text:
Unknown word in a too knowable language
https://repository.duke.edu/dc/eaa/B0319
you'll find a pair of documents from 1857 Charleston. They advertise slaves for sale. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Slave_Mart
In each, a woman named Eve is referred to with the term prolap. In 1857, readers of those advertisements must have known what that word meant, but I don't know now. It isn't in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Dictionary of American Regional English, or any of the nineteenth-century dictionaries that I've consulted. And a Newspapers.com search through the 1850s yields only an unrelated medical term, prolapse. So today I submitted prolap to the OED.
I was being sentimental. I intended to make myself believe that I was completing Eve's forgotten name and nobly getting it admitted to a dictionary's kind of memory. But both the dictionary's language and what memory does with it will tell me I'm no nobleman. All that my memory and my words actually did was to dress me up as a headwaiter, station me with a volume of the OED behind a reservation desk, and let me admit the gentlemen and ladies already in the corpus to the privilege of being known there once again. The grammar of my notion about Eve was possessive, as if she were an Eve of my own to decide about in a future of my own. But long before I was born, the orders concerning Eve had already been written into the book I wielded, and the whiteness of the shirt that I wore when I read them out had always been a part of their language.
Alexandria Gazette (Alexandria, Virginia), October 10, 1853, page 3. In the nineteenth century the word "mechanic" referred to any blue-collar worker, as in Whitman's "the mechanic's wife with her babe at her nipple interceding for every person born" (Song of Myself, sec. 41).
January 3, 2022 January 4, 2022 jonathanmorse
African-AmericanAmerican historyCharleston Slave MarthistorylanguagelinguisticsOxford English Dictionaryphilologyslavery
What is [,] revealed
butterflygrammarlanguagephilosophyphotographypunctuation
Some ceremonies
In 1930, in his early middle age, William Faulkner bought an unoccupied nineteenth-century house in his Mississippi home town. The next year he gave it a name, Rowan Oak, and began the remodeling that would occupy the remainder of his life there. As the transformation into an ancestral estate went forward, the estate's on-site storyteller devised a tradition for it: every evening at dinnertime, one of the family retainers would parade the main course around the table before setting it down. Perhaps the idea was that this would mark the end of one day and the beginning of the next, for always.
Before dinner, the Modernist storyteller had been teaching language some things about time that would make tradition obsolete. In that telling, Quentin Compson had begun the day of his death by tearing the hands off his father's watch.
Chris Wiley's essay "What Old Money Looks Like in America, and Who Pays For It,"
https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/what-old-money-looks-like-in-america-and-who-pays-for-it
introduces the work of Buck Ellison, who photographs carefully staged tableaux of models wearing the very best of understated fashion in the very best of settings, with every blade of grass on the putting green just so and the outdoor or indoor weather always perfect. Before the first image reveals itself, the prose prepares us this way for the responsibility of seeing it.
It's the cut of the jacket that's the dead giveaway. The graceful arc it draws above the woman's waistline looks architecturally engineered, its hourglass effect enhanced by tastefully wide peaked lapels. The fabric, too, looks sumptuous. Cashmere? Probably.
Wiley mentions in passing that Ellison is gay, and the import of this deadpan scrapbook seems to be a travesti like the Trockadero Ballet — a travesti with all the wistfulness of an anatomically male body forcing itself onto pointe but none of the forced hysterical laughter. What's being acted out through Ellison's images isn't at all gentle, but it is acted quietly.
After all, it is acted in The New Yorker, whose language is written in a traditional script. To the native speakers of The New Yorker's dialect, the discreet but firmly lodged diereses in coöperate and reëlect are to be heard only at the overtones of their natural frequencies, and the ostensibly nonfictional is punctuated at strictly observed canonical intervals with understatedly Homeric descriptions of the characters' clothes. These details of house style are themes, and they claim a moral purport. Other languages will change, says the house style to itself about itself, but I am as classic as changeless Roman marble. Simultaneously, on the advertising pages, capital is at romp, melting all that is solid into air.
In this 1849 print by Nathaniel Currier, one of the men at the foot of George Washington's deathbed is identified as "Quaker, an intimate friend of Washington." Perhaps out of Quaker modesty, his name is not named and his face is not shown. But we know the style he would speak in this silent image, because he is wearing the small-clothes of a gentleman at the end of the eighteenth century.
Springfield Museums, https://springfieldmuseums.org/collections/item/death-of-washington-dec-14-a-d-1799-nathaniel-currier/. Color and detail restored.
The other man's face does show. The man is identified, too: with a euphemism, "Domestic." But that is a mere pleonasm, because after all the man's color reveals half of the unnamed truth of what he is.
The clothes reveal the other half. Close enough to the body of the father of his country to love but never to have been loved, this is a sans-culotte.
Bernard Faÿ, a French Modernist man of letters, saved the lives of Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas during World War II by letting them live, rent-free, in his house in the unoccupied zone. He wasn't using it himself at the time because he was occupied in administering both the Bibliothètheque Nationale and the Pétain government's anti-Masonic program. At war's end, he was one of the bitter-end collaborationists sheltered by the Nazis at Sigmaringen. After the war he escaped from prison with suspicious ease and crossed the French border into Switzerland, where he picked up his career where he had left off and spent the remainder of his professional life at the University of Fribourg.
There he continued his long collaboration with another right-wing Catholic, the Fribourgeois man of letters Gonzague de Reynold. The Fribourg years came and went, and de Reynold marked their passage with a tradition of his own: on special occasions, in the gallery-crypt where the culottes of his ancestors were preserved, he opened the chest and dressed up.
How but in custom and in ceremony
Are innocence and beauty born?
August 2, 2021 August 3, 2021 jonathanmorse
ceremonyclothingconservatismGertrude SteinJanuary 6 riotlanguageliteratureMarxPrayer for My DaughterQ-Anon shamansans-culottesymbolThe Communist ManifestoThe Sound and the FuryWilliam FaulknerYeats
Po Em
On the day Fort Sumter surrendered to its rebel siege, a photographer in Massachusetts published a poem.
Fall River Daily Evening News, April 13, 1861, page 1
The poem declares itself to be about creating memory in the face of death. Its words are selfless, or all but. It asks its readers for parts only, not labor. Knowing in retrospect what was about to happen off the page, we can almost laugh at it. Its black-and-white language, with its rote patriotic tags and its unimaginative mercantile underestimates ("a thousand traitors' hearts"), is about to become an expository prose in blood-red, but as of the first day of the change its wordy surface appearance is still a poem. In inverted syntax, because that's how poems are, it still asks us to believe that the image of a living man shortly to be dead can be "to nature sure."
But after all, G. M. Carlisle wasn't in the business of using language for the purpose of belief, or any purpose. Whether or not he knew, his only business with language was creation itself. See how he used creation's inventory.
Undated; private collection. https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/2058401/_providedCHO_f0cc6f48_215d_6b6d_3bc3_9cf5aac36364
Removed from their printer's cases and reassembled, hard images of letters and a flag were made into a line exemplifying brokenness, and then the part of the line that performed a broken word, "Art . .ists," was made to wrap itself around the Union flag and be drawn back together by it. The purport is, Let that be an example to you. The monition works, too. Thanks to it, you are strong enough once more to face your own brokennesses, and now it can turn out that among those even the broken crayons made their colors a part of you. They did picture your desires. They broke when you tried to communicate fine print with them and write words, but crayon words have been breakable from the creation.
https://notnewyork.net/2011/06/03/the-elusive-flesh-crayon-ignorant-toys/
So it isn't with words that the faithful soldier in the poem by Geo. M. Carlisle pleads with you to catch his fleshless shadow. The words belong to Carlisle's poem, not Carlisle's picture. Colored true to life, the picture is a silent waxen image: not articulate flesh but only a flesh-colored idea. But trust the idea, says the shrewd Yankee work of art. In every description of photographic pictures, the true to life doesn't need to be alive.
May 19, 2021 May 20, 2021 jonathanmorse
Civil Warlanguagephotographyvisual poetry
For the Realists
During the nineteenth century, coal and its no longer latent powers began mattering to art and literature. Having been perceived and depicted, they now demanded equal but different rank with the divine. To realize Anna Karenina's feelings during her night passage on the Moscow-St. Petersburg express was the same problem for Tolstoy that it would have been for Homer, but it was only Homer's routes that traversed a universe conceivable as a surface hiding no secrets and revealing all there was to reveal. Against that, the moment at the end of Anna's emptied book when a disconnected fuel tender came rolling by itself down its track (VIII.5) was a revelation of movement without a discoverable origin in intent or terminus in meaning. It may have been that that extorted the last tears from Vronsky. His voyage of discovery had ended without conclusion, in smoky midair.
See how you yourself now perceive this silhouette of eleven womanless men and a danger sign. Inside their collective image, smoke from a waiting parovoz ascends to darken the cloudscape, and that seems to be all the meaning there is. Certainly no one within the artwork's dark margins is reading the sign's words.
"Track elevating at road crossing, Joliet, Ill.," between 1900 and 1905. Detroit Publishing Company Collection, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/det/item/2016795685/. Post-processed for contrast and detail. Replaces a 2014 restoration, which has now been deleted from the blog.
Signed at under such circumstances, lesser realists such as William Dean Howells and Jacob Riis reacted by filling their non-fictions and their fictions alike with brand names and street addresses, recorded with due accuracy. The intent seemed to have been to force signifiers like the railroadmen's unread X to give up a meaning. In time, James Joyce came to understand that a record's significance lies in its words, only. The data of its ostensible content are a pre-text, and that is enough. But the image you have just seen in parallel with Tolstoy's words is a wordlessness. Its primary signifier is not a history like Tolstoy's or Joyce's but a chemistry and a meteorology, and its record is only one of the smudges that coal in the nineteenth century left in the air.
April 5, 2021 April 5, 2021 jonathanmorse
Anna KareninacoalhistorylanguageliteraturerailroadrealismTolstoytransportation
Eponymous conduct
catlanguage
Signal in transit
The camera that took this photograph was probably fitted with a collapsible cloth bellows between the lens and the housing that held a glass-plate negative. As the photographer flexed the bellows in and out for focus, its opaque coating would eventually begin to flake off and shafts of ambient light would penetrate the camera's dark interior and streak across the image. This adventitious light had evaded the photographer's intent, and it competed for the viewer's attention with the subject he had composed according to human rules and labeled with human words.
George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014699013/. Edited in Photoshop for contrast and detail.
The words, too, were changing. Within this frame, for example, they were demarcated into separate languages written in separate alphabets, English and Yiddish. But as of the date imprinted by the photographer at the top of his document, the European language Yiddish was undergoing American erasure.
"Help the furrier strikers," reads the English of 1915 on the pair of cylinders that demarcate the details of the man between them, and his tie and tie pin and the symbols in his buttonhole communicate something 1915-American that complements those words. But the man's eyes, mouth and hands belong to the naked aspect of his body, and in its nakedness that isn't regulated by social system. Like the light leak, it is a sign of loss of organization. The text that tries to express it begins in Yiddish, Helft die, "Help the," but then it collapses into a mere transliteration of English words written in Yiddish's Hebrew alphabet. It can only stammer, "Helft die furrier strikers."
The Hebrew letters, unintelligible in Hebrew, are visual evidence for a transition as undeniable as the laws of optics. On balance for the better, a language and its way of thinking are losing the meaning they possessed just one narrow ocean ago.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_immigration_Russia_United_States_1901.jpg. Edited in Photoshop for contrast and detail. The ship with yellow funnels would have been a vessel of the Hamburg-America Line, which carried immigrants from central and eastern Europe to the United States.
Wild light that evades control by the lens can be thought of as a sign of something different to come. But as the camera continues in use and the light comes in time to spread over its every image, whatever it was that was intended for shaping by the lens will go as whitely featureless as a blank page.
An earlier post, https://jonathanmorse.blog/2012/08/26/cylindric-equilibrium/, also uses the image of the striker.
July 26, 2020 September 10, 2020 jonathanmorse
labor historylanguagephotography
She whips up a nice batch of metaphor
languagemetaphormixed metaphor
1918: clumsily at first, words change
Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2013650540/. Adjusted to restore contrast and detail, and to insert the arrow that calls attention to the altered typography.
April 8, 2020 jonathanmorse
genderlanguagemodernismWorld War I
Tree cover
In the port city of Hoboken, New Jersey, bodies are unloaded from a ship and transported through rain and words.
The words come from a two-column article on page 2 of The Brooklyn Daily Eagle for November 13, 1919: "Bodies of 111 U.S. Soldier and Sailor Dead Brought Home. Gallant Michigan Boys Gave Lives in Northern Russia — Impressive Ceremonies at Pier." It includes the term "curbstones."
If that plural and the phrase "gallant Michigan boys" read now like antiques, that is not the words' fault. As of 1919, curbs actually were made of stone and the Michigan war writer Ernest Hemingway hadn't yet begun publishing his deconstructions of words like "gallant." But language change makes no allowance for changes in sensibility, and whatever it is that the words may once have represented is harder to feel now. In a cemetery in Michigan there is a war monument in the form of a polar bear,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force,_North_Russia
but the episode of war that it commemorates is now all but forgotten in Michigan: the failed campaign of the American Expeditionary Force, North Russia, between 1918 and 1919. It is where the 111 men of rainy Hoboken met their deaths.
What you have been reading so far, then, in words and allegorical symbols, is a chapter in a history of the no longer wholly comprehensible. Somebody once wrote a marginal scholium on the chapter and called it "Dead Soldiers from Russia," but it hasn't integrated with the composition's imagery. It is extrinsic. To its left, the composition has gone about the business of its rainy day by slow-dancing the hundred and eleven down a diagonal between the human matter of umbrellas ("Chopin's and other funeral marches") and the celestial matter of the rain, but the words in the black band don't sing that music.
George Grantham Bain Collection Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014709235/. Post-processed for contrast and detail.
But in the rain the silent tree, leafless but living, curving itself down over the music and the dead in obedience to a lyric without words . . .
February 13, 2020 February 13, 2020 jonathanmorse
biologycityscapeErnest HemingwaylanguageMichiganphotographyRussian Civil War


On the anniversary of July-August war, and as a gratitude to the important role of the First Aid volunteers, the workers of the Social-Medical and Communication Departments, the Local Committee of the Lebanese Red Cross in Bent Jbeil (South Lebanon) organized a lunch attended by the President of the Lebanese Red Cross Sheikh Sami El Dahdah, the head of the Social-Medical Services Section Mrs. Amina Berri Fawaz, the director of the dept. Mrs. Laila Jaber, the director of Public Relations and communication Dept. Mr. Ayad El Mounzer, the Assistant Manager of the First Aid Dept. Mr. Mohamad Makki, the Chief of South Lebanon district Mr. Daniel Jreis.
Additionally, it was attended by the chiefs of the first aid centers in Tebnine, Rmeich, Chebaa, Marjeyoun, Hasbaya, Tyre, and the first aiders in Tebnine and Rmeich. In addition to that the ceremony was attended by the Delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Tyre and the Delegate of the Belgian Red Cross in Lebanon.
Then honorary shields were given to Sheikh El Dahdah, Mrs. Fawaz, Mrs. Jaber, and the delegates of the International Committee and the Belgian Red Cross, the chiefs of the first aid centers in the region, Mr. Makki and Mr. Jreis. On the other hand, Mr. El Monzer and Mr. Saad received a special shield on behalf of the public relations and communication department as an appreciation to its significant role.
Also, the first aiders received appreciation certificates and medals for their significant services. Mr. Makki received two shields on behalf of Mrs. Rosy Boulos, the head of the First Aid department and Mr. Georges Kettaneh, the director of the department.
At the end of the ceremony, Sheikh El Dahdah expressed his appreciation to the work and the efforts of the first aiders and the workers in the Lebanese Red Cross during the last war and the disasters that occurred in Lebanon. All that reflected a positive humanitarian image in the Lebanese society and gave a push to the society at the local, regional, and international levels. He thanked the administration and the volunteers and the Bent Jbeil committee for their generous gesture towards those who worked in silence to safeguard the human dignity.
In another field and in the aim of education and medical guidance, Bent Jbeil Center, in cooperation with the World Health Organization, held a seminar about diabetes and its prevention methods with the participation of physicians and specialists. The seminar offered those present a free test and 5 diabetometers distributed by lottery.
Also, in cooperation with the World Health Organization and the Medical Center of Bent Jbeil district, another seminar was held about Malta fever "its reasons, preventions, and treatment". A number of specialized physicians from the District's medical center, the World Health Organization, Hammoud Hospital, and the Ministry of Agriculture lectured in the seminar.


This unique Nahawand is in good, used condition, with a unique design and fantastic vintage appearance.
The rug is made of soft wool and also was professionally cleaned.
Wonderful opportunity for an enthusiast/collector. Valuable carpet.
The carpet will be sent registered and insured, with track & trace.


text:
Q: How can I format date to string in javascript? How can i format date in JS given in this format: Mon Jan 08 1996 00:00:00 GMT+0100  to string like this: "1996-01-06T23:00:00.000Z" ?

A:

var str = "Mon Jan 08 1996 00:00:00 GMT+0100";

var date = new Date(str);

console.log(date.toISOString());

Make the string a date object, then convert it to ISO format. That's all there is.

A: use the following :
var event = new Date('Mon Jan 08 1996 00:00:00 GMT+0100');
console.log(event.toISOString());

A: *

*First convert Mon Jan 08 1996 00:00:00 GMT+0100 to Date using new Date() function.

*Second convert the new date into ISO format using toISO() function.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


MAGIC, mystery and murder run through this high-concept adaptation of the ancient middle-Eastern tales, staged as a festive offering by the RSC.
Festive? Er, not exactly. By the interval, we've had a dead body quartered in front of our eyes, then magically reassembled in an illusionist's trick. In the second half, there are ghouls, ghosts and even a spot of cannibalism to keep the kiddies entertained.
All of which explains why the rating for this imaginatively staged production comes complete with a significant health warning: children may well be seriously disturbed by what's on offer.
The darkness of tone damagingly undermines the whole show, raising the important question of who this is actually aimed at. As a piece of theatre, it's clever, colourful and meticulously crafted. As a bit of seasonal frivolity, it's way over the top.
Director Dominic Cooke stages his own script, using the rather suspect device of having each character narrate their own particular lines and actions. At times, the result borders on a theatre-in-education style of drama by numbers as everyone tells us what they're about to do, then acts it out for us in case we haven't got the point: show and tell, rather than show not tell.
But Georgia McGuinness's design is appropriately opulent and flowing, and the large disc of sand at the centre of the Courtyard stage is intelligently used to reinforce the action.
The performances are sound, with a particularly strong king from Silas Carson and a central thread provided by Ayesha Dharker as Shahrazad, the overall storyteller. It looks magnificent, has moments of breathtaking inventiveness – such as a crystal ball with a life of its own – and features a huge cast telling a wide variety of tales.
Just don't take the little ones along expecting an Arabian night of merriment.
THE pedigree for this latest production of Shakespeare's popular comedy is impeccable. Directed by the gifted Gregory Doran, it stars Richard Wilson as the pompous steward Malvolio and features The Vicar of Dibley's James Fleet and telly veteran Richard McCabe among its supporting cast.
That the result should be so conventional and – dare one say it? – lacklustre is something of a mystery.
Placed in a vaguely Middle Eastern court, sumptuously dressed by designer Robert Jones, it's highly traditional fare and remarkably understated for a director of Doran's fertile imagination. The only really clever innovation is a wonderful box tree, flown in from on high for the three drunken conspirators to watch as Malvolio falls for their devious trick.
Curiously, it's the star names that disappoint most. Maybe it's to do with the expectation of Victor Meldrew as an outraged servant, or Hugo Horton as a foppish dandy, but the reality never quite lives up to the billing and it's all a little… well, ordinary.
Elsewhere, there are some fine performances among the roles that are normally either tedious or tricky. Jo Stone-Fewings is a lyrical Duke Orsino, matched by a feisty Olivia in Alexandra Gilbreath, and the thankless parts of the separated twins, Viola and Sebastian, are given some real substance by Nancy Carroll and Sam Alexander.
For A-level students or first-timers, this is a sound, solid, safe introduction to the play, and does the RSC no discredit at all. For anyone hoping for greater things from the roll-call of talent, prepare to adjust your expectations.
AS the opening gambit in a huge, four-year project exploring theatre in the former Soviet Union, RSC artistic director Michael Boyd has commissioned two new plays from Russian writers to launch the whole Revolutions enterprise.
The Grain Store focuses on the effects of Stalin's disastrous collectivisation policy in the early 1930s on a divided Ukrainian village. The Drunks takes as its theme the corruption at the heart of small-town Russian politics.
That neither manages to exploit such rich seams to move its audience at any emotional level is a significant failing.
Natal'ia Vorozhbit uses her grim historical backdrop to tell a pretty conventional doomed love story between party activist pauper Arsei (Tunji Kasim) and better-off farmer's daughter Mokrina (Samantha Young). But neither character is rounded enough or sympathetic enough to support the scale of the epic catastrophe of starvation that engulfs their lives, and any potential power in their mutual destruction is lost.
There are some fine performances – among them John Mackay as the callous government representative presiding over the region and Forbes Masson as a good-hearted but misguided local grandee – and Michael Boyd's own direction lends a sure-footed feel to the unfolding drama but, ironically, there's not enough sustenance for a full-length, main stage production.
Brothers Mikhail and Vyacheslav Durnenkov, meanwhile, draw on absurdism, Python and even Tarantino in their utterly bizarre creation The Drunks, in which a wounded veteran of the Chechen wars returns to his home town to find everything has changed.
The battle between two local bigwigs to commandeer the veteran's heroic credentials provides the basis for much anarchic, caricatured broad humour, and Brian Doherty and Darrell D'Silva make the most of their monstrous roles.
But it's all too scattergun and slight – reinforced by some bewildering creative decisions from director Anthony Neilson – to rise above the level of an experimental, sub-Ionescu attempt at satire. Even the laughs are too inconsistent and unfunny to save the day, and at almost two hours with no interval, it starts to drag like a Russian winter's night.
Royal Shakespeare Company, Courtyard Theatre, Stratford, until October 2, 2009.
IT'S one of Shakespeare's most political, conspiratorial and dynamic dramas, outlining an epic revolution that changed the course of an empire with a wave of bloody violence and retribution.
So it's quite an achievement to make it seem tame and a little bit lacklustre.
RSC debutant Lucy Bailey – a director with an eye for imagery and spectacle – somehow manages to miss her mark with this production, staging every battle of words as a shouting contest and losing the intrigues of the scheming Roman senate in the process.
She's not helped, either, by the normally ultra-reliable designer William Dudley, whose computer-generated back-projections of an angry mob or a city in flames become merely a source of irritation after a promising start. Costume designer Fotini Dimou also undermines the power of the Roman aristocracy by dressing them in a collection of bizarrely feminine outfits that wouldn't look out of place in a support group of pre-op transsexuals.
Sight lines and inaudibility continue to be a problem in The Courtyard, and more than one punter failed to return after the interval, complaining of simply not being able to hear – an unforgivable failing in a company so dedicated to rendering Shakespeare accessible to all.
Among the performances, Sam Troughton makes a decent fist of Brutus, if looking more like a truculent school prefect than a world-shattering revolutionary. Oliver Ryan catches the eye in the minor role of co-conspirator Casca, while Darrell D'Silva's Mark Antony is more thuggish schemer than noble statesman. Greg Hicks in the title role passively allows his tragedy to unfold around him – not unlike his toga, which almost caused a tragedy of its own as he mounted the senate steps and caught his foot in a dangling swathe. It was an all-too-rare heartstopping moment.
There's no lack of ambition with this ensemble, which will be together for another two years. What's missing so far is any sense of depth, of substance. Perhaps the bar was set so high with the recent Histories that the RSC has been trumped by its own magnificence. Here's hoping the new young company can match the heights of its ambition and grow into itself over the next dozen or so productions together.
Royal Shakespeare Company, Courtyard Theatre, Stratford, until October 3, 2009.
IT feels like the start of another long endeavour for the RSC. After the phenomenal, and deserved, success of The Histories cycle across two years with the same ensemble, artistic director Michael Boyd is out to do it again.
This time, he's assembled a huge company designed to stay together for two and a half years, performing 14 productions of classical and contemporary work. It's just a shame the whole exciting project kicks off with a whimper, not a bang.
Directed by new RSC associate David Farr, this Winter's Tale is aptly named: long, colourless and lacking warmth. It's hard to pinpoint where the problems begin, but they end with a production that somehow appears to aim for all the right notes yet consistently just misses.
To be fair, it's perfectly serviceable as a conventional, by rote example of Shakespeare for the sixth-former. The trouble is that the early years of Boyd's tenure have set the bar so high that this no longer seems adequate for the RSC or The Courtyard.
Greg Hicks is a monochrome monarch, giving Leontes little in the way of light and shade. He appears mildly annoyed at the thought of his queen's infidelity, stretching himself to rather upset over the death of his son.
Among the peasantry in Bohemia, where things should be comical, whimsical and a bit lairy, instead it's all too pedestrian, relying on comedy accents and prosthetic willies to inject any sense of festivity. Even the witty rogue Autolycus – a charmless, seedy interpretation from Brian Doherty – fails to ignite an evening of drabness, underscored by some alarmingly droning, unhelpful music by Keith Clouston.
When the dramatic highlight comes in the form of some impressively collapsing bookcases, you know there's something missing from the performances. And with two and a half years ahead, that's a problem that warrants serious attention.


text:
Two adults shot at high school football game in Florida: reports
By Elizabeth Zwirz, Amy Lieu, | Fox News
Gunshots erupted at a Florida high school Friday night during a football game, multiple reports said. (@PBFireFootball)
Two men were shot during a practice football game at a Florida high school Friday night, prompting an evacuation of the stadium, multiple reports said.
One of the men was in critical condition in a local hospital, the Palm Beach Post reported.
It was unclear if the men were spectators, or employed by one of the schools involved in the game.
The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office issued a cryptic tweet, suggesting the victims may have been targeted.
"Both victims are adult males and not students in the PBC School system. This was not a result of a current altercation or a random act of violence," the tweet read.
Officials said no suspect was in custody as of late Friday night, but, "The investigation is very active and ongoing," the tweet said.
Witnesses said the stands were full during the fourth quarter of the preseason game between Palm Beach Central and William T. Dwyer high schools when they heard the gunfire.
It was not immediately clear whether the shots were fired inside or near the stadium -- although at least one witness claimed to know where the shooting started.
"We heard four pops. It was under where the band sits at the south end of the bleachers," Lynn Monnette, who attended the game, told the Post. " ... (S)hoes were flying everywhere. Personal belongings. And people were screaming and running."
Law enforcement began receiving reports of gunfire around 9:15 p.m., Teri Barbera, a spokeswoman for the sheriff's office, told the Sun-Sentinel.
Attendees were quickly evacuated from the area, WPEC-TV of West Palm Beach reported.
A reporter for the Palm Beach Post, who appeared to be at the game, tweeted that there was a "huge police presence" at the school and law enforcement officers on the scene were "armed with rifles."
"Everyone just took off from the field and the stands," reporter Ryan DiPentima tweeted. "Something is happening. Cops are responding. People are reporting three shots heard."
A helicopter arrived at the scene "and a man is being treated on the track," he said.
"It's horrible," Wellington Mayor Anne Gerwig told the Post. "Right now we're just trying to get the most information we can."
The names of the two people shot have not been released.
This is a developing story. Please check back for updates.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1On an Android device, go to the Play Store. On an Apple device, go to the App Store. Search and Download the "Côr 5C/7C Thermostat" app. Thermostat must be connected to the Internet and connected to a user account.


Wisconsin coach Paul Chryst, easily one of the most even-keeled personalities in his profession, succinctly summarized the state of his program following a devastating home loss to BYU on Saturday.
"We have not arrived," he told reporters at his weekly media conference on Tuesday. "We didn't think we arrived. Each week we're going to get tested differently."
This week against Iowa, the test is the Badgers' resiliency, but they're hardly alone.
While the Pac-12 highlights the Week 4 lineup with Stanford at Oregon (8 p.m. ET, ABC), the Big Ten is leading a week of bounce-back opportunities. It all starts with Wisconsin, which suffered the worst upset of the season to date at the hands of BYU and now travels to Iowa for a series that has determined the winner of the Big Ten West every season since 2014. Michigan State is coming off a bye and still needs to shake off the loss to Arizona State, and Michigan has a chance to show it's making progress -- albeit against a downtrodden Nebraska team that also happens to be looking for a comeback.
It's not all about the Big Ten, though.
The storyline: Forget the College Football Playoff for a minute. If the Badgers can't beat Iowa, they might not even win their own division. And if Wisconsin doesn't win the entire Big Ten, the Badgers don't stand a chance at finishing in the top four. According to Football Power Index, Wisconsin would have a 71 percent chance to win the West Division with a win on Saturday, while Iowa would have a 68 percent chance if it wins. The Hawkeyes are well-coached, respectable opponents who have derailed playoff contenders before. Last year, the selection committee couldn't get past Ohio State's 55-24 loss at Iowa and kept the Buckeyes out of the top four in large part because of it. In 2016, then-No. 3 Michigan lost at Iowa, 14-13. Wisconsin is already a long shot for the playoff, but lose to Iowa, and it's an afterthought.
The storyline: A loss to Texas would be a significant blow to the Horned Frogs' hopes of winning the Big 12, and it would almost certainly eliminate them from the CFP discussion. The Horned Frogs could cling to hope if they finish as a one-loss conference champion, but the odds of that are slim, as Oklahoma, West Virginia and Oklahoma State are all currently top-15 opponents -- and TCU has to travel to Morgantown on Nov. 10. Even if TCU somehow manages to run the table, it would likely still need some chaos in other leagues to finish in the top four. The good news? History is on the Frogs' side. TCU has defeated Texas the past four seasons and is 5-1 against the Longhorns since entering the Big 12 in 2012.
The storyline: Been there, done that. The question is if Auburn can do it again. The Tigers lost to LSU last year -- as well as Clemson in Week 2 -- but battled back to win out, knocking off Georgia and Alabama on the way to the SEC championship game. "Anytime you have a lot of players who experienced something the year before, they can definitely rely and recall back," Auburn coach Gus Malzahn said on Wednesday. "Our guys, obviously, it was a tough loss, especially the way it ended. But, hey, it's early in the season, a lot of football to be played. I really feel like we've got a good team. We just need to continue to improve and need to put last week behind us." Auburn doesn't have much of a choice. A second league loss could keep the Tigers out of the SEC title game. The committee considered Auburn as a two-loss team last year because the Tigers twice beat the group's No. 1-ranked team and advanced to the conference championship game. It's unlikely the committee would take a two-loss team that didn't win its division.
The storyline: The Irish are 3-0 heading into their first road game of the season, but they do need a comeback of sorts -- offensively. Of the past 16 CFP semifinalists, 14 have entered bowl season ranked among the top 10 nationally in scoring margin -- including all eight teams the past two years. The Irish have won each of their first three games by a touchdown or less. Their struggles tend to come later, as Notre Dame is averaging less than a touchdown per game in the second half and just 3.9 yards per play, after scoring 17 points per game and 6.0 yards per play in the first half. "We've been fairly balanced," coach Brian Kelly told reporters this week. "We haven't attacked at all times, and we haven't been proficient at scoring touchdowns. So we've got some work to do." And not a lot of time to do it. The Irish face Stanford on Sept. 29, followed by a road trip to Virginia Tech on Oct. 6, arguably the most difficult remaining game on their schedule. Now isn't the time for error.
The storyline: The Wolverines aren't coming off a loss, but they are looking to take the first step toward winning the program's first conference title since 2004. With Nebraska struggling at 0-2, it appears Michigan should have the upper hand, but the Wolverines haven't exactly looked like championship material themselves. Remember, the game against SMU was tied 7-7 in the first half. Michigan had 13 penalties for 137 yards. The good news for Michigan is that its most difficult games -- against Wisconsin, Michigan State, Penn State and Ohio State -- don't start until mid-October. Until then, Michigan has to make sure its penalties and other problems don't cost them more than yardage.
The storyline: Yes, the home loss to Clemson was two weeks ago, and the Aggies handled their business against UL Monroe last week, but this is their next opportunity against a ranked opponent. Though this is on the road. Against the No. 1 team in the country. This is where Jimbo Fisher can show how much progress the team has made from the loss to Clemson and will be his first measure of the gap between his program and the best in the country. Fisher said on Wednesday that he learned some things about his team that can help them in Tuscaloosa. "We got hit in the mouth a couple of times, we got behind, kids didn't fold," he said. "They just kept playing the next play, and they played themselves back to have a chance to have success in the game. Hopefully, those will be the same characteristics. If those situations occur on Saturday, we can do that."
The storyline: As if squandering a 10-point, fourth-quarter lead wasn't painful enough for Michigan State, ASU went on to lose to San Diego State last week (so the Sun Devils have some recovery of their own to do). The Spartans had an early bye week, so this will be their first opportunity to win since the Aug. 31 opener against Utah State. The Spartans entered the season at No. 11 in the preseason Associated Press poll, and while they might not be a legitimate CFP contender, the rest of the Big Ten could benefit from its ranked teams staying ranked by the committee. A loss to IU on Saturday would be another dent in the league's depth, and it would absolutely eliminate any long-shot odds of Michigan State flirting with the top four.


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Machine learning (ML) techniques have in recent years found application in many problems in physics, and are being increasingly adopted by the physics community. The most common application is the study of phase transitions \cite{carrasquilla2017machine, van2017learning, CORTE2021, Ponte2017, Wang2016, Wang2017, IntrinsicDimension2021}, but ML has also been used to study problems such as the prediction of crystal structures \cite{fischer2006predicting, Crystal2003}, the processing of neutron scattering data \cite{samarakoon2020}, the speed-up of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations \cite{RBM-MonteCarlo}, the renormalization  group (RG) transformation \cite{koch2018mutual,RG-ML}, quantum state tomography \cite{torlai2018neural}, and many-body quantum states encoding \cite{carleo2017},
among many others\cite{Review-ML-physics}.  The relationship between ML and RG, and the possible implementation of RG schemes through neural networks (NNs) is particularly intriguing, as it brings together what is arguably the most important single concept of statistical physics of the second half of the XXth century with a field of artificial intelligence that has experienced spectacular growth in the last decade.

The recently introduced notion of Neural Network flow \cite{RBMFlow0, RBMFlow} provides in principle a possible realization of the coarse-graining transformation, which is the first step of the RG.  The idea is that a NN trained to reproduce images, such as an autoencoder (AE), can be fed an image to be reproduced, and this reproduction can be fed back into the NN, thus generating a sequence (See Fig. \ref{fig:AE}, \ref{fig:flujo} and Sec. \ref{sec:auto-encoder}).  Since the reproduced image contains errors, the procedure generates different images at each iteration, until eventually reaching a fixed point, i.e.\ an image that can be exactly reproduced by the NN.  If the NN is an AE with a hidden layer smaller than the input layer, this dimensional reduction forces the NN to do a sort of coarse-graining of the image.  The result is a flow of coarse-graining-like transformation that is similar to the RG flow, albeit with the lack of the (crucial) rescaling RG step.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/AE1.png}
    \caption{Diagram of an AE. To the left, the input layer. At the center, the latent space, where data is compressed. At the right, the output layer. }
    \label{fig:AE}
\end{figure}

This flow was studied in Refs.~\onlinecite{RBMFlow0}, \onlinecite{RBMFlow}, and \onlinecite{giataganas2021neural}, and it was found to be related to the actual RG flow of the physical system under consideration.  In \onlinecite{RBMFlow0} and \onlinecite{RBMFlow}, the NN flow was implemented on a Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) network.
The network was trained with Monte Carlo configurations of an Ising spin system at various temperatures and magnetic fields.

\begin{figure*}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/flujoNN2.png}
    \caption{Diagram of the AE flow, generated by consecutive reconstructions of spin configurations made by a trained AE. }
    \label{fig:flujo}
\end{figure*}

The flows obtained by feeding back to the network reproduced images were found to have fixed points, which appear to correspond to points in the phase diagram where the Ising models present specific heat maxima. In this manner, the RBM flow would spontaneously identify the phase transition of the Ising model.
In Ref.~\onlinecite{giataganas2021neural} a similar flow was obtained using both autoencoders and variational autoencoders (VAEs). The broad finding of these papers is that RBMs and AEs can be trained and set up to obtain a transformation that acts like an ``anti-RG'', producing a flow that takes images to the critical point.

Here we revisit the NN-flow of the Ising model with a standard AE.  We show that, although certain features of the NN-flow fixed point can be associated with critical configurations of the system, others do not.  We find that NN-flow has non trivial dependencies on the reconstruction error, on the intrinsic dimension of the system\cite{IntrinsicDimension2021}, and on the way in which the NN is trained.  Most importantly, there are a multitude of fixed points in image space, and most of them cannot be said to be related to the unstable fixed point of the RG (i.e.\ the critical point).

\section{Model and neural network}

\subsection{The Ising model}

We test the NN-flow ideas on the very well known Ising ferromagnet in $d=2$ dimensions, with periodic boundary conditions, first-neighbor interactions and no external field.  It is defined by the energy
\begin{equation}
 \mathcal{H} = - J \sum_{\langle i,j \rangle} \sigma_i \sigma_j,
 \label{eq:H}
\end{equation}
where ${\langle i,j \rangle}$ stands for nearest neighbor pairs on a square lattice, $J$ is the spin-spin coupling constant (here set to one), and $\sigma=\pm 1$.  The order parameter is the magnetization per spin,
\begin{equation}
 m= \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i} \sigma_{i},
 \label{eq:m}
\end{equation}
where $N$ is the number of sites. This model presents a continuous transition between the paramagnetic phase and the ordered phase, which in the thermodynamic limit is known to be at $T_c=2/(\ln{(1+\sqrt{2})}) \approx 2.269$.
For this work, we have generated a set of equilibrium configurations on a $30\times30$ square lattice with standard single-spin flip Metropolis Monte Carlo \cite{newman1999monte}.  We have run 400 independent simulations, starting from the disordered phase (initial temperature $T_0=4.5$).  Each simulation was run at a fixed temperature belonging to a set of 200 evenly-spaced temperatures in the range $[0.02,T_0]$ until equilibrium was reached, and the final spin configuration was saved.  Thus we generated a set  of $80000$ configurations, or images.  We used $60000$ configurations as training data, of which 10\% was taken as validation data, to monitor training and choosing network hyperparameters.  The remaining $20000$ configurations ($100$ for each temperature) constitute our test set.

\subsection{The autoencoder}
\label{sec:auto-encoder}

AEs\cite{Goodfellow-et-al-2016} are neural networks whose aim is to make an approximate copy of the given input, $\boldsymbol{x}$. They consist of two parts, encoder and decoder (see Fig. \ref{fig:AE}).  The former generates a representation $\boldsymbol{z}$ of each data point $\boldsymbol{x}$ in the so called latent space, which typically has a lower dimension that the original space in which data is embedded. The latter takes the representation $\boldsymbol{z}$ and reconstructs an approximate copy
$\bar{\boldsymbol{x}}$ of the encoder input, $ \boldsymbol{x}$.
The AE trainable parameters are learned minimizing the mean square error (mse) between the input and the output for all the elements in the training set, $X$:

\begin{equation}
 mse(X)= \frac{1}{|X| N} \sum_{\boldsymbol{x}\in X} |\boldsymbol{x} - \bar{\boldsymbol{x}}|^2,
 \label{eq:mse}
\end{equation}
where $|X|$ is the number of elements in $X$.  Unlike RBMs, AEs are deterministic functions which map $\boldsymbol{x}$ to $\bar{\boldsymbol{x}}$, and do not learn the underlying probability distribution of the data.  This task can be addressed with VAEs \cite{chollet2021deep,Goodfellow-et-al-2016}, but we do not consider those here.

In this work we use fully connected AEs with a single hidden layer of $N_l$ units, as they are the simplest neural network reported to be capable of generating a flow of configurations towards the critical point \cite{giataganas2021neural}.  The training was done with a fixed number of 50 epochs, batch size of 512, and a learning rate equal to  $10^{-3}$. The trainable parameters are learned minimizing the cost function \eqref{eq:mse} through gradient descent using back propagation.
All neural network calculations are performed with Tensorflow \cite{tensorflow_developers_2021_5799851}.

The input is a vector of 900 components that only take the (normalized) values $0,1$, but the components of the reconstructed copy $\bar{\boldsymbol{x}}$ are real numbers between 0 and 1.
Therefore, before feeding back the image to the AE or otherwise processing the output, we round each component to 0 or 1.
As a consequence, when computing the reconstruction error (RE) the rounding procedure implies that every wrong pixel contributes $1/N$ to the mse of a single configuation, being $N$ the number of sites.
This allows to discretize the RE, and allows the possibility to have perfect reconstructions, where the RE is exactly zero.

\section{Results}

\subsection{AE-flow}
\label{sec:Results-AE-flow}

To study the properties of the NN flow we choose to monitor the energy and magnetization of each configuration using~\eqref{eq:H} and~\eqref{eq:m}.  This is in contrast to Ref.~\onlinecite{giataganas2021neural}, where the authors used the temperature, determined through a different neural network, previously trained to measure the temperature of a configuration.  We prefer to stick to energy and magnetization, which are clearly defined physical variables, rather than resort to an unnecessary black box.  As we shall see, the present approach shows that the NN flow cannot be described by a temperature.

Figure \ref{fig:E-flow-128} shows the energy flow starting from a group of $100$ configurations with initial temperature $T_i=4.5$ for $N_l=128$.  We observe that the energy  flows to a fixed point around the equilibrium energy of the system's critical temperature.  This value, indicated by the colored shadow in Fig.~\ref{fig:E-flow-128}, was obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations.  We have checked that for the fixed point all the reconstructed images are identical to the input images pixel by pixel, i.e.\ the reconstruction error is null.
As reference, the energy per spin of saturated configurations is $E_0=-2$, whereas the energy per spin of the system at infinite temperature is $E_\infty=0$.
The same figure shows another set of configurations (with $T_i=1.5$), that flow to another fixed point, far from the critical region: a perfectly ordered configuration.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figs/Eflow_T0p0.pdf}
    \caption{Energy evolution in the NN flow.  We plot the average energy per spin vs.\ the number of iterations, for $100$ independent initial configurations, where error bars correspond to the standard deviation.
    Two different initial temperatures $T_i=4.5$ and $T_i=1.5$ are taken to show two different fixed points. The colored shadow denotes the range of energies within dispersion that corresponds to the critical point of the system.}
    \label{fig:E-flow-128}
\end{figure}

The existence of more than one fixed point can be understood from the curve of RE vs.\ temperature (Fig. \ref{fig:RE-T-128}).  When training a NN, the metrics are typically reported as an average over the whole training and/or validation sets. However, the metrics can display large fluctuations within each set, as it happens in this case: the RE is zero for perfectly ordered snapshots and it increases as the temperature increases.  The critical temperature (vertical dashed line in the figure) roughly coincides with the inflection point in the mean RE curve, as was observed in Ref.~\onlinecite{Acevedo2021}  in the context of anomaly detection.  We must emphasize that the RE in Fig.~\ref{fig:RE-T-128} is \emph{finite} for all configurations that are not fully magnetized ($m=\pm1$): this implies that the fixed point for the high-temperature configurations of Fig.~\ref{fig:E-flow-128}  corresponds to configurations that are physically very unlikely.

This becomes more clear if we also monitor the magnetization of the configurations along the flow.  Fig.~\ref{fig:m-flow-128-t-cut-0} shows the magnetization flow for $N_l=128$. For $T_i=4.5$ the dispersion is higher than observed for the energy flow.  The fixed point is also observed in the magnetization flow (as it must, since it is actually a fixed point in the flow of configurations),  but the magnetization at the fixed point is quite far from the critical magnetization (recall that at $T_c$, $m=0$ in the thermodynamic limit, but for a finite system $m$ is finite and size-dependent).  This shows that the flux produces configurations that are physically very unlikely, i.e.\ highly improbable when sampling from the Boltzmann distribution at finite temperature.  The fixed-point configurations have an energy close to the critical point energy, but a much lower magnetization.  For $T_i=1.5$, on the other hand, the fixed point is the ground state of the system, where $E=E_0$ and $m=\pm1$.

In Ref.~\onlinecite{giataganas2021neural}, low-temperature configurations were also reported to flow towards the critical point, in contrast to our finding above.  To understand how low-temperature configurations can flow to the critical point, we introduce a parameter $T_{cut}$, which sets a lower bound for the temperatures to be included in the training set.
This parameter induces strong modifications in the RE as a function of temperature and consequently in the AE flow.
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/RE_NL_128_T_cut_0p0.pdf}
    \caption{ Reconstruction Error (RE) as a function of temperature. Each black dot is the RE of a single configuration. Orange crosses denote the mean RE at each temperature. The dashed gray vertical line corresponds to the exact critical temperature of the system in the thermodynamic limit.}
    \label{fig:RE-T-128}
\end{figure}
Fig.~\ref{fig:RE_V} shows that for high $T_{cut}$ the RE rises at low temperatures.
This rise in the RE for ordered configurations is not unexpected, since for this value of $T_{cut}$ the training set includes no ordered configurations. This is similar to the situation encountered using Anomaly Detection\cite{AnomalyDetectionPRL}.

Interestingly, Fig.~\ref{fig:RE_V} shows that for $T_{cut} \geq 2.6$ the RE is minimum for a temperature that is outside the range of training temperatures, i.e.\ to the left of $T_{cut}$, but in the paramagnetic phase, i.e.\ to the right of $T_c$.  The presence of this minimum is non-trivial and could be related to the fact that the intrinsic dimension ($I_d$) of the input images has a local minimum at $T_c$ \cite{IntrinsicDimension2021}. The $I_d$ is defined in Ref.~\onlinecite{IntrinsicDimension2021} as ``the minimum number of variables needed to accurately describe the important features of a data set''.
Trivially,  $I_d=1$  at zero temperature, so that a saturated configurations can be perfectly reproduced with only one neuron that learns the order parameter (using an AE), or with only one principal component (using principal component analysis\cite{Wetzel2017}).  At sufficiently high temperature, $I_d=N$, since every spin is independent\cite{IntrinsicDimension2021}.
Since the AE is doing dimensional reduction in the latent space, it is natural to expect that reconstruction is better when $N_l$ exceeds the intrinsic dimension of data, which is temperature-dependent.
The final performance of the network will depend both in $N_l$ and training parameters.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/mflow_T0p0.pdf}
    \caption{Absolute value of the magnetization flow (per spin) as a function of the number of AE reconstructions, for $100$ independent realizations of the system. Two different initial temperatures $T_i=4.5$ and $T_i=1.5$ are taken to show two different fixed points. The colored shadow denotes the range of magnetizations within dispersion that corresponds to the critical point of the system.}
    \label{fig:m-flow-128-t-cut-0}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig:RE_V} is instructive to understand why it is possible to observe the AE-flow head towards configurations that may appear critical. For high temperatures the RE is high because of the high $I_d$ of data. For low temperatures, the RE is also high  because the configurations with small $I_d$ have been removed from the training set.  One would expect that, if the flow has a physical fixed point, it would correspond to a minimum of the curve of Fig.~\ref{fig:RE_V} with an RE very close to 0 (if the fixed point were the critical state, this minimum would be at $T_c$).  Instead, we observe in Fig.~\ref{fig:RE_V} and in general that when the RE curve develops a local minimum, the critical temperature does not match this minimum but roughly coincides with the inflection point in the mean RE curve (as in Fig.~\ref{fig:RE-T-128} and in Ref.~\onlinecite{Acevedo2021}).

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/RE128.pdf}
    \caption{Mean RE as a function of temperature for $N_l=128$ and several values of $T_{cut}$. The dashed gray vertical line corresponds to the exact critical temperature of the system in the thermodynamic limit. The curves with $T_{cut} = 2.2,2.3,2.4$ are overlapped.
    }
    \label{fig:RE_V}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Energy and magnetization in the reconstructed configurations}

Fig.~\ref{fig:E_1_T_cut_1.5} shows the MC equilibrium energy vs.\ temperature, together with the energy of the first AE-reconstructed configurations vs.\ the temperature of the initial configuration and for different values of $N_l$.  It is clear that the reconstructed energy is systematically smaller, which agrees with the energy flow from Fig.~\ref{fig:E-flow-128}.  The same plot for the magnetization (Fig.~\ref{fig:m_1_T_cut_1.5}) shows that the reconstructed magnetization is higher than the original for low $N_l$, but can be correctly reproduced with $N_l=512$.  The lower reconstructed energy together with a slightly higher magnetization is consistent with a reconstruction process that does a sort of coarse-graining of the image, blurring interfaces and producing a configuration with larger domains and fewer domain walls, i.e.\ lower energy.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/Reconstructed_E_T_cut_1p5.pdf}
    \caption{Energy (per spin) as a function of temperature. In black, Monte Carlo sampled configurations. In different colors, the corresponding energies of the first reconstruction made by AEs with different number of neurons in the latent space $(N_l)$. In black solid line, $T_{cut}=1.5$. In gray dashed line the exact critical temperature  of the system in the thermodynamic limit. }
    \label{fig:E_1_T_cut_1.5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/Reconstructed_m_T_cut_1p5.pdf}
    \caption{Magnetization per spin as a function of temperature. In black, Monte Carlo sampled configurations. In different colors, the corresponding magnetizations of the first reconstruction made by AEs with different number of neurons in the latent space $(N_l)$. In black solid line, $T_{cut}=1.5$. In gray dashed line the exact critical temperature  of the system in the thermodynamic limit.}
    \label{fig:m_1_T_cut_1.5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/sqrtN.pdf}
    \caption{Average reconstructed magnetization for the highest training temperature ($T=4.5$) vs.  $N_l$; i.e., the last value of $m$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:m_1_T_cut_1.5}.  The continuous line is the function $1/\sqrt{N_l}$.}
    \label{fig:sqrtN}
\end{figure}

Fig. \ref{fig:sqrtN} shows the average magnetization at our highest training temperature ($T=4.5$) as a function of $N_l$; i.e., the last value of $m$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:m_1_T_cut_1.5}, for each $N_l$.  For comparison we plot the function $1/ \sqrt{N_l}$, which is the mean absolute value of the magnetization of $N_l$ random spins (and corresponds to the situation of  model \eqref{eq:H} for $T\gg 1$).
We see a good agreement between this two quantities, which could be interpreted as follows. For high enough temperature spins are uncorrelated, and the $N$ random Ising variables have $m\approx 1/\sqrt{N}$ (we have checked that this value agrees within dispersion with the magnetization of our Monte Carlo simulation at our highest training temperature). After a single forward pass through the AE, the number of degrees of freedom is roughly $N_l$ due to the compression in the latent space.  Then, the resulting reconstructed images (of size $N \times N$) are ``as random as possible'' with $N_l$ degrees of freedom, and thus have the same mean magnetization as a colection of only $N_l$ random Ising variables.

\subsection{Flow dependence with $N_l$ and $T_{cut}$}

From the above discussion of AE-flow and RE, and given that for sufficiently high $N_l$ the reconstructions should be good at all temperatures, one would expect that for high enough $N_l$ every configuration should be a fixed point, or very close to one.  Fig.~\ref{fig:E_star_h} shows how the fixed-point energy $E^*$ (the energy at the end of the flow) depends on both $N_l$ and $T_{cut}$ for configurations with initial temperature $T_i=4.5$.  $E^*$ increases monotonically with the number neurons in the latent space.  We see thus that configurations in general do not flow towards the critical region, but that one can find a network and a training scheme that stops both below or above the critical energy range.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/E_star_T_i_4p53.pdf}
    \caption{ Final energy of the AE-flow, $E^*$, as a function of the number of variables in the latent space, $N_l$, for several values of $T_{cut}$. The initial group of configurations has a shared temperature of $T_i=4.5$. The blue shadow corresponds to the energy of the system at the critical point within dispersion (1 sigma). The orange shadow corresponds to the energy of the system at $T=T_i$, within dispersion (1 sigma).}
    \label{fig:E_star_h}
\end{figure}

The behavior of $E^*$ with $N_l$ for flows starting with configurations at $T_i=1.5$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:E_star}.  We see again that for high enough $N_l$ the initial configurations are fixed points, and that  $E^*$ is strongly dependent on both $N_l$ and $T_{cut}$.

Finally, Fig.~\ref{fig:RE_star} presents the mean RE for perfectly ordered snapshots and different values of $N_l$ and $T_{cut}$.  This shows two regimes of the AE, where it can or cannot reproduce ordered configurations, and the crossover between them.  Even if the ordered phase is excluded from training, the network can learn how to reconstruct ordered configurations if $N_l$ is high enough.
This result may be interpreted in at least two related ways. On one hand it must be taken into account that even when training in the paramagnetic phase, the system presents short-range ferromagnetic order. This means that the network may have seen and learned to reproduce some locally-ordered domains. On the other hand, as the network has more and more parameters and it is trained to reproduce disordered snapshots, it is trying to achieve a very difficult task. Then, it may be natural for it to also have learned to reproduced perfectly ordered snapshots, which is a much simpler task. A similar situation appears in the anomaly detection context in Ref. \cite{Acevedo2021} (Figs. 9 and 10).

\section{Conclusions}

We have studied how spin configurations of the ferromagnetic 2-$d$ Ising model transform under the flow generated by successive image reconstructions done with a fully connected AE (AE-flow\cite{giataganas2021neural}).  To monitor the flow we chose to follow the order parameter and energy along the successive transformations.  We found that these two quantities behave differently, and depend strongly on the network hyperparameters.  Using an architecture with a single hidden layer with $N_l$ neurons, we found a value of $N_l$ where the final energy of the flow coincides within dispersion with the range of energies that corresponds to the critical temperature of the system (Fig. \ref{fig:E-flow-128}). Nonetheless, for the same configurations the value of the order parameter (the magnetization per spin, $m$) did not agree with the expected physical value (Fig.~\ref{fig:m-flow-128-t-cut-0}), which is zero in the thermodynamic limit but finite for a finite number of spins.  This shows that the configurations produced by the flow are not physical, i.e.\ are very unlikely to be found when sampling from the Boltzmann distribution.

In Ref.~\onlinecite{giataganas2021neural} the flow was monitored with a separate neural network, trained to assign a temperature to each spin configuration.  These authors found that under certain conditions the temperatures in the AE-flow, as assigned by the second neural network, converge to the critical temperature of the system, $T_c$.  Although this neural network approach is interesting, it does not actually allow to check whether the transformed configurations are near the critical point.
Nonetheless, if one insists in monitoring the flow using neural networks, the magnetization, energy and correlation length can be estimated using neural network as regression models\cite{civitciouglu2021machine}.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/E_star_T_i_1p5.pdf}
    \caption{ Final energy of the AE-flow, $E^*$, as a function of the number of variables in the latent space, $N_l$, for several values of $T_{cut}$. The initial group of configurations has a shared temperature of $T_i=1.5$. The blue shadow corresponds to the energy of the system at the critical point within dispersion (1 sigma). The orange shadow corresponds to the energy of the system at $T=T_i$, within dispersion (1 sigma). }
    \label{fig:E_star}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{figs/RE_star.pdf}
    \caption{Mean RE computed on the reconstruction of perfectly ordered configurations (here defined as $\text{RE}_0$), for different values of $N_l$ and $T_{cut}$.}
    \label{fig:RE_star}
\end{figure}

Training an AE with temperatures in the range $[0.02,4.5]$ we found that the quality of the reconstructions is very inhomogeneous:
the reconstruction error (RE) is strongly temperature-dependent, being zero for saturated configurations ($m=\pm1$), and having an inflection point
around $T_c\approx 2.269$ (the same was found in an Anomaly Detection study using AEs in similar spin systems\cite{Acevedo2021}).
As a consequence, configurations from the ferromagnetic phase flow to the saturated state.  In order to study non-saturated fixed points in the AE-flow, we introduced a temperature $T_{cut}$, a lower bound for the temperature of the data included in training, and we found that $T_{cut}$ allows for the formation of a non-trivial local minima of RE as a function of temperature near the critical region (Fig. \ref{fig:RE_V}).  We argue that this minimum should be related to the minimum in the intrinsic dimension (see Sec.~\ref{sec:Results-AE-flow}) of data in $T_c$\cite{IntrinsicDimension2021}. Finally, we showed that there is a strong dependence of the flow on both $T_{cut}$ and  $N_l$ (Figs.~\ref{fig:E_star_h} and~\ref{fig:E_star}).  These results contradict the claim\cite{giataganas2021neural} that the configurations flow towards the critical region: the energy fixed point can be tuned to be higher or lower than the critical energy, depending on the choice $N_l$ and $T_{cut}$.  In any case, even if the hyperparameters are tuned to drive the energy to the critical range, the configurations are not critical in the sense that they are not representative of the Boltzmann ensemble at the critical temperature, as mentioned above.

We interpret the NN-flow in terms of the reconstruction error (RE), since the modification of spin configurations implies necessarily a finite RE, and in our case a fixed point in the flow also implies a vanishing RE.  An interesting and more general situation could be where the fixed point is statistical, i.e., the physical quantities are fixed within dispersion, but the RE is finite.  Whether this situation can be realized with some neural network remains to be established. To realize this scenario, it could be fruitful to implement a set of metrics with physical content, like a cost function that penalizes the error in energy, order parameter, and/or correlation length.  This is a possible line to pursue in future studies.  We hope that our work motivates further research on the neural network flow of spin configurations.

\section{Data availability}

The raw data required to reproduce these findings are available to download from \href{http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/53bshnvwp4.1}{http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/53bshnvwp4.1}. The codes used in this work are available to download from  \href{https://github.com/acevedo-s/NN-flow}{https://github.com/acevedo-s/NN-flow}

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


We offer a wide selection of easy-to-care-for funeral plants. Blooming plants such as azaleas, chrysanthemums or Spring bulbs are flowering potted indoor plants to be displayed at the service or in the home. Green plants, or non-blooming indoor plants, are an elegant alternative to larger arrangements at smaller services. You may also choose a tasteful dish garden of mixed plant varieties or a floor plant to bring a peaceful garden setting to a memorial service.
There are many positive aspects to sending funeral plants, such as expressions of comfort and caring to help the grieving process. Many plants also provide positive health benefits, such as helping to remove toxic gasses in the home through natural air filtrations. Flowering plants with soothing fragrances promote relaxation and general well-being. Plants also make appropriate remembrance gifts on an anniversary or during a holiday, to let the family know you are thinking of them and help alleviate grief or depression.
Losing a loved one is difficult, so sending a gift such as a funeral plant is a great way to show that you care. Sending plants to the funeral service is a way that many people show their commiseration to the family and other mourners. Popular funeral plants include classic peace lilies, dish gardens, and other green plants. Our selection of funeral plants are placed inside of a unique basket to be placed wherever the recipient likes. Other common condolence items can include sympathy plants for the home, sympathy gift baskets and food, and condolence flowers in a vase.
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text:
Marvell (MRVL) Q3 Earnings & Revenues Top Estimates, Up Y/Y
MRVL
Marvell Technology MRVL reported splendid third-quarter fiscal 2022 results, wherein both earnings and revenues not only surpassed the respective Zacks Consensus Estimate but also improved significantly year over year.
California-based Marvell delivered non-GAAP earnings of 43 cents per share beating the consensus mark of 38 cents per share. The bottom line improved 72% from the year-ago quarter.
Marvell reported revenues of $1.21 billion, which outpaced the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $1.15 billion. The top line increased 61% from the year-earlier quarter's reported figure. This upsurge can primarily be attributed to substantial growth in all the end markets. The data center end market witnessed 109% year-over-year growth in the third quarter.
The results from Innovium acquisition in October are included in Marvell's third-quarter performance.
Marvell Technology, Inc. Price, Consensus and EPS Surprise
Marvell Technology, Inc. price-consensus-eps-surprise-chart | Marvell Technology, Inc. Quote
Quarter Details
From second-quarter fiscal 2022, Marvell changed its reporting segments from product basis to end market basis. The new reportable end-market business segments are: data center, carrier infrastructure, enterprise networking, consumer and industrial.
During the third quarter, Marvell's data center revenues soared 109% year over year to $499.7 million. The segment represented 41% of fiscal third-quarter total revenues, highlighting that it is currently Marvell's largest end market when compared to the rest.
Carrier infrastructure revenues, which constituted 18% of total revenues, grew 28% year over year to $215.1 million.
Revenues from enterprise networking jumped 56% year on year to $247.2 million and accounted for 20% of the total revenues.
Consumer revenues, representing 15% of total revenues, climbed 20% to $182.5 million.
Lastly, industrial revenues jumped 114% year over year to $66.6 million. Revenues from the industrial segment constituted 6% of total revenues.
Marvell's non-GAAP gross margin expanded 210 basis points (bps) to 65.1%. Non-GAAP operating expenses flared up 32.4% year over year to $370.5 million. Non-GAAP operating margin expanded 880 bps year on year to 34.5%.
Balance Sheet and Cash Flow
Marvell exited the reported quarter with cash and cash equivalents of $523.5 million compared with the previous quarter's $560 million. The company's long-term debt totaled $4.50 billion.
The company generated $265 million of cash through operational activities in the third quarter and $473 million in the first nine months of fiscal 2022.
Marvell returned $50.4 million to shareholders through dividend payments in the third quarter and $140.3 million in the first nine months of fiscal 2022.
For the fourth quarter, Marvell expects strong sequential revenue growth driven by the data-center end market, accelerated 5G adoptions in the United States and other regions, and broad growth across multiple products.
Marvell projects fiscal fourth-quarter revenues of $1.320 billion (+/- 3%). The Zacks Consensus Estimate for revenues is pegged at $1.21 billion, suggesting growth of 51.4% from the year-ago quarter.
Non-GAAP earnings per share are expected to be approximately 48 cents (+/- 3 cents). The consensus mark of 43 cents indicates a year-over-year surge of 48.3%.
Non-GAAP gross margin is likely to be approximately 65%, while non-GAAP operating expenses are estimated between $390 and $395.
Zacks Rank & Stocks to Consider
Marvell currently carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold). Some better-ranked stocks in the broader technology sector are Advanced Micro Devices AMD, Qualcomm QCOM and CDW Corporation CDW, each carrying a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here.
The Zacks Consensus Estimate for Advanced Micro Devices' fourth-quarter 2021 earnings has been revised upward by 7 cents to 75 cents per share over the past 60 days. For 2021, earnings estimates have moved north by 1 cent to $2.64 per share in the last 60 days.
Advanced Micro Devices' earnings beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate in each of the preceding four quarters, the average surprise being 14%. Shares of AMD have rallied 63.3% in the YTD period.
The consensus mark for Qualcomm's first-quarter fiscal 2022 earnings has been raised to $3.01 per share from $2.63 in the past 30 days. For fiscal 2022, earnings estimates have been revised upward by 14.1% to $10.49 per share in the past 30 days.
Qualcomm's earnings beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate in each of the trailing four quarters, the average surprise being 11.2%. Shares of QCOM have gained 16.2% YTD.
CDW's consensus estimate for fourth-quarter fiscal 2021 earnings has been raised to $1.87 per share from $1.83 in the past 30 days. For fiscal 2021, earnings estimates have moved north by 1.4% to $7.81 per share over the past 30 days.
CDW's earnings beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate in each of the trailing four quarters, the average surprise being 12.2%. Shares of CDW have appreciated 46.9% YTD.
QUALCOMM Incorporated (QCOM) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Marvell Technology, Inc. (MRVL) : Free Stock Analysis Report
CDW Corporation (CDW) : Free Stock Analysis Report


Click to download a free gift from Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, the FREE new eBook: "How to Transform Your Life"
Come enjoy thirty minutes of guided relaxation meditation for the time-challenged. This is an opportunity for us to escape from the stress and worries of the day into the stillness of our own minds.
Enjoy meditations for relaxation, meditations for a clear mind, and meditations for a kind heart.
This is the old Greeley high school. It is next to the UCCC, Rec. Center, and Lincoln Park Library.
You may park in front or back. Or, there is a bus stop about 20' from the door on Eleventh Avenue at Eight St.
The easiest way to find room L30 is to enter the lower-level west doors on Eleventh Avenue, facing the Santiago's restaurant. If, instead, you go in the main doors, you will need to take the stairs or the elevator down.
NOTE: Even if you take the elevator, there are still 6 steps to go down.


Tony Saucier is the Director of Social Media at Life Time Fitness. Life Time Fitness currently has 114 health and fitness clubs across the U.S. and Canada. In addition, they offer athletic events, like the Miami Marathon they just hosted, as well as digital online-only products (planning tools, workout videos, connections to personal trainers and registered dietitians, etc.).
Life Time Fitness gyms are quite large, ranging anywhere from 10,000/20,000 to upwards of 200,000 square feet. This bigger space is used not only for exercise equipment, but to include group fitness classes, personal training, a spa, a cafe with a full menu, and an activity center for kids. Because each gym strives to be such an all-inclusive hub, Life Time Fitness has social media channels at the individual club level, as well as at the brand level.
At the brand level, Life Time Fitness has a team of five and is on all of the big social media channels.
They chose Facebook to house individual club pages because it had the most robust offering in terms of being able to host video and photo and show nested comments. Each individual club has its own Facebook page.
These "club Facebook pages" increased conversion exponentially when they were introduced. (For Tony, conversion is the number of engagements per thousand impressions.) Tony's social media team supports one "social media champion" at each club who then creates content for that club's Facebook page. That's 114 additional members of the social media team at Life Time Fitness!
These "champions" are not social media experts; they are group fitness instructors, personal trainers, and member service specialists. In other words, they know the market and the members, so they know what's relevant. On a yearly basis, they create 35,000 to 40,000 pieces of original, customized content.
The team members overseeing the national and local channels communicate with each other content that's going to pack the most punch. The national team sends things to the local level that they know are doing well from an engagement standpoint. But the editorial control lies with the local team to decide, "Well, I appreciate that you guys at corporate came up with that, but really, the members want to know about squash this week. So I'm going to hold off on talking about that group fitness thing." The local team members know their member base best, so they are given autonomy to make the final call.
On the flip side, the local pages are Tony's "petri dishes" for content that's really going to resonate. When something gets a lot of traction, he picks it up, tweaks as needed, and shares at the national level. Some of the biggest wins come from the unplanned, organic content created by team members or customers and then shared.
Tony doesn't treat acquiring new members through social media marketing as the bottom line.
To him, the purpose of their social media is "to continue reminding members of all the great things that come with their memberships, and help keep them coming back." For the local pages especially, it's more about building a community for the existing members.


text:
Q: Insert GeoIP City into html form Searched and couldn't find an answer on this one. I am not much of a coder and know very little about javascript. Hoping someone here can help me out. I need to get the user's geoip city and then insert it as a value into a form. I have this script for getting the geoip city...
<script src="http://j.maxmind.com/app/geoip.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">document.write(geoip_city());</script>

I need that city to be put into the value part of the form

Any ideas on how to do this?
Form looks like this...
<input type="hidden" name="custom_City" id="city" value="NEED CITY IN HERE"></input>

A: After the markup use this script:
document.getElementById("city").value = geoip_city();

A: You have given wrong path of live js it should be like
http://js.maxmind.com/js/geoip.js


Computers at the Carver Library branch, photo courtesy of Google.
The benefits of having Google Fiber in Austin go far beyond higher broadband speeds.
That can be seen in Google's latest gift to the Austin Public Library Friends Foundation. This week, Google and Google Fiber awarded $145,000 to the foundation to support a new digital inclusion program. The funds will go to buy new videoconferencing technology for several libraries around the city and to teach technology skills to adults and help children with homework online, according to a news release.
Libraries are like the brains of any community and they can reach some of the people who most need to acquire new technology skills but don't have access to the technology otherwise.
The Austin Public Library Foundation plans to use a $75,000 grant from Google to help adults with computer skills like creating a resume or applying online for a job and to help youth with school work at the Ruiz and Carver library branches. It also includes plans for workshops and events focusing on science, technology, engineering or math or STEM skills. It also includes classes in coding, web development and entrepreneurial skills for adults.
Another $70,000 grant will go to buying flat screen TVs and Google hangout technology cameras and microphones. It will also go to train the library staff on how to use this technology. The equipment will be installed in 12 community rooms at the Austin Central Library and seven branches including Spicewood Springs, Hampton Branch at Oak Hill, Carver, Ruiz, Little Walnut Creek, Manchaca Road and Yarborough.