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Sololá ist ein Departamento Guatemalas und liegt im Südwesten des Landes (Region VI). Es erstreckt sich auf über 1.000 Quadratkilometern und hat knapp 505.500 Einwohner. Die Hauptstadt des Departamentos ist das gleichnamige Sololá.

Das Departamento Sololá grenzt im Nordosten an Quiché, im Osten an Chimaltenango, im Süden an Suchitepéquez, im Westen an Quetzaltenango und im Nordwesten an das Departamento Totonicapán.

Landesnatur
Sololá liegt überwiegend im zentralen Hochland. Im Zentrum des Departamentos liegt auf 1.562 m Höhe der Atitlán-See, einer der schönsten Seen Amerikas. Er ist von Vulkanen und Bergen der Sierra Madre de Chiapas umgeben, die bis zu 3.500 Meter hoch sind. Im Süden fällt das Departamento von den Vulkanen Atitlán und San Pedro sowie von der Sierra Panimaquín langsam zur Pazifik-Küste hin ab. Auf Grund der Höhenunterschiede gibt es verschiedene Klimaregionen mit artenreicher Flora und Fauna. In Sololá trifft oftmals warme Pazifikluft auf kalten Hochlandwind, was am Atitlán-See zu Fallwinden (Xocomil) führt,  die vor allem am Nachmittag hohen Wellengang verursachen können.

Bevölkerung
Um den Atitlán-See leben seit langer Zeit drei Maya-Volksgruppen: die Quiché, die Cakchiquel und die Tzutuhil. Die Menschen dieser Gruppen sprechen neben ihren eigenen Maya-Sprachen in der Regel auch Spanisch. Die Indígenas und die übrige Bevölkerung leben in neunzehn Municipios (Großgemeinden oder auch Landkreise):

Dem Departamento als staatlichem Verwaltungsbezirk steht ein von der Zentralregierung entsandter Gouverneur vor. Die Municipios sind eigenständige Gebietskörperschaften mit gewählten Bürgermeistern und Volksvertretungen und untergliedern sich in Aldeas  (Landgemeinden) und Caseríos, Parajes oder Fincas (Weiler und Höfe).

Wirtschaft
Die Landwirtschaft ist dank des fruchtbaren Vulkanbodens sehr ausgeprägt, was sich vor allem in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu Lasten der Bergnebelwälder ausgewirkt hat. Produziert werden vor allem Kaffee, Mais, Avocados und schwarze Bohnen. Eine Rolle spielt auch das Handwerk, wobei sich am See einzelne Dörfer auf bestimmte Produkte (Boote, Seile, Textilien) spezialisiert haben. Bedeutendster Wirtschaftszweig ist jedoch der Tourismus, der in Panajachel (auch "Gringotenango" genannt) sein Zentrum hat.

Das relativ kleine Departamento Sololá ist verkehrsmäßig nicht überall gut erschlossen. Ganz im Norden wird es von der Interamericana (CA-1) durchquert, die an der Grenze zum Departamento Totonicapán ihren höchsten Punkt erreicht (3.670 m). Bei El Cuchillo (Los Encuentros) zweigt eine Straße zur Hauptstadt Sololá und nach Panajachel ab, von wo aus entlang des Ostufers eine Verbindung nach San Lucas Tolimán und weiter zum Pazifik besteht.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die bekannteste Touristenattraktion des Departamentos ist der Atitlán-See und die umliegenden Dörfer und Berge. Unweit der Hotels von Panajachel, an der Straße nach Sololá, liegt das Valle de San Buenaventura, ein 100 Hektar großes Naturschutzgebiet. Hier kann man unter anderem eine Vielzahl von Schmetterlingen und Orchideen bewundern. Von Panajachel aus gibt es unter anderem eine Bootsverbindung nach Santiago Atitlán an der Südseite des Sees. Der Ort liegt am Fuß der Vulkane Atitlán (3.557 m), Tolimán (3.158 m und 3.134 m) und San Pedro (3.020 m), auf die verschiedene Wanderwege führen.

Geschichte
Pedro de Alvarado eroberte die Gegend um den Atitlán-See 1524, indem er die verfeindeten Cakchiquel und Tzutuhil gegeneinander ausspielte. In den Jahrzehnten danach starb die eingesessene Bevölkerung auf Grund von eingeschleppten Seuchen fast aus. In der Kolonialzeit bildete das Gebiet das Zentrum des Corregimiento de Tzololá (Sololá), der südliche Teil gehörte zum Corregimiento de Atitlán (Santiago Atitlán). Sololá wurde bereits am 4. November 1825 zum Departamento erhoben, war jedoch 1838, 1840 und 1848 bis 1849 Teil des Estado de Los Altos, des so genannten sechsten Staates der Zentralamerikanischen Konföderation. Nach der Gründung des Departamentos El Quiché im Jahr 1872 verlor Sololá fast zwei Drittel seines ursprünglichen Gebietes. In den 1930er Jahren schloss die Regierung Guatemalas den Atitlán-See an das nationale Straßennetz an. Die wirtschaftliche Folge war, das Großgrundbesitzer begannen, die einheimische Landbevölkerung als billige Arbeitskräfte auszubeuten. In den 1960er Jahren war der Atitlán-See ein Anlaufpunkt der nordamerikanischen Hippie-Bewegung. Vom Bürgerkrieg blieb der See und Sololá nicht verschont. Der Tourismus erholte sich erst Ende der 1980er Jahre wieder.

Der Name des Departamentos stammt von dem Maya-Wort Tzolohá, was so viel bedeutet wie "Holunderwasser".

Weblinks
 Übersicht des Departamentos (spanisch)

Solola

Gegründet 1825

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THE DESCRIPTION: The Gala Dinner, where we announce and celebrate the Customer Contact Innovation Awards 2018, is held on the final night of the conference, Tuesday 24th April 2018 at the Majestic Hotel, Harrogate.
It is a fabulous black-tie event, which includes entertainment, live music and dancing into the early hours. Each of this year's Innovation Award finalists has an inspiring story for us to learn from.


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From skating to taking a dip: will we only be able to swim the Frisian Elfstedentocht in the future?
At the sight of the first snowflake, many a Dutchman eagerly anticipates the possibility of a Frisian Elfstedentocht skating marathon. This epic route covers not just 11 Frisian towns but also many lakes. This tour requires just one thing: sufficient ice on our waters. However, not a single Frisian skating marathon has taken place since 1997. An international study published in Nature Geoscience on October 18, to which Wageningen University & Research contributed, now shows that the lakes across the globe are warming up, and the number of days of frost will decline. 'This warming is not just an issue that spoils our fun on the ice, but may also affect the water quality of our lakes', the researchers state.
For their research, which was led by Luke Grant and Wim Thiery of the Free University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB), the scientists used different future scenarios describing greenhouse gas emissions. With a low level of emissions, the most optimistic scenario shows a future in which the global average temperature in lakes will rise by 1.5 degrees Celcius compared to the pre-industrial revolution level. As a result, lakes will have 14 fewer days of ice cover. In the most pessimistic scenario, if emissions are not reduced, lakes will heat up by 4 degrees Celcius, causing 46 fewer days of ice globally. 'In the Netherlands, we have an average of 6 days of ice per year. This means we could face a future in which there is virtually no ice in the winters', says Dr Annette Janssen, a Wageningen University & Research scientist and co-author of this study.
Cause of warming
In addition to the warming of lakes that has been shown in this international study, the researchers want to find the cause for this phenomenon. Could the past two decades simply have been warmer? The team developed a large number of computer simulations with models of lakes on a global scale, upon which they subsequently unleashed various climate scenarios. 'Merging models on this scale is unique and produces a large amount of data hitherto unavailable to us', says WUR researcher Bram Doppers, who contributed to this study. The resulting databank was subjected to the UN-climate panel (IPCC) research method. This analysis enabled the international research team to prove that the global change in temperatures and the ice layer on lakes can only be explained by the massive greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans.
The results show that it is highly unlikely that increasing temperatures and declining number of ice days over the past decades could be attributed to coincidence. Moreover, the researchers found clear similarities between the changes in the lakes and computer models of lakes in a climate that is under the influence of greenhouse gasses. 'This provides indisputable evidence that climate change impacts lakes', says Luke Grant, lead author. Predictions on the temperature and ice layer unanimously show progressive trends for the future. For every degree in global atmospheric temperature increase, lakes are expected to show a 0.9 °C temperature increase and will lose 9.7 days of ice.
The global temperature increase in lakes and subsequent melting of ice may gravely impact us all. In addition to a decrease in the chances an Elfstedentocht will take place, the lakes will also be warmer in the summer. We enjoy a cooling dip in swimming water such as lakes. 'But it is not just humans that enjoy a refreshing swim when it is warm,' says Janssen. 'Blue-green algae also thrive in warm weather.' In warm weather, these algae grow faster and may cover the water's surface. This may be dangerous, as the blue-green algae emit toxic substances. Swimming spots were frequently closed in the last warm summers.
The international research shows considerable differences in the conditions of the lakes at the end of this century, depending on what measures humanity takes to mitigate climate change. The results underscore the importance of the Paris Climate Agreement measures because a maximum of 1.5 degrees temperature increase is essential for the health of lakes across the globe. Climate change effects, including those on lakes, will be an important topic during the United Nations COP26 climate conference in Glasgow in November. Because, if we drastically cut back our emissions in the coming decades, we may still avert the most serious consequences for lakes everywhere. That would be good news for a future Elfstedentocht and the preservation of good swimming water.
Ask your questions about the increase of temperature in lakes: dr. ABG (Annette) Janssen
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Ayurveda »
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Books > Ayurveda > Ayurveda > History Of Ayurveda > Common Indian Wild Flowers
Common Indian Wild Flowers
by Isaac Kehimkar
Isaac Kehimkar joined the BNHS as a Volunteer 22 Year ago, and since then has been lending his expertise to the Library, Publications, and Members programmes. Currently, he is the Society's public Relations Officer. His special interests are reptiles and amphibians, insects and plants. His Published works include Moths - an Introduction, Common Butterflies of India, and Incredible Insects, as well as photographs and articles contributed to various nature publications.
A book on wild flowers has been a long felt need. This book describes 240 of the common wildflowers seen in the countryside and the plains and forests of India, particularly the Peninsula. The author, Isaac Kehimkar, is a true naturalist, having learned his natural history in the field over a lifetime. He has multiple interests, being well versed in plants, insects, particularly butterflies, reptiles, birds, etc. He is an excellent photographer as the colour plates of the book indicate.
The book gives brief descriptions complementing the colour illustrations. The identification characters are indicated. Common names, both in English and in Indian languages where available, are given as also the distribution and status.
A very useful fieldguide to the flowers likely to be seen in the countryside.
For amateurs, knowing about Indian wild flowers has been difficult in the absence of a popular guide. That is why, perhaps, the study of Indian wild flowers was not pursued by amateurs as a hobby. Here is an attempt to popularise India's wild flora, since there is at present no concise, non-specialist guide on Indian -wild flowers. The book is aimed at fulfilling this long felt need. It is hoped that naturalists, botanists as well as nature photographers will find this book useful. Fortunately, a lot of literature has been published on the flora of the Indian subcontinent. Lately, some fine illustrated books on Himalayan flowers have also been published. However, so far there was no illustrated book on the flowers that one comes across on the wayside, in one's backyard, roadside and forest.
Most of the flowers shown here are native to the Indian subcontinent. However, several foreign exotics that have successfully naturalised here are also included. In fact, some exotics are more commonly seen than native plants. Typical Himalayan flowers are not included in this book. These gorgeous blooms had to be left out only after overcoming a great temptation, since there are already some very good books exclusively on Himalayan flowers. Some rare and endangered species have also been included to draw attention towards the conservation and protection of the rich biodiversity of India.
The first obstacle was to give a common English name to some of the flowers which did not have one. Besides consulting botanists and books, plant characteristics and habits were considered to coin new names. And this being the first attempt, corrections and suggestions are welcome.
The flowers have been photographed in their natural surroundings, observing the ethics of nature photography. None of the flowers were plucked or arranged to get a perfect picture. The photographs are not to scale; actual measurements are given in the text. Keeping in mind the beginner, the text has been kept simple and non-technical. Botanical jargon has been deliberately kept to the minimum. However, describing the features exactly in appropriate simple words was a problem. Therefore, only when unavoidable such words are used in the text and explained in the glossary. Herbs, shrubs and climbers have been covered, but large trees are not within the scope of this book. However, a few small trees, e.g. the painted thorn bush or false guava have been included. Species here are representative of most of the groups of flowering plants, except grasses and sedges. With the help of the illustrated species, other related species could possibly be identified. For serious amateurs, a list of references has been provided for further reading.
This book has been written for those who enjoy the beauty of flowers in the wild and are curious to know more about them. It is an effort to bring people closer to nature and let them slowly discover the wonders of nature, admire their beauty and value nature's gift to mankind.
The earliest plants on Earth were without flowers and did not produce seeds. Instead they multiplied by shedding spores. These simple plants like ferns, mosses and algae exist even today. Later, with the evolution of plants, seeds were developed, but without a protective covering, as in conifers. That is why such plants are called Gymnosperms, which means "naked seeds". These seeds are not enclosed inside an ovary, but are formed inside cones. A cone is a tight cluster of modified leaves. Usually male and female cones grow separately on the same tree. Male cones are small and produce pollen, which is released into the air to fertilize the larger female cones. On fertilization, seeds mature in the female cones.
Today, this small group has plants like pine, fir, spruce, cedar and even the palm- like cycads. Cycads are very aptly called 'living fossils' as they first appeared over 300 million years ago, and have remained unchanged ever since. Male and female cones grow on different cycad plants. However, unlike other gymnosperms, cycads can also multiply through bulbils.
Flowering plants had their beginning in the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era around 135 million years ago. They flourished in the Cenozoic era around 70 million years ago, which also saw the evolution of mammals and birds. In the course of evolution, flowering plants proved to be the most successful. They could grow in almost every kind of habitat on earth. Flowering plants have evolved to carry out sexual reproduction through their flowers that produce seeds. The seeds develop inside a protective structure called the ovary. Thus the flowering plants get their name Angiosperms which means "vessel seed".
Today flowering plants are the largest dominant group in the plant kingdom. India, being a vast country with wide contrasts in physical features and climate, possesses one of the richest and the most varied floras in the world. The climatic regions of India vary from scorching sun-baked deserts to the wettest regions on earth and from tropical hot deserts to cold alpine regions. Climatic factors are indeed most vital to the composition of plant life.
Basically, the climate of a region is determined by its temperature range, precipitation and the intensity of light available. These determining factors depend on the geographical parameters like the latitude, altitude, rain shadow, geology, slope of the land, direction, nature of ocean currents, day lengths and the intensity of sunlight, resulting in different habitats ranging from forests, grasslands, and wetlands, to cold and hot arid regions. All such factors have given India an array of diverse vegetative cover.
Climate is one of the key factors that influence the vegetational composition of a region. Often called a land of contrasts, India has a great variety of climatic zones. During winter, the land experiences general dryness as the flow of the surface air is from the land towards the sea. Later on, the land warms up with the summer sun, causing the inflow of moisture-laden winds from the sea to the land, which results in the onset of the southwest monsoon. This is a major decisive season in the context of plant cover.
During the monsoon, along the coast and on the hills, humidity rises as high as 80 to 100 percent. Frequent rains provide ideal conditions for plant growth, both for seasonals as well as perennials. The southwest monsoon prevails mainly from June to September. Monsoon starts rather early in the Andaman Islands and Sri Lanka, while on the mainland, it begins in the far northeast and Kerala around late Mayor early June. Then it moves northwards, causing rainfall in the Indian subcontinent. Rainfall varies from as high as 1,092 cm at some places in the northeast and about 890 cm in some parts of the Western Ghats to as little as 10 cm of rain for an entire year in the arid northwest region. Between the winter and monsoon, there are the hot weather months March, April, and May, and soon after the rains, October. Humidity in winter and summer is much reduced. Himalaya gets summer rain, when monsoon clouds from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea cover the eastern region first, causing more rains than in the western Himalaya. Rain shadow areas shielded by mountain barriers receive scanty rain. Relatively, the western Himalaya gets more rain during the winter.
Regions like the Thar desert in the northwest experience extreme temperatures, going up to 50°C in summer, while winter temperatures drop to freezing point. Arctic conditions prevail almost throughout the year in some of the Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan regions. On account of their proximity to the sea, coastal areas experience less variation in temperature, resulting in a more equable climate with an average temperature about 27 QC, while the Deccan peninsula and central India have extreme temperatures. The Western Ghats form a massive barrier which prevents most of the southwest monsoon from reaching the Deccan plateau, bringing this region under rain shadow. However, during winter, this region receives rain between October and mid December. At the same time in the north, the plains receive light showers and there is snowfall on the mountains.
Next to the climate, the physical features of the land are an important factor in determining its plant cover. Few countries in the world have physical features as diverse as India. Altitude is an important decisive factor to influence the vegetation of the land. In the north is the Himalaya that ranges from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. It has some of the tallest mountains in the world. From the Himalaya, several rivers flow into the. Indogangetic plains. In the west, the Indus and its tributaries flow in a south westerly direction towards the Arabian Sea, while the Ganga and its tributaries drain the fertile plains of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. In the northeast, fast flowing Himalayan rivers come thundering down from the foothills and through the flood plains of Assam, to join the mighty Brahmaputra, which finally meets the Ganga as it flows towards the Bay of Bengal. The basin of the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra and their tributaries form the alluvial plains between the Indian peninsula and the Himalaya.
The Indian peninsula, south of these plains forms a triangular tableland intersected by rivers. Along the west coast are the Western Ghats, the mountain range which runs more or less parallel to the coast facing the Arabian Sea. Between the sea and the Ghats lies a narrow, gently sloping coastal region that receives a good amount of rain and therefore is rich in floral diversity. From the Western Ghats there are' prominent offshoots like the Nilgiris. Similarly there are the Anaimalai, Palni hills and other south Indian hill ranges. While the rainy western sides of the Ghats have typical evergreen vegetation, their drier eastern slopes have semi-evergreen and deciduous vegetation. Along the east coast, there arises a small range of hills known as the Eastern Ghats. In the north is the Aravalli range and then the rising uplands of Central India. Between these hill ranges, lies the central Deccan Plateau intersected by rivers like the westward flowing Narmada, and the Godavari, Krishna and their tributaries that flow towards the Bay of Bengal.
Blessed with a wide variety of physical features and climate, India has probably the richest and most diverse plant life compared to countries of a similar size. The vegetation of the Indian region is broadly classified into sixteen major types here.
The Moist Tropical vegetation is classified into four types. (1) Wet Evergreen type is seen in the south as well as in the north. In both regions, the vegetation is almost alike. Evergreen forests have typically tall straight trees, the majority of which are evergreen. These trees often have a trunk buttressed at the base like a tripod to support them during storms. Trees in this type of vegetation are festooned with mosses, ferns and orchids. Canes, screwpines, tree ferns and woody climbers (lianas) are common, and wild banana is seen on the hill slopes. In the south, this type of vegetation is seen along the Western Ghats, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and in neighbouring Sri Lanka. In the north, the Northeast region of India, and the neighbouring Bangladesh and Myanmar have wet evergreen vegetation. (2) Semi-Evergreen vegetation occurs between the tropical and moist deciduous and therefore combines both these types. This vegetation is seen on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, the Andamans and Nicobars, and the foothills of eastern Himalaya. (3) Moist Tropical Deciduous type vegetation is further divided into: (a) moist teak bearing, (b) northern moist deciduous forests and (c) southern moist deciduous forests. Typical dominant trees are red silk cotton, mango, rosewood and some teak. Most larger trees have buttressed trunks and along with other smaller trees turn leafless in the dry season. The undergrowth is of bamboo, climbers and other shrubs. A good number of orchids too are seen in these forests. This type of forest vegetation occurs throughout India in suitable habitats. (4) Littoral and Swamp type of vegetation occurs in the coastal region along the river estuaries, creeks, inlets and islands. Such vegetation is seen in three zones: (a) Mangroves are seen in saline swamps. These salt-tolerant plants have breathing roots, an adaptation for aeration. On the eastern coast, mangrove, date and nipa palms are prominent among the tidal forests of West Bengal and Orissa. Bulletwood (Manilkara sp.) occurs in the littoral forests of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. (b) Vegetation of coastal sand dunes has plants like Crotalaria verrucosa, Launaea pinnatifida, mangrove beanstalk (Derris trifoliata), and goat-foot glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae). Shrubs like screw pine (Pandanus sp.) are typical. (c) Vegetation beyond the high tide mark is more or less similar to the adjoining mainland.
Watching Wild Flowers
Photographing Wild Flowers
Conservation Alternatives
Families of Flowering Plants
Gardening with Wild Flowers
The Colourful Array-Descriptions of 240 Species
Regional Names
NAJ372
154 (Throughout Color Illustrations)
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NRL News
Jennings signs with Eels
NRL.com
Mon 18 Jan 2016, 10:36 AM
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Michael Jennings has officially signed with the Parramatta Eels for the next four seasons the club announced on Monday.
Jennings, 27, joins the Blue and Gold from the 2016 season onwards after securing a release from the Sydney Roosters.
With 193 NRL games under his belt, the Penrith District junior has played six Tests for Australia and three Tests for Tonga, as well as representing the VB NSW Blues in 16 State of Origin clashes.
"Michael is very keen to join the Eels based on the direction the club is going and the environment we're building, and he'll be a valuable asset on and off the field," CEO John Boulous said.
"We have a very specific strategic plan for the next few seasons and his belief in our club's purpose will help deliver that."
Roosters Chief Operating Officer Football, Brian Canavan, said: "It is with reluctance that we have granted this request for Michael's immediate release. However, we do so with the view that it is in his best interests to secure his long-term future."
This article first appeared on ParraEels.com.au
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Only 1 in 10 survive a cardiac arrest.
The Global Resuscitation Alliance (GRA) is committed to saving the lives of more people who suffer SCA in all corners of the world, ten programs at a time.
The 2018 World Restart A Heart Day was a resounding success across Australia and New Zealand.
Our heartfelt thanks to our member services, partners and supporters who kindly contributed their time to raise awareness of the vital role CPR and AEDs have in restoring heart beats.
You can host an awareness day, anytime of the year, for your family, colleagues or friends using the kits available on the Restart A Heart Day websites.
Anyone can suffer a Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Anyone can save a life.


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I want to dump the query generated for this. If I were using Laravel, I would simply do
$content->toSql();

But here I'm using Phalcon. How can I achieve the same thing in Phalcon?

A: Query is not available in your model. Query is build based on model using query builder, passed to Query instance and executed against your db connection.
What you could do is use the events manager and read using the db:beforeQuery event
Example here https://forum.phalconphp.com/discussion/18371/check-the-connection-before-querying-into-database

A: I don't believe you can output the complete query, because it's a prepared query - thus the best you'd get is:
SELECT * FROM `content` WHERE state = ? AND URLid = ? AND city = ? LIMIT 1

Personally, I don't bother trying to log queries in code.  I've enabled the query log on my MariaDB server, and just check the log. The query logged is guaranteed to be the query run.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The ever popular Old Skool silhouette has been treated to an all suede upper with a deep Teak colourway for a real premium look.
The iconic side stripe in matches the shoes in colour and material keeping a clean look to the upper, a leather lining and a reinforced heel add support and stability.
An all black midsole gives a slightly more unusual look, with the Vans Off The Wall rubber patch logo at the heel breaking up the monochrome colourway. To finish this Old Skool pair Vans have added their famous signature rubber waffle outsole that adds plenty of grip and durability.


This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged best parkinsons blog, care giver, Children of Parkinsons, Dad fell again, daughters of parkinsons, Hadley Horton, health, how children deal with the disease of a loved one, inspiring children, MagnaReady, Parkinsons Blog, parkinsons fall, Parkinsons Survival, preventing parkinsons falls by magnaready. Bookmark the permalink.
Can so relate. We have an 11 year old daughter who, like your Hadley, has had to grow up and face responsibilities far too soon in life.
Thanks for sharing Cathy. They will change the word for the better having lived with compassion.


text:
Quantitative bioluminescence tomography guided by diffuse optical tomography
Qizhi Zhang, Lu Yin, Yiyong Tan, Zhen Yuan, and Huabei Jiang
Qizhi Zhang, Lu Yin, Yiyong Tan, Zhen Yuan, and Huabei Jiang*
J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
*hjiang@bme.ufl.edu
Q Zhang
L Yin
Y Tan
Z Yuan
H Jiang
Qizhi Zhang, Lu Yin, Yiyong Tan, Zhen Yuan, and Huabei Jiang, "Quantitative bioluminescence tomography guided by diffuse optical tomography," Opt. Express 16, 1481-1486 (2008)
In vivo quantitative bioluminescence tomography using heterogeneous and homogeneous mouse models (OE)
Three-dimensional bioluminescence tomography with model-based reconstruction (OE)
An optimal permissible source region strategy for multispectral bioluminescence tomography (OE)
Diffuse optical tomography
Reconstruction algorithms
Small animal imaging
Three dimensional imaging
Tissue optical properties
Medical optics and biotechnology (170.0170)
Image reconstruction techniques (170.3010)
Tomography (170.6960)
Original Manuscript: November 16, 2007
Revised Manuscript: January 17, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: January 17, 2008
2. Methods
We present for the first time experimental evidence that the quantitative accuracy of bioluminescence tomography (BLT) can be significantly improved by incorporating prior spatial distribution of optical properties of heterogeneous media obtained from diffuse optical tomography (DOT). A series of experiments were conducted using a CCD-based scanning system where millimeter-size bioluminescent targets were embedded in a 3×3×5cm optically heterogeneous scattering medium. The results show that the BLT images with the recovered optical property distribution in place are considerably better reconstructed compared to that without such prior information, in terms of the location, size and source strength of the targets.
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) has emerged as a powerful tool for small animals. BLI uses luciferase as an internal biological light source that can be genetically programmed to noninvasively report the presence or activation of specific biological events. Thus far BLI has found its wide applications for small animal imaging, ranging from tracking tumor cells, stem cells, immune cells, and bacteria to imaging gene expression [1–2]. The main advantage of bioluminescence technique over fluorescence is that there is no inherent background bioluminescence in most tissues, making it an extremely sensitive technique. However, the current BLI technique has two notable limitations: (1) BLI is two-dimensional (2D) and unable to obtain depth information, and (2) It does not allow absolute quantification of target signals.
Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) has been recently developed to overcome the two major limitations mentioned above. BLT is concerned with an inverse problem where the 3D geometry of the object and quantitative spatial distribution of the bioluminescence signals are obtained from the measured full-field-of-view (360°) bioluminescent data at the animal surface using a reconstruction algorithm. We have reported the first experimental BLT images with a finite element based reconstruction algorithm [3], while Wang et al. [4] established a mathematical foundation on the uniqueness for reconstruction of a bioluminescence source distribution in BLT. Since these early works, various finite element-based reconstruction algorithms have been thus far implemented and tested/validated using simulations and tissue phantom experiments [5–8]. Initial in vivo results have also been reported where a brain or prostate tumor expressing firefly luciferase were tomographically detected [6, 9].
While in vivo BLT imaging is now possible, its quantitative accuracy is notably degraded especially for small bioluminescent targets, because of the lack of accurate knowledge of tissue optical property distribution in the animal. Extensive simulation studies have shown the significant impact of optical property estimation accuracy on BLT reconstructions [10]. Clearly taking published data about optical properties of animal tissues from the literature is ultimately not acceptable, as tissue optical properties can be very different for individual animals. To cover this obstacle, in this paper we describe a multi-modality approach by combining BLT with diffuse optical tomography (DOT) that is able to provide accurate tissue optical property distribution in the animal/heterogeneous media. Using tissue-like phantom experiments, we show that the quantitative accuracy of BLT can be enhanced dramatically when the optical property distribution is known a priori.
In the experiments, the cubic optically heterogeneous phantom was mounted on a 360° rotation stage. For the BLT data collection, the phantom was rotated three 90°, and luminescence light emitted from each side of the phantom was collected by a thermoelectrically cooled (-70°C), back illuminated CCD array (Princeton Instruments/Acton, Trenton, NJ) coupled with an optical lens (Zoom 7000, Navitar, Rochester, NY). The data collection for DOT was realized by adding a diode laser at 655nm to the CCD system as excitation source coupled with a linear stage for multiple source position scanning. The test geometry is shown in Fig. 1 where "lung", "liver" and "heart" were embedded in a 3×3×5cm background medium, similar to the anatomy of a mouse body [the optical properties for these "organs" are similar to that from the literature [7] and shown in the caption of Fig. 1]. The phantom materials used consisted of Intralipid, India ink and Agar powder. We placed one or two small luminescent targets (Φ1×2mm each) containing mixed chemical solution from luminescent light stick (Glowproducts, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada) in positions near the "lung" (see T1, T2 and T3 in Fig. 1(b)). The mixed chemical solution emit red light around 650nm. A total of 660 measurements were used for BLT reconstruction and 4 (side)×45 (source)×81 (detector) measurements were applied for DOT reconstruction.
Fig. 1. Test geometry: (a) 3D view and (b) top view. Optical properties used were: μa (absorption coefficient)=0.26mm-1 and μ′s (reduced scattering coefficient)=2.2mm-1 for "lung"; μa=0.07mm-1 and μ′s=1.1mm-1 for "heart"; μa=0.47mm-1 and μ′s=2.5mm-1 for "liver"; μa=0.03mm-1 and μ′s=1.0mm-1 for background. The centers of target 1, 2 and 3 (T1, T2, and T3) were, respectively, at (0, -3, 15), (-5, -1, 12) and (5, -1, 12).
Our reconstruction algorithms for 3D BLT and DOT have been detailed previously [3, 11]. Briefly, the image formation algorithms cast the inverse problem associated with determining the bioluminescence source distribution or optical characters of the medium (e.g., animal tissue) as a linear (for BLT) or nonlinear (for DOT) parameter estimation where measured optical data are used to find a "best fit" of the bioluminescence source distribution or tissue optical parameters needed to reproduce the known measured information.
Figure 2 presents the recovered 3D absorption and scattering images of the phantom at selected transverse planes. We see that the "lung", "heart" and "liver" are clearly reconstructed in terms of position and size. The optical properties recovered for these "organs" are also quantitatively accurate (see the caption of Fig. 1 for the actual absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the "organs").
Fig. 2. Reconstructed 3D absorption (a) and scattering (b) images at selected transverse planes. The color bar indicates the absorption or reduced scattering coefficient in inverse mm.
Fig. 3. Reconstructed 3D BLT images with homogenous optical assumption (a, b) and with DOT reconstruction (c, d) for a single target (T1) having a source strength of 30 nW/mm3. (a) and (c) are a selected transverse slice, while (b) and (d) are the 3D display. The color scale indicates the recovered source strength value in nW/mm3. The white dashed circle on (a) and (c) gives the exact location of the target (0, -3) at x-y plane.
Fig. 4. Reconstructed 3D BLT images with homogenous optical assumption (a, b) and with DOT reconstruction (c, d) for a single target (T2) having a source strength of 61 nW/mm3. (a) and (c) are a selected transverse slice, while (b) and (d) are the 3D display. The color scale indicates the recovered source strength value in nW/mm3. The white dashed circle on (a) and (c) gives the exact location of the target (-5, -1) at x-y plane.
Figures 3 and 4 show the reconstructed 3D BLT images for a single target at T1 (Fig. 3) or T2 (Fig. 4) position having different source strength without (i.e., assuming homogenous optical background) Figs. 3(a), 3(b), 4(a), and 4(b) and with Figs. 3(c), 3(d), 4(c), and 4 (d) DOT reconstruction. While the target is detected for both cases with homogeneous background assumption, we note that the target size is considerably enlarged and that the target shape is significantly distorted especially for T2 position (Fig. 4(a)). We also see that the target position is shifted in x-y plane relative to the exact target position for T2 position (Figs. 4(a) and 4(b)). When the target is located between the two "lungs" having high absorption and scattering coefficients relative to the background (i.e., T1 position), the target dimension in z-direction is significantly overestimated (Fig. 3(b)). In particular, for both cases the source distribution is recovered with large error compared to the exact source strength of 30nW/mm3 for T1 position (Figs. 3(a) and 3(b)) and of 61nW/mm3 for T2 position (Figs. 4(a) and 4(b)).
Fig. 5. Reconstructed 3D BLT images with homogenous optical assumption (a, b) and with DOT reconstruction (c, d) for two single targets with source strength of 60nW/mm3. (a) and (c) are a selected transverse slice, while (b) and (d) are the 3D display. The color scale indicates the recovered source strength value in nW/mm3. The white dashed circle on (a) and (c) gives the exact location of target T2 (-5, -1) and target T3 (5, -1) at x-y plane.
When the optical properties obtained from DOT reconstruction are used in BLT reconstruction, we see that both targets are significantly better and quantitatively resolved in terms of the target position, size and, especially, the source strength (Figs. 3(c), 3(d), 4(c), and 4(d)). The improvement with DOT reconstruction is particularly remarkable for the two-target case as shown in Fig. 5. Here we see that the two targets cannot be resolved without DOT guidance (Fig. 5(a)). We also see significant shift of target position and distortion of target shape as well as significant underestimation of the source strength when the optical properties are assumed constant (Figs. 5(a) and 5(b)). With prior optical distribution obtained from DOT reconstruction, the two targets are clearly resolvable (Fig. 5(c)) and the target position and size are recovered with reasonable accuracy. In addition, the recovered source strength is close to the actual value of 60nW/mm3. While we demonstrate clear improvement with DOT assisted BLT reconstruction, we also note that the recovered sizes for all the cases are generally overestimated due to the scattering limited resolution of DOT and BLT. The target shape for T1 position is notably distorted along x-direction (Figs. 3(c) and 3(d) which could be caused by the relatively poor reconstruction of the scattering images of the two "lungs" (see Fig. 2(b)). We suspect that these inaccuracies in DOT reconstruction are most likely caused by the insufficient number of excitation light source positions and detector positions used in the experiments. We expect that an optimized number of excitation source and detector arrangement coupled with advanced mesh schemes [12] will be able to overcome the problem and to provide improved accuracy for DOT/BLT reconstructions.
In summary, we experimentally demonstrate that BLT reconstruction can be enhanced quantitatively when the distribution of optical property is known as a priori from DOT. This ability of combining DOT with BLT will allow us to obtain truly quantitative images of bioluminescent targets in small animals where optical property distribution is highly heterogeneous.
1. S. Thorne and C. Contag, "Using in vivo bioluminescence imaging to shed light on cancer biology," Proc. of the IEEE 93, 750–762 (2005). [CrossRef]
2. J. Park and S. Gambhir, "Multimodality radionuclide, fluorescence, and bioluminescence small-animal imaging," Proc. of the IEEE 93, 771–783 (2005). [CrossRef]
3. X. Gu, Q. Zhang, L. Larcom, and H. Jiang, "Three dimensional bioluminescence tomography with modelbased reconstruction," Opt. Express 12, 3996–4000 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. G. Wang, Y. Li, and M. Jiang, "Uniqueness theorems in bioluminescence tomography," Med. Phys. 31, 2289–2299 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. W. Cong, G. Wang, D. Kumar, Y. Liu, M. Jiang, L. V. Wang, E. A. Hoffman, G. McLennan, P. B. McCray, J. Zabner, and A. Cong, "Practical reconstruction method for bioluminescence tomography," Opt. Express 13, 6756–6771 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. A. J. Chaudhari, F. Darvas, J. R. Bading, R. A. Moats, P. S. Conti, D. J. Smith, S. R. Cherry, and R. M. Leahy, "Hyperspectral and multispectral bioluminescence optical tomography for small animal imaging," Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 5421–5441 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. G. Alexandrakis, F. R. Rannou, and A. F. Chatziioannou, "Tomographic bioluminescence imaging by use of a combined optical-PET (OPET) system: a computer simulation feasibility study," Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 4225–4241 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. H. Dehghani, S. C. Davis, S. Jiang, B. W. Pogue, .K. D. Paulsen, and M. S. Patterson, "Spectrally resolved bioluminescence optical tomography," Opt. Lett. 31, 365–367 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. G. Wang, W. Cong, K. Durairaj, X. Qian, H. Shen, P. Sinn, E. Hoffman, G. McLennan, and M. Henry, "In vivo mouse studies with bioluminescence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 7801–7809 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. G. Alexandrakis, F. R. Rannou, and A. F. Chatziioannou, "Effect of optical property estimation accuracy on tomographic bioluminescence imaging: simulation of a combined optical-PET (OPET) system," Phys. Med. Biol. 51, 2045–2053 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. H. Jiang, Y. Xu, and N. Iftimia, "Experimental three-dimensional optical image reconstruction of heterogeneous turbid media from continuous-wave data," Opt. Express 7, 204–209 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. X. Gu, Y. Xu, and H. Jiang, "Mesh-based enhancement schemes in diffuse optical tomography," Med. Phys. 30, 861–869 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Thorne and C. Contag, "Using in vivo bioluminescence imaging to shed light on cancer biology," Proc. of the IEEE 93, 750–762 (2005).
J. Park and S. Gambhir, "Multimodality radionuclide, fluorescence, and bioluminescence small-animal imaging," Proc. of the IEEE 93, 771–783 (2005).
X. Gu, Q. Zhang, L. Larcom, and H. Jiang, "Three dimensional bioluminescence tomography with modelbased reconstruction," Opt. Express 12, 3996–4000 (2004).
G. Wang, Y. Li, and M. Jiang, "Uniqueness theorems in bioluminescence tomography," Med. Phys. 31, 2289–2299 (2004).
W. Cong, G. Wang, D. Kumar, Y. Liu, M. Jiang, L. V. Wang, E. A. Hoffman, G. McLennan, P. B. McCray, J. Zabner, and A. Cong, "Practical reconstruction method for bioluminescence tomography," Opt. Express 13, 6756–6771 (2005).
A. J. Chaudhari, F. Darvas, J. R. Bading, R. A. Moats, P. S. Conti, D. J. Smith, S. R. Cherry, and R. M. Leahy, "Hyperspectral and multispectral bioluminescence optical tomography for small animal imaging," Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 5421–5441 (2005).
G. Alexandrakis, F. R. Rannou, and A. F. Chatziioannou, "Tomographic bioluminescence imaging by use of a combined optical-PET (OPET) system: a computer simulation feasibility study," Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 4225–4241 (2005).
H. Dehghani, S. C. Davis, S. Jiang, B. W. Pogue, .K. D. Paulsen, and M. S. Patterson, "Spectrally resolved bioluminescence optical tomography," Opt. Lett. 31, 365–367 (2006).
G. Wang, W. Cong, K. Durairaj, X. Qian, H. Shen, P. Sinn, E. Hoffman, G. McLennan, and M. Henry, "In vivo mouse studies with bioluminescence tomography," Opt. Express 14, 7801–7809 (2006).
G. Alexandrakis, F. R. Rannou, and A. F. Chatziioannou, "Effect of optical property estimation accuracy on tomographic bioluminescence imaging: simulation of a combined optical-PET (OPET) system," Phys. Med. Biol. 51, 2045–2053 (2006).
H. Jiang, Y. Xu, and N. Iftimia, "Experimental three-dimensional optical image reconstruction of heterogeneous turbid media from continuous-wave data," Opt. Express 7, 204–209 (2000).
X. Gu, Y. Xu, and H. Jiang, "Mesh-based enhancement schemes in diffuse optical tomography," Med. Phys. 30, 861–869 (2003).
Alexandrakis, G.
Bading, J. R.
Chatziioannou, A. F.
Chaudhari, A. J.
Cherry, S. R.
Cong, A.
Cong, W.
Contag, C.
Conti, P. S.
Darvas, F.
Davis, S. C.
Dehghani, H.
Durairaj, K.
Gambhir, S.
Gu, X.
Henry, M.
Hoffman, E.
Hoffman, E. A.
Iftimia, N.
Jiang, H.
Jiang, M.
Jiang, S.
Kumar, D.
Larcom, L.
Leahy, R. M.
Li, Y.
Liu, Y.
McCray, P. B.
McLennan, G.
Moats, R. A.
Park, J.
Patterson, M. S.
Paulsen, .K. D.
Pogue, B. W.
Qian, X.
Rannou, F. R.
Shen, H.
Sinn, P.
Smith, D. J.
Thorne, S.
Wang, G.
Wang, L. V.
Zabner, J.
Zhang, Q.
Med. Phys. (2)
Phys. Med. Biol. (3)
Proc. of the IEEE (2)


If a suit seeking to modify the designation of the person having the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of a child is filed not later than one year after the earlier of the date of the rendition of the order or the date of the signing of a mediated or collaborative law settlement agreement on which the order is based, the person filing the suit shall execute and attach an affidavit as provided by Tex. Fam. Code § 156.102(b). Tex. Fam. Code § 156.102(a).
• The person who has the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child has voluntarily relinquished the primary care and possession of the child for at least six months and the modification is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam. Code § 156.102(b).
The court shall deny the relief sought and refuse to schedule a hearing for modification under this section unless the court determines, on the basis of the affidavit, that facts adequate to support an allegation listed in Tex. Fam. Code § 156.102(b) are stated in the affidavit. If the court determines that the facts stated are adequate to support an allegation, the court shall set a time and place for the hearing. Tex. Fam. Code § 156.102(c).
Modifications must include a sworn affidavit that shows that the child's present environment may endanger the child's physical health or emotional development.
Grandparents filed Petition to Modify the Parent-Child Relationship immediately following the termination of parent-child relationship proceeding to which they were not parties and cited Tex. Fam. Code § 102.006(c) as basis for standing. No affidavit was attached. DFPS filed a Motion to Dismiss based on failure to attach the required affidavit under Tex. Fam. Code § 156.102. Trial court dismissed suit and 4th Court of Appeals upheld dismissal finding Tex. Fam. Code § 102.006 did not confer standing and the procedural requirements of Tex. Fam. Code §156.102 applied in cases where a modification of the Department's conservatorship of a child is sought. (In re N.A.D., 397 S.W.3d 747 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2013, no pet.)).
• Modification of an order entered only 90 days earlier may require facts that establish that the child's present environment may endanger the child's physical health or significantly impair the child's emotional development.
• Modification facts may be difficult to establish if, as part of Trial Court findings at termination of parent rights proceedings, that the child's current placement is meeting the child's needs and continuation is in the best interest of the child.


On December 18, 2007, Congress passed a spending bill to aside up to $66 million to improve treatment of sewage from the Tijuana River. However, the spending bill did not specify how this would be done. Congress instead required the IBWC to study the 2 best options and continue to negotiate with Bajagua LLC while it evaluates whether the Bajagua project or the an upgrade of the ITWP will be the best option. The IBWC must report back to Congress after analyzing the two plans.


text:
Antonio Dalmonte (3 April 1919 – 5 September 2015) was an Italian professional football player.

References

1919 births
2015 deaths
Italian footballers
Serie A players
Ravenna F.C. players
A.C. Cesena players
Juventus F.C. players
Atalanta B.C. players
A.C. Reggiana 1919 players
A.S.D. AVC Vogherese 1919 players
Association football defenders


ON ANY given day in countless suburbs on Melbourne's fringe, prams are pushed on freshly set concrete, children flit in and out of classrooms, and neighbours talk about the footy, the new cafe up the road or nothing much at all. The scene has all the hallmarks of daily life in action: a glorious, vibrant ordinariness.
Yet this is not a vista shared by all. The state government is working on another plan to shape Melbourne's development over the next 40 years, and the surrounding debate is dominated by talk of two Melbournes - the wealthy inner suburbs, and the poor, downtrodden outer suburbs. Pity the fringe dwellers - poor roads and public transport, schools struggling to keep up with enrolments.
It also goes a little deeper. Perplexed inner-suburbanites look to the wide open skies and far horizons on the fringe, and quietly wonder why anybody would actually want to live there. And, of course, the fringe is home to the derided McMansion. Would you like good taste with that?
It's time, I believe, to stand up for the fringe.
So far, the missing element in the debate about the city's future shape is an appreciation that a home on the fringe of Melbourne is not a second-best option, but in many instances a better one than the exulted inner-suburban existence. There is life beyond the tram tracks.
A new metropolitan planning strategy is a good idea. People have been Victoria's boom industry over the past decade, and what has been painfully evident is the lack of a workable plan to cope with the increase in numbers.
Labor in office struggled with urban planning as the city grew and grew. This was not just about a Big Victoria for the sake of it. Population growth drove the housing industry which in turn helped drive Victoria's economy.
The result was a familiar pattern where developers led the way: an expanding urban growth boundary and new estates without the necessary infrastructure to support these new communities. The latest estimate is that $10 billion is required to build the needed schools, transport and health services.
Professor Roz Hansen, who chairs the committee advising the government on the new plan, has been detailing the consequences for these communities, and the need for a pipeline of infrastructure projects. She's a strong voice for giving the new suburbs the services they need. In a recent speech, she talked about the significant challenge of the widening gap between ''choice rich inner suburbs'' and ''choice poor outer suburbs''.
The discussion also includes the idea of a ''20-minute city'', where shops, services and jobs are within 20 minutes of people's homes. It's an appealing - if wildly ambitious - concept.
It's encouraging to at last see a recognition that the communities on Melbourne's fringe deserve the same support as the rest of Melbourne. All power to the policymakers who can deliver this.
But what's also important is that this debate doesn't condemn the outer suburbanites to the social status of poor cousins, banished to an urban Siberia and needing our collective pity.
Even without the much-needed support services, the outer fringe offers an appealing lifestyle for many who choose it. Affordability, of course, is a key, a chance to realise the great Australian dream of home ownership. The blocks may be small, but the houses are modern and well designed.
Some, of course, are big - the ridiculed McMansions. I'm aware of the strong case for sustainable design, and big houses work against it and, yes, are probably killing off the planet. Yet the very term ''McMansion'' grates with me - it's pejorative and sneering. Put the same house in Toorak or Brighton, and does it become, in real estate speak, a grand residence?
The built-form is only one thing. In last month's Melbourne Magazine, I profiled Point Cook - a new suburb that has emerged from the paddocks over the past decade. The area has infrastructure problems writ large - it takes up to 30 minutes to get on to the nearby Princes Freeway during the morning peak.
But there are other positive forces at work: mainly, a sense of community. Parents' groups, school communities, sporting clubs and social media are making this new place work.
We need to keep this in mind in the debate about a new plan for our city. The divide between the two Melbournes is about access to roads and trains and schools, not about the people who inhabit them.
Shane Green is an associate editor of The Age.


Show off your creative design of a life-size cardboard boat then see how far or long it can float in the annual LakeFest Cardboard Boat Race in DeFuniak Springs, Florida! Can you out-paddle your competing friends and teams with your creation? Whether you wish to enter this competition or just come to the water's edge to watch, you can't help but to find this LakeFest activity filled with belly-laughs and hundreds of spectators gathered for one of the most enjoyable activities during LakeFest 2019. Sponsored and hosted by the leaders of Walton Correctional Institution.
Register before or at the event by completing this 2019 Entry Form & Waiver of Liability. This document must be signed to participate.
In advance of the race, submit the 2019 Entry Form & Waiver of Liability to Ms. Cindy Permenter, Mayor's Office, 71 US Highway 90 West, DeFuniak Springs, Florida 32435.
If you wait until the day of the event to register, bring your completed form to the start site (end of boat ramp next to Chautauqua Hall of Brotherhood, 95 Circle Drive, DeFuniak Springs) no later than 10:30 am.
Boats must be made before the race.
Boats must be made ONLY of cardboard and duct tape. A maximum of 5 reinforced cardboard tubes allowed.
Cardboard cannot be sealed with any sealants i.e. flex seal, boats may be painted with spray paint only. No sealants or brush painting allowed.
Boats may be a maximum width of 60" (5 ft.) and a maximum length of 84" (7ft).
There is no maximum height requirement.
Boats must be completely enclosed, or permit the crew to remain fully on top of the vessel. You are not permitted to have dangling extremities.
h. No artificial paddles are allowed.
Paddles must meet the same construction requirements as the boats (cardboard and duct tape only).
inspection, the boat will be disqualified.
Boats will need to be designed to carry two individuals.
Each person will be equipped with a PFD (Personal Flotation Device).
Teams will start at the lake edge in the location designated, teams will navigate the course returning to the starting location.
Once the horn blows signifying the beginning of the race the two team members must put the boat in the water and board it. They will then proceed to and around a marked buoy and return to their starting location.
The race must begin and end with the two-person crew intact arriving at the shore line and removing the boat and placing it back from where they started.
Swimming and/or pulling the boat, or the use of other boats will result in disqualification.
Heats races will consist of, at most, 4 boats at a time.
Time from heats will determine placement for finals. The fastest 4 times from heats will race for the Lakefest Cardboard Boat Champion and the fastest of these three will take home a trophy.
Boats will be judged on their creativity as part of the pre-race activities.
Teams should be prepared to "show – off" their work upon the start of the judging @ 11AM.


text:
Weymouth aim to make amends against Street
MARK Molesley is taking heart from the fact that Weymouth have a chance to put it right in their FA Trophy second qualifying round replay clash at Street tonight (7.45pm).
Goals from Ben Thomson and Jake McCarthy put the Terras 2-0 up at half-time on Saturday and seemingly heading for the third qualifying round.
However, strikes from Leigh Bailey and David O'Hare saw Weymouth held to a 2-2 draw come full time.
Molesley said: "We are a young group, we usually react quickly and that is what we are looking to do in the replay.
"There are always positives that you can take out of the game and the biggest one is that we get a chance to put it right in the replay and that is the biggest one for me."
Speaking after the 2-2 draw, Molesley said that his side will analyse the match and work out how best to approach the game, but admitted with their limited squad that there will not be many changes.
Molesley said: "We will pick the bones out of this, we will analyse the game a bit deeper and then we will see what is the best foot to put forward in the replay.
"There will not be many changes, our squad is not big enough for that.
"You could see there were only three outfield players on the bench, so we might shuffle the pack a little bit but we will make those decisions over the coming days."
Thomson's goal in particular was a major positive for the Terras, with the forward having now got two goals in two starts following a return from injury, and it was his strike that opened the scoring on Saturday.
His headed effort from a McCarthy shot allowed Weymouth to cement some of their early possession and dominance onto the scoreline.
Molesley said: "That is a plus point, we have had two goals from two starts so we are getting his fitness back into him.
"Buckers (Callum Buckley) had a game, he missed last week, so there is a couple of players there as well."
Ashley Wells will not be around for the next 'few' games due to a knee injury, and Molesley said: "He is making good progress at the moment, at this stage of the season you do not want to push people too hard too early because they break down again.
"We took our time with Thommo and Buckers and that has paid dividends."
Ryan Glover missed the first match but could be in the Weymouth squad for the clash this evening.


text:
Bioeconomy in Germany
Sector overview
Worldwide strategies
Products in everyday life
Analyses and statistics
Mussels as blueprint for green chemistry
Mussels could serve as a blueprint for the environmentally friendly production of complex polymers. Max-Planck researchers in Potsdam deciphered the intricate process.
Mussel attached to ground via byssal threads
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
The common mussel has more to offer than pearls and tough threads with which it clings to the seafloor. Scientists at the Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam-Golm have gained first insights into the extraordinary process how mussel attachment fibres, known as byssus threads, are generated in the mollusc foot. They discovered that many steps of these biobasec production process happens autonomously. "Many of the starting materials of the biopolymers self-assemble into complex structures simply because the mussel releases them in a coordinated fashion at specific locations," Matt Harrington describes the ingenious process. These new findings, published in the journal "Nature Communications", could serve as a blueprint for green chemistry approaches to easily produce technical complex and self-healing biopolymers artificially and environmentally friendly.
Inspirational adhesive strength
In their research the Max-Planck scientists shed for the first time light on the genesis of byssusthreads. In order to attach itself to the ground or stones the common mussel uses the byssus threads, which forms a yellowish mat of fine hairs. The small adhesive plaques at the end of each threads have an unparalleled ability to adhere underwater and have caused excitement among material scientists. As it turns out, the process by which the threads are produced, could also serve as an inspiration to chemists. The biopolymer that forms the core of the thread is extremely tough and also heals itself when damaged. In addition, the cuticle of the thread is as hard as the epoxide resin used to manufacture printed circuit boards, but is still highly extensible. Because of these many interesting qualities chemists want to understand how this material is produced by these molluscs.
Separate glands coordinate to generate the byssus threads
The fact that glands of the mussels secrete the thread substances into a fine groove in the mussel foot has been known for quite some time. However, now the research team led by Matt Harrington at the Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam found out that there are in fact three parts of the byssal thread, which in turn means that there are separate glands for the adhesive plaque at the end of a thread, for the core, and for the cuticle. The starting substances are then mixed in appropriate ratios in small vesicles. The Max-Planck researcher could now show that the differentiation of the glands, their position and the point in time when they release their content, are vital to ensure that the three parts of the filament are formed at the correct sites. A perfectly choreographed series of vesicles containing the polymer components for the core, the cuticle and the plaque flow into the groove, where they autonomously assemble into a material with a very complex structure.
The Potsdam team observed this by artificially stimulating the glands in the mussel foot to release vesicles in an otherwise paralysed the foot in order to study it. They then froze several of the mussel feet in various phases of thread production and analysed sections of them using a spectroscopic method that shed light on the chemical composition of the substances. They compared the results of these analyses with the results of experiments in which they selectively stained various chemical components in the threads. "Because only the glands function in the paralysed foot, we were able to distinguish precisely which steps of the biopolymerization process are self-organized and where the mussel has to intervene to regulate the process," explains Tobias Priemel, who performed most of the experiments.
When synthesis is artificially initiated and the mussel is unable to intervene, sometimes flaws appear in the byssus thread, leading the researchers to surmise that the mussel foot itself apparently plays a vital role. Matt Harrington and his coworkers are now trying to find out how mussels produce threads without the observed flaws and why they do not have to actively intervene in other byssus production steps. "If we knew which factors favor self-assembly of the biological polymers, the chemical industry might be able to produce complex polymer structures in a similar manner", Harrington says. For the future, he hopes to harness even more hidden tricks of the mussel for the industrial synthesis of polymers: "My dream is to create – with the help of what we learn from byssus threads – self-healing materials in an environmentally friendly process that have similar physical properties to byssus threads."
News: Nail polish made of vegan silk
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Interview: T-shirts made of wood
Upcycling by bacterial symbiont
Using algae sugar as a resource
Porsches built with natural fibres
Triple meds from artificial DNA
A battery made from renewables
Power generation with microbes
A better toolbox for peptide synthesis
Fungus surfactants for medicine
Modern wheat varieties are strong performers
Better larval feed for aquafarms
McDonald's wraps burgers in grass paper
Ready-made salad: a hotbed for germs
Pluripotent stem cells from pigs
EU funds bioplastics research
KI revolutionizes protein analysis
Agricultural research: New alliance with Brazil
Making agricultural systems more ecological
Tool set for potato growers
Heat sensors for beehives
Field robot helps with weed control


ATLANTA, GA – November 27, 2012 – CompliancePoint, an information security consulting and services provider, announces that they have been certified by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) as a Point-to-Point Encryption (P2PE) Assessor. To achieve this certification, a company must first be qualified by the Council as a Qualified Security Assessor and then meet additional qualification requirements to become a P2PE assessor.
Point-to-Point Encryption, also known as end-to-end encryption, is an emerging technology that is used to protect sensitive credit card data from point of swipe, while in transit, all the way to the payment processor. This type of protection is critical as hackers increasingly focus on stealing credit card data while it is in transit.
CompliancePoint is one of a very select group of PCI compliance certification firms authorized to certify to P2PE standards. As a QSA P2PE, CompliancePoint is qualified to validate the full range of payment applications and encryption device management solutions that P2PE providers offer to merchants.
"The P2PE certification is designed to help merchants streamline compliance efforts and better protect their customers' payment card information," explains Jerry Wyble, VP and Practice Manager for CompliancePoint. "We offer a single source for compliance solutions in the payment card industry and strive to maintain the highest qualifications and skill sets. With new certifications such as the P2PE, we continue to help our clients respond to regulatory changes and implement the latest security standards."


text:
How a DUI Arrest can Lead to a Murder Charge
Driving drunk has serious penalties like spending time in jail. Drunk driving penalties are more serious when it causes a traffic collision, death or injury. In fact, if an accident causes a fatality, a simple driving under the influence, or DUI, charge could become a murder charge.
When can a prosecutor charge someone who allegedly drinks, drives and causes a fatality with murder?
The answer is simple. A DUI arrest that involves two things can lead to a murder charge:
Extreme circumstances; and
At least one fatality.
DUI Law & the State's Watson Murder Case
The "Watson murder" refers the 1981 People v. Watson which was decided by the Supreme Court. The court case established a direct connection between a second-degree murder charge and DUI. Driving after drinking alcohol is dangerous and it may lead to a murder charge.
To establish a DUI murder charge, prosecutors must prove the following facts according to the Watson decision:
Prosecutors must show that the defendant intentionally caused the victim's death.
Prosecutors must show that the act was distinctively hazardous to people.
Prosecutors must show that the defendant knowingly chose to commit the act of drunk driving and killing another. He or she must also show the defendant had a disregard for the risks associated with drinking and driving.
Regarding a DUI murder charge, prosecutors may try to show that defendant chose to drive drunk knowing that his or her actions could kill another person.
Keep in mind that a DUI murder charge is not easy to prove. However, if done successfully a DUI murder charge can lead to a conviction with tough penalties. To obtain a conviction, prosecutors may try to prove what's called "implied malice." Implied malice suggests that a defendant knowingly drove drunk. He or she had the full knowledge of the risks associated with it such as killing someone. Under state law, implied malice can include:
The driver acknowledged Watson warning.
He or she attended a court-approved DUI school.
For instance, the court may assume that the defendant understood the dangers connected with driving under the influence. Although the defendant knew this fact, he or she willfully ignored it.
Have Your or a Loved One Been Charged with DUI? Contact the Law Offices of Jonathan Franklin today. We are committed to aggressively defending people arrested for DUI causing injury or death. At the Law Offices of Jonathan Franklin, we defend our clients in Los Angeles County and the surrounding areas. Contact us for a free consultation.


We warmly opens our doors and hearts to our non-Jewish members. We are committed to couples with one Jewish partner to welcome them as a couple within our community, to embrace them and their children, and to offer support and education for their extended families.
My spouse/partner is Jewish and I am not. If we join will I be welcomed at TBA?
Yes, all family members are warmly welcomed at all TBA events and services. We encourage members to attend as a family so that the family unit can become closer and understand Jewish history, traditions, and culture.
I don't read Hebrew. How can I possibly follow the Shabbat/worship service?
Our prayer books are written for all levels of understanding. The text is written in three types of wording: Hebrew, English transliteration, and English all on the same page. (A transliteration is a phonetically written version of Hebrew.) Throughout the service the clergy will guide the congregation through the prayer book and say the page numbers so that the congregant may follow the service in the wording that is most comfortable to the individual.
When we join TBA, will my non-Jewish spouse be expected to convert?
No. We are grateful for the support given to the Jewish spouse/partner and the participation at TBA. Conversion is a personal decision made only after heartfelt consideration. Rabbi Mills will guide you through the conversion process and the congregation will joyfully celebrate if and when the decision is made to convert to Judaism.
When we join TBA, will my non-Jewish spouse be considered a member?
Yes. When a family/couple joins TBA all immediate family members/partner are considered full members. All non-Jewish spouses/partners are welcomed and encouraged to participate on all levels including our committees, attend classes and holiday events.
Do you have other interfaith families at TBA?
Yes. We have many couples/families that are interfaith. Our goal is to welcome and include all members regardless of their religious upbringing.
Since 1983, the Reform Movement has recognized the children of either the Jewish parent (mother or father) as Jewish if they are raised and educated as Jews. There are many children in our congregation's Religious School who have other religions in their extended families and our teachers have been trained to be sensitive to this.
We are considering enrolling our child in TBA's Religious School. Are parents who are not Jewish welcome to participate in Religious School classrooms and events?
Will my non-Jewish spouse be able to participate in our children's bar/bat mitzvah?
What about non-Jewish grandparents? Can they be a part of my Jewish child's life?
Yes. A child who knows his/her grandparents is a fortunate child. All grandparents are welcome to attend services and events at the Temple and Religious School. Grandparents add another dimension to a family and are an important part of a family's history, values and traditions.
I have more questions. How can I learn more?


plse guide me how to create error logs in report.
if there is no data in the table,if we write select statement then error message should be created in 'error log' when it run on background.
open dataset /transfer/ close dataset commands.
2) Use the function module nast_protocol_update to update the log as you do in output control programs.
3) you can find functions like BAL_LOG_MSG_ADD.
When u ran the program as background, u can check the program log in SM37 transaction.
If there is an list output for the program, then check with the spool list there.
U can also see the job logs there.
You need to create a Custom table , where you can store the Error Log.
say report name and error text , Date of run , user name etc.
Best is create a Include , which you can use in all reports for future.
Later you can use the table to retrive log.


text:
The New Nanny Novel Is a Political Statement
By Emma Specter
Photo: Courtesy of publishers
When French-Moroccan writer Leila Slimani's novel The Perfect Nanny debuted in 2018, the literary world was stunned. The prose was as electric as the real-life-inspired story was harrowing, netting Slimani a coveted Prix Goncourt award. But part of the book's success was rooted in the way it subverted the nanny-employer relationship that cultural fixtures from Peter Pan to The Help have taught us to idealize.
As horrific as the plot of Slimani's novel is (it centers on infanticide), it also opened up a long-taboo topic: What if the people we hired to take care of our children had feelings, needs, and desires of their own? Of course, this is not completely uncharted territory: Works from Jane Eyre to The Babysitters Club have considered the inner lives of care-givers. But what sets the new nanny lit apart is a distinct focus on the idea of the surrogate mother (or father) as an economic and social arrangement that isn't inherently beneficial to all parties.
It's a quietly radical idea in a society that systemically devalues low-wage workers, particularly women of color (who make up 40% of child care workers.) Now, in the wake of The Perfect Nanny's success—and following a wave of books examining motherhood, primarily from a white, solidly middle-class perspective—the tide has turned to books about nannies, further interrogating what it means to center your life around a child (even if the child in question isn't yours).
Two such books—Kiley Reid's Such a Fun Age, which has already been acquired by Lena Waithe, and, more recently, J. Courtney Sullivan's Friends and Strangers—fit into this description, but they're a far cry from the juicy tell-alls of the early aughts: Instead, these novels set their sights on untangling the complex dynamics that can arise when one woman employs another to care for her children.
Representing the business of in-home childcare accurately has always been a tricky proposition. While 2002's The Nanny Diaries captured the phenomenon of young, mostly white, educated women nannying as a well-remunerated stopgap before starting their "real" jobs, the reality for career nannies looks somewhat different. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median pay for childcare workers in 2019 was $11.65 per hour: Many nannies have no formal contract (something that the National Domestic Workers Alliance is looking to remedy), and the COVID-19 pandemic has made their work situations all the more precarious.
Such a Fun Age delves headfirst into this precarity, with Black protagonist Emira longing for Alix—the white mother of two for whom she babysits—to give her the annual contract, benefits, and paid time off that she associates with adult stability. What Alix wants, though, is to convince herself of a fictive friendship with Emira, without understanding that any relationship between employer and employee is inherently unequal: Alix wants to believe that Emira's love and admiration for her extends beyond a paycheck, craving the sort of emotional labor from Emira that Black women have so frequently been tasked with performing in the workplace.
A similar dynamic is at play in Friends and Strangers, although class is brought into sharper focus than race. Financially struggling college senior Sam is at first seduced, then ultimately appalled by the way her employer, new mom and Brooklyn transplant Elisabeth, goes out of her way to deny her wealth (the discovery of a $46 hand soap plays a pivotal role in Sam's disillusionment.)
Like Alix, Elisabeth is a white woman willing to pay not only for childcare, but for the seductive idea that she is enriching a less-privileged younger woman's life: When Emira and Sam fail to adhere to their employer's expectations, both mothers balk. Elisabeth is a less scathing interpretation of the "well-meaning" white woman than Alix is, but ultimately, both women let privilege blind them to the reality that the young domestic workers in their lives don't exist for their benefit alone.
What's crucial about Such a Fun Age and Friends and Strangers, though, is that they are more than "nanny novels" predicated on a Manichaean dynamic between employer and employee. They expertly lay bare the shortcomings of the employers they represent, but they allow them humanity too: These mothers are lost, isolated and often have no one else to whom they feel they can turn other than their nannies. More importantly, while these books center the young women who have been transported into unfamiliar and luxe surroundings under the auspices of caregiving, they take care to define their protagonists by more than their work.
As a pandemic and a long-overdue racial reckoning give way to a more general reexamination of the social inequities we structure our lives around, it feels like the ideal moment for a wave of novels that dismantle our deeply ingrained expectations around caregiving and provide an framing of the nanny-employer relationship that is complex, murky, and—ultimately, necessarily—flawed.


The ISA Calgary 2015 Show is Canada's leading event for automation, instrumentation and control professionals. Gain access to technical and innovative solutions for the energy industry from instrumentation, systems and automation experts at the new ISA Calgary Show Conference. This dynamic conference puts the spotlight on case studies, technical papers and innovative solutions available in the industry.


Reach out to friends and acquaintances from your home country as well as other countries to share holiday meals and traditions with.
Ask everyone to bring a dish because sharing different types of foods is really fun and a way to be involved and make it more enjoyable for everyone—especially the host and hostess.
Make homemade holiday decorations, foods, gifts and/or personal greeting cards.
Share songs, stories, festivities and events from life in the home country.


Bitcoin mining is the processing of transactions in the digital. individuals often work in mining pools.
Regional Government Announces Opening of Large Crypto Mining Farm. they were combining 4 pools in the pie chart for.
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Mining bitcoin hash calculator log they. This can be seen by watching large mining pools as they solve blocks,.
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This is the first half of Part 3 in the BitCoin For Beginners video series. The top 3 mining pools for Bitcoin. more similar than these pie charts.
What Block Chain Analysis Tells Us. below is a pie chart of. the likely explanation to the infographic is that mining pools and farms typically must sell.You are also able to sync your unpaid mining balance from your mining pool.
Bitmain-Owned Mining Giant BTC.com Launches Ethereum Mining Pool. After building a formidable bitcoin mining empire that at one. a pie that a lot.
Bitcoin Hashrate Distribution Blockchain. info A pie chart showing the hashrate distribution between the major bitcoin mining pools Blockchain.
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