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Vehicles | April 28, 2022 10:14 am
What Happened to All the Limos?
Once a symbol of wealth and social status, the luxury vehicle has all but disappeared in recent years
The limousine, once a symbol of wealth, is largely gone from society
Getty Images, Eric Meola
By Cam Vigliotta
On a recent evening in New York City, I stepped out of our midtown office to find myself wading through a stream of stimulation. Businessmen in tailored suits hurried to the subway while tourists posed for pictures amid glowing billboards and ads. Street performers danced to music, applauded by a growing crowd, and food vendors hawked quick bites for the hungry.
As I stood on a street corner waiting for the signal to change, a curious site passed by. Sleek and stealthy like a shark drifting through a school of fish, a limousine traveled quietly down the street, its windows tinted black and accent lights aglow. Like a kid, I stood there wondering which celebrity, athlete, CEO or lavish group of metropolitans occupied its cabin. But then I had another thought: I couldn't remember the last time I'd seen one. What exactly happened to all the limos?
It wasn't long ago that limousines could be found in abundance in every major city. The luxury vehicle ushered occupants to nightclubs, ballgames, highrise apartments and meetings in boardrooms. But somewhere along the way, the limousine disappeared from city streets almost entirely. To see one now is rare, almost startling, in a world dominated by black SUVs.
As I would discover, the disappearance of the limousine isn't a result of one big change, but many that touch upon broader topics of safety, human behavior and radical development.
Limousines have long embraced relaxed safety regulations
Getty Images, Mark Leary
Stay on the Safe Side
As it stands, limos operate in a regulatory grey zone. After leaving the factory as a car or SUV, independent manufacturers heavily modify each vehicle without meeting strict federal guidelines, cutting away vital support structures before welding new parts and pieces in place. And while some regulations exist, they vary from state to state. The foggy standards and mandates surrounding limousines have contributed to a market ripe with uncertainty. That is to say, we may not know if a problem exists until something goes wrong.
The 2018 Schoharie accident stands as a prime example of these concerns surrounding limousine safety. When a 2001 Ford Excursion limousine's brakes failed on a downhill stretch of road in Upstate New York, the vehicle, gaining speed in excess of 100 mph, lost control and crashed into a small ravine, killing 17 people inside as well as the driver and two bystanders. Details later revealed that the limo failed a safety inspection only a month before and was deemed unfit for the road. And while the vehicle was originally designed to hold only nine occupants, it doubled in capacity nearly two decades later.
Beyond standard inspections and scrutiny, limousine occupants rarely follow traditional rules of the road. A survey conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found that those who ride in hired vehicles are less careful about wearing seatbelts than those traveling in private cars. As the former Suffolk County district attorney Thomas Spota said in 2016, "Without sufficient safety standards in place, it is nothing but a fine line between a stretch limousine and a hearse."
While it's true that minimal efforts are being made to improve limousine safety (New York passed a slew of limo laws in 2021 as a result of the Schoharie accident), the overarching, enduring lack of regulation accounts for one reason limos have fallen out of favor. They are an undeniable hazard on the road.
A look at the lavish and comfortable interior of the 2021 Cadillac Escalade
Changing With the Times
On a recent press trip to Stowe, Vermont, I found myself behind the wheel of a fully equipped 2022 Nissan Armada. As I sat in the driver's seat and looked around the cabin, it was obvious that SUVs had grown astronomically in size. This behemoth, with its many bells and whistles, could haul a family of seven with room in the rear for a weekend away. By comparison, it made my 1999 Toyota 4Runner, a car that was once considered a large, capable vehicle designed to support the typical American family, look like a bug on the bumper.
My observation in that moment wasn't inconsistent with reality, either. By all accounts, SUVs have grown in size as a result of improved safety features, creature comforts and generational evolution, and the growing popularity of SUVs is a reflection of demand. We want bigger and better, and that's what we get in return. As it just so happens, this too might shed light on our declining interest in limousines.
How did we survive before these modern, massive SUVs existed? How did we travel in groups from one place to the next, and how did we do so in top-quality comfort? Well, options existed but they weren't all that practical, nor did they meet our demands. We could, for instance, hail a taxi, but those seated only a handful of occupants and they've never been inviting. We could also hire a town car but again, its size was a deterrent. So our options, once upon a time, were practically limited to limos.
The relationship between SUVs and limos is an inverse one. As we grow accustomed to comfortable, commodious vehicles like the Cadillac Escalade (seen above), we move on from the luxury vehicles of the past. After all, why would anyone go to the trouble of hiring a limo when a luxury SUV can seat almost as many occupants and offer more comfort? It can also arrive at your door within minutes with a few taps of your phone (more on that later). Limousines aren't being left behind because we don't like them — we've simply created an ecosystem of better alternatives.
Ride sharing apps have made limos obsolete
Getty Images, d3sign
"Your Ride Is Here"
Perhaps the last piece of this limousine puzzle can be found within your phone. When you decide to shuttle from one place to the next with friends, the easiest way to do so is via rideshare. Apps like Uber and Lyft transport millions of people around the world each day, and nearly 25% of the U.S. population (that's 82.5 million people) uses ride-sharing at least once a month. Much like the convenience of the modern SUV, it's easier for us to hail a luxury car than it is to look up, compare and book a limousine service. Heck, even the largest rideshare companies in the world, Uber and Lyft, offer luxury services for those seeking a refined, limousine-like experience (Uber Lux and Lyft Lux).
Just as Blockbuster, Sears and MySpace fell to disruptors, so too have limousines succumbed to bigger ideas. We don't want old, outdated, odd-smelling vehicles created in an undisclosed garage without government oversight. What we do want is simplicity and safety, and there's nothing better than tapping a screen a few times to summon a luxury vehicle at your door in minutes.
I guess, in some way, this leaves the door open for an eager, courageous individual to resurrect the limousine. Sure, they'd need to upgrade old vehicles that have navigated the streets for years, ensure they're safe and make it easy for me to arrange one on my phone, but is that really so difficult? After all, Jeff Bezos is flying to space and reversing aging as we speak, so maybe the idea isn't so outlandish after all.
Until that day comes, I guess I'll just catch a cab.
The Rare Apollo GT, an "American Ferrari," Is Finally Getting Its Due


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Paul Simon & Childish Gambino To Headline Outside Lands
News, Travel
by Katie Sweeney
Photo Credit: Paul Simon
Although there was hope that this year's Outside Lands would attract the likes of a major star like Lady Gaga or Beyonce, that won't be the case come August. Another Planet Entertainment and Superfly, the companies behind the festival, have just announced this year's lineup. Headliners include Paul Simon, Childish Gambino, Twenty One Pilots, The Lumineers, Flume, Blink-182, Kygo, Anderson, Paak & the Free Nationals, Leon Bridges, Lil Wayne, and Kacy Musgraves.
2018 Outside Lands
Photo Credit: Josh Withers
Tickets for the three-day music festival, which takes place August 9 to 11 in Golden Gate Park, go on sale this Thursday, March 28 at 10 a.m. New this year is the Golden Gate Pass, a VIP three-day ticket that includes separate entrances, viewing areas, hospitality options, and access to the new Golden Gate Club, a very VIP section that has all-inclusive alcohol and specialty snacks.
Del Popolo pizza at last year's festival
Photo Credit: Cal Bingham
While the musical acts are definitely a huge part of the festival, Outside Lands is more than just a three-day concert. It truly is a celebration of everything that makes the San Francisco Bay Area unique, from food and wine to cannabis and comedy. This announcement is the first of many more to come including the culinary talent set to perform at Gastro Magic, the dedicated food stage, as well as the local restaurants, bars, and wineries who will set up shop during the weekend. Wine Lands, Beer Lands, Cocktail Magic, Bubble Tea party, Cheese Lands, Outside Clams are some of the dedicated culinary areas that are as much a draw as Simon and Gambino.
Gavin Newsom and John L Battelle participate in last year's D.A.V.E.
Photo Credit: FilmMagic/FilmMagic
In 2018, Outside Lands launched D.A.V.E., Discussions About Virtually Everything, lively conversations with luminaries like Bill Nye and Gavin Newsom. D.A.V.E will return this year as will The Barbary, the comedy stage, and Grass Lands, the area where concertgoers can learn about all things cannabis. Stay tuned for more details as they are released.
Glossier Miami Pop-Up Opens In The Heart Of Wynwood
What "Billions" Star Malin Akerman Is Teaching Her Son About

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Rogers Fan Hub: Rogers celebrates your community within the Fan Hub. Help support local minor hockey and participate in fun and interactive experiences, autograph signings with NHL alum Ed Belfour, video game stations, bubble hockey, and popcorn!
Live Local Entertainment: Live music featured throughout the weekend beginning with Tyler Del Pino performing on Saturday followed by The Color on Sunday.
Ted Rogers Community Grants: Ted Rogers Community Grants are being awarded to local Canadian organizations to help support educational programs that enable Canadian youth to succeed inside and outside the classroom, including in Winkler.
For the full schedule of onsite events, click here.


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A restaurant focused on classic Indian dishes, The Spice Brasserie is a trusted name for great curry in the heart of Liverpool. With a lovely interior complete with skylights and wooden ceiling beams, the setting is cosy yet refined, the ideal place to enjoy a sophisticated Indian dinner or lunch with friends, family or that special someone. Found along St Mary's Road in Garston, not far from Liverpool South Parkway overground, The Spice Brasserie is worth going out of your way for. Ordering the thali – a selection of some of the restaurant's best vegetarian and non-vegetarian options – is never a bad idea, and taking an order of the restaurant's fresh tandoori breads is a must too. Bring the whole gang along to The Spice Brasserie for an Indian feast you won't soon forget!
Excellent meal - very tasty and well cooked. Recommended and good value for money. I particularly liked the lamb gobi jai puri and the bhindi bhaji.


Many people are homeless. Their belongings are all in one bag. They sleep outside. Some are urban pioneers and sleep on church steps or under overpasses. They don't like shelters. They are shelter makers. Some have communities and know the schedules for the local soup kitchens. They rise at dawn. They depend on what can only be called the right hand of God. Even more people (and some of us) are spiritually homeless. We have a bed and sheets. We wonder if we should declutter or if we have too many belongings. We wonder if we are taking proper care of the furnace or the gutters. We also rise at dawn and reach out for the right hand of the Almighty and wonder where it went. Congregations are soup kitchens for the spiritually hungry. They are shelters for the spiritually homeless. Respite lodging for those of us who are in need of respite. Domiciles for the spirit. Nests for the baby bird in all of us, no matter how old we are. Habitats for all of humanity. Life is one long displacement and replacement. Where did we put that belonging that mattered the most to us? Not our cell phone or our keys. The belonging that matters most is our belonging to that right hand, the One habitually reaching for us.
Prayer: Father in heaven, when displacement and replacement follow us around, make a place for us, at your right hand. Amen.


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Q: Scrapy indexing in order I'm currently creating a cutsom webcrawler with Scrapy and try to index the fetched content with Elasticsearch.
Works fine until as of now, but I'm only capable of adding content to the search index in the order the crawler filters html tags.
So for example with
sel.xpath("//div[@class='article']/h2//text()").extract()

I can get all the content from all h2 tags inside a div with the class "article", so far so good. The next elements that get inside the index are from all h3 tags, naturally:
sel.xpath("//div[@class='article']/h3//text()").extract()

But the problem here is that the entire order of the text on a site would get messed up like that, since all headlines would get indexed first and only then their child nodes get the chance, which is kind of fatal for a search index.
Does have a tip how to properly get all the content from a page in the right order? (doesnt have to be xpath, just with Scrapy)

A: I guess you could solve the issue with something like this:
# Select multiple targeting nodes at once
sel_raw = '|'.join([
    "//div[@class='article']/h2",
    "//div[@class='article']/h3",
    # Whatever else you want to select here
])
for sel in sel.xpath(sel_raw):
    # Extract the texts for later use
    texts = sel.xpath('self::*//text()').extract()
    if sel.xpath('self::h2'):
        # A h2 element. Do something with texts
        pass
    elif sel.xpath('self::h3'):
        # A h3 element. Do something with texts
        pass

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


An interview with an art collective that's about camaraderie over competition.
Honey Power is an all-female music and arts collective that books shows, hosts parties, makes zines, and holds workshops in the Los Angeles area. Started by Mukta Mohan, a DJ at the independently run radio station KXLU, and Chelsea Brown, one half of the sister band Summer Twins, Honey Power has grown to include 20-plus members who put on intimate, completely decked-out events, like secret living-room shows with the bands La Luz and Tacocat and girls'-night slumber parties amongst the stacks at the Burger Records store. We discussed how to expand a group while maintaining your creative vision, facilitate a safe and welcoming space, find the time and energy to make things happen, and start booking DIY shows.
DYLAN: How did Honey Power start?
MUKTA: Honey Power happened over time. We've been a collective for almost a year and a half now, but it only recently started to look like the group it is today.
CHELSEA: You and I always talked about starting something together as friends, maybe a band, which was our original idea. I went to Japan [on tour with Summer Twins] and met Twee Grrrls Club, a DJ collective that makes zines and puts on shows. They set up our whole tour. They've taken Vivian Girls on tour; Hunx and his Punx just did a tour with them. They set up these awesome shows where it's a whole experience. They make decorations with the band's name on them. Everything they do makes the bands feel so special. I was blown away by that. When I got back from Japan, I was like, "This is what I need to do!" So I gathered all my Twee Grrrls Club zines and met with Mukta. We talked about starting a collective—just a small thing with the main focuses being DJing and booking fun shows.
MUKTA: A Twee Grrrls Club–style collective was something tangible that we could do. I knew how to DJ already, so it was perfect. We could have a reason to make zines and hang out!
CHELSEA: We decided that we would each invite someone else into the group. I invited Justine, and you invited your friend Gabby, and that was the initial group. Mukta taught us all how to DJ.
MUKTA: Our very first event was this big festival in Los Angeles. We DJed right before the Drums and Fools Gold at this huge show. I had DJed before, but the other three hadn't!
MUKTA: But we had our matching outfits!
MUKTA: Now Honey Power has so many more people in it.
CHELSEA: It's been hard trying to organize a big group, but we're getting a little better. The group expanded organically: Friends started helping out. And pretty soon those friends were in the group, and those friends invited their friends.
MUKTA: Recently, we decided to have a big meeting where everyone could come together and add a few more people, too. We have committees that we're still trying to organize, but they're a little bit more structured. It's great: We have a web team that meets, the event team is meeting soon, the workshop team is going to meet next weekend.
How is the transition going, from being two best friends just hangin' out to being more official and managing other people?
CHELSEA: I was a bit nervous: Suddenly it's not just us. It's a group of around 20 girls. All these different people are representing us. But now we have all these new people contributing different ideas we wouldn't have thought of on our own. When we first started out, we were trying to do events with four of us running the show, setting up the PA, DJing, putting up decorations, running the door, running the merch. It was stressful—not even fun after a certain point.
MUKTA: All while still trying to make it a show that was exciting and memorable and different—and community-creating.
CHELSEA: Our first event as a new big group was when we did our Cell Out show in September. Everyone was required to power down their devices as soon as they entered the door. It was cool—all this help came together so perfectly.
Members of Honey Power, including Chelsea (bottom row, center) and Mukta (middle row, far right) via Honey Power's Facebook.
CHELSEA: Even just spreading the word and telling their friends about the show.
MUKTA: Whatever it was that they could contribute, they did, and it ended up being my favorite event of the year.
CHELSEA: The cool thing is that I didn't know half the girls that have joined. We've made new friends and collaborators out of this, which is really exciting. People will give whatever skills they have. We have photographers and videographers that shoot shows, illustrators design the flyers…it's like we took all these different girls with useful skills and put them all together, and it's just worked.
MUKTA: We've been doing a great job with it, but I see the skill-growing, learning, and sharing part developing a lot more. My roommates joined Honey Power recently. At first, they just saw it as The Thing That Mukta Did, but now they're in it and fully consider themselves a part of it. The way they see themselves in it is more like having a safe space to practice their skill sets. Anything they want to grow in creatively, they have an outlet for here.
For example, Jessica wants to make flyers and work on graphic design and animation, so she makes our flyers and animations to go with them. Cara wants to focus on making videos, and she makes recap videos which we post on our Facebook page. It's a really low-pressure, supportive group to practice your skill set. Something I'd like to see when we're at that level: Once we have our current members developing their skills more, we could add more people into the group and put them in the committees where the can practice their skills. It would give new people an opportunity to practice and develop a skill set and grow creatively and professionally from girls who've already been contributing.
CHELSEA: The cool thing is, there's no pressure. It's how committed you want to be. Everyone's busy; whenever you can pitch it, you do. It's not like a job. We definitely don't want it to be that way!
Is managing all these new people challenging?
CHELSEA: It's a struggle to get organized at first, and we're still trying. We kind of used Rookie as an inspiration for that. I talked to Marie and asked, "How do you guys communicate online?" We had tried several things, from a web group to an email chain, none of which stuck. Marie told us the Rookie staff uses a private Facebook group, and so far that's worked out a lot better. People who don't have Facebooks will just create one to join the group. I still think to get organized we need an official point person to answer emails and be in charge of communications.
MUKTA: It's so different to do anything on your own. That's what Honey Power's growth has validated. At first, we were hesitant when we added that entire group. The first big meeting after that, I was scared of it being hard to manage. We didn't really know everyone. But the first show proved it was worth it.
In terms of new contributors, people end up showing the initiative they're willing to take. They show a level of initiative, and they act accordingly to what they can contribute to the group. You do see natural leaders step up, and it's not always predictable who that might be. We're still growing and developing. What we look like now will probably be different next year.
CHELSEA: Looking back, we've always started off small. Small group, booking small, intimate shows. It's the way to do it.
MUKTA: Even now, with 20 people, we're still booking shows at houses. We still like to keep it small, and that's intentional. We want to keep it all DIY venues and houses. No matter the size of the band that plays, the experience is going to be a lot more memorable. We want to feel like everyone can talk to each other. We've noticed that people feel more comfortable starting conversations with strangers in someone's backyard or living room than they would at a regular venue! Still, we'd love to have a show that could get 500 people…if we could book a club and turn it into someone's living room, that would be amazing!
CHELSEA: Make the band play on the floor!
Photo of guests (including King Tuff, far right) at a recent La Luz show via Honey Power's Facebook.
You two have created a fun community that people are incentivized to want to be a part of. At the same time, you need to have a reasonable bit of structure. How do you guys maintain an interested group and keep it growing?
CHELSEA: Ultimately, keeping everyone motivated comes down to wanting to be a part of something. I think both members and the people who come to our events enjoy being a part of this. Our goal was to create a community that feels inclusive. In LA, a lot of shows, a lot of the music scene…it's like everyone's "too cool." At shows, people aren't really listening to bands, they're just drinking, talking to their friends, acting kind of jaded and detached as audience members. What fun is that? We want to turn that environment around by celebrating the bands, make them feel special, and make people feel excited about music again.
MUKTA: That was a huge driving force behind Honey Power from the very beginning. We all recognize that culture—people standing around at shows, even in the music is amazing and danceable. Shows become a who's-who and are-you-cool-enough kind of scene, rather than a gathering place for people excited about the music. That's really lame, and we don't like it! A big goal of ours is to make shows welcoming for anyone and to feel like they can start a conversation with a stranger and that won't be a weird thing to do. I mean, you're both at the show because you like the same bands. You must have something in common!
CHELSEA: From the artist's side of it, when you play a show, it's a LOT of work on the band's part: driving to the venue, unloading your gear, performing. When people aren't listening or appreciating it, it starts to feel not as fun, and you ask yourself why you're even doing this. We want to make the bands feel really special and appreciated—just like how we felt in Japan.
MUKTA: These two things were really our goals from the beginning: creating an inclusive and positive experience and making our artists feel wonderful.
This is so cool! I wish there was something like this where I live. PS: I'm looking for a penpal! ?


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Kazachstan, Republika Kazachstanu (kaz. Қазақстан, Қазақстан Республикасы / Qazaqstan, Qazaqstan Respublıkasy; ros. Казахстан, Республика Казахстан, trl. Kazachstan, Riespublika Kazachstan) – państwo leżące częściowo w Azji (88% powierzchni) i częściowo w Europie (12% powierzchni – tereny na zachód od rzeki Emba), powstałe w 1991 w wyniku rozpadu Związku Radzieckiego, graniczące z Chinami (1460 km granicy), Kirgistanem (980 km), Turkmenistanem (380 km), Uzbekistanem (2300 km) oraz Federacją Rosyjską (6467 km). Łączna długość granic Kazachstanu wynosi 12 187 km. Kazachstan ma również dostęp do największego jeziora świata – Morza Kaspijskiego – na długości 2340 km – jest przy tym największym państwem śródlądowym na świecie pod względem powierzchni. Całkowita powierzchnia kraju wynosi 2 724 900 km² i jest największym w całości państwem Azji Środkowej.

Geografia

Ogólne położenie
Zdecydowana większość terytorium Kazachstanu leży w Azji, tylko stosunkowo niewielka część północno-zachodniego Kazachstanu leży w Europie. Przeważająca większość terytorium kraju należy do Azji Środkowej, której Kazachstan zajmuje największą część. Do Kazachstanu należą także południowe obrzeża zachodniej Syberii.

Ukształtowanie terenu

Zachodnią i środkową część Kazachstanu stanowią niziny. Idąc od zachodu jest to Nizina Wschodnioeuropejska, a ściślej rzecz biorąc jej skrajnie południowa część – Nizina Nadkaspijska (pow. 200 tys. km²). Równoleżnikowy pas nizin jest rozdzielony przez południkowe pasmo niskich gór Mugodżarów – 657 m n.p.m. (południowe przedłużenie Uralu) i stanowiący jego kontynuację na południu płaskowyż Ustiurt (pow. 200 tys. km²). Na wschód od Mugodżarów i Jeziora Aralskiego (pow. 16,6 tys. km²) rozciąga się kazachska część Niziny Turańskiej. W północnej części kraju leży Płaskowyż Turgajski, rozcięty dolinną Bramą Turgajską. Wschodnią część Kazachstanu zajmuje rozległe Pogórze Kazachskie z izolowanymi pasmami gór średnich. Wschodnie pogranicze kraju zajmują góry – zachodnie krańce Ałtaju i Tienszanu. Na północy kraju do Kazachstanu należy południowy skraj Niziny Zachodniosyberyjskiej.

Klimat
Klimat Kazachstanu jest zdeterminowany przez jego położenie w sercu olbrzymiego kontynentu, z dala od oceanu, przez co nie docierają tu masy powietrza morskiego. Klimat kraju jest umiarkowany, suchy, skrajnie kontynentalny. Różnice temperatur lata (do +40 °C) i zimy (do –45 °C) oraz nocy i dnia są nadzwyczaj duże. Lato jest długie i gorące, zima równie długa i mroźna, zaś wiosna i jesień są bardzo krótkie. W centralnej części Kazachstanu opady praktycznie nie występują, na północnych i południowych obrzeżach dochodzą zaledwie do 300 mm rocznie.

Stosunki wodne
Wskutek suchości klimatu Kazachstan należy do krajów cierpiących na niedostatek wody. Sieć rzeczna kraju jest słabo rozwinięta. Częste są rzeki nieuchodzące do żadnego zbiornika wodnego, lecz wysychające w piaskach pustyń oraz rzeki okresowe. Maksymalne stany rzek występują wiosną – w porze topnienia śniegów na stepach.

Większość terytorium państwa należy do bezodpływowego obszaru zlewisk Morza Kaspijskiego (rzeki Ural i Emba), Jeziora Aralskiego (Syr-daria) i jeziora Bałchasz (Ili) i innych, pomniejszych bezodpływowych jezior, w większości zasolonych.

Północne pogranicze Kazachstanu należy do zlewni Obu (Toboł, Iszym i Irtysz).

Przyroda ożywiona

Północne obrzeże Kazachstanu leży w strefie lasostepu – na czarnoziemach spotyka się tu zagajniki brzozowo-osikowe, a na piaskach – sosnowe. Poza tym lasy spotyka się tylko wysoko w górach na obrzeżach kraju. Centralny równoleżnikowy pas kraju zajmują stepy – część Wielkiego Stepu eurazjatyckiego. Na południu stepy te przechodzą w półpustynie z dużym udziałem słonych bagien, częściowo pozbawionych roślinności. Na południe od pasa półpustyń leżą pustynie gliniaste i piaszczyste (Kyzył-kum, Mujun-kum), które łącznie zajmują 2/3 powierzchni państwa.

Ten pierwotny układ roślinności został znacząco zaburzony przez człowieka, zwłaszcza w czasach najnowszych. Znaczną część stepów zajęto pod uprawy rolne, które jednak wymagają sztucznego nawadniania.

Historia

W I tysiącleciu p.n.e. Kazachstan zamieszkiwany był przez związki plemienne Saków i Issydonów. Od II do III wieku zajęty przez Xiongnu, później w składzie kaganatu tureckiego. Od VIII do X wieku pod panowaniem dynastii Karachanidów. W latach 1219–1221 podbity przez Mongołów, należał do Złotej Ordy. Po jej rozpadzie podzielony na Chanat Uzbecki (na wschodzie) i Ordę Nogajską (na zachodzie). W połowie XV wieku w Chanacie Uzbeckim wyodrębnili się Kazachowie (tzn. ludzie wolni). Na innych ziemiach powstały 3 ordy (żuzy) – Wielka (Siedmiorzecze), Średnia i Mała.

Kazachstan został podbity przez Rosję i wcielony do tego kraju w 1868 roku. Po utworzeniu Związku Radzieckiego na terenie kraju utworzono autonomię dla Kazachów, początkowo jako wchodzącą w skład Rosyjskiej FSRR Kirgiską Autonomiczną Socjalistyczną Republikę Radziecką, w 1925 roku przemianowaną na Kazachską Autonomiczną Socjalistyczną Republikę Radziecką. W 1936 roku Kazachska ASRR zmieniła swój status i jako Kazachska Socjalistyczna Republika Radziecka weszła bezpośrednio w skład ZSRR.

W czasie rządów Stalina Kazachstan był znany ze znajdujących się na jego terenie obozów pracy (łagrów) oraz jako miejsce deportacji m.in. ludności polskiej oraz Czeczenów. Później Kazachstan stał się miejscem kilku ambitnych radzieckich projektów, takich jak: umiejscowione w Semeju laboratoria jądrowe, próby z bronią jądrową, kosmodrom Bajkonur, zagospodarowywanie bezludnych terytoriów. 16 grudnia 1991 Kazachstan, jako ostatnia z republik ZSRR, proklamował niepodległość. W 1997 roku stolica kraju została przeniesiona z położonego na południu miasta Ałmaty do znajdującej się bliżej geograficznego centrum kraju i dalej od granicy z Chinami Akmoły, przemianowanej później na Astanę.

Demografia
Ludność Kazachstanu jest bardzo zróżnicowana. Spośród ponad 19 mln mieszkańców (2021) Kazachstanu największe grupy etniczne stanowią Kazachowie – 70,4% oraz Rosjanie – ponad 15,5%.

Narodowości (2021)

Wyznania

Struktura religijna w 2021 roku, według spisu powszechnego z 2021 roku:
 muzułmanie – 69,31%,
 chrześcijanie – 17,19%:
 prawosławni – 17,04%,
 katolicy – 2,10%,
 protestanci – 0,05%,
 judaiści – 0,04%
 buddyści – 0,08%
 inne religie – 0,12%
 odmówiło odpowiedzi – 11,01%,
 ateiści – 2,25%

Statystyki demograficzne

Główne miasta

Ałmaty (1 977 000), Astana (1 184 000), Szymkent (1 074 000), Aktobe (513 000), Karaganda (501 000), Taraz (363 000), Ust-Kamienogorsk (335 000), Pawłodar (334 000), Semej (324 000), Atyrau (296 000), Kustanaj (252 000), Kyzyłorda (248 000), Uralsk (236 000), Pietropawłowsk (220 000), Aktau (200 000), Turkiestan (180 000), Temyrtau (179 000), Kokczetaw (149 000), Tałdykorgan (148 000).

Ustrój polityczny

Kazachstan jest republiką prezydencką z systemem partii dominującej. Na czele państwa stoi prezydent, wybierany w wyborach powszechnych na siedmioletnią kadencję bez możliwości reelekcji. Władza prezydenta jest bardzo silna: powołuje i odwołuje rząd, ma prawo rozwiązywania parlamentu i zarządzania referendum bez żadnych konsultacji politycznych. Tylko prezydent może wnosić projekty zmian w konstytucji. Władza ustawodawcza należy do dwuizbowego parlamentu.

W izbie niższej parlamentu zasiada 107 deputowanych, z czego 98 jest wybieranych w wyborach proporcjonalnych, w głosowaniu na partyjne listy krajowe, przy wyborczej klauzuli zaporowej wynoszącej 7%. Dziewięciu deputowanych wybiera Zgromadzenie narodu Kazachstanu. Kadencja izby trwa pięć lat.

W Senacie, izbie wyższej parlamentu, zasiada 47 senatorów. 32 z nich pochodzi z wyborów pośrednich, przeprowadzanych w czternastu kazachskich obwodach, w stolicy (Astanie) oraz w największym mieście (Ałmaty). Każdy z tych regionów wybiera dwóch senatorów. Wyboru dokonują na wspólnym posiedzeniu radni wszystkich szczebli z danego terenu (Maslichaty). Co trzy lata odnawiana jest połowa składu wybieralnej części Senatu. Pozostałych piętnastu senatorów nominuje na okres sześciu lat prezydent Kazachstanu. Dożywotni mandat senatora przysługuje również byłym prezydentom republiki.

W wyborach parlamentarnych z 20 marca 2016, 84 z 98 bezpośrednio wybieranych miejsc w parlamencie przypadły partii Nur Otan Nursułtana Nazarbajewa (na którą zagłosowało 82,20% uprawnionych). Do parlamentu weszły także Demokratyczna Partia Kazachstanu Ak Żoł (7 miejsc) oraz Komunistyczna Ludowa Partia Kazachstanu (7 miejsc).

Mimo iż Kazachstan uważany jest za państwo, które w porównaniu do innych krajów Azji Środkowej czyni największe postępy we wdrażaniu reform demokratycznych, to sytuacja w tym kraju wciąż daleka jest od standardów zachodnich. Międzynarodowe i pozarządowe organizacje zajmujące się ochroną praw człowieka wskazują na częste przypadki ich łamania przez miejscowe władze.

Główne partie polityczne
 Amanat
 Demokratyczna Partia Kazachstanu Ak Żoł
 Ludowa Partia Kazachstanu
 Ogólnonarodowa Partia Socjaldemokratyczna
 Ludowo-Demokratyczna Partia Patriotyczna Auył

Nowelizacja konstytucji z 18 maja 2007
18 maja 2007 prezydent Nursułtan Nazarbajew dokonał zmian w konstytucji republiki.

W izbie niższej (Mażylis) trzeciej kadencji – od września 2004 do czerwca 2007 – zasiadało 77 deputowanych, wybieranych w większości w okręgach jednomandatowych. Dziesięcioro było wybieranych w wyborach proporcjonalnych, w głosowaniu na partyjne listy krajowe, przy wyborczej klauzuli zaporowej wynoszącej 7%. Kadencja trzeciego Mażylisu uległa skróceniu wskutek uchwalenia zmiany konstytucji.

W Mażylisie czwartej kadencji – wybranym 18 i 20 sierpnia 2007 – zasiada 107 deputowanych, z czego 98 jest wybieranych w bezpośrednich wyborach proporcjonalnych na partyjne listy krajowe. Pozostałych 9 członków wybiera Zgromadzenie narodu Kazachstanu – organ składający się z przedstawicieli organizacji reprezentujących narodowości zamieszkujące Kazachstan.

Wyborcy głosują tylko na partie polityczne – po wyborach partie wyznaczają deputowanych spośród zgłoszonych do wyborów kandydatów. W przypadku odejścia z partii lub zmiany przynależności deputowany może utracić mandat.

Siły zbrojne
Kazachstan dysponuje trzema rodzajami sił zbrojnych: wojskami lądowymi, marynarką wojenną oraz siłami powietrznymi.

Uzbrojenie sił lądowych Kazachstanu składało się w 2018 roku z: 300 czołgów, 1613 opancerzonych pojazdów bojowych, 285 dział samobieżnych, 744 zestawów artylerii holowanej oraz 393 wieloprowadnicowych wyrzutni rakietowych.

Marynarka wojenna Kazachstanu dysponowała w 2018 roku 15 okrętami obrony przybrzeżnej.

Kazachskie siły powietrzne z kolei posiadały w 2018 roku uzbrojenie w postaci m.in. 149 myśliwców, 90 samolotów transportowych, 18 samolotów szkolno-bojowych, 75 śmigłowców oraz 18 śmigłowców szturmowych.

Wojska kazachskie w 2018 roku liczyły 106 tys. żołnierzy zawodowych oraz 32 tys. rezerwistów.

Według rankingu Global Firepower (2018) kazachskie siły zbrojne stanowią 50. siłę militarną na świecie, z rocznym budżetem na cele obronne w wysokości 2,4 mld dolarów (USD).

Podział administracyjny

Kazachstan podzielony jest na 17 obwodów i 3 miasta wydzielone. Obwody dzielą się dalej na rejony.

Obwody (w nawiasie podana stolica):
 obwód abajski (Абай облысы) (Semej) (Семей)
 obwód akmolski (Ақмола облысы) (Kokszetau) (Көкшетау)
 obwód aktobski (Ақтөбе облысы) (Aktobe) (Ақтөбе)
 obwód ałmacki (Алматы облысы) (Konajew) (Конаев)
 obwód atyrauski (Атырау облысы) (Atyrau) (Атырау)
 obwód karagandyjski (Қарағанды облысы) (Karaganda) (Қарағанды)
 obwód kustanajski (Қостанай облысы) (Kustanaj) (Қостанай)
 obwód kyzyłordyński (Қызылорда облысы) (Kyzyłorda) (Қызылорда)
 obwód mangystauski (Маңғыстау облысы) (Aktau) (Ақтау)
 obwód pawłodarski (Павлодар облысы) (Pawłodar) (Павлодар)
 obwód północnokazachstański (Солтүстік Қазақстан облысы) (Petropawł) (Петропавл)
 obwód turkiestański (Түркістан облысы) (Turkiestan) (Түркістан)
 obwód ułytauski (Ұлытау облысы) Żezkazgan (Жезқазған)
 obwód wschodniokazachstański (Шығыс Қазақстан облысы) (Öskemen) (Өскемен)
 obwód zachodniokazachstański (Батыс Қазақстан облысы) (Orał) (Орал)
 obwód żambylski (Жамбыл облысы) (Taraz) (Тараз)
 obwód żetysuski (Жетісу облысы) Tałdykorgan (Талдықорған)

Miasta wydzielone:
 Astana (Астана)
 Bajkonur (Байқоңыр), ros. Байконур
 Ałmaty (Алматы)
 Szymkent (Шымкент)

Gospodarka

Niemal w równym stopniu gospodarka Kazachstanu opiera się na przemyśle i rolnictwie. Kraj posiada dość bogate złoża surowców energetycznych (węgiel kamienny, ropa naftowa, gaz ziemny) oraz rudy żelaza, miedzi, cynku, ołowiu, fosforytów, chromu, manganu, srebra i złota. Spółki wydobywcze należą do kazachskiego funduszu państwowego Samruk-Kazyna, ale dopuszczają udziały inwestorów zachodnich i chińskich. Od kilku lat zajmuje pierwsze miejsce na świecie w wydobyciu rud uranu, wyprzedzając wieloletniego lidera, Kanadę. Dzięki ich wydobyciu rozwija się przemysł hutniczy, maszynowy, chemiczny, a rolnictwo dostarcza surowców przemysłowi włókienniczemu i spożywczemu. Oprócz roślin przemysłowych (głównie bawełna, tytoń, buraki cukrowe) uprawia się zboża (pszenicę, jęczmień i owies), ziemniaki. Spory odsetek upraw prowadzony jest na polach sztucznie nawadnianych. W hodowli dominują owce, bydło, konie, wielbłądy i kozy, a w okolicach większych miast – trzoda chlewna i drób.

Głównymi celami planu rozwoju Kazachstan 2050: Nasza Siła, zainicjowanego 15 grudnia 2012 przez prezydenta Nursułtana Nazarbajewa, są tworzenie nowego modelu społecznego, rozwój edukacji i ochrony zdrowia, wzmocnienie państwowości i wsparcie przedsiębiorczości.

Telekomunikacja
Od 1 stycznia 2023 roku telefoniczny kod kraju Kazachstanu to +997, przydzielony przez Międzynarodowy Związek Telekomunikacyjny w 2021 roku. Wcześniej Kazachstan używał numeru +7 przyporządkowanego do Rosji. Na podstawie umowy z Rosją, regionalne numery kierunkowe Kazachstanu rozpoczynały się od cyfry 6 lub 7. Zgodnie z umową z Federacją Rosyjską, w okresie przejściowym, do końca 2024 roku, dzwoniąc do Kazachstanu będzie można używać dotychczasowych numerów kierunkowych +7 6xx oraz +7 7xx.

Turystyka

W 2013 roku kraj ten odwiedziło 4,93 miliona zagranicznych turystów (11% więcej niż w roku poprzednim), generując dla niego przychody na poziomie 1,460 mld dolarów.

Problemy ekologiczne
Olbrzymie kazachskie pustynie były dla radzieckich władz jednym z powodów umiejscowienia w Kazachstanie prób z bronią jądrową. Te dawne eksperymenty w połączeniu z brakiem kontroli zanieczyszczeń wpłynęły na alarmująco wysoki współczynnik zachorowań w wielu regionach wiejskich. W granicach Kazachstanu zanotowano dwie wielkie katastrofy ekologiczne: wysychanie Jeziora Aralskiego oraz wysokie skażenie radioaktywne na obszarach dawnych prób jądrowych (skażona jest wielka strefa na południe od miasta Kurczatow oraz obszary wzdłuż granicy z Chinami). Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej, decyzją władz radzieckich zaorano 250 tys. km² kazachskiego stepu i przekształcono go w pola uprawne. Po rozpadzie Związku Radzieckiego w 1991 roku i upadku kołchozów, większość owych terenów stała się nieużytkami rolnymi i obecnie ekolodzy obserwują intensywną regenerację ekosystemu trawiastych równin.

Kazachstan jest sygnatariuszem tzw. konwencji waszyngtońskiej (Międzynarodowej Konwencji o Międzynarodowym Handlu Dzikimi Zwierzętami i Roślinami Gatunków Zagrożonych Wyginięciem). W Kazachstanie ma swoją siedzibę Środkowoazjatyckie Regionalne Centrum Ekologiczne, rozwijające współpracę lokalnych państw w dziedzinie ochrony środowiska.

Święta państwowe

Zobacz też
 Akyn

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Rządowa strona Kazachstanu

Azja Środkowa
Członkowie Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych
Państwa w Azji
Państwa w Europie Wschodniej

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
354 HISTORICAL NOTES
T he well-known Westmoreland hunting ditty, ' D'ye ken John Peel,' is sung to this old melody Red house or Bonny Annie of the seventeenth century.
Ho. 11. Now westlin winds and slaughtering guns. In the Commonplace Book, 1872, 47, entitled Har'ste:�a fragment, are eight lines substantially the same as begins the song which the sister of Burns said was written for Jean Armour. The complete song is in the Kilmarnock edition, 1786, 224, entitled Song, composed in August. Tune, I had a horse, I had nae mair, and the MS. is in the British Museum. Burns changed the heroine to Peggy Thomson, who lived next door to the Kirkoswald School, where Burns studied trigonometry, and she ' upset all my sines and co-sines, and it was in vain to think of doing any more good at school.' She subsequently married a Mr. Neilson, and Burns was on friendly terms with both.
When the song was revised, Burns altered the melody to Port Gordon, as may be seen in the Gray and Law MS. Lists, but Johnson of the Museum neglected the instruction, and attached the melody When the King comes o'er the water, titling it erroneously Come, kiss with me. Thomson, in Scotish Airs,
1799, 93, mutilated the verses, and adapted them to the Irish air Ally Croker. The tune Port Gordon, for which Burns wrote the song, is in Caledonian Pocket Companion, c. 1756, viii. jy. There is a family resemblance, but the air is not the same as When the King comes o'er the water.
No. 12. Full well thou know'st I love thee, dear. Currie, Works,
1800, iv. .2(5/. 'Tune, Rothiemurche.' Thomson's Scotish Airs, 1801, 121. This is the last work from the pen of Burns. Written at Brow on the Solway Firtb, where he had gone for sea bathing. He casts his memory back and reverts to the time when he met Charlotte Hamilton and Peggy Chalmers. The poet was conscious that this song was not one of his best, and he explains the reason in his letter [of July 12, 1796] to Thomson: 'I tried my hand on Rothiemurche this morning. The measure is so difficult that it is Impossible to infuse much genius into the lines.' In this letter he asks for a loan of five pounds in these words': 'Curst necessity compels me to Implore you for five pounds. . . . Do, for God's sake, send me that sum, and that by return of post. ... I hereby promise and engage to furnish you with five pounds worth of the neatest song-genius you have seen.' Shortly before, Burns, by request, assigned to Thomson, without any consideration, the absolute copyright of all the songs which he had sent him during the previous three years.
For the tune Rothiemurche, see No. ioj.
No. 13. Behind yon hills where Lugar flows. Edinburgh edition, 1787, }22. ' Tune, My Nanie, 0.' In the Commonplace Book it is marked for the tune As I came in by London, O, which I cannot trace. In both copies the first line of the song is ' Behind yon hills where Stinchar flows,' but the more euphonious 'Lugar' was afterwards adopted. The original of the song is supposed to be Annie Fleming, the daughter of a Tarbolton farmer, whose society Burns sought because she was a good singer. The song has enjoyed undiminished popularity since its original appearance. Burns sent it to George Thomson in 1793 for his projected musical collection. The editor wished to mend the diction, but Burns abruptly said, 'Now don't let it enter your head that you are under any necessity of taking my verses,' but Thomson accepted the song, and altered the metre of the second stanza. Prior to Allan Ramsay's Nanny, 0 in the Tea-Table Miscellany, 1724, there was a London broadside entitled The Scotch Wooing of Willy and ATanny to a pleasant New Tune, or Nanny, 0, beginning ' As I went forth one morning fair.' But a popular song of the eighteenth century was the model of Burns, a fragment of which is in the Herd MS. as follows, and now printed for the first time:�


Making of It's A Long Way To The Top – The musicvideo for "It's A Long Way To The Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was filmed on 23 February 1976 for the Australian music television program Countdown. It featured the band's then-current lineup, along with members of the Rats Of Tobruk Pipe Band, on the back of a flat-bed truck traveling on Swanston Street in Melbourne, Australia. Pipe Band member Les Kenfield recalls his memories from the shoot.
Countdown to the top – Paul Drane was producer and director for Australia´s immensely popular tv-show Countdown, a show aired on Sundays and was like an early version of MTV. Back in 1976 Paul got to direct the video for AC/DC´s "It´s a long way to the top (If you wanna rock and roll)" and "Jailbreak". Here he tells the story behind those videos as well as why there was a second version shot of "It´s a long way to the top (If you wanna rock and roll)".
Bon Scott: A fans best friend – Tracey Rayfield tells his story of a roadtrip from St. Louis to Springfield in 1979, a soldout gig, meeting the band and getting to hear "Highway To Hell" on a cassette deck in the bands tourbus long before it was released in America.
Shaking the earth with AC/DC – In the summer of 1978 a then relatively new band called Yesterday & Today, who had just released their second album "Struck down", got the chance to open three shows for AC/DC in Texas. Y&T´s singer Dave Meniketti recalls those crazy shows and also the European tour they later did with them in 1982.
Over the years there has been many a rumour about AC/DC, they've been accused of everything from devil worshipping to inciting Bedlam in Belgium, but there are one rumour in particular that refuse to go away within the AC/DC fan community, despite never having been addressed by the band. And it's the rumour about an existing AC/DC recording of "I'm a Rebel".
Malcolm on AC/DC's back catalogue – In autumn 1992 I interviewed Malcolm Young for a now long extinct music magazine called Metal CD. AC/DC were always a formidable live act, but studio-wise they'd been in the doldrums for most of the 1980s (Fly On The Wall, anyone?). Then came 1990's platinum 'comeback' album, The Razors Edge. AC/DC were on the upswing again, but were as notoriously press-shy as ever.
Limited to the first 200 issues. We added a Tom Bombo comic, each numbered by the illustrator Mikael Ekström.


text:
Q: Play! upgrade error: ')' expected but '}' found Just upgraded our project to Play! 2.2.1. After fixing dependencies, checking code, and fixing all initial compiler errors I went to launch the project and got the following:
')' expected but '}' found.
It occurs in 3 "view" files pointing to the last line of each file. Those 3 views are structured exactly the same as about 30 other files.
I've tried changing line delimiters, adding spacing to the top, etc. I also ran an sbt clean as well as a play clean. No idea. Here's a sample of an offending file:
Update: I removed the var userId = "%s"; and the format below, and that file compiled. Any ideas how that's related?
@(session:play.api.mvc.Session, socialUser: Option[PlatformUser], userProfile: Option[UserProfile], flash:play.api.mvc.Flash)(implicit request: RequestHeader)

@import platform3.util.time.TimeFormats._

@main(session, models.Community.communitySettings(request), "Thanks for signing up!", socialUser, flash, """

  /* injected javascript */
  var userId = "%s";

  $.getJSON("/balance", function(data) {
    $('#title-points').text(data.balance);
    $('.label-points').show();
  });

""" format socialUser.getOrElse("")) {

Welcome!

You're signed up!

      @socialUser match{
        case Some(u) => {

Hey @u.firstName, we're excited you

        could join us. Click below to

        see how you can get started.

        }
        case None => {}
      }

           Earn Points
          My Account

Your current point balance is pts.

Earning more points is easy! Get involved and earn more rewards quickly.

Visit us in person and sign in to our on-site kiosks.

            Share our content and your experiences across the web and earn more points.

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Maximum of 2,500 points can be earned per month per person. Points must be redeemed before midnight of December 31st of each year.

Earn even more points by connecting your social accounts.

}

Really appreciate your help on this.


text:
SIST EN IEC 60335-2-24:2023/A11:2023
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-24: Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice makers
This European Standard deals with the safety of the following appliances:
- refrigerating appliances for household and similar use;
- ice-makers intended to be used in frozen food storage compartments;
- refrigerating appliances, touring caravans and boats for leisure purposes
Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 2-24: Besondere Anforderungen für Kühl-/Gefriergeräte und Speiseeis- und Eisbereiter
Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Partie 2-24: Règles particulières pour les appareils de réfrigération, les sorbetières et les fabriques de glace
Gospodinjski in podobni električni aparati - Varnost - 2-24. del: Posebne zahteve za hladilnike in aparate za pripravo sladoleda in ledu - Dopolnilo A11
97.040.30 - Domestic refrigerating appliances
VGA - Safety of household and similar electrical appliances
2014/35/EU - Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits
M/511 - Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI relating to harmonised standards in the field of the Low Voltage Directive
EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022/A11:2022 - Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-24: Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice makers
SIST EN IEC 60335-2-24:2023 - Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-24: Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice makers (IEC 60335-2-24:2020 + COR1:2021)
Gospodinjski in podobni električni aparati - Varnost - 2-24. del: Posebne zahteve
za hladilnike in aparate za pripravo sladoleda in ledu - Dopolnilo A11
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-24: Particular requirements
for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice makers
Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 2-24:
Besondere Anforderungen für Kühl-/Gefriergeräte und Speiseeis- und Eisbereiter
Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Partie 2-24: Règles particulières
pour les appareils de réfrigération, les sorbetières et les fabriques de glace
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022/A11:2022
97.040.30 Hladilni aparati za dom Domestic refrigerating
SIST EN IEC 60335-2-24:2023/A11:2023 en
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022/A11
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2022
ICS 97.040.30
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-24:
Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream
appliances and ice makers
Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und
Partie 2-24: Exigences particulières pour les appareils de ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 2-24: Besondere Anforderungen für
réfrigération, les sorbetières et les fabriques de glace Kühl-/Gefriergeräte und Speiseeis- und Eisbereiter
This amendment A11 modifies the European Standard EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022; it was approved by CENELEC on 2022-08-31. CENELEC
members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this amendment the
status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This amendment exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as
the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
© 2022 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022/A11:2022 E
EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022/A11:2022 (E)
This document (EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022/A11:2022) has been prepared by CLC/TC 61 "Safety of household
and similar electrical appliances".
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which this document has to be implemented at (dop) 2023-06-09
national level by publication of an identical national standard or by
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with this (dow) 2025-12-09
document have to be withdrawn
The numbering system for European clauses, subclauses, notes, tables, figures and annexes that are additional
to those in the IEC standard are prefixed with the letter "Z".
This document is read in conjunction with EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CENELEC by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s)
/ Regulation(s).
For the relationship with EU Directive(s) / Regulation(s), see informative Annex ZZA, which is an integral part
of this document.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users' national committee. A complete
listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
1 Modification to the Introduction
Addition:
With this European amendment A11, the standard EN 60335-2-24:2010+A1:2019+A2:2019+A11:2020 is
superseded.
This European amendment A11 supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses of the standards below:
— EN 60335-1:2012+A11:2014+A13:2017+A1:2019+A14:2019+A2:2019+A15:2021 (Part 1)
— EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022 (Part 2)
2 Modification to Clause 1, "Scope"
Replace the eighth paragraph starting from "As far as is practicable…" up to "- children playing with the
appliance" by the following:
This document deals with the reasonably foreseeable hazards presented by appliances and machines that are
encountered by all persons. However, in general, it does not take into account:
— children playing with the appliance,
— the use of the refrigerating appliances by very young children,
— the use of ice-cream makers and separated ice-makers by young children and by very young children.
It is recognized that very vulnerable people can have needs beyond the level addressed in this document.
Add as a third dashed item in NOTE 1:
— in some countries, specific legislation covers surfaces and materials in contact with food.
3 Modification to Clause 3, "Terms and definitions"
Add the following note:
NOTE Z1 In general, the definitions relating to areas of a refrigerating appliance follow those in EN 62552-1:2020;
however, the following definitions used in this document are listed.
Add the following new term entries after 3.5.101:
3.Z101
refrigerating appliance intended for the preservation of food, one of whose compartments is suitable for the
storage of fresh food
[SOURCE: EN 62552-1:2020]
one-star compartment
frozen-food storage compartment where the storage temperature is not warmer than −6 °C
two-star compartment
frozen-food storage compartment where the storage temperature is not warmer than −12 °C
three-star compartment
4 Modification to Clause 7, "Marking and instructions"
7.12 Add the following paragraph after the third paragraph starting with "This appliance can be…" up to
"…children without supervision":
Children aged from 3 to 8 years are allowed to load and unload refrigerating appliances.
7.Z101 Add the following new subclause:
The instructions shall contain details on the use of the appliance to ensure the safe preservation of foodstuffs.
Manufacturers should give details on the most appropriate part in the compartment of the appliance where
specific types of food shall be stored, considering the distribution of temperature that can be present in the
different compartments of the appliance.
The instructions shall include the substance of the following:
To avoid contamination of food, please respect the following instructions:
— Opening the door for long periods can cause a significant increase of the temperature in the compartments
of the appliance.
— Clean regularly surfaces that can come in contact with food and accessible drainage systems.
— Clean water tanks if they have not been used for 48 h; flush the water system connected to a water supply
if water has not been drawn for 5 days.
— Store raw meat and fish in suitable containers in the refrigerator, so that it is not in contact with or drip onto
other food.
— Two-star frozen-food compartments are suitable for storing pre-frozen food, storing or making ice-cream
and making ice cubes.
— One-, two- and three-star compartments are not suitable for the freezing of fresh food.
— If the refrigerating appliance is left empty for long periods, switch off, defrost, clean, dry, and leave the
door open to prevent mould developing wi
SIST EN IEC 60335-2-24:2023(Main)
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-24: Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice makers (IEC 60335-2-24:2020 + COR1:2021)
EN IEC 60335-2-24:2022
• refrigerating appliances for household and similar use;
• ice-makers intended to be used in frozen food storage compartments;
• refrigerating appliances, touring caravans and boats for leisure purposes
SIST EN 60335-2-24:2011/A11:2020(Amendment)
EN 60335-2-24:2010/A11:2020
EN 60335-2-24 deals with the safety of the following appliances:
• ice-makers incorporating a motor-compressor and ice-makers intended to be used in frozen food storage compartments;
• refrigerating appliances and ice-makers for use in camping, touring caravans and boats for leisure purposes
SIST EN 60335-2-24:2011/A1:2019(Amendment)
EN 60335-2-24:2010/A1:2019
2020-08-24 CV: Not cited under LVD yet - EC waiting for clarification following a UK authority request (clarification to be provided in A11 -- PR= 63760 at ratitication stage)
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety -- Part 2-24: Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice makers
The contents of the Interpretation sheet of March 2018 have been included in this copy.
SIST EN 60335-2-24:2011(Main)
EN 60335-2-24:2010
This International Standard deals with the safety of the following appliances, their rated voltage being not more than 250 V for single-phase appliances, 480 V for other appliances and 24 V d.c. for appliances when battery operated.
– refrigerating appliances for household and similar use;
– ice-makers incorporating a motor-compressor and ice-makers intended to be incorporated in frozen food storage compartments;
– refrigerating appliances and ice-makers for use in camping, touring caravans and boats
for leisure purposes. These appliances may be operated from the mains, from a separate battery or operated either from the mains or from a separate battery. This standard also deals with the safety of ice-cream appliances intended for household use, their rated voltage being not more than 250 V for single-phase appliances and 480 V for other appliances. It also deals with compression-type appliances for household and similar use, which use flammable refrigerants. This standard does not cover features of the construction and operation of those refrigerating appliances which are dealt with in other IEC standards. Refrigerating appliances not intended for normal household use but which nevertheless may be a source of danger to the public, such as
- refrigerating appliances used in staff kitchen areas in shops, offices and other working environments,
- refrigerating appliances used in farm houses and by clients in hotels, motels and other residential type environments,
- refrigerating appliances used in bed and breakfast type environments, and
- refrigerating appliances used in catering and similar non-retail applications are within the scope of this standard. As far as is practicable, this standard deals with the common hazards presented by
appliances that are encountered by all persons in and around the home. However, in general, it does not take into account
– persons (including children) whose
- physical, sensory or mental capabilities or
- lack of experience and knowledge
prevents them from using the appliance safely without supervision or instruction;
– children playing with the appliance.
Ice-cream freezers - Classification, requirements and test conditions (ISO 22043:2020)
The scope of this European Standard is to define the classification for horizontal closed ice-cream freezers and to specify their requirements and test methods. These appliances are different to supermarket segment freezers, as they work with static air cooling, with a skin evaporator (no evaporator fan) and are used specifically for the storage and display of pre-packed ice-cream. This standard is only applicable to integral type refrigeration systems. This standard is not applicable to remote and secondary system type cabinets. Ice-cream freezers within this standard should have a net volume ≤ 600 l and only for transparent lid ice cream freezers they should have a Net Volume/TDA ≥ 0,35 m.
2009/125/EC
SIST EN IEC 63169:2020(Main)
Electrical household and similar cooling and freezing appliances - Food preservation and storage
EN IEC 63169:2020
This document deals with a test to simulate the weight loss of leafy produce, given certain
conditions of temperature, humidity and air movement in one or more test zones. The test can
only be applied to spaces larger than 200 mm × 150 mm ×100 mm (L × W × H).
The aim of the test is to measure the weight loss rate by measuring the weight of a test tray
prior to the test and after a given duration.
NOTE Weight loss is one of the considerations for shelf life of produce. Other considerations such as condensation
will be addressed in future amendments.
Household refrigerating appliances - Characteristics and test methods -- Part 3: Energy consumption and volume
EN-IEC 62552-3 specifies the essential characteristics of household and similar refrigerating appliances cooled by internal natural convection or forced air circulation, and establishes test methods for checking these characteristics. This part of IEC 62552 describes the methods for the determination of energy consumption characteristics and defines how these can be assembled to estimate energy consumption under different usage and climate conditions. This part of IEC 62552 also defines the determination of volume.


This is episodes #219 & 220 for November 28, 2011. On this weeks' show, we start off with a triple dose of the Golden Age in our second to last edition of the segment ever. After two and a half years, we begin to close up all the lose ends, wrapping up our stay at Disney's Hollywood Studios. After that, it's another edition of our history segment, Back to the Future. We continue to celebrate Walt Disney World's 40th anniversary by going through time to take a look at the story of the Tropical Serenade, or as you may know it, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room.


Registered since 23. Apr 2008 with 17 photos.
9 in your language and 21 in other languages.
visste inte att det finns en till från sverige.
im curious to see your results again also with the portraits of me from andlostluggage big hug!
I love your style! This energetic movement in all of your last pictures! Great!
I've never seen such painting before! That's quite cool! I feel honoured !!
No, mrs. wonders, i LOVE your art.
Do whatever you want with my photos, as long as the result is that awesome, i'm totally fine.
Wow, that's great! I'm amazed of what u did out of it can I have a copy?


text:
Grisly photos tell the cold truth about terrorists
By Abby Wisse Schachter March 17, 2011, 1:37 pm 0 Edit
Take a look at Elad's fist.
The 4-year-old boy pictured was knifed to death in his home on Friday night because he was a Jew. His father Uri, mother Ruth, brother Yoav and 3-month-old sister Hadas were killed for the same reason.
Regarding the Israeli government's decision to publish photos of the corpses as they were found at the murder scene, Yaron Fogel, Uri's brother pleaded, "Do we need the confirmation of the world that a despicable murder happened here?"
The answer today, right now, is yes. And the reason is because we are having a lot of trouble facing reality. We are having a hard time keeping the truth uppermost in our minds. The point of looking at graphic images of brutally murdered children and their parents is to look at the blood and the stab wounds directly and to acknowledge that it happened and who is responsible. These five Jews were murdered in their beds, at home, on a Friday night. They were murdered because they are Jews and to the Palestinian killer(s), that fact and that fact alone meant Ruth, Uri, Yoav, Elad and Hadas deserved to die. Plain as it may seem, we have a hard time acknowledging these facts.
Let's think of Yitzhak and Tali Ames for a moment. Having trouble remembering those names? In August, the Ameses were shot to death along with another couple by Hamas gunmen. It was the eve of the resumption of peace talks in Washington. The Ameses had six children, the youngest was 5. Just as with the Fogels, the Ameses were identified by the media as settlers who, in this case, were targeted to disrupt the "peace process." Perhaps part of the terrorists' calculation was to cause mayhem, but first and foremost the Palestinian killers shot down four adults and one baby in utero because they were Jews. These are the facts.
Consider what has happened since the attacks of Sept. 11 for confirmation of our collective refusal to look terror in the face. The New York Times official policy is to never publish photos of bodies falling from the Twin Towers. Such images have been deemed too grotesque or too horrible for the newspaper of record. Similarly, when soon after the attacks CBS broadcast a documentary about the events of that day made by two French brothers who had been profiling a Downtown firehouse, the soundtrack of the movie was scrubbed of the thumps and thuds of bodies falling to the ground outside the World Trade Center. The fact that dozens of people chose to leap to their deaths rather than burn alive was apparently too upsetting for television. It was supposedly more important to protect our sensibilities. But such protection is more like putting on blinders.
We need to be able to look at these terrorist atrocities in the face and recognize that evil men committed these acts of terror with a goal in mind: to kill their enemy.
The Jerusalem Post editorializes that publishing graphic images only serves the enemies of the Jews. "During the Second Lebanon War and Operation Cast Lead, graphic photos of war casualties sparked an outcry against Israel and probably contributed to the marked rise in anti-Semitic attacks around the world that coincided with the two military conflagrations," the editors claim. But in the next sentence, the authors acknowledge that those photos were doctored and besides how can images of dead Jews incite anti-Jewish and anti-Israel hatred, when images of Arab victims of alleged Israeli aggression are what supposedly trigger anti-Semitism. By this logic, any image of any sort relating to Israel will incite anti-Semitism. The fact is that anti-Semitism incites anti-Semitism.
Look at Elad's fist again. Remember his hand, his blood, the kippa. Elad was killed because he was a Jew. His parents and brother and sister were stabbed to death because the Palestinian assailant(s) managed to break into their house and not the house next door. Once inside they killed as many Jews as they found. By the same token, the victims of 9/11 were murdered because they were Americans (whether each one held a U.S. passport or not). The terrorists hate pure and simple, and they kill because they believe their hatred is justified. Murder and terror are the actualization of their ideology.
(Abby Wisse Schachter, a Pittsburgh-based political columnist, edits the New York Post's politics blog Capitol Punishment, nypost.com/blogs/capitol, and can be reached at awschachter@aol.com.)


text:
Former president Pranab Mukherjee, singer Bhupen Hazarika, social activist Nanaji Deshmukh awarded Bharat Ratna
Former president Pranab Mukherjee, singer Bhupen Hazarika and social activist Nanaji Deshmukh have been awarded Bharat Ratna
india Updated: Jan 25, 2019 21:37 IST
HT Correspondent
Hindustan Times, New Delhi
Former president Pranab Mukherjee, singer Bhupen Hazarika and social activist Nanaji Deshmukh have been awarded Bharat Ratna(AFP)
Former president Pranab Mukherjee, singer Bhupen Hazarika and social activist Nanaji Deshmukh have been awarded Bharat Ratna.
Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika have been conferred with the Bharat Ratna posthumously.
Hailing this year's recipients of the country's highest civilian honour, Prime Minister Narendra Modi described their contribution to the nation.
Calling social activist Deshmukh a personification of humility and compassion, the PM remembered his "stellar contribution towards rural development showed the way for a new paradigm of empowering those living in our villages."
Nanaji Deshmukh's stellar contribution towards rural development showed the way for a new paradigm of empowering those living in our villages.
He personifies humility, compassion and service to the downtrodden. He is a Bharat Ratna in the truest sense!
— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) January 25, 2019
"The songs and music of Shri Bhupen Hazarika are admired by people across generations. From them radiates the message of justice, harmony and brotherhood," tweeted PM Modi about the music maestro who "popularised India's musical tradition globally."
The songs and music of Shri Bhupen Hazarika are admired by people across generations. From them radiates the message of justice, harmony and brotherhood.
He popularised India's musical traditions globally.
Happy that the Bharat Ratna has been conferred on Bhupen Da.
Expressing delight on the former President being conferred with the Bharat Ratna, the Prime Minister described Mukherjee as "an outstanding statesman."
"He has served the nation selflessly and tirelessly for decades, leaving a strong imprint on the nation's growth trajectory," tweeted the Prime Minister.
Pranab Da is an outstanding statesman of our times.
He has served the nation selflessly and tirelessly for decades, leaving a strong imprint on the nation's growth trajectory.
His wisdom and intellect have few parallels. Delighted that he has been conferred the Bharat Ratna.
"I've always said and I repeat, that I've got more from the people of our great country than I have given to them," said Pranab Mukherjee after being awarded the country's highest civilian honour.
Pranab Mukherjee was President between 2012 and 2017.
The Bharat Ratna, which was instituted in 1954, is conferred in recognition of exceptional service or performance of the highest order.
First Published: Jan 25, 2019 20:41 IST
President Pranab Mukherjee
Nanaji Deshmukh
activist Nanaji Deshmukh
singer Bhupen Hazarika


"First published in 2000 by Transworld, United Kingdom"--T.p. verso.
Financial journalist Rebecca Bloomwood seeks solace from the boredom and pressures in life with her shopping, a solution that brings her close to financial disaster, until she encounters a story that will change her life.
Kinsella, S. (2005). Confessions of a shopaholic. Dial Press trade paperback edition. New York: Dial Press.
Kinsella, Sophie. 2005. Confessions of a Shopaholic. New York: Dial Press.
Kinsella, Sophie, Confessions of a Shopaholic. New York: Dial Press, 2005.
Kinsella, Sophie. Confessions of a Shopaholic. Dial Press trade paperback edition. New York: Dial Press, 2005. Print.
|a Confessions of a shopaholic / |c Sophie Kinsella.
|a Dial Press trade paperback edition.
|a New York : |b Dial Press, |c 2005.
|a "First published in 2000 by Transworld, United Kingdom"--T.p. verso.
|a Financial journalist Rebecca Bloomwood seeks solace from the boredom and pressures in life with her shopping, a solution that brings her close to financial disaster, until she encounters a story that will change her life.
|a Bloomwood, Becky (Fictitious character) |v Fiction.


Zebedee Management has given opportunities to many people with differences and now they're celebrating the day with a group photoshoot where every single model has Down's Syndrome.
The company employs models with disabilities like the seven-year-old double amputee, to the woman who lost a leg due to a rare cancer, and the autistic boy who became a model for H&M.
They've consistently represented models with Down's Syndrome, including Benefit ambassador Kate Grant, and have now joined forces with photography project the Radical Beauty Project to challenge conventional beauty.
Models represented by the brand have gone on to advertise for major labels like Mercedes Benz, River Island, graced the cover of Grazia magazine, worked with photographer Rankin, and several other clothing stores and supermarkets.
And now the collection of powerful images from the shoot will be turned into a collectible high-end, avant-garde and fashion photography art book by the founder of the project Daniel Vas.
'In spite of our models' challenges, our talent is regular people like you and me, but they are a shining example of inspiration,' Zoe wrote on Bored Panda.
'With Zebedee's help, they are determined to bring the fashion world up-to-date and be represented as equals, and rightly so. That's why we are absolutely delighted that our diverse models have been asked to take part in so many wonderful campaigns worldwide.
Some of the models include Kate who represents Benefit Cosmetics, Jack who has worked with Rankin for Hunger Magazine Jacks, Kathleen who has been booked regularly for River Island and has recently shot a campaign for Marvel films called #iammarvel, and Cora who is the face of the new range of children's glasses at Specsavers.
All the the talented models are hoping to raise more awareness and representation of the condition where there is an extra chromosome.


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Glass Lantern, Research Shed Light on 1860 Political Group
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Late in 1993, The Corning Museum of Glass received as a gift a brass lantern with a red glass globe [93.4.102] inscribed "ELMIRA WIDE AWAKES/ G.L.SMITH/CAPTAIN" (Fig. 1). This lantern had a mid-19th-century look, and I thought it might be an early product of the Corning Glass Works. I was therefore happy to accept it for our collection and to begin looking for the explanation of the inscription.
Norma Jenkins, head of the Museum's Rakow Library at that time, was an enthusiastic guide for my research. She is an Elmira native, and the lantern had belonged to her mother-in-law, a collector interested in local history.
Calls to the Chemung County Historical Society and the Corning Area Public Library produced nothing on G.L. Smith or the Wide Awakes, but Norma found an 1892 Chemung County history that listed one Gabriel Lewis Smith as a prominent local attorney.1 Given the frequency with which this surname appears, we couldn't be sure that Norma had located the "G.L." to whom the lantern referred, but it seemed a good possibility.
Meanwhile, my attempt to date the lantern led me to a related example in the collection of the Sandwich Glass Museum in Sandwich, Massachusetts. This object is clearly inscribed "SANDWICH/WIDE-AWAKES" and "LINCOLN & HAMLIN," so we quickly determined that the Wide Awakes were an organization of the Republican party operating in support of Abraham Lincoln's presidential campaign of 1860, when Hannibal Hamlin was his running mate.2
Using the First Search database, the Museum's librarians turned up some 19th-century references to the Wide Awakes. Having requested these on interlibrary loan, we had the complete story on the Wide Awakes organization a few weeks later.
Because Abraham Lincoln is such an important figure in American history, we tend to think that his election to the presidency in 1860 was inevitable. In fact, the Republican party had been founded only four years earlier, when it finished a poor third in its first presidential election. The nomination of Lincoln, who had come to national prominence when he ran for the Senate against the Democrat Stephen A. Douglas in 1858, was a deal cut in the proverbial smoke-filled room.
Senator William Seward of New York was expected to be the Republican standard-bearer, and Lincoln was initially offered second place on the ticket. The selection of Lincoln was not secured until the third ballot, but this virtually assured him of victory in the election. The fragmented Democratic party had chosen two candidates, Douglas and Vice President John Breckinridge, while a hastily formed splinter group called the Constitutional Union party had nominated Senator John Bell of Tennessee.
In March 1860, the first Wide Awake club was organized in Hartford, Connecticut, for a state election. The organization was active throughout the state that spring. After Lincoln and Hamlin were nominated in Chicago in June, the Hartford Wide Awakes became active again. Similar organizations then sprang up, first in New England and then all over the Northeast. By August, there were 400 Wide Awake clubs in several states, and three months later, the total membership had reached 500,000.3
These clubs were restricted to men over the age of 18. Younger males joined groups called the Young Railsplitters. The principal purpose of these organizations was to arouse support for Lincoln and Hamlin, and this was accomplished by organizing rallies and by marching in torchlight parades. The men carried swinging tin torches fueled by coal oil, and wore uniforms of black caps and capes made of oilcloth (to afford protection against leaking torches). Club members were organized into companies for the marches, and company officers carried lanterns with colored glass shades. Reading about some of the mammoth parades in big cities, one is struck both by the enthusiasm for these activities and by how easily the men got around at a time before the advent of the automobile. The library of Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, sent us a bound 1860 volume of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. This publication, the 19th-century equivalent of Time or Newsweek, described several Wide Awake events.
The Wide Awakes of Newark, New Jersey, chartered a steamer and sailed to Hartford, arriving on the evening of July 25 after a day-long trip. Three hundred young men of the Hartford club were waiting for them on the dock, and the two groups marched through the streets to City Hall, where they enjoyed a "bountifull [sic] collation, which, with the speeches that followed, kept all engaged until half-past twelve o'clock." The next evening, the Hartford group received clubs from other towns and
escorted them to the camp or Wigwam on Asylum Street, frame structure erected for such purposes and here they were addressed by several prominent individuals, and presentations were made of banners, capes, lanterns, rails, mauls, etc. At ten o'clock, the grand torchlight procession was formed, and marched through the principal streets of the city to Charter Oakplace, amidst the firing of rockets, the burning of blue lights and a profusion of other fireworks. The sight presented has rarely if ever been excelled and baffles description ... The sight as the procession crossed the park was magnificent in the extreme. From four to five thousand torches could be seen at one time winding their way through and around the sinuous paths; the whole landscape was lit up with innumerable roman candles and other fireworks, and far in the background the city was illuminated with flaming rockets, which sent their shower of parti-colored rain across the heavens in every direction, while the moon, as if paling her ineffectual light, sunk slowly beneath the western horizon.4
The Leslie's reporter also noted that each captain in the parade carried a red lantern, while each lieutenant had a blue or green lantern [see The Henry Ford, 69.145.165].
From the military library at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, we received a photocopy of the Wide Awakes Manual, a handbook for quasi-military marches, which contained instructions for executing parade maneuvers. The manual hints that at least some of the Wide Awake officers were well aware that war might be just over the horizon.5
In October, 20,000 Wide Awakes marched in a New York City rally that, according to the newspaper account, turned Broadway into a "river of fire" for more than two hours. A related article commented on the peaceful nature of the parade:
Here, in the most Democratic of cities, we have the uninterrupted procession of over ten thousand men of very unpopular politics, walking in line in perfect peace, the grand display not even calling forth the slightest expression of ill-feeling from their political opponents, which outnumbered them by thousands ... Such spectacles ... evince beyond all contradiction that a well educated people are qualified to govern themselves.6
Perusing microfilmed copies of Elmira's weekly Advertiser and Republican, Norma learned that Wide Awake clubs were formed in Elmira and Horseheads in August 1860.7 These groups participated in many local parades before the election. The Elmira club had more than 150 members, and the Horseheads unit numbered about 80. Rallies and parades like those described above took place in Elmira (which had its own wigwam), in Owego, and in such smaller places as Veteran, New York, where 70 oxen were in the parade. The Horseheads group would ride and march to Elmira to join the Elmira contingent, and the two clubs would then ride the train, often in special cars, to the site of their rallies.8
G.L. Smith, we learned, was indeed Gabriel L. Smith, a prominent attorney and Republican in Elmira from the 1850s to the 1890s. When war was declared, he was instrumental in raising a local regiment. He also served as one of its officers until 1863, when he was honorably discharged. He then returned to Elmira to resume his law practice.9
After Lincoln and Hamlin's victory, there was one final "Torch Light Procession and Supper" at the Brainard House, Elmira's leading hotel. About 250 people attended the event, where they listened to toasts and speeches by Smith and others.10 Most of the area's Wide Awake activity was confined to Chemung, Tioga, Schuyler, and Broome counties; Steuben is not mentioned in the newspaper accounts, and we assume that no Corning Wide Awakes existed. When the election was over, the groups quietly disbanded and put away their torches and capes. G.L. Smith's lantern was probably placed in his attic.
There is no way to tell where the Museum's lantern was made, but relatively few American glass companies were producing red glass in 1860. The Elmira Wide Awakes' lantern could have been made by factories in New England, Brooklyn, or Pittsburgh. However, it would have been most convenient and logical for them to order it from Brooklyn, where the most likely source would have been the Brooklyn Flint Glass Works. That glasshouse, then owned by John L. Gilliland, was once a noted supplier of colored glasses. Another possibility is the Long Island Flint Works of Christian Dorflinger, which had been established in the 1850s to make lamp chimneys and lantern globes.
For the Museum, the significance of this lantern derives less from where it was made than from where and how it was used. Because it was created for an organization in Elmira, it is part of our area's history. As our research has shown, it is also part of a fascinating period in America's history.
Jane Shadel Spillman, Curator of American Glass
This article was published in the Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 37 (1995), 140–145.
1 Ausburn Towner, Our County and Its People. A History of the Valley and County of Chemung, Syracuse: D. Mason & Co., 1892, pp. 124–125.
2 Raymond E. Barlow and Joan Kaiser, The Glass Industry in Sandwich, v. 2, Windham, New Hampshire: Barlow- Kaiser and West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1989, p. 230.
3 Julius G. Rathbun, "The 'Wide Awakes,' the Great Political Organization of 1860," The Connecticut Quarterly, Hartford, October–December 1895, pp. 327–335 passim.
4 Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, v. 10, no. 246, August 11, 1860, p. 188.
5 J.H. Hobart Ward, Tactics of the Wide-Awakes of New York, New York: Gavitt & Co. Printers, 1860.
6 Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, v. 10, no. 255, October 13, 1860, p. 320.
7 Elmira Advertiser and Republican, September 15, 1860.
8 Elmira Advertiser and Republican, October 20, 1860.
9 Towner [note 1], p. 125.
10 Elmira Advertiser and Republican, November 1, 1860.
Jane Shadel Spillman
Jane Shadel Spillman joined the Museum in 1965 and in 1978 became the Museum's curator of American glass. She retired from this position in April 2013. Spillman has published numerous articles and books, including European Glass Furnishings for...
Due to copyright restrictions some Figure images have been removed. Please refer to the original printed article to see all Figure images.
Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 37