Listed below are a select number of Put-in-Bay, Ohio Rental Suites, Bed and Breakfasts, Cottages, and Hotels. Nestled into the natural island landscape - deep in the woods, on the water or close to town, these Put n Bay accommodations are some of the finest on the Island.
Three Put-in-Bay Rental Suites. These lodgings are a 2 to 5 minute walk to the Jet Express, Perry International Peace Memorial, the Visitors Center, night life, dining, and more, yet located in a quiet area. Explore Put-in-Bay's caves, butterfly house, family fun center and more by renting one of our (3) four-passenger electric golf carts. The house accommodates only couples, families and people on the island to fish. If you bring your own vehicle and trailer, there is plenty of parking. We are only a 2 or 3 minute walk to the downtown Put n Bay, boat launching ramp.
Anne's Parker House Rental is a century old home on Put-in-Bay, South Bass Island. It sleeps up to eight and is suitable for couples or a family. The home features high ceilings, lots of woodwork, foyer, open stairs, large living room with cable TV, dining room, and front porch. The kitchen has china, cutlery, pots and pans, smooth top stove, dishwasher, microwave, coffeemaker, salt, pepper, sugar and paper products if you wish to prepare food. Rooms are individually air-conditioned and heated. The house has 1 1/2 baths. All linens are provided. Smoking is allowed on the large front porch or backyard patio. We cannot accommodate pets.
The Island Club is Put-in-Bay's most popular group lodging choice. Minutes from both the Miller Ferry and the Jet Express, The Island Club features 73 three and four bedroom homes that accommodate 8-12 people each. Each home is fully furnished with central air, TV, full deck, outdoor grill and much more. The Island Club can host your family vacation, bachelorette party, fishing trip, corporate function or large group outings. Rentals are available by the week, weekend, or midweek. Come to Put-in-Bay to enjoy the comfort of your own home. Visit us during the mid week (Sunday thru Thursday) for great mid week specials. Bring your family and friends to enjoy all that Inside an Island Club RentalPut-in-Bay has to offer.
The Arbor Honeymoon Cottage offers a very tastefully decorated one bedroom home located (with the Vineyard B&B) on 20 acres of rural atmosphere, access to 800 feet of private beach and a 6 acre vineyard. This Put-in-Bay historic home was previously owned by a popular PutinBay entertainer in the 20s and her piano remains in the foyer today. It features wall-to-wall carpeting, queensize bed, fully equipped kitchen, A/C plus ceiling fans, cable TV, plus complimentary bicycles are usually available. Restrictions include 1 couple only, 2 night minimum and smoking on porchs only.
Two steps and a roll from downtown ! If you looking for a place to stay at Put-in-Bay near the party atmosphere, then the Amorris Guest House is the place for you ! Enjoy the convenience of being in easy walking distance from the Jet-Express, bars, restaurants, shops, and attractions ! 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, Satellite-TV, Gas grill outside, A/C, Non-Smoking - Accommodates 8 guests.
South Bass Cabins are all fully furnished homes, cottages and condos. Beutifully decorated, these rentals are some of the best on the island. We can accommodate from 2 to 12 comfortably in our many different places. Some rentals are close to each other to accomodate groups of up to 18.
A Put-in-Bay B & B, centrally located in a quiet area on Langram Rd. (Airport Rd.), Just a 10 minute walk or less to downtown Put in Bay, the caves, winery, family fun center and churches. Explore Put-in-Bay by renting one of our (3) four-passenger electric golf carts. The Bed and Breakfast has four comfortable, air-conditioned rooms with king-size or queen-size beds. All have private baths. Relax on the large front porch or brick patio. Take a nap in our two-person hammock. We are a couples only Bed and Breakfast.
Enjoy the tranquility of Put-in-Bay's finest B&B nestled on a quiet, secluded 3-acre wooded lot. Features: Four spacious comfortable rooms, Private bath in each room, King size beds, Satellite TV/VCR in each room, Video library of movies available, Hair dryers, Hot breakfast served Saturday/Sunday, Deluxe continental breakfast weekdays, Air conditioned, Complimentary bikes, Beautifully landscaped gardens, Overlooks woods and vineyards, Birdwatcher's paradise, Secluded quiet setting, 3/4 mile to downtown, Close to winery, caves and Butterfly House.
The 135 year old Put-in-Bay farmhouse is situated on 20 acres with 700 feet of private beach and a 6 acre vineyard of catawba grapes. The home is furnished throughout in third and fourth generation family antiques. The three bedrooms are air-conditioned and the Master (Catawba) bedroom features a king-size bed, private bath, open-raftered ceiling, woodburning stove and cable tv. The two large bedrooms each have an antique queen-size bed, cable tv and share a large, double-sink bathroom. A full country breakfast featuring home-baked specialties is served family-style at 9AM.
Located on Put-in-Bay (South Bass Island) in Lake Erie, this newer cape cod bed and breakfast has two spacious upstairs bedrooms. Each bedroom has one queen and one twin bed. Private bath, continental breakfast, no smoking, central air conditioning, couples preferred or couples with one older child per room max. The home is located on an acre of woods and lawn. This quiet PutinBay lodging is just a few minutes walk to Perry's Cave, Heineman's Winery, Crystal Cave, Putt Putt Golf, Butterfly House and other family attractions.
Jeanne's B&B is a "Home Town Friendly" Put-in-Bay lodging where you're welcome to watch TV in the living room and enjoy your coffee on the octagon shaped deck! We offer 3 rental rooms w/AC and serve an ample Continental breakfast. We're within walking distance of downtown PutinBay, the churches, Butterfly Garden, caves, winery and Perry's Monument and visitor center - only = mile in various directions. We're open year 'round - for summer visitors as well as winter ice fishing once Erie Lake freezes over. Come visit anytime!
Put an island your life . . . and spend it at the Getaway Inn Bed and Breakfast ! The original log cabin, built in 1830, is believed to be the first, or certainly one of the first buildings on South Bass Island. Renovated in 1998, The Getaway Inn still retains part of the structure of the original log cabin. The original timbers can still be viewed in an upstairs bedroom and from the cellar. All rooms and suites have private baths, and there is a very nice common area. Located on a quiet side street, the cabin is also just 2 blocks from downtown Put-in-Bay.
The Bay Lodging Resort was established in August, 1990. In the summer of 2000, we added 28 new hotel rooms, a conference room and a beautiful indoor/outdoor heated pool, with spa. We welcome you to sit and relax poolside with your favorite cocktail or cold beer, made to order by our friendly snack bar staff at the Buckeye Tiki Bar. We now have 42 hotel units, 6 two bedroom units, and 2 split-level suites. Each 2 bedroom unit is spacious, air conditioned and consists of 2 bedrooms, bath, living room, and fully equipped kitchen. Each split-level suite sleeps up to 10 people. The Bay Lodging Resort is located only 3 blocks from downtown on a quiet, tree-lined lane. We rent golf carts at the front desk to help you get around Put-in-Bay on wheels! Our gracious staff is on-site 24 hours a day to help make sure that your visit to Put-in-Bay is the best it can possibly be! We look forward to seeing you!
This Luxury resort features a Caribbean themed pool with swim up tiki bar & grill, a 40 person Jacuzzi and Conference center. The Resort is located one block behind the Roundhouse bar and Delaware Avenue, the main street in Downtown Put-in-Bay. All rooms at the Put-in-Bay Resort have refrigerators, high speed Internet, and many other 4-star amenities. The Put-in-Bay Resort & Conference Center can host groups, meetings, and conventions for up to 450 with complete food and beverage services on site. The convenient downtown location puts your meeting or conference just a one minute walk from dining and all of Put-in-Bay's attractions and nightlife.
Located on Delaware Avenue, the main downtown street in the village of Put-in-Bay. Our new facility puts you in the heart of the nightlife, restaurants, attractions, shopping, and of course the beautiful Put-In-Bay harbor. Our Deluxe Rooms are spacious and sleep 4 and our Luxury Suites accommodate up to 6 people. A 135-foot deck with a 25-foot veranda looks out on the island's finest view of downtown and the Put-In-Bay waterfront. Golf Carts, Bikes, and Mopeds are available for rent on site in 2-4-6 and 8 passenger models. Delaware Golf Carts, located at the Edgewater Hotel, rents hourly, daily, overnight and weekly.
All of the rooms in the new building are equipped with high speed internet, microwaves, refrigerators, and the majority of the rooms have a view overlooking the famous pool area and tiki bar. The newly rebuilt hotel also includes a new Subway restaurant with late night hours. We also have a conference room and catering for larger groups of up to 100 people for business meetings, banquets, and so on. However, the hotel is not the only section of the business that we have changed and made it better. Mr. Ed's Bar and Grille has also been demolished and rebuilt. The bar and grille is now connected to the new section of the hotel, for easy access for our guests. Mr. Ed's is now three times the size of the original bar, with a 3000 square foot, second story viewing deck which overlooks the gorgeous Put-in-Bay harbor and DeRivera Park. The viewing deck, with the best view on Deleware Avenue, can be rented out for private parties.


What were we running toward? I don't think any of us would ever know fully. But superficially the answer was a balloon. Not the nominal space that encloses a cartoon character's speech of thought or, by analogy, the kind that's driven by mere hot air. It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged from hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars, first step along the way in the generation of multiplicity and variety in the universe, including ourselves and all our thoughts.
The way meaning changes through later context can make the memory of past events nearly unbearable in contrast with what follows from them. But it is also undeniably exciting. Beginnings, even if they might be the beginnings of catastrophes, lurk everywhere, and every banal detail has the potential to explode, upon contact with reflection, into meaning.


text:
Q: Advantages of using [ClassInitilize]Attribute over static Constructor (or: TestContext wat?!)
I do not get the benefits of the [ClassInitilize] Attribute.

Example code
[TestClass]
public class MyTestClass
{
    static MyTestClass()
    {
        //startup logic
    }

    [ClassInitialize]
    public static void Initilize(TestContext context)
    {
        //startup logic
    }
}

Question
Is there any real world usage of using [ClassInitilize] over a static constructor?
I mean i get that in the Initilize() Method you get a TestContext object but I don't really see any use for it.
In short:
What does one need TestContext for.

A: From MSDN: Using the TestContext Class:

You use the TestContext class in unit tests for any of several purposes. These are its most frequent uses:

*

*In any unit test, because the TestContext class stores information that is provided to unit tests, such as the path to the deployment directory. For more information, see Structure of Unit Tests.

*In unit tests to test Web services that run on ASP.NET Development Server. In this case, TestContext stores the URL of the Web service. For more information, see Testing Web Services.

*In ASP.NET unit tests, to obtain access to the Page object. For more information, see Working with ASP.NET Unit Tests.

*In data-driven unit tests, the TestContext class is required because it provides access to the data row. For more information, see Working with Data-Driven Unit Tests, Coding a Data-Driven Unit Test, and Walkthrough: Using a Configuration File to Define a Data Source.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Vote right for expats a gigantic task for ECP
INAMULLAH KHATTAK
ISLAMABAD - A new challenge awaits Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) after a woman petitioner succeeded in bringing a direction from Islamabad High Court (IHC) that asked Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) to ensure fundamental rights to millions of overseas Pakistanis to cast votes in the upcoming local bodies (LB) elections.
The challenge is enormous for ECP that is bound to ask the government to make a necessary legislation for enabling overseas voters to participate in the election process. The government, however, has been hesitating over the last one-and-a-half years to amend the Constitution in this regard.
Dr Farhat Siddiqui, a Pakisani-born physician in United States, had challenged the federation in IHC demanding right to cast votes. She states that she is an overseas Pakistani and a business-woman and contributes in the welfare of the native country Pakistan by regularly sending money in shape of foreign remittances.
Counsels of Dr Siddiqui on Thursday appeared before CEC Justice (retired) Sardar Raza Khan and four members of ECP and argued that since the commission was election conducting body, therefore, it was the duty of the ECP to ensure rights of franchise to overseas Pakistanis.
In case the government does not make legislation in this regard, the petitioner can move a contempt petition against ECP and the federation in light of the direction given by IHC.
In 2013, a presidential ordinance during the interim government had asked Senate to make legislation for giving right of votes to over 8 million overseas Pakistanis to participate in election. However, so far the upper and lower houses have not amended the constitution to include overseas Pakistanis in election process.
Highly-placed official sources in ECP told The Nation that the issue was one of the biggest challenges confronted by both government and ECP as it was a hectic task to conduct election in countries housing Pakistani nationals.
"The ECP asked the government today to make legislation and give the fundamental right to overseas Pakistanis. But we insisted about some timeframe. My client wants this right before the upcoming LB elections," Barrister Dawood Ghaznavi and lawyer Mian Masood told this reporter on Thursday.
Barrister Ghaznavi said this was a wrong impression that countries where there was no democracy, were not ready to cooperate with Pakistan in facilitating polling process for overseas voters. He argued that 10 countries including Saudi Arabia, UAE and Bahrain had already agreed to assist Pakistani embassies/counsels in arranging polling facilities for Pakistani workers.
But ECP officials said that in case both house of Parliament passed the legislation, the mode of conducting of polls would be a gigantic process for the election authorities adding that election arrangements for millions of voters abroad would be the fist and toughest exercise for ECP.
"Nearly a million Pakistanis work in Saudi Arabia and the same number exists in UAE. Imagine how can we dispatch ballot papers and then conduct election in a single day in these countries. We are really at a loss how to conduct the exercise," an ECP official said.
He said the ECP had already pondered about three possible modes of conducting election process abroad including establishing polling stations in Pakistani embassies/offices, electronic voting and postal voting.
The official said the issue was really a challenging task for ECP as the commission being a constitutional body was required to conduct elections. "The government can amend the law in a week but the brunt would be faced by the ECP. Besides, we are required to give the rights of casting votes to overseas Pakistanis before the upcoming local bodies elections," he added.
In her petition Dr Siddiqui, has contended before the court that the petitioner's fundamental right under Article 17, 25 and 218(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan has been infringed due to Executive/Federal Government by not extending the of right to vote to overseas Pakistanis in all kinds of elections in Pakistan.
Barrister Ghaznavi said that the Article 17 of the Constitution of Pakistan insists upon the federal government to extend the facility of voting to overseas Pakistanis in the election of the Parliament as well as local bodies.
"Today's hearing in ECP was a success for us. Now the government is bound to amend law and give this fundamental right to overseas Pakistanis. Otherwise we will move a contempt petition," the lawyer added.
Pakistanis work in over 140 countries across the world with large concentration residing in countries like United States (0.9 million), Canada (0.3 million), Oman (0.2 million), Kuwait (150,000), Greece (90,000), Germany (78,000), France and Scotland (60,000 each), Denmark (30,000) and Australia (27,000).
According to ECP, local government elections would be held possibly by April in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa adding that the petitioner through the counsels requested the commission to enable overseas Pakistanis to cast votes in the process at all costs.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
800-588-BAEZ
Juvenile Crime
Validity of Bite Mark Evidence Challenged
In 1987, Steven Chaney was convicted of murder in Dallas, Texas. The evidence that sealed his fate was bite mark testimony offered by two forensic odontologists (bite mark experts). According to the testimony, the murder victim had a bite mark on his arm that could only have come from Chaney. Texas Monthly magazine reports that this evidence convinced the jury of Chaney's guilt, despite the fact that he had nine alibi witnesses on his side. Twenty-eight years later, in October 2015, Chaney was released from prison a free man after the forensic testimony that sent him to jail was discredited. Now, the Texas Forensic Science Commission has recommended that prosecutors stop using bite mark evidence until its scientific validity can be established.
As Texas Monthly describes, bite mark testimony has been used to support criminal convictions for decades, despite the fact that no conclusive research or studies supported it. Chaney is the 26th person to have been indicted or convicted based on bite mark testimony. Texas Monthly tells of one individual who was executed following his 1985 murder conviction, even though the only physical evidence that tied him to the crime were bite marks on the two victims' bodies. Experts, including the National Academy of Sciences, now say there is no sufficient scientific basis to believe that a conclusive match can be determined from bite mark comparisons. Indeed, sometimes forensic odontologists cannot even agree on whether marks on skin are human bite marks or something else.
The Texas Tribune reports that the Innocence Project, a nonprofit national organization dedicated to exonerating wrongfully-convicted individuals through DNA evidence, asked the Texas Forensic Science Commission to investigate the reliability of bite mark evidence after Chaney was cleared. After its investigation, the Commission recommended a moratorium on further use of bite mark evidence in criminal prosecutions while more research is done. The Commission's general counsel reported that one of the primary concerns is whether skin can record bite marks with sufficient fidelity that a comparison can be made.
The Commission, well-respected and influential throughout the country, is the first organization of its kind to make such a recommendation, and experts expect other jurisdictions to sit up and take notice. Note, however, that the Commission has no authority to compel prosecutors to stop offering bite mark evidence, nor can it keep courts from accepting it.
Consult a Miami criminal defense lawyer
If you have been charged with a crime, you need a top-notch defense lawyer to protect your rights. The Miami and Orlando criminal defense lawyers of The Baez Law Firm have a thorough understanding of forensics and the ability to do our own analysis of the forensic evidence in your case. We do not accept what anyone has to say about the evidence until we have run the tests ourselves. For a free consultation on your case, contact The Baez Law Firm today.
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LEXINGTON, Ky., Jan. 29, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Lexmark, a global imaging solutions leader, today announced it is bringing its enterprise scale strengths to a new line of printers designed for the SMB market. The Lexmark Two Series is designed for micro-workgroups looking to simply and securely print, copy, fax and scan, all within a compact and easy-to-use device.
"No matter the size of the organization, Lexmark is committed to helping our customers minimize the cost and IT burden of their printers," said Sammy Kinlaw, Lexmark vice president, worldwide channel and OEM sales. "Small businesses can't afford to waste time or money updating their IT equipment every year. Lexmark intentionally engineered these devices to be tough workhorses, packed with power and speed, and built to last."
Micro-workgroups and small businesses remain an important growing segment, with ADP/Moody's Analytics reporting that 89,000 small business positions were added in December 2018 alone. Marking Lexmark's entry into this segment, the printers launched today feature rapid monochrome output up to 36 pages per minute, plus standard two-sided printing. Standard Wi-Fi offers enhanced connectivity and support for mobile users, while Lexmark's full-spectrum security ensures the same level of award-winning security and protection typically reserved for enterprise-class devices.
"Despite their small size and weight, we've retained the signature Lexmark features that our customers know and love. This includes extending Lexmark's enterprise-class full-spectrum security to the SMB market, as well as standard Wi-Fi and mobile connectivity," said Chris White, Lexmark director of product marketing. "With energy management features to reduce power consumption, these printers are friendly both to the environment and small business budgets."
These devices will be sold through the Lexmark Global Partner network and can be ordered directly from global distributors such as CDW, Staples, Fry's, Printerland and more.


On April 23, 2013, agents of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Oklahoma Medical Board raided an alternative cancer clinic in south Tulsa, Oklahoma. They descended on the Camelot Clinic, 6804 S. Canton St., because its owner, Maureen Long, was using laetrile (amygdalin) in the treatment of cancer patients.
FDA documents, obtained by a local television station, show that the government sent in an undercover agent in January 2012, posing as the husband of a cancer patient.
At this writing, the clinic remains closed.
FDA spokesman Christopher Kelly said, "We don't provide any comment on ongoing investigations." But sources told News On 6 that the reason for the raid was the clinic's use of the apricot kernel derivative, also sometimes known as vitamin B17.
"Listen, my wife's dying, and we don't want to go with chemotherapy and radiation," said a man at the scene, Sam Bass. He added that his wife, Yvonne, was battling a recurrent melanoma (a potentially deadly skin cancer). She had been cancer free for five years, but her cancer had come back.
Melanoma is frequently treated by repeated surgery, but this often falls short of a cure.
"She just couldn't tolerate the surgeries anymore, so we went natural, changed her diet," Bass said.
The couple said that they had been in Tulsa for eight days. As they were leaving the Camelot Clinic, the FDA and FBI agents showed up. Bass said the agents asked him to leave his wife's medication behind.
"For us, this was a hope and they took our hope away," said Bass, with simple eloquence. "They took our rights, in my opinion, for me and my wife to choose how to treat her." Later in the day, reporters saw federal agents carrying boxes from the business and loading them into official vehicles.
As for Bass, he said he did not know that laetrile was outlawed, but didn't care. Without it, he said, his wife may not survive her recurrent cancer.
"I just want my wife to get well. I've got three kids at home, they need their mom. I need my wife," he told the local reporters.
Thus, 60 years after first being denounced by the medical establishment, this persistent apricot kernel derivative continues to cause controversy in the US. There are many major issues raised by raids such as this: First, is there any possibility that an agent derived from apricot kernels could have efficacy of any sort against cancer? Second, do sane and sentient adults, such as the Basses, have the right, when confronted by recurrent cancer, to choose treatments that are not favored by the oncology community?
On March 29, 2013, Science issued a Special Report on Cancer Genomics. In their introduction, the editors assert that the greatly reduced cost of sequencing a human cell's DNA, its genome, is leading to a "Medical Renaissance."
This reflects the prevailing view that the genetic basis of cancer is a cornerstone of modern cancer research. Ask most scientists the cause of cancer and they will say, "genetics." Cancer, they say, arises in our genes and so, logically, we have to analyze the total genome in order to devise effective treatments.
Genetic explanations are very old. A century ago, most scientists thought that cancer some sort of hereditary flaw that was passed along through the generations.
"Nothing about cancer is more generally accepted than its hereditary nature," wrote the famous pathologist James Ewing, MD, in 1922.
What Ewing was referring to was the view that cancer is inherited through the germ cells. (He himself remained skeptical.) But only 5% to 10% of tumors have a strong hereditary cause. In breast and ovarian cancer, for instance, the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes are the exception, not the rule.
Geneticists then revived the somatic mutation theory (SMT) of Prof. Theodor Boveri. Today, when scientists say that cancer is genetic, they do not mean that it is predominantly hereditary (Siteman 2013). They mean that cancers arise in body cells that have acquired a series of mutations. These turn the mutated cell into an "early founder cell of a tumor" (Fey 2004).
Science described a revealing report on the work of Charles Swanton, MD, showing that "tumors are a mosaic of different cells" (Gerlinger 2012). This revelation, Science said, has "shaken cancer biologists and clinicians" (Kaiser 2013). Swanton showed that a single person's kidney cancer was extremely diverse in genetic makeup. Add distant metastases and you have a veritable ecosystem of abnormalities. Other patients with the same diagnosis had radically different genes. Targeting one or a few genetic abnormalities, then, is not likely to have much clinical impact.
Genetic analysis was supposed to simplify the chaotic appearance of cancer and "provide temporary relief from this angst" of not knowing where cancer was coming from, to quote Dr. Edison T. Liu, president and CEO of the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine.
"But what briefly seemed tidy quickly became messy again," said Liu. Greater knowledge revealed a "surprising fact ... every tumor contains hundreds of thousands of mutations, most of which affect only a small percentage of the cancers in any tumor type."
Yes, you read that right: hundreds of thousands of mutations!
The dozen or so "targeted" agents approved by the FDA have side effects, some of which are serious. If you put 2, 3, or 10 of these new drugs together, you may get a plethora of interactions that make a mockery of the idea of "precision medicine."
In the same issue of Science, Prof. Bert Vogelstein of Johns Hopkins University drew a picture of the "cancer genome landscapes." He and his coauthors are geneticists, not skeptics. Yet they write that "in common solid tumors such as those derived from the colon, breast, brain, or pancreas, an average of 33 to 66 genes display subtle somatic mutations. ..." And certain tumor types display many more mutations. Melanomas and lung tumors contain 200 important mutations per tumor. Lung cancers from smokers have 10 times as many mutations as those of nonsmokers.
The data that have accumulated since the introduction of the first "targeted" agents do not lead to confidence in the efficacy of this type of treatment for common types of cancer.
For example, EGFR (epithelial growth factor receptor) kinase is often mutated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Oncologists currently have at their disposal two EGFR inhibitors: gefitinib (trade name Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva). In the US, about 15% of patients with NSCLC harbor EGFR mutations.
Yet, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)'s Guidelines: "As of yet, there is no evidence of an overall survival (OS) benefit from selecting treatment based on performing this testing [of EGFR mutations]" (Keedy 2011).
FDA approved gefitinib (Iressa) for the treatment of lung cancer in May 2003. Two years later, in June 2005, it issued an alert withdrawing approval, due to lack of evidence that the drug actually extended life. In an unusual decision, FDA stated: "The medicine should be used only in cancer patients who have already taken the medicine and whose doctor believes it is helping them. New patients should not be given Iressa® because in a large study Iressa® did not make people live longer" (2005).
Erlotinib (Tarceva) then replaced gefitinib as the treatment of choice for EGFR-positive lung cancer. But serious questions remain. How effective is erlotinib (Tarceva) as a treatment for this disease?
In the topical clinic trial, which tested first-line erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer unsuitable for standard chemotherapy, the median overall survival did not differ significantly between the two groups. Survival in the erlotinib (Tarceva) group was 3.7 months vs. 3.6% in the placebo group. In patients who did not develop a rash, survival was 30% less than doing nothing (placebo)!
But what actually happened when one restricts use of erlotinib to the minority of patients who have these telltale mutations? Not much. Here are the results of the EURTAC trial, also published in Lancet Oncology. "At data cutoff, median PFS [progression-free survival] was 9.7 months in the erlotinib [Tarceva®] group, compared with 5.2 months ... in the standard chemotherapy group ... " (Rosell 2012).
This study says nothing about overall survival (OS): there is a big difference between progression-free survival (PFS) and more meaningful overall survival. However, even when treatment is restricted to the EGFR group the increase in progression-free survival in this clinical trial was only about 4 months.
Results like this show why it is difficult to accept the current dogma that cancer is a genomic disease that it will be largely solved through drugs chosen by the genomic analysis of tumors. All that will be accomplished by the total genomic analysis of tumors is discovery of myriad new mutations, each of which will then have to be treated with its own drug.
Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital is building a $650 million research tower to process genetic information about patients. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, across the street, has completed a $550 million tower for the same purpose.
The same thing is going on at Harvard Medical School, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Medical School. Everyone wants in on the gold rush of genomic sequencing. Not long ago Steve Jobs paid $100,000 to have his genome sequenced. The price now is $5 to $10,000. Before the year is out, the cost may dip below $1000. The New York Times called this rush to provide genomic sequencing "an arms race within the war on cancer," driven by the fact that the "medical establishment is moving toward the routine sequencing of every patient's genome." According to advocates, the goal is "precision medicine." Notice how last year's slogan, "personalized medicine," has already become outdated!
This is an enormously expensive addition to medicine, just at a time when the country is trying to get its health costs under control. But is this really about improving patient well-being, or about providing fabulous profit opportunities to hospitals, laboratories, and drug companies, who will provide new "targeted" drugs based on the ensuing tsunami of data?
In a New York Times op-ed last month, oncologist and former White House adviser Ezekiel K. Emanuel, MD, noted: "Of the 13 anticancer drugs the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 2012, only one may extend life by more than a median of six months. Two extended life for only four to six weeks. All cost more than $5,900 per month of treatment" (2013).
We will see an explosion of such drugs in the near future. But whether they will positively affect patients' overall survival (OS) remains to be seen.
I suggest that more attention be paid to treatments that influence abnormal tumor metabolism. Targeting metabolism has the virtue of simplicity. Decades ago the Nobel laureate Otto Warburg, MD, PhD, showed that most cancer cells produce a significant amount of their energy via glycolysis (fermentation), rather than only through the oxidation in the mitochondria, as happens for the most part in normal cells. This fundamental fact (the basis of the PET scan) creates an opportunity to design treatments to attack a wide variety of tumor types, without the need for "precision medicine" that target an individual tumor's extensive and erratic genetic variations.
An undue emphasis on cancer genomics is having a harmful effect on other promising avenues of treatment. Metabolic treatments go begging, while the major cancer centers spend billions to process a flood of genetic information of dubious importance. This is an unsustainable development.
Emanuel EJ. A plan to fix cancer care. New York Times. March 23, 2013.
Ewing J. Neoplastic Diseases. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1922:105.
FDA. Gefitinib (marketed as Iressa) information. FDA Alert (6/2005) [Web page]. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm110473.htm.
FDA, FBI, Oklahoma Medical Board investigation shuts down Tulsa cancer clinic Camelot Cancer Care [online article]. Available at www.kjrh.com. Accessed April 24, 2013.
Fey MF. The biology of cancer. In: Cavalli F, Hansen HH, Kaye SV, eds. Textbook of Medical Oncology. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2004.
Kaiser J. The downside of diversity. Science. 2013;339(6127):1543–1545.
Keedy VL, Temin S, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Mutation testing for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer considering first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15):2121–2127.
Marte B. Milestone 2: (1890) Cancer as a genetic disease: lack of principles [online article]. Nature. http://www.nature.com/milestones/milecancer/full/milecancer02.html.
Rosell R, Carcereny E, Gervais R, et al. Erlotinib versus standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for European patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (EURTAC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(3):239–246.
Siteman Cancer Center. Information about hereditary cancers [online article]. 2013. http://www.siteman.wustl.edu/contentpage.aspx?id= 173.
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, et al. Cancer genomic landscapes. Science. 2013;339:1546–1558.


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TISSUE PROPERTIES
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The IT'IS for Health Brochure has been printed in English and German.
The advent of precision medicine will redefine the future of healthcare by improving treatment efficacy and outcomes, and reducing the therapeutic burden. By leveraging a patient's unique genetic, genomic, and clinical profile, individualized treatments and accurate predictions of patient-specific responses will become the standard.
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With its research initiative IT'IS for Health, IT'IS aims to bridge the gap between bench and bedside by further developing multi-physics, multi-scale simulation approaches to optimize individual diagnostic, treatment planning, and therapeutic techniques, and to model interactions between physical agents and complex biological processes and structures.
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Authors: Rehage, Jennifer S.; Loftus, William F.
The connectivity between the fish community of estuarine mangroves and that of freshwater habitats upstream remains poorly understood. In the Florida Everglades, mangrove-lined creeks link freshwater marshes to estuarine habitats downstream and may act as dry-season refuges for freshwater fishes. We examined seasonal dynamics in the fish community of ecotonal creeks in the southwestern region of Everglades National Park, specifically Rookery Branch and the North and watson rivers. Twelve low-order creeks were sampled via electrofishing, gill nets, and minnow traps during the wet season, transition period, and dry season in 2004–2005. Catches were greater in Rookery Branch than in the North and watson rivers, particularly during the transition period. Community composition varied seasonally in Rookery Branch, and to a greater extent for the larger species, reflecting a pulse of freshwater taxa into creeks as marshes upstream dried periodically. The pulse was short-lived, a later sample showed substantial decreases in freshwater fish numbers. No evidence of a similar influx was seen in the North and watson rivers, which drain shorter hydroperiod marshes and exhibit higher salinities. These results suggest that head-water creeks can serve as important dry-season refugia. Increased freshwater flow resulting from Everglades restoration may enhance this connectivity.


Morača is one of most beautiful river canyons in Montenegro which separate the Moracke mountain range from the Sinjajevina range. It originates in northern Montenegro, under Rzača mountain. It generally flows southwards for some 113 kilometer (70 mi), before emptying into the Skadarsko Jezero. In its northern part, the Morača is a fast mountain river, and has cut a canyon north of Podgorica.
After merging with its largest tributary, Zeta, just north of Podgorica, the Morača enters the Zeta plain. It flows through this flat area of Montenegro until it empties into Skadarsko Jezero. The Morača river is the biggest tributary of Skadarsko Jezero. Its source is at the height of 975 meters above sea level. In the Kolašin region, the Morača's tributaries are the Koštanica, Sjevernica, Trnovačka Rijeka, Javorski Potok, and the Slatina, on the Mrtvica, Ibrištica, Ratnja, and the Slatina, on the left, and the Mrtvica, Ibrištica, Ratnja and the Požanjski Potok on the right. Apart from the Morača's platije canyon, its right-hand tributary the Mrtvica also flows, for the most part of its length, trough a lesser known high canyon of breathtaking beauty.
The region in the basin of the Morača river is featured by the steep slope of the terrain. It is intersected by deep gorges and canyons.The upper part of this river valley stretches to the entrance in the Platije canyon, which consists of Gornja Morača, at an altitude ranging between 465 meter and 973 meter, and two more expansions.
The Platija canyon is 1000 meters deep on average and the mountainous Morača's tributaries also flow through the canyons with the banks often as high as up to 1000 meters. The Morača river basin is oriented to the Adriatic Sea while the Tara river basin pertains to the drainage system flowing into the Black Sea. The Crkvina saddle, situated between Morača and Kolašin monasteries, is the watershed of the two basins. On its southern side, waters flow towards the Adriatic Sea, and on its northeast side, the waters flow through the Tara, Drina, Sava and the Danube Rivers, reaching the Black Sea. The curiosity is that the waters split on the roof of a building on this saddle and flow into two different basins.
The Morača canyon is one of the wider ravines of Montenegro and is mainly visited as a road to the northern part of Montenegro or Serbia. This road straight through the ravine along the cliffs is known for its beauty and the fact that you occasionally have to be at the disposal of strong nerves through the freight traffic that drives through here. The road together with the Morača monastery are the tourist attractions of the ravine. In addition to the towns in the vicinity of the ravine, there are some accommodations along the way through the ravine. These are mainly aimed at the passing traffic and motorcyclists who are lovers of winding roads.
Hostel Izvor – Hostel Izvor is quietly located 5 kilometers from the town of Podgorica, by the Moraca river. Reception is open 24 hours a day and you can park for free on site. All rooms are comfortably furnished and offer free Wi-Fi. The guest house has a bar and a restaurant, serving traditional Montenegrin dishes. Here you can enjoy the beautiful Moraca ravine and the many hiking trails.
Facilities : Bar, Restaurant, Sun terrace, Free Wi-Fi Internet Access Included, Free Parking, 24-Hour Front Desk, Airport Shuttle (surcharge), Pets Allowed, Electric Vehicle Charging Point, Laundry (surcharge), Car Hire.


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BREAKING News Out Of Miami
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News | Miami Dolphins. Latest News. Chris Grier Lays Out Dolphins Vision Vince Biegel's Big Moment Eric Rowe Looking Forward To Matchup Against Former Team J'Marcus Webb Excited For Chance To Step Up. Inside The Numbers: Breaking Down Miami Dolphins vs. Dallas Cowboys
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Breaking News is an American drama television series about the fictional Milwaukee-based 24-hour cable news television network I-24, with the motto 'Around the Clock, Around the World.' The series premiered July 17, 2002, on Bravo.
Late July 4, the Miami Police Department tweeted out a message regarding the discovery of a "suspicious package" behind. Get local Miami news plus Miami breaking news, business, green, national, and world news from NBC 6 Miami. but she's hoping someone out there recognizes this pair so they can pay for their crime.
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Reviewed by Nymark M, PhD on February 11, 2016
The eyes are the windows to the soul and some of our most important, but least cared for organs. We take them for granted and often do things to them that are really not beneficial. Things like wearing contact lenses excessively, staring at computer screens for too long, not blinking enough, wearing makeup and not properly removing it, spending time in dry environments, not wearing sunglasses, and so on, can all do tremendous damage to our eyes and their tears. All of these can lead to a condition known as dry eye syndrome, or DES. It is now also believed that there may be a link between DES and vitamin D.
Understanding Tears
When we think of tears, we usually think of the things that pour out of our eyes when we experience strong emotions. While these certainly are tears, they only pour out of our eyes because we produce so many of them in response to certain feelings that the ducts can no longer cope with them, and they literally overflow. But tears happen all the time and are actually renewed every time we blink.
A tear, which is actually a 'tear film lid', is made up of three layers. It is responsible for keeping the eyes lubricated, nourished and protected from foreign invaders. The three layers are:
A mucus layer.
An aqueous layer, which also contains saline and makes up about 90% of the tear itself.
A lipid, or oily, layer.
People who have dry eye have a dysfunction in any or all of those layers. It is also possible that they simply produce insufficient tears, although this is also usually linked to a dysfunction in one of the three layers. People who suffer from DES often look for natural remedies to help them alleviate the symptoms, which include redness, itchiness, dryness, and the sensation that there is a foreign body in the eye. Vitamin D may play a role in alleviating the symptoms.
Understanding Vitamin D
Vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin. Our body produces it naturally when it is exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun. The vitamin's primary responsibility is to enable the body to absorb calcium and phosphorous. However, we now know that the vitamin is responsible for many other things as well, and almost every cell in the body – including the cells of the eyes – has a vitamin D receptor.
Vitamin D is also responsible for the maintenance of the immune system. As such, it helps us to fight viruses and bacteria. The official statement, at present, is that vitamin D does not play a role in fighting DES. This is because DES is not caused by a virus, bacteria or deficiency in calcium or phosphorous. However, it is also known that many people with autoimmune disorders will suffer from dry eye syndrome, which would suggest that there is actually a possible link between a vitamin D deficiency and DES. Furthermore, since it is believed around 60% of the adult population in this country has a vitamin D deficiency, taking a supplement should at least improve the overall condition of the body and, in so doing, possibly also improve the signs and symptoms of DES.
New Research Sheds More Light
While, as just stated, the official position is that there is no link between vitamin D and DES, new research has now officially questioned this. The International Journal of Rheumatic Disease published a study that suggested that impaired tear function can exist as a result of a vitamin D deficiency. The study was conducted at the Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital, which is in Turkey. Just under 100 premenopausal women took part, 50 of whom had a vitamin D deficiency, and 48 who did not. It was found that those who did have the deficiency were more likely to have quicker tear break-up times, a strong indicator to DES, and also scored poorer on the Schirmer's test. As a result, the researchers stated that there may be a role to play for vitamin D in the development of dry eye.
Improving Eye Health with Vitamin D
The study above is the first of its kind, which means that no other scientists have looked at the link between vitamin D and DES. However, many other studies have looked at the link between vitamin D and the overall health of the eye. Most people consider vitamin A and beta-carotene to be vital in the health of the eye, but vitamin D now appears to be even more crucial.
The University College London's Institute of Ophthalmology conducted a study on the eye health of elderly mice, giving them a vitamin D3 supplement. After just six weeks, the following improvements were noted:
Vision was improved
Retinal inflammation levels were reduced, as were accumulations of amyloid beta, one of the signs of aging.
Retinal macrophage was significantly reduced.
What this suggests is that it may have a role to play in slowing down the progression of a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is the leading cause of loss of vision in elderly people. While it only affects central vision, this may become so impaired that people are classed as legally blind. Interestingly, DES is often found as a secondary condition together with AMD. As such, there may be a suggestion that, by slowing down the progression of AMD, people are also less likely to suffer from DES.
Another interesting part of this, is that, unlike the Turkish study, this one is not unique in its kind. Other research has revealed similar results. It has been found that people who did not have a vitamin D deficiency had a 59% lower chance of developing AMD.
Resources and References:
Vitamin D Enhances Corneal Epithelial Barrier Function – Effects of Vitamin D on the cornea. (NIH.gov)
The Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Tear Break-Up Time and Schirmer Testing in Non-Sjogren Dry Eye – Connection between vitamin D deficiency and dry eyes. (Nature.com)
Dry Eye in Vitamin D Deficiency: More Than an Incidental Association – Link between vitamin D and dry eyes. (International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases)
Vitamin D – General information on vitamin D. (NIH.gov)
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↑ "Storey's guide to raising chickens" Damerow, Gail. Storey Publishing, LLC; 2nd edition (January 12, 1995), ISBN 978-1-58017-325-4. page 221. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
↑ "277 Secrets Your Snake and Lizard Wants you to Know Unusual and useful Information for Snake Owners & Snake Lovers" Cooper,Paulette. Ten Speed Press (March 1, 2004), ISBN 978-1-58008-035-4. Page 161. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
หน้านี้แก้ไขล่าสุดเมื่อวันที่ 19 มิถุนายน 2561 เวลา 14:21 น.


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News ID: 57233
Published: 0708 GMT December 10, 2014
Iran, Pakistan set for wide-ranging cooperation
Iran and Pakistan signed five memoranda of understating to promote trade and economic cooperation at the end of the two-day meeting of their joint economic commission in Islamabad.
The documents were signed in the presence of Pakistani Prime minister Mohammad Nawaz Sharif and Iranian Economy Minister Ali Tayyebnia and his accompanying team.
The MoUs call for establishment of a joint investment committee as well as a sisterhood relationship between the ports of Karachi and Chabahar.
Speaking in the meeting with Tayyebnia on Tuesday, Sharif hoped that the latest agreements will open new areas of cooperation between the two neighbors.
He said Islamabad is determined to expand cooperation with Iran.
The Pakistani prime minister stressed that his country is determined to implement the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project and raise electricity imports from Iran.
"Pakistan will hand over the construction of the remaining section of the pipeline stretching from Gwadar Port to Nawabshah to a foreign contractor," he said.
Sharif added that the contractor of the project has agreed to execute the plan in two years whereas the project should be completed in 18 months.
During his two-day visit to Pakistan to attend the joint commission's sessions on December 8 and 9, besides Sharif, Tayyebnia held separate meetings with Pakistani Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, Trade Minister Khurram Dastgir Khan and the country's adviser to the prime minister on national security and foreign affairs, Sartaj Aziz.
In his meeting with Aziz on Monday, Tayyebnia stressed that it is time for the two countries to stop talks on the gas pipeline and launch the project.
He also proposed that the two countries establish a joint special economic zone.
Tayyebnia added that despite the two countries' commonalities, their trade relations are not satisfactory and do not reflect their actual capacities and potentials.
He hoped that Tehran and Islamabad will be able to increase mutual trade to a desirable figure.
Tayyebnia proposed that Iran and Pakistan set an annual growth target of 20 percent in their Five-Year Strategic Development Plan and set up a committee to supervise the implementation of the plan's contents.
Aziz called on the Iranian side to increase investments in Pakistan's power plants and continue cooperation in exporting electricity.
"Iran and Pakistan should set up a joint trade council to boost ties," he said.
Speaking in his meeting with Abbasi, the Iranian minister said Iran believes the gas pipeline project guarantees the strengthening of the two countries' relations.
He voiced Iran's enthusiasm to bolster ties with Pakistan, particularly in the energy sector.
Abbasi referred to the gas pipeline as a vital project, as Pakistan is in dire need of more energy.
"The Pakistani government has agreed with China National Petroleum Corporation to help execute the plan," he said.
In his meeting with Tayyebnia, Dastgir Khan called for further expansion of trade relations with Iran.
After his meeting with the Iranian minister, he said, "Islamabad is determined to have sustainable trade relations with Iran."
He noted that Pakistan is ready to change some of its trade regulations to facilitate imports and exports with Iran.
"We have reached an agreement with the Iranian economy minister to remove all obstacles to trade and economic cooperation between Pakistan and Iran, which might take some time," Khan added.
Speaking on the sidelines of the meeting of Iran-Pakistan Economic Commission, Pakistani Finance Minister Mohammad Ishaq-Dar said in view of the two countries' high potentials and the strong will of their leaders to bolster ties, the target seems attainable, IRNA reported.
He noted that the Pakistani government is determined do its best in this regard.
Ishaq-Dar stressed that his country is firm about beginning the construction of the remaining section of the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline in its territory as soon as possible.
Speaking in the same meeting, Tayyebnia said Iran views Pakistan as a reliable economic and political partner.
Last week in a meeting in Islamabad, Iranian Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani and Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain underlined the need for further broadening of mutual cooperation.
Official: Pakistan, Iran to ink tourism MoU
Iran, Pakistan stress expansion of cultural cooperation
Iran, Pakistan navies discuss further cooperation
Iran-Pakistan defense officials discuss cooperation
Iran, Pakistan call for enhancing defense cooperation
Iran official calls for Tehran-Islamabad security cooperation
Iran, Pakistan universities sign MoU
Iran calls for more military cooperation with Pakistan


Escoznar is a town and village Spanish belonging to the municipality of Íllora, in the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is located in the Southeast part of the province of Loja.
According to the National Institute of statistics of Spain, in the year 2012 Escoznar was 943 inhabitants, of which 474 were women and 469 men.


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Sound & Light Equipment
October 12, 2012	| 7:00 PM
Percussion and Movement
Percussion by Dean Moore in collaboration with butoh artist Alan Sutherland and Acrobalance performers Jason Williams and Evelyn Bittner (aka Dr. Calamari & Acrophelia of Circus Contraption). With special guest percussionist Tatsuya Nakatani performing with butoh artist Vanessa Skantze.
Each month, Nonsequitur and a community of like-minded organizations and artists present ten concerts of adventurous and experimental music in the gorgeous Chapel Performance Space at the Good Shepherd Center (which sits on the traditional homelands of the Duwamish people): contemporary/post-classical composition, free improvisation and the outer limits of jazz, electronic/electroacoustic music, new instruments, phonography, sound art, and other innovative musics. Watch a video clip about us on the Seattle Channel.
In the Chapel Performance Space on the fourth floor of the Good Shepherd Center.
4649 Sunnyside Ave. N.
(SW corner of 50th & Sunnyside in Wallingford. Nearest Metro bus stops: 62, 44, 26)
© 2021 Wayward Music Series


Jacinto have developed a turbine for use in fire-fighting vehicles, the Trident Turbine.
Jacinto also developed a turbine for use in fire-fighting vehicles, the Trident Turbine. The name of the turbine arises because it is capable of making water, foam and ventilation. As for its water projection capacity, the Trident Turbine can make 780 l/min with the sprinklers and 2000 l/min with the monitor, and in relation to the projection of foam can reach the 2000 l/min, all with a range of 80 meters. With regard to ventilation (positive pressure), it can reach from 54000 m3/h of air to 93600 m3/h.
This turbine will be exhibit at Intersec 2019 at Jacinto's outdoor stand, on a MAN TGS 33.400 6×4, with a tank capacity of 12000L of water and 1000L of foam, equipped with a Godiva P2B 3010 pump and an Automatic Foam Induction System CTD Caméleon 30L.


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The Future of the Houthi Movement in Yemen
EPC | 04 Mar 2014
Share "The Future of the Houthi Movement in Yemen"
Currently, the Houthis' Movement constitutes a vibrant revival of two strong historical prejudices on the Yemeni political scene. The first is genealogy and ancestral prejudice based on claims of descent from the Prophet Muhammad. The second is the sectarian prejudice by all subscribers to Zaydism, Zaydi Shiites. Therefore, the Houthis from this perspective alone have all sources of political and cultural strength. To understand the context that led to the rise of the Houthis' Movement in northern Yemen, a return to the four decades that followed the abolishing of the Imamate rule in 1962 seems inevitable.
In this necessary recall of history, the present and the future have been diligently approached from different perspectives. All doctrines, thoughts, militancy, expansion, politics, media, financing and external relations have contributed in shaping the Houthi's Movement; thus, shedding light on how it works from within.
Accordingly, this workshop tries to foresee the future of the Houthis' Movement in the light of the changes that have taken place in Yemen since 2011 and scrutinizes the dynamics and mechanisms that stipulate the Houthis' behavior.
This attempt, however, takes into consideration all other contributing factors such as political integration, armament, endogenous environment as well as social and sectarian contexts.
Emirates Policy Center
EPC is an independent think tank based in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates. EPC was established in September 2013 to study internal and external threats to nation-states in the Arabian Gulf region and the broader Arab world. EPC aims to determine and forecast the impacts of geopolitical developments and changes in the global balance of power on the UAE and the region.
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Release Early, Release Often
Early and frequent releases are a critical part of the Linux development model. Most developers (including me) used to believe this was bad policy for larger than trivial projects, because early versions are almost by definition buggy versions and you don't want to wear out the patience of your users.
This belief reinforced the general commitment to a cathedral-building style of development. If the overriding objective was for users to see as few bugs as possible, why then you'd only release a version every six months (or less often), and work like a dog on debugging between releases. The Emacs C core was developed this way. The Lisp library, in effect, was not—because there were active Lisp archives outside the FSF's control, where you could go to find new and development code versions independently of Emacs's release cycle [QR].
The most important of these, the Ohio State Emacs Lisp archive, anticipated the spirit and many of the features of today's big Linux archives. But few of us really thought very hard about what we were doing, or about what the very existence of that archive suggested about problems in the FSF's cathedral-building development model. I made one serious attempt around 1992 to get a lot of the Ohio code formally merged into the official Emacs Lisp library. I ran into political trouble and was largely unsuccessful.
But by a year later, as Linux became widely visible, it was clear that something different and much healthier was going on there. Linus's open development policy was the very opposite of cathedral-building. Linux's Internet archives were burgeoning, multiple distributions were being floated. And all of this was driven by an unheard-of frequency of core system releases.
Linus was treating his users as co-developers in the most effective possible way:
7. Release early. Release often. And listen to your customers.
Linus's innovation wasn't so much in doing quick-turnaround releases incorporating lots of user feedback (something like this had been Unix-world tradition for a long time), but in scaling it up to a level of intensity that matched the complexity of what he was developing. In those early times (around 1991) it wasn't unknown for him to release a new kernel more than once a day! Because he cultivated his base of co-developers and leveraged the Internet for collaboration harder than anyone else, this worked.
But how did it work? And was it something I could duplicate, or did it rely on some unique genius of Linus Torvalds?
I didn't think so. Granted, Linus is a damn fine hacker. How many of us could engineer an entire production-quality operating system kernel from scratch? But Linux didn't represent any awesome conceptual leap forward. Linus is not (or at least, not yet) an innovative genius of design in the way that, say, Richard Stallman or James Gosling (of NeWS and Java) are. Rather, Linus seems to me to be a genius of engineering and implementation, with a sixth sense for avoiding bugs and development dead-ends and a true knack for finding the minimum-effort path from point A to point B. Indeed, the whole design of Linux breathes this quality and mirrors Linus's essentially conservative and simplifying design approach.
So, if rapid releases and leveraging the Internet medium to the hilt were not accidents but integral parts of Linus's engineering-genius insight into the minimum-effort path, what was he maximizing? What was he cranking out of the machinery?
Put that way, the question answers itself. Linus was keeping his hacker/users constantly stimulated and rewarded—stimulated by the prospect of having an ego-satisfying piece of the action, rewarded by the sight of constant (even daily) improvement in their work.
Linus was directly aiming to maximize the number of person-hours thrown at debugging and development, even at the possible cost of instability in the code and user-base burnout if any serious bug proved intractable. Linus was behaving as though he believed something like this:
8. Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base, almost every problem will be characterized quickly and the fix obvious to someone.
Or, less formally, ``Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.'' I dub this: ``Linus's Law''.
My original formulation was that every problem ``will be transparent to somebody''. Linus demurred that the person who understands and fixes the problem is not necessarily or even usually the person who first characterizes it. ``Somebody finds the problem,'' he says, ``and somebody else understands it. And I'll go on record as saying that finding it is the bigger challenge.'' That correction is important; we'll see how in the next section, when we examine the practice of debugging in more detail. But the key point is that both parts of the process (finding and fixing) tend to happen rapidly.
In Linus's Law, I think, lies the core difference underlying the cathedral-builder and bazaar styles. In the cathedral-builder view of programming, bugs and development problems are tricky, insidious, deep phenomena. It takes months of scrutiny by a dedicated few to develop confidence that you've winkled them all out. Thus the long release intervals, and the inevitable disappointment when long-awaited releases are not perfect.
In the bazaar view, on the other hand, you assume that bugs are generally shallow phenomena—or, at least, that they turn shallow pretty quickly when exposed to a thousand eager co-developers pounding on every single new release. Accordingly you release often in order to get more corrections, and as a beneficial side effect you have less to lose if an occasional botch gets out the door.
And that's it. That's enough. If ``Linus's Law'' is false, then any system as complex as the Linux kernel, being hacked over by as many hands as the that kernel was, should at some point have collapsed under the weight of unforseen bad interactions and undiscovered ``deep'' bugs. If it's true, on the other hand, it is sufficient to explain Linux's relative lack of bugginess and its continuous uptimes spanning months or even years.
Maybe it shouldn't have been such a surprise, at that. Sociologists years ago discovered that the averaged opinion of a mass of equally expert (or equally ignorant) observers is quite a bit more reliable a predictor than the opinion of a single randomly-chosen one of the observers. They called this the Delphi effect. It appears that what Linus has shown is that this applies even to debugging an operating system—that the Delphi effect can tame development complexity even at the complexity level of an OS kernel. [CV]
One special feature of the Linux situation that clearly helps along the Delphi effect is the fact that the contributors for any given project are self-selected. An early respondent pointed out that contributions are received not from a random sample, but from people who are interested enough to use the software, learn about how it works, attempt to find solutions to problems they encounter, and actually produce an apparently reasonable fix. Anyone who passes all these filters is highly likely to have something useful to contribute.
Linus's Law can be rephrased as ``Debugging is parallelizable''. Although debugging requires debuggers to communicate with some coordinating developer, it doesn't require significant coordination between debuggers. Thus it doesn't fall prey to the same quadratic complexity and management costs that make adding developers problematic.
In practice, the theoretical loss of efficiency due to duplication of work by debuggers almost never seems to be an issue in the Linux world. One effect of a ``release early and often'' policy is to minimize such duplication by propagating fed-back fixes quickly [JH].
Brooks (the author of The Mythical Man-Month) even made an off-hand observation related to this: ``The total cost of maintaining a widely used program is typically 40 percent or more of the cost of developing it. Surprisingly this cost is strongly affected by the number of users. More users find more bugs.'' [emphasis added].
More users find more bugs because adding more users adds more different ways of stressing the program. This effect is amplified when the users are co-developers. Each one approaches the task of bug characterization with a slightly different perceptual set and analytical toolkit, a different angle on the problem. The ``Delphi effect'' seems to work precisely because of this variation. In the specific context of debugging, the variation also tends to reduce duplication of effort.
So adding more beta-testers may not reduce the complexity of the current ``deepest'' bug from the developer's point of view, but it increases the probability that someone's toolkit will be matched to the problem in such a way that the bug is shallow to that person.
Linus coppers his bets, too. In case there are serious bugs, Linux kernel version are numbered in such a way that potential users can make a choice either to run the last version designated ``stable'' or to ride the cutting edge and risk bugs in order to get new features. This tactic is not yet systematically imitated by most Linux hackers, but perhaps it should be; the fact that either choice is available makes both more attractive. [HBS]
The Importance of Having Users� Home �How Many Eyeballs Tame Complexity


Asher B. Durand's career as an accomplished engraver prepared him well to create carefully observed depictions of nature. Rocky Cliff is painted with the scientific accuracy characteristic of his work. In this tranquil view, a large outcropping of cool gray granite is punctuated by lush green vegetation. Durand painted a closed yet dramatic composition with the inward slanting rocks capped by a stand of trees. This device encourages the viewer to thoroughly examine the surface of the cliff as well as the various plant species growing out of it. The use of an intimate view marks a departure from the sweeping vistas of other Hudson River School painters.
According to Durand, landscape painters had a duty to portray American landscapes in a truthful manner; however, this did not mean landscapes were free from allegorical sentiment. In his first letter on landscape painting published in the popular art journal, The Crayon in 1855, Durand emphasized his interest in accurate depictions of nature: "For I maintain that all Art is unworthy and vicious which is at variance with Truth, and that only is worthy and elevated which impresses us with the same feelings and emotions that we experience in the presence of the Reality. True art teaches the use of the embellishments which Nature herself furnishes, it never creates them."  Rocky Cliff serves as an exemplar of Durand's own standards. The precision with which he approached the seemingly banal subject creates an illusion of reality, which despite the lack of dramatic sky or overt allegory promotes a romantic appreciation of nature.
Durand's paintings appear to reflect contemporary developments in science. In 1830, Charles Lyell published Principles of Geology, a study that suggested the earth was slowly formed over eons. This sparked a widespread interest in geological theory, mirrored in numerous paintings of rocks and boulders that construct narratives about the passage of time through careful observation of stratified rock surfaces. During this period, the notion of geological age was a radical idea that questioned the validity of the Christian story of Creation and the place of human history within larger natural cycles.  According to scholar Rebecca Bedell, raw rock was commonly used as headstones at this time for the deceased and in the context of painting was read as an allegory of death; green vegetation served as the symbol of regeneration and new life.  Through the balance of rock and plant life, Durand achieved a realistic image imbued with a spiritual meaning.
 Asher B. Durand, "Letters on Landscape Painting. Letter 1" The Crayon 1, no. 1 (January 3, 1855), 2.
 Charles C. Eldredge, Barbara Babcock Millhouse, and Robert G. Workman, American Originals: Selections from Reynolda House, Museum of American Art (New York: Abbeville Press, 1990), 56.
 Rebecca Bailey Bedell, The Anatomy of Nature: Geology & American Landscape Painting, 1825–1875, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 60-64.
A native school of landscape painting took several decades to take shape, and it was only in retrospect that it earned the moniker the Hudson River School. The phrase was not coined until the 1870s, and it was meant derogatorily, as a reference to dark, earth-tone canvases. At mid-century, Asher B. Durand (1796–1886) became the preeminent voice of American landscape painting. His musings were printed in a series of letters in the nation's leading art journal the The Crayon in 1855. Durand believed in the benefits of cultivating a close relationship with the natural world. An established engraver before turning to painting, he preferred truthful depictions of nature developed from careful observation over the constructed allegories of his friend Thomas Cole. Through his art and teachings, Durand championed landscape painting and influenced the various approaches espoused by the second generation of artists.
Born to a family of farmers and artisans in Springfield, New Jersey, Durand began his artistic career as an engraver. He served as an apprentice in a New York engraving studio between 1812 and 1817. By 1820 his skill was finely honed, and he was chosen by John Trumbull to engrave his popular history painting The Declaration of Independence. By the 1830s, Durand turned to painting, initially doing portrait work. Luman Reed, a New York merchant and noted art patron commissioned a portrait of Andrew Jackson from Durand. The painting was so well received the young artist completely abandoned engraving in favor of painting.
Along with Samuel F. B. Morse and Thomas Cole, Durand was a founding member of the National Academy of Design in 1825, whose annual exhibitions provided a venue for emerging landscape painters. Durand's admiration for Cole was made apparent by his painting Kindred Spirits, 1849, collection of Crystal Bridges Museum, which depicts Cole and William Cullen Bryant overlooking a Catskill landscape. Painted shortly after Cole's death in 1848, the image illustrates the central importance of nature in the visual and literary arts of the nineteenth century.
Despite his reverence for Cole, Durand made significant departures from the overtly allegorical images of his mentor. As he gained prominence, Durand promoted new conventions of landscape marked by careful scrutiny of nature's details, a style that emulated John Ruskin's philosophies about intellectual development through observations of truth in nature.  One strategy was to create more personal compositions of the forest interior. By removing grand vistas, Durand was able to emphasize the tactility of nature through a more intimate environment conducive to the development of individual character. However, the reception of these paintings was lukewarm. As art historian Karen Georgi explains, "critics…made arguments about the pertinence, or irrelevance, of painting the minutia of the visible world. The ostensible point of this aesthetic debate…centered for all parties around the issue of whether a landscape painting should dwell on the particularities of the material world."  Durand's particular style of landscape was not embraced by period critics, and by the late 1860s he had retreated from the New York art world to his family homestead in New Jersey. When the end of his long life came in 1886, Durand, along with many of his colleagues, was all but forgotten.
 Linda S. Ferber, Kindred Spirits: Asher B. Durand and the American Landscape (New York: Brooklyn Museum, 2007), 171.
 Karen L. Georgi, "Defining Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century American Critical Discourse. Or, Should Art 'Deal in Wares the Age Has Need of'?" Oxford Art Journal 29, no. 2 (2006), 234.
Purchase, Eric. Out of Nowhere: Disaster and Tourism in the White Mountains. Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999: illus. 88.
Bedell, Rebecca. Anatomy of Nature: Geology & American Landscape Painting, 1825-1875. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001: 62, fig. 32.
Millhouse, Barbara B. and Robert Workman. American Originals. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers, 1990: 56-7.
Georgia O'Keeffe visions of the sublime. Ed. Joseph S. Czestochowski. Memphis: Torch Press and International Arts, 2004.
Pittura Americana del XIX Secolo. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi.
Roberts, Jennifer L. Transporting Visions: The Movement of Images in Early America. Berkely and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2014: 137-138.
Bedell, Rebecca Bailey. The Anatomy of Nature: Geology & American Landscape Painting, 1825–1875. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Durand, A.B. "Letters on Landscape Painting. Letter 1." The Crayon 1, no. 1 (January 3, 1855): 1–2.
Ferber, Linda S. "Asher B. Durand and the American Landscape." American Art Review 19, no. 2, 2007.
Ferber, Linda S. Kindred Spirits: Asher B. Durand and the American Landscape. New York: Brooklyn Museum, 2007.
Georgi, Karen L. "Defining Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century American Critical Discourse. Or, Should Art 'Deal in Wares the Age Has Need of''?" Oxford Art Journal 29, no. 2 (2006): 227–245.
Hendricks, Gordon. "Durand, Maverick and the 'Declaration.'" American Art Journal 3, no. 1 (Spring, 1971): 58–71.
Lawall, David B. Asher Brown Durand: his Art and Art Theory in Relation to his Times. PhD diss., Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1966.
Lawall, David B. Asher B. Durand: A Documentary Catalogue of the Narrative and Landscape Paintings. New York: Garland Publishing, 1978.
Lubin, David M. Picturing a Nation: Art and Social Change in Nineteenth-century America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.
Meyers, Amy R. Art and Science in America: Issues of Representation. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1998.
Miller, Angela L. The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825–1875. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
Novak, Barbara. American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience. New York: Praeger Pubslishers, 1969.
Novak, Barbara. "Asher B. Durand and European Art." Art Journal 21, no. 4 (Summer 1962): 250–254.
Peck, H. Daniel. "Unlikely Kindred Spirits: A New Vision of Landscape in the Works of Henry David Thoreau and Asher B. Durand." American Literary History 17, no. 4 (Winter 2005): 687–713.
Tuckerman, Henry T. Book of the Artists. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1867. Reprinted. New York: James F. Carr, 1966.
 Backlabel from R.W. Norton Art Gallery exhibition in 1973. See also letter from Hirschl & Adler Galleries, Inc. (M. P. Naud) to Joan Durana on October 13, 1984.
 Object file, bill of sale.
Lent by Mr. Hillard Shar (NY).


Silks is a beautiful combination of circus and dance. Sophisticated and elegant, the combination of strength, flexibility and artistry will get you floating on air while toning the entire body. Our instructors are professional aerial silk artists and our equipment is installed by Cirque contractors.
Aerial dance is the broad term for a style of modern dance that incorporates the use of hanging equipment, also called aerial apparatuses. Popularized by Cirque du Soleil, the concept of aerial arts as a dance form and theatrical expression rather than a purely gymnastic movement art.
Araceli Sevilla is a professional aerial arts performer and instructor. She began aerial training in 2013 specializing in silks and hoop. She has performed for several entertainment companies and currently performs weekly for Pirates Dinner Adventure in Buena Park. She actively trains in Los Angeles to further her knowledge and keep her skills on point as a performer. Before training in circus arts she was a student at South Coast Conservatory and was the first scholarship recipient in 2012. She received training in hip-hop, tumbling, ballet, jazz, and modern. Araceli has been teaching since 2012 and has choreographed dance and aerial pieces for studio shows. She graduated from CSU Fullerton in 2017 with a Bachelor's degree in Kinesiology.
Kasey Brandt is a circus artist who has been performing professionally for almost a decade. She grew up in competitive gymnastics and performs primarily as a handbalancer and aerialist, while maintaining her competitive nature in equestrian vaulting. She has worked with numerous performance companies, including FreakShow Deluxe, PRISM Dance, Metamorphalis, and Sypher Arts.


Friday was my RDO and I decided it was time for a ride. It was a cold winters morning as I headed to Bushpigs place to pick him up. We decided to do a loop ride up the Old pacific hwy to Wollombi and then around to the putty road and back home again. Being a Friday morning Pennant Hills Rd was pretty busy so we were lane splitting like bastards to get through the traffic. First stop was in Cowan for some fuel for the MT10.
We stopped in at the road warriors cafe for a coffee. Some of the corners were covered in water where the road was covered by tree's and the sun couldn't get through the tree canopy to dry out the road. It was very cold riding through these sections so we took it quite carefully.
Next stop was in Wollombi for a short break. After the coffee and cold sections of road I was busting to go so I stopped at the rest area in Wollombi. We parked the bikes next to a row of about 8-10 wheelie bins. I noticed an asian lady park her car when we were walking off.
When we came back the asian lady backed out and knocked 2 of the wheelie bins flying from the back of her car. We erupted into laughter. She got out and saw us laughing and then I said to her"Gee lucky we didn't park our bikes over there" pointing to where the 2 bins were now laying. She looked down like a scalded little school girl and sulked off to pick up the bins and hurriedly got in her car and left.
The ride up from Wollombi to the bridge is narrow and rough but after the bridge it opens up a bit and gets much smoother. I really enjoyed the ride after the bridge up to Broke where we stopped to top up the tanks. The plan was to stop for lunch at the Grey Gums on the Putty rd.
After the fuel stop in Broke we swapped bikes and I got to ride the MT-10. The upright riding position was great I really liked it and the engine felt like I was back on the R1, brutal power all the way from the bottom end. It just wheel stood out of the petrol station and down the road. I noticed in the 10mile that I was having a little trouble with throttle control as it was on/off like on my R1 before I had it flashed. Maybe it was because I wasn't used to this bike and the upright seating position I might have been snapping the throttle on and off too quickly. It handled the twisties very well. I could see myself trading in the R1 for one of these later on. It felt like you sit inside this bike not on top like the R1. The engine was pretty much the same although it did lack some of the mid range and top end punchiness of the R1 engine. Swapping back to the R1 and the remaining twisties felt like the R1 was on rails so much more precise than the MT10. Must be the riding position that makes it feel this way.
We stopped in at the Grey Gums cafe for a coffee and spot of lunch. There was only a handful of people about being a Friday and all but it still took 25 minutes for them to make me a simple chicken burger. I only ate half of it to as it wasn't that good, at least the coffee was fantastic.
We left and headed for home. The run down the twisties at Colo Heights was one of the best runs we've had through there in years we didn't hit any traffic whatsoever and we blasted along at a fun spirited pace. What a great way to spend a Friday.
Now that sounds like a perfect way to spend a Friday.
I hope the lady backing over bins will take a look behind her in the future and keep a look out for motorcycles since she embarrassed herself so bad.
Yeah I don't know whats wrong with people that they can't take 2 seconds to look whats around them before doing something. What if it had been a kid on a push bike, then that wouldn't have been a laughing matter. Some people should no have licenses.
Ahhhh, a weekday run with pretty clear roads - isn't that just the best? Weekend rides are normally a complete pain with cage drivers going all tourist and not paying attention. Nice one mate!
Yep I love these week day rides, I think we need more of them, no one about = fun roads for us!!
Cold day eh - 20-25 degrees?
Think it was about 16°C, bit chilly for here lol. The weekday rides are the way to go.
fark the roads are no longer hemoroid friendly tho..
Nice write up Steve. I like the styling of Busgpig's new machine. Any comments on how it compares with the Triumph that he had?
Maybe I'll ask him to write something for my blog.
Geez, that MT10 looks like a thinking man's R1. So what is Geoff doing with one? Lol. Good to see you getting out Bro. Winter can be a sweet time to ride here in Oz, especially so here in QLD.
Winter would be nicer where you are than here. It was cold, wet and chilly in the shadows of the trees here.
Geoff wants R1 like power but a comfortable riding position, can't argue with that, thats what I'll be doing in a the next couple of years.


Today I continue my musings on the top myths of the writing life. Wherein I share some of the odd notions I started out with; and how they just ain't true.
My journey in writing started over two decades ago. I don't blame myself for not having had a clue about things. In fact, I've been delighted to be proven wrong. Over and over again.
And today's myth: how in this cut-throat competitive arena, authors basically wish you ill.
When I first started out, I was concerned about the hyper-competitive publishing environment. It's a dog eat dog world, I reasoned. All those raging egos and jealous fellow writers!
To be fair, the publishing world is tough, and one is going to get bruised in ego and pocket book. It should give aspiring authors a few moment pause before plunging in. But we don't need to worry about everything. Some things will be remarkably rewarding.
Like people. Yes, published authors are usually highly competitive. They have enormous energy to invest in creation and promotion. We can't help but envy them and worry that we'll never achieve what they have. That's natural. And if you find yourself feeling these things and wonder whether you have a nasty, paranoid mind set, stop beating yourself up. We all experience those feelings. Um, perennially.
The fact is, however, that other authors will end up being among your best friends. Remember, everyone is basically lonely and afraid. It's human nature. Most writers relate to the uncertainty and frustration of the writing life, and are generous with each other. No one else "gets" the writing life as much as another writer. I even think that there may be more generosity among writers than in other fields.
And inevitably, you'll click with a few writers, and you'll share the journey with them–through the ups and downs, at conventions and signings, at writing retreats and worry sessions over the phone if your buddies are far away. When you make a big sale they'll email you a picture of them toasting you! They'll give you blurbs for your books. They'll help you strategize, celebrate, and survive.
So much for stabbing in the back.
It's a dog help dog world. And even when it isn't, if you're open to building friendships, there'll be a group of writers who'll be on your side. I guarantee it.
For the other posts on my Myths of the Writing Life series.


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