro-therapies, wraps and ayurvedic modalities, which soon evolved into training other spa technicians in body treatments, spa menu planning and many quality assurance and managerial tasks. Knowing the spa world from the foundation up helps to ensure that each guest will have the most gratifying spa visit possible and that each person leaves feeling like royalty.
Grace will work with each guest to personalize each treatment to their specific needs using her abilities to listen and respond with an intuitive, methodical and strategic approach. She has been trained in Clinical Deep Tissue, Hydrotherapy, Swedish, Ayurvedic Body Treatments, Myopathic Muscular Therapy and La Stone, hot stone massage, and many other spa therapies including wraps and scrubs.
College of the Healing Arts in Portland Oregon, Jacqueline received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy and Psychology from the University of Nevada, Reno. She brings to her massage practice an acknowledgment of the inextricable link between the mind and body to provide a more holistic type of massage. She not only takes into account the physical pain of the body, but also each individual's lifestyle and goals for massage. The modalities she incorporates into her massage include Thai Massage techniques, Myofascial Release, Deep tissue, and Swedish massage.
$15 drop-in or $65 for 5 class punch card.
Thursday, November 2nd from 12-1:30 pm.


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Earthworm Jim 3D Guides and Walkthroughs
Earthworm Jim 3D is a platform game, the third in the Earthworm Jim series. It is a sequel to Earthworm Jim and Earthworm Jim 2, and the first game in the series to not be developed by Shiny Entertainment. Interplay Entertainment, having recently purchased the Earthworm Jim rights, handed the franchise off to VIS Interactive. The game suffered a difficult, prolonged development cycle and was delayed until it was released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64 and Microsoft Windows.
Earthworm Jim 3D borrows much of its gameplay from other platformers of the era, competing with Banjo-Kazooie and Donkey Kong 64. New locations in Jim's brain are opened up by collecting Golden Udders, and new levels in each location are opened by collecting Jim's marbles. Like previous Earthworm Jim games, despite many platforming elements, Jim's primary method of combat comes from shooting his blaster.
Earthworm Jim 3D Gameshark Codes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Jacqueline - January 8, 2023
Jacqueline - December 8, 2022
What To Look For In A Professional Packaging Supplier?
It's no news that gambling machines are the most played games in casinos worldwide. A 2021 statistics that interviewed casino owners and...
Different Types of Pneumatic Fenders
Business Jacqueline - June 27, 2022 0
Pneumatic fenders are designed to help extend the lifespan of watercraft and boats by acting as an additional layer of protection against scrapes and...
Business Jacqueline - December 10, 2021 0
Getting an excellent wholesale deal can sometimes be a daunting challenge for existing buyers and newbies in the clothing business. Undoubtedly, one of the...
KEY POINTS The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee voted 7-2 to keep its benchmark interest rate unchanged at its historic low of 0.1%. Sterling fell...
KEY POINTS Wells Fargo said it is "likely to experience issues or delays" in satisfying demands from multiple U.S. regulators — a subtle but...
Dow jumps 200 factors to a document on sturdy jobs report, S&P 500 notches...
U.S. stocks rallied to record levels on Friday after the October jobs report came in better than expected, boosting optimism about the economic recovery. A...
Fed to start out tapering bond purchases later this month because it begins pulling...
Business Jacqueline - August 13, 2021 0
KEY POINTS The Federal Reserve said Wednesday it will begin tapering the pace of its asset purchases later in November. On a monthly basis,...
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (REGN) – The drug maker's shares rallied 2.7% in the premarket after it reported a significant beat on both the top and bottom...
Business Jacqueline - January 8, 2023 0


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Advocates Demand Generic Drugs for Mexico
Advocates from several nongovernmental organizations are calling on the Mexican government to declare a "national HIV/AIDS emergency" that will allow the country to import generic antiretroviral drugs for people with HIV, according to the Apria Healthcare company's news site (apria.com, 6/17).
The organizations have formed a coalition to seek universal access to antiretroviral medications in Mexico. According to the coalition, AIDS treatment costs up to 30 times more in Mexico than in other countries with similar per capita incomes. They say that the allowance of cheaper, generic drugs would help to save the lives of nearly 180,000 Mexicans.
According to the article, there are 8,000 to 8,500 new cases of HIV reported each year in Mexico.
#generics
#Mexico
Healthy Diets Could Lower Heart Disease Risk in Latinos
Lorena Borjas, a Beloved Transgender Latinx Activist, Dies of COVID-19
Mexican group Banda MS says: "Detén el estigma del VIH"


Using the technology provided by Activ has completely streamlined our receiving operations. We now consistently receive a consolidated packing slip that contains all of the required information, embedded within a single barcode.
Activ Technologies, a leading provider of supply chain collaboration software, was recently selected by Aerojet Rocketdyne to build a proprietary supplier portal as part of an ongoing commitment to streamline receiving operations. The tool commissioned by Aerojet Rocketdyne, a world-recognized aerospace and defense leader, will ultimately be used to increase packing slip accuracy, reduce receipt time, and aid in accounting reconciliation.
Activ Technologies was selected based on a combination of several factors, including product capability, pricing, and the overall quality of customer support services.
"Using the technology provided by Activ has completely streamlined our receiving operations. We now consistently receive a consolidated packing slip that contains all of the required information, embedded within a single barcode," says Jim Schmidt, Sr. Analyst at Aerojet Rocketdyne. "Having the ability to scan the barcode during the receiving process allows Aerojet Rocketdyne to properly track receipts and increase the reconciliation and payment to our suppliers."
The entrance into the aerospace industry comes at a time of rapid growth for Activ Technologies, who has recently announced the expansion of both their leadership team and Board of Directors.
Activ Technologies is at the forefront of supply network development. Since 2012, they have exclusively focused resources on the development of a SaaS collaboration and demand visibility solution called Harmony. By offering the most advanced cloud-based Supply Chain Synchronization, this solution goes far beyond just collaboration to achieve auto-synchronization for all of the OEM, customers, and suppliers in the supply chain. The result is an unparalleled ROI. Such synchronization turns a supply chain into a powerful value chain and network.
Learn more about Activ Technologies by calling 770-290-1985 or visiting the company's website at http://www.activ-tech.com.


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Antireflection coating film and antireflection coating material for optical element and optical element
Reiko Kubota, Yokohama (JP)
Assigned to Canon Kabushiki Kaisha, Tokyo (JP)
Filed by CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, Tokyo (JP)
Filed on Jul. 2, 2014, as Appl. No. 14/322,790.
Application 14/322,790 is a continuation of application No. 13/578,063, granted, now 8,809,421, previously published as PCT/JP2011/053313, filed on Feb. 9, 2011.
Claims priority of application No. 2010-029513 (JP), filed on Feb. 12, 2010; and application No. 2011-002164 (JP), filed on Jan. 7, 2011.
Prior Publication US 2014/0323612 A1, Oct. 30, 2014
This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.
Int. Cl. C08K 7/00 (2006.01); C09D 5/00 (2006.01); C09D 7/12 (2006.01); G02B 1/111 (2015.01); C08K 3/22 (2006.01); C08K 3/34 (2006.01)
CPC C09D 5/006 (2013.01) [C09D 7/1216 (2013.01); C09D 7/1266 (2013.01); G02B 1/111 (2013.01); C08K 3/22 (2013.01); C08K 3/34 (2013.01)] 18 Claims
1. An optical coating film for an optical element, the optical coating film being formed on the surface of a substrate composed of an optical material, the optical coating film comprising:
first particles at least having a refractive index (nd) of 2.2 to 3.5 for the d-line and an average particle size of 10 nm to 70 nm;
second particles composed of at least one of silica and sericite,
a colorant; and
a resin,
wherein a first particle content with respect to the optical coating film is in the range of 10% by weight to 35% by weight, and a second particle content with respect to the optical coating film is in the range of 1% by weight to 11% by weight,
wherein the optical coating film is a light-shielding coating film, and
wherein a ratio of the minimum absorbance to the maximum absorbance (minimum absorbance/maximum absorbance) of the optical coating film for the optical element in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm is 0.7 or more.


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The Meccan moon cult. The real history of Al-Lah, or 'The Lord'
Allah has nothing in common with Judeo-Christian ideas about God.
[Link to source with permission.]
There is a very strongly entrenched view among majority of Westerners today that the three main monotheistic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam share one common God and therefore despite the obvious differences, the core foundation of these three religions is the same.
Throughout several centuries many millions o Christians converted to Islam believing just that.
Oppressed by the tax (Jizya) imposed on all non-Muslims living under Islamic law (dhimmis) since the end of the 7th Century AD, they probably thought that changing their religion without changing their god wasn't a bad solution.
The rewards were immediate - a life that was better, free of humiliation and social status equal to other Muslims. Today the common belief among the vast majority of non-Muslims is similar as they think that Allah and Yahweh are the same deities and The Quran is just like the Bible with yet another "New, Islamic Testament" added to it.
In fact the Muslim activists, who try to harvest new converts from among discontented Westerners, propagate this aspect of Islam - the same God with much stricter rules and therefore a purer and truly pious life. They can sow the seeds of their faith on very fertile soil here since clear rules and purity of faith are something that many people need and desire. A religion where they are not forced to compromise their faith in god with new age witchcraft, same sex marriages, moral relativism, self indulgence (sorry, self-discovery) and other "progressive" ideas penetrating some Western Christian churches nowadays.
They are promised they will be given a new burst of faith as soon as they submit to Allah under Islam - the only true religion. They are told that Mary and her son Jesus are "recognized" under Islam and that Islam in fact is the purest form of their "old" monotheistic religion, free from all the errors implanted there by confused Jews and Christians.
The truth about the common origin of Judaism, Christianity and Islam is much more complicated and in fact, speaking strictly from a religious point of view, Muslim Allah and the Judeo-Christian Yahweh come from different worlds and are alien to each other. They are entirely different deities.
Of course all so called Muslim "scholars" will deny this with vigour and bring up evidence against it. Let us look first then why many theologians (apart from some Islamic apologists) reject Allah as the same deity as Yahweh.
A long time before the times of Muhammad the Quraish tribesmen from Mecca (Mohammed's tribe) worshipped well over 360 different deities from which the most powerful was Hubal - the Moon God. It is often argued that the Bedouins (nomads) from the pre-Islamic era were more likely to worship the spirits of their ancestors rather those gods attached to any particular place. And so the moon-god was worshipped initially among the Arabian Peninsula city dwellers.
Why the Moon God?
The evidence points to the ancient beliefs of the Middle East. The Arabs who settled in the cities inherited the Moon God from the civilizations of Mesopotamia. Ancient Sumerians worshipped the Moon God under several names and among them were Nanna, Suen and Asimbabbar. The symbol of the Moon God was the crescent moon.
Photograph from (Allah - the Moon God )
Later, the Sumerian Moon God was adopted by the Semitic people of the Ancient Middle East. The Assyrians, Babylonians, and the Akkadians took the word Suen and transformed it into the word Sin as their favorite name for the Moon-god.
Photos from (Archaeological photo gallery of the Arabian Moon-God 2000-900BC )
As Prof. Potts pointed out, "Sin is a name essentially Sumerian in origin which had been borrowed by the Semites." In ancient Syria and Canna, the Moon-god Sin was usually represented by the moon in its crescent phase. (Full Article)
The Symbol, the crescent moon, is very important here because Muslim scholars argue that the presence of the Moon God in Arabia proves nothing. Sure - they say, there was Hubal in Mecca and this deity was worshipped there together with other 360+ gods. This is why Muhammad got rid of all these idols and converted all the Arab tribes into the only and true religion - Islam.
There are however strong arguments against this interpretation.
If it is true that Muhammad abandoned all ancient Quraish deities and Hubal - the most powerful one, why is it that many Islamic rites and customs are the same as the old pagan ones?
In Islam most of the rituals performed (today) by devoted Muslims in the name of Allah are connected to the pagan worship that existed before Islam. Pagans practices of the Pilgrimage of Kabah once a year–the Fast of Ramadan, running around the Kabah seven times, kissing the black stone, shaving the head, animal sacrifices, running up and down two hills, throwing stones at the devil, snorting water in and out the nose, praying several times a day toward Mecca, giving alms, Friday prayers, etc. are strictly followed by Muslims today. Nobody can deny the fact that, all the above rituals of Muslim's hajj today—existed well before the arrival of Islam. (source )
The word "Allah" was used to describe Hubal long before Muhammad as well. For those who want to follow up the etymological discussion concerning these words, several arguments can be found very well summarized by Syed Kamran Mirza HERE
The presence of the crescent and the star, as symbols of Islam, makes a lot of Muslims very uneasy these days. It is the the possibility that other people may believe Allah to be an ancient pagan god instead of the god of Abraham and Moses, which worries them. And so they argue the Crescent and the Star are not actually Islamic. It was the Turks who adopted it from .Constantinople. They claim further - the Crescent and the Star had not been used by the Muslims before the fall of Constantinople (1453).
The star and the crescent as depicted in a few flags of Muslim countries do not have any significance in the Islamic faith. In other words, the reason for depicting these symbols on flags is not Islamic or religious. On the contrary, it is primarily a continuation of a tradition set by the vast Ottoman-empire (for a period of over half a millennium), which has prompted some of the modern Muslim states to depict these two symbols on their flags. One may, however, ask why did the Ottoman-empire opt for the star and the crescent on its flags. No specific answer can be given for this question. There could be a number of possible reasons.(Source)
Furthermore, the Muslims experts will argue, it was Muhammad himself who had the revelations from Allah, and who told him all about Ishmael, Abraham, Moses and Jesus and so we know from the main source that Muhammad was considered the most important and the last prophet.
Well this still leaves one additional problem. Why is it that the insignificant sign of the Crescent can be seen on all mosques, prominently displayed on their minarets and domes?
Let's us consider the validity of some Islamic arguments.
Unlike the Old or New Testaments, the Quran isn't a narrative. It consists mostly instructions and rules mixed with references to the book and a lot of repetitive material. The sparse and contradictory references to biblical stories indicate that Muhammad did not have the slightest idea what Judaism or Christianity were all about. He understood religion to blind obedience and repetitive rites and rituals rewarded by simple pleasures (on earth and in paradise): booty, gold, horses, camels, comfort of the tent and lots of sex. You can review most of the biblical errors and contradictions which the Quran contains HERE .
Muhammad learnt soon enough that his knowledge of the Bible was not up to the task to convince the Jews and Christians that he was one of the Lord's prophets and so he accused them of changing the true story. In fact he 'made' all ancient prophets from the past testify against all Judeo-Christian beliefs. This was a clever ruse. From then on he did not have to learn much at all and he just used his imagination in creating a "biblical" past which overrode the existing tradition.
Why did Muhammad try to absorb Judeo-Christian beliefs in Islam?
Rejected by his own tribesmen as a prophet, Mohamed had to consider the Jews and Christians living on the peninsula as his next targets for conversion. From his point of view there was not a great deal of a difference - one god is one god- and so after "experiencing" some "extra revelations" Mohamed included ALL people of the book or scripture as acceptable followers.
After his "escape" to Medina, Muhammad, found there a rich and vibrant Jewish community and so he tried to convince those people to become his followers. At this stage he even forced his companions to pray in the same direction as the local Jews and to fast at the same time.
The Jews of Medina rejected Mohammed's conversion proposals. His second hand knowledge of the Jewish Holy Scriptures and his inability to grasp the irreconcilable differences between his Koran and the Jewish religion made it impossible for him to argue his case and win the Jewish support. Mohammed's initially favourable opinion about the Jews turned into anger and so he reverted to facing Mecca in his prayers and to Ramadan as the fasting period.
Let us return to consider the Crescent being adopted from Constantinople by the Turks. Well I am afraid it is just another piece of Muslim deception.
Unfortunately for the Muslim theologians and apologists there is massive evidence, which clearly proves that The Crescent and the Star were used widely in diffrent parts of the Islamic empire, long before the fall of Constantinople.
The Crescent and the Star symbol was used very frequently on Muslim coins for example.
Late 7th Century AD Silver Arab coin form Iraq (original ) or similar
The Hubal insignias were also used In jewelry:
Pendant, 11th century; Fatimid Egypt (source )
Pair of earrings, 11th century Greater Syria Gold: fabricated from wire and sheet, decorated with granulation; originally outlined with strung pearls and/or stones; 1 x 1 1/4 in. (2.5 x 3.3 cm) Purchase, Gifts in memory of Richard Ettinghausen, and Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1979 (1979.278.2a,b)
An elaborate example of filigree and granulation work from the Fatimid period in Egypt and Greater Syria (969–1171), this pair of earrings is illustrative both of the most characteristic goldsmith work and of one of the most popular shapes for jewelry of this period—the hilal, or crescent (moon). The basic vocabulary—a box construction, rings for stringing pearls or semiprecious stones, openwork S-curves, arabesque designs, and the crescent shape itself—seems to have dominated jewelry production in the Fatimid world into the second half of the eleventh century and perhaps later. The influence of this vogue was widespread. Goldsmiths working under the Mamluks (1250–1517) adapted this vocabulary, as did jewelers of Nasrid Spain (1232–1492), while echoes reverberated into Kievan Russia, Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and North Africa. (SOURCE )
Armaments also used to bear the Crescent and the Star
Persian armor of the 10th - 12th century, museum display in Iran. (source)
Then, there are also paintings and drawings depicting Islamic Mosques from areas, which then were not covered by the Ottoman Empire and from the times before the fall of Constantinople.
Page from a manuscript of the Laila and Majnun of Nizami, dated 1432; Timurid Afghanistan (Herat)
Laila and Majnun at School: Page from a manuscript of the Laila and Majnun of Nizami, dated 1432; Timurid Afghanistan (Herat) Ink, colors, and gold on paper; H. 12 3/8 in. (31.3 cm), W. 9 in. (22.9 cm) Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1994 (1994.232) This splendid copy of the story of Laila and Majnun by the twelfth-century Persian poet Nizami was commissioned by one of the most discerning of patrons, the Timurid prince Baisunghur. The colophon states that it was made in Herat (the Timurid capital, now in Afghanistan) in A.H. 835 (1432 A.D.) and copied by Jacfar, a celebrated calligrapher in charge of the royal atelier. The manuscript contains one magnificent miniature (two others are in a private collection and one is missing) of Laila and Majnun at School. The painting, which spreads from the usual confines of the text into the margin, shows a domed building with a minaret—a madrasa, or religious school, where the star-crossed lovers, children of Arab tribal chiefs, first meet. The salmon-colored bricks and the intricate decoration reflect both the illuminated opening pages of the manuscript and the brick and tile work of eastern Iranian buildings. The schoolroom floor is covered with an unusual multiple-niche prayer rug (sajada). The girls and boys are separated, except for Laila and Majnun, who sit at the back. The teacher listens to a pupil in the center of the room, while a latecomer tries to slip in unnoticed. (SOURCE )
Incense burner, 11th century Spain (Andalusia)
Incense burner, 11th century Spain (Andalusia) Cast bronze, openwork and incised; (a) Gr. H. 4 7/8 in. (12.4 cm), Max. L. 10 1/4 in. (26 cm), Max. Diam. 4 in. (10.2 cm) Louis V. Bell Fund and Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1967 (67.178.3a,b) The square shape, high domed lid, long horizontal handle, four zoomorphic feet, and openwork horseshoe arches on the lower register of this incense burner identify a specific typology that fits well into a western Islamic, almost certainly Spanish production. The crescent finials and the projecting winged section atop the vault of the lid enliven the otherwise compact and severe form of this object. (SOURCE )
There was the crescent symbolizing Hubal and the Star as his prophet long time before the fall of Constantinople and the heroic death of the last Byzantine emperor who was killed defending the walls of what was left of the Eastern Christian Byzantine Empire.
And so the Crescent and the Star do symbolize not only the ancient Moon God and his prophet but also the link with the ancient polytheistic world of beliefs (some theologians argue that the star - initially a female deity, symbolizes not Mahomet but Islam).
This is also why we have certain problems in understanding the mentality of Muslims.
For the ancient world it was important to keep the gods happy and it was irrelevant how many atrocities were committed in due process. Lying was only bad when it displeased the gods, stealing and looting for your gods was fully justified. And so it is for the Muslims, who must submit to their god and all good deeds are not there for their own sake but to make him happy.
The Judeo-Christian tradition created objective ethical values - good and evil. These values exist independently of our own existence as opposed to the values of the ancient gods where GOOD was what the Gods liked even if it was killing other human beings or pillage or destruction.
On occasions like this many would point out that Christians are perfectly capable of killing as much as Muslims.
Of course this is true.
Ancient pagan religions justified our weakness, cruelty, greed: in contrast the new religion did not justify our weakness but tried to enable us to rise above it - the new religions Judaism and later on Christianity, tried to improve human kind and were the basis for much of the scientific, social and artistic development in the western world.
Link to source with permission.
8/21/2019: Al Lah does not mean God – it is a celestial cult reference
5/30/2016: Muhammad's pagan Allah
5/25/2016: Al-Lah is not 'God' but simply a reference for pre-modern pagan Arab moon idol worship.
6/8/2015: Sura 12, Joseph, Baal and Moon Worship.
3/29/2015: Allah is Baal or Satan, as the cult of Islam's practices and rituals make clear
7/13/2014: Arabia's Babylonian inspired moon-worship
12/30/2013: Sin or the moon idol of Mecca and Muhammad
12/18/2013: Black rocks, the moon deity and genital rubbing
12/17/2013: Moon worship and supremacism
12/14/2013: Allah is a pagan idol
12/11/2013: Moon cult of Muhammad
12/9/2013: The Moon idol and his daughters
12/5/2013: The moon cult and its inevitable failure.
12/2/2013: Muhammad's family idol and Allah
11/28/2013: Allah, Hubal and paganism
11/25/2013: A pilgrimage according to the Lunar calendar
11/20/2013: Hubal was Allah 2500 years before Muhammad
11/18/2013: Yoel Natan and 'Moon-O-Theism'
11/15/2013: Urick and Allah as the moon idol
11/13/2013: Allah the moon idol and Muhammad's family deity
11/11/2013: The Arabian moon cult is Islam, Phd R. A. Morey, 2011
11/8/2013: Sin, Baal, Hub'Al and Al-Lah - the moon god.
11/6/2013: The Kabah, Hu Baal and Allah
11/4/2013: Moon idol, kiss rocks, run around the shrine, prostrate your worthless self to Muhammad.
11/1/2013: Islam's paganism – an untold story.
10/31/2013: Hubal, Baal and Allah.
10/28/2013: Allah is Baal the moon deity of Mesopotamia.
10/25/2013: Moslems worship a moon idol and a black rock.....
10/22/2013: Hub'Al, Allah and 'God'
10/20/2013: Islam is an Oriental Moon-Cult. Not a religion.
10/17/2013: Allah and Moon worship. The crescent moon.
10/15/2013: Allah the Moon idol and magical transformations
10/9/2013: Allah and moon worship or Hub'Al
2/20/2013: The Meccan moon cult. The real history of Al-Lah, or 'The Lord'
11/6/2012: Who or What is this Allah-thing ?
10/4/2011: Hubal and the El-Lah idol
9/21/2011: Allah as the moon idol
9/20/2011: Moslems worship a moon deity
9/19/2011: Bel, Ba'al and Al-Lah
9/15/2011: Allah is not 'God' but a naming reference.
9/8/2011: Allah's pagan past.
9/6/2011: Allah's many forms and names
9/5/2011: Allah's Sumerian heritage
9/2/2011: Muhammad's family and Baal
9/1/2011: Allah or Baal the moon deity with 99 names....rather un-Christian-like
8/31/2011: Hubal repackaged as Allah or the 'one'
8/30/2011: The irony of Allah as Baal
8/29/2011: If Allah is Baal what then is Islam?
8/25/2011: Hubal and Allah - the same
7/13/2011: The pagan Arab moon cult which became Islam
3/1/2011: Allah is a Moon Deity, not 'God'.
2/9/2011: Hitti, Braswell, Jeffrey, the Meccan moon cult and why Islam is not a religion.
7/23/2008: The Arab moon cult – a tribal imperialism.
11/5/2007: Islam is a Moon Cult
8/18/2006: The Islamic Moon Cult; a 3000 year old paganism


What do I need to do if I am being admitted to hospital?
A supply of all your current medication, preferably in the original containers so they are easily identifiable.
An up-to-date repeat prescription list from your GP.
Any compliance aids you use to help you take your medication such as medidose and dossette.
Any supplementary information you think we might need to know about such as steroid cards, insulin passports, warfarin books and recent discharge letters.
Shortly after you arrive in hospital you will be visited by a member of the pharmacy team who will discuss your medication with you. They will take a note of your drug history, record any allergies you have and assess how suitable the medication you currently take is, also considering whether any compliance aids would help you.
Throughout your stay with us a member of the pharmacy team will also arrange for any medication you need to be supplied to your ward and will review your drug chart regularly, making sure that an adequate supply of your medication is ready and available. The pharmacy team will also support the doctors and nurses involved in your care with any queries or questions relating to the medicines you have prescribed.
A member of the team will prepare your paperwork ahead of your discharge so it is ready as soon as you are well enough to go home.
When you are ready to be discharged, the team will check your medication has been prescribed correctly, appropriately and accurately before dispensing the medication you need for your return home. They will also check you have an adequate supply of your medication to keep you going.
When you are discharged you will also receive one copy of your discharge letter. One copy will remain in your hospital notes and another in the Pharmacy Department. Your GP will also receive an electronic copy from the hospital.
How long will I wait for my medication?
The hospital pharmacy at Russells Hall Hospital serves both outpatients and inpatients from across the Trust. While safety is always our main focus we strive to complete prescriptions to the highest clinical standards and as quickly as possible.
We will always try our best to get you your medication as quickly as we can but we do experience busy periods where you may have to wait longer than usual.
The average waiting time for outpatient prescriptions is 30 minutes. If you do find yourself waiting significantly longer than this please speak to a member of pharmacy staff.
What happens when I hand in my prescription?
The Pharmacy Department is aided by a modern robotic system which delivers medicines to the dispenser down a 'helter skelter'.


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Tesla8 is a fast action game where you are trying to reach Nikola Tesla who was trapped in an extra-dimensional plane by one of his own inventions. Upgrade your upgrades!
Play Tesla8 on Kongregate Now!
Get it on Android Now!
Released June 5, 2016
Dev Notes: It was an interesting and difficult challenge to create an html5 game in Unity. Tesla 8 remains the most ambitious example I've seen. While under html5, graphics performance runs at full speed, the cpu effectively runs at best at half speed of a single core and memory is tight to say the least.


Nowadays household personnel is becoming more and more popular due to the increasingly fast pace of life. People are more often looking for different kinds of domestic help – from housekeepers and nannies to private jet pilots and yachts captains. 'What is so special about candidates for such positions', you would ask?
Household staff is a unique sphere of professionals who are specialized in working for private families and individuals. There are certain traits of character that are essential for people in this sphere.
First, a person should be trustworthy and reliable with a high sense of commitment. Secondly, someone who works for a family must be discreet and with tempered character. These are people who you let into your life and trust them with your household and your family. So, how do you find the perfect help?
There are many different ways of finding desirable domestic staff. People often take all the responsibility on themselves and use simple search engines to find a helper for them. But is it always safe?
The market of household staff is full of people who are mistrustful and not reliable. Finding a trustworthy and hard-working candidate is a difficult and long process that requires not only a lot of time and energy but also some special knowledge in the particular sphere. In addition, people often ask their friends or relatives for some contacts.
However, there is no guarantee that a suggested person will meet all your individual requirements and needs. That is why the best way to find good domestic workers is by using a professional recruitment agency.
Morgan and Mallet International is the most advanced recruitment agency in the luxury domestic service industry. Thanks to the professional consultants and recruiters, our agency will save your precious time and we will do our best to find a perfect candidate that meets all your special requirements and needs.
We offer only verified candidates who are highly qualified with a minimum of three years of experience in working for a private family. The recruitment process involves two interviews and proof of the list of documents that candidates provide with us.
As a result, we offer our clients for consideration only those candidates who completely satisfy their requirements. By choosing a professional agency as means of search for household staff our clients can be sure that all the information they provide with us is confidential and won't be passed to third parties. Safety is our primary criterion.


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Home / Health / Top health experts say the U.S. variant of the British coronavirus emphasizes the need for mitigation measures
Top health experts say the U.S. variant of the British coronavirus emphasizes the need for mitigation measures
December 31, 2020	Health 3 Views
It is reported that British coronavirus strains have now been found in California and Colorado, and senior health experts have emphasized the need for mitigation measures to prevent the spread of the virus.
Coronavirus B.1.1.7. The variant is said to be more transmissible than COVID-19, but it is not believed to be more toxic or resistant to vaccines and treatments.
Live Update: Today's latest COVID-19 headlines
California Governor Gavin Newsom (Gavin Newsom) announced on Wednesday that a new coronavirus has been discovered in Southern California. At the same time, after the confirmed case, Colorado officials are investigating another "highly suspicious"
; but undiagnosed coronavirus mutation case, which may be found in another COVID-19 positive patient.
US surgeon Jerome Adams assured Americans on Thursday that the recently approved coronavirus vaccine appears to be effective against this new strain, but he urged caution before the New Year's Eve holiday.
Adams told the ABC's "Good Morning America" host: "You should be worried about the vaccines you have and know that the vaccines seem to be still working." There have been conversations. But more contagious changes mean that we must follow those basic public health measures, especially during the New Year period this year."
In addition, Fox News medical contributor Dr. Nicole Safir said that although this new infectious strain has incomplete virus transmission, it will be more difficult to control.
Safir told Fox: "In the end, this only means that it may be a little difficult to contain the virus, but we can no longer control its spread, which is why we must continue to wear masks, keep away from ourselves and encourage people to get vaccinated. The first "host on Thursday.
Morgan Phillips and Alexandria Hein of Fox News contributed to this report.


Social media and our website help connect us, but there's nothing quite the same as getting the new issue of The Lyre magazine in the mail. The Lyre features real stories and real conversations about and from our members, celebrating the bonds that connect us as sisters. It's also a source of information on what's new in our organization.
Collegiate members receive The Lyre as part of their dues and fees during their undergraduate membership.
Beginning with the summer 2019 issue, The Lyre will be available to Alpha Chi Omega alumnae as part of the Alpha Chi Omega Foundation's donor communications strategy. Members can receive The Lyre through gifts of $299 cumulative or more to the Foundation, at which point they will reach the Foundation's Life Loyal Roll. To make a gift, click the "Donate" button at the top of this page. Find more information on the Life Loyal Roll page.
The Lyre is no longer available via subscription, nor will advertising space be sold.
Want to be a part of The Lyre? We rely on members like you to find story ideas and start conversations on topics of importance to our members. Volunteer writers and photographers seeking an opportunity to be published are also invited to contribute.


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Q: What's the difference between encoding and charset? cp1252 and windows1252 What's the difference between encoding charset cp1252 and windows1252?
or are they the same?

A: They are the same. Some APIs require you to call it windows-1252 and other APIs require you to call it CP1252. I've heard a few others as well but they are just aliases. Somebody took umbrage at MS just deciding they were the sole authority on code page identifications.


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Google sales jump despite mixed ads results
While paid clicks rose, the cost per click dropped in the second quarter
Zach Miners (IDG News Service)
Google's revenue rose to $15.9 billion in the second quarter, while net income was $3.4 billion.
Google's core advertising business helped to propel a 22 percent increase in sales during the second quarter, even while the cost of its ads dropped.
Revenue for the quarter ended June 30 was US$15.96 billion, Google said Thursday, beating the forecast of $15.62 billion, from analysts polled by Thomson Reuters.
Net income was $3.42 billion, up nearly 6 percent from $3.23 billion in the second quarter of 2013.
The company's earnings per share, excluding certain expenses, was $6.08, a disappointment to analysts expecting $6.24 in earnings.
Thursday's results marked the first time Google separated out the money it makes from ads placed on its own sites like Google.com and YouTube, versus the ads on outside sites.
The numbers showed the paid clicks on Google's own sites rose by 33 percent, suggesting a strong core business. Paid clicks on outside sites rose by roughly 9 percent.
But the cost-per-click dropped by roughly 7 percent on Google's sites. The cost dropped by 13 percent on outside sites. The drop could be due to the lower price of ads on mobile devices.
Still, "Google had a great quarter," CFO Patrick Pichette said in a statement.
The company also said that Nikesh Arora, Google's chief business officer, will be leaving the company after 10 years with Google. He will be replaced for now by Omid Kordestani, Google's business founder, the company said.
Google shares were trading up after hours Thursday at $582.33, after closing at $573.73.
(More to follow.)
Zach Miners covers social networking, search and general technology news for IDG News Service. Follow Zach on Twitter at @zachminers. Zach's e-mail address is zach_miners@idg.com
The top skills needed to stay competitive in a rapidly changing workforce
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Say hey Vector, your first home robot. Seriously, say "Hey Vector." — He can hear you.
A giant roll forward for robot-kind. Say hey to Vector™, a helpful robot for your home.
Seriously, say "Hey Vector." Robot sidekicks are now a reality. He's your buddy. Your companion. Most of all, he'll make you laugh.
Alive with personality, he's excited to see you and reacts to sound, sight, and touch. Always happy to help, he'll answer questions, take photos for you, express the weather, set a timer for dinner, and so much more. Independent and alert, he self-charges, navigates around objects, and avoids edges.
Aware and reactive, Vector evolves with regular updates. Smart and getting smarter, he's cloud connected for updates to bring new capabilities and features to be a better helper at home.
He can see - Vector uses an HD camera to see the world. Using computer vision, he can identify people, see and remember faces, and navigate his space without bumping into things.
He can think - Vector's smartphone-level processor and cloud connectivity create one powerful brain.
He can hear - Vector has a powerful four-microphone array for directional hearing. When you sit down next to him, he's ready to take direction. And if there is a loud noise, he'll be just as startled as you.
He can communicate - Vector has a unique voice made of hundreds of synthesized sounds to create a language all his own. When you ask Vector a question, he utilizes a custom text-to-speech voice to speak directly to you.
He can feel - Vector has touch sensors and an accelerometer so he knows when he's being touched and moved. You can pet him and he'll relax, but try not to shake him.
Vector's AI and preposterous tech enables him to be curious, attentive, independent and helpful. He's eager to interact with you, but okay being left alone. He even finds his own way back to his charger.
Vector only requires the app for set-up, after that the app offers a visualisation of his mood and stimulation, and it's where you can view his robot and human selfies. Once Vector is set up, all interactions with him are done with eye contact and talking. He's a live robot living in your house; no need to bring your phone between the two of you.


Toronto has been experiencing frigid weather these past few weeks forcing us human beings to hibernate at home. However, there have been breath-taking photos circulating on the mighty Internet of Niagara Falls engulfed by a deep freeze, creating a beautiful spectacle and tourist attraction.
If you're looking for the perfect winter weekend getaway with your significant other, family or BFFs, I suggest you grab your coziest winter accessories to brave the cold because this is definitely a destination you should check out before it's all melted!
We'd love to see your photos of the Falls, tweet us @fazemagazine!


Ash emissions from NE crater continue, but seem to be decreasing in intensity.
According to INGV scientists, the volcano had experienced mild inflation prior to the paroxysm last weekend, and this inflation disappeared. The earthquake swarm on the NE side, still ongoing, but also weakening, is thought to be the cause of compression stress, not extension. In that case, the scenario of a new flank eruption on the NE rift in a near future is much less likely.
Etna volcano update: Shallow earthquakes under Pernicana fault could herald new flank eruption?


Verizon Global Wholesale is now offering additional functionality for three of its product platforms, providing voice-over-Internet-protocol customers with a secure connection for transmitting information over the Internet and other public networks.
This new functionality enables the product platforms -- SIP Gateway Service, Advanced Toll Free IP Termination and Carrier IP Termination Transport -- to share a single, secure virtual private network connection called an IP Security (or IPSec) tunnel. Currently, Verizon is the only major provider offering this connection, which provides additional security during call setup. Because IPSec is an industry standard and supported by most major equipment vendors, there is no need to create vendor-specific security protocols.
"We bypass other security protocols in favor of IPSec tunnel because it offers the greatest level of flexibility to meet our customers' security needs for VoIP traffic," said Mike Yancey, director of wholesale voice services for Verizon Business. "Verizon wholesale customers can rest assured we go the extra mile to protect their business traffic on our world-class global network."
An IPSec tunnel maintains integrity and confidentiality because all data is encrypted prior to transmission, then authenticated upon receipt to verify the data has not been altered. The source of the data is also authenticated to prevent the possibility of such security breaches as "spoofing" an IP address - a fraudulent network technique in which a program or person masquerades as another.
Verizon's wholesale VoIP products continue to grow as more customers migrate from traditional voice platforms to IP platforms while taking advantage of the quality and extensive reach of the Verizon network.
Verizon's SIP Gateway Service, which carries billions of minutes of use each quarter, comes in four configurations: Inbound Complete, Two-Way Local, Two-Way Complete and Outbound.
SIP Gateway Services are complemented by Carrier IP Termination Service. This offering allows customers to take advantage of the cost savings of originating long-distance traffic and terminating that traffic via SIP protocol over a global network.
Verizon's Advanced Toll Free Service, which has been growing since its introduction in 2008, allows U.S.-based customers to support toll-free calling solutions on a global basis. Verizon's International Toll Free Service supports in-country toll-free dialing outside the U.S. across more than 80 countries and Universal International Freefone Numbers across more than 40 countries, giving customers a superior offering that combines expansive coverage with flexible configurations and robust features.


Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks are now widely used in all fields of study. The routine processing of tissues from post-mortem, surgery, and biopsy has led to a vast collection of specimens that represent various diseases and its different stages.
Archived FFPE tissue blocks represents a large resource as FFPE blocks that have been stored up to 12 years are still extremely useful and can be used in the adequate and usable extraction of DNA, RNA, and protein.
FFPE Tissue Blocks is a great commodity to the research and medical field as it is an inexpensive and easy way to store and archive Human and animal tissue specimens. It also preserves the integrity of the specimen for a long time and can therefore be used retrospectively in many studies which reduces the time needed to track down specific tissues that fit the criteria of the study.
Due to increased efforts to develop more effective cancer therapies, there is an increased demand for specimens that allow molecular analysis of tumor tissues and isolation of the proteins. This means that a safe, efficient, reproducible and cost-effective process of deparaffinization is required. Releasing proteins from FFPE specimens can be daunting as the extensive molecular crosslinking that occurs through formalin fixation lowers the efficiency of protein extraction and may also interfere with immunoreactivity. This warrants the development of more advanced and efficient extraction methods.
Recent breakthroughs in high-throughput or next generation sequencing (NGS) are resulting in progress that extends into the clinic.
Tissue procurement of human tissue specimens from biorepositories of high quality samples facilitates the progress of both basic and clinical research into a host of important diseases.
DNA, RNA and proteins sourced from FFPE blocks are an invaluable resource that facilitates oncology research in a number of important areas. One promising avenue is the study of pancreatic cancer.
Many research programs would not have the necessary materials to conduct study into the development and progression of a host of important diseases.


U.S. GOVERNMENT PREPARES TO SEIZE 401(k) PRIVATE PENSIONS!
The government is preparing to seize the private 401(k) pensions of millions of Americans while enforcing an additional 5 per cent payroll tax as part of a new bailout program that will empower the Social Security Administration to redistribute pension funds in a frightening example of big government gone wild.
Public pension plans have been so aggressively looted already by the government that cities and counties face a $574 billion funding gap, according to a CNBC report.
That black hole is set to be filled by a new proposal that will "fairly" distribute taxpayer-funded pensions to everyone, by confiscating the private wealth of millions of Americans. Its proponents express staggering arrogance in thinking that they can just steal money people have worked for decades to accrue as if it's their own.
NOTE: It is a Biblical fact that unprecedented and perilous times are coming to this nation (America), which is rapidly changing into the one-world authoritarian system that will emerge out of it.


I am very concerned about your recent statement regarding the antisemitic mural at York University. You have not given any indication that action will be taken to remove the mural. Jewish students have been very vocal that they do not feel safe on campus and the mural is a call for violence.
Please do the right thing and remove the mural.
On January 28, you called for a "Presidents Advisory Committee on Inclusion" to be established. I am very concerned about the composition of such a committee, because in 2009, there was an anti-racism task force created at York University to deal with similar issues on campus. And some of the members on that task force were involved in fostering antisemitism on campus. I sent you a letter back then with details about that task force. On one such occasion, Jewish students had to be barricaded in a room until police arrived.
Also, in 2015, a Federal Court judge ruled that the Canadian Arab Federation could reasonably be seen as supporting banned terrorist groups that are antisemitic.
I would like to meet with you to discuss these issues with you.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged antisemitism, bds, Canada, Israeli Apartheid Week, Toronto, York University by jdlcanada. Bookmark the permalink.


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The picture of the final ceremony of the URBIO conference in Nagoya, were the declaration was adopted.
A special issue featuring URBIO2010 was published by Springer's Journal Landscape and Ecological Engineering in Volume 7, Number 1, January 2011:
You'll find this special issue available for download at SpringerLink.
Nagoya Declaration URBIO2010 (106KB)
Imanishi, J. & Hon, J. (Eds.) 2010: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Urban Biodiversity and Design (URBIO2010) Nagoya, Japan, May 18−22, 2010. - Kyoto, The URBIO2010 Organizing Committee: 398 pages. (6.6MB)
Reports of the Conference
URBIO 2010 Short Report (19KB)
URBIO 2010 Prompt Report (14 June, 2010) (81KB)
Presentation of Prof. Dr. Morimoto at the City Biodiversity Summit 2010 (CBD COP 10 Nagoya) (3,2MB)
Conference poster (8,35MB)
By courtesy of the authors the keynote lectures of the URBIO 2010 conference in Nagoya are available as PDF to view and download on this website. Please be aware that all rights remain with their respective owners.
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Prof. Dr. Yukihiro Morimoto
Kyoto, the city where the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, proposed to ask people "Do you Kyoto?" aiming for a low-carbon society. However, beyond reduction in carbon dioxide emission, we should pay more attention to biodiversity that has been the basis of this sustainable city that celebrates ecosystem services. For obtaining an ecosystem-dependent design solution, biodiversity is an essential natural capital to be reassessed from the viewpoint of smart adaptation to climate change. On the other hand, species that are good indicators of attractive landscapes exist in Kyoto, and these landscapes have been nurtured in a long history of land use and landscape design and management benefiting the natural environment. Landscape ecological studies on shrine forests, Japanese gardens, and other green spaces in Kyoto city show that the historical multilevel mosaic city of Kyoto has diverse suggestions to enjoy the benefits of its biocultural diversity, which is on the verge of extinction. We suggest that "Do you Kyoto?" should also question the innovative design with nature.
urbio2010_keynote_morimoto.pdf
Introduction Keynote: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas for Smart Adaptation to the Climate Change – "Do You Kyoto?" (13,3MB)
School of Landscape Architecture Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
Prof. Dr. Maria Ignatieva
Ecological networks in cities are very complicated phenomena. Greenways and blue ways are very traditional parts of urban infrastructure. There are also a lot of opportunities in industrial areas, transportation corridors and wastelands which could also be considered as important and significant parts of urban ecological networks. Cities of the Old and New Worlds have quite a few historical prototypes of planning and design of urban green areas that aim to improve urban hygiene and aesthetics. This presentation will examine such historical examples. A new multidisciplinary approach to planning and design of ecological networks in contemporary cities is needed to allow connectivity within the urban structures and with surrounding natural, semi natural and rural environments. New models of urban ecological networks should fulfil functions of improving biodiversity, aesthetical cultural identity and be an important framework for creating sustainable cities. Innovative planning and design approaches should be researched for successful implementation of a new generation of ecological networks.
Keynote 1: Planning and Design of Ecological Network in Urban Areas (3,6MB)
University of Missouri, Columbia, United States of America
Prof. Dr. Charles H. Nilon
Ecologists, social scientists, planners, land managers, and residents often debate the meaning of urban biodiversity. These debates focus on the impacts of urbanization on species and habitats and on different meanings and interpretations ranging from an emphasis on rare species and habitats, to an emphasis on all species an habitats in a city. Many ecologists define biodiversity in an urban region as the group of species occurring in a given region, the habitats that support those species, and the process that maintain those habitats. They note that biodiversity in cities means different things at different scales that range from a single lot to a large region surrounding a a city. This keynote presentation will describe approaches to conserving regional biodiversity and approaches to managing processes and habitats that maintain biodiversity at different scales. The presentation will build on applied research on urban biodiversity and that research is being reflected on management efforts.
Keynote 2: Management, Conservation, and Urban Biodiversity (3,2MB)
Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea & Director of International Urban Training Center supported by UN-HABITAT
Prof. Dr. Kwi-Gon Kim
Wetlands, defined as transitional areas between uplands and aquatic areas are sources of urban biodiversity. However, wetlands face a barrage of threats from urban development. Despite of a plethora of laws, regulations and programs to protect them, wetlands are likely to encounter increasing development pressure.
Wetlands mitigation for any activity can be taken to avoid or minimize damage to wetlands, and to restore, enhance or create wetlands as well. This presentation will explore many of the current issues in wetland mitigation, and describe wetland mitigation strategies with case studies provided for illustration. It will include some general guidelines for successful wetlands mitigation based primarily on existing literature review in several cities.
Keynote 3: Restoration of Wetland Ecosystem for Enhancing Urban Biodiversity (6,7MB)
Senior Researcher at the Institute for Housing and Environment in Darmstadt, Germany
Although the relationship between the urban environment and the occurrence of plants and animals is well known both in general (e. g. the characteristics of urban flora and fauna with respect to the urban heat island) and in detail for some cities and towns (e. g. comprehensive surveys of Berlin, Chiba, New York) or for specific urban habitats (e. g. city parks, railways, cemeteries), nevertheless great problems exist to understand the variety of the species diversity of different cities. The complexity of the ecology of urban areas, i. e. the variety of determinants and the spatial and temporal dynamic of cities, preclude simple starting points and lines of explanations. Due to that, we have a lack of sufficient comparisons between various cities. In my presentation, I will demonstrate which approaches and methods are needed to get a better understanding of the relationship between pattern and processes of cities and the species diversity.
Keynote 4: The Ecology of Urban Areas and Their Function for Species Diversity (2,7MB)
Department of Landscape Architecture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia
Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin
Indonesia is archipelago country stretching from the west to the east. Landscapes, land uses and land covers are changing rapidly in response to a variety of economic, demographic and policy factors, especially after economic and political crises. Landscape changes due to changes in agricultural activities toward industrialization, urbanization, and commercial agricultural land have become serious matters in the most populated island, Java. The urban landscape depends on the surrounding area, such as suburban, rural, and bio-regional landscapes that are shown on ecological watershed units. The uniqueness of urban biodiversity is influenced by the ecological networks among land uses in rural, suburban and urban landscapes. Therefore, ecological landscape management among rural, suburban, urban and regional scales should be integrated in the planning based on the landscape unit, a landscape with a variety of physiographic characteristics within a watershed, from the upper stream to the downstream. Biodiversity conservation is an object related to environmental services.
Keynote 5: Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in Tropical Country (6,6MB)
Department of Systems Ecology & Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Prof. Dr. Thomas Elmqvist
The constantly evolving urban landscape is a complex mosaic of human modifications, metabolic flows, networks and built structures and understanding how urban ecosystems work, how they change, and what limits their performance, add to the understanding of ecosystem change and governance in general in an ever more human-dominated world. Today, cities are facing enormous challenges, e.g. climate change and transformation to a future beyond fossil fuels. Urban ecosystems may have a large role in facilitating this transformation, since ecosystems provide flexibility in urban landscapes and help build adaptive capacity to cope with e.g. increased temperature and changing precipitation and through multiple other ecosystem services that promote human well-being.
The concept of ecosystem services has proven useful in describing how biodiversity and ecosystems are linked to human well-being, but there are considerable knowledge gaps about urban ecosystem services. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment covered almost every ecosystem in the world but did barely mention urban systems. On the other hand, the World Development Report (2009) the world's largest assessment of urbanization, omitted ecosystems altogether.
In this keynote I will emphasize the role of natural capital and indicators of ecosystem services and biodiversity in urban landscapes to contribute to sustainable urban development and place human well-being at the core, break the artificial and largely culturally biased divide between the pristine and the human-dominated ecosystems, and contribute to the creation of a new language, with signs, concepts, words, tools, and institutions that would gather rather than divide, broker conflicts rather than create them, and establish responsible environmental stewardship at the heart of public interest.
Keynote 6: Natural Capital and Indicators of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Urban Landscapes (2,8MB)


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Home > Legal insights > A national approach to PFAS contamination
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A national approach to PFAS contamination
Andrew Kennedy, Partner, Melbourne
A new National Environment Management Plan (NEMP) has been agreed between State, Territory and Commonwealth Environment Ministers to tackle a persistent environmental contaminant known as "PFAS" (per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances). The release of the PFAS NEMP is intended to provide a nationally-consistent approach to the handling, transport, storage and destruction of PFAS contamination. Partner Meg Lee explains further.
PFAS have been used in a variety of common household products for over 50 years in Australia as they have useful properties that make products heat resistant, non-stick, water repellent, and weather and stain resistant. PFAS have also been used in fire-fighting products and, for that reason, have been found on many industrial and Department of Defence sites where past fires have been fought using the foams containing PFAS. Over time, the PFAS chemicals have migrated through the soil and into ground water. PFAS are also present in landfills and wastewater treatment facilities and more broadly in the environment.
There has been significant publicity over the last year surrounding PFAS contamination found in drinking water downstream from Department of Defence sites and class actions by residents are being pursued in the Courts in several jurisdictions. In this context, and in the context of a National waste market, a Nationally-consistent approach to the regulation of clean-up, handling, storage and disposal or destruction of PFAS contaminated soils and wastes is important to avoid situations of the lowest common denominator effect of such wastes ending up in landfills in the least regulated jurisdiction.
In August last year, we reported in detail on the Discussion Paper released as part of the process for development a NEMP. Over 180 submissions and responses were received on the Discussion Paper and the draft NEMP. Consultation sessions were also then held with interested parties from the industrial and waste management sectors. The final NEMP was then released on 16 February 2018.
What is the status of the PFAS NEMP?
At an international level, PFAS-related chemicals were first nominated in 2015 for listing on the International Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (the Stockholm Convention) and further related chemicals were nominated in 2017. The Convention's decision-making body is not intending to decide on the listing of PFOA until 2019. Australia is participating in the decision-making process and will need to make a decision on whether to ratify the listing of PFAS in the Stockholm Convention which will then have the consequence of increasing the obligation on Australia to phase out the use of PFAS chemicals and to regulate the PFAS contaminated wastes.
In the absence of a current international obligation to regulate PFAS usage and its wastes, the 'usual' pathway for using the National Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) process has not been utilised in these circumstances. Instead an approach of using a 'Management Plan' as a guidance tool for State and Territory regulators has been adopted.
Importantly, where NEPMs are made at the National level, in some States1 this automatically incorporates the content of the NEPM into that State's policy or regulatory framework. By contrast, a NEMP has no statutory status, however parts of the NEMP state that it is intended to supplement relevant existing NEPMs such as the National Environmental Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999 (ASC NEPM) so as to provide PFAS specific information.
What does the PFAS NEMP require?
The PFAS NEMP sets out guidance for regulators in relation to investigation and monitoring; storage and handling; and disposal and destruction of PFAS wastes and contaminated soils and liquids.
Investigation and Notification
For the first time, ecological and human health investigation limits have been put forward to guide site Auditors and assessors as to appropriate levels to trigger investigation of soil contamination based on human health impact criteria and ecological investigation levels.
The NEMP reiterates that some States and Territories have mandatory reporting / notification of any contamination that has the risk of causing significant environmental harm and notes that this general duty would likely apply to the discovery of any PFAS contamination at a site due to the risks associated with its mobility and persistence in the environment. However, the NEMP doesn't of itself mandate any reporting or notification to local regulators.
Importantly for developers of contaminated sites and those involved in the waste sector, the NEMP acknowledges that it is sometimes appropriate to implement an on-site containment approach to the discovery of PFAS contaminated materials. However, the NEMP states that this is only an option when:
the source site is hydrogeologically appropriate (with consideration for depth to water table and aquifer characteristics);
it is possible to manage risk to on- and off-site beneficial uses (direct and indirect) for soils, surface water, and groundwater; and
there is capacity at the site.
Further, the NEMP states that the appropriate methods for on-site containment include:
engineered stockpiles for the containment of PFAS-contaminated material (eg. soil, concrete, asphalt);
capping and covering to minimise the movement of PFAS off-site; and
engineered containment facilities, with appropriate lining and cap or other barrier.
Where a containment facility is proposed to be used in the longer term, the NEMP notes that some jurisdictions will require listing of the waste containment facility on its contaminated land registers and will also require a regulatory approval or licence to regulate its construction and to impose ongoing management and monitoring obligations on the land owner/operator.
Classification, Transport and Reuse
The NEMP notes that it is proposed to update the National Environment Protection (Movement of Controlled Waste between States and Territories) Measure 1998 (Waste Transport NEPM) and that, in the meantime, environmental regulators have agreed to adopt the following PFAS-specific waste codes within their legislative frameworks based on the following:
Category: Organic chemical (M)
Description: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated materials, including waste PFAS-containing products and contaminated containers
Waste Code: M270
Dangerous Goods Class: 9
The NEMP goes on to state that all decisions regarding approval of interstate transport of PFAS-contaminated materials must consider whether:
the receiving facility is licensed to receive the materials having regard to their physical and chemical characteristics; and
approval has been obtained from the destination environmental regulator(s).
PFAS-contaminated materials may be considered by environmental regulators for reuse under some circumstances, particularly for the purpose of resource recovery, however the NEMP clearly states that 'dilution' is not an acceptable waste management strategy to create material suitable for such reuse. Examples of potentially acceptable reuse, subject to approval of the local EPA and a site specific risk assessment, include:
use as fill material in commercial/industrial developments with minimal access to soil;
use as fill beneath sealed surfaces, including but not limited to, car parks/ roads/ paving/ runways;
use as construction fill on road embankments, noting that risks should be assessed for stormwater runoff that may mobilise PFAS;
use as fill material in areas where background PFAS levels are present at a similar or higher contamination risk profile; and
reuse as construction material, e.g. bricks, rammed earth and gabions, noting the need to consider PFAS leachability.
Treatment, Disposal and Destruction
The NEMP sets out a preferred hierarchy for treatment and remediation options as follows:
Separation, treatment and destruction: on-site or off-site treatment of the contamination so that it is destroyed, removed or the associated risk is reduced to an acceptable level;
Onsite encapsulation in engineered facilities with/without immobilisation; then
Offsite removal to a specific landfill cell.
The NEMP states that landfill acceptance criteria for total concentration is capped at 50 mg/kg. This is based on the PFOS requirements of the Stockholm Convention. This means that at any higher concentrations, the only options will be treatment and destruction. Appendix C of the NEMP sets out the types of treatment technologies currently available in Australia.
The NEMP provides for a program of further work and investigation including further consultation and peer review, consideration of practicability and the development of further case studies, further review of international standards, options for alignment with industry risk assessments (for example, the oil and gas industry) and include the review of the Water Quality Guidelines.
We also expect that, once the Waste Transport NEPM is amended, there are likely to be consequential amendments to many of the State and Territory policies and guidelines.
1 eg under s 12A of the State Policies and Projects Act 1993 (TAS) NEPMs are taken to be State Policies.
This update does not constitute legal advice and should not be relied upon as such. It is intended only to provide a summary and general overview on matters of interest and it is not intended to be comprehensive. You should seek legal or other professional advice before acting or relying on any of the content.
Partner, Melbourne
andrew.kennedy@gadens.com


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The latest NAB Online Retail Sales Index shows sales experienced relatively strong month-on-month growth of 1.1% in September, seasonally adjusted. This is a considerable improvement on the sales weakness evidence in July (-1.4%).
continues to outpace international (1.3%).
Comparable YOY growth in traditional bricks and mortar retail (up 4.1% in September) was still outpaced by the improvement in online retail (5.7%). That said, recent online growth has been more subdued than the 20-30% year-on-year growth rates recorded in earlier years. In September the seasonally adjusted MOM change was 1.1%. The trend estimate of 0.3% suggests online retail sales continue to slow.
By category, the results are mixed. Growth rose significantly in electronic games and toys, although this segment accounts for a small share of overall online spend. Daily deals, a sector that has been contracting in year-on-year (-6.9%) terms, saw the second highest month-on-month growth in September (4.8%).
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