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Diary for 6th August to 12th August 2009
THURSDAY 6th August- It's so Cool, It's Hot!
Today I am heading to an Argentinian ice-cream parlor in London called Freggo which on 27-29 Swallow street in Piccadilly. Italian immigrants that settled in Argentina, most likely started spreading their love for their artisan gelato making and now it has expanded to appease an international market. Freggo isn't cheap but the fact that it has alternative ice cream flavours, provides big portions and is open until 2am makes it a unique sweet stop.
FRIDAY 7th August- Highlights from the LIDF 2009
Tonight I am going to the British Museum's Stevenson Lecture Theatre to see two wonderful films from this year's London International Documentary Film Festival. The first film is called Bus Lovers and explores in 12 short minutes, why some people in Sao Paulo have a passion for buses. The second film is longer (46 min) and is called Cruzeiro. This film explores the lives of four youth living in Vila Cruzeiro, one of the most violent slums in Rio De Janeiro. The screening session starts at 6:30pm. Tickets are £3 or £2 for concessions. For more information and booking details, click here.
SATURDAY 8th August- RAI's International Anthropology Cartoon Contest
We have received some wonderful submissions to the RAI's International Cartoon Contest. The summer is a great time to get your drawing book out and go to the park and be creative! The cartoon contest is open to anyone with a passion for anthropology. Topics that could be explored include: human evolution, fossil discoveries, forensics, cultural traditions, ceremonies and rituals, beauty and fashion, fieldwork, tourism, and Facebook. For a list of prizes, submission guidelines, and regulations, visit: www.therai.org.uk/education
SUNDAY 9th August - LIDF 2010 Call for films
For all of you filmmakers out there, the London International Documentary Film Festival has already put out a call for submissions for next year's festival. The festival is international, open to any genre of film making, and any subject matter. The only catch is that submitted films must be produced after January 1st 2008. Take a look here for more information. If you are particularly interested in visual anthropology and would like to learn how to become a ethnographic filmmaker, Goldsmiths and University of Manchester have some excellent courses.
MONDAY 10th August- Challenging preconceptions of disability
Today I am going to the Foundling Museum to look at an exhibition called In the Picture. Disabled children are more often than not, excluded from children's books and illustrations. Scope, a charity working for the equality of disabled children throughout the UK, has received Lottery funding to help address the current lack of representation of disabled children in literature. The exhibition features work from children book illustrators Quentin Blake, Jane Ray and others. Entrance to the exhibition is free with museum admission.
TUESDAY 11th August- A brilliant ethnography
I have just finished a wonderful ethnography called Tunnel Kids by Lawrence Taylor and Maeve Hickey. Lawence and Maeve spend several summers getting to know a group of children who live primarily in the tunnels connecting the US-Mexico border. The book uses profiles and pictures to get the reader to identify with each of the characters and find out how group dynamics reinforce their culture, livelihoods, and group cohesion. It is excellent for anyone beginning their journey in anthropology.
WEDNESDAY 12th August- Digital Library
UNESCO has a fantastic World Digital Library where you can access archival and modern pictures from around the world. The material is searchable by topic, type of item, institution or place. Each thumbnail photograph has crucial information on the history, creation and cultural context of the picture. It is an excellent resource for teaching history, anthropology, geography and other social sciences.
▼ August 2 (1)


The Summer Solstice not only represents the transition from Spring to Summer but it is also the longest day of the year. Each year on "The Longest Day", the Alzheimer's Association invites people to spend this special day doing an activity you enjoy from sunrise until sunset. The goal is to raise funds and awareness for Alzheimer's so that we can one day celebrate the first survivor of this terrible disease.
This year our primary Longest Day activity was a Jean's Cookies Bake-a-Thon. Jean's Kitchen, named for CEO Mitch Warren's grandmother, is a favorite gathering spot at Autumn Leaves communities across the country. We love baking Jean's famous chocolate chip cookies, so we thought it was the perfect way to show our support for this cause so dear to our hearts. And while some were busy baking, others spent the day with a paintbrush in hand creating masterpieces!
Our hope is that participating in The Longest Day will serve as a bold reminder that we still have a long journey ahead of us. But together, we can help #ENDALZ.


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Q: Question related to super() with __init__() Given 3 classes below,
class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        print('A')
    def test(self):
        print('1')

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        super(B,self)        ## if .__init__() is not given here
        print('B')

class C(B, A):
    def __init__(self):
        super(C, self).__init__()
        print('C')

If I run D = C(), it will return
B
C

If I run print(C.__mro__),
it will gives (<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>).
I think that means class A will be executed as it is inside the mro list.However, this is not the case.
I want ask why .__init__() is necessary for A.__init__() happening.

A: That is not what it means!
I think you are actually confused about two things: what mro is, and the nature of subclass constructors in Python. Let's look at mro first.
mro means "method resolution order", and specifies the order in which the Python interpreter will look for appropriately named methods.
So, say you have the following class hierarchy:
class A:

    def deepest(self):
        print('I wonder where this is coming from...')

    def deeper(self):
        print('deeper from A')

    def deep(self):
        print('deep from A')

class B(A):

    def deeper(self):
        print('deeper from B')

    def deep(self):
        print('deep from B')

class C(B):

    def deep(self):
        print('deep from C')

c = C()
c.deep()
c.deeper()
c.deepest()
print(c.__mro__)

Output:
deep from C
deeper from B
I wonder where this is coming from...
(<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>)

When we call deep, Python looks for it in C, since C is first in the mro. It finds it and goes no further.
On the other hand, for deeper, Python cannot find it in C and therefore goes to the next one in the hierarchy, which is B, and finds it.
Same thing for deepest, which is only found in A.
Now, let's connect this to __init__.
In this case, when you call __init__ from super, Python looks for the first superclass in the hierarchy, which is B, and calls its __init__ method.
However, if the __init__ method of B does not call A.__init__, then the chain stops there!
Unlike other languages, subclasses do not automatically call the __init__ method of their superclasses, unless of course they have not defined their own __init__ methods, then it is a case of c.deeper(), as above.
This is in line with Python's philosophy of "we're all consenting adults here" - if you don't want to call the superclass's __init__, then sure, do it, but you bear the consequences.

A: class A:

    def __init__(self):
        print('A.__init__()')

class B(A):

    def __init__(self):
        print('B.__init__()')
        super().__init__() # this will call A.__init__()
b = B()

Because this is python behaviour. If you have A and B class and A is parent of B and B also has __init__ method, you should call A.__init__ manually. Otherwise, python will override it. You need explicit call !
We have __init__ in python (Something like constructor). You should call it manually in some cases. It's not called automatically as it's in other languages.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: How to get HttpVersion from HttpResponse Is there a way to get the HttpVersion from the HttpResponse?  I know I can get it by pulling the IHttpRequestFeature and looking at .Protocol, but that's what's sent in via the request.  Will that always match what's sent back for the response?
I'm trying to get the full message that's sent back for logging purposes.  I can get the headers and the message, but getting the HTTP/1.1 from the response is what I'm missing.


Interesting timing. On the same day when Stephen Wolfram shows a demonstration of his knowledge engine Wolfram | Alpha, Google launched a new OneBox that visualizes public data. If you search for [Florida Unemployment Rate], Google shows an answer ("9.5% of the labor force - Not seasonally adjusted - Mar 2009"), the source and a graph that illustrates how the unemployment rate changed over time.
For now, you can only search for data related to the US: for example, California population. When you click on the result, the graph lets you compare California's population with the population for other states.
"Public statistical data, such as unemployment rates or population numbers, doesn't need to be hard to find or, more importantly, hard to understand. Google is making it easier to find and use important public statistical data from governments and other sources. This data is included in Google.com search results and displayed as interactive graphs that you can customize and share with others. If you've ever done research involving large datasets, you know that it can take hours to comb through databases in order to find and analyze trends. Anyone who searches for U.S. unemployment rates or population numbers on Google.com will see relevant statistics and graphs included in their search results. You can even search by state or county (but not by city)," explains the help center.
Another good tool for marketers and researchers. I think they are available only for the US users. I tried Canadian city it doesn't work.
I just checked this out right now. It's quite fantastic that Google decided to release this data online in graphical forms.
And as HTML5 comes onstream and gains acceptance, this would allow the data to be fed from an SQL database and allow the query parameters to be part of the chart request, with the user being able to select time scales and datasets of particular relevance to them.
Adding the graphical interpretation of public data just took this to a whole other level. Thanks Google.


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Blog » Off-Air
How a Bar Fight Paved the Way for Heart Surgery
by Rob Dunn
The following is an excerpt from The Man Who Touched His Own Heart by Rob Dunn. Listen to SciFri on Friday, February 13, 2015, to hear Dunn discuss more about the book.
It was July of 1893, and the city of Chicago was melting. It was the summer of the World's Fair, when inventions from around the world began to transform America. By fall, the first hamburger would arrive in Chicago, as would the first machinery for making chocolate commercially and the first tinny version of Alexander Graham Bell's phone. It was also the summer in which Daniel Hale Williams (1856–1931), a young doctor from the rough side of town, would make the biggest decision of his life.
Williams was born of African American–Scots–Irish–Shawnee parents, but he was viewed by the society in which he lived, the society of Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, as African American. Williams's father died when he was young, leaving his mother to care of him alone. She was sufficiently overwhelmed that she sent Daniel to be an apprentice to a shoemaker in Baltimore when he was just eleven. That might have been the end of the story, except that young Williams decided to go to Wisconsin, where he began working in a barbershop. The store's owner took an interest in helping Williams finish high school, where he excelled. Then the owner helped him apprentice in medicine, at which he also excelled.
Finally, in 1880, the owner helped him apply to the Chicago Medical College at Northwestern University, where he was accepted and where he, once more, excelled. Williams was the first African American student in the program.
In 1883, the new Dr. Williams set up a small practice on Michigan Avenue in Chicago. He also taught anatomy at Northwestern University and worked as a doctor for the City Railway Company and, later, the Protestant Orphan Asylum. He was one of just four African American doctors in Chicago at the time and yet his abilities were so obvious that in 1889, just six years into his career, he was appointed to the Illinois Board of Health. Williams wanted more. He wanted to do something more for the city and himself.
He was aware that African Americans in Chicago often received poor care from white physicians and nurses. He also watched as African American doctors and nurses struggled to get training and positions, due to racism in hospitals and universities. The challenges facing young African Americans were not waning. At just this moment, a man Williams knew and respected, the Reverend Louis H. Reynolds, came to Williams asking for his help. Emma Reynolds, the reverend's sister, had recently applied to various Chicago hospitals to train as a nurse (she was the first African American to attempt to do so), but she was refused by every hospital because of her race. Her story moved Williams. After discussions with the Reverend Reynolds and other community members, Williams decided there was only one thing he could do: he would open a hospital. At that hospital, he would train African American nurses.
The hospital would come to be called the Provident Hospital and Training Association. It was a bold dream, one in which Williams persuaded other doctors, white and black, and even donors to believe in. Donations came from many sources, including both Frederick Douglass and the Armour meatpacking company (which would also supply the hospital with many patients due to injuries workers incurred on the job). In 1891, Williams signed the lease on a three-story, twelve-room red-brick house at the corner of Twenty-Ninth and Dearborn. Its living room was turned into a waiting room, and a small bedroom at the end of a hall would serve as a surgery ward. In its first year, this makeshift hospital trained seven nurses, one of whom was Emma Reynolds. It also treated hundreds of patients.
Nothing was ever easy at Provident Hospital, but the doctors and nurses made do with what they had. They had to improvise, because of a lack of supplies and the fact that, more than other Chicago hospitals, they dealt with a large number of trauma patients. Everything was difficult, but Williams and his team persevered. His was a story of a hardworking man who overcame and the hardworking nurses who helped him.
But elsewhere in the city, events were conspiring to change Williams's story. James Cornish worked as an expressman, a person charged with the care of packages on trains. The job was a good one, but July 9, 1893, was a bad day. The heat left him soaked with sweat, from morning until six. Worse, the heat did not fade, not even when the sun set. It was the kind of heat that called for a whiskey, which is just what Cornish proceeded to order that night at his favorite saloon. While others in Chicago sampled the best of the world at the White City, as the World's Fair had come to be called, Cornish settled in across town from the fair, among friends.
He got his whiskey, took a sip, cracked a flirty joke to the waitress, and walked over to play poker with two friends who were already seated. He felt lucky. A song called "Daisy Bell" was playing loudly from the jukebox. He bounced a little as he walked, eager to laugh, wager, needle his friends, and laugh some more. Then things changed irrevocably.
The sounds around Cornish grew louder. Noise rose like dust. A fight had started. A chair was smashed over the bar. Punches began to land against sweat-damp bodies. Cornish stood on his toes to watch, and then suddenly he was in the scrum. A knife appeared. The man with the knife lunged toward Cornish and stabbed him in the chest. The man pulled the knife back out, someone screamed, the crowd dispersed, then sirens started and several women bent toward Cornish's body, which now lay on the ground.
An hour or so later, at Provident Hospital, Cornish was laid out on a stretcher. His clothes were soaked with blood. He was wheeled into an operating room, where the nurses and Daniel Hale Williams gathered around him. To Williams, Cornish's wound, about an inch in diameter, looked as though it might be superficial. But its location, just to the left of the breastbone, was worrisome. Without x‑rays (they were to be discovered two years later, in 1895), there was no way of knowing how deep the wound might be or whether it had reached the heart. The only diagnostics available to Williams were ancient ones. He could feel Cornish's pulse. He could listen to his breathing. He could also put his head or, if he could afford one, a wooden stethoscope to Cornish's naked chest and listen for its wild sounds.
Initially, apart from the hole in his chest, Cornish seemed okay. His pulse was normal. His heart beat. He was cleaned up, sewn shut, and left to rest overnight. Cornish slept in a bedroom with a window that looked out across the city. He had not yet had a chance to inspect his surroundings. He was too weak and then too tired. Warm air blew through the curtains over him. Within hours, his condition, which had seemed stable, began to deteriorate. Dr. Williams was called back in. He ran to the room and up to Cornish's side, where he put his ear to his chest. Cornish's heartbeat was weak, and then, as Williams listened, it seemed to disappear entirely. The heart was still beating, but faintly. On July 10, Williams concluded that the knife must have penetrated more deeply than he had initially thought—all the way into the heart.
A knife to the heart can wreak havoc, though the precise sort of havoc depends on the details of where and how the knife enters. The heart has two sets of pumps. Together, the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) make up one; the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) the other. Each atrium (from Latin for "hall or court, a gathering place") sits atop its corresponding ventricle. When the left atrium contracts, it gently squeezes blood into the left ventricle. The blood does not need much of a push, as it is moving from an area of high pressure into one of low. All it needs is a little nudge. The left ventricle then contracts much more forcefully, sending blood throughout the entire body, down the arteries, to the arterioles, and then through the six hundred million capillaries, each tube of which is just a single cell wide. The force of the left ventricle's contraction would be sufficient to push water five feet up into the air or, as is the need in the body, to push blood through the more than sixty thousand miles of blood vessels in the human body.
At the same time that the left atrium and then left ventricle contract, something similar happens in the right atrium and then right ventricle, except with less force because the blood leaving the right ventricle does not need to go through the whole body. It needs only to find its way to the lungs, where capillaries rest on three hundred million air sacs, and hemoglobin, in red blood cells in the blood, releases carbon dioxide and gathers oxygen.
The sounds of the heart, at least the most conspicuous sounds, are those of the valves between the atria and ventricles (the mitral on the left; the tricuspid on the right) closing when the ventricles contract (and, in doing so, preventing blood from flowing back into the atria) and then, more loudly, the valves between the ventricles and the arteries (the aortic on the left, the pulmonary on the right) closing once the ventricles have finished contracting (which prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles): lub-dup, lub-dup. The sound of the heart is the closing of these valves, day in, day out, billions of times in a fortunate human life.
So much depends upon the heart's pumps. The blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle travels into the aorta, which serves as a superhighway from which blood is shunted off into branches to the arms and brain, to the internal organs (intestines, liver, kidneys), and to the legs and genitals. Meanwhile, the right atrium and ventricle receive the blood that has come back in a different form than it went out—now the blood is depleted of oxygen and full of carbon dioxide. This "used" blood is pumped to the lungs (via the pulmonary circulation; pulmo- comes from the Latin for "lung"), where blood cells, in effect, exhale carbon dioxide and inhale oxygen. The oxygenated blood then flows to the left atrium, where the process begins again.
All of this is happening in you right now. It happens in waves: contraction, relaxation. The contraction is referred to as systole (from the Greek for "to pull together"), the relaxation, diastole (from the Greek for "to separate"). Hold your hand to your neck, and you can feel, in the expansion and relaxation of your carotid arteries (which supply your brain with oxygenated blood), the consequence of your heart's pumping.
That is what you hope for, anyway, but when Williams felt his patient's neck, that is not what he found. The assault on Cornish's internal machine had made the heart both weak and slow, and the pulse could barely be felt. A knife wound can provide a new hole through which blood pours into the body cavity instead of into arteries. It can also — and this is far worse — interrupt the ability of the heart to contract.
Just what was happening in Cornish's body was hard to say. Today we would have many more clues than Williams had. We could look at an x‑ray, a sonogram, a CT scan, or an MRI. A catheter might be threaded into a patient's heart to release dye that would reveal, in the x‑ray, the location of the damage. A machine would record the rhythm of the heart. What we would know today would not be perfect, but it would be useful. Williams had virtually nothing except the weakening of Cornish's heartbeat and his obviously deteriorating condition.
Excerpted from the book The Man Who Touched His Own Heart by Rob Dunn. Copyright © 2015 by Rob Dunn. Reprinted with permission of Little, Brown and Company.
Author photo by Casey Tarpy
About Rob Dunn
Rob Dunn is an associate professor of ecology and evolution in the Department of Biological Sciences at North Carolina State University. He has a Ph.D. from the University of Connecticut and was a Fulbright Fellow.
Princess Leia and the Conundrum of Language Translation
An excerpt from David J. Peterson's The Art of Language Invention.
From Shaking Palsy to Parkinson's: Defining a Neurodegenerative Disease
An excerpt from "Brain Storms," by Jon Palfreman.
Aziz Ansari on How to Date Better
An excerpt from Aziz Ansari's book "Modern Romance."
How Insects Move

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The NFL weekend is almost upon us, and while a number of match-ups have the potential to be great games none will be better than the clash between the 7-2 Arizona Cardinals and the 8-1 Cincinnati Bengals.
The underlining storyline's of the matchup involve how the Bengals will respond to their first loss against the Texans, and how will Carson Palmer fare against his former team?
But this game will be exciting for other reasons, with the Cardinals boasting one of the league's top scoring offences which averages around 33 points per game, and a Bengals defence which has not allowed more than 25 points a game this year, this matchup will certainly be an interesting affair. So, who will win?
In my opinion, it's the Cardinals, I think the Bengals will be reeling a little after that embarrassing loss to the Texans, which will hamper their ability to be able to get past the talented Cardinals - in Arizona - who are riding a three-game win streak.
But never mind my opinion, let's discuss how each team can go about winning the game on Sunday.
The Cardinals, statistically, have the best offence in the league this year, at least in terms of yards and points. The reason for this offensive success? Bruce Arians and Carson Palmer.
Palmer has mastered Bruce Arians' offensive philosophy which quite nicely fits with what he does best. Throwing deep!
The vertical offence Arians has designed always finds a way to get the ball in the hands of veteran receiver Larry Fitzgerald, who combined with his run blocking abilities, will cause some matchup troubles for the Bengals, especially if he works out of the slot against a Vontaze Burfict-less defence.
Next in line for a good game is Chris Johnson. CJ2K, as he is known, should be able to take advantage of a Bengals run defence ranked thirteenth in the league, allowing an average of 102-yards per game. Feeding him a healthy amount of touches can only lead to good things, especially on the outside, where the Bengals have not been effective run stuffers.
Defensively for the Cardinals - who rank third in total defence - they need to try and replicate what the Texans did to the Bengals on Monday night. This involves successfully blitzing Andy Dalton and getting the Bengals into third-and-long on a consistent basis.
The Bengals have the weapons to escape any length of yardage, but seemingly versus the Texans Dalton could not connect with his receivers, making third-and-long a difficult situation for them to overcome.
What the Cardinals cannot do is allow the Bengals receivers height to control the passing game, with the top three Bengals receivers having a height advantage on the top three Cardinals cornerbacks, a combination of the aforementioned blitzes and also double teaming should work to neutralise that aspect of the Bengals attack.
The last time Carson Palmer played the Bengals in 2012, shortly after he was traded to the Oakland Raiders, he lost 34-10. Despite apparently not saying anything to his teammates about the meaningful game, there is the quiet knowledge that Palmer wants to beat the Bengals, significantly.
The Bengals go into this game having lost on Monday night to the lowly Houston Texans, and embarrassing disappointment that ended their undefeated streak of eight games.
Versus the Cardinals, the Bengals can kill two birds with one stone, overcome that loss with a victory, and prove trading Palmer away was a good decision.
The Bengals have an exciting offence that is fun to watch due to the multiple formations they deploy and the way they use their offensive talent. That being said this isn't a gimmick offence, they are ranked seventh in the league and when playing well, can drop some serious points on you.
Attacking the Cardinals defence is a challenge but it is a challenge that can be overcome. Looking at the two losses the Cardinals suffered versus the Rams and Steelers, they lost because both those teams, surprisingly, passed the ball on the Cardinals.
Like I said, it won't be easy, but attacking the middle of the field, against their linebackers, seemed to be where Nick Foles and Landry Jones found success.
Beating the blitz is also a key objective, screen passes to the running back or halfback can result in chunk yardage as the Cardinals will often bring the house on certain blitz's.
You also have to get points off the turnovers you get, if the Bengals defence can force Palmer to turn the ball over, you have to gain points of them, this is how the Rams and Steelers won, and it was almost how the Seahawks won last week.
Defensively, the Bengals need to come away with takeaways, in order to do so you need an effective four-man rush. Palmer cannot be given time to dissect the Bengals secondary, because, despite the Bengals depth of talent in the defensive backfield, the Cardinals can match that with a depth at the receiver position.
Also, be wary of Chris Johnson, forcing him to run inside can eliminate the chunk yards the Cardinals gain from their veteran runner.
While I have the Cardinals winning this game, I expect nothing less than a great game. If this game was being played in Cincinnati I may have chosen the Bengals, but as of right now, in Arizona, I think the Cardinals are too strong to beat.
I have it being a close scoring affair ending somewhere in the region of 31-28.


Feature-packed and decked out! Turbocharger technology provides forced air induction, enhancing performance while preserving fuel economy. Volvo infused the interior with top shelf amenities, such as: front dual-zone air conditioning, heated door mirrors, and the power moon roof opens up the cabin to the natural environment. It features all-wheel drive versatility, an automatic transmission, and a 2 liter 4 cylinder engine.


text:
iDSI's Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Toolkit was published in September 2018 following consultation with staff working in health policy around the world who helped develop the content.
The end result is a free, accessible resource for technical staff working in health policy keen to build HTA processes in their own countries.
Content on the building blocks of a sustainable and locally relevant HTA mechanism for priority-setting can be found within our HTA Toolkit which can be downloaded via iDSI's gateway on F1000: https://f1000research.com/documents/7-1545
iDSI would like to thank reviewers working in ministries of health, health insurers and other health agencies based in: Bhutan, Brunei, China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Spain, Vietnam, US and the UK for their efforts to make the HTA Toolkit a success.
For more information on the HTA Toolkit contact Dr Y-Ling Chi, iDSI Technical Analyst, y.chi@imperial.ac.uk.
Already applied iDSI's HTA Toolkit to your work? Send us your experiences, we would be very glad to hear from you. Contact Madeleine Stewart, iDSI Communications Manager, madeleine.stewart@imperial.ac.uk.


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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<test><word_id>6897255687714222937</word_id><category>Passives and Causatives.xml</category></test>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub