Local footballer Michelle Stewart is on her way to Hearts after agreeing a deal to sign for the Edinburgh club.
The 22 year-old striker lives in Duns, but plays for Lowick Ladies, and is due to play her last game for them this weekend.
She had intended to play her last match on Sunday, and is pictured receiving a bottle of champagne from her team-mates, but injuries mean she is going to have to pull on her boots for one more fixture.
Stewart was spotted by the Hearts management when they played Lowick in a friendly match earlier this season and she has recently attended a number of training sessions.


text:
namespace CloudFoundry.Net.VsExtension.Ui.Controls.Model
{
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Collections.Specialized;
    using CloudFoundry.Net.Types;
    using CloudFoundry.Net.Vmc;
    using CloudFoundry.Net.Extensions;

    public interface ICloudFoundryProvider
    {
        SafeObservableCollection<Cloud> Clouds { get; }
        SafeObservableCollection<CloudUrl> CloudUrls { get; }
        event NotifyCollectionChangedEventHandler CloudsChanged;
        void SaveChanges();
        ProviderResponse<Cloud> Connect(Cloud cloud);
        Cloud Disconnect(Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<IEnumerable<Instance>> GetInstances(Cloud cloud, Application app);
        ProviderResponse<bool> ValidateAccount(Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<IEnumerable<StatInfo>> GetStats(Application app, Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<bool> UpdateApplication(Application app, Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<bool> Start(Application app, Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<bool> Stop(Application app, Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<bool> Restart(Application app, Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<bool> Delete(Application app, Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<Application> GetApplication(Application app, Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<bool> CreateService(Cloud cloud, string serviceName, string provisionedServiceName);
        ProviderResponse<SafeObservableCollection<ProvisionedService>> GetProvisionedServices(Cloud cloud);
        ProviderResponse<bool> ChangePassword(Cloud cloud, string newPassword);
        ProviderResponse<bool> RegisterAccount(Cloud cloud,string email, string password);
        ProviderResponse<SafeObservableCollection<StatInfo>> GetStats(Cloud cloud, Application application);
        ProviderResponse<VcapFilesResult> GetFiles(Cloud cloud, Application application, string path, ushort instanceId);
        ProviderResponse<bool> Push(Cloud cloud, string name, string url, ushort instances, string directoryToPushFrom, uint memory, string[] services);
        ProviderResponse<bool> Update(Cloud cloud, Application app, string directoryToPushFrom);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


ALL IN A BOARD GAME!
Players are impact investors, looking for business opportunities in wind, geothermal, sustainable food, green building development, energy efficiency, alternative transportation, biofuels….the list goes on!
By investing in sustainable businesses across the four main counties of Hawai'i, players help the state offset imports of oil and processed food, all while helping the state reduce waste.
You don't…unless you have a Kahuna card that is! With the Kahuna card, you can see what policies are coming down the pike from the legislature.
Will the solar tax incentives be extended? If so, you should invest in solar now, but if not, it's a crapshoot!
Will Kauai ban plastic bags? If so, you can be sure the oil industry lobbyists will descend there en masse, and that will rob you of your dividends if you invest on Kauai, because those no-goodniks will spread lots of propaganda and rile up otherwise well-intentioned citizens with scare tactics that make them resent sustainability.
Will the state set a goal for zero waste? If so, all the businesses that help the state reduce its waste, like an architectural salvage firm, become more profitable!
Who is GBO Hawaii for?
GBO Hawai'i is for players aged 13+. It's particularly helpful for students in civics, political science, economics and social science. There are free lesson plans for teachers, too! More information at www.GBOHawaii.com.
I blogged about you at Ecobeth.com. Please post a link!


PW: I typically use singular domestic or architectural handmade objects and forms paired or arranged together in groupings to create visual metaphors and poetry. The objects that I create are usually minimal in nature with evidence of my hand present. Unlike the work of some of the minimalist artists of the 1970s, my minimal objects are often rough around the edges while maintaining the basic and pure form of the object. The qualities of the work, though different in material could be similar to some of Eva Hesse's works in that even in works or arrangements of structure or grids, there are slight differences between the individual objects themselves.
PW: I draw inspiration from my faith, personal life experiences – past and present – as well as current issues and trends that I see in our society today.
PW: My creative process usually begins with a mental image or interest in one particular form, i.e. bricks, pillows, houses, doors. I begin by making multiples of that piece. Then, through the process of making those objects repetitively and writing through reflection, the work begins to develop along the way. In addition to sketching, I often make what I call visual sketches or maquettes in my studio using found objects to generate ideas and plan out how the objects/multiples that I am creating will fill a space.
PW: I would like people to leave my work being challenged and asking questions about the particular issue that I am addressing in a given piece. I would like them to be challenged and ask questions in a good way though – not in a way that is condemning. I would like them to leave with an attitude of healthy reflection and of hope.
PW: At the moment, I am in an artist in residency program at Arrowmont School of Arts and Crafts so my lifestyle consists of making my own work, teaching, and working for Arrowmont in the gallery and studios. As a part of my daily activities, I try to read, reflect, and journal in the morning. The rest of the day is a balance between working in the studio, working on applications for shows and future opportunities as well as exercising, eating, and all of the other things that we must do to survive. While I am a person who enjoys a lot of structure, I find it difficult to maintain a consistent structure for my practice from day to day because of all of the other responsibilities that I am trying to balance.
PW: I think this involves a balance of both. At first, my work often begins from impulse – a desire to create something in particular. However, as the impulse begins to take form as a physical object, a plan has to be made for how the object or objects will exist in the world. That's when the set plan comes in.
PW: For example, I had an impulse to make doors. I started making the doors. Through the process of making the doors, which is my real time of meditation or reflection on how I want the objects to exist, I begin to think about (while making) what the significance of the doors is. I think about how they will exist in space and what color they will be. I am realizing that despite my efforts to try to work differently, this is the way my mind and process works. I am not the type of artist that has a blueprint plan right from the beginning. So I embrace my impulse to make multiples. My brain is able to do something unique only when my hands are working and active – it does not work the same way when I am just trying to think. I think that this is simply a result of my upbringing in rural Western TN. As a child, I witnessed my family physically working hard to get the job done. Each jar of green beans was tended to and each blade of grass was cared for. I am just a worker. So – making multiples for me is very parallel to that upbringing. I am often affirmed by quantity. Then, the plan comes later.
PW: There is not one path way to success as an artist. I can't compare myself to others. I just have to be myself.
PW: Well, I am not sure about that. I am always wary of being so definitive to say that something is the highest importance. But while I think that style and taste are important, I think that the concept being communicated is more important.
PW: Creating my own structure and being good at time-management. It is a balancing act to be an artist. It is not just about making the work. Work has to be documented, written about, shown, packed, shipped, put on a website and other promotional materials, and relationships within the art field have to be maintained. The hard thing for me in all of this is that I am my own boss. If I fail to do any of these things, no one is standing over me to hold me accountable. It is also difficult for me to not be so concerned about what other people think of me because I can be guilty of being a people pleaser.
PW: Well… to me this question can go two ways…. First, it could go in the direction of asking about what I enjoy about being an artist as a career. In that direction, while these are very different ends of the spectrum, I enjoy both the making process and seeing the finished work in the gallery. It is really satisfying to me when I can see the fruits of my labor all complete. Second, it could go in the direction of asking what I enjoy about being an artist as a lifestyle. I think being an artist for me is not about what I do, but it is about who I am.
PW: I could say that, yes, there are artists whose work I admire. Those might include, Rachel Whiteread, Tara Donovan, Anne Currier, Kim Dickey, Donald Judd, Richard Serra, and Michelangelo. But I think the artists who inspire me the most are those who I know personally; those who have mentored me. Those three are the three who have influenced me most: Lee Benson, Doug Casebeer, Lori Nolen, Nan Smith, Anna Holcombe, and Linda Arbuckle.
PW: I think technology can be a very useful tool today. One of my current studiomates, Emily Culver is a metals/object-maker with a background in jewelry. She uses CAD and CNC milling to help her make patterns and templates for her pieces. The way she uses the program is in a way to expedite her process, but you can't necessarily tell that the particular process was used to create the piece. I am a fan of using technology to make the process easier, but not necessarily just to make something using a digital process itself just because it is digital and hip unless it is part of the discussion that the artist is trying to have.
PW: I have also used laser cutting in my practice and it is helpful and makes certain processes easier. I am all for it if that is what it is used for!
PW: Yes, but I don't say yes to sound as if seeing the world through artist's eyes is somehow better than seeing the world through non-artist eyes. Each has their time and place. I value both.
PW: I do enjoy traveling. I must say that I really enjoy going out west. I enjoy Colorado and New Mexico. Denver, Santa Fe, and Chicago are favorite US cities. European – Florence!
PW: Favorite author currently is C.S. Lewis. I really enjoy all of his writings on philosophy and faith.
PW: Future plans would include figuring out how to make the large installation pieces that I have made in the past more manageable. I plan to figure out and plan more efficient systems for the reinstallation of my pieces.
PW: Being an artist means being hyper aware of the elements and details of this life and our human condition. Then it means taking those elements and details and presenting them to viewers in a new way – in a way that will create a dialogue or discussion and challenge us all to reconsider ourselves and how we interact with the world and each other. (That is my answer today. If you ask me again in 3 years, it might be different. Life is a journey and my perspective on things seems to change the further along my journey I go).
PW: I think I covered it!
PW: Thank you so much for your time and interest in my work!


text:
NYP: NYPD sergeant removed from post over affair with rookie cop
A New York City Police Academy sergeant was transferred from his post over an extramarital affair with a much younger recruit, The Post has learned.
Sgt. Michael Anderson, 51, was booted from his role at the NYPD academy after officials got wind of his relationship with a 26-year-old rookie cop, law enforcement sources confirmed to The Post.
Both Anderson and the probationary police officer are still on active duty within the department, an NYPD spokesman said in an emailed statement, noting that the incident "is under internal review."
Additional details of the affair were not immediately available.
News of Anderson's transfer prompted the creation of a Change.org petition calling for him to be returned to his original role to the academy.
"Sergeant Anderson was an asset to the NYPD Police Academy," the site reads. "His ability to motivate recruits to better themselves is a trait that is unique and difficult to find. He lead by example, expecting nothing but the best from himself and the people that he trained."
Anderson's former students quickly flocked to the petition, which garnered nearly 800 signatures and a flurry of supportive comments.
"Sgt Anderson was the best and meanest gym instructor," one comment reads. "Tough love allowed us to watch a guy in our class lost [sic] 85 lbs from 360."
"Most ppl would've let him fail. Sgt Anderson rode behind him on the final run on a bicycle motivating him to finish. And he passed."
Another person called him "the face of police training in the NYPD." (Via NYP)
posted by Kenneth M. Walsh at 1:26 PM
Name: Kenneth M. Walsh
Writer/editor living in Manhattan (so you don't have to). My blog covers pop culture, politics, books, celebrity, music, tennis, New York City, LGBT issues, small adventures -- and is filled with typos (and writethrus) throughout.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Forecast for the currency exchange rate of the Litecoin for the target month indicated, shown in US Dollars (LTC/USD).
We built a unique maschine learning prediction algorithm that predicts the daily, and the long therm Litecoin Forecast prices at Litecoin market. Litecoin Price Prediction was created using many variables MI algorithm and should not be taken as financial advice.
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Since the last update, Litecoin's price is 57.05 USD. Based on our forecast, we calculated that currently, Litecoin is not a good investment in the long term. If you invest $1,000, the expected value of your Litecoins in one year will be 162,0363 dollars, which is a loss of all money. It is not recommended to invest for 5 years at this time.
What was the highest price of Litecoin so far?
The highest price of Litecoin was 357.51 USD, recorded at 2017-12-18. The current price is -84.04% of this all-time high.
The price of Litecoin is expected to increase in the future?
Are we recommending Litecoin as a long-term investment?
What is the expected price of Litecoin tomorrow?
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Will Litecoin's price increase in 2019?
Based on the current price of 57,0500 USD, it can go up even by -51.49%.
Will the Litecoin prediction go to the moon?
What predictions are there of Litecoin on social media?
Below you will find the Litecoin (LTC) Price predictions for 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024.
What is Litecoin (LTC) price predictions? What is Litecoin (LTC) price prediction today? What is Litecoin (LTC) prediction in 2018? What is Litecoin (LTC) prediction today and tomorrow ? Whai will Litecoin (LTC) price prediction in 2020? Will Litecoin (LTC) price rise again?


text:
Tag: Racism
Harriet Tubman, Twitter, and Freedom
December 18, 2022 December 18, 2022 redict239Leave a comment
San Francisco's City Lights Books invited Dr. Clarence Lusane to speak about his new book, Twenty Dollars and Change: Harriet Tubman and the Ongoing Fight for Racial Justice, with moderator, Justin Desmangles. As I watched the livestream on November 21 of this year, the symbolism of Tubman awakened my memory. The cover of Dr. Lusane's book reminded me that an image of Harriet Tubman had once been my profile picture on twitter.
Although I might have forgotten my selection of images for social media, the reasoning and emotions behind the choice were very present. In July 2018, I craved an image that symbolized freedom for my twitter profile pic. Nia Wilson had just been murdered and her sister, Lahtifa, stabbed while they, along with a third sister, Tayisha, waited for a train at an Oakland subway station. The stabbing murder forced me to consider how Black people in the U.S. still were not free. Eighteen-year-old Nia Wilson, a Black woman, was killed by John Lee Cowell, a twenty-seven-year-old White man. Cowell had been on the same train as the sisters prior to the stabbings. And despite his expressing in court his anger about being punched by a Black woman a week prior to the stabbings, and despite his having called another Black woman the N word on a city bus as he fled the crime scene, the murder of Nia Wilson was never ruled a hate crime. For me, the physical and emotional injuries inflicted on the Wilson family, along with the seemingly countless murders of Black people that filled social media from the deaths of Trayvon Martin to Sandra Bland to George Floyd highlighted the colonial nature of Black life in the U.S. The same political and economic forces that had labelled us less than human as they drug us through the Middle Passage, that had forced us to work in bondage with, to date, no compensation, and that had deemed us second-class citizens under fascist Jim Crow were still operational.
Before choosing the Tubman pic for my profile, I'd had so many profile names and pictures during my fourteen years on the social media site that I can't remember them. After the murder of Nia Wilson, I'd chosen Tubman because as both a runaway and an abolitionist, she symbolized freedom. Freedom from the white supremacy ingrained in capitalism, freedom to be Black and a woman, freedom to make choices about how the Black community in the U.S. chose to live, freedom to find liberatory spaces.
During my years of Twitter usage, I witnessed how the site had been instrumental in several political movements during the early part of this century – the Arab Spring, the Indignados in Spain, Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and EndSars in Nigeria. I'd later seen counter-revolution stifle the Arab Spring when authorities began policing social media and jailing activists. In Nigeria government officials froze the bank accounts of protestors or chased them into exile. And in the overdeveloped West, authorities silenced some activists while global capitalism proved itself capable of incorporating liberals from the Indignados, Occupy, and BLM movements into the status quo of electoral politics or career activism. These were activists who had failed to base their protest on the most radical of political demands.
Prior to the Musk takeover of twitter, I'd thought of the social media site as a space where leftists could not only keep up with political developments, but also engage in conscientization and grow in leftist theory. I'd seen the joking statements made by twitter users who said they came to the site as a liberal and ended up an anarchist. Given the political space in which we found ourselves, it's not surprising that twitter attracted Black activists. It has been a space in which Black nationalists, Pan Africanists, feminists, leftists, and radicals could converge to share ideas and battle in ideology. If Frantz Fanon and Malcolm X advocated the termination of colonialism and human degradation by any means necessary, then twitter appeared one means of doing so.
While I was aware of the contradiction of using a capitalist site like twitter as a leftist political space under the helm of Jack Dorsey, I, like countless others, am even more aware of this insurmountable irony under twitter's new ownership. Musk's reactivation of rightwing accounts has resulted in some liberals and radicals abandoning the site. If people haven't quit the site altogether, many are using it less as they drift towards other social media alternatives. More importantly, other activists are more determined to do up-close organizing on the ground with marginalized and oppressed communities.
Harriet Tubman was the last profile picture I used that wasn't my own. I didn't remove the Tubman image because I felt that the circumstances that led up to the killing of Nia Wilson no longer existed. The needs of Black people in the U.S. and those of the global Black community are more urgent than ever. Nor did I do so because of my demoralization with leftist politics. While respecting people who choose not to use their own names and likenesses, I simply reached a point in which I wanted to acknowledge and embrace the legacy of Harriet Tubman while representing myself. I remain committed to radical liberation in the West and the termination of a political economy that underdevelops Africa as it extracts the continent's natural resources and labor on the cheap.
Posted in African Americans, Black Lives Matter, creative nonfictionTagged Black Lives Matter, Harriet Tubman, Nia Wilson, Racism, Twitter
Our Sleepwalking Towards Death with Gabriel García Márquez
November 15, 2022 November 15, 2022 redict239Leave a comment
At eighteen, with my first year of community college completed, I flew alone from Los Angeles to Mexico City. After several days of scouring bookstores, I brought back a suitcase full of novels, poetry, and history books.
I had begun my college studies as a talented Spanish major whose first published poetry — both bilingual and all-Spanish — had been accepted in Americas Review (University of Houston). As a young African-American writer whose first language was English, I shunned away from English-language literary journals because I lacked confidence they would publish my writing. Even then, decades back, I was aware that the publishing industry was a majority-White profession, and I perceived it as a barrier through which I would not be able cross. Social change, my dedication to craft, and persistence have allowed me to move beyond that barrier and get my work published in numerous English-language journals.
Given my skills in the Spanish language, I didn't hesitate recently to read the short story, "Amargura Para Tres Sonámbulos" ("Bitterness for Three Sleepwalkers"), by Gabriel García Márquez in Spanish. Reading English translations of Spanish-speaking writers creates a thin linguistic veil between myself and the writer that I try to avoid. In the story, Márquez's first-person-plural narration allows his two sleepwalking narrators to tell a story about a third who is a woman. The two narrators reveal to us, "Estábamos haciendo lo que habíamos hecho todos los días de nuestras vidas" ("We were doing what we had been doing every day of our lives.") Their emphasis on the humanity of the woman sleepwalker – who lives in the underground — underscores how sleepwalking is an analogy for the process of life. On one occasion during her walk, she falls to the ground and starts eating dirt; yet, she still isn't dead. The two narrators inform us that the more she walks around the house at night, the more she begins to look like death.
By using the sleepwalking metaphor for the process of a life approaching death, García Márquez makes the finite quality of material life abundantly clear. His magical realism presents three characters who move through the narration like phantasms of our imagination, so thinly clad that they need no names nor any physical description.
Using García Márquez's number of three, I offer three pressing topics in the world today that we, as humanity, engage with as if sleepwalking. I will refrain from naming them, allowing the reader to use speculation (of which magical realism is a part) to discern the topics of discussion. I have likewise personified my sleepwalkers as women.
She sits at the outdoor table as clouds form in the dry atmosphere. One raindrop falls to the dark brown table as the wind blows the clouds away, assuring no rainfall. She remembers how months, years have passed with barely a sprinkle. She half gazes towards the parched earth, one eye open and the other closed, confident in the technology of dams and irrigation. Faraway, in the Southern hemisphere, no rain means starvation and death. While further off in the tropical regions, torrential rains flood the land, washing away homes and livelihoods, and later leaving stagnant waters that breed disease. Lucky, she puts on her dark sunglasses and feels the warmth of the sun lulling her to sleep.
Six hundred years of extraction on the Atlantic side. Six hundred years! She enters the house, unties the Ankara fabric from her head, rushing to complete her studies while there is electricity. Recalling the words of the professor in class today, she ponders the extraction first of people and then minerals, natural resources, and land from the continent. She must find that chapter her professor was referring to. She sits in the chair, resisting sleepiness, and begins flipping through pages. There it is. She reads how the West and others have ensured that full industrialization of products cannot happen on the land, that the profits are drained away to far-off corners of the world and not given to them — the rightful owners of the wealth. She then sits back, the hanging light flickering off and on, and starts to doze.
She knows that nothing can resuscitate a life that is gone. There is no incubator for a dead body. She saw the bullet hit, pierce skin, spew blood across the linoleum floor, stop a vital organ. The life was lost. She is not sure whether it was a shopping mall, a church, or a schoolroom. Stretched out on the carpeted floor, she covers her head with the blanket to hide from the reality of twenty to forty percent of the world's guns in her one country. Something about a law written on paper 240 years ago. End of question. End of discussion. End of life.
Posted in creative nonfiction, magical realism, nonfictionTagged Africa, Capitalism, climate change, climate crisis, Colonialism, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, gun control, magic realism, mass shootings, Racism
African Americans' Move to Nicaragua
January 2, 2019 January 2, 2019 redict239Leave a comment
Given persistent economic inequality and disproportionate mass incarceration, in the twenty-first century African Americans require territory for a national homeland. Malcolm X is the most prominent of recent embodiments of this desire conceived of by Black Americans. He is a tireless spokesperson and advocate for a national territory, as is Martin Delany who promotes this idea developed by the Black generations of his era. Living from 1812-1885, Delany was physician, abolitionist, writer, husband, father, and a Civil War soldier who like Malcolm X was preoccupied with Black liberation and what it would look like in his time period as one of 600,000 freedmen amongst 3.5 million enslaved African-Americans. He expresses the popular point of view of that time that "we (Black Americans) are a nation within a nation." [i] His preoccupation led him to conclude that real liberation and access to progress, for the freedmen at least, would require leaving the United States where whites owned everything as a result of their dependence on black labor. Although whites would historically make it appear that Blacks were sequestered and forced to engage in hard labor because of their inferiority, the opposite was actually true; they were seized due to their superior abilities in activities like mining and agriculture.
Another idea circulating during Delany's lifetime was the notion of repatriation of the African-American enslaved to Africa. Delany was critical of this project which he regarded as conceived of by white slaveholders. Namely, the American Colonization Society proposed to send Blacks to Liberia, an African nation created by the United States. Depending on the political climate in the U.S., Delany considered this notion to be plausible, and at other times not. He set sail for Africa, became familiar with the terrain and environs of Liberia, and finally concluded that he had an "unqualified objection to Liberia."[ii] But that conclusion would not stop him from later contemplating East Africa as a potential homeland for Black Americans as well as Lagos in present-day Nigeria.
Ultimately, Delany reasoned that the optimum location for an African-American homeland would be Central America. Given its location and terrain, Delany saw Nicaragua specifically as an excellent location for agriculture and commerce. His perception was that there was no racism in Nicaraguan society and that colored people wielded power. He stated, "Central and South America are evidently the ultimate destination and future home of the colored race of this continent."[iii] His focus on Nicaragua was in no way unusual during his time period given that there was an obsession with Nicaragua amongst the white American ruling class. During the 1850's, members of the U.S. government had considered annexation of Nicaragua in an attempt to distribute land and eventually enslaved Black persons to white non-slave holders. In other words, then, as today, the notion of Jeffersonian, white-male equality depended on both the exploitation of non-whites and the acquisition of territory outside the United States. But was this land free of racism as Delany had perceived it to be? Not quite so. Nicaragua was a site of "ethnic cleansing"[iv] as practiced by the Spanish on the indigenous populations.
A closer look at race in Nicaragua reveals it not to be the idyllic environment as envisioned by African-American freedom fighter and liberationist Delany. As contemporary researcher Lancaster points out, "Nicaragua does indeed have a race problem, or perhaps more to the point, a color problem, that manifests itself in insidious ways."[v] The minority populations of African and Miskito (Amerindian) origin are both concentrated and isolated on Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast which was colonized by the British and which shares no direct highway link to the rest of the country. Historically, the majority mestizos (persons of mixed blood), who themselves comprise 90% of the population, have considered Afro-Nicaraguans and Miskitos as backward and inferior. Perhaps Delany perceived of Nicaragua as being free from racism due to the more subtle manifestations of racism in Latin America where this social malady is a series of practices as distinct from racism in the U.S which is structural.[vi] Despite racism's subtleties in Nicaragua, the leadership positions of the country have historically been held by the white elite who are noted as being the only demographic in the country not engaged in the internal and psychological warfare resulting from performing Spanish culture in indigenous or African skin. This colonial warfare is noted by researcher Lancaster as being reversed only once per year, during carnival, when indigenous and African cultures are celebrated. At other times, through both language and practice, the majority of the population exhibits a pervasive desire to be white.
Nicaragua as a nation continues to be a point of contention as current President Ortega struggles to retain power. Ortega, who participated during the 1980's in the leftist Sandinista revolution to overthrow U.S.-friendly dictator Somoza, has shifted his beliefs from Marxist-Leninism to democratic socialism. Ortega's terms as President include 1985-1990 and subsequent terms following elections in 2006, 2011, and 2016. While some U.S. democratic socialists support Ortega and many U.S. Marxists and anarchists criticize him, the disparate groups tend to agree that the U.S. government, through its financing of NGO's and human rights organizations, is trying to destabilize the present government viewed by the U.S. as being too friendly with both China and Russia.
Which way freedom? Like African-Americans, the peoples of Nicaragua have had to struggle, engage in warfare, and face death and the death of loved ones in the quest for freedom during the eras of exploration and exploitation of the American continent, an exploitation that continues today. Regarding economic issues in the formation of a nation, Delany often emphasizes business; yet, history shows that as businesses grow, they conglomerate and monopolize which results in a constraining of freedoms as their leaders cease to operate in the interests of working people. Decisions about how businesses operate must be democratically shared with working people. Regarding the freedoms of women, Delany correctly states that "no people are ever elevated above the condition of their females."[vii] Nicaragua today ranks twelve (after Germany) in gender equality. Homosexuality is legal, discrimination against the LGBTQ community is illegal, but same-sex marriage is not recognized. Unlike many other countries in the Southern hemisphere which focus on the growing of a few crops for international distribution, the country produces 80-90% of its own food.[viii]
Martin Delany, who, like Malcolm X, expresses a deep love for Black people, consistently has our freedom on his mind. The physician Delany was one of the first three Blacks admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1850, but they did not attend because protesting white students blocked their attendance. Martin Delany states that if we Black Folk cannot leave the U.S. and found our own nation, we should at the least establish our own schools and colleges. Delany proposes that African Americans leave a homeland for our children. This same Martin Delany who was so preoccupied about a homeland died in 1885 with no tombstone marking the land holding his humble grave in Ohio until the year 2006. Martin Delany resonates through time and beyond his grave. His advocacy is persistent and pertinent.
[i] Howard Brotz, African-American Social and Political Thought, 1850-1920 (New York: Routledge Press, 2017), 97
[ii] Brotz, African-American Social and Political Thought, 77
[iii] Brotz, African-American Social and Political Thought, 82
[iv] Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, "Native Land and African Bodies, the Source of U.S. Capitalism," Monthly Review 1 February 2015
[v] Roger N. Lancaster, "Skin Color, Race, and Racism in Nicaragua," Ethnology Vol. 30, No. 4 (October 1991): 339-353
[vi] Lancaster, "Skin Color, Race, and Racism in Nicaragua"
[vii] Brotz, African-American Social and Political Thought, 92
[viii] Kevin Zeese and Nils McCune, "Correcting the Record: What is Really Happening in Nicaragua," Monthly Review 23 July 2018
Posted in Africa, African Americans, African Diaspora, Black Migration, Capitalism, Colonialism, Imperialism, Malcolm X, Martin Delany, Nicaragua, Radical Nonfiction, Slavery, socialismTagged Africa, African Americans, Capitalism, Colonialism, Imperialism, Inequality, Latin America, Malcolm X, Martin Delany, migration, Nicaragua, Racism, Radical Nonfiction, Slavery
Black Women Won't Save the World
December 28, 2017 September 3, 2018 redict2391 Comment
For: Erica Garner
Despite pronouncements to the contrary, Black Women won't save the world. Notwithstanding the circumference of the Cradle of Civilization in South Africa nestled in a locale from which all human beings originate; regardless of the excavations in Ethiopia of both Lucy and Ardi marking the evolution of homo erectus and what that signifies to the world in the evolutionary flowering of life, the act of waiting 27 years in a Mandela-like manner is far beyond the dexterity of even the most steadfast amongst us. So, please do not expect it, since what a girl really wants is to be a first in Africa as President of the former American Colonization Society (aka, Liberia) to show the world how it's really done following the commendable lead of Brooklyn-and the-Caribbean's Chisholm who made her bid as leader of the entire Empire after the sea having been parted by that group of women who were so good at either whispering or shouting:
"Come along with me."
(You know the ones.)
Those who say: "Come on now."
Those that question: "Why can't you do that, too?"
Harriet Tubman.
Sojourner Truth.
Rosa Parks.
But they can't do it all. They can't continue to clean up the mess of Western Civilization epitomized in the world's largest economy that works overtime like an oversized fan both amassing resources and throwing out products. They can't continue to wipe the mouths of temperamental children. Black women will not save the world with a sweeping lift of the train of their gowns as they walk on stage and, with a Hattie McDaniel smile, accept their award. Even though the world expects that they listen Oprah-style to its dilemmas and then offer pats on the back; even though society would have them sweeten reality like Aunt Jemima; even though segments of American politics cross their fingers waiting for Black Women to show up at the polls to circumvent the country's tendency to worship totalitarian totems, it goes against the grain. When all a girl wants is fresh food that can't be bought at a liquor mart, healthcare that can't be provided at a storefront, dignified employment that can't be applied for amidst corporate outsourcing, ownership that can't be acquired in economic inequality, safety that can't be granted by the 2nd Amendment, and for her sons and daughters to live a freedom that can't exist in a society of colored-only mass incarceration. So, no, Black Women (who have been my sustenance) will not save a world that reduced Lucy to an objectified Sara Baartman, Hottentot Venus to be paraded around European freak shows to exhibit her large buttocks. Regardless of their self-imposed exile to Paris and refashioning themselves to seduce á la Josephine Baker or using the both life-saving and self-effacing tools of Madame C. J. Walker to accommodate white middle-class patriarchy, they may still face a court case named the "The United States of America vs. Billie Holiday" in which their Blues cannot even be contained in a volume by Toni Morrison. If indeed "la vida es un carnaval," I want Black Women to formulate it, but we can't save a world that is not of our making, a world in which mothers were historically assigned double duty and fathers were denied last names. Fathers were depleted of even air to breathe. Fathers had to plead, "I can't breathe."
Posted in African Diaspora, Erica Garner, nonfiction, womenTagged Africa, African American Women, African Diaspora, Black Lives Matter, Capitalism, Colonialism, Eric Garner, Erica Garner, feminism, Globalism, Imperialism, Racism
Meek Mill Didn't Get Killt (Nonfiction in 3 Voices)
November 22, 2017 July 6, 2018 redict239Leave a comment
Voice 1: In the land of curt consolations, one that is most apparent is that Meek Mill didn't get killt although surely that could have happened in the City of New York which garnered a recent reputation for snuffing the life out of the big man selling loosies on Long Island or the youngin confined to Rikers Island based on allegations of stealing a backpack the soul of whom was stolen from him so much so that he committed suicide. Meek Mill's case could have been otherwise. He escaped that fate, if escape it can be called, given the rapper has been dragging the ball and chain of probation since 2009 for an incident that occurred as a teen; yet, given that the U.S. legal system, which markets in black and brown bodies, has acknowledged no change in him, no redemption; thus, the law, its judicial representatives, and police boots on the ground watch his every move coveting a new conviction and they find it when the rapper pops motorcycle wheelies on the set of a video filming. Illegal. Against the law. 2-4 years jail time. Meek didn't get killt. He didn't run from the cops who then took it upon themselves to feel fear and shoot him in the back. He didn't attempt to be the "trillest" and say, "Officer, I want to let you know I have a weapon," and then get shot. Point. Blank. He didn't get into an argument at the liquor store and walk down the street only to get shot in the back. None of that. Meek Mill didn't get killt.
Voice 2: On that one track Meek say, "They wanna see you in the hood back when you ain't got shit." That be real tho. That's how the United States be operating on "Young Black America."
Voice 1: Why do Blacks total forty percent of those incarcerated yet make up just thirteen percent of the U.S. population? And why are one-third of those on parole in the U.S. Black people? Black people and Brown people are disproportionately locked up. Last name from that now-gone Spanish empire that surrendered to the force of both Anglo expansion and the consequent U.S. empire? You know the one. Persona de Mexico? El Salvador? Chances of being incarcerated abundant as well. Practice a suspect religion. Accent a bit odd. Low income. Scant education. Behind bars.
Voice 2: On that one track when Meek and Thug say, "Lost so many niggas, I went crazy, I couldn't balance it," that be real too. Like, you lose your peeps, and you be fucked up from the pain, like dizzy and shit, everything is out of wack, the city gets bigger and it's just you standin there and all the traffic is goin in all different directions, and the empty house cuz that person ain't there no more, just things, things to be cleaned up and horded so you can keep them or toss others in those large plastic trash bags to be dumped into oblivion, but you never forget cuz those people be in your heart always and on your mind at the oddest moments and when you look in the mirror, you be seein that person, them people, and when you speak, you hear they voices, too.
Voice 1: The challenge is to resist a culture of violent obliviousness in a broader society that would have us forget because the forgetting is dehumanization not only of the forgotten but of ourselves. After September 11, 2001 when U.S. news networks faced the hardship of paying tribute to the souls lost in the Twin Towers, I remember looking at the scrolling photos of the deceased on the tv screen and realizing how beautiful everyday Americans were. The photos, names, occupations of the victims were portrayed uninterruptedly. Sixteen years later, in our society that increasingly shutters the finality of death as well as institutions like jails and prisons that impose forms of death on the living, we are increasingly not offered those commemorations, words from family members, the photos. Just this year with the tragic human losses in the Las Vegas Concert shooting, the Texas church shooting, the hundreds of dead in Puerto Rico due to Hurricane Maria, we see meager mention of the victims. The corporate news media, which has few reasons to seek revolt, moves on to the next story. But as the poet says:
"No man is an island entire of itself; every man
is a piece of the continent, a part of the main;
…any man's death diminishes me,
because I am involved in mankind.
And therefore never send to know for whom
the bell tolls; it tolls for thee."
-John Donne
Voice 2: That be trill, tho. John Donne was ride or die way back in the day. Those some good lines. It may be someone else today, your homie tomorrow, but eventually, it's us. One of my favorites from Meek's album is, "Relax your mind and kick your feet way up/Selling dog food tryna feed my pups." We're not forgetting Meek nor the many, many locked up.
Voice 1: "We Ball"?
Voice 2: Ballin.
Posted in African Americans, Hurricane Maria, Las Vegas Shooting, meek mill, nonfiction, Puerto Rico, Rap, Texas Church ShootingTagged Black Lives Matter, Inequality, John Donne, Las Vegas Shooting, Mass Incarceration, meek mill, Racism, Rap, September 11, Texas Church Shooting
Eric Garner, Alton Sterling and Controlling Black Bodies in the Americas
July 4, 2017 July 6, 2018 redict2391 Comment
ERIC GARNER, ALTON STERLING AND CONTROLLING BLACK BODIES IN THE AMERICAS (a text in three parts)
"Detroit's black day laborers gathered at an informal outdoor labor market on the city's periphery, known to local whites as the 'slave market.' The large 'open air mart' thrived between the 1940's and 1960's on Eight Mile Road…" (Thomas Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis)
Eric Garner (part I)
In 1770 the Municipal government of the Louisiana Territory then under Spanish rule stated it was permissible in the Territory for the Europeans to trade tobacco for African slaves. On July 17, 2014, in the formerly-liberal now neoliberal bastion of New York City, money capital of the overdeveloped world, and once the prime destination for Blacks leaving the Reconstruction South, there was no law permitting a black man to sell individual tobacco cigarettes on the street, indeed, based on city legislation, it was strategically inconceivable and legally impermissible for a black man to do so, and it was an activity for which Eric Garner would be killed given that the police department since the mid-1990's was fixated on what it called quality of life in the city so when a group of African-American and Latino men had the idea of selling cigarettes that they would buy from nearby states or the Indian reservation at prices cheaper than those of New York City in order to sell on the streets, especially to people similar to themselves, who, in this case, would be people going to the welfare office nearby, and for whom, the one cigarette those customers purchased might ironically indeed have been a momentary improvement in their quality of life, both alleviating stress and bought at a cheaper price, well, the New York City police did not see it that way and after the call they received from the apartment manager who, adding his complaint to the hundreds that had been made regarding this particular area because he felt pushed to his limit with the group outside his Staten Island apartment building whom he described to police as selling cigarettes and drugs on the streets, surely the mention of the word drugs would arouse the attention of the police who were familiar with this particular group and specifically with one 43-year-old man named Eric Garner, impossible to miss at 6'2", 395 pounds, a husband and father of six who had already been arrested twice the same year because his selling of cigarette loosies was not in accordance with state tax law.
The fact that Mr. Garner was known for buying ice cream for children in the area was inconsequential as was his history for being a type of referee amongst the group of men with whom he hung around who would at times get into their own brawls, and the reality of Mr. Garner, a husband and father of six, working in a trade that he had made part of his livelihood was likewise irrelevant, but the fact that Eric Garner was himself breaking up a fight between his buds that day proved fatal because the plain clothes cops focused on him and this time it was Garner they wanted to arrest for selling cigarettes, and despite the big man asking that they not touch him, they proceeded in any case, with one particular cop grabbing the huge Garner, who suffered from various health conditions, by the neck and tackling him down to the ground in a chokehold, pressing his face to the cement, handcuffing him, and leaving him on the ground where Garner made his now famous pleas stating, "I can't breathe, I can't breathe," eleven times, all of which were recorded on the phone camera of one of Eric Garner's friends, but the cops ignored his pleas because somewhere in their training or due to the dozens of arrests they had made at this same spot or most likely because quality of life mandates did not include the life of someone who looked like Mr. Garner and who worked in the informal economy, they concluded that his pleas for help were fake which might be the reason that instead of Eric Garner receiving a professional group of medical personnel to attend him, he was sent what appeared to be five fake medics one of whom walked around carrying the oxygen that was never administered to the patient who suffered from acute asthma and who died after the cops succeeded in being the catalyst for Eric Garner's cardiac arrest.
The Americas (part II)
The tragedy of Alton Sterling was to have been born in a state that historically more than one European country had fought to the death for – not only death amongst Europeans – the deaths of the original Native American inhabitants of the land and the African slaves imported as property. Louisiana, as the former center of colonial slave trading in the United States, was contested ground not unlike my birthplace of California. They are both states in which the presence of more than one colonial European power resulted in a fight for geographical dominance and economic and military control. One of the most pernicious and exploitive forms of domination was European ownership of black persons transported from Africa as slaves. Although the Portuguese initially had exclusive access to the coast of Africa and thus the exportation of our ancestors according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494[i], the French, Spanish, and English would feud amongst themselves and with the Portuguese in order to gather the labor they needed to found and exploit the new lands they sought to conquer in the Americas. European enslavers attempted to gain dominion over enslaved Africans by branding them according to their place of origin, this being important since enslavers placed a preference on peoples imported directly from Africa. The Europeans sought to curb the Africans' exposure to revolutionary ideas which they deemed more prevalent in the Caribbean holding islands than amongst Africans imported directly from the continent.[ii] While the Europeans placed a premium on the skin brandings they put on Africans as property, they, for the most part, ignored the scarification the enslaved had put on themselves to indicate their particular African cultural identity.
The English-speaking slave traders kept rather meticulous records of sales of the enslaved, the Spanish are noted for having kept some; yet, the French kept very little data regarding sales of African slaves.[iii] Their memorandums may have been scant, but the French administered the largest slave population of any colony in the territory of Saint Domingue which we now call Haiti. The French domination of Saint Domingue lasted from 1659 until the years of the slave revolt ending in 1804. Saint Domingue had a population of 800,000 slaves toiling in the cultivation and production of tobacco, cotton, and coffee as well as the monumental sugar trade that supplied 40% of that product to Europe. With more than a thousand shipping vessels, over 20,000 French sailors, and more than 500 ships in its port at any one time, the Europeans considered Saint Domingue the "Pearl of the Antilles." Always wary of a coup d'état, the French would avoid importing slaves to Louisiana during the years 1729 to 1731 because the enslaved were rebelling in the Territory during those years. And later Charles IV would block importation of slaves from the French Antilles to Saint Domingue as the Haitian revolution got under way in 1791.[iv]
The presence of the huge population of French sailors in Saint Domingue could not have been more horrific for women. "Colonized women were frequently positioned in the colonies and under slavery as concubines, mistresses, or sexual servants."[v] The scholar Kempadoo describes in her writings how militarized masculinity demands heterosexual sex on a regular basis. When the French sailors of Saint Domingue did not resort to having sex presumably amongst themselves, they would rape the females from the Native or African populations. How else to explain the emergence of Creole slaves — a new category of enslaved that was "specifically barred from…commerce" for importation to Louisiana as early as 1777[vi], again due to the preference for slaves imported directly from Africa whom the Europeans hoped to manipulate. Black women were not only dehumanized by the Europeans placing them in the role of having to fulfill the sexual desires of the sailors. Throughout the Americas, they were considered breeders whose "wombs were incorporated into plantation economies to increase the size of the slave population."[vii]
The English had a monopoly on the barbarity of the slave trade by the 18th century, having surpassed both the French and the Spanish in the trafficking of human lives. After the slave revolt in Saint Domingue during the years of 1791-1803, the Europeans moved some sugar production to Mississippi. The Louisiana Purchase, in which this territory was transferred from French to Spanish, back to French, and finally to U.S. hands, was a manifestation of how the United States, a former colony itself, had now gained the ability to recolonize. The incorporation of the territory which contained the largest slave market caused political anxiety amongst the political power brokers in the North. Their concerns were appeased by designating black slaves as 3/5 of a person in the U.S. Constitution, thus avoiding having the South gain excessive electoral representation.
Another colonial power that formerly controlled black lives in Louisiana was Spain. And how did the Spanish maneuver to restrain their African populations? The Spanish designated Cartagena in present-day Colombia, as the former slave trading center of Spanish America; thus, it was the sister city of Anglo-American New Orleans. While Anglo-American slavery was noted for being brutal and French slavery in Saint Domingue was so deadly the enslaved lived just a few years, the Spanish in their largest slave market of Cartagena are noted for having "difficulties with transportation, (an) unimaginative government, (and) powerful and myopic vested interests"[viii] all of which affected the degrees of mercilessness the Catholic Jesuits, landowners, and mine owners could impose on their African slaves. France and Spain were both Catholic countries, and the Catholic church took the position that slavery was a contract and that the slave was a human being with family rights.[ix] While this may have been one of many laws on the books dating back as far as 1348 in Castilian legislation, it would be difficult to enforce in Colombia because of the shortage of priests to implement it. And its application was uneven in other geographical locations of the huge Spanish American empire. Despite their Catholicism, the French were barbaric slave owners in Saint Domingue known for working slaves to death in just a few years. If preservation of the family unit is used as an indication of respecting the humanity of African slaves, we know that in Anglo-American slavery separation of family members was the norm. Colombia's rate of nuclear family units amongst slaves was anywhere from 37-60% depending on the region. Peru and Brazil, both Catholic countries, discouraged family units amongst slaves where only 10% lived in nuclear families. The Bahamas and Jamaica, on the other hand, are noted for having 54 and 70% of slaves respectively living in nuclear family units.[x]
Other characteristics regarding the lives of the Africans enslaved in the region now called Colombia was a life expectancy of 30 years, a mortality rate of 50%, with women giving birth to an average of 5 kids, and having, statistically, more than half die at an early age. The ratio of men to women in the late 1700's in the Colombia region was 109:100, which contrasts markedly with South Carolina at 180-250:100. A particularity of Colombian slavery is the notion that the enslaved did not have to toil for the enslavers on Sundays and Catholic holidays.[xi] This fact is important because it would allow for increased rates of manumission given that African slaves toiling in the gold mines in areas like Choco, or laboring on farms could work on Sundays and keep the profits from their work for themselves. Retaining the profits of their labor should have allowed for increased rates of manumission given that the enslaved would be able to then purchase themselves or other family members. Yet records indicate that the Spanish rarely disclosed the laws regarding manumission and even when the enslaved were aware of the laws, some masters refused to grant freedom. Thus, records for the late 1700's show that the region of Cali granted only 87 manumissions and Buenaventura, 7. The goldmining region of Choco is distinct in having a 75% manumission rate, but this is also connected to the depletion of the gold mines in that area.[xii] By 1785 the colonial powers in Colombia, by way of their dominion over and regulation of the lives of African slaves, had depleted the gold mines of Choco, although slavery would not officially end across the country until 1851.
Alton Sterling (part III)
"In a setting black women referred to as a slave market at Roosevelt Road and Halsted Street (Chicago), they (black female domestic workers) haggled daily for work, just as their counterparts did in New York's 'Bronx Slave Market.'" (Christopher Robert Reed, The Depression Comes to the South Side)
Six years, take it or leave it, six years of being an acquaintance to the owner of the Triple S Food Mart who said that Alton Sterling never got into any fights and was popular amongst the store's shoppers who referred to him as the CD Man, with his table of cd's and dvd's in a cardboard box on his table propped up outside the store while playing music for his customers to both sample and lighten the load of their workday, known for extending credit to his customers who might pay him a portion of the price of the cd and return later to pay him the rest. Alton Sterling with his cd business still extant after Tower Records filed for bankruptcy in 2006 and the Virgin Megastores' closure in Europe and America in 2009; yet, Sterling, still the CD Man in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on July 5, 2016, despite the digital age of downloads and apps, a black man once again caught up in the whirlwind of 21st -century global capital – a tempest which at its worst functions like the bighead carp eating algae and detritus at the bottom of the Mississippi River, looking for consumables in an era when capital had deemed the music cd dead and America had opined the black working class of no regard and the black underclass, irrelevant. Here was this one African American male, father of five, selling cds in the open air in a country that had considered it more acceptable that he sell himself for labor, a country where blacks have ironically functioned as both profit and profit makers, and where independent black enterprise has always been suspect and has not been given support causing blacks to be on a tempestuous tour of the country for several decades now looking for living arrangements starting from the South after Emancipation and fleeing to the North, Midwest, and out West, currently regions subject to gentrification, especially in the major cities, where wealthy international elites buy condos and lofts in formerly abandoned downtowns presently undergoing transformation and forcing blacks, browns, working people, and the elderly to compete in their old neighborhoods with those same absentee-owner/renter elites and with middle class American whites trying desperately not to feel the crunch.
The CD Man, 37 years old, a registered sex offender, which no mom, family, or community can condone, had previously been arrested for carrying a gun and being in possession of marijuana in Louisiana which is not Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, Washington State, nor D.C. where marijuana is now legal, and sentenced to five years; thus, he had done time, and now engaged in his business, sole proprietor, his presence contradicting the myth that blacks are more tolerable solo than in a group – a group that can incite anxiety amongst fearful whites like the hundreds of Haitians languishing today in Tijuana having fled Haiti after the 2010 earthquake, worked in Brazil, and due to that country's economic downturn, migrated, some on foot to the U.S.-Mexico border, where they now sit, wait, and dream the dream of entering a country which centuries ago deemed black migration en masse to the U.S. useless and which now perceives the individual black person, especially male, as a threat. And that fateful call of the homeless man, perhaps upset that Sterling would not give him money, so he calls the police to tell them that Sterling is carrying a gun in open-carry Baton Rouge, and the two cops respond to that call ready to snuff the life out of this black man as they straddle and tackle him to the ground, during which shots are fired, and the cops emerge alive. Alton Sterling dies to his kids, dies to their moms, dies to his customers, dies to the homeless man who used his phone to call the police, dies to the bystanders who used their phones to record the killing, dies to open-carry Baton Rouge, dies to America's former largest slave market of Louisiana, dies to the open arms of the jails and prisons which like the rest of America is confounded about what to teach, which services to provide, job opportunities to avail, housing to rent and sell, what the future looks like for working and underclass black America, a thorn in its side since the days of freedom.
[i] Thomas N. Ingersoll, "The Slave Trade and the Ethnic Diversity of Louisiana's Slave Community," Louisiana Historical Association, Spring 1996, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4233285
[ii] Thomas N. Ingersoll, "The Slave Trade and the Ethnic Diversity of Louisiana's Slave Community"
[iii] Thomas N. Ingersoll, "The Slave Trade and the Ethnic Diversity of Louisiana's Slave Community"
[iv] Thomas N. Ingersoll, "The Slave Trade and the Ethnic Diversity of Louisiana's Slave Community"
[v] Kamala Kempadoo, "Women of Color and the Global Sex Trade: Transnational Feminist Perspectives," Indiana University Press, Spring 2001, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40338451
[vi] Thomas N. Ingersoll, "The Slave Trade and the Ethnic Diversity of Louisiana's Slave Community"
[vii] Kamala Kempadoo, "Women of Color and the Global Sex Trade: Transnational Feminist Perspectives"
[viii] David L. Chandler, "Family Bonds and the Bondsman: The Slave Family in Colonial Colombia," The Latin American Studies Association, 1981, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2503127
[ix] David L. Chandler, "Family Bonds and the Bondsman: The Slave Family in Colonial Colombia"
[x] David L. Chandler, "Family Bonds and the Bondsman: The Slave Family in Colonial Colombia"
[xi] David L. Chandler, "Family Bonds and the Bondsman: The Slave Family in Colonial Colombia"
[xii] David L. Chandler, "Family Bonds and the Bondsman: The Slave Family in Colonial Colombia"
Baker, Al, David Goodman, and Benjamin Mueller. "Beyond the Chokehold: The Path to Eric Garner's Death." New York Times 13 June 2015.
Berlinger, Joshua, Nick Valencia, and Steve Almasy. "Alton Sterling Shooting: Homeless Man Made 911 Call, Source Says." CNN 8 July 2016.
Chandler, David. "Family Bonds and the Bondsman: The Slave Family in Colonial Colombia." Latin American Research Review 2 (1981): 107-131. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/2503127.
Ingersoll, Thomas. "The Slave Trade and the Ethnic Diversity of Louisiana's Slave Community." Louisiana Historical Association 37 (Spring 1996): 133-161. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/4233285.
Kempadoo, Kamala. "Women of Color and the Global Sex Trade: Transnational Feminist Perspectives." Indiana University Press 2 (Spring 2001): 28-51. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/40338451.
Posted in Africa, African Americans, Alton Sterling, Black Lives Matter, Capitalism, Caribbean, Colombia, Colonialism, Eric Garner, Haiti, Latin America, Louisiana, Saint Domingue, SlaveryTagged Africa, Alton Sterling, Black Lives Matter, Capitalism, Colombia, Colonialism, Eric Garner, Globalism, Haiti, Latin America, Louisiana, Racism, Saint Domingue, Slavery
The Charleston Nine, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the Art of Jacob Lawrence
June 3, 2017 July 8, 2018 redict2392 Comments
Excerpt from "Meditations on Migration"
One soul, hundreds, thousands may hear the whistle of the early-1900's train in Jacob Lawrence Number #5. These are W.E.B. Du Bois' "black refugees" who decades prior were also escaping the injustices of the vestiges of Southern slavery. Amongst these souls, the excitement may be there, the expectation, and idealization of life in the U.S. North, especially given that Northern industry, in many cases, is paying the fare, making it quite worth the while to pick up and leave the unequal, segregated living conditions of the South. Will Northern industry's promise to pay transportation lead to the same indentured servitude experienced by blacks in the Reconstruction South? Will the North be the antidote for the circumstances in the South where "the black man has simply to choose between pauperism and crime" (Du Bois)? The experience of my grandmother was that of leaving Tennessee in the 1930's, barely 20, the youngest of eleven children all living except the one black male disappeared into the night to never return home again. She was the only one to take the train north to Chicago. Or perhaps there were others in her family who went north, but they didn't stay. They would eventually return south. Not she. Her mother and father had come from Mississippi to Tennessee and as family lore would have it, her mother had Indian blood. This was more than likely a truth, but also a bit of a digression given our black folk propensity to reach into a nebulous past and pull out our Native American blood to explain why we are not quite so black African, where the yellow, honeyed brown, and, chestnut skin colors come from. These skin tones being a phantasmal legacy of the white rape of black females by slave owners. This acerbic inheritance was quite apparent in my maternal grandmother's family line, even more so in my father's whose family, unlike my grandmother's, took a loathsome pride in their light skin color, so much so, that my own mother was not readily accepted into their clan. All this, yet the most important factor being it was the African blackness which held everything together and made us who we were and who we are and which is the beginning and end of our universe until eternity always loyal linking me, us to Africa, the Caribbean, the Americas, and beyond. Thus, therefore, and so forth, into the North on Lawrence's black train, belching black smoke as the headlamp leads the way. Iron tracks shackle southern, agricultural land "once marvelously rich but already partially devitalized by (the) careless and exhaustive culture" (Du Bois) of the slave system. Iron wheels navigate plots deceitfully promised "for eventual lease and sale to ex-slaves in forty-acre parcels" (Du Bois). Northern industrial lords, in their bidding, analogous to the contemporary "coyotes" of the U.S. Southwest and Mexico who round up desperate immigrants and move them north with the expectation that the human smuggler will eventually be paid for his effort.
Jacob Lawrence 42 exposes a South disgruntled with the undertaking and enterprise of migration. A white man, gun and holster on his hips, stands as an "X" at the train station door ready to arrest the two departing black passengers. Police officer? Sherriff? Perhaps. Yet this is the land in which "every white man was ipso facto a member of (the) police" (Du Bois). And blacks were a people whose first crime in this country, and particularly in the South, was their "blackness or other physical peculiarities" (Du Bois). Surely, there must have been more than a few residents in white neighborhoods who murmured under their breath, "Let the niggers leave." Before their self-ordainment as African-American. Ante-dating their self-proclamation as Afro-American. Prior to salvos accompanied by raised fists of black power, these Colored people and Negroes (as branded by the Spanish and Portuguese) were leaving a land that for several centuries had deemed "life amid free Negroes (as) simply unthinkable, the maddest of experiments" (Du Bois). Still there was this despotic effort to impede blacks' departure, blocking their train passage because, of course, the South was losing former free labor, current cheap labor, the people who made both the white landowners and the white poor feel racially superior to all other beings on earth, the women who had cleaned their houses, raised their kids. The men and women who while working in their hot, insect-infested fields, some dropping dead to the ground and then being kicked aside, because the plough never stopped (Du Bois), still had the audaciousness to light a white, desolate world with spiritual song. The people who should have been crushed by centuries of abuse after losing their African spiritual world but who bowed their heads down and embraced a god on a cross whose word they had to fight to read, often in secret, and to whom they had to worship in the wooden churches that would be kept separate Black Churches because they could not enter the white. Wooden churches that could light up in burning flames of hatred at the flick of a match and still do, historically black churches, because we are a historically black people carrying history historically on our backs, historically black in Charleston when praying to that same God and subject to being shot by a white man who is not alone in thinking in his solitary mind that his whiteness is under threat and siege, shot for being historically black – Reverend Clementa Pinckney. Say his name. Cynthia Hurd. Say her name. Reverend Sharonda Coleman-Singleton. Say her name. Tywanza Sanders. Say his name. Ethel Lance. Say her name. Susie Jackson. Say her name. Depayne Middleton Doctor. Say her name. Reverend Daniel Simmons. #Sayhisname. Myra Thompson. #Sayhername. Amen. Nine people killed. Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church. June 17, 2015. Charleston, South Carolina.
W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, (New York: First Vintage Books, 1990).
Posted in African Americans, art, Charleston Nine, Jacob Lawrence, W.E.B. Du BoisTagged #SayHerName, art, Black Lives Matter, Black Migration, Charleston Nine, Jacob Lawrence, migration, Racism, W.E.B. Du Bois


I was wondering if Scott Bute ever heard of the Iraq War, and the trillion dollars that were spent and the thousands of Americans who were killed there. I was wondering if he remembers who started the war on terror by flying planes into buildings--you know, the terrorists like Osama Bin Laden, who ended up getting shot in the head years after George W. Bush stopped looking for him and for the weapons of mass destruction Iraq no longer had. I wonder if Scott Bute is fully on the side of the anti-Western terrorists that this president is now killing with those drones instead of Sunni and Shia citizens of Iraq who didn't fly planes into buildings.
Scott Bute sounds like an ignorant jackass to me. He hates President Obama so much, he's actually shedding a tear in print for terrorists who want to kill American soldiers. How far do you have to sink to actually defend terrorists? How much hate for America do you have to summon up out of your darkened, twisted soul to take the side of the people who are killing American soldiers just because you don't like the President?


Oh, well! It had to break the records, it was a wonderful movie. Anyways, now days I am watching series by Andy Yeatman on Netflix and believe me the shows have a lot to offer. One must show it to the kids. They will learn a lot of good things from it.


Abstract Oil Painting Coasters Set Of Coasters Party Coaster Set Drink Coasters Table Decor Coasters Set Kitchen Decor Home Decor Housewarming Gifts We all hate having cup marks on our furniture, and that was the reason behind the invention of coasters, but we help take it up a notch by giving you beautifully designed coasters rather than the plain basic ones. So while we protect your furniture from cup marks, we also help make your table look prettier. Our coasters are made from lightweight wood, come in vivid colors and are finished with a super glossy finish that makes them suitable for outdoor and indoor use. They are great ideas for presents for friends and family. The images on our coasters are printed with a gloss coating that ensures that the images do not fade or wash off. The bottom of the coasters is made in such a way that prevents slipping and damage to furniture. We do also have phone cases, iPad cases, pillow covers, mouse pads, swimsuits, leggings, T-shirts, with the same design. The great thing about getting your coasters from us is that you can personalise it by including the exact name (last name, initials, word, title, abbreviation etc) in the "notes to seller" box at checkout. To make your purchase, you can use your PayPal account but if you do not have one, you can pay using your credit card using the guest PayPal account. Your coasters would be shipped 3-5 days after your payment has been cleared and delivery to the US and Europe takes 2-4 weeks while delivery to Canada, Australia and Italy take 3-5 weeks after cleared payment. Note that, al photos are real and copyrighted. However, real colours may differ from their appearance on your display and that the images may differ slightly depending on the size. So let's do this, order your coaster now!


text:
using Encog.MathUtil;

namespace Encog.ML.Data
{
    /// <summary>
    /// This class implements a data object that can hold complex numbers.  It
    /// implements the interface MLData, so it can be used with nearly any Encog
    /// machine learning method.  However, not all Encog machine learning methods
    /// are designed to work with complex numbers.  A Encog machine learning method
    /// that does not support complex numbers will only be dealing with the
    /// real-number portion of the complex number.
    /// </summary>
    public interface IMLComplexData : IMLData
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The complex numbers.
        /// </summary>
        ComplexNumber[] ComplexData { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the complex data at the specified index.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="index">The index to get the complex data at.</param>
        /// <returns>The complex data.</returns>
        ComplexNumber GetComplexData(int index);

        /// <summary>
        /// Set the complex number array.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="theData">The new array.</param>
        void SetComplexData(ComplexNumber[] theData);

        /// <summary>
        /// Set a data element to a complex number.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="index">The index to set.</param>
        /// <param name="d">The complex number.</param>
        void SetComplexData(int index, ComplexNumber d);
    }
}


BROOKINGS — Brookings recorded a sweep against Huron in a spring baseball doubleheader on Wednesday at Bob Sheldon Field in Brookings.
Behind a complete-game effort from Chris Lerdal on the mound, Brookings won the opening game 11-3. Lerdal yielded all three runs on seven hits, while striking out four and walking one.
Brookings racked up 12 hits against a pair of Huron pitchers. Rick Strubel went three innings, allowing eight runs on nine hits, with two strikeouts and five walks. Walker Schiltz pitched the other three innings, allowing three runs on three hits, with a strikeout and a walk.
Parker DeJean led the Tigers offensively, with two hits. Emerson DeVries, Cully Nelson and Strubel all had doubles.
Brookings inked a 4-1 win in the second game.
Drew Cole pitched the first six innings for Brookings, allowing one run on four hits with two strikeouts and four walks. Tyler Krenther pitched the final inning, recording a pair of strikeouts and walking one.
DeJean turned in a complete game on the mound for Huron, allowing four runs on six hits with three strikeouts and two walks.
Bryce Steffen had a double for the Tigers, while Chipper Shillingstad, DeJean and Daynon Huber each had a hit.
Huron will be back in action Monday, when it hosts Mitchell in a 5 p.m. doubleheader at Klock Field.


text:
Q: ExpanderView not showing controls inside it In the below XAML, I am able to see the controls inside the expanderview on expanding which is on GridRow 6 but not able to see any controls inside the expanderview which is on GridRow 0. Can anyone help me as to what am I missing here?
<Grid x:Name="ContentPanel" Margin="0,50,0,1" Background="White">
            <Grid.RowDefinitions>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
                <RowDefinition Height="Auto" MinHeight="0"></RowDefinition>
            </Grid.RowDefinitions>
            <StackPanel Grid.Row="0" Orientation="Vertical" VerticalAlignment="Top">
                <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Top">
                    <Image x:Name="img1" VerticalAlignment="Top" Height="40" Width="40" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,92,0,0" Source="Images/1.png" Visibility="Collapsed" Canvas.ZIndex="3"></Image>
                    <TextBlock x:Name="tbScore" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Foreground="White" Width="Auto" Margin="-32,97,0,0" FontFamily="TypeFace" FontSize="18" Canvas.ZIndex="3"/>
                    <Image x:Name="img1" Height="90" Margin="-23,20,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Width="90"/>
                    <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical">
                        <TextBlock x:Name="tb1" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Foreground="Black" Width="Auto" Margin="27,20,0,0" FontWeight="SemiBold" FontFamily="Georgia" FontSize="22" Tap="tbUserName_Tap"/>
                        <TextBlock x:Name="tb2" VerticalAlignment="Top" Foreground="#FF747171" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="27,10,0,0" FontFamily="Georgia" FontSize="20" Tap="tbScreenName_Tap"/>
                    </StackPanel>
                </StackPanel>
                <toolkit:ExpanderView x:Name="evMoreDetails" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,10,0,0" Collapsed="evMoreDetails_Collapsed" Header="V  " Foreground="Black" FontSize="26" Expanded="evMoreDetails_Expanded">
                    <toolkit:ExpanderView.Items>
                                <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" VerticalAlignment="Top">
                                    <TextBlock Width="Auto" x:Name="Name" VerticalAlignment="Top" FontFamily="Segoe UI" TextWrapping="Wrap" Margin="10,8,0,0" FontSize="22" FontWeight="SemiBold" Foreground="Black" Text="{Binding name}" />
                                    <TextBlock  Width="Auto" x:Name="Name1" VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="8,2,0,0" FontFamily="Segoe UI" TextWrapping="Wrap" FontSize="20" Foreground="Black" Text="{Binding name1}" />
                                </StackPanel>
                    </toolkit:ExpanderView.Items>
                </toolkit:ExpanderView>
            </StackPanel>
            <StackPanel Grid.Row="6" Orientation="Vertical" HorizontalAlignment="Left" VerticalAlignment="Top">
                <toolkit:ExpanderView x:Name="evMore" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,20,0,50" Visibility="Collapsed">
                    <toolkit:ExpanderView.HeaderTemplate>
                        <DataTemplate>
                            <Grid HorizontalAlignment="Left" >
                                <TextBlock Text="+    more" FontSize="26" Foreground="Black">
                                </TextBlock>
                            </Grid>
                        </DataTemplate>
                    </toolkit:ExpanderView.HeaderTemplate>
                    <toolkit:ExpanderView.Items>
                        <ListBox x:Name="lb" Height="250" HorizontalAlignment="Left">
                            <ListBox.ItemTemplate>
                                <DataTemplate>
                                    <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Width="{Binding Width}">
                                        <Image x:Name="ProfilePic" Width="80" Height="80" Source="{Binding image}"  VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="0,10,0,0" />
                                        <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Width="{Binding Width}">
                                            <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" VerticalAlignment="Top">
                                                <TextBlock Width="Auto" x:Name="Name" VerticalAlignment="Top" FontFamily="Segoe UI" TextWrapping="Wrap" Margin="10,8,0,0" FontSize="22" FontWeight="SemiBold" Foreground="Black" Text="{Binding name}" />
                                                <TextBlock  Width="Auto" x:Name="Name1" VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="8,2,0,0" FontFamily="Segoe UI" TextWrapping="Wrap" FontSize="20" Foreground="Black" Text="{Binding name1}" />
                                            </StackPanel>
                                        </StackPanel>
                                        <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" VerticalAlignment="Top">
                                            <CheckBox x:Name="chkSelect" IsChecked="{Binding isprim}" Foreground="Black" Tag="{Binding id}" HorizontalAlignment="Right" BorderBrush="Black" BorderThickness="0.5" Margin="0,0,0,0" />
                                        </StackPanel>
                                    </StackPanel>
                                </DataTemplate>
                            </ListBox.ItemTemplate>
                        </ListBox>
                    </toolkit:ExpanderView.Items>
                </toolkit:ExpanderView>
            </StackPanel>
</Grid>

A: I also have same problem in past. Please specify some height for expander item, in your case give some height to stackpanel at row 0.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On this page you can search possible finishing applications by manufacturing method and/or component type (i.e. diecasting and/or motor housing).
Simply click the relevant topic below and all posts referring to the possibilities available using mass finishing, shot blasting and/or shot peening will be presented for your reference.


http://www.hairboutique.com. Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) was an American up and coming country music singer and songwriter who was signed to independent label in 2006. He made his debut in singing with the release of the Billboard singles - Tim McCraw.
Born in Reading, Pennsylvania, at age 14 he began visiting Nashville where he wrote songs with local songwriters and soon discovered and signed a contract with a record label. Her album was released in late 2006 and has been certified double platinum by the RIAA. His family decided to move to the Nashville suburbs to help promote her career rise. He then signed the Big Machine Records, by Scott Borchetta. Also quite tall and thin, he is known for his curly hair style and the fact he plays a Taylor Grand Auditorium acoustic guitar made of koa wood.
At the 2008 Grammy Awards recently Taylor was wearing a natural curly hair in perfect ringlets cascade amazing. Taylor has a combination of face involving the forehead, square jaw and a round chin. Full side swept hair falling down his brow and the upper one is very good eye to provide balance and symmetry to the music with a beautiful young faces of the stars.
The singer showed off her beautiful big eyes wearing a deep side part with her hair swept over the crown and flows down gently brushed aside with a beautiful big wave arms to her cheek. Tip curls allowed to spill onto the collar of the bone and play at the top of Taylor's collarbone.
At the Grammy's are usually blonde Taylor creating stunning highlights and lowlights with what seems to be very light coffee base.
Underlayers created a skilled, which ended with a frothy vanilla cream highlights positions along the face to pull all the colors together into a rich chocolate creation blonde.
Step 1: Shampoo and condition your hair with your normal products designed for your hair type current, texture and condition.
If your hair is highlighted like Taylor's use either a moisture enhanced or color enriched formula. If your hair dry from chemical processing, consider polluting shampoo formula to protect the strand.
Shampoo products to try: Phyto - Phytojoba Hydrating Shampoo, Phyto - Dry Hair System, Phyto - Shampoo PhytoBrush. If you have baby fine or thin hair and want to build fertile in the same movement and the volume of Taylor, use the increased volume of shampoo.
Spent rinse-out conditioning products that might make the hair too soft and flat. If you must use a rinse-out conditioner, make sure that you limit how much you use and that you concentrate on the middle to the end. Rinse well with cool water spray which helps build natural volume and increases shine.
Step 2: Towel blot strands. Do not brush wet hair is more fragile and can break. Detangle strand from end to root.
Step 3: Apply your favorite texture enhance styling mousse or cream. Distribute from the ear to the tip. Distribute well. If you prefer, mix with a good leave-in conditioner for super shine and softness. To protect against blow drying heat and add body, distribute leave-in conditioner, mousse or gel from the ear to the tip. Distribute well.
If your hair fine or thin, use a volumizing gel or similar product to the roots to get a lot of body and movement.
Step 4: If your hair is naturally wavy and / or curly, use a long finger diffuser to create a natural wavy style.
Working from side to side and separating hair into 2 "sections, use a long finger diffuser attached to the hair dryer and let the strands to lean into the bowl dry and enhance waves and curls.
Continue to use diffuser until entire hair dry. Avoid touching hair as little as possible to prevent curly hair.
Step 5: If your hair is naturally straight you need to build volume on the roots for a more balanced view to forming strands curl in the middle and flowing to the edges.
To build on the root volume, use a round brush to lift your tresses and directing air flow from the hair dryer until the stem to the roots. This "ruffles the cuticle" helping to add natural fullness.
If you prefer, leaned toward her waist and directs air flow hair dryer to the root stem. When hair is 90% dry, bend the upper right side and worked on the hair from the ears to the tip.
Seal the style by finishing with a blast of cold air, if possible, from a hair dryer.
Step 6: If you use a long finger diffuser to create natural waves and curls, once your hair is completely dry, use your fingers to adjust the waves and curls into the desired pattern. If you want, you can use a Marcel style curling curly hair to make a more stringent or wave pattern.
Step 7: If you use a round brush, when hair is completely dry, separate into 2 "sections and roll with a medium-size and large electric rollers. Let the rollers cool in your hair. Remove and arrange new curls and waves with fingers. Use marcel style to create curly haircuts curling tightly.
Step 8: Spray the finished style with a good holding hairspray.
Hairspray to try: PhytoPro - Instant Hold Spray 15).
Step 9: Apply a small drop of shine serum, drops or spray into the palm of your hand. Brush lightly on the palms of your style and you're ready to rock.
Shine products to try: Phyto - PhytoLisse (Formerly Phytodefrisant RelaxSerum) If you like, you can use a curling iron to turn under the end of a direct or use pieces of metal around the face is selected to provide contrasting textures become visible.


Photograph courtesy of Frank Mullen.
The Donner Party monument at the Donner Memorial State Park. This park was created by the state of California in 1927 to honor the pioneering spirit of the Donner Party, as well as to commemorate the tragic events that occurred in this Sierra Nevada valley during the winter of 1846-47.
Alder Creek, California. This is the site of the Donner family's Sierra Nevada camp, where they spent the winter of 1846-47. The Breen family camped closer to present-day Donner Lake, occupying a cabin built by a migrant party that came through the area a few years earlier. Camped close to them were the Murphys, Fosters, and Pikes. The Graves and Reed families camped in the mountains above Donner Lake, at the present-day site of Interstate 80.
Image from The San Francisco Call, Sunday, January 23, 1898. It contains an article entitled, "Terrible Experience of the Ill-Fated Donner Party."
Image from The Salt Lake Herald, Sunday, May 24, 1885. The two left columns contain an article written by W. M. Boggs regarding the Donner Party tragedy.
Patrick Breen (51), father of seven, husband of Margaret, brought out by Second Relief but left at Starved Camp and rescued by the Third Relief, S.
Margaret Bulger Breen (40), S.
Patrick Breen Jr. (9), S.
Simon Preston Breen (8), S.
James Frederick Breen (5), S.
Isabella (Margaret the younger) Breen (1), S.
James Frazier Reed, father of four, husband of Margaret, banished from the party in October 1846, and member of the Second Relief, S.
Margaret Keyes (Backenstoe) Reed (32), S.
Virginia Backenstoe Reed (13), S.
Martha Jane "Patty" Reed (8), S.
James F. Reed Jr. (6), S.
Thomas Keyes Reed (4), S.
Sarah (Handley) Keyes (70), mother of Margaret Keyes Reed, died in Kansas on May 29, 1846, D.
George Donner (60/62), husband of Tamsen Donner, died at Alder Creek camp in April 1847, D.
Tamsen (also spelled Tamzene) Donner (44), wife of George, died at the lake camp in April 1847, D.
Elitha Donner (13), First Relief, S.
Frances Donner (6), Third Relief, S.
Georgia Ann Donner (4), Third Relief, S.
Eliza Poor Donner (3), Third Relief, S.
Leanna Charity Donner (11), First Relief, S.
Jacob Donner (56), a farmer from Springfield, Illinois, brother of George and husband of Elizabeth, died at Alder Creek camp, D.
Elizabeth Blue Hook Donner (40), wife of Jacob Donner, died at Alder Creek camp, D.
Solomon Elijah Hook (14), Second Relief, S.
William Hook (12), died during the First Relief, D.
George Donner (the younger) (9), Second Relief, S.
Mary Martha Donner (7), Second Relief, S.
Isaac Donner (5), Second Relief, died at Starved Camp, D.
Samuel Donner (4), died at Alder Creek camp in March 1847, D.
Lewis Donner (3), died at Alder Creek camp in March 1847, D.
William Henry Eddy (30), husband of Eleanor Eddy, survivor of the Forlorn Hope Party, later assisted in the Third Relief, S.
Eleanor P. Eddy (25), wife of William Eddy and mother of their two children, died in the Murphy cabin at the lake on February 7, 1847, D.
James Eddy (3), died at the Murphy cabin in March 1847, D.
Margaret Eddy (1), died at the lake camp on Feb. 4, 1847, D.
Franklin Ward Graves (57), husband of Elizabeth, died with the Forlorn Hope Party in December 1847, D.
Elizabeth Cooper Graves (45), Second Relief, died at Starved Camp, D.
Mary Ann Graves (19), surviving member of the Forlorn Hope Party, S.
William Cooper Graves (17), First Relief, S.
Eleanor Graves (14), Second Relief, S.
Lovina Graves (12), Second Relief, S.
Nancy Graves (9), Second Relief, S.
Jonathan Graves (7), Second Relief, S.
Elizabeth Graves (the younger) (1), Second Relief, S.
Franklin W. Graves Jr. (5), Second Relief, died at Starved Camp, D.
Sarah Graves Fosdick (21), wife of Jay Fosdick, surviving member of the Forlorn Hope Party, S.
Jay Fosdick (23), died with the Forlorn Hope Party on January 6, 1847, D.
Levinah Jackson Murphy (36), a widow traveling with her family, died at the lake camp in March 1847, D.
Sarah Ann Murphy (19), surviving member of the Forlorn Hope Party, S.
Simon Peter Murphy (8), Third Relief, S.
John Landrum Murphy (16), died at the lake camp on January 31, 1847, D.
Lemuel B. Murphy (12), died with the Forlorn Hope Party in December 1846, D.
William Green Murphy (10), First Relief, S.
Sarah Ann (Murphy) Foster (19), daughter of Levinah Murphy and wife of William Foster, surviving member of the Forlorn Hope Party, S.
William McFadden Foster (30), surviving member of the Forlorn Hope Party, S.
Jeremiah Foster (1), died in March 1847 at the Murphy cabin, D.
William M. Pike (32), husband of Harriet Murphy Pike and father of Naomi and Catherine, died in a firearms accident in October 1846, D.
Harriet Frances Murphy (18), daughter of Levinah Murphy and wife of William Pike, escaped with the Forlorn Hope Party, S.
Naomi Levina Pike (2), First Relief, S.
Catherine Pike (1), died at the lake camp, D.
William "Big Bill" McCutchen (30), a farmer from Missouri, husband of Amanda and father of Harriet, went ahead to Sutter's Fort for supplies with Charles Stanton, returned with James Reed in the Second Relief, S.
Amanda Henderson McCutchen (23), wife of Bill McCutchen and mother of Harriet, surviving member of the Forlorn Hope Party, S.
Harriet McCutchen (1), cared for by the Graves family when Harriet left the camps with the Forlorn Hope Party, died in February 1847, D.
Jacob Wolfinger (age unknown), a German emigrant killed in October 1846 at the Humboldt Sink. Augustus Spitzer and Joseph Reinhardt stayed behind to help him cache (bury) his wagon and then killed him, D.
Doris (Dorothea) Wolfinger (20), wife of Jacob Wolfinger, First Relief, S.
Lewis (Johann Ludwig) Keseberg (32), a German immigrant, husband of Philippine and father of Lewis Jr. and Ada, Fourth Relief in April 1847, S.
Philippine (Elisabeth Zimmermann) Keseberg (23), wife of Lewis, Second Relief, S.
Lewis Keseberg Jr. (1), born in June on the trail and died in January 1847 at the Murphy cabin, D.
Ada (Juliane Karoline) Keseberg (3), died with the First Relief in February 1847, D.
Antonio (last name unknown) (23), a Mexican cattle herder who joined the wagon train at Fort Laramie, died at the Camp of Death, D.
Augustus Spitzer (30), a teamster for the Donners, died at the lake camp in February 1847, D.
Baylis Williams (25), an employee of the Reeds, the first to die at the lake camp on December 14, 1846, D.
Charles "Dutch Charlie" Burger (30), a German teamster for the George Donner family, died in camp around Decemeber 29, 1847, D.
Charles Tyler Stanton (35), a single man traveling with the Donners, went ahead for supplies at the Utah-California border and returned to the party in October, died while leading the Forlorn Hope Party in December 1846, D.
Eliza Williams (31), sister of Baylis Williams, First Relief, S.
Mr. Hardcoop (60), a Belgian emigrant who possibly drove wagons for the Kesebergs, abandoned on the trail in October 1846 in Nevada, D.
Hiram Owens Miller (29), a teamster for the Donners, left the party at Fort Laramie, S.
James Smith (25), a teamster for the Reeds, died at Alder Creek camp in December 1846, D.
Jean Baptiste Trudeau (16), joined the Donners at Fort Bridger, First Relief, S.
John Denton (30), an Englishman who traveled with the Donners, died with the First Relief, D.
John Snyder (25), a teamster for the Graves family, killed by James Reed near what is now Golconda, Nevada, D.
Joseph Reinhardt (30), a companion of Jacob Wolfinger, died at Alder Creek camp, D.
Luke Halloran (25), joined the Donner Party at Fort Bridger, died of tuberculosis two months later, D.
Luis (19), a Miwok Indian, one of Captain Sutter's vaqueros, killed by William Foster during the Forlorn Hope escape, D.
Milt Elliot (28), teamster for the Reeds, died on February 9, 1847, in the Murphy cabin, D.
Noah James (16), a teamster for the Donners, First Relief, S.
Patrick Dolan (35), an Irishman who traveled with the Breens, died at the Camp of Death, D.
Walter Herron (27), a teamster for the Reeds, accompanied James Reed to California in October 1846, S.
Salvador (19), a Miwok Indian, one of Captain Sutter's vaqueros, killed by William Foster during the Forlorn Hope escape, D.
Samuel Shoemaker (25), a teamster for the Donners, died at Alder Creek camp in December 1846, D.
Frank X. Mullen. The Donner Party Chronicles. Reno, NV: Nevada Humanities, 1997.


Remember how Deantini always gives that speech about Columbia's official color, Pantone 292, and what it means to the Columbia community? That might be built on lies.
Columbia University's official style guide when it comes to logos, blue290, says that our school's color is… well, Pantone 290. But take a look at that color on this article's swatch. Doesn't that look too pale? Where's the last place you looked and said, "yeah, that's Columbia Blue?" The Athletics department claimed in 1999 that our official color was Pantone 292. But when you ask the current Athletics Style Guide, it claims that our color isn't Pantone 290 or Pantone 292, but instead the elusive Pantone 291. What's going on?
When you start digging, you'll find that Columbia Blue is a terrifying thing to track down. Columbia primarily identifies colors via the Pantone Matching System, or PMS, which uses physical swatches to define colors. Unfortunately, the Pantone system doesn't fit the internet or modern printing well, which means that even University departments that agree on what Pantone color ought to be used are still in intense disagreement about what it looks like.
For instance, Columbia's Logo page claims that Pantone 291 most neatly matches the hex code #a8cee2, which provides a powder blue. But Athletics claims that Pantone 291 should be replicated with the subtractive CMYK system as 27,0,0,0, creating a loud cyan. And then the University tells us that we can use Pantone 284 on a light background, and everything goes out the window.
We're not the only ones bugged by this. Editor-in-Chief of The Lion Will Essilfie (CC '18) recently posted to Deantini's Facebook page asking the 290's question. Deantini assured everyone that an alumnus is on the case. But we're not happy with an empty promise. Consider this a call-out. Until we get a firm answer, we're just going to assume that the official Columbia Blue is just the color of Bwog's light blue.
@Anonymous Yes. Yes you did.
@Michael Tee Just look at what the University of North Carolina does and copy that.
@James Gilbert The struggle is real.
@Pantone292 Melissa Quintana CC '16 posted this question to his wall months ago, right after graduation.