text:
Otaku summit to take place in build-up to Tokyo 2020
By Michael Pavitt
International Otaku Expo Association (IOEA) are set to hold a summit alongside next year's Olympic Games in Tokyo.
The organisation has confirmed a summit will take place in the Japanese capital on June 27 and 28 next year.
The event is expected to feature as part of a Tokyo 2020 promotional programme displaying Japanese culture around the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Otaku is a term used for people with obsessive interests, particularly in anime and manga.
The Asahi Shimbun reported the Otaku Summit will be held in collaboration with Tokyo's Toshima Ward.
The Japanese newspaper says the IOEA holds expos and events from across the world to promote the worldwide development of otaku culture.
Cooperative members from reportedly include the Comic Market event in Japan, devoted to self-published comics and fanzines.
Anime characters will be sent into space as part of a Tokyo 2020 satellite project ©Tokyo 2020
Events are also reportedly held in Brazil, Hong Kong, Italy, Spain and the United States as part of the IOEA network.
Anime characters have featured during the build-up to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
The "G-SATELLITE Go to Space" project will see Mobile Suit Gundam TV series figures Gundam and Zaku sent into space on an 11-inch microsatellite next spring.
It will represent a first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that a satellite will be launched specifically for the Games and orbit the earth independently.
Gundam and Zaku are two of Japan's most popular animated robots and the project will see a recreation of the characters using special materials and paints that can withstand the harsh environment of space.
The Olympic Games are scheduled to take place from July 24 to August 9, with the Paralympics following from August 25 to September 6.
December 2019: Work completed on satellite to orbit Earth during Tokyo 2020
August 2019: Anime characters being sent into space for Tokyo 2020
April 2013: Tokyo 2020 recruit robotic cat as latest bid ambassador
Michael Pavitt Senior reporter
Follow @michael_pavitt
Since joining insidethegames.biz in 2015, Michael Pavitt has covered a variety of international multi-sport events, including the Baku 2015 European Games, the Toronto 2015 Pan American Games, Sapporo 2017 Asian Winter Games and Taipei 2017 Summer Universiade. He also reported on the UCI Presidential election in Bergen in 2017, as well as attending the IOC Session in Lima and three ANOC General Assemblies.
Read more of Michael's articles
Follow @michael_pavitt on Twitter
Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games Paralympic Games International Otaku Expo Association

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Как отталкиваться от элемента в xml android Мне нужно оттолкнуться от конкретного элемента как это сделать в xml?
У меня есть EditText и есть кнопка, мне нужно чтобы EditText отталкивался от кнопки на нужное мне количество dp.

A: Для того чтобы оттолкнуться от какого-то элемента, вам нужно знать его координаты. Дальше вы прописываете анимацию:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8">
<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     android:fillAfter="true" android:interpolator="@android:anim/bounce_interpolator">
<scale
    android:fromXScale="1.0"
    android:fromYScale="0.0"
    android:toXScale="1.0"
    android:toYScale="1.0"
    android:duration="600" />
</set>

и в активности например в onCreate() вызываете данную анимацию:
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

    val bounceAnimation = AnimationUtils.loadAnimation(this, R.anim.bounce_animation)

    val textViewToBounce = findViewById<TextView>(R.id.textViewToBounce)
    textViewToBounce.setOnClickListener {
        textViewToBounce.startAnimation(bounceAnimation)
    }
}

Вот статья по данному вопросу. Для того чтобы получить координаты элемента от которого вы хотите отталкиваться, можно использовать данный способ:
int[] location = new int[2];
myView.getLocationOnScreen(location);
int x = location[0];
int y = location[1];

Так же вот вопрос подобный вашему.
UPDATE
Если под оттолкнуться вы подразумеваете отступ между полем для  ввода и кнопкой, то не помешал бы ваш xml)) Есть два вида отступов: внутренние и наружные.

Внутренние отступы влияют на содержимое контейнера view и могут двигать это содержимое внутри этого контейнера. Наружные отступы влияют на расположение view в родительском. Наружные отступы это margin а внутренние padding. То что вы спрашиваете это вероятнее всего margin. Так как сторон у прямоугольного/квадратного элемента 4, то и margin есть 4 варианта:
android:layout_marginLeft="dp"
android:layout_marginRight="dp"
android:layout_marginTop="dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="dp"

в кавычках указывается на сколько dp элемент должен отодвинуться от чего-либо. Например отступ сверху на 10dp можно установить так:
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"

Вот есть интересные уроки и статьи по вопросу установки отступов: 1, 2, 3. Документация.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Just got word from a very prominent LA music production library that they will sign these two Christmas tunes..
This song is for the sad part of Christmas..... nothing is sadder than heartbreak especially on Christmas Eve.
The second tune is is a tenor sax instrumental of the song-- it's potential will be more of a Jazz Ballad.
They also took a public domain of Cherri singing Oh Christmas Tree. Great way to start the weekend!
Much thanks to ML & the whole Taxi crew that create opportunities for each and everyone of us!
These are lovely tunes. I really do like the laid-back smoky bar jazz style, and as always on your tracks the sax is great. I genuinely got a warm glow inside listening to 'Waiting For You'. Congratulations on the placements.
Congratulations on signing two Christmas songs! That is great news!


FreshStart Visions offers programs both "inside" and "outside" of prison. Our 20 week course, Men In Transition, (MIT) focuses on character traits such as responsibility, punctuality, and determination, that are critical for obtaining and maintaining employment. The MIT classes are offered to inmates within 18 months of release and is delivered through a curriculum rooted in Christian values. MIT is facilitated primarily by community volunteers.
FreshStart Visions also supports newly released ex-offenders with supervised reentry housing and job placement, so they can successfully reenter their communities. Residents are prepared to step into jobs that meet the needs of area employers and benefit the community by reducing recidivism and enriching the work-force with inspired employees.
Ideally, inmates who successfully graduate from MIT transition to our reentry program for needed support. Due to increasing numbers of incarcerated program participants, expansion of post-release housing capacity is critical for maximum recidivism impact while making neighborhoods that house ex-offenders safer.
While we are building our 'headquarters' for the Charleston area, we will be looking for other states within the Southeast with which we can partner. We want to take the FreshStart Visions Prison Ministry Model into numerous other states. Yet, we want to work with states who are prepared to help fund the growing operation and invest in our future together. And we want state governments who will cut red tape and move mountains to get the opportunity to participate in this program that will save them tens of millions of dollars annually.
FreshStart Visions programming utilizes a faith-based philosophy of redemption and restoration. An "inside" program called Men in Transition, which focuses on character traits and attitudes that are essential to secure and maintain employment, involves teaching and training inmates during the last twenty four months of their sentence.
Inmates voluntarily participate in structured classes where they engage in role playing, practice critical thinking skills, and learn from volunteer mentors to help prepare for their re-entry to the community.
Become transparent – working with a mentor to isolate behaviors that brought them to prison and to address them constructively.
Take responsibility for their actions, both past and present. If you 'mess up, you fess up' and work to make amends.
Structured coaching and mentoring, provided by staff, volunteers and the faith community.
Through these support systems, men are given hope, material and spiritual support. The transformation of their lives is nothing short of a miracle.
FreshStart Visions welcomes participation from all churches and community organizations who want to help these men get reintroduced and reintegrated into society as law abiding and tax paying citizens who want to live constructive and fulfilling lives in community with their neighbors.


text:
Q: How to build a slack bot to have multiple conversations? I am building a slack bot using a third party service to handle responses based on inputs rather than just hard coding them into the bot. This service's API needs a client id & a conversation id to get the response. I found out that each time a slack bot receives a message, it creates a new message object each time so there isn't a way of keeping the clientID and conversation ID within the message object and have slack hold onto it.
rtm.on(RTM_EVENTS.MESSAGE, function(message // <-- new object each time the bot hears a message){
  rtm.sendMessage('hello', message.channel);
});

So shortened down, does anyone know of a way to keep a conversation between a single user and the bot while holding onto some type of variable to hold the client and conversation ID?

A: You can store the message.user ID and track the conversation referring to that specific user. You will need to keep track of all ongoing conversations yourself. Something like this
rtm.on(RTM_EVENTS.MESSAGE, function(message // <-- new object each time the bot hears a message){
  if(stored_conversations.indexOf(message.user) > -1){
    //customize message depending on history
    rtm.sendMessage('I remember you', message.channel);
  }
});

Or, you could use Botkit - it manages bot-user conversations for you.


My fundamental sales strategy is this: the best way to sell is to make it easy for people to buy from you.
That philosophy is a major reason I got hooked on the Internet. Where else can you make information about your clients' products and services available for buyers and specifiers anywhere in the world, at precisely the time their checkbook is open and they're interested in making a purchase?
My background is in publishing, sales, and marketing, and recruiting. In 1994 I shifted the primary services of my company from Industrial Marketing to Internet Marketing, with the focus on the Marketing piece of Internet Marketing. The World Wide Web, as a medium, allows me to combine and apply many of the best experiences and skills I developed in the worlds of publishing, sales, marketing, and recruiting toward the creation and marketing of successful web presences.
As a onetime independent contractor for the 'Bible of Industry', the Thomas Register of American Manufacturers, I learned the value of putting complete buying information at the fingertips of buyers and specifiers at precisely the time they were looking to buy. I've planned and supervised the development of hundreds of websites for clients of OnYourMark, LLC. About half of the websites we've developed are in the Manufacturing marketplace. The next largest groups of sites developed and marketed by my company are in the Healthcare, Real Estate and Construction, Specialty Retail, and various Professional Services industries.


text:
The Daily Render
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EARLY SECESSION DAYS – The Washington Times, August 12, 1900
|| 7/22/2010 || 2:53 pm || + Render A Comment || ||
The Sentiment Had No Bearing on the National Union.
Efforts of Alexandria and Georgetown to Be Release From Their Association With the City of Washington- Appeals to the Maryland and Virginia Legislatures.
The exclusive jurisdiction of the United States was extended over the District of Columbia on the 27th of February, 1801, and almost immediately plans were proposed for a change in the District bounds, or for its entire abolition. The act of March 3, 1791, which provided that nothing therein should authorize the erection of public buildings on the Virginia side of the river had created dissatisfaction there before the United States took control, and at the third session which Congress held in Washington Mr. Bacon, of New York [actually Massachusetts], introduced a bill to cede back to Maryland and Virginia the land and jurisdiction which made the District of Columbia. On the 9th of February, 1803, the vote was taken on this proposal, and it was found to have only twenty-two supporters in the House of Representatives. In 1804 the attempt to disestablish the District of Columbia was again made by Mr. Bacon [actually it was made by John Dawson, of Virginia]. This time his proposal to re-cede to Maryland and Virginia all the territory except the city of Washington. These attempts seem, from the records, to have been abandoned after 1806 for many years. On both these occasions Mr. G. W. P. Custis of Arlington was an active opponent of retrocession.
However, talk on the subject did not cease. It was claimed on the one hand that the constitution of Maryland had been violated by the cession without a vote upon the act having been taken at two successive sessions of the Maryland Legislature. In Virginia some talkers alleged that the prohibition on the Virginia side of the river was a violation of the terms of cession, and made it void. Mr. Bacon and those of his opinion asserted that Congress was authorized to be "the seat of government," and that, inasmuch as Georgetown, Alexandria, and the other territory outside the city of Washington were not the seat of government, the retention of that territory was unconstitutional.
In 1818 another proposal for the disintegration of the District of Columbia came to the front, and a town meeting in Alexandria was called by the mayor. Dr. E. C. Dick presided and Jacob Hoffman was secretary. At this meeting a protest against retrocession was adopted. It was not, however, until 1834 that a general movement outside of Washington was made for retrocession. It had been proposed in Congress to establish a Legislature for the District of Columbia. The two little cities, Georgetown and Alexandria, feared the overwhelming influence of the continually growing city of Washington, which might deprive them of the home rule which existed in their municipalities. Georgetown this time took the lead, and made a strong appeal to the State of Maryland for help, while Alexandria made an appeal to the Congressional delegation from Virginia.
In the House of Representatives, on the 19th of February [1838], Mr. Wise of Virginia introduced a resolution that the committee on the District of Columbia be instructed to inquire into the expediency of receding, under proper restrictions and reservations, and with the consent of the people this District and the States of Maryland and Virginia, the said District to the said States.
In Georgetown a series of popular movements in favor of a return to Maryland were initiated, and, after some preliminary proceedings, a mass meeting of the voters of Georgetown was called. The meeting was held on the 12th of February at the North Lancasterian school room, and the "Potomac Advocate" states that it was "one of the largest and most respectable ever held within our town." Mr. John Kuntz occupied the chair and Thomas Turner was the secretary. Mr. S. McKenney introduced a resolution that "without reference to the political advantages to accrue to that portion of the county of Washington which lies west of Rock Creek, including Georgetown, from a retrocession thereof to Maryland, provided that it can be effected on such terms as shall secure from Congress the reimbursement from Congress of the debt created in the improvement of the harbor and the construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, will, in the opinion of the his meeting, promote the pecuniary interests and general prosperity of the citizens." The meeting requested the mayor to order a vote of the citizens of the territory affected on the 14th of February, and if such vote was favorable to retrocession to unite with the common council of Georgetown in bringing the subject before the Maryland Legislature.
The Georgetown committee went to Annapolis to seek help from the Legislature of Maryland, and action on the subject was begun in April, just before the time fixed for adjournment. A committee reported a series of resolutions on the subject, the most important being this one:
"Resolved, That the General Assembly of Maryland do assent to the recession of Georgetown and that portion of the county of Washington, in the District of Columbia, lying west of Rock Creek formerly included within the limits of Montgomery County; provided the Congress of the United States do agree to yield its exclusive jurisdiction over the same; and in such event the said territory shall thereupon be held and deemed a portion of the domain of Maryland, and that the citizens thereof be entitled to all the immunities and privileges of citizens of the State, and the corporate powers which may have been granted by the Congress of the United States."
On that occasion Mr. Cottman, of Somerset, submitted an additional resolution, as follows:
"And whereas the Constitution of the United States has provided that Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases over such district as may by the cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress become the seat of the United States; and
"Whereas the territory north of the Potomac, a portion of the domain of Maryland, has been apparently and ostensibly ceded to the United States by an act of the Legislature of Maryland which was not ratified and confirmed by a succeeding Legislature, and this ostensible cession of the domain being such a modification of the Constitution as requires the action of two successive Legislatures in the mode provided by the constitution of Maryland; therefore
"Resolved, That the territory aforesaid was not ceded in conformity with the constitution of this State, and now is, and of right ought to be, part of the territory of Maryland."
The Legislature of Maryland, however, adjourned too soon for final action on the subject, and the recession of Georgetown never again assumed formidable proportions.
The assistance given by Congress in securing the release of the Holland loan when it was said that the District cities "were sold to the Dutch" quieted for a while the popular unrest at the "want of a vote" that long galled the young men of the District; but the entente cordiale between the District cities was at an end forever when the corporation of Georgetown passed resolutions protesting against Congress giving aid in the construction of the Aqueduct and the Alexandria Canal, which continued to Alexandria the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. And although Congress gave Alexandria $300,000 for that work, yet the desire to be with Virginia was not allayed, and when a Democratic Congress refused to re-charter the Alexandria banks the moneyed interests fell in with and even led the people, and then began an agitation which finally severed the District which Washington had made. Then, too, the Van Buren Administration was Democratic, or "loco-foco," as was the Alexandrian term, and the town of Alexandria was intensely Whig. The Harrison banner of 1840 bore on its reverse the picture of the "Sic semper" woman bending over a shackled maiden in tears, and the legend read: "Our Revolutionary fathers intended us to be free. Sons of Virginia, will you see us slaves?"
At first as the retrocession was so vehemently championed by the Whigs, the "loco-focos" opposed it. The partisans of Van Buren were few in town, but very numerous in the county, and during Tyler's Administration the Democratic leaders began to see that if Alexandria was turned over to Democratic Virginia it would give the Democrats a more extensive influence; and so, when Polk came in, the Congress which completed the annexation of Texas divided the District of Columbia, and Congress passed a law, which President Polk approved, declaring that "all that portion of the District of Columbia ceded to the United States by Virginia, and all right and jurisdiction, be hereby ceded and forever relinquished to the State of Virginia, in full and absolute right and jurisdiction, as well of soil as of persons residing or to reside therein." So by this act of July 9, 1846, the District of Columbia, which came into being February 27, 1801, ceased to exist south of the river Potomac.
This newspaper article was transcribed from a scan of the original newspaper article on Chronicling America. It is being republished here in order to continue my advocacy for full representation for the American citizens of the District of Columbia.
The 1910 Publication Calendar of the New York Tribune from the Chronicling America Newspaper Collection [100 Year Old News]
|| 1/6/2010 || 1:13 pm || + Render A Comment || ||
Text & content from the Chronicling America newspaper collection website
Horace Greeley founded the New York Tribune as a Whig party, penny paper on April 10, 1841, and would continue as its editor for the next thirty years. During Greeley's tenure the Tribune became one of the more significant newspapers in the United States, and Greeley was known as the outstanding newspaper editor of his time. In 1924 the Tribune merged with the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune , a publication which would remain a major United States daily until its demise.
Distinguishing features of the early penny press were their inexpensiveness, their appeal to the average reader, their coverage of more and different types of news, and, in some instances, a marked political independence. Penny papers such as the New York Sun and the New York Herald were known for their emphasis on lurid crime reporting and humorous, human interest stories from the police court. The Tribune offered a strong moralistic flavor, however, playing down crime reports and scandals, providing political news, special articles, lectures, book reviews, book excerpts and poetry. As with other penny papers, the Tribune was not averse to building circulation by carrying accounts involving sex and crime, but it was careful to present this material under the guise of cautionary tales.
Greeley gathered an impressive array of editors and feature writers, among them Henry J. Raymond, Charles A. Dana, Bayard Taylor, George Ripley, Margaret Fuller, and, for a while, Karl Marx served as his London correspondent. Reflecting his puritanical upbringing, Greeley opposed liquor, tobacco, gambling, prostitution, and capital punishment, while actively promoting the anti-slavery cause. His editorial columns urged a variety of educational reforms and favored producer's cooperatives, but opposed women's suffrage. He popularized the phrase "Go west, young man; go west!" The Tribune supported Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, but opposed his renomination in 1864.
While the Tribune's circulation always trailed its rivals the Sun and the Herald , neither could match the immense success of its weekly edition. First published on September 2, 1841, the Tribune weekly enjoyed a wide popularity in small cities and towns, and by 1860 had registered a record-breaking circulation of 200,000.
Greeley died in 1872. Under Whitelaw Reid's control (1873-1912), the Tribune became one of the nation's leading Republican dailies. Reid's son, Ogden, succeeded him and purchased the New York Herald in 1924, merging the two newspapers to form the New York Herald Tribune . Noted for its typographical excellence, the high quality of its writing, its Washington and foreign reporting, and its political columnists, the Herald Tribune would reign as the voice of moderate Republicanism and competent journalism for the next four decades. It featured some of the best reporters in the business-Joseph Barnes, Homer Bigart, Russell Hill, Joseph Driscoll, Joseph Mitchell, Tom Wolfe-and top drawer political columnists such as Walter Lippman, David Lawrence, Joseph Alsop, and Roscoe Drummond. Following Ogden Reid's death in 1947, the paper began a steady decline, undergoing numerous financial setbacks. In 1961 media entrepreneur John Hay ("Jock") Whitney became majority shareholder, publisher and editor-in-chief, investing $40 million in a vain attempt to save the paper. The newspaper's last issue as the Herald Tribune was published April 24, 1966. It merged with two other struggling New York papers, the Journal American and the World Telegram and the Sun to form the World Journal Tribune , which began publishing September 12, 1966 after a lengthy strike. It ceased publication May 5, 1967.
See also: New York Tribune , April 10, 1841-April 12, 1842; New York Daily Tribune , April 22, 1842-May 1, 1850 and May 13, 1850-April 9 1866; New York Tribune , April 10, 1866-March 18, 1924; New York Herald, New York Tribune , March 19, 1924-May 30, 1926; New York Herald Tribune , May 31, 1926-April 24, 1966.
1910 Newspapers
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Alexandria Gazette
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Deseret Evening News
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Los Angeles Herald
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the New York Sun
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the New York Tribune
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Ogden Standard
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Paducah evening sun
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Palestine Daily Herald
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the San Francisco Call
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Washington Herald
+ 1910 Publication Calendar of the Washington Times
The 1910 Publication Calendar of the Alexandria Gazette from the Chronicling America Newspaper Collection [100 Year Old News]
|| 1/2/2010 || 12:46 pm || 1 Comment Rendered || ||
Text & content from the Chronicling America newspaper collection
Established in 1834 as a successor to several papers dating back as early as 1800, the Gazette began as a voice of the Whig Party but eventually turned to a Democratic view. For the time, that was hardly an unusual political evolution for a Virginia paper. What did, however, make the paper somewhat unique in nineteenth-century Virginia was its forceful and effective support of industrialization throughout the South. Situated across the Potomac from the Washington Navy Yard, Alexandria was a growing riverfront community that could boast of considerable industry for its size—including brickworks; shoe, furniture, and machinery factories; breweries; ship chandleries and boat yards; and rail lines for both the Baltimore & Ohio and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroads. By 1900, the city had a population of 6,430 and was increasingly affected by—and prospered from—the growth of the federal government and its payroll. Its perspective, then, was unlike most Virginia papers.
Too, the Gazette by 1900 was the dominant daily newspaper and an influential voice in the community. Since 1865, at least 23 papers had begun publication in Alexandria but then disappeared. In the 1890s alone, six shut down. By 1900, then, the Gazette 's competition was reduced primarily to the Alexandria Times , but even that paper would barely survive the decade. Particularly noteworthy is how fertile the Alexandria region had been for the African-American press. But the Clipper had ceased business in 1894, and its successor the Leader and Clipper ended in 1898; the
Home News , established in 1902, and the Industrial Advocate , opened circa 1900, disappeared within several years as well. The point, though, is that the papers reflected a perceived need within a substantial enough minority community that any major paper—whatever its politics, whatever its bias—would be compelled to take its existence into account in reporting on local government and the economy.
Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Alexandria Gazette could legitimately comment on its considerable significance to the growing northern Virginia community and region. "The files of the paper," the editor wrote, "are the official and unabridged history of Alexandria, and while numbers of other papers have appeared and disappeared during all the years of its existence, it has weathered all the storms of time. . . ."
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Press Release: Congresswoman Norton Introduces Bill to Permit Marijuana Use in Public Housing
High Times: Inside Washington DC's Pop-Up Marijuana Markets
GW Hatchet: Marijuana-gifting parties shift from large events to intimate gatherings
Associated Press: Washington D.C. has a marijuana loophole — you can't sell it, but you can 'gift' it
Washington City Paper: Joint Custody – The Story of Marijuana Post-Legalization
DCist: Prosecutors Drop Charges Against Pot Activist Who Handed Out Joints Near The Capitol On 4/20
NPR: D.C. Marijuana Market: Stuck In A Gray Zone
DCist: For Sale – One Car And Its 250-Pound Ear Of 'Fishy Corn'
CNN: DC pot activists arrested at 4/20 Capitol Hill protest
Fox News: 4/20 celebration leads to 7 arrests by US Capitol Police
WTOP: On 4/20, DC pot advocates plan provocative protests
Washington Post: Marijuana advocates vow to smoke pot and get arrested on steps of U.S. Capitol
CNN: DC activists planning pot giveaway, Capitol Hill 'smoke in'
COMPLEX MAGAZINE: How to Organize A Pro-Cannabis Demonstration With Over 4,200 Free Joints
New York Times: Marijuana Group Passes Out Free Joints for Trump's Inauguration
Fox 5 DC: Pro-pot protesters prep for Inauguration Day
Hartford Quilt #3
Hartford Quilt
Breitbart: Pot Advocates Try to Smoke Sen. Jeff Sessions' Nomination for Attorney General Job
Snopes: 4,200 Free Joints to Be Given Away Before Trump's Inauguration
The Independent: Cannabis activists to hand out thousands of free joints at Donald Trump's inauguration
Washington Times: DEA disappoints medical marijuana advocates with refusal to reclassify
Philly Voice: Giant marijuana joints, Sanders supporters among Broad Street marchers on DNC Day 1
Washington Post: About that 'bud summit' at the White House — pot activists are still waiting
Washington Post – Letter to the Editor: The D.C. Council's marijuana club ban inadvertently creates the 'smokeasy'
Washington Post: On Day 1 of legalization, Bowser submits bill to prevent 'pot clubs'
Dusting off the cobwebs that have collected on NikolasSchiller.com
Quoted today's in DelMarVaNow
Washington Post: Odds are increasing that D.C. will vote on legalizing marijuana — despite Congress
Results of the Shareholder Resolution Vote
Full Text of Ballot Initiative 71
My First Shareholder Resolution
Overdubbed in Turkish on Voice of America
Are We Eating Fishy Food? on Voice of America
E&E News: 'Fishy food' cars attract stares, promote GMO labeling
Washington Post: Mobile protest art draws gawkers in D.C.
The Right2Know March for GMO Labeling
DC Colonist Cartoon: "Court Declares State Voters Tax Exempt in D.C." – Washington Evening Star, March 13, 1940
Text of the Department of Justice's "Cole Memo" – June 29, 2011
Text of the Department of Justice's "Ogden Memo" – October 19, 2009
"Official: Medical marijuana in D.C. by May 2012" by Victor Zapana, Washington Post, July 29, 2011
DC Colonist Cartoon: "Keep Out of U.S. Elections" – Washington Star, November 5, 1940
Photograph of the Vigil for the 40 Year Anniversary of America's War on Drugs
DC Flag Day in the Flesh
Cameo on the History Channel's "How the States Got Their Shapes"
The Triumph of the Humanities By Stanley Fish, New York Times
Photographs from the top of Pike's Peak
Hello from the base of the Contiental Divide
Photographs of Backpacking in the San Isabel National Forest
Nikolas Schiller is a second-class American citizen living in America's last colony, Washington, DC. This blog is my on-line repository of what I have created or found on-line since May of 2004. If you have any questions or comments, please contact:
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« On the Bandstand: December 21, 2014 Edition
On the Bandstand: December 28, 2014 Edition »
2015 Winter Jazz Fest: First Look
Winter is finally settling in to New York City, which means a lot of things. It's getting dark earlier, we've already been hit with one cold snap with more definitely on the way, and snow is inevitable sooner or later. But one of the bright spots in the otherwise dark days of January is the Winter Jazz Fest, which is returning for the 11th year in 2015 from the 8th to the 10th. We profiled Suga' guests (and a few others) appearing at the fest last year and will do the same as we get closer, but the preliminary line-up has been announced, so it's worth taking a quick look at what's going on and a preliminary peek at who's there, although they're promising more additions to the line-up and it will probably take even longer to get a full sense of all the side players in the groups.
The schedule kicks off with two different concerts on Thursday, January 8th. The Robert Glasper Trio, Jose James, Derrick Hodge, and Kendrick Scott are the headliners in a celebration of the legendary Blue Note Records label at Le Poisson Rouge. Single event tickets are $25 in advance ($30 at the door) or a $75 pass for admission to the entire festival. Meanwhile, a fundraiser concert for the Disability Pride organization will take place at the Friends Meeting Hall in Manhattan. It features a sizable list of performers and tickets go for $100 or $145 with a 3-day WJF pass. There are a variety of different ticket combos, ranging from $35 for Friday or Saturday night, to $55 for both, and up for packages with the Thursday night events. It's a reasonable cost considering the vast array of top performers who will be there. Sets generally run from 6 PM until 2 AM (at Zinc Bar) on Friday and Saturday nights, so it's entirely reasonable to catch 3-4 full sets of music per night if one wants to, even with overlaps.
The WJF continues around several locations in Greenwich Village and the East Village, with Judson Memorial Church again serving as the epicenter (and the festival's box office and check-in site) and one of the larger venues. Zinc Bar and Le Poisson Rouge return as venues, joined by the Greenwich House Music School, Minetta Lane Theater, Players Theater, Bitter End, Carroll Place, Subculture, and Bowery Electric. Subculture and Bowery Electric are further away from most of the venues, which are clustered around Washington Square Park. Keep this in mind as you scan the schedule: you may be walking fast to shuttle between venues if one place you want to hit is on the east side.
The festival has become almost a victim of its own success over the years: two years ago it sold out and there have been regular problems with space in the smaller venues on the list. It's virtually impossible to get into Zinc Bar after the early evening, for example, especially when festival goers combine with the usual Zinc crowd. Securing Minetta Lane and Players Theatre should help immensely in this regard, since both are larger spaces. Still, if one of the acts you want to catch is at one of the smaller spaces on the list, there isn't much recourse other than to get there very early — and perhaps be prepared to wait. It likely reflects a compromise between supporting some of the smaller venues that program jazz throughout the year in more intimate spaces and the reality that the festival is drawing more people — a good thing — to see the more popular acts. There's probably not a better fix for the issue.
We'll do a follow-up with a "cheat sheet" of picks on our radar, but rather than post their extensive list (WJF claims over 100 acts and counting), I'll point you toward the artist line-up and the list of personnel, the latter of which gives a fuller sense of who's behind some of the groups. It's an impressive list that leans toward the experimental end of the jazz spectrum — indeed, some of the acts will probably push the boundaries of jazz — but with the variety of performers there should be something for a broad spectrum of fans. There's a pretty thoughtful mix of vocalists and instrumental groups and there's a diversity of styles. If you have favorites (which is likely if you've been following the music scene for a while), then dive in and check for people you want to see. If not, you could do worse than to just sample a few different acts that look interesting and explore. Indeed, that's advice that goes for anyone since there are quite a few composite groups that pop up for the event and give a chance to see players that don't always perform together try new things. There are a few ways to get a handle on what you're likely to hear and who to catch:
The Winter Jazz Fest organizers have set up a channel on Apple's iTunes Radio with music from festival artists.
Check the ever-helpful YouTube for performance videos (often live) and sample tracks from an artist or combo.
Soundcloud is catching on as a listening platform: do a search for artists there.
Next week, we'll take a look at a few of the artists profiled on the Suga' in My Bowl show who'll be there and some others we're looking forward to seeing. Are you heading to the WJF? What are some of the acts you're looking forward to seeing? Let us know in the comments.
Tags #NYCWJF, Jazz Fest, Jazz Festivals, Le Poisson Rouge, New York City, NYC Jazz Calendar, NYC Jazz Events, NYC Jazz Festivals, NYC Jazz listings, NYC Jazz Shows, Winter Jazz Fest, Zinc Bar
Categories Jazz Festivals, Previews, Reviews


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Microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA) for cultivating and analyzing environmental microbiota
Weimin Gao1,
Dena Navarroli1,
Jared Naimark1,
Weiwen Zhang1,
Shih-hui Chao1 &
Deirdre R Meldrum1
Microbiome volume 1, Article number: 4 (2013) Cite this article
The use of culture-independent nucleic acid techniques, such as ribosomal RNA gene cloning library analysis, has unveiled the tremendous microbial diversity that exists in natural environments. In sharp contrast to this great achievement is the current difficulty in cultivating the majority of bacterial species or phylotypes revealed by molecular approaches. Although recent new technologies such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics can provide more functionality information about the microbial communities, it is still important to develop the capacity to isolate and cultivate individual microbial species or strains in order to gain a better understanding of microbial physiology and to apply isolates for various biotechnological applications.
We have developed a new system to cultivate bacteria in an array of droplets. The key component of the system is the microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA), which consists of a Petri dish that contains an array of droplets as cultivation chambers. MOCA exploits the dominance of surface tension in small amounts of liquid to spontaneously trap cells in well-defined droplets on hydrophilic patterns. During cultivation, the growth of the bacterial cells across the droplet array can be monitored using an automated microscope, which can produce a real-time record of the growth. When bacterial cells grow to a visible microcolony level in the system, they can be transferred using a micropipette for further cultivation or analysis.
MOCA is a flexible system that is easy to set up, and provides the sensitivity to monitor growth of single bacterial cells. It is a cost-efficient technical platform for bioassay screening and for cultivation and isolation of bacteria from natural environments.
During the past over two decades, the use of culture-independent nucleic acid techniques, represented by ribosomal RNA gene cloning library analysis, has unveiled the tremendous microbial diversity that exists in natural environments[1]. In sharp contrast to this great achievement is the current inability to cultivate the majority of bacterial species or phylotypes revealed by molecular approaches. One of the major difficulties for microbial ecology is that conventional cultivation methods provide access to only a very small fraction of the microbial diversity and more than 99% of naturally occurring microbes are considered 'unculturable' on standard culture media[2]. Although recent new technologies such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics can provide more functionality information about microbial communities[2, 3], it is still important to develop the capacity to isolate and cultivate individual microbial species or strains in order to gain better understanding of microbial physiology and to apply isolates for various biotechnological applications[4].
A new view is emerging among microbial ecologists that the majority of so-called 'unculturable' microbial species simply have not been cultured yet. In line with this view, more research is necessary to enhance the ability to culture microbes, in order to reduce the dependence on indirect and cumbersome metagenomic approaches[5, 6]. Recent developments in improving traditional cultivation techniques have shown that some conventionally unculturable species can in fact be grown as pure cultures. Tamaki et al. reported that the use of gellan gum instead of agar as the solidifying agent could greatly improve the cultivability of novel microbes on solid media[7, 8]. Kaeberlein et al. designed a diffusion chamber to grow previously uncultivated pure isolates of marine origin[9], and the same strategy was also successfully used in cultivation of groundwater microorganisms[10]. Stevenson et al. achieved similar results with soil microbes by fine-tuning the oxygen concentration and nutrient levels[11]. Knowledge obtained through metatranscriptome analysis has also been used in directed cultivation of bacteria[12]. These examples shown that many microbial species can be cultured as long as the environments are optimized for growth.
Recently, some non-traditional cell-isolation technologies have been introduced to isolate targeted cells for pure culture cultivation. For example, Huber et al. used optical tweezers to track and isolate an extremophilic archaeon from a microbial community in a terrestrial hydrothermal vent field[13]. This method of single-cell manipulation provides a new way to grow pure microbial cultures from single mother cells, but it has the disadvantage that the identification and manipulation of the bacteria is an extremely labor-intensive process. By contrast, a high-throughput isolation method has been presented using encapsulated single bacteria in droplets of gel[14], resulting in the successfully cultivation of pure cultures from marine microorganisms. Oligonucleotide probes were used to identify the species after isolation.
One of the remaining hurdles for bacterial cultivation is that fine-tuning the growth condition for any specific species is a daunting effort, especially with the widely diverse microbiota in the ocean and soil environments. Consequently, a high-throughput platform is urgently needed to perform trials of different cultivation conditions in parallel. Previously, several high-throughput microtiter-plate-based cultivation platforms have been developed for marine and aquatic water column bacteria, and these have contributed greatly to the successful cultivation of previously uncultivated bacteria[15, 16]. Most recently, a chip-based version of a Petri dish and diffusion chamber has been developed to address the same purpose[17, 18]. Microfluidic 'lab-on-a-chip' (LOC) devices have been used for co-cultivation of various bacterial strains and species[19, 20]. These devices are complicated in structure, utility, and fabrication, and are therefore less useful for general microbiologists.
In this study, we developed a parallel cultivation set-up that incorporates streamlined processes and is compatible with downstream genomic analysis. It spontaneously isolates environmental bacteria into miniature incubation chambers from a mixed microbial community. The key component of the system is the microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA), which uses a Petri dish that contains an array of droplets with an oil covering as cultivation chambers. During cultivation, the growth of bacteria across the droplet array can be monitored using an automated microscope, which can produce a real-time growth record. Compared with conventional cultivation methods, MOCA provides streamlined preparation, parallel cultivation, and real-time observation, and unlike other chip-based platforms[16–19], MOCA does not require complicated engineering techniques or equipment for fabrication. We have found that bacterial growth across the droplet array has a high level of uniformity when the initial cell density is more than 10 cells/μl, and thus MOCA provides a novel platform for bioassay screening. When the cell occupancy in droplets is at the single-cell level, real-time image recording can be used to monitor the growth and morphological development of microcolonies derived from single bacterial cells. The droplet culture developed from a single bacterial cell can be transferred using a micropipette[21] for bulk cultivation or further molecular analysis.
Microbe observation and cultivation array
The MOCA Petri dish is produced using a technique known as microscale plasma activated templating (μPLAT)[22, 23]. The μPLAT method uses an inexpensive plasma-treatment process to create hydrophilic patterns on Petri dishes (60 mm diameter; Falcon; Becton Diskinson Labware, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); the air plasma makes the originally hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces of the Petri dishes hydrophilic.
Briefly, a μPLAT stencil is made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, an inexpensive, soft polymer. The stencil has an array of 4 × 6 holes, each 3.18 mm in diameter, which is adhered to the surface of a Petri dish, (Figure 1a). The assembly is placed in a plasma cleaner (Harrick Plasma, Ithaca, NY, USA), and exposed to air plasma for 1 minute (Figure 1b). The stencil is removed after plasma treatment. Because only the polystyrene surface under the circular openings is exposed to the plasma, these areas become hydrophilic on the hydrophobic background of the plate (Figure 1c). The patterned MOCA Petri dish is then surface-sterilized under UV light for 15 minutes in a PCR cabinet (PCR Workstation; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hudson, NH, USA). The bacteria and medium mixture is loaded using a pipette into the prepared Petri dish, producing a 4 × 6 array of 1-μl droplets. The borders of the liquid are confined at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface, forming discrete droplets defined by the stencil pattern. To prevent evaporation and contamination from the ambient environment, 5 ml mineral oil (M5904; Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA) is loaded to cover the droplet array (Figure 1d).
Scheme of microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA) droplet preparation. (a) A stencil with an array of holes is adhered to a Petri dish, which is then (b) exposed to air plasma to generate an array of hydrophilic disks. (c) The stencil is then removed, and the medium containing the bacteria is added to the hydrophilic disks, after which (d) the droplet array is covered with mineral oil.
Loading of bacteria in medium and culturing using microbe observation and cultivation array
Luria broth (Difco; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) was used for both bulk cell and droplet cultivation of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli DH5α and the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis 168. Marine broth (Difco' Becton, Dickinson and Company) was used for droplet cultivation of marine bacteria from sea water sampled from the deep sea of the northwest Pacific Ocean[24]. Cells were counted using a counting chamber (Hausser Scientific Partnership, Horsham, PA, USA) under a microscope to estimate the bacterial density for both pure cultures and sampled sea water. Four cell concentrations (103, 102, 10, and 1 cell(s)/μl) were used in the experiments. Cell occupancy in the droplets is a Poisson random variable[23]; when 1 cell/μl medium is loaded into the 1 μl droplets, the average cell occupancy is one cell per droplet.
For each individual hydrophilic MOCA spots, 1 μl bacteria-medium mixture was pipetted onto it. The droplets were then covered with 5 ml of mineral oil and the lid placed on the Petri dish. The dishes were kept in the dark at room temperature, and growth was monitored by direct microscopy.
Automated time-series observation
A MOCA dish can be monitored on an automated optical microscope to observe the growth of the loaded bacteria. The MOCA Petri dish was placed on the automated microscope (Eclipse TiE, Nikon Instrument Inc., Japan) with a 4× objective, so the field of view covered an entire droplet (Figure 2). The microscope stage was programmed to travel through all the droplets and to acquire bright-field images of all droplets every 30 minutes for 72 hours. The microscope illumination was turned on only during image acquisition to avoid heating of the dish. After the experiments, the time-lapse micrographs of each droplet were used to estimate bacterial growth using measurement of light transmission; the micrographs appeared darker as bacteria grew. Although an automated microscope was used in this study, other optical platforms (for example, conventional microscopes or even the naked eye when the droplets are saturated with microbes) can also be used for estimation.
Demonstration of automated time-series observation by optical microscopy of bacterial droplet cultivation using microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA).
Phylogeny analysis of isolated bacteria from single cells
The cultivated isolates developed from single bacterial cells of interest can be transferred using a micropipette from the MOCA chip to other containers for archival and downstream phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA sequencing. In this study, bacteria were removed from the droplets using a micropipette and transferred to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube containing 100 μl sterilized water. After being spun in a centrifuge at 12000 g for 1 minute, the supernatant was decanted to remove possible carry-over of the mineral oil, then the bacterial cells were re-suspended in 5 μl sterilized water and transferred to a 0.2 ml PCR tube. The PCR tubes were then put in a PCR thermal cycler (model 9700; Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA, USA) and heated at 95°C for 5 minutes, followed by chilling on ice to induce cell lysis. Using heat-treated bacterial cells as the template, conventional PCR was carried out to amplify the highly variable V6 region of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. The PCR primer sequences are shown in Table 1[25]. The 20 μl PCR volume contained: 10 μl 2 × PCR Master Mix (Fermentas Life Science Inc., Glenburnie, MD, USA), 2 μl of each primer (4 μmol/l), 2 μl of DNA template and 4 μl of double-distilled water. The conditions for PCR amplification were as follows: 94°C for 5 minutes; 35 cycles of 94°C for 15 seconds, 56°C for 20 seconds, and 72°C for 45 seconds; with a final extension step of 72°C for 10 minutes and soak at 4°C. The expected PCR products were recovered with a gel and extracted (Qiaquick Gel DNA Extraction Kit; Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). The purified PCR products were used as templates for DNA sequencing, using a commercial kit (BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit, version 3.1; Applied Biosystems Inc.) and a PCR analyzer (model 3700; Applied Biosystems Inc.) using the same PCR primers as before. The resultant DNA sequences were edited manually using Sequence Scanner Software (version 2.0; Applied Biosystems Inc.). Sequences were compared against those in GenBank through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) portal and BLAST software (version 2.2.10)[26], and the phylogeny affiliation of each isolates were then inferred.
Table 1 Primers used for PCR
Bacterial growth in droplets
Because MOCA droplet settings create a different physical environment from that of bulk cultures, this may influence many of the growth factors required by the bacteria[27, 28]. Thus, given that the total volume for cultivation is a microliter, bacterial growth within the droplets may have different properties from that in regular cultures. To test if the droplets could inhibit bacterial growth, we initially cultivated E. coli and B. subtilis cells within droplets with a cover of mineral oil and assessed their growth in real time. Using the method described above, a 4 × 6 array of 1 μl droplets for each species were generated for the four cell concentrations (103, 102, 10, 1 cell(s)/μl), using six droplets for each cell concentration. Cell occupancy in the droplets is a Poisson random variable[23]: when loading 1 cell/μl medium into droplets, around 37% of droplets are empty, and 37%, 18%, 6%, and 1.5% of the droplets are occupied by one, two, three, and four cells, respectively. Therefore, the lowest cell concentration in all presented cultivation experiments yielded single-digit bacterial cells in droplets.
Figure 3 shows the growth of these two bacteria, where each curve represents the growth in an individual droplet. We measured light transmission through the acquired micrographs as an indication of cell density; the lower the transmission, the larger the cell population. The transmitted light intensity was normalized with respect to its initial value to reduce the light variation between droplets., therefore, all growth curves started from 1. The colors of the curves in the figure indicate initial cell concentrations. The curves of the individual cell concentration were clustered before reaching the stationary phase, with a few outliers appearing for droplets with low initial cell concentrations. We defined the threshold growth time as the time when the normalized transmission intensity of a droplet intersected 0.99 (Figure 3, red dotted lines). The box plots (Figure 3b,d) show the threshold growth time, which was mostly linear to the individual cell concentrations. Because of random cell occupancy and cellular heterogeneity, the variation was large when bacterial number within the droplets was in single figures.
Real-time growth record of bacteria in microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA). (a,c) Growth curves of (a) Escherichia coli and (c) Bacillus subtilis with different initial cell concentrations (the lower the transmission, the larger the cell population). Each curve represents the growth in an individual droplet. (b,d) Threshold growth time distribution versus (b) E. coli and (d) B. subtilis cell concentrations. The threshold growth time was defined as the time when the normalized transmission intensity of a droplet intersected 0.99 (Figure 3a and3c, red dotted line).
The growth curves of both E. coli (Figure 3a) and B. subtilis (Figure 3c) shared similar features. The curves of individual cell concentration were clustered before growth reached the stationary phase. One distinct feature of the B. subtilis growth is that the transmission intensity became brighter after the population peaked. The time-lapse micrographs showed that the number of cells did not significantly change, but the size of cells became smaller, suggesting that the B. subtilis cells started to spore after the nutrition was depleted[29]. Only two of the most diluted droplets contained B. subtilis cells that were able to grow into colonies in this experiment. Similar to the E. coli cultivation result, the threshold growth time was mostly linear to individual cell concentrations (Figure 3d), whereas the lowest concentration had a large variation because only two droplets resulted in growth.
These results show that, when the initial cell density is more than 10 cells/μl, bacterial growth across the droplet array is strongly uniform and reproducible. For droplets with single-cell occupancy, the platform can be used to monitor the growth heterogeneity at the single-cell resolution.
Morphological development of microcolonies within droplets
We found that the droplet setting permitted the growth of both E. coli and B. subtilis. In addition, we also found that the bacterial growth pattern within a droplet was different from that of a regular liquid medium. This was especially evident when cultivating single-digit numbers of bacterial cells within a droplet. Using the time-series micrographs of the 24 droplets with E. coli growth recorded at 0, 8, 16, and 24 hours (Figure 4), we found that each single E. coli cell could develop its own microcolony, and these did not merge with each other until the solution became cloudy. Similar results were seen for B. subtilis (data not shown). In this respect, the growth pattern of both E. coli and B. subtilis within a droplet is more similar to that on a solid agar plate than in a liquid medium. This may due to the use of the oil droplet cultivation platform, in which the physical environment is different from that of routine liquid cultivation. For instance, oil coverage may create a microoxic environment, which may inhibit or reduce the movement of bacteria[30].
Proliferation of Escherichia coli in droplets. The time-series micrographs of 24 droplets at 0, 8, 16, and 24 hours. The dark clusters in the droplets are E. coli colonies. For all four panels, the nominal cell numbers of the five rows are 104, 103, 102, 10, and 1 cell(s) per droplet, respectively.
Environmental bacteria cultivation and isolation using a microbe observation and cultivation array
We further used MOCA to cultivate and isolate environmental marine microbes, which were sampled from the Hydrate Ridge site (80 km off the Oregon coast and 5 m above the 780-m deep seafloor) during a research cruise between 22 July and 5 August 2008[24]. To avoid loading multiple cells from each droplet, the cell concentration was diluted to 0.25 cells per droplet with marine broth medium. Based on Poisson statistics, the possibility of multicell occupancy with this concentration is around 2% and that of single-cell occupancy is 20%.
Using the automated time-series observation system, we could identify which droplets had bacterial growth and how many microcolonies had been developed within these droplets. Droplets showing single microcolony growth were identified and the cultivated pure microbes recovered directly. For verification of purity, the recovered cultures were subjected to further purification on traditional Petri dishes.
In one experiment, thirty-six droplets were generated, and eight of these were successfully cultivated during a 2-day culture period. Time-lapse micrographs showed that they were all derived from a single bacterium (data not shown). The profiles of the growth curves showed similar trends to those of the previous results of the single-digit bacterial cell growth in a droplet (Figure 3), but the variation was larger, perhaps due to species differences or to the different time requirement for exit from dormancy status (Figure 5). Some fast-growing droplets (for example, those in droplets 8 and 9) started growing within the first 8 hours, whereas others (for example, droplet 21) started as late as the 30th hour. The threshold growth times of these droplets are listed in Table 2.
Growth curve of marine bacterial isolates within the droplets. Each curve represents the growth in an individual droplet. The number in the legend is the droplet number associated with Table 2.
Table 2 Cultivated bacteria, their phylogeny affiliation and corresponding threshold growth times
Single colonies were identified in these droplets and the transferred cells were subjected to colony PCR. After sequencing the obtained PCR products of 400 bp, which represent the highly variable V6 region of the SSU rRNA gene, a phylogeny analysis was conducted based on NCBI database searches. Sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers JQ178347 to JQ178354. The closest species/genus with which each isolated strain was identified are listed in Table 2. Of these identified cultures, the majority (six out of eight cultures) belonged to Pseudoalteromonas spp. (E value = 0), with the remaining two identified as Shewanella sp. (E value = 0) and Colwellia piezophila (E value = 0), respectively. The phylogeny affiliation of recovered isolates is consistent with the source of the microbial community[31–33].
Because MOCA droplets create a different physical environment from that of bulk cultures, , this may influence many of the growth factors required by bacteria. For example, the use of an oil cover reduces gas exchange with the ambient environment, which may favor the growth of microaerobic bacteria, but not strict aerobic bacteria. In addition, putting MOCA into an anaerobic chamber and loading with a bacteria-media mixture under anaerobic conditions can allow an anaerobic environment to be created. We will explore the potential of this technique and its limitations in cultivating novel environmental bacteria in future studies.
We have developed a new system to cultivate bacteria in a droplet array. Our results show that the set-up of droplet does not inhibit the growth of bacteria, as we found that both E. coli and B. subtilis cells could proliferate uniformly across the MOCA. We also found that the bacterial growth pattern within a droplet is more similar to that on a solid than in a liquid medium. Given its flexibility, ease of set-up, and sensitivity to growth of a single bacterial cell, we believe that this droplet platform could provide a cost-efficient way to cultivate and isolate novel bacteria from different environments, and had the potential for use in bioassay screening.
MOCA:
DNA:
rRNA:
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
SSU rRNA:
Small subunit ribosomal RNA
PCR:
μPLAT:
Microscale plasma activated templating
PDMS:
Polydimethylsiloxane.
Pace NR: Mapping the tree of life: progress and prospects. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2009, 73: 565-576. 10.1128/MMBR.00033-09.
Zhang P, Gu J, He J, Gao W, Zhang W: Metagenomics and its applications in agriculture, biomedicine, and environmental studies. Next-generation and future DNA sequencing technologies and metagenomics. Edited by: Li RW. 2011, New York: Nova Sciences Publishers, 79-106.
Heidelberg KB, Gilbert JA, Joint I: Marine genomics: at the interface of marine microbial ecology and biodiscovery. Microb Biotechnol. 2010, 3: 531-543. 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00193.x.
Giovannoni S, Stingl U: The importance of culturing bacterioplankton in the "omics" age. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007, 5: 820-826. 10.1038/nrmicro1752.
Kowalchuk GA, Speksnijder AGCL, Zhang K, Goodman RM, van Veen JA: Finding the needles in the metagenome haystack. Microb Ecol. 2007, 53: 475-485. 10.1007/s00248-006-9201-2.
Tyson GW, Banfield JF: Cultivating the uncultivated: a community genomics perspective. Trends Microbiol. 2005, 13: 411-415. 10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.003.
Tamaki H, Hanada S, Sekiguchi Y, Tanaka Y, Kamagata Y: Effect of gelling agent on colony formation in solid cultivation of microbial community in lake sediment. Environ Microbiol. 2009, 11: 1827-1834. 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01907.x.
Tamaki H, Sekiguchi Y, Hanada S, Nakamura K, Nomura N: Comparative analysis of bacterial diversity in freshwater sediment of a shallow eutrophic lake by molecular and improved cultivation-based techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005, 71: 2162-2169. 10.1128/AEM.71.4.2162-2169.2005.
Kaeberlein T, Lewis K, Epstein SS: Isolating "uncultivable" microorganisms in pure culture in a simulated natural environment. Science. 2002, 296: 1127-1129. 10.1126/science.1070633.
Bollmann A, Lewis K, Epstein SS: Incubation of environmental samples in a diffusion chamber increases the diversity of recovered isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007, 73: 6386-6390. 10.1128/AEM.01309-07.
Stevenson BS, Eichorst SA, Wertz JT, Schmidt TM, Breznak JA: New strategies for cultivation and detection of previously uncultured microbes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004, 70: 4748-4755. 10.1128/AEM.70.8.4748-4755.2004.
Bomar L, Maltz M, Colston S, Graf J: Directed culturing of microorganisms using metatranscriptomics. MBio. 2011, 2: e00012-00011.
Huber R, Burggraf S, Mayer T, Barns SM, Rossnagel P: Isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeum predicted by in situ RNA analysis. Nature. 1995, 376: 57-58. 10.1038/376057a0.
Zengler K, Toledo G, Rappe M, Elkins J, Mathur EJ: Cultivating the uncultured. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 15681-15686. 10.1073/pnas.252630999.
Bruns A, Cypionka H, Overmann J: Cyclic AMP and acyl homoserine lactones increase the cultivation efficiency of heterotrophic bacteria from the central Baltic Sea. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002, 68: 3978-3987. 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3978-3987.2002.
Connon SA, Giovannoni SJ: High-throughput methods for culturing microorganisms in very-low-nutrient media yield diverse new marine isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002, 68: 3878-3885. 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3878-3885.2002.
Ingham CJ, Sprenkels A, Bomer J, Molenaar D, van den Berg A: The micro-Petri dish, a million-well growth chip for the culture and high-throughput screening of microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 18217-18222. 10.1073/pnas.0701693104.
Nichols D, Cahoon N, Trakhtenberg EM, Pham L, Mehta A: Use of Ichip for high-throughput in situ cultivation of "uncultivable" microbial species. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010, 76: 2445-2450. 10.1128/AEM.01754-09.
Kim HJ, Boedicker JQ, Choi JW, Ismagilov RF: Defined spatial structure stabilizes a synthetic multispecies bacterial community. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 18188-18193. 10.1073/pnas.0807935105.
Park J, Kerner A, Burns MA, Lin XN: Microdroplet-enabled highly parallel co-cultivation of microbial communities. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e17019-10.1371/journal.pone.0017019.
Anis YH, Holl MR, Meldrum DR: Automated vision-based selection and placement of single cells in microwell array formats. IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng. 2010, 7 (3): 598-606.
Chao S-H, Carlson R, Meldrum DR: Rapid fabrication of microchannels using microscale plasma activated templating (μPLAT) generated water molds. Lab Chip. 2007, 7: 641-643. 10.1039/b618269k.
Lin L-I, Chao S-H, Meldrum DR: Practical, microfabrication-free device for single-cell isolation. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e6710-10.1371/journal.pone.0006710.
Gao W, Shi X, Wu J, Jin Y, Zhang W, Meldrum DR: Phylogenetic and gene expression analysis of cyanobacteria and diatoms in the twilight waters of the temperate northeast pacific ocean. Microb Ecol. 2011, 62: 765-775. 10.1007/s00248-011-9891-y.
Gabor EM, de Vries EJ, Janssen DB: Efficient recovery of environmental DNA for expression cloning by indirect extraction methods. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2003, 44: 153-163. 10.1016/S0168-6496(02)00462-2.
Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25: 3389-3402. 10.1093/nar/25.17.3389.
Boedicker JQ, Vincent ME, Ismagilov RF: Microfluidic confinement of single cells of bacteria in small volumes initiates high-density behavior of quorum sensing and growth and reveals its variability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009, 48: 5908-5911. 10.1002/anie.200901550.
Zheng J-M, Chin W-C, Khijniak E, Khijniak E, Pollack GH: Surfaces and interfacial water: evidence that hydrophilic surfaces have long-range impact. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 127: 19-27. 10.1016/j.cis.2006.07.002.
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Adler J, Templeton B: The effect of environmental conditions on the motility of Escherichia coli. J Gen Microbial. 1967, 46: 175-184. 10.1099/00221287-46-2-175.
Al Khudary R, Stöβer NI, Qoura F, Antranikian G: Pseudoalteromonas arctica sp. nov., an aerobic, psychrotolerant, marine bacterium from Spitzbergen. Int J SystEvol Microbiol. 2008, 58: 2018-2024. 10.1099/ijs.0.64963-0.
Nogi Y, Hosoya S, Kato C, Horikoshi K: Colwellia piezophila sp. nov., a novel piezophilic species from deep-sea sediments of the Japan Trench. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004, 54: 1627-1631. 10.1099/ijs.0.03049-0.
Zhao J-S, Manno D, Leggiadro C, O'Neil D, Hawari J: Shewanella halifaxensis sp. nov., a novel obligately respiratory and denitrifying psychrophile. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006, 56: 205-212. 10.1099/ijs.0.63829-0.
We thank the crew of the R/V Thompson TN221 Research Cruise with chief scientists Dr John Delaney and Dr Deborah Kelley of the University of Washington, and we thank Dr Cody Youngbull at Arizona State University (ASU) for the help with the water sampling, and the staff in the ASU DNA laboratory for providing DNA sequencing service. We also thank ASU for the support of this research. DN and JN appreciate the high-school summer internship program of the Biodesign Institute at ASU.
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
Weimin Gao, Dena Navarroli, Jared Naimark, Weiwen Zhang, Shih-hui Chao & Deirdre R Meldrum
Weimin Gao
Dena Navarroli
Jared Naimark
Weiwen Zhang
Shih-hui Chao
Deirdre R Meldrum
Correspondence to Shih-hui Chao.
WG conceived of the study, participated in its design, carried out the phylogenetic studies, and was involved in the interpretation of all data. DN and JN carried out the preparation, cultivation processes, and phylogenetic studies. WZ conceived of the study, participated in its design, and was involved in the interpretation of all data. SC conceived of the study, participated in its design, and analyzed the results. DM conceived of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and were involved in the interpretation of data.
Gao, W., Navarroli, D., Naimark, J. et al. Microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA) for cultivating and analyzing environmental microbiota. Microbiome 1, 4 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-2618-1-4
Received: 30 March 2012
Microbe observation and cultivation array (MOCA)


As we gear up for the Sabrina the Teenage Witch reboot with the beloved Kiernan Shipka, it has us reminiscing about the fashion that was championed by the original television series. The show was '90s fashion at its best, rife with crushed velvet slip dresses, platform sneakers, and flare jeans that revealed just the right amount of skin above your waistline. When Melissa Joan Hart wore them, though, they were cooler than ever. And it's high time we revisit some of the trends she made popular on the silver screen.
From episode to episode, it was Sabrina's whimsical approach to style that inspired us. Whether or not we were prepared to copy a look exactly as she styled it, the fun-loving sentiment was one we wanted to emulate—and we still do.
As the summer gets underway, we dug deep into the archives of Sabrina the Teenage Witch to find outfit inspiration that we can't wait to try out in our everyday lives. There are layered shift dresses, athleisure looks, and brightly printed tops that we're pretty sure originated decades before even Melissa took her mark on the stage. Get ready to be inspired and shop the below looks just in time for the world's reintroduction to Sabrina Spellman.
Go for the polo shirt or mock turtleneck look in a print that screams the early aughts. But that's not all: Pair your patterned top with a coordinated bright bottom, though opt for silhouettes that are more tailored than most to balance out the whimsy.
Whether a tank or turtleneck on top, there's nothing more classic than a plaid skirt and slim top. It's that schoolgirl vibe that continues on well into adulthood.
Channel your inner child with a fun-loving tie-dye top. Keep your look equally casual with the addition of your favorite pair of denim down below.
An all-black look doesn't have to carry with it a city-slicker sentiment. In fact, athleisure lends itself quite well to the void-of-color trend.
When opting for prints, think outside the box in terms of color. Opt for tones of green, which aren't seen nearly as much as they should be, and pair your patterned top with a similarly toned pair of chinos.
Layer like a pro with a bodysuit underneath a shift dress. Make your look pop with a bright red dress, but tone it down a little via a deep black bodysuit, no matter the neckline.
The going-out top is back, and we can't get enough. With those slim leather pants, consider a textured camisole in a bright shade of blue to make an after-hours statement without going over-the-top.
Shop the above to get a head start on the '90s trends that are about to take over everyone's closet this fall.


text:
Diese Liste enthält die Geotope der unterfränkischen Stadt Würzburg in Bayern.
Die Liste enthält die amtlichen Bezeichnungen für Namen und Nummern des Bayerischen Landesamt für Umwelt (LfU) sowie deren geographische Lage. Diese Liste ist möglicherweise unvollständig. Im Geotopkataster Bayern sind etwa 3.400 Geotope (Stand März 2020) erfasst. Das LfU sieht einige Geotope nicht für die Veröffentlichung im Internet geeignet. Einige Objekte sind zum Beispiel nicht gefahrlos zugänglich oder dürfen aus anderen Gründen nur eingeschränkt betreten werden.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Naturschutzgebiete in der Stadt Würzburg
 Liste der FFH-Gebiete in der Stadt Würzburg
 Liste der Naturschutzgebiete im Landkreis Würzburg
 Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Landkreis Würzburg
 Liste der FFH-Gebiete im Landkreis Würzburg
 Liste der Geotope im Landkreis Würzburg

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Wurzburg
!Wurzburg
!Geotope
Geotope in Wurzburg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and running
Coronavirus cases rising: what's going on and should you be worried?
We asked the experts.
By Claudia Canavan
F.J. JimenezGetty Images
Amid a steep rise in confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the UK, gatherings of over six people are now banned in England
It comes as Caerphilly in Wales goes into local lockdown, to stem an outbreak
Enhanced restrictions are also in place in the west of Scotland
'It is of great concern at this point,' says England's deputy chief medical officer
'This is a big change. It is now consistent over two days and it is of great concern at this point.' When speaking to the BBC about the incisive spike in UK COVID-19 cases witnessed in government data this week, Prof Jonathan Van Tam–England's deputy chief medical officer–did not dust the facts with sugar.
Though it would have taken a year's supply of Tate&Lyle to have made them sweeter. On Sunday 6th September, it was announced that 2,988 people were confirmed, via testing, to be carrying the virus. This is a heady uptick: the largest number of folk to be confirmed to be infected in a single day since May, and a rise of 1,175 on the day before. Monday the 7th continued at the same, thrashing rate; 2,948 were told that COVID-19 had taken root in their respiratory tracts.
As of last night, news came in that fresh rules will come into force as a result: gatherings of more than six people, outside or indoors, will be illegal in England, as of Monday 14th September. (This doesn't apply to schools, workplaces, or 'COVID-secure' weddings, funerals or organised team sports.) If you're caught breaking this restriction, the police can issue you a £100 fine. Meanwhile, extra restrictions are now in place in the west of Scotland to stem numbers in the region, and Caerphilly in Wales has gone into local lockdown amid a rapid increase in cases.
'Some of that increase may be because of catch-up from delayed tests over the past few days, due to the widely reported difficulties the UK testing service has faced [in] dealing with the number of tests being requested,' said Paul Hunter, a medical professor at the University of East Anglia. 'Nevertheless this represents a marked increase in the seven day rolling average of 1,812 cases per day compared to 1,244 a week ago and 1,040 a week before that. Sadly, it is beginning to look like we are moving into a period of exponential growth in the UK epidemic and, if so, we can expect further increases over coming weeks.'
This reality seems to represent a knotty contradiction. Namely, the concerted push to get those of us who have been working from home in England back into the office and spending cash on 1pm baguettes, versus a swift change in tactic to halt socialising.
Is it right that rates are rising sharply in young people?
Per Public Health England data, cases of the virus are escalating most dramatically among those aged between 10 and 29. On the face of it, this feels like better news: we know that younger people, unless they have an underlying medical condition, tend to cope better with COVID-19 than their counterparts in later life. The issue here, as stated by Prof Jonathan Van Tam in his BBC interview, is transmission.
'If you look further into the European Union, you can see where cases rise in the younger parts of the population, they do filter through and start to give elevated rates of disease and hospital admissions to the older age groups. That then becomes a serious public health problem,' he said.
So, what will happen next?
'I completely agree with what Prof Jonathan Van Tam has said–things aren't looking too good,' Linda Bauld, a Professor of Public Health at the University of Edinburgh, told WH on Tuesday 8th September, the day before the new rule on gatherings over six was announced. 'Whereas we had local spikes in some parts of the country, like Leicester, two or three weeks ago, now they seem to be all over the UK, including Caerphilly in Wales. There's a growing trend in terms of numbers rising, although in some places, like the south west, cases have remained low.'
And what might be our short term fate? 'If we are two to three weeks behind what's happening in France and Spain, then I would be confident that, unless we take action quickly, we will see numbers increase. These will then feed through to more hospitalisations. I don't think we'll see the same high death rates [as over the summer] as we're protecting care homes, which is where over 40% of deaths were, but we will see some rise in hospitalisation and death.'
Bauld states that another worry is clear: the testing system appears to be breaking down. 'This is really bad news, and shouldn't be a surprise to England, as we experienced this a couple of weeks ago when schools in Scotland went back. There were issues with kids being unable to get tests or being sent all over the place to inappropriate testing centres.'
The situation here, she says, looks to be with the labs at which processing and analysis happens. These seem to be overwhelmed by the volume of tests and new labs, sorely needed, are not opening fast enough.
This has a domino effect. If testing drive-in centres don't get results back, quickly, they won't book in further tests. The test and trace system, which tells people who have symptoms to get tested, is then impacted. (On this issue, Health Secretary Matt Hancock has said that there has been 'a problem with a couple of contracts', which would take a matter of weeks to be 'sorted in the short term'. Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer said the testing programme is 'on the verge of collapse'.) Effective, rapid testing, so that the contacts of confirmed cases can be contacted and told to isolate, is integral to nixing the spread of the virus.
And what might the implications be?
'If I had a crystal ball, I think I would say that the first step will be a change in guidance in how many people we can meet indoors. That's an adjustment that the government can do that doesn't really impact economic activity. [This has, as of this morning, been brought into force.] 'If we do continue to see problematic localised spikes, using [what has happened] in the west of Scotland as an example, the next step would be to shut the pubs [after changing the rules to state that you cannot host people from other households in your home in that part of the country, the devolved Scottish government is now monitoring the hospitality sector, to see if restrictions should be imposed in restaurants and bars.]
And what about Christmas? The specifics, right now, are tricky to predict. Prof Bauld does say, though: 'It's going to be a difficult winter. Travel is interesting–the aviation industry is clearly on knees and lobbying hard for airport testing. If they can get that right, as Germany has, in a few months, you might see more international travel permitted, while you can't socialise in your own homes.'
What should I do, now?
Of course, solving the testing issue is not in your remit. But there are things you can do to protect yourself and those whose lives yours might touch. Prof Bauld recommends that, as well as limiting your interactions with people from other households, indoors: 'People who have jobs where they can work from home should tell their employers that dong so is their preference. And, of course, continue to follow guidance on wearing a face covering and physical distancing from others. If you get symptoms, engage with the [NHS] system.'
When can I run after recovering from coronavirus?
Quick - these M&S face masks are back in stock
7 signs you may have had COVID-19 already
Like this article? Sign up to our newsletter to get more articles like this delivered straight to your inbox.
From: Women's Health UK
More From Coronavirus (COVID-19) and running
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parkrun takes a big step towards events returning


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Progress Bars for Python Downloads
Downloading files with Python is super easy and can even be syntactically simple with robust libraries like requests. However, there is no standard library implementation to show a progress bar in python during a download. In this quick tutorial, we'll show how to quickly implement such a feature to help avoid guesswork during long downloads.
Image by Alpharithms
Introduction: Understanding the Problem
Before we dive in we need to understand all the moving pieces of this problem. This will provide the framework by which we can concoct our approach of showing a progress bar while downloading a file via Python. An outline is as follows:
Make an HTTP request to download a…
SEO For Writers: The Simple Tricks You Never Knew You Needed
Writing is tough. Writing with Search Engine Optimization (SEO) in mind is even tougher. In this article, we'll cut through the complexity of SEO for writers and focus on actions that have the greatest impact. We'll learn how headings, paragraph length, and keywords all influence the reach of, and engagement with, your content.
Image by Zack West
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the practice of creating content with search engine indexing in mind. It helps content appear in search engines like Google for related keywords. Simply put, SEO helps your content find the right audience. …
Published in DataDrivenInvestor
Average Daily Range (ADR): A Technical Indicator for Volatility
Trying to find a way to measure how much a stock price changes on an average day? The Average Daily Range (ADR) is a technical indicator that provides a great measure of intraday volatility!
Image from alpharithms
The Average Daily Range is a technical indicator used to measure volatility in an asset. It calculates the average difference between the highest and lowest price over a time interval. Typically, this indicator is used to signal a significant change in price action over the short term.
The Average Daily…
Internet Checksum: Simplified Step-by-Step Calculation Guide
The Internet checksum is used in standard Internet Protocols such as IP, UDP, and TCP. This value is used to verify the integrity of data after transmission across the network. A client includes a checksum value in the segment header such that a receiver can use that value to directly verify data integrity.
How are Internet Checksums Calculated?
The means of calculating the Internet checksum are outlined by the 1988 RFC1071 and can be summarized as such:
Convert data into a series of 16-bit integers;
Calculate the sum of all 16-bit integers, allowing for the carry bit wrap around;
Take the 1's complement of the final sum (flip…
How to Add Custom Tokens to MetaMask
Metamask is a software wallet that helps users manage Ether and Ether-based cryptocurrency. It is available as a browser extension as well as a mobile application. This article walks through the process of adding custom tokens to MetaMask.
Metamask supports many popular tokens by default but newer or less popular tokens may not be immediately available. Fortunately, any ERC-20, ERC-721, or other ETH-compatible tokens can be added relatively easily to Metamask in a few easy steps.
Note: Metamask has a separate NFT section where ERC-721 tokens are viewable…
·Nov 3, 2021
ENS Reverse Records: What They Are & How to Create Them
The Ethereum network, like all blockchains, allocates a unique numeric value for user accounts. The Ethereum Name Service (ENS) provides users with the ability to look up their hexadecimal address via a human-readable value. ENS reverse records do just the opposite — allowing users to look up the human-readable address via the full hexadecimal address.
The use-case for these records was outlined in EIP-181 include allowing users to see their human-readable account ID rather than full hexadecimal address when using dApps and asserting ownership of an address. On that second part — it's important to recognize one can configure any name to resolve to a…
Discord Moderation Bots: Keeping Communities Friendly & Fun
Looking to grow your Discord server? Chances are you'll be fighting against spammers and abusive users at some point. These Discord moderation bots can put server management on Easy Mode.
Discord is an incredible tool for growing online communities. It allows all the basic functionality one would expect from a next-gen messaging service and so much more. Having a Discord Moderation Bot can ensure communities suffer from spammers and unwanted users as little as possible.
Discord bots come with a…
Python's all(): Built-in Function for Searching Among the Many
Python's all() function is so powerful that it was declared part of the built-in library. Understanding how to use this chaining conditional function can make your code more concise, flexible, and *pythonic* to boot!
Image: αlphαrihtms
The Python all() function is a built-in that evaluates an entire collection for truthiness. It can be used in static syntax or more dynamic implementations involving such features as list comprehension and generators. It can be used in combination with other language features to built powerful and succinct conditional statements.
Python abs(): The Absolute Value Built-in Function
Finding the absolute value has applications in nearly every field where numbers are involved. In this article, we'll learn how Python celebrates this universal applicability by offering a powerful built-in function for calculating the absolute value of a number.
Image by: alpharithms
The Python abs() function is part of the standard built-in functions and provides a utility to calculate an absolute value. This function can be used to convert static values to their absolute value as well as dynamic values. …
Published in CodeX
Python Ord: Getting the Ordinal Value of a Unicode Character
Ordinal values are fun ways to find the numerical representation of characters. These numbers can help translate text between machines, encode data across networks, and maybe even create your own secret language! Python's built-in ord() function makes converting between numbers and characters a breeze!
Python provides a host of built-in utilities for translating between encoded and numerical representations of values, strings, and everything in between. The Python ord function is a built-in utility that, given a single Unicode character, will return its ordinal value.
The term ordinal means countable and in the context of…


What Would Your Ideal Work Be?
Mr. 1500 took the idea and ran with it.
He went from pharmacy to computer programming in college. That connected with me because I loved programming computers since I was 8 or 9. I also was a pharmacy technician in college. I remember thinking, "Why would anyone want to spend their day looking at back of tablet labels?" I don't know if I could come up with a career I disliked the idea of more. I'd get physically nauceous most of the time I went to work. It was that bad… but it paid really well.
I got my computer science degree and a few jobs after that. Unfortunately, somewhere around 20 years of programming was enough for me. I was fine if it was just programming computers, but I didn't like the office politics. I also couldn't deal with the business development stuff. I'd explain why something was a terrible idea, but I still had to do it.
So what else is there? You can see what else I'm doing here. I do a lot of dog sitting as I often write about. That's mostly great… except for when it's raining (mud!) and there are just too many dogs that need sitting. Or worse, there was the time when one dog just freaked out and bit another dog. I suppose it's good that it is rare enough to have happened only once in 3 years. Dog sitting doesn't particularly pay well either.
The beauty of the question is that I don't have to stick to what I'm doing. Almost everything that makes money is in play (sorry Pokemon training).
Professional badminton player – My wife used to say that I should try out for the Olympics. I love the complement but I highly doubt I'm even the best badminton player on my own street… and there aren't a lot of people who live on my street.
Football coach/writer – Sometimes I think this could actually be something I could do. Unfortunately football is so popular that the competition for almost any job in the area is extreme. Also, it seems like 90% of the gigs are just trolling Patriots fans to try to get website clicks.
Guitar musician – The combination of my baby hands and having forgot the one chord I knew 13 years ago doesn't bode well for this.
Magikarp – I'm making sure you are paying attention.
Teaching children computer programming using toys – I saved the most serious one for the end. It's so specific that you can tell I'm really interested in it, right? There's only one problem, I don't know if I have the patience to deal with children over the long term. My kids stress me out sometimes, but other times teaching them something new is one of the experiences I've ever had.
I can't figure it all out tonight, sir, so I'm just gonna hang with your daughter.
The Lloyd Dobler quote is one of my favorite.
I've been a tech writer in the software industry for over 25 years and although it's good gig and I like getting to play with new technology, I'm ready for a change. However, I have no idea what I want to do instead of this, even if I could do anything I wanted.
Thanks for the comment Carolyn. I didn't think anyone would respond to my rambling. I tried my hand at tech writing once, but I was terrible at it.
I wish you luck in whatever the future brings.
I've given this a lot of thought as my current 26 years IT gig is precarious. Unfortunately I need to keep the "family business" going, meaning a good salary and healthcare. If I had all the money I needed and healthcare? I'd spend time helping people. I know that sounds corny, but I'd like time to do more work at the food bank, to do more yard work for little old ladies, to help people in a jam move. I'd prefer something that didn't require a lot of work with kids(done that), but I'm fine with animals. Maybe it's my dad's blood, he was a social worker for his career.
i'm lucky that i really really really like what i do, i like where i work, and i like my clients [or i fire them. no one has time for headaches]. sometimes, i even get to make a real difference in someone's life, which is the coolest thing of all.
FYI, i'm an enrolled agent.
A good question and one of the oldest questions that we ask children: what do you want to be when you grow up? I've been an accountant, a consultant, an M&A advisor/financial modeller, and as an investment analyst. Whilst the area of finance of where is why I want to be, ultimately I want to run my own show – not sure what that is yet.


Madonna surprised her opening night crowd by bringing Diplo on stage -- and then super surprised Diplo by making him bend over and accept a banana.
That's pretty much what happened Wednesday night in Montreal ... where Madge kicked off her "Rebel Heart" tour. Diplo seemed shocked he was expected to bust out dance moves -- but his parting gift was what really got his attention.
Future special guests on Madonna's tour, beware.


Seattle based artist John Hogan's glass sculptures feel like mystical talismans. Employing a number of glass making techniques, including traditional blowing, casting, and hot sculpting, Hogan's latest glass collection showcases the artist's ability to transform the material into something provocative, innovative and dynamic.
W 5.5" x D 3" x H 17"