Perfect! Single Ultralight Nylon Camping Hammock good design By Blue Sky Hammocks. Single Ultralight Nylon Camping Hammock very well made, sleek and simple. Complete your living room furniture with a modern Single Ultralight Nylon Camping Hammock. Its gorgeous sturdy, attractivce and it looks expensive and a good value for the money. Single Ultralight Nylon Camping Hammock is one of the most homey, cozy, beautiful look and exotic Single Ultralight Nylon Camping Hammock especially for the price and made of fantastic products. Great quality, easy to assemble, delivery on time and in perfect condition. Single Ultralight Nylon Camping Hammock is good merchandise at fair prices and wonderful free shipping. Guarantee damaged claim by offering to send parts or to keep the item at a discounted price. Great buy would definitely recommend. Shop with our low-price guarantee and find great deals on ##ptitle# and more!. Reading the reviews helped you purchase.
There are not that lots of people who also have a bar setup at home. For many, it might appear to be something out of place or not appropriate for a living room but if done right it may genuinely add individually towards the interior of the apartment or home. One thing that should be on the grocery list is some a variable bar stool. They'll show their worth when having someone more than or hosting a little party. Barstool simply adds a unique contact that transforms the area. Getting adjustable bar stools does generate some benefits. The first major plus is they consider very little space on the floor. They are made to be compact but comfy sufficient. Talking about comfort and ease, bar stools are not that bad. Even if they're small, they nevertheless provide good assistance. A number of them actually have a little bit of back support along with a soft padded surface area. As for adjustments, most of them possess a variable peak. The most important aspect that makes a bar stool so easy to acknowledge is the fact that they swiveling. A good stool is designed in a way that it is difficult to lower and comfy sufficient. The good thing is that there's no shortage with regards to model variety. There are many significantly flexible bar stools to choose from but we had to choose just 10. Only 10 of them were considered buy worthy due to their build quality, design and general utility. Here is what we put together for our list of the recommendations for that top 10 best flexible barstools in 2018.
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This set is padded in a drive and comfortable textured cushioned purple velvet. This gives it the amazing comfort that its loved for. Once again it supports chaise design seats for adequate comfort. Moreover, the nose spring foundation adds to the comfort and durability. Furthermore, the couch has hardwood frames that add to its sturdiness and durability. The couch has soft cushions on the chair and also the back again. Yet still, the sofa can move from a seated position to some lying down placement easily. That said, just to replicate, the couch is extremely gentle and gives outstanding comfort.
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This is by far the cutest and ingeniously designed loveseat. Contingent within the tone, it provides a disconcerting appearance to your office or rooms. The sofa unimaginably imperceptible for a morning java or perhaps an computer animated journal studying carefully. It's obtainable both in leather as well as in consistency based on that which you assistance a bright look, or a beautiful, lovely view. The good thing, it's very sensible! The super chic tufting is shaped stone, which retains an ideal Chesterfield design. The most adorable thing about this couch is its shape. Along with the charm, the trunk design provides the back knowledge of relaxation. It's skillfully designed so that smaller sized rooms consolidate extravagance in a smaller space. It is a clever choice for that childrens space, as it offers several fairly sweet tones. They would like to strike them for reading the storyline or for a fantastic dream. No hassle for grown ups too for any comfy evening with Manga or Wonders.
This is by far the cutest and cleverly created loveseat. Depending within the shade, it provides a disconcerting appearance to your workplace or rooms. The sofa unimaginably imperceptible for a early morning java or an computer animated magazine reading carefully. It's accessible both in leather as well as in consistency depending on what you assistance a brilliant look, or a beautiful, beautiful view. The good thing, it's very reasonable! The super chic tufting is molded precious stone, which retains an exquisite Chesterfield style. The most adorable thing about this sofa is its form. Along with the charm, the trunk style gives your back knowledge of relaxation. It's cleverly designed so that smaller areas consolidate extravagance in a smaller space. It's a clever decision for the childrens space, because it provides a number of sweet tones. They would like to hit them with the story or for an incredible dream. No hassle for adults as well for a comfy night with Manga or Wonders.
The word here is the comfort and ease and complicated appear. This established has a tufted backrest and toe nail mind accent that provides the subtle look. Its gray color adds to its remarkable appear. It can match as much as 8 in . mattress. That on your own lets you know how comfortable the established can be. Particularly, it doesn't include a bed mattress. So you may want to purchase one. The trundle features a castor to allow easy access. You may even draw the trundle for people to sit on. Just to point out, it may need putting together, however its very easy to assemble.
Even though this lying loveseat comes with a heftier cost, its traditional design, options for personalization and automated lying program make it well worth the money. Its handcrafted wooden body is padded with lower blend cushions for a softer really feel than youd get from high-denseness foam soft cushions, and also the furniture will come in a whopping 72 colour and material combinations. The supply of so many options makes it additional simple to pair this reclining loveseat with various patterns, supplies, highlights and dcor styles. In addition, if you have children or animals (or both!), you can choose a more durable, stain-resistant fabric. 1 customer shared the Sunbrella fabric material has held up well against her pets and children. This reclining loveseat may have a traditional, aged-college appear, but its built-in technology is not. It doesn't only have an automatic lying program (that will give you a full recline, with your foot rest completely similar to the chair), but it features a Universal serial bus interface for implementing or simply charging your iPad, iPhone, Amazon kindle or laptop.
The word here is the comfort and ease and complicated look. This set has a tufted backrest and toe nail head accent that provides the sophisticated appear. Its grey colour adds to its impressive appear. It can fit up to 8 inches mattress. That on your own lets you know how comfy the established can be. Notably, it doesn't include a bed mattress. So you may want to buy one. The trundle includes a castor to allow easy access. You may even draw the trundle for people to take a seat on. Simply to point out, it should take assembling, but again its very easy to assemble.
The word this is actually the comfort and ease and sophisticated look. This set includes a tufted backrest and nail mind accent that provides the subtle look. Its grey color adds to its remarkable look. It may match as much as 8 inches bed mattress. That on your own tells you how comfortable the established could be. Particularly, it does not incorporate a bed mattress. So you may want to buy one. The trundle features a castor to enable quick access. You may even draw the trundle that people sit on. Just to mention, it should take putting together, however its very easy to assemble.
Copyright © Single Ultralight Nylon Camping Hammock By Blue Sky Hammocks in Patio Dining Sets All right reserved.


text:
Innovation Collaborative Team
Corporate Compliance Policy
NMAC
PR News Room
Gateway Rehabilitation Hospital
John Mann is a survivor. Not only has he beaten a stroke and cancer, but he also defeated Covid-19. The staff at Gateway Rehabilitation Hospital have taken to calling him "Super Mann." It's a moniker that's more than fitting for John.
After a lengthy and complicated hospitalization, Super Mann needed rehabilitation. The combination of Covid-19, pneumonia, and a stroke had taken its toll on him. He chose Gateway for his rehabilitation and is glad he did.
"The therapists at Gateway took their time with me, and for this I am grateful," John shared. As a result of the stroke, he suffered right-sided weakness, in addition to being debilitated from the virus. This made for a challenging recovery.
But Super Mann wouldn't be kept down.
John put in hard work with the physical and occupational therapists at Gateway to regain his function. Though Super Mann isn't ready to leap buildings in a single bound, his abilities are returning. With the help of a walker, John can walk 50 feet. "I'm just trying to beat the clock," he said.
After about three weeks, John progressed enough to return home with the support of his daughter. He inspired the staff and provided a sign of hope for the entire community. So, when Super Mann's discharge day arrived, he was given a spectacular superhero farewell.
Super Mann's advice for others in a similar position? "Stay calm and do what they tell you. Everything will work out."
Thank you, Super Mann, for showing us we can get through this crisis with the strength and support of one another.
Vibra Healthcare
4600 Lena Drive
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 717.271.7158
About Us Our Services Patient Resources Partnerships Corporate Compliance Policy Careers NMAC Contact Us Site Map Privacy Policy
717.271.7158 Locations
© Vibra Healthcare | All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Have you ever wanted to have the look of a handmade Oriental rug, but not the investment? Hand-tufted rugs are a great alternative to that decorating challenge.
Hand-tufting is another method of rug making that is not as labor-intensive nor requires as much expert skill or time on the loom as the traditional hand-knotted Oriental rug. This method employs a tufting gun that "shoots" the wool through a canvas in a "U" shaped loop. Once the wool is in place, a piece of fabric is glued to the back to secure the wool to the foundation. The top of the rug looks like a traditional hand-knotted rug with pile. Tufted rugs can be made in all shapes, sizes and design patterns -- from traditional to contemporary.
Although the tufted rug does not equal the hand-knotted rug in quality and durability, they are a perfect solution for areas such as a kitchen or child's play area. Like hand-knotted Oriental rugs, they should be professionally cleaned. For the homeowner who likes to redecorate every few years, these affordable rugs are economical to replace!


Never been used, perfect condition. The Cisco Webex DX80 makes it easy to collaborate over video. Great for meetings, life-size video on a 23-inch touchscreen monitor. Eliminates the need for an external monitor or separate IP phone.


The Service Menu to show, create file and check the sha512, sha256, sha1 and md5 checksums via right-clicking on any file.
Any of these actions - copies the received checksum values to the clipboard.
Of course, you can edit the checksum_blister.desktop to change the location of the bash-script.
"libnotify-tools", "xsel" and the respective checksum programs.
You can help me translate the menu entry to other languages by sending a Pull Request.
Any of these actions - copies the received **checksum values** to the **clipboard**.
Separated bash-script and *.desktop file.
--Does not work anymore: I get message "Installation Failed" with no explanation.
Update it to make it work on the latest KDE version or nuke this.
Where do you get the error message? Did you read the installation instructions? it's a simple script.
+Works well. Add copy to clipboard please.
P.S. I tested it, but let me know if you have any problems.
Ok, I'll do it. Thanks for the feedback.
Спасибо за отзыв, приятно) Будет время (на следующей неделе, ориентировочно) - добавлю новую возможность - работать сразу с несколькими файлами.
Bug fix: escape filename and dirname. Added sha512checksum.
-Does not work anymore. Update it to make it work on the latest KDE version or nuke this.


text:
<?php namespace Constant\Replicon\Gen2;

use Constant\Service\BaseService;
use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;

class Timesheet extends BaseService
{

    private $id;

    const ACTIVITY_NONE = 0;
    const ACTIVITY_TRAINING = 4;
    const ACTIVITY_VACATION = 6;
    const ACTIVITY_SICK = 7;
    const ACTIVITY_HOLIDAY = 8;

    /**
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getId()
    {
        return $this->id;
    }

    /**
     * @param mixed $id
     */
    public function setId($id)
    {
        $this->id = $id;
    }

    protected $_timeRows = [];

    /**
     * Initialize class
     * @param LoggerInterface $log
     * @param $username
     * @param $password
     * @param array $options
     */
    public function __construct(LoggerInterface $log, $username, $password, $options = [])
    {
        $this->output = $log;
        $companyKey = $options['companyKey'];
        $version = isset($options['version']) ? $options['version'] : '8.29.66';
        $this->uri = "https://na1.replicon.com/{$companyKey}/RemoteApi/RemoteApi.ashx/{$version}/";
        $this->username = $username;
        $this->password = $password;

        $this->_headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json';
        $this->_headers['X-Replicon-Security-Context'] = 'User';
        $this->_timeRows[] = [
            "__operation" => "CollectionClear",
            "Collection" => "TimeRows"
        ];
    }

    public function saveTimesheet()
    {
        $data = [
            "Action" => "Edit",
            "Type" => "Replicon.TimeSheet.Domain.Timesheet",
            "Identity" => (string)$this->getId(),
            "Operations" => $this->_timeRows
        ];
        $this->output->debug(print_r($data, true));
        $data = json_encode($data);
        $response = $this->processRequest($data);
        if ('Exception' == $response->Status) {
            $this->output->writeln('<error>' . $response->Message . '</error>');
        }
        $this->_handleError($data, $response);
    }

    public function createCell($date, $duration, $comment)
    {
        $date = explode('-', $date);
        return [
            "__operation" => "CollectionAdd",
            "Collection" => "Cells",
            "Operations" => [
                [
                    "__operation" => "SetProperties",
                    "CalculationModeObject" => [
                        "__type" => "Replicon.TimeSheet.Domain.CalculationModeObject",
                        "Identity" => "CalculateInOutTime"
                    ]
                ],
                [
                    "__operation" => "SetProperties",
                    "EntryDate" => [
                        "__type" => "Date",
                        "Year" => $date[0],
                        "Month" => $date[1],
                        "Day" => $date[2]
                    ],
                    "Duration" => [
                        "__type" => "Timespan",
                        "Hours" => $duration
                    ],
                    "Comments" => $comment
                ]
            ]
        ];
    }

    public function addTimeRow($cells = [])
    {
        $this->_timeRows[] = [
            "__operation" => "CollectionAdd",
            "Collection" => "TimeRows",
            "Operations" => $cells
        ];
    }

    public function createTask($taskCode)
    {
        $data = [
            'Action' => 'Query',
            'QueryType' => 'TaskByCode',
            'DomainType' => 'Replicon.Project.Domain.Task',
            'Args' => [
                $taskCode
            ]
        ];
        $this->output->debug(print_r($data, true));
        $data = json_encode($data);

        $response = $this->processRequest($data);
        $this->_handleError($data, $response);
        $task = $response->Value[0]->Properties;

        return [
            "__operation" => "SetProperties",
            "Task" => [
                "__type" => "Replicon.Project.Domain.Task",
                "Identity" => (string)$task->Id
            ]
        ];
    }

    public function createActivity($type = ACTIVITY_NONE)
    {
        if ($type == self::ACTIVITY_NONE) {
            return [];
        }

        return [
            "__operation" => "SetProperties",
            "Activity" => [
                "__type" => "Replicon.Domain.Activity",
                "Identity" => (string)$type
            ]
        ];
    }

    public function isGen2()
    {
        return true;
    }

    public function isGen3()
    {
        return false;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Google strikes $30 million deal with Nine to avoid Australian media law precedent
Google had made a multimillion dollar last-minute deal with one of Australia's biggest media outlets in a bid to evade paying for news.
Jennifer Dudley-NicholsonNational technology editor
@jendudley
February 17, 2021 - 11:25AM
News Corp Australia Network
Fourth vaccine gets green light for Aussies
Exploding island scientists can't explain
Facebook admits it did not act quickly on Erin Molan threats
The Nine Entertainment network has reportedly signed a $30 million deal with Google today in a last-minute effort by the tech giant to evade Australian laws forcing it to pay for news content.
Nine's deal, which could see the company paid a $30 million sum each year for five years, would see its news content used in Google's News Showcase and Subscribe with Google services, and could prevent a worldwide precedent being set to force the company to pay for news in its Search platform.
The deal was reportedly struck just two days after Seven West Media broke ranks to sign a deal with Google for a similar figure.
Further Google deals with Australian media outlets are tipped to follow, though the other tech giant to subject to the laws, Facebook, has yet to announce any deals.
The latest media deal comes after Google and Facebook won a series of last-minute reforms to laws that would see them pay for the news they use in Australia following meetings with government officials.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison, Treasurer Josh Frydenberg and Communications Minister Paul Fletcher chat with Alphabet chief executive Sundar Pichai on February 4. Picture: Adam Taylor / PMO
Federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg today revealed plans to change some of the more contentious provisions in the proposed world-first laws to make them more "workable" for the tech firms, just days after the news bargaining code received approval from a Senate committee.
Experts have labelled the changes a "backdown" but say they could prevent Google from pulling its services from Australia while going further than other countries to ensure media outlets were compensated for their work.
Mr Frydenberg, along with Communications Minister Paul Fletcher, revealed the Government would make a series of "clarifications and technical amendments" to the laws before introducing them to parliament later this week.
Those changes will "streamline" requirements for tech giants to give news outlets notice of major changes to their content, clarify the role of the Australian Competition Consumer Commission in negotiations, and seek to recognise the "reasonable costs" of both parties in negotiations.
A final change will ensure the laws do not interfere with "existing contractual rights," which is thought to be an acknowledgment of Google's deals with Australian media for its News Showcase project.
Google Australia managing director Mel Silva gave evidence at Parliament House in Canberra in relation to the news code. Picture: NCA NewsWire / Gary Ramage
The legal reforms will also follow a fiery public campaign from Google over the past seven months, and further meetings between the tech giants and the government, with Mr Frydenberg talking to Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg over the weekend.
Swinburne University media senior lecturer Dr Belinda Barnet said the changes represented a backdown from what the ACCC originally proposed to level the playing field between news businesses and tech giants and could avoid setting a worldwide precedent over paying for news in "organic search results".
"Google got what they wanted," she said.
"They would pay almost anything not to set a precedent in Australia."
Despite the backdown, Dr Barnet said small and large publishers could still benefit from deals outside the code, and the Australian laws would go further than the recent court ruling in France that did not leave the door open for regulation outside Google's own products.
Australia Institute's Centre for Responsible Technology director Peter Lewis said the fact that deals were already being done with Australian news outlets showed the laws were already having an impact in Australia, and the changes should not affect its "integrity".
"The fact the both Google and Facebook are securing significant deals with Australian news outlets shows the code is working before it has even become law," Mr Lewis said.
Telstra to stop scam calls robbing Aussies of $48mAussies face price hike in telcos' internet war
"What is critical is that the code provides a systemic response to the monopoly power of Google and Facebook by recognising the value of public interest news journalism."
The Government is expected to introduce the amended News Media and Digital Platforms Bargaining Code to the parliament later this week.
Originally published as Google strikes $30 million deal with Nine to avoid Australian media law precedent
Read related topics:Google
Australia's vaccine rollout has been given a huge boost following news a fourth jab has been approved for use.
The massive volcanic eruption was heard from vast distances and triggered tsunamis. But exactly why it was so big is still a mystery.
Facebook has admitted it did not act on rape and murder threats against TV personality Erin Molan until police became involved.


text:
x86 assembly language is the name for the family of assembly languages which provide some level of backward compatibility with CPUs back to the Intel 8008 microprocessor, which was launched in April 1972. It is used to produce object code for the x86 class of processors.

Regarded as a programming language, assembly is machine-specific and low-level. Like all assembly languages, x86 assembly uses mnemonics to represent fundamental CPU instructions, or machine code. Assembly languages are most often used for detailed and time-critical applications such as small real-time embedded systems, operating-system kernels, and device drivers, but can also be used for other applications. A compiler will sometimes produce assembly code as an intermediate step when translating a high-level program into machine code.

Keyword
Reserved keywords of x86 assembly language

Mnemonics and opcodes

Each x86 assembly instruction is represented by a mnemonic which, often combined with one or more operands, translates to one or more bytes called an opcode; the NOP instruction translates to 0x90, for instance, and the HLT instruction translates to 0xF4. There are potential opcodes with no documented mnemonic which different processors may interpret differently, making a program using them behave inconsistently or even generate an exception on some processors. These opcodes often turn up in code writing competitions as a way to make the code smaller, faster, more elegant or just show off the author's prowess.

Syntax
x86 assembly language has two main syntax branches: Intel syntax and AT&T syntax. Intel syntax is dominant in the DOS and Windows world, and AT&T syntax is dominant in the Unix world, since Unix was created at AT&T Bell Labs.
Here is a summary of the main differences between Intel syntax and AT&T syntax:

Many x86 assemblers use Intel syntax, including FASM, MASM, NASM, TASM, and YASM. GAS, which originally used AT&T syntax,  has supported both syntaxes since version 2.10 via the .intel_syntax directive. A quirk in the AT&T syntax for x86 is that x87 operands are reversed, an inherited bug from the original AT&T assembler.

The AT&T syntax is nearly universal to all other architectures with the same  order; it was originally a syntax for PDP-11 assembly. The Intel syntax is specific to the x86 architecture, and is the one used in the x86 platform's documentation.

Registers

x86 processors have a collection of registers available to be used as stores for binary data. Collectively the data and address registers are called the general registers. Each register has a special purpose in addition to what they can all do:
 AX multiply/divide, string load & store
 BX index register for MOVE
 CX count for string operations & shifts
 DX port address for IN and OUT
 SP points to top of the stack
 BP points to base of the stack frame
 SI points to a source in stream operations
 DI points to a destination in stream operations

Along with the general registers there are additionally the:
 IP instruction pointer
 FLAGS
 segment registers (CS, DS, ES, FS, GS, SS) which determine where a 64k segment starts  (no FS & GS in 80286 & earlier)
 extra extension registers (MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, etc.) (Pentium & later only).

The IP register points to the memory offset of the next instruction in the code segment (it points to the first byte of the instruction). The IP register cannot be accessed by the programmer directly.

The x86 registers can be used by using the MOV instructions. For example, in Intel syntax:
mov ax, 1234h ; copies the value 1234hex (4660d) into register AX
mov bx, ax    ; copies the value of the AX register into the BX register

Segmented addressing

The x86 architecture in real and virtual 8086 mode uses a process known as segmentation to address memory, not the flat memory model used in many other environments.  Segmentation involves composing a memory address from two parts, a segment and an offset; the segment points to the beginning of a 64 KB (64×210) group of addresses and the offset determines how far from this beginning address the desired address is.  In segmented addressing, two registers are required for a complete memory address. One to hold the segment, the other to hold the offset.  In order to translate back into a flat address, the segment value is shifted four bits left (equivalent to multiplication by 24 or 16) then added to the offset to form the full address, which allows breaking the 64k barrier through clever choice of addresses, though it makes programming considerably more complex.

In real mode/protected only, for example, if DS contains the hexadecimal number 0xDEAD and DX contains the number 0xCAFE they would together point to the memory address 0xDEAD * 0x10 + 0xCAFE = 0xEB5CE. Therefore, the CPU can address up to 1,048,576 bytes (1 MB) in real mode. By combining segment and offset values we find a 20-bit address.

The original IBM PC restricted programs to 640 KB but an expanded memory specification was used to implement a bank switching scheme that fell out of use when later operating systems, such as Windows, used the larger address ranges of newer processors and implemented their own virtual memory schemes.

Protected mode, starting with the Intel 80286, was utilized by OS/2. Several shortcomings, such as the inability to access the BIOS and the inability to switch back to real mode without resetting the processor, prevented widespread usage. The 80286 was also still limited to addressing memory in 16-bit segments, meaning only 216 bytes (64 kilobytes) could be accessed at a time.
To access the extended functionality of the 80286, the operating system would set the processor into protected mode, enabling 24-bit addressing and thus 224 bytes of memory (16 megabytes).

In protected mode, the segment selector can be broken down into three parts: a 13-bit index, a Table Indicator bit that determines whether the entry is in the GDT or LDT and a 2-bit Requested Privilege Level; see x86 memory segmentation.

When referring to an address with a segment and an offset the notation of segment:offset is used, so in the above example the flat address 0xEB5CE can be written as 0xDEAD:0xCAFE or as a segment and offset register pair; DS:DX.

There are some special combinations of segment registers and general registers that point to important addresses:
CS:IP (CS is Code Segment, IP is Instruction Pointer) points to the address where the processor will fetch the next byte of code.
SS:SP (SS is Stack Segment, SP is Stack Pointer) points to the address of the top of the stack, i.e. the most recently pushed byte.
DS:SI (DS is Data Segment, SI is Source Index) is often used to point to string data that is about to be copied to ES:DI.
ES:DI (ES is Extra Segment, DI is Destination Index) is typically used to point to the destination for a string copy, as mentioned above.

The Intel 80386 featured three operating modes: real mode, protected mode and virtual mode.  The protected mode which debuted in the 80286 was extended to allow the 80386 to address up to 4 GB of memory, the all new virtual 8086 mode (VM86) made it possible to run one or more real mode programs in a protected environment which largely emulated real mode, though some programs were not compatible (typically as a result of memory addressing tricks or using unspecified op-codes).

The 32-bit flat memory model of the 80386's extended protected mode may be the most important feature change for the x86 processor family until AMD released x86-64 in 2003, as it helped drive large scale adoption of Windows 3.1 (which relied on protected mode) since Windows could now run many applications at once, including DOS applications, by using virtual memory and simple multitasking.

Execution modes

The x86 processors support five modes of operation for x86 code, Real Mode, Protected Mode, Long Mode, Virtual 86 Mode, and System Management Mode, in which some instructions are available and others are not.  A 16-bit subset of instructions is available on the 16-bit x86 processors, which are the 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, and 80286.  These instructions are available in real mode on all x86 processors, and in 16-bit protected mode (80286 onwards), additional instructions relating to protected mode are available.  On the 80386 and later, 32-bit instructions (including later extensions) are also available in all modes, including real mode; on these CPUs, V86 mode and 32-bit protected mode are added, with additional instructions provided in these modes to manage their features.  SMM, with some of its own special instructions, is available on some Intel i386SL, i486 and later CPUs.  Finally, in long mode (AMD Opteron onwards), 64-bit instructions, and more registers, are also available.  The instruction set is similar in each mode but memory addressing and word size vary, requiring different programming strategies.

The modes in which x86 code can be executed in are:
 Real mode (16-bit)
 20-bit segmented memory address space (meaning that only 1 MB of memory can be addressed—actually, slightly more), direct software access to peripheral hardware, and no concept of memory protection or multitasking at the hardware level. Computers that use BIOS start up in this mode.
 Protected mode (16-bit and 32-bit)
 Expands addressable physical memory to 16 MB and addressable virtual memory to 1 GB. Provides privilege levels and protected memory, which prevents programs from corrupting one another. 16-bit protected mode (used during the end of the DOS era) used a complex, multi-segmented memory model. 32-bit protected mode uses a simple, flat memory model.
 Long mode (64-bit)
 Mostly an extension of the 32-bit (protected mode) instruction set, but unlike the 16–to–32-bit transition, many instructions were dropped in the 64-bit mode. Pioneered by AMD.
 Virtual 8086 mode (16-bit)
 A special hybrid operating mode that allows real mode programs and operating systems to run while under the control of a protected mode supervisor operating system
 System Management Mode (16-bit)
 Handles system-wide functions like power management, system hardware control, and proprietary OEM designed code. It is intended for use only by system firmware. All normal execution, including the operating system, is suspended. An alternate software system (which usually resides in the computer's firmware, or a hardware-assisted debugger) is then executed with high privileges.

Switching modes
The processor runs in real mode immediately after power on, so an operating system kernel, or other program, must explicitly switch to another mode if it wishes to run in anything but real mode.  Switching modes is accomplished by modifying certain bits of the processor's control registers after some preparation, and some additional setup may be required after the switch.

Examples
With a computer running legacy BIOS, the BIOS and the boot loader is running in Real mode, then the 64-bit operating system kernel checks and switches the CPU into Long mode and then starts new kernel-mode threads running 64-bit code.

With a computer running UEFI, the UEFI firmware (except CSM and legacy Option ROM), the UEFI boot loader and the UEFI operating system kernel is all running in Long mode.

Instruction types
In general, the features of the modern x86 instruction set are:

 A compact encoding
 Variable length and alignment independent (encoded as little endian, as is all data in the x86 architecture)
 Mainly one-address and two-address instructions, that is to say, the first operand is also the destination.
 Memory operands as both source and destination are supported (frequently used to read/write stack elements addressed using small immediate offsets).
 Both general and implicit register usage; although all seven (counting ebp) general registers in 32-bit mode, and all fifteen (counting rbp) general registers in 64-bit mode, can be freely used as accumulators or for addressing, most of them are also implicitly used by certain (more or less) special instructions; affected registers must therefore be temporarily preserved (normally stacked), if active during such instruction sequences.
 Produces conditional flags implicitly through most integer ALU instructions.
 Supports various addressing modes including immediate, offset, and scaled index but not PC-relative, except jumps (introduced as an improvement in the x86-64 architecture).
 Includes floating point to a stack of registers.
 Contains special support for atomic read-modify-write instructions (xchg, cmpxchg/cmpxchg8b, xadd, and integer instructions which combine with the lock prefix)
 SIMD instructions (instructions which perform parallel simultaneous single instructions on many operands encoded in adjacent cells of wider registers).

Stack instructions
The x86 architecture has hardware support for an execution stack mechanism. Instructions such as push, pop, call and ret are used with the properly set up stack to pass parameters, to allocate space for local data, and to save and restore call-return points. The ret size instruction is very useful for implementing space efficient (and fast) calling conventions where the callee is responsible for reclaiming stack space occupied by parameters.

When setting up a stack frame to hold local data of a recursive procedure there are several choices; the high level enter instruction (introduced with the 80186) takes a procedure-nesting-depth argument as well as a local size argument, and may be faster than more explicit manipulation of the registers (such as push bp ; mov bp, sp ; sub sp, size).  Whether it is faster or slower depends on the particular x86-processor implementation as well as the calling convention used by the compiler, programmer or particular program code; most x86 code is intended to run on x86-processors from several manufacturers and on different technological generations of processors, which implies highly varying microarchitectures and microcode solutions as well as varying gate- and transistor-level design choices.

The full range of addressing modes (including immediate and base+offset) even for instructions such as push and pop, makes direct usage of the stack for integer, floating point and address data simple, as well as keeping the ABI specifications and mechanisms relatively simple compared to some RISC architectures (require more explicit call stack details).

Integer ALU instructions
x86 assembly has the standard mathematical operations, add, sub, mul, with idiv; the logical operators and, or, xor, neg; bitshift arithmetic and logical, sal/sar, shl/shr; rotate with and without carry, rcl/rcr, rol/ror, a complement of BCD arithmetic instructions, aaa, aad, daa and others.

Floating-point instructions
x86 assembly language includes instructions for a stack-based floating-point unit (FPU). The FPU was an optional separate coprocessor for the 8086 through the 80386, it was an on-chip option for the 80486 series, and it is a standard feature in every Intel x86 CPU since the 80486, starting with the Pentium. The FPU instructions include addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, remainder, square roots, integer truncation, fraction truncation, and scale by power of two. The operations also include conversion instructions, which can load or store a value from memory in any of the following formats: binary-coded decimal, 32-bit integer, 64-bit integer, 32-bit floating-point, 64-bit floating-point or 80-bit floating-point (upon loading, the value is converted to the currently used floating-point mode). x86 also includes a number of transcendental functions, including sine, cosine, tangent, arctangent, exponentiation with the base 2 and logarithms to bases 2, 10, or e.

The stack register to stack register format of the instructions is usually fop st, st(n) or fop st(n), st, where st is equivalent to st(0), and st(n) is one of the 8 stack registers (st(0), st(1), ..., st(7)). Like the integers, the first operand is both the first source operand and the destination operand. fsubr and fdivr should be singled out as first swapping the source operands before performing the subtraction or division. The addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, store and comparison instructions include instruction modes that pop the top of the stack after their operation is complete. So, for example, faddp st(1), st performs the calculation st(1) = st(1) + st(0), then removes st(0) from the top of stack, thus making what was the result in st(1) the top of the stack in st(0).

SIMD instructions
Modern x86 CPUs contain SIMD instructions, which largely perform the same operation in parallel on many values encoded in a wide SIMD register. Various instruction technologies support different operations on different register sets, but taken as complete whole (from MMX to SSE4.2) they include general computations on integer or floating-point arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, shift, minimization, maximization, comparison, division or square root). So for example, paddw mm0, mm1 performs 4 parallel 16-bit (indicated by the w) integer adds (indicated by the padd) of mm0 values to mm1 and stores the result in mm0. Streaming SIMD Extensions or SSE also includes a floating-point mode in which only the very first value of the registers is actually modified (expanded in SSE2). Some other unusual instructions have been added including a sum of absolute differences (used for motion estimation in video compression, such as is done in MPEG) and a 16-bit multiply accumulation instruction (useful for software-based alpha-blending and digital filtering). SSE (since SSE3) and 3DNow! extensions include addition and subtraction instructions for treating paired floating-point values like complex numbers.

These instruction sets also include numerous fixed sub-word instructions for shuffling, inserting and extracting the values around within the registers. In addition there are instructions for moving data between the integer registers and XMM (used in SSE)/FPU (used in MMX) registers.

Memory instructions
The x86 processor also includes complex addressing modes for addressing memory with an immediate offset, a register, a register with an offset, a scaled register with or without an offset, and a register with an optional offset and another scaled register. So for example, one can encode mov eax, [Table + ebx + esi*4] as a single instruction which loads 32 bits of data from the address computed as (Table + ebx + esi * 4) offset from the ds selector, and stores it to the eax register. In general x86 processors can load and use memory matched to the size of any register it is operating on. (The SIMD instructions also include half-load instructions.)

Most 2-operand x86 instructions, including integer ALU instructions,
use a standard "addressing mode byte"
often called the  MOD-REG-R/M byte.
Many 32-bit x86 instructions also have a SIB addressing mode byte that follows the MOD-REG-R/M byte.

In principle, because the instruction opcode is separate from the addressing mode byte, those instructions are  orthogonal because any of those opcodes can be mixed-and-matched with any addressing mode.
However, the x86 instruction set is generally considered non-orthogonal because many other opcodes have some fixed addressing mode (they have no addressing mode byte), and every register is special.

The x86 instruction set includes string load, store, move, scan and compare instructions (lods, stos, movs, scas and cmps) which perform each operation to a specified size (b for 8-bit byte, w for 16-bit word, d for 32-bit double word) then increments/decrements (depending on DF, direction flag) the implicit address register (si for lods, di for stos and scas, and both for movs and cmps). For the load, store and scan operations, the implicit target/source/comparison register is in the al, ax or eax register (depending on size). The implicit segment registers used are ds for si and es for di. The cx or ecx register is used as a decrementing counter, and the operation stops when the counter reaches zero or (for scans and comparisons) when inequality is detected.

The stack is implemented with an implicitly decrementing (push) and incrementing (pop) stack pointer. In 16-bit mode, this implicit stack pointer is addressed as SS:[SP], in 32-bit mode it is SS:[ESP], and in 64-bit mode it is [RSP]. The stack pointer actually points to the last value that was stored, under the assumption that its size will match the operating mode of the processor (i.e., 16, 32, or 64 bits) to match the default width of the push/pop/call/ret instructions. Also included are the instructions enter and leave which reserve and remove data from the top of the stack while setting up a stack frame pointer in bp/ebp/rbp. However, direct setting, or addition and subtraction to the sp/esp/rsp register is also supported, so the enter/leave instructions are generally unnecessary.

This code in the beginning of a function:
 push    ebp       ; save calling function's stack frame (ebp)
 mov     ebp, esp  ; make a new stack frame on top of our caller's stack
 sub     esp, 4    ; allocate 4 bytes of stack space for this function's local variables
...is functionally equivalent to just:
 enter   4, 0

Other instructions for manipulating the stack include pushf/popf for storing and retrieving the (E)FLAGS register. The pusha/popa instructions will store and retrieve the entire integer register state to and from the stack.

Values for a SIMD load or store are assumed to be packed in adjacent positions for the SIMD register and will align them in sequential little-endian order. Some SSE load and store instructions require 16-byte alignment to function properly. The SIMD instruction sets also include "prefetch" instructions which perform the load but do not target any register, used for cache loading. The SSE instruction sets also include non-temporal store instructions which will perform stores straight to memory without performing a cache allocate if the destination is not already cached (otherwise it will behave like a regular store.)

Most generic integer and floating-point (but no SIMD) instructions can use one parameter as a complex address as the second source parameter. Integer instructions can also accept one memory parameter as a destination operand.

Program flow
The x86 assembly has an unconditional jump operation, jmp, which can take an immediate address, a register or an indirect address as a parameter (note that most RISC processors only support a link register or short immediate displacement for jumping).

Also supported are several conditional jumps, including jz (jump on zero), jnz (jump on non-zero), jg (jump on greater than, signed), jl (jump on less than, signed), ja (jump on above/greater than, unsigned), jb (jump on below/less than, unsigned). These conditional operations are based on the state of specific bits in the (E)FLAGS register. Many arithmetic and logic operations set, clear or complement these flags depending on their result. The comparison cmp (compare) and test instructions set the flags as if they had performed a subtraction or a bitwise AND operation, respectively, without altering the values of the operands. There are also instructions such as clc (clear carry flag) and cmc (complement carry flag) which work on the flags directly. Floating point comparisons are performed via fcom or ficom instructions which eventually have to be converted to integer flags.

Each jump operation has three different forms, depending on the size of the operand. A short jump uses an 8-bit signed operand, which is a relative offset from the current instruction. A near jump is similar to a short jump but uses a 16-bit signed operand  (in real or protected mode) or a 32-bit signed operand (in 32-bit protected mode only). A far jump is one that uses the full segment base:offset value as an absolute address. There are also indirect and indexed forms of each of these.

In addition to the simple jump operations, there are the call (call a subroutine) and ret (return from subroutine) instructions. Before transferring control to the subroutine, call pushes the segment offset address of the instruction following the call onto the stack; ret pops this value off the stack, and jumps to it, effectively returning the flow of control to that part of the program. In the case of a far call, the segment base is pushed following the offset; far ret pops the offset and then the segment base to return.

There are also two similar instructions, int (interrupt), which saves the current (E)FLAGS register value on the stack, then performs a far call, except that instead of an address, it uses an interrupt vector, an index into a table of interrupt handler addresses. Typically, the interrupt handler saves all other CPU registers it uses, unless they are used to return the result of an operation to the calling program (in software called interrupts). The matching return from interrupt instruction is iret, which restores the flags after returning. Soft Interrupts of the type described above are used by some operating systems for system calls, and can also be used in debugging hard interrupt handlers. Hard interrupts are triggered by external hardware events, and must preserve all register values as the state of the currently executing program is unknown. In Protected Mode, interrupts may be set up by the OS to trigger a task switch, which will automatically save all registers of the active task.

Examples

The following examples use the so-called Intel flavor.  There is an alternative AT&T flavor where source and destination are swapped, among other differences.

"Hello world!" program for DOS in MASM style assembly
Using interrupt 21h for output – other samples use libc's printf to print to stdout.
.model small
.stack 100h

.data
msg	db	'Hello world!$'

.code
start:
	mov	ah, 09h   ; Display the message
	lea	dx, msg
	int	21h
	mov	ax, 4C00h  ; Terminate the executable
	int	21h

end start

"Hello world!" program for Windows in MASM style assembly
; requires /coff switch on 6.15 and earlier versions
.386
.model small,c
.stack 1000h

.data
msg     db "Hello world!",0

.code
includelib libcmt.lib
includelib libvcruntime.lib
includelib libucrt.lib
includelib legacy_stdio_definitions.lib

extrn printf:near
extrn exit:near

public main
main proc
        push    offset msg
        call    printf
        push    0
        call    exit
main endp

end

"Hello world!" program for Windows in NASM style assembly
; Image base = 0x00400000
%define RVA(x) (x-0x00400000)
section .text
push dword hello
call dword [printf]
push byte +0
call dword [exit]
ret

section .data
hello db "Hello world!"

section .idata
dd RVA(msvcrt_LookupTable)
dd -1
dd 0
dd RVA(msvcrt_string)
dd RVA(msvcrt_imports)
times 5 dd 0 ; ends the descriptor table

msvcrt_string dd "msvcrt.dll", 0
msvcrt_LookupTable:
dd RVA(msvcrt_printf)
dd RVA(msvcrt_exit)
dd 0

msvcrt_imports:
printf dd RVA(msvcrt_printf)
exit dd RVA(msvcrt_exit)
dd 0

msvcrt_printf:
dw 1
dw "printf", 0
msvcrt_exit:
dw 2
dw "exit", 0
dd 0

"Hello world!" program for Linux in NASM style assembly
;
; This program runs in 32-bit protected mode.
;  build: nasm -f elf -F stabs name.asm
;  link:  ld -o name name.o
;
; In 64-bit long mode you can use 64-bit registers (e.g. rax instead of eax, rbx instead of ebx, etc.)
; Also change "-f elf " for "-f elf64" in build command.
;
section .data                           ; section for initialized data
str:     db 'Hello world!', 0Ah         ; message string with new-line char at the end (10 decimal)
str_len: equ $ - str                    ; calcs length of string (bytes) by subtracting the str's start address
                                            ; from this address ($ symbol)

section .text                           ; this is the code section
global _start                           ; _start is the entry point and needs global scope to be 'seen' by the
                                            ; linker --equivalent to main() in C/C++
_start:                                 ; definition of _start procedure begins here
	mov	eax, 4                   ; specify the sys_write function code (from OS vector table)
	mov	ebx, 1                   ; specify file descriptor stdout --in gnu/linux, everything's treated as a file,
                                             ; even hardware devices
	mov	ecx, str                 ; move start _address_ of string message to ecx register
	mov	edx, str_len             ; move length of message (in bytes)
	int	80h                      ; interrupt kernel to perform the system call we just set up -
                                             ; in gnu/linux services are requested through the kernel
	mov	eax, 1                   ; specify sys_exit function code (from OS vector table)
	mov	ebx, 0                   ; specify return code for OS (zero tells OS everything went fine)
	int	80h                      ; interrupt kernel to perform system call (to exit)

"Hello world!" program for Linux in NASM style assembly using the C standard library

;
;  This program runs in 32-bit protected mode.
;  gcc links the standard-C library by default

;  build: nasm -f elf -F stabs name.asm
;  link:  gcc -o name name.o
;
; In 64-bit long mode you can use 64-bit registers (e.g. rax instead of eax, rbx instead of ebx, etc..)
; Also change "-f elf " for "-f elf64" in build command.
;
        global  main                                ;main must be defined as it being compiled against the C-Standard Library
        extern  printf                               ;declares use of external symbol as printf is declared in a different object-module.
                                                           ;Linker resolves this symbol later.

segment .data                                       ;section for initialized data
	string db 'Hello world!', 0Ah, 0h           ;message string with new-line char (10 decimal) and the NULL terminator
                                                    ;string now refers to the starting address at which 'Hello, World' is stored.

segment .text
main:
        push    string                              ;push the address of first character of string onto stack. This will be argument to printf
        call    printf                              ;calls printf
        add     esp, 4                              ;advances stack-pointer by 4 flushing out the pushed string argument
        ret                                         ;return

"Hello world!" program for 64-bit mode Linux in NASM style assembly
;  build: nasm -f elf64 -F dwarf hello.asm
;  link:  ld -o hello hello.o

DEFAULT REL			; use RIP-relative addressing modes by default, so [foo] = [rel foo]

SECTION .rodata			; read-only data can go in the .rodata section on GNU/Linux, like .rdata on Windows
Hello:		db "Hello world!",10        ; 10 = `\n`.
len_Hello:	equ $-Hello                 ; get NASM to calculate the length as an assemble-time constant
;;  write() takes a length so a 0-terminated C-style string isn't needed. It would be for puts

SECTION .text

global _start
_start:
	mov eax, 1				; __NR_write syscall number from Linux asm/unistd_64.h (x86_64)
	mov edi, 1				; int fd = STDOUT_FILENO
	lea rsi, [rel Hello]			; x86-64 uses RIP-relative LEA to put static addresses into regs
	mov rdx, len_Hello		; size_t count = len_Hello
	syscall					; write(1, Hello, len_Hello);  call into the kernel to actually do the system call
     ;; return value in RAX.  RCX and R11 are also overwritten by syscall

	mov eax, 60				; __NR_exit call number (x86_64)
	xor edi, edi				; status = 0 (exit normally)
	syscall					; _exit(0)

Running it under strace verifies that no extra system calls are made in the process.  The printf version would make many more system calls to initialize libc and do dynamic linking.  But this is a static executable because we linked using ld without -pie or any shared libraries; the only instructions that run in user-space are the ones you provide.

$ strace ./hello > /dev/null                    # without a redirect, your program's stdout is mixed strace's logging on stderr.  Which is normally fine
execve("./hello", ["./hello"], 0x7ffc8b0b3570 /* 51 vars */) = 0
write(1, "Hello world!\n", 13)          = 13
exit(0)                                 = ?
+++ exited with 0 +++

Using the flags register
Flags are heavily used for comparisons in the x86 architecture. When a comparison is made between two data, the CPU sets the relevant flag or flags. Following this, conditional jump instructions can be used to check the flags and branch to code that should run, e.g.:
	cmp	eax, ebx
	jne	do_something
	; ...
do_something:
	; do something here
Flags are also used in the x86 architecture to turn on and off certain features or execution modes. For example, to disable all maskable interrupts, you can use the instruction:
	cli

The flags register can also be directly accessed. The low 8 bits of the flag register can be loaded into ah using the lahf instruction. The entire flags register can also be moved on and off the stack using the instructions pushf, popf, int (including into) and iret.

Using the instruction pointer register
The instruction pointer is called ip in 16-bit mode, eip in 32-bit mode, and rip in 64-bit mode.  The instruction pointer register points to the memory address which the processor will next attempt to execute; it cannot be directly accessed in 16-bit or 32-bit mode, but a sequence like the following can be written to put the address of next_line into eax:

	call	next_line
next_line:
	pop	eax

This sequence of instructions generates position-independent code because call takes an instruction-pointer-relative immediate operand describing the offset in bytes of the target instruction from the next instruction (in this case 0).

Writing to the instruction pointer is simple — a jmp instruction sets the instruction pointer to the target address, so, for example, a sequence like the following will put the contents of eax into eip:

	jmp	eax

In 64-bit mode, instructions can reference data relative to the instruction pointer, so there is less need to copy the value of the instruction pointer to another register.

See also
 Assembly language
 X86 instruction listings
 X86 architecture
 CPU design
 List of assemblers
 Self-modifying code
 DOS

References

Further reading

Manuals
 Intel 64 and IA-32 Software Developer Manuals
 AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual (Volume 1-5)

Books

Assembly languages
X86 architecture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 176 in total
Malay medicine, Malay person
Laderman C
Med Anthropol, 1991 Jun;13(1-2):83-97.
PMID: 1881301 DOI: 10.1080/01459740.1991.9966042
Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept*
Change in self-concept during adolescence
Chiam HK
Adolescence, 1987;22(85):69-76.
Malaysian adolescents, like their Western counterparts, undergo rapid growth and development. It is hypothesized that self-concept improves as adolescents mature and become more adjusted to the changes. This study therefore sought to ascertain whether the self-concept changes with age, not only in the global sense but in the various components of the self-concept. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the Brookover Scale of Academic Ability were administered to 375 adolescent boys, ranging in age from 14.7 to 17.0 years, and to 289 adolescent girls, ranging in age from 14.4 to 17.2 years. The findings show that the self-concept of adolescent boys changes with age in the direction predicted. The trend is less obvious and less consistent for girls.
Private Self-Consciousness and Self-Monitoring on Instagram: The Mediating Effect of Internal Locus of Control and Self-Concept
Ahadzadeh AS, Ong FS, Wu SL, Deng R
J Psychol, 2021;155(3):334-355.
PMID: 33705270 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.1884035
Past studies examining the direct relationship between private self-consciousness and online self-presentation behavior have not met with much success. The aim of this study was to examine the direct relationship between private self-consciousness and self-monitoring as well as the indirect relationship between these two variables through the mediation of locus of control and self-concept among Instagram users. Besides investigating locus of control and self-concept independently, serial mediation of locus of control and self-concept in the relationship between private self-consciousness and self-monitoring was also examined. A sample of 309 university students was conveniently drawn from three private universities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Participants completed a survey that collected data on private self-consciousness, internal locus of control, self-concept, self-monitoring on Instagram and relevant demographic data. Results of this study showed that there is no direct relationship between private self-consciousness and self-monitoring on Instagram. Independently, locus of control was found to mediate the relationship between private self-consciousness and self-monitoring while self-concept did not. The serial-multiple mediation test supported the mediating role of locus of control and self-concept on this relationship. These indirect relationships contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanism through which private self-consciousness influences self-monitoring on Instagram.
Fulltext Assessment of self-stigma, self-esteem, and asthma control: A preliminary cross-sectional study among adult asthmatic patients in Selangor, Malaysia
Ahmad S, Ismail AI, Zim MAM, Ismail NE
Front Public Health, 2019;7:420.
PMID: 32039131 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00420
Purpose: The elusive goal of asthma management guidelines is to achieve and maintain good asthma control in asthmatic patients. Against a background of long-term respiratory limitations when living with asthma, stigma and low self-esteem have also been identified as the social phenomenon among adult asthmatics. This study aimed to assess the levels of self-stigma, self-esteem, and asthma control, and to investigate the impact of self-stigma and self-esteem as psychosocial factors on asthma control in Malaysian adults living with asthma.
Materials and Methods: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, post-ethics approval and patients' consents, 152 stable asthmatic patients (aged > 18 years old; nil cognitive disability; not diagnosed with other respiratory diseases) were recruited from four respiratory clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. The patients' socio-demographic, medical, and psychosocial (self-stigma and self-esteem) data were recorded in a pre-validated, self-designed questionnaire. All data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially (independent t-test/one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression) using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®).
Results: The enrolled patients showed moderate levels of self-stigma (62.12 ± 6.44) and self-esteem (29.31 ± 3.29), and not well-controlled asthma (17.58 ± 3.99). The number of patients' visits to emergency rooms because of asthma [CI (-1.199, 0.317), p < 0.001] was the significant predictor to asthma control among all selected study variables from socio-demographic and medical data. Moreover, from psychosocial factors both self-stigma [CI (-0.367, 0.190), p < 0.001], and self-esteem [CI (-0.007, 0.033), p = 0.041] found to be the significant predictors of asthma control.
Conclusion: The preliminary evidences presented in this study found that frequent emergency room visits, high self-stigma and low self-esteem in asthma patients becomes more apparent with poor asthma control. Educational interventions to reduce patients' self-stigma and improve self-esteem are needed to achieve optimal control of asthma.
Study site: Four respiratory clinics in Selangor, Malaysia (UiTM Respiratory specialist Clinic, Hospital Selayang and Hospital Sungai Buloh)
Fulltext Interdisciplinary research on impaired mobility, disability and rehabilitation in Selangor
Manderson, L., Zaliha, O., Rameezan, B.A.R., Nooreini, A.H., Soh, S.B., Disler, P.
JUMMEC, 2006;9(2):12-17.
Demographic, economic and social changes have had major impact on health and illness globally, including in Malaysia, and present significant challenges to the structure and delivery of health services. While these changes have influenced the epidemiology of disease, the diagnosis, experience and response to changes in health status for individuals and their families are influenced by additional environmental and personal factors. We describe these factors in relation to our ongoing research program on personal and social aspects of impairment and disability. The Resilience study aims to understand how people with impairments and their families live with chronic health conditions, how these conditions impact on self-esteem, social relationships and societal participation, and how structure, context and environment affect individual functioning, disability and well-being. We described our methodology and summarize the baseline data that will inform our future enquiries.
Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
"Taking my breath away by keeping stress at bay" - an employee assistance program in the automotive assembly plant
Sundram BM, Dahlui M, Chinna K
Iran J Public Health, 2014 Mar;43(3):263-72.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of individual-focused stress management training namely Deep Breathing Exercise (DBE) on self-perceived occupational stress among male automotive assembly-line workers.
Extraversion, self-esteem and life-satisfaction as predictors of general well-being among academic college residents at a higher learning institution
Abdul Kadir NB, Desa A, Abdul Raop N, Chan ANF
Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2011;25:26-31.
This initial study was conducted from September to February 2009 to examine predictors of general well-being among academic college residents at a higher learning institution. A set of questions was sent to 150 students who identified themselves as residents of the academic college, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - short version was used to measure personality traits.The Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnairewas used to measure self-esteem and Satisfaction with Life Scale to measure life-satisfaction. The general well-being scale was used to measure general well-being. Inter-correlation analysis has shown that extraversion was significantly correlated to self-esteem, life-satisfaction and general well-being whilst life-satisfaction was significantly correlated to general well-being. Multiple regression analysis showed that three factors significantly contributed to general well-being with a 24% explained variance. No significant differences were found between gender and general well-being.
Fulltext Self-esteem and its associated factors among secondary school students in Klang District, Selangor
Mohd Sidik S, Rampal L, Loh JW, Chan CL, Teh PC, Tan PO
Med J Malaysia, 2008 Mar;63(1):26-30.
Self-esteem is an important determinant of psychological well-being that is particularly problematic during adolescent life stage. There is a correlation between low self-esteem and other social problems among today's adolescents. This study was conducted to determine the mean self-esteem score, and to determine the association between self-esteem and age, sex, race, religion, number of siblings, ranking among siblings, family function, parental marital status and smoking among adolescents aged 12 to 20-years-old. A cross sectional study design using random cluster sampling method was done. Four out of a total of 35 secondary schools in Klang District, Selangor were selected. Respondents consisted of individual students in selected classes from the four selected schools. Data was collected using a self-administered, structured, pre-tested questionnaire and was analyzed using the SPSS version 12.0. Out of 1089 respondents, 793 completed the questionnaire (response rate 73.82%). The overall mean self-esteem score was 27.65. The mean self-esteem score for males (27.99) was slightly higher than females (27.31). The differences in the mean scores by race were statistically significant. There was a statistically significant relationship between mean self-esteem scores and sex, age, race, religion, number of siblings, smoking and family function. There was no statistically significant difference between mean self-esteem score with parental marital status and with ranking among siblings. The overall mean self-esteem score was 27.65. Self-esteem was associated with sex, age, race, religion, number of siblings, smoking and family function.
Brief report. Social self-concept of educated employed and educated unemployed women
Bala M
Int J Soc Psychiatry, 1998;44(1):71-4.
The impact of exposure to films of natural and built environments on state body appreciation
Swami V, Pickering M, Barron D, Patel S
Body Image, 2018 Sep;26:70-73.
PMID: 29906631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.06.002
Previous work has shown that exposure to images of nature results in elevated state body appreciation, but static images may lack ecological validity. Here, we examined the impact of exposure to short films of simulated, first-person walks in natural or built environments. Thirty-six university students completed a measure of state body appreciation before and after watching films of either a walk in a natural or a built environment created specifically for the present study. Two weeks later, they completed the same task but watched the other film type. Results indicated that exposure to the film of a natural environment resulted in significantly elevated state body appreciation (d = 0.66). There was no significant change in state body appreciation following exposure to the film of the built environment (d = 0.14). These findings suggest that exposure to films depicting the natural environment may promote immediate, moderate-sized improvements in state body image.
Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood
Vignoles VL, Owe E, Becker M, Smith PB, Easterbrook MJ, Brown R, et al.
J Exp Psychol Gen, 2016 08;145(8):966-1000.
PMID: 27359126 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000175
Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record
Self-perceived competency of the medical faculty for E-Teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic
Sarfaraz S, Ahmed N, Abbasi MS, Sajjad B, Vohra F, Al-Hamdan RS, et al.
Work, 2020;67(4):791-798.
PMID: 33325429 DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203332
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the self-perceived competency (FSPC) of medical faculty in E-Teaching and support received during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS: An online well-structured and validated faculty self-perceived competency questionnaire was used to collect responses from medical faculty. The questionnaire consisted of four purposely build sections on competence in student engagement, instructional strategy, technical communication and time management. The responses were recorded using a Likert ordinal scale (1-9). The Questionnaire was uploaded at www.surveys.google.com and the link was distributed through social media outlets and e-mails. Descriptive statistics and Independent paired t-test were used for analysis and comparison of quantitative and qualitative variables. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: A total of 738 responses were assessed. Nearly 54% (397) participants had less than 5 years of teaching experience, 24.7% (182) had 6-10 years and 11.7% (86) had 11-15 years teaching expertise. 75.6% (558) respondents have delivered online lectures during the pandemic. Asynchronous methods were used by 61% (450) and synchronous by 39% (288) of participants. Moreover, 22.4% (165) participants revealed that their online lectures were evaluated by a structured feedback from experts, while 38.3% participants chose that their lectures were not evaluated. A significant difference (p
Fulltext Nature exposure and positive body image: (Re-)examining the mediating roles of connectedness to nature and trait mindfulness
Swami V, Barron D, Todd J, Horne G, Furnham A
Body Image, 2020 Sep;34:201-208.
Previous studies have reported a significant association between nature exposure and positive body image, but understandings of the mechanisms that help to explain this link remain nascent. Here, we considered the extent to which trait mindfulness and connectedness to nature, respectively, mediate the aforementioned relationship both in parallel and serially. An online sample of 398 participants (199 women, 196 men, 3 other; age M = 28.1 years) from the United Kingdom completed measures of self-reported nature exposure, mindful awareness and acceptance, connectedness to nature, and body appreciation. Results indicated that inter-correlations between scores on all measures were significant and positive. Following the elimination of non-significant pathways, path analysis resulted in an adequately-fitting model in which the direct relationship between nature exposure and body appreciation was significant. In addition, connectedness to nature - but not trait mindfulness - significantly mediated the direct relationship. Finally, we also found evidence of a serial mediation, where the association between nature exposure and body appreciation was mediated by mindful awareness followed by connectedness to nature. The implications of these results for scholarly and practitioner understanding of the impact of nature exposure on positive body image are discussed in conclusion.
Individual antecedents of workplace victimisation: The role of negative affect, personality and self-esteem in junior doctors' exposure to bullying at work
Samsudin EZ, Isahak M, Rampal S, Rosnah I, Zakaria MI
Int J Health Plann Manage, 2020 Sep;35(5):1065-1082.
PMID: 32468617 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2985
Previous studies have indicated that junior doctors commonly experience workplace bullying and that it may adversely impact medical training and delivery of quality healthcare. Yet, evidence on the precursors of bullying among them remains elusive. Drawing on the individual-disposition hypothesis, the present paper examined the relationships of negative affect, personality and self-esteem with workplace bullying among junior doctors. Multilevel analysis of a universal sample (n = 1074) of junior doctors working in the central zone of Malaysia using mixed effects logistic regression was performed. The results indicate that participants with moderate (AOR 4.40, 95% CI 2.20-8.77) and high degree (AOR 13.69, 95% CI 6.46-29.02) of negative affect as well as high degree of neuroticism (AOR 2.99, 95% CI 1.71-5.21) have higher odds of being bullied compared to their counterparts. The findings present evidence that individual traits are associated with junior doctors' exposure to bullying. While victim blaming should be avoided, this suggest that antibullying measures with an interpersonal focus should be considered when developing antibullying initiatives targeted at junior doctors. This includes primary intervention such as cognitive training, secondary interventions such as resource enhancement building and conflict management skills training, and tertiary interventions such as counselling.
Religious Commitment and its Relation to Happiness among Muslim Students: The Educational Level as Moderator
Achour M, Mohd Nor MR, Amel B, Bin Seman HM, MohdYusoff MYZ
J Relig Health, 2017 Oct;56(5):1870-1889.
This study examines the relationship between religiosity and level of happiness in an Islamic context among Muslim students studying at Malaysian universities. The determinants of happiness included in this research are positive attitudes, self-esteem, and other-esteem. Religiosity has long been considered as the main determinant in increasing happiness, and educational level strengthens its relationship. For this purpose, the researchers sampled 230 Muslim students aged 17-40 years studying at Malaysian universities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study found a positive and significant correlation between religious commitment and level of happiness. Religious commitment also shows positive and significant correlations with positive attitudes, self-esteem, and other-esteem. The study also concludes that educational attainment moderates the relationship between religious commitment and happiness. Thus, religious commitment plays a very important role in increasing levels of happiness.
Fulltext Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries
Brandt MJ, Kuppens T, Spears R, Andrighetto L, Autin F, Babincak P, et al.
European journal of social psychology, 2020 Aug;50(5):921-942.
PMID: 32999511 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2694
The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self-esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy.
Fulltext Reply to Comments on the Study "The Sensitivity, Specificity and Accuracy of Warning Signs in Predicting Severe Dengue, the Severe Dengue Prevalence and its Associated Factors"
Ahmad MH, Ibrahim MI, Mohamed Z, Ismail N, Abdullah MA, Shueb RH, et al.
Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 04 17;16(8).
PMID: 30999608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081380
Thank you for the comments received on the article "The Sensitivity, Specificity and Accuracy of Warning Signs in Predicting Severe Dengue, the Severe Dengue Prevalence and its Associated Factors" [...].
Utilizing "traders" board game to improve entrepreneurship factors among teenagers: a qualitative study
Kususanto P
Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2015;olume 29:43-60.
A board game has been designed in order to improve entrepreneurship among teenagers. This paper discusses about the development of the game and a preliminary study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a playing the board game in improving elements of entrepreneurship among the participants. Because entrepreneurship skill can be defined as skills in pursuing opportunities, a success in entrepreneurship is defined as success in pursuing opportunities, both Kirnzerian (discovery, exploitation) and Schumpeterian (creation, innovation) type. Features in the game is designed to represent the following psychological traits that literature suggested as elements of successful opportunity pursuing namely (1) self-esteem, (2) competitiveness, (3) resilience, (4) self-efficacy, (5) practical intelligence and (6) experience. In the preliminary study, a group of participants between 11 to 15 years old played the game twice a week for four weeks, where their behavior are observed during the game, and the collected data is analyzed in two cycles, namely in vivo and thematic analyses. At the moment this abstract is written, the participants had only been played twice; however some qualitative improvement can be seen in terms of competitiveness, resilience, and practical intelligence. It is suggested that the research be done on larger samples, conducted in mixed methods, and the game to be introduced to public in order to arouse entrepreneurship in early ages.
Fulltext Isu dan cabaran pelajar kurang upaya penglihatan di institusi pengajian tinggi
Raja Nur Fakhriah Raja Zainal B, Aizan Sofia A
Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2018;32:131-145.
Education is one of the most important aspects for every individual including people with visual impairments. Visually impaired students also have the right to a good educational opportunity to higher education. In this regard, this article explores the issues and challenges of visually impaired students in higher learning institution. This study uses a full qualitative approach, a case study in the Klang Valley. In-depth interviews were used in data collection involving 5 students with visual impairment: four males and one female. The findings showed that among the major issues faced by visually impaired students pursuing higher education in tertiary institution were self-esteem, financial and public stigma. In addition, visually impaired students also faced challenges in accessibility, peer-to-peer acceptance and difficulties in learning at the university. In conclusion, this study emphasises on issues and challenges often faced by students with visual impairments at higher learning institution so that appropriate supports and facilities can be effectively provided by the university.
Disciplinary problems among high achiever students: the types and the causes
Hairul NI, Kususanto P
Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2015;olume 29:93-105.
This qualitative study has been done to 24 teachers and 72 students from various secondary schools in Penang, Malaysia, related to the effect of between class ability grouping (BCAG). Studies reported that BCAG triggered correspondence bias among teachers, which eventually affect them to show different perception and expectations towards high achiever classes (HAC) and low achiever classes (LAC) students. However, even teachers tend to expect HAC students not to be significantly involved in disciplinary problems; they still do, such as distrusting schoolteachers, paying less attention to in the classroom, doing external work during classes at school, and being blatantly arrogant to the teachers. Semi-structured interview have been utilized in order to collect the data, and two-cycled analyses method, namely In-Vivo and Thematic Analyses has been operated in order to analyze the massive amount of qualitative data. Findings of this study showed that the disciplinary problems among HAC are related to their self-esteem types due to locus of control difference, as well as bigger issues apart from the competition among themselves. School management system, BCAG itself, and reciprocal envy between HAC and LAC students, as well as their inclination towards tuition centers contributed to disciplinary problems among HAC students.
self concept
body image/psychology
overweight/psychology


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Chair's Perspective: Barry Hall, CPA, CGMA
Barry Hall, CPA, CGMA – Kruggel Lawton CPAs
INCPAS Chair Barry Hall, CPA, CGMA, talks about CPA Celebration, the Society's awards program.
Kruggel Lawton staff have been celebrated at several CPA Celebrations over the years, honoring CPA Exam candidates, outgoing leadership and award winners. What is a favorite memory of these celebrations? What does the recognition mean to you and your firm?
It is always great to see so many deserving winners and celebrate those who have passed the CPA Exam each May at CPA Celebration. Over the years, we at Kruggel Lawton have had our share of winners and reasons to celebrate. Our entire team feels a sense of accomplishment when one of our teammates receives some well-deserved recognition.
My personal favorite memory was when Kevin Kruggel, one of our partners at KL who has also served as chair of the Indiana CPA Society, was able to present the Chair's Award to Herm Kruggel, his dad and the founder of our firm. That was truly a great evening for Kevin, Herm and Kruggel Lawton!
You previously served on the Awards Selection Committee. What do you want members to know about the selection process?
That we really like tough decisions! There are so many members across the state who are making tremendous contributions to the profession, providing exceptional leadership and giving back to their communities. I encourage you to nominate a member who exhibits those qualities that make the profession great.
What are you most looking forward to at next year's in-person CPA Celebration on May 13?
The past year and a half has been hard on everyone. Our return to "normal" also seems to continue to have a few setbacks. However, I am confident we will persevere and that better times are ahead. What I look forward to the most next May is being in-person and able to once again celebrate with our friends and colleagues. I hope many of you will make plans to join us!
Industry Forum Agenda
ktest emerging
Upskilling Is the Path Forward for Emerging CPAs
Barry is a managing partner at Kruggel Lawton CPAs in South Bend, where he has worked since 1998. He has been an INCPAS member since 1992. He serves on the Advocacy Council, which works to assess the political, legislative and regulatory environment to identify issues affecting Indiana CPAs, and worked with the CPA Center of Excellence® subsidiary on revitalizing his firm's strategy, core values, vision and mission statements, and succession planning.


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UTSA offensive coordinator going to Pac-12, could Frank Harris follow?
UTSA's top-10 offense revolved around the star QB.
Gabriel Romero
Dec. 5, 2022 Updated: Dec. 5, 2022 2:34 p.m.
UTSA Roadrunners quarterback Frank Harris (0) holds the MVP trophy Friday night, Dec. 2, 2022 at the Alamodome after the Roadrunners beat the North Texas Mean Green 48-27 to win back-to-back C-USA championships.
William Luther, Staff / Staff
It was only a matter of time before a Power 5 conference team made their way to San Antonio. No, UTSA is not going to the Big 12, SEC, or Pac-12, but one of their coaches will be headed to the west coast.
UTSA offensive coordinator Will Stein will be going to the Oregon Ducks to become the new offensive coordinator under head coach Dan Lanning next season, according to a 247 Sports report. The position became open after former offensive coordinator Kenny Dillingham landed a head coaching job for Arizona State.
UTSA associate head coach/special teams coordinator Justin Burke is being promoted to co-offensive coordinator following Stein's departure.
The Roadrunners ranked ninth this season in total offense in the country under Stein, just squeezing by Conference USA foe Western Kentucky for the spot. San Antonio football fans might feel like this is Déjà Vu after last year's University of Incarnate Word transfer.
After the 2021 season, UIW head coach Eric Morris took the offensive coordinator spot at Washington State, a Pac-12 school. Star quarterback Cameron Ward followed and transferred to Washington State that same offseason.
Like Ward, could quarterback Frank Harris feel this is the time for him to make the next jump in his career? Fans are already speculating.
God I hope frank comes back to UTSA but imagining Frank playing against georgia in the national championship is pretty entertaining too
— ❤🧡?'? (@PostMStan) December 5, 2022
You could see a Frank Harris move with his OC.
— Brett (@pkicker2) December 5, 2022
Harris passed for 3,865 yards and 31 touchdowns with seven interceptions. He also added 754 yards rushing with nine scores. The redshirt senior does have another year of eligibility due to the coronavirus pandemic, so he could potentially play another season for UTSA, hit the transfer portal, or enter the 2023 NFL draft — he has options.
Transfer Portal is trending. It's absolutely CRAZY! Perfectly happy players who have no interest in the portal or transferring are being offered $$$ to leave places like UTSA for P5 powers. The wolves are coming for players and coaches.
— Don Harris (@DonHarris4) December 5, 2022
Is Frank Harris expected to enter the transfer portal?
— Alec Richardson (@DesertQuack) December 5, 2022
Now, Oregon does have quarterback Bo Nix, who just transferred to Oregon this past season and led the Ducks to a 9-3 record, creating a challenge for who would start, but Nix could also enter the NFL Draft, which would set up Harris to play his final season in Oregon and the PAC-12.
WWE's Liv Morgan has sights on entering the Royal Rumble in San Antonio at No. 1. And winning.
WWE's Mia Yim discusses getting released, her time in Impact, her return to WWE and the Royal Rumble
UTSA is poised to join several teams departing C-USA for the American Athletic Conference next season.
For now, UTSA just captured its second straight Conference USA title, and Harris and the #22 ranked Roadrunners are also looking for the program's first bowl win against #23 Troy on December 16 in the Duluth Care Bowl. Where he could play his last game as a Roadrunner ... or not.
UTSA QB Frank Harris says he has not yet decided on his future.
— JJ Perez (@theJJPerez) December 3, 2022
lululemon's new Mini Belt Bag is the perfect on-the-go...
How to score cheap flights (and mistake fares) in 2023
Reach Gabriel on
Gabriel Romero is the Hill Country reporter for MySA.com. He is a California transplant with a healthy curiosity of the Lone Star State.


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Q: LinkedHashMap order issue It is mentioned in the LinkedHashMap Javadocs:

In particular, operations on collection-views do not affect the order of iteration of the backing map.

What does "operations on collection-views" mean?

A: The collection-views of Maps are the objects returned by:

*

*Map#keySet()

*Map#values()

*Map#entrySet()
Operations on those simply means any method calls on the collection-view instance.

A: This test is supposed to demonstrate how it works
    Map m = new LinkedHashMap(16, 0.75f, true);
    m.put(1, 1);
    m.put(2, 2);
    m.put(3, 3);
    System.out.println(m);
    m.get(2);
    System.out.println(m);
    Set keys = m.keySet(); //API: Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this map.
    keys.iterator().next();
    System.out.println(m);

output
{1=1, 2=2, 3=3}
{1=1, 3=3, 2=2}
{1=1, 3=3, 2=2}

that is, accessing entry 2-2 changed the iteration order, and accessing the first entry 1-1 on the keySet view did not

A: If I understand well, maybe I don't, the collection-view are the Collections obtained by its  abstractions, like entrySet, values and keySet.
Operations in these sets will not affect the order of access of the objects inside yours LinkedHashMap when you're using the special constructor that makes your objects be order by access-order.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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View this article online: https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2011/08/19/211602.htm
San Diego-Based Champion Hires Former Agency Owner
Champion Risk & Insurance Services, L.P., an affiliate of Wood, Gutmann & Bogart Insurance Brokers, has announced that Bob Cheverton has joined the firm as a producer.
Prior to joining Champion Risk, which is located in San Diego, Cheverton was a partner at Cheverton Insurance Services, formally Milton R. Cheverton and Cheverton – Bach Company. He has served as president of the local Independent Insurance Agents Association (San Diego), in 1982, and was district director for the Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers of the West from 1982 to 1985.
Source: Champion Risk & Insurance Services.
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