New Delhi: The Supreme Court on Wednesday appointed state-run NBCC to develop stalled projects of the Amrapali Group, and directed the Debt Recovery Tribunal to sell the unencumbered commercial properties of the real estate firm.
The top court directed the opening of an escrow account in the apex court in which the amount received after the sale of properties would be deposited and later disbursed to the National Buildings Construction Corporation Ltd (NBCC) to start construction of the pending projects in Group A and B Categories.
A bench of Justices Arun Mishra and U U Lalit also directed that documents and details, including bank accounts and balance sheets of all 46 companies, including Jotindra Steel, since 2008 should be given to the forensic auditors. "NBCC is appointed to develop the projects and preparation of Detail Projects Report. It can also find out the consortium of banks ready to finance the projects," the bench said and cautioned the NBCC, saying "once we put the projects in your basket, you can't shrug off the responsibility of completing them. We will bind you with it".
The court granted liberty to the Amrapali Group to hold talks with banks, HUDCO and other financial institutions for financing the construction of stalled projects. The court noted that ₹ 1,590 crore can be generated from the sale of unsold inventory and said "Dharmendra Singh Rathore, officer of the DRT is entrusted with the sale of properties mentioned in the list of commercial properties".
It said there could be some encumbrances of Noida and Greater Noida on these properties, which would be paid at a later stage and Amrapali should provide all necessary details, including title deeds, dues and encumbrances to the DRT officer.
The bench also questioned the Amrapali Group on why it had not filed Income Tax returns since 2015 and what its in-house auditors were doing regarding non-filing of returns. Advocate Gaurav Bhatia, appearing for Amrapali, said due to the litigations, tax returns were not filed. "They have not filed income tax returns. We want to know each and every fact as to where the money has gone, what has been done with the money, but you (Amrapali) have kept everything in a fluid state," according to the Bench.
It said an auditor was supposed to act as a watchdog of the company and should say, "if you don't give me the required papers, then I will put down my papers".
The Bench directed ₹ 5 lakh to be transferred to the DRT from the frozen bank account of Amrapali and said representatives of the real estate firm should assist the DRT officer to sell the properties. It directed Amrapali Group Chairman and Managing Director Anil Sharma to withdraw his affidavit giving details of assets and why properties worth ₹ 847.88 crore had come to ₹ 67 crore in a span of four years.
The NBCC had given a proposal for completion of 15 residential projects of Amrapali having 46,575 flats at an estimated cost of ₹ 8,500 crore in 6 to 36 months.


A flood watch has been issued for a wide area around us through Wednesday because they are expecting we could receive between three or four inches of rain. It's not that big a deal except, we are already saturated beyond belief. There was an inch in the rain gauge when I got home from work yesterday.
The trails are like soup and the drainage ditch is flowing like a spring melt.
At least our trees are going to be well hydrated heading into winter this year. That's a bonus I'll be happy to take.
I don't think it's rain that is bothering the raccoon that has become a permanent fixture in the grass beside our north loop trail.
We are leaving it alone because we aren't sure if the problems it seems to be having might be related to rabies. There is an outside chance it was hit by a car and made its way from the road to that spot, but we are keeping our distance and letting nature take its course, regardless.
The first time we took notice was because it was out and about during the day. It was walking, although not in a completely normal way, and never moving very far away from that area on our property. After three days of seeing it out during the day, we surmised it was not healthy and started giving it a wide berth.
We are careful to keep Delilah on a very short leash because she is very interested in checking out the mysterious visitor.
I'm half hoping some other nocturnal predator might show up to carry the raccoon away so I don't have to deal with it. If it stays in sight, I'm eventually going to need to check to verify it is no longer living. I'm under the assumption it will not suddenly recover, based on what I've witnessed thus far.
I'd like to relocate the body far from our trails so Delilah will no longer be tempted to investigate.
While researching to find out if our local authorities would want us to report possible rabies in wildlife, Cyndie came upon an announcement from September that reported a dead crow was found to have West Nile Virus in our county.
The concerns all seem to focus on actually being bitten, either by a mosquito or a rabid animal. We didn't come across anything that indicated concern for the possibility of sick animals or a need to report on them.
Maybe all the rain will wash away any germs.
I bet that giant crayfish Cyndie saw a few weeks ago is pretty happy with the moisture. Do crayfish get rabies?


text:
Q: Recursive bower install I've got a project which depends on another project which and both use Bower. I'd like bower install to also run on that component when I run it on the parent project. So far I haven't found anything in the configuration spec, the man page or the online docs which hint at this, so I've simply navigated to the child project directory and ran bower install a second time. With a lot of dependencies, this wouldn't be feasible, so having bower install -R would be nice.

A: I could not figure out how to do it using the 'bower' command in the terminal.
However I could successfully use grunt auto_install for this purpose.
grunt.initConfig({
    "auto_install": {
        options: {
            recursive: true,
            exclude: [
                ".git",
                "node_modules",
                "components",
                "grunt-tasks",
                ".sass-cache"
            ]
        }
    }
}};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


6-1/2" x 10" Back-Loading Printed Packing List Envelope - "Important Papers Enclosed"
Item Number: 45-2-03 15078 Actual Weight: 21 lbs.
Just peel-and-stick to protect invoices and shipping documents from dirt and moisture. Pressure-sensitive adhesive sticks aggressively to paper, metal, wood, corrugated, or plastic. Back-loading style forms tamper-evident pocket for papers. Pocket must be torn or cut open to retrieve papers. Open end is first dimension listed. Call for details about removable adhesive, high tack adhesive, and custom imprinting. Usable dimensions are slightly smaller.


South Huron Trail users are being given a safer, more scenic alternative to walking beside vehicle traffic on Morrison Line. BMROSS is pleased to support the community project to build a new pedestrian bridge.
Accepting our donation, on behalf of the Pedestrian Bridge Community Working Group, are volunteers Linda Wilhelm and Peter Darbishire. Presenting the donation are Stacey Jeffery and Ryan Munn.
BMSOSS is pleased to provide support for the 100th edition of the International Plowing Match being held in Huron County, September 19-23, 2017, in Walton.
In the fall of 2016 a group of Bayfield residents came together to raise funds to purchase property known as the Bayfield River Flats. They intend to manage this property along the Bayfield River, maintain its natural characteristics, and keep it available for use by the community.
BMROSS has a long history of providing services to Bayfield and the Municipality of Bluewater and were pleased to participate in this endeavour.
At an event to celebrate the success of the fundraising, our Kelly Vader, an Environmental Planner, and a resident of Bayfield, presents organizers with our donation.
At the Kinsmen Club of Goderich's 70th Anniversary Dinner, Saturday, May 13th 2017, Peter Lovell was surprised with a Life Membership in the organization.
Through his 20 years of membership Peter has participated in community projects, raising monies for playgrounds, ice refinishers at the arena, and needed upgrades to the hospital.He has also contributed to the Kin organization by holding executive offices at the regional level.
Peter has worked at BMROSS for 27 years and is our Drafting Supervisor. At some point almost every project that is developed at BMROSS for construction goes through Peter's hands and his computer.
We would like to congratulate Peter for his work in the community and his achievements in the Kinsmen Club. Pictured below (far left), Peter Lovell at the Anniversary Dinner.
In 2014, BMROSS donated $15,000 towards the Always Here for You Campaign, for the planned redevelopment of the Louise Marshall Hospital's emergency and ambulatory care departments.
Pictured below (L-R), Frank Vanderloo and Bruce Potter of BMROSS, and Dan Yake and Bob Mason from the Always Here for You Campaign.
BMROSS is pleased to announce the donation of $100,000.00 to the Goderich and Area Disaster Relief Fund to provide much needed assistance to our community following the recent tornado. We are fortunate, as one of the largest employers in the core area, to have not been seriously impacted by this disaster. This donation will be a challenge for us, but for 60 years we and our families have lived and worked in this community and we believe that it is imperative that we invest in Goderich at this time when the need is so great.
Every year, BMROSS employees demonstrate an outstanding show of community support by participating in an annual food drive. We help to collect hundreds of non-perishable items for the Goderich Family Services Food Bank.
Burns M. Ross started an engineering practice in Goderich in 1951. During his early years, he was recruited to teach calculus at Goderich District Collegiate Institute, as there were no qualified teachers available. His wife, Ruth and their four children are all GDCI graduates.
BMROSS, the company founded by Mr. Ross, has prospered in Goderich since 1951. The company provides engineering services to public and private clients throughout Southwestern Ontario. Many of the engineers come from Southwestern Ontario and return to live in the area after graduating. In 2003, BMROSS and the family of Burns Ross established a scholarship to help promote local students pursuing an engineering career. In 2009, the scholarship was expanded to other Secondary Schools including F. E. Madill, Central Huron, St. Anne's, and South Huron District.
This award is presented to be given annually to a student from each school, enrolled in an engineering program at an accredited Canadian university. It is sponsored by B. M. Ross and Associates Limited and the B. M. Ross family.
In December 2007, BMROSS donated $25,000 toward a new CT Scanner for the Alexandra Marine & General Hospital in Goderich.
BMROSS donated $10,000 to the Habitat for Humanity Campaign in the Goderich area. The donation went towards the establishment of a ReStore in Goderich, which sells donated or recycled building materials.
Since 1998, BMROSS staff have helped to keep part of Ontario Beautiful by participating in the MTO Adopt-A-Highway program. In that time we have removed about 500 bags of trash from a 4 km stretch of Hwy 8, at Holmesville. In addition to the community benefits, this annual activity turns social as we always hold a "contract review" meeting afterwards and a trophy is awarded for the most interesting trash.


text:
Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus
S. A. Strong*, V. W. Fazio
Surgery, Gastrointestinal/Endocrinology Division
The varied presentations and complexities of Crohn's disease involving the colon, rectum, and anus mandate decisions that can challenge even the most experienced surgeon. Symptomatic large-bowel disease, with its number of operative indications, is often amenable to resection that maintains intestinal continuity with acceptable rates of recurrence. Disease of the anus, occurring with or without proximal disease, typically is treated in a conservative manner, although occasional definitive treatment may yield improved results. As Crohn's disease is recognized as incurable, the treatment options discussed focus on the amelioration of symptoms while optimizing function without risking excessive morbidity.
Surgical Clinics of North America
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Anal Canal Medicine & Life Sciences
Rectum Medicine & Life Sciences
Anus Diseases Medicine & Life Sciences
Crohn Disease Medicine & Life Sciences
Colon Medicine & Life Sciences
Surgeons Medicine & Life Sciences
Morbidity Medicine & Life Sciences
Strong, S. A., & Fazio, V. W. (1993). Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus. Surgical Clinics of North America, 73(5), 933-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(16)46134-7
Strong, S. A. ; Fazio, V. W. / Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus. In: Surgical Clinics of North America. 1993 ; Vol. 73, No. 5. pp. 933-963.
@article{ba9e5776549c415c99b660905d7de518,
title = "Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus",
abstract = "The varied presentations and complexities of Crohn's disease involving the colon, rectum, and anus mandate decisions that can challenge even the most experienced surgeon. Symptomatic large-bowel disease, with its number of operative indications, is often amenable to resection that maintains intestinal continuity with acceptable rates of recurrence. Disease of the anus, occurring with or without proximal disease, typically is treated in a conservative manner, although occasional definitive treatment may yield improved results. As Crohn's disease is recognized as incurable, the treatment options discussed focus on the amelioration of symptoms while optimizing function without risking excessive morbidity.",
author = "Strong, {S. A.} and Fazio, {V. W.}",
journal = "Surgical Clinics of North America",
Strong, SA & Fazio, VW 1993, 'Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus', Surgical Clinics of North America, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 933-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(16)46134-7
Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus. / Strong, S. A.; Fazio, V. W.
In: Surgical Clinics of North America, Vol. 73, No. 5, 01.01.1993, p. 933-963.
T1 - Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus
AU - Strong, S. A.
AU - Fazio, V. W.
N2 - The varied presentations and complexities of Crohn's disease involving the colon, rectum, and anus mandate decisions that can challenge even the most experienced surgeon. Symptomatic large-bowel disease, with its number of operative indications, is often amenable to resection that maintains intestinal continuity with acceptable rates of recurrence. Disease of the anus, occurring with or without proximal disease, typically is treated in a conservative manner, although occasional definitive treatment may yield improved results. As Crohn's disease is recognized as incurable, the treatment options discussed focus on the amelioration of symptoms while optimizing function without risking excessive morbidity.
AB - The varied presentations and complexities of Crohn's disease involving the colon, rectum, and anus mandate decisions that can challenge even the most experienced surgeon. Symptomatic large-bowel disease, with its number of operative indications, is often amenable to resection that maintains intestinal continuity with acceptable rates of recurrence. Disease of the anus, occurring with or without proximal disease, typically is treated in a conservative manner, although occasional definitive treatment may yield improved results. As Crohn's disease is recognized as incurable, the treatment options discussed focus on the amelioration of symptoms while optimizing function without risking excessive morbidity.
JO - Surgical Clinics of North America
JF - Surgical Clinics of North America
Strong SA, Fazio VW. Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus. Surgical Clinics of North America. 1993 Jan 1;73(5):933-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(16)46134-7

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pooh's gloomy pal can't stay blue for long when he's decked out in a Santa cap and tangled in a string of Christmas lights.
Boxed Christmas tree ornament by Hallmark.
Perfect gift for fans of Disney's Eeyore and Winnie the Pooh.


The owner had refitted het throughout the years, no expense is spared.
Engines very well maintained, yearly maintained and renewed oil and filters and engine valves checked.
The tank of the integrated diesel tank is ca. 650ltr. The tankage for water is ca. 600 litre, divided over 7 stainless steel tanks. The generator is a Fisher Panda 5000i PMS new built in 2015 with ca. 120 hours.
Because she is very well isolated with Stone wool, she is perfect for long distance sailing. If you are looking for a well built, well maintained yacht which is ready to go for circumnavigations, she is definately worth a visit.
Seating with foldable table which can be converted to 2 single berths with a compact galley with lots of storage.
In the bow there is room for storage.
Well isolated engineroom with Nanni 5280HE 62Hp with intercooling.
Shorepower with cable and fuse.


Beginning today and for the next several days, I will remind you of things I shared with My closest disciples on the night I was betrayed. The beloved disciple, known to you as John, wrote these things down for you. They contain a series of comforting words and empowering promises about what I can do and will do for you because I have returned to the Father. Many of these promises focus upon My sending of the Holy Spirit and the Spirit's intercession for you as your advocate at the Father's side.
My Father's home is designed to accommodate all of you.
I am going to make arrangements for your arrival.
If you know Me, you know the Father.
If you have seen Me, you have seen the Father.
...whoever believes in Me will be able to do what I have done, but they will do even greater things, because I will return to be with the Father.
Whatever you ask for in My name, I will do it so that the Father will get glory from the Son.
My returning to the Father is so important for My disciples — including you, but My first disciples could not anticipate how My leaving them would be to their advantage. However, I wanted them to know — and yes, I want you to know this as well — My role at the Father's side as your intercessor, advocate, and gift-giver is to your great advantage. So remember My promises and don't forget to ask of Me. I AM at the Father's side for you until you come home to Us!
Home is such an important place. I want you to know that I am preparing your new home with Me. This assurance is just one of several incredible promises you will find in the verses below as I speak the truth about My love for you, My preparation for you, My presence in you, and the coming of the Holy Spirit — the Spirit will be more of our focus tomorrow. Be blessed!
Don't get lost in despair; believe in God, and keep on believing in Me. My Father's home is designed to accommodate all of you. If there were not room for everyone, I would have told you that. I am going to make arrangements for your arrival. I will be there to greet you personally and welcome you home, where we will be together. You know where I am going and how to get there.
Lord, we don't know where You are going, so how can we know the path?
I am the path, the truth, and the energy of life. No one comes to the Father except through Me. If you know Me, you know the Father. Rest assured now; you know Him and have seen Him.
Lord, all I am asking is that You show us the Father.
I have lived with you all this time, and you still don't know Who I am? If you have seen Me, you have seen the Father. How can you keep asking to see the Father? Don't you believe Me when I say I abide in the Father and the Father dwells in Me? I'm not making this up as I go along. The Father has given Me these truths that I have been speaking to you, and He empowers all My actions. Accept these truths: I am in the Father, and the Father is in Me. If you have trouble believing based on My words, believe because of the things I have done. I tell you the truth: whoever believes in Me will be able to do what I have done, but they will do even greater things, because I will return to be with the Father. Whatever you ask for in My name, I will do it so that the Father will get glory from the Son. Let Me say it again: if you ask for anything in My name, I will do it.
O Father, these precious promises give me great hope and will sustain me through my darkest days and longest nights as I await the reunion of all who belong to You on the day Jesus returns. Until then, I will pray in Jesus' name and rejoice in the blessings that are mine because Jesus rose from the dead, ascended to Your right hand, and lives to make intercession for me and others like me who love You and long for Jesus' return. I praise and thank You. Amen.


text:
Sponsored Post by KAC-National: Redistricting Gone Wrong
Commentary November 9, 2014 January 16, 2019 by Julie Ha
Above photo: Grace Yoo, executive director of the Korean American Coalition in Los Angeles.
"Who killed Koreatown?" is a campaign to support the federal lawsuit against the wrongs perpetrated in the most recent redistricting process of the city of Los Angeles. In 2012, the city's Redistricting Commission voted to split Koreatown across two separate districts, despite thousands of residents advocating to keep Koreatown whole throughout the hearing process. Instead of drawing district lines based on population changes and communities of interest, the commission manipulated district boundaries based predominantly on race to advantage future council elections, which is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. This illegal act of gerrymandering deprived Koreatown residents the opportunity to elect a representative of their choice.
The following is an abbreviated version of an article prepared by the Council of Korean Americans:
As the executive director of the Korean American Coalition (KAC) in Los Angeles, Grace Yoo has been involved in many campaigns to protect and rebuild Koreatown. But the Koreatown redistricting fight is unique. "Korean Americans represented a third of all the people who showed up to over two dozen hearings," she said. At more than one hearing, though Korean Americans were the first to sign up for public testimony, they were bumped to the very end of the line, waiting for hours to speak.
Not all fights face such ugly opposition. It took KAC and its allies two-and-a-half years to bring a new police station to a K-town neighborhood in order to improve access to a largely immigrant community. Now the Los Angeles Police Department's Olympic Police Station anchors a model police district, with lower crime rates and an engaged community.
Redistricting may take longer. "This is really a six to eight year process, which began in 2012," Grace said. But she added, "We have to fight this all the way through. A seat at the table is being denied." The consequences of not having a seat at the table can be devastating.
On April 29, 1992 (Saigu), Grace was a 21-year-old campaign coordinator for Mark Takano's first race for Congress. She remembers the day they held an event at their new campaign office in Riverside, Calif. She was standing next to her candidate, watching a smokey, purple haze rising from the Los Angeles skyline. She turned to Takano and said, "I'm going to have to leave the campaign for a little while."
As she worked side-by-side with other community activists to protect life and property during the riots, she will never forget the sense of abandonment by our government, how no one came to their rescue. It explains why this redistricting fight is important to her. It represents political power, which the community lacked during its hour of need.
Learn more and donate here.
This post was sponsored by KAC-NA, which is part of KoreAm's Community Network, a section reserved for local and national nonprofit organizations. The opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of KoreAm.
KAC-NATIONAL
Korean American Coalition-National
The Korean American Coalition (KAC) is a non-profit, non-partisan, community advocacy organization. Established in 1983, its mission is to facilitate Korean American participation in civic, legislative, and community affairs, encouraging the community to contribute to and become an integral part of American society. In 1993, the first step towards national representation began, and KAC National was created to launch, support, and lead chapters to collaborate as a nationwide, unified voice.
To contact KAC National, please see below:
Peter Lee
peterl63@gmail.com
Jane Lee Kwon
Vice Chair (Central Region)
jlkpublic@gmail.com
Hansol Hong
Vice Chair (Western Region)
hansol@robolink.com
James Green
Vice Chair (Eastern Region)
kacatlanta@gmail.com
Chong Choe
NCLC Director
chong.choe@gmail.com
Tracy Kim-Parker
tracyykim@gmail.com
by Julie Ha
Video of the Day: Learn How to Draw Baymax and the Rest of Big Hero 6
by Ethel Navales
There's undeniable excitement over the release of Disney's newest animated film, Big Hero 6. If you've already watched the heartwarming, action-packed movie, then we're going to go ahead […]
by Sherry Cola


Eight and one-eighth inches around this bad boy!
We can't sell these because they don't fit in the cartons.
wow! is this a chicken egg? it's amazing..
I miss your farm and maggie too.
Oh my goodness Lily, that is a huge egg. What are you feeding those chickens?
Are these monster eggs coming from the same hen? If so, she might be part duck or something, don't you think?
No way! Another record breaker, I can't believe it, when will your hens hit their limit? I love when you put up yet another bigger egg. I wonder if you'll ever have one with eight yolks inside? One like that could probably get its own reality show, lol.
How about a fried egg sandwich?
The large eggs are not from the same hen. Some are brown, some green.
Seeing this mammoth egg helps me understand why chickens squawk and made me squeeze my bottom. Errr I mean kegel. burrr-awwk. [or something like that...] Does Mr J eat them???
My goodness! I'm wouldn't have wanted to be that chicken!!!!


text:
The EcoSexual Awakening
From the anthology Ecosexuality: When Nature Inspires the Arts of Love
I hesitate to start an essay with definitions as if I could compel you with force of logic to accept conclusions that follow irrefutably from premises. Nor would that be very sexy: an imposition rather than a seduction. Defining terms contributes to the delusion that our disagreements arise from imprecise language, when actually our precision might exclude the erotic heart of the issue: the inchoate, the qualitative, the mysterious. Especially when we are talking about sex, any definition seems to make it less than what it is.
Nonetheless: What is sex?
The release of normal boundaries to share ones self with another.
A temporary merger of individuals into ecstatic union.
Sharing of the essence of self, each acquiring some of the other, and creating a third thing.
The physical enactment of the urge toward union.
A mutual, intimate relationship of giving and receiving.
Ecosexuality is a philosophy that maps something of these definitions onto the human relationship with (the rest of) nature. Let's play with some of them, starting with the intimate relationship of giving and receiving.
For a moment, enter into the mythic mind that sees the cosmos as alive and intelligent on every level. In that frame, it is obvious that the earth wants to give to humanity. I say this with no small trepidation, knowing the damage that religious teachings of entitlement to Earth's "resources" have done, and knowing as well the equivalent entitlement that science has assumed in viewing the material world as lacking any inherent intelligence, purpose, or sentience: as a bunch of stuff to be used instrumentally for our own ends. I am drawing from a different well: the primal gratitude of hunter-gatherers in awe of the bounty of nature, which they saw as a gift. How could it be otherwise? We did not earn the soil. We did not earn the water. We did not earn the sun, the air, the trees. Their workings and origins are utterly mysterious. We did not earn them, make them, or design them, so they must have come to us as a gift.
The problem today isn't just that we take nature "for granted." A grant after all is a kind of a gift. The problem is that we don't see it as a gift, but as something just there. The natural response to receiving a gift is gratitude, which awakens the desire to give in turn. As Lewis Hyde puts it, gifts work as agents of transformation, and gratitude is "the labor the soul undertakes to effect the transformation after the gift has been received... until the gift has truly ripened inside of us and can be passed along."i
While "primitive" cultures may indeed have sought to give return gifts to the earth, we have quite nearly forgotten to do so. Our ideology blinds us: how can a purposeless ball of stuff, an impersonal melee of forces and particles, "give" anything? The rational person at best embraces the idea of a living, giving planet as a poetic metaphor, but not as a fundamental truth.
Yet the apparent givingness of the earth is hard to ignore. It once extended even to the requisites for industry. Think of the "gushers" in the early days of oil exploration. It was as if the ground were bursting with the desire to pour forth the gift of oil. The raw materials for industry were easily obtained. How different from the violently extractive mining and drilling operations of today: blasting away entire mountaintops to get the coal, forcing huge blasts of water deep underground to break the shale and get the gas, pumping enormous volumes of seawater underground to get the oil. It seems the earth is not giving her gifts so freely anymore. She is being forced, coerced, raped, tortured.
Of course, a traditional rational materialist would say that these verbs cannot apply at all to something without sentience; they are metaphorical projections of human feelings onto inanimate matter. Earth cannot suffer, they would say, any more than a brick or rock could, because it lacks a central nervous system. Putting ourselves atop a hierarchy of being that values the welfare of humans first, animals next, and trees, rocks, soil, and water not at all, they would conclude that nature doesn't matter outside its use to us humans. The environmentalist argument that we must stop climate change or we will all perish buys in to that logic, neglecting to affirm the value of Earth in and of itself. It is all about ourselves. No wonder we have been raping the planet instead of making love to it.
The lover does not say, "I care about you because without you, who would do my laundry?" Love is for who the beloved is, in and of themselves. To have a beloved then, one must see their "is-ness." Our ideology has blinded us to the beingness of the planet and to most of what lives in it and on it. To love Earth, we must see it as a subject not an object. Objectification of women, some say, is a key prerequisite for rape. The same must be true of the planet.
What would it be to cease objectifying the earth? We would have to see it no longer as an object, but as a subject, an "I." Perhaps it is less of a stretch today, thirty years after the Gaia theory was developed, to believe that Earth is a living being (and not just "like" a living being as James Lovelock says).ii It is another thing entirely to invest the planet with the full regalia of subjectivity: sentience, intelligence, consciousness, purpose, and an inner life. Even more audacious would it be to ascribe these qualities not just to the planet, but to the cosmos too and everything in it down to the smallest atom. Yet most human beings who ever lived, whom we call primitive, would have affirmed this without question. Today, we are happy to entertain such ideas as pretty poetic fancies, but any earnest proposal that matter bears intelligence is dismissed as arrant fantasy or pseudo-science. What do theories alleging the authenticity of morphic fields, water memory, UFOs, human-plant communication, psi abilities, and of crop circles have in common? All of them imply that humans are not the sole repositories of intelligent purpose. They call into question man's status as the Cartesian lords and possessors of nature. Could this, and not any deficiency of evidence, be the reason why such phenomena are excluded from scientific orthodoxy?
We can no more love what we see as a purposeless, random agglomeration of generic particles than we can love an objectified person. The transition into the ecosexual age therefore involves a revivification of matter, a resacralization, a restoration of nature's status as a coequal subject. To do so has long seemed to contradict the basic teachings of science, which seeks to identify invariant, impersonal laws of nature according to which all matter behaves. Those who couldn't reconcile those laws with their sense of a purposive, living universe had no choice but to relegate those properties to a non-material realm called "spirit." Sadly, in so doing they were complicit in the desacralization of matter.
Surrender to dead materialism, or abandon materiality for an otherworldly realm of spirit? Today we have a way out of this dilemma, as the Newtonian universe of deterministic forces operating on generic masses against an objective backdrop falls apart, opening the door to a material world that has the properties once relegated to the spiritual. I speak not only of the accumulation of paradigm-breaking observations mentioned above, but also to the fundamental crisis at the heart of physics, nearly ninety years old now but just as relevant today as ever. Just as physics approached its Shangri-La of reducing all phenomena to few deterministic forces operating on a handful of subatomic particles, it foundered on the totally unforeseen and unmovable rock of quantum indeterminacy. Knowing the totality of forces acting on an electron or any other particle, we cannot predict its behavior except probabilistically. One goes here, the next goes there – why? The scientist, trying to preserve matter-as-object, says, "It is random." The pantheist says, "Because each electron makes its own choice." She says, in effect, "All the world is a subject, just like I am." Herein lies the crucial difference in perception underlying any falling in love with the material world.
On some level we all have the perception of a living universe; it is innate to us. That is why we still fall in love with the world, despite the overlay of received beliefs that obscure its subjective beingness, and systems of social control that bewitch or frighten us into ignoring it. Society as we know it could not function if very many people lived in the ongoing realization of the subjectivity of all beings, because this realization entails a respect and reverence for all life that is flagrantly incompatible with our political, economic, and social systems. It is incompatible with prisons, with mines, with road-building, with borders, with military strikes, with the whole military-medical-educational-prison-political-industrial complex. From the perspective of reverence for all beings, the whole of modern civilization is intolerable.
The crisis in the physics of world-as-object that began with quantum mechanics has escalated and spread throughout the sciences. For example, the study of complex systems reveals that structure, organization, and even beauty need not originate with a designer, organizer, or artist, but are autochthonous properties of non-linear dynamic systems. This is true not just in physics but even in mathematics: go look at a Mandelbrot Set zoom video and gasp in awe as you realize that no artist conceived its infinite, gorgeous complexity, its order within order within order. All of it is merely revealed by calculation. Reality is just like that. Or we might say, sacredness does not come from the outside. It is inherent in matter. It is as the "primitives" knew: The universe is intelligent through and through.iii
A further scientific reflection of the ecosexual awakening can be seen in biology, in which the self-other distinction supposedly demarcated by genetic boundaries is succumbing to observations of widespread gene sharing, endosymbiosis, and biological genetic engineering. Though these phenomena have gained increasing acceptance in recent years after decades of languishing in the margins, their full ramifications have yet to be appreciated because what they are telling us is very radical: the living world does not consist of discrete, separate, competing selves. Not only do prokaryotes (bacteria) exchange DNA with each other all the time (in a kind of non-reproductive, but self-altering, sexual intercourse) but plants and animals, including human beings, are part of this genetic sharing as well through the medium of viruses, whose DNA can be taken up by their hosts.iv According to the founder of endosymbiotic theory, Lynn Margulis, this is the main source of genetic novelty and the engine of macroevolution.v Finally, far from being inviolable kernels of self, genes are more the tools than the masters of organisms, which turn them on and off or even cut, graft, and shuffle them to meet their needs.vi In other words, the environment is not a separate container for the genetic self; each is part of the other. Yes, there is a boundary, but it is a fluid, permeable boundary, and the self is the product of the relationship. Normally, we make the self primary, and see relationships as links between separate selves. In the ecosexual view though, perhaps it is more as Deleuze would have it: the difference, the relationship, is what generates being. We are not beings having relationships; we are nexi in a matrix of relationships. As much as we form relationships, relationships form us.
Like it or not, resist it or not, we are already ecosexual and even cosmosexual beings. We are in life, and life is in us. We are in the universe, and the universe is in us. Sex, maybe, is the ecstatic experience of that truth, the temporary release of those ever-shifting, already-fluid, permeable boundaries between self and other.
Humanity's Coming-of-Age
Whatever scientific and philosophical awakening might be happening, our civilization is certainly not living accordingly in its practical relationship to the planet. Built on old paradigms, our economy and technology embody and enforce earth-as-object. Immersed in this society, we individuals are nearly helpless in our complicity with the world-destroying machine.
On a practical personal and collective level, then, how do we make love to nature? Our genital organs are useful only for making love to that small but important piece of nature that takes human form. What does ecosexuality mean practically, for technology, economy, politics, and human relationships? Are we merely to walk through the same lives looking out through new eyes? No. Ecosexuality is not just a philosophy; it is a way of relating. , In the realm of technology, for example, ecosexuality entails a metamorphosis of present technological power relationships with the earth into a new, cocreative mode of technology.
In a relationship, the narcissist asks, "How can I mine this relationship for my own benefit?" The lover asks, "How can I use my gifts to contribute to us." Exploitative technology asks, "How can we extract as much as possible from the land, for our own ends?" Ecosexual technology asks, "How can we create greater wealth and harmony for people and land both?" Or, since the land wants to give, we might ask, "What is the dream of the land?" and on a planetary level, "What is the dream of Earth?"
Consider a second practical example: economics. Today it is possible, even usual, to profit from activities that pollute the biosphere and harm other beings. An economy in love with Earth would not allow that: perhaps taxation would shift onto pollution and resource extraction, so that the best business decision would be identical to the best ecological decision. Rather than sacrificing the bottom line to implement zero-waste manufacturing, the company that succeeded in doing so would enhance the bottom line.
This approach, akin to the valuing of ecosystem services, has its limits: some things are beyond price. Therefore another realm to bring into alignment with love of the planet is law: rights of nature and the criminalization of ecocide to translate reverence for nature into practical social systems. Both of these ideas arise from the imperative that our species grow up and stop acting like little children, that we take responsibility as full members of the planetary ecosystem.
If we have not received Earth's gifts with gratitude, if we have become so used to them that we keep taking more, obliviously, perhaps we might excuse ourselves by saying that we didn't know any better. There is a kind of innocence about the belief that Earth has no limit to what she can give. It is the innocence of a child, taking from its mother. It is not up to the child to set limits on what she receives from the parent; it is up to the parent to set them, so that the child can eventually internalize them.
It might seem that Earth has been an over-indulgent parent, giving and giving past its capacity and letting its youngest child trample all over it, to the point where its own survival is in doubt. On the other hand, perhaps Earth is wiser than we know, and this is the normal maturation process for an intelligent species such as ours. Either way, it is clear that we are finally hitting some limits. Our childlike innocence is coming, painfully, to an end, as we face the consequences of our despoliation of the earth and the necessity of no longer taking at will.
The ecosexual awakening is a direct response to hitting these limits, the waning age of abundance and the ending of our civilization's childlike relationship to the Earth. . We face the necessity of treating Earth not as a mother – a boundless provider of all we need and want – but as a lover, with whom we give and receive in equal measure. Well, maybe not "equal" – how could we ever give to the planet as much as we receive from it? What is important is that our society always consider Earth's well-being in its choices, that our giving and receiving are in balance. And the prerequisite for this is to see the subjectivity of the planet, which industrial civilization is awakening to just as it dawns on a child that other people have feelings too; that they are "selves" just as I am.
To treat Earth as a lover rather than a mother requires that our species transition into adulthood. The very fact that we are, as a civilization, falling in love with the planet indicates that this transition is nigh. Falling in love is a major landmark in the life of an adolescent; it is a new kind of love relationship in which one desires to give something to one's sweetheart and maybe, in time, to create something together, like a family. (Of course, it is also a very ancient relationship. When I speak of "we" here, I am referring to civilization, and especially industrial civilization.)
The rise of the environmental movement marked industrial civilization's falling in love with Earth. Of course there were environmentalists before the 1960s, but they called themselves "conservationists," still viewing nature as something subordinate to man. It wasn't until the 1960s, with books like Silent Spring, that the environmental movement erupted into mass consciousness, and it was a movement of love. Rachel Carson's description of the thinning of raptor eggshells didn't incite fear in the reader, but grief. It wasn't, "What will happen to us if those birds die?" It appealed most strongly to love, and awakened it in millions.
Further catalyzing the ecosexual awakening were the first photographs of Earth taken from outer space. First appearing in 1972, they pierced our hearts with our planet's breathtaking beauty and seeming fragility. For many it was the first time they'd seen the planet without borders drawn on it. An even more profound consequence of these photos is that they compelled us to relate to Earth as a distinct, integral being; before then, it had always environed us, contained us. Having never seen it from the outside, it could not be an object of the lover's love. For us to relate to Earth as lover we needed an external vantage point from which the planet could become the object of adoration.
Significantly, this moment came at and through the furthest extreme of separation from nature human beings had ever contrived: encapsulation in a metal shell a hundred thousand miles away in outer space. With space travel, it would seem, the conquest of nature was complete, humanity had ascended finally into the non-earthly realm: the first step, it was believed, into a future of space colonies, artificial worlds, and the ultimate replacement of every gift of nature with synthetic substitutes, even synthetic bodies. Ironically, the age of space travel launched something of the opposite, quickening our realization of – not our independence – but our total dependency on the planet; not of a destiny of separation from nature, but our need to reintegrate with it; not of our right to dominate the earth, but our sacred duty to love and protect it. A beautiful moment it was indeed in humanity's coming of age.
Another hallmark of the adolescent passage into adulthood is the coming-of-age ordeal. Human beings instinctively understand its necessity, which is why these ordeals are common in societies that do not suppress such instincts. Employing physical isolation, visionary plants, fasting, intense pain, and other methods, the ordeal is designed to rupture the child's identity and unconscious beliefs, so that he or she might step into a larger identity as a full member of the tribe. Lacking such ceremonies (or left with mere vestiges like Bar Mitzvahs and baptisms, which might have originated in simulated drowning to induce ego death), young people haphazardly create their own hazing rituals, seek to "obliterate" themselves with alcohol and drugs, and challenge the boundaries of the world with senselessly risky behavior. Whether or not such efforts are successful, eventually life itself will provide us the necessary ordeal; until it happens we do not feel like true adults, but only like children playing grown-up, well into our twenties or even our thirties. The more insulated we are from life's most shattering experiences, the longer this period lasts, which is perhaps why it seems to last longer in the affluent. Until it is complete, mature love is impossible.
Today, humanity (by which I mean the dominant civilization) is collectively undergoing just such an ordeal, a breakdown in our systems of meaning and collective identity. We used to know who we were: the lords and possessors of nature, ascending one technology after another toward independence from nature. Today, as technology fails to live up to its promise to bring us to Utopia, as the story that robotics will bring an age of leisure, that medicine will conquer disease, that social engineering will eliminate poverty and crime, that political science will eliminate war and injustice, that technology in general will make the world a healthier, more beautiful place and that the science of life will make us into happier and happier people falls apart around us, as our most cherished certitudes about humanity's progress are revealed as nothing but ideology, we don't know what to believe anymore, what to trust, or who we are.
On a personal and social level, the crumbling of the outward expression of the old stories is painful: the crumbling of institutions like marriage, education, justice, health care, and money. Beyond the privation this ordeal brings, there is also a bewilderment, an existential crisis. It is a pregnant space to be in, a sacred space. On the personal level, it might be the time after a relationship has ended, and not just a relationship but a whole kind of relationship. It might be when you lose your job and not just a job, but the hope of ever getting that kind of job or as "good" a job again. It could happen via a health crisis, and not just an illness but one that the doctors cannot fix and may even deny exists. Whatever it is, it is when normal is gone and isn't coming back. For a time we might hope it will come back or pretend it will come back, just as our elites lead us in pretending that the heady days of high economic growth are coming back, or the days of cheap and carefree fossil fuels, but sooner or later we surrender.
It is from this empty space, this sacred "space between stories," that a new identity is born. This kind of transition happens many times in life, not just upon the first entry into adulthood.,Adulthood is not a uniform condition but comprises many stages of being, each of which involve a shift of identity and a breakthrough into a larger self. Humanity, though, is a young species, taking its first step into adulthood.
In the space between stories, we don't know how to navigate. The ways in which we once related to the world are no longer sufficient to the challenges we face, whether as individuals or as a species. Eventually, a new story is born to guide us, to provide meaning again, to give us a narrative structure that tells us who we are, where we are going, what is important, what is right, and how the world works. The new story follows and reinforces a new state of being.
Could the story of Lover Earth be that new story for civilization? Returned from our journey of separation, we rejoin the tribe – the tribe of all life on Earth, the tribe of the living planet – and seek to contribute to the wellbeing of all. Initially, this contribution might be primarily to heal the damage wrought over the past centuries: to reverse climate change, rebuild the soil, heal the waters, green the deserts, and restore the forests. These are surely the first projects of the divine marriage between nature and a newly initiated humanity. Individuals who have already had an ecosexual awakening are creating the template for that marriage already.
The Ends and Means of Ecosexuality
Having explored what ecosexuality is in relation to nature, we might also turn it back upon ourselves and ask what it means to bring an ecosexual consciousness into human relationships, and in particular into environmental activism.
Ecosexuality appeals, like Rachel Carson did, to love not shame. It does not attempt to force us into acts that simulate what someone who loves this earth might do. Leveraging shame, guilt, fear, and self-interest to induce politicians, corporations, or anyone else to adopt environmentally friendly policies is tantamount to an attempt to turn the rape of the earth back onto its perpetrators. Maybe rape is too strong a word, but to try to force love, or at least the motions of love, is certainly on the rape spectrum.
To force simulated love, you might say, "Adopt sustainable practices and you will get PR benefits that help the bottom line." You might say, "Stop driving that SUV or you will be partly to blame for the warming of the atmosphere." You might imply that whoever "goes vegan" has reason to love and approve of themselves as a good person. Not only are these tactics coercive, they are also ineffective in the long run. The long-term result of environmentalist guilting and shaming is either (1) that their targets get defensive, harden their positions, and dismiss the very real dangers that environmentalists describe as the sanctimonious ravings of alarmists with an "agenda," or (2) that their targets adopt enough green practices to let themselves off the hook, and do nothing more because, after all, "I recycle and I voted for Obama." When we wield shame as a weapon to coerce change, the result will be people trying to find ways to approve of themselves and alleviate the shame. This, and not genuine love of Earth, will be their primary motive.
What does the ecosexual do instead, to spread love of Earth around the world? She seduces. She makes an eco-erotic offering that cannot be refused. She displays the beauty of the planet and its creatures and appeals to the biophilia that lives within all of us ecosexual beings. Approaching the polluter CEO or politician or sports hunter, she knows, "The same love of Earth that I feel lives within you as well." Knowing that, she seeks to liberate it so that all may join in the love-in.
After all, how did you yourself become an environmentalist? Was it because of the financial advantages of medicines that might be obtained from the rainforests? Was it because of fear of the economic losses due to climate change? Or was it, perhaps, through beauty and grief? If we want to create more environmentalists, this is the language we must speak, a language of love, not of hate. We will not be frightened into sustainability. Fear changes nothing very deep; it is still all about me (us). A real change would be a change in perception, a change in relation; a real change would be to fall in love with Earth and everything on it.
Much of the political discourse around climate change and the environment puts the blame on the greed, rapacity, and turpitude of the corporations and their allies, and activism becomes a campaign to arouse indignation and hate. But honestly: is it really that the CEOs, politicians, and PR flacks are bad people? Or could it be that they are enacting the roles given them by a system and a mythology, and that you too, in their circumstances, would do much as they do?vii
When I read a story about, say, Monsanto lobbying the EU to make seed saving illegal, I feel an upwelling of hatred and judgment, accompanied by mental caricatures of heartless executives seeking, like the bad guy in a James Bond movie, to dominate and destroy. Significantly, in most Bond movies and in action movies generally, the master villain has to be portrayed as deranged. Only then can the good-versus-evil trope operate – a real human being is complicated, believing himself to be doing good even as he does evil, justified by some story however self-serving or nonsensical it may seem from the outside. The villain must be made into someone "different from me" in order to open the floodgates of hate and generate the emotional payoff of self-righteousness.
Beneath that upwelling of hate and judgment is pain. Next time you feel outraged and appalled at some incomprehensible evil-doer, feel into the quality of the pain underneath it. For me, it is a feeling of helplessness, of being crushed by enormous, implacable powers; it is a feeling of alienation from the whole universe. It is a kind of loneliness, signaling an need to connect, to unite.
Marshal Rosenberg has said, "A judgment is the tragic expression of an unmet need."viii Writhing in the pain of separation, we project it onto the Other, perpetrating the same alienation we feel within in a forlorn and tragic attempt to escape it. And so the cycle goes: a "war on evil" that never ends. How can we transcend it? To fight our judcgmentality and separation with self-judgment and self-rejection is just more of the same. It is the same mentality that fights weeds with pesticides and then the resulting super-weeds with super-pesticides in an endless, life-consuming war of control, when maybe the weeds are a symptom: of depleted soil, of monoculture, etc. We too have grown in depleted cultural soil: depleted of the deep nourishment of connection to the land and life and people and stories around us. As well, we are cast into a monoculture, a world where matter is standardized into commodities and relationships standardized into transactions, laws, job descriptions, grades, and bureaucratic categories. Alienated in a million ways from the livingness, sentience, and sacredness of all beings – alienated, that is, from the qualities of self that unite us with other – of course we hurt and rage, all against something so ubiquitous we cannot know what it is or distinguish it from life itself. We can heal that alienation by making love: by enacting all the ways and means of experiencing the other as self.
The lovemaking that ecosexuality encompasses is personal and interpersonal, and it is also political, economic, and global. To reclaim gift from money, to reclaim matter from commodity, to reclaim eros from patriarchy, to reclaim justice from punishment, to reclaim childhood from schooling, to reclaim nature from "resources" – all are expressions of ecosexuality. Here are some concrete examples:
- Restorative justice processes that bring perpetrator and victim together to listen to each other, see each other's humanity, and open the possibility of forgiveness and voluntary amends-making.
- Permaculture practices that start with a long acquaintance with the land in order to understand the needs and gifts that are natural to it and the human communities around it.
- Economic policies like universal basic income that trust people's inborn desire to work, create, and contribute to something larger than themselves.
- Consensus-based political structures that value the perspective of outlier individuals.
- Nonviolent activist tactics that are an offering to authority to respond in a non-ordinary way (e.g. that see the police as not really wanting to be violent.)
- Educational philosophies like Montessori and free schooling that respect children's innate desire to learn, without a regime of conditional approval, coercion, and "behavior management.".
All of these start with the appreciation of a person, group, ecosystem, or other being as a unique and interconnected self, and then act on that appreciation. It is the action of love to make more love.
And it is the action of fear to create more fear. Believing as we seem to that the problem in the world is evil (or whatever label we give to the Other), no wonder we act as if the solution were to conquer. Every political cause becomes a fight, a campaign, a struggle, a battle – military metaphors all. We seek to win the war against corporate greed. Let's be wary of this mentality, if for no other reason than its complete congruence with the war against nature, against the wild, against the wolves and the weeds and the mosquitoes and the germs and all the other alienated parts of this living earth that is in truth the extension of our own selves. Well, I said "if for no other reason," but let me offer another reason: it isn't sexy. It holds us apart. As Jung famously said of Eros, "Where love reigns, there is no will to power; and where the will to power is paramount, love is lacking."ix
The ecosexual seeks to move toward reunion with all the lost and alienated parts of himself, human or otherwise. Everything inside mirrors something outside; the urge to wholeness, therefore, is enacted through relationship. A relationship in which the core being of each party affects the other, in which there is a melting of certain boundaries of self, is a kind of sexual relationship. The judgementality I was speaking of, whose essence is, "I would not do as you did, were I you" – i.e. you and I are fundamentally different, separate – is not erotic. It does not dissolve boundaries; it enforces them.
None of this is to imply that there is never a time to discriminate, never a time to fight, never a time to enforce boundaries, and never a time to enact what Jung would call the masculine principle of Logos. We are sexual beings, but we are not only sexual beings. In our culture, though, our sexual nature is suppressed, channeled into the margins, or given partial or superficial expression to neuter its revolutionary potential.
It is this revolutionary potential that makes ecosexuality, and indeed all liberated sexuality, a threat to a patriarchal, control-based society and to any culture that treats people or nature as mere objects. Authoritarian regimes are nearly unanimous in their restrictive sexual morality. Pure eros cares nothing for hierarchies, propriety, or convention. It obliterates rules, plans, calendars, and clocks, compelling us through the exigency of desire to come to the present moment, to seek union, now. Our society, rather than suppress eros outright, diverts it into inconsequential realms, for example via pornography: a power that could upend the social order is instead incinerated in front of the computer screen. In a similar way, our biophilia, our desire to love and serve and protect the earth, is diverted onto feel-good environmental campaigns that, while doubtless worthy on their own merits, merely palliate a few of the worst abuses while a thousand others proceed unchecked. What if, instead, we used the power of eros to create community where there is now alienation, wholeness where there is now separation, abundance where there is now scarcity? What if we used the power of eros to inspire action where there is now apathy, wisdom where there is now ignorance, service where there is now greed?
Given the manifest failure of the War on Evil, there is no other way.
According to Joseph Campbell, the religious lore of India names five degrees of love, of which the highest is not divine love, not universal love, but illicit, passionate, erotic love, "breaking in upon the order of one's dutiful life in virtue as a devastating storm."x That doesn't sound very much like a good thing, but when we consider how duty and virtue encode so many of the mores, conventions, and conceptions of prudence by which, in our timid abidance, we are destroying the planet, the illicit becomes more attractive.
What outrageous things might we do, intoxicated by the passionate love of nature? What security might we throw to the wind? What risks might we be willing to take in service of the beloved? It is certain that if everybody plays it safe, if everybody waits for someone else to take the first step, then our civilization is doomed. Appeals to fear are not enough to change our behavior. They might have a temporary effect, but implicit in them is the message, "Make your decisions based on fear," and usually, decisions based on fear translate into the very things that are ruining what we love. That is not revolutionary at all. Far more powerful it would be, to rechannel the power of desire toward its true object: to draw closer to all we have Othered, to awaken within us the deep passion for all that is free, in love, and alive.
The ecosexual awakening extends erotic love – the expansion of self to include what was other – to new realms. Whether alienated parts of our own psyche, or people once written off, judged, patronized, or condemned, or indeed the non-human living world of plants, animals, ecosystems, and that which science has called non-living – the rivers and mountains and planet itself – all evoke a longing in our hearts to reunite.
Hyde, Lewis. "The Gift Must Always Move." Coevolution Quarterly, No. 55, Fall 1982. pp. 10-30. Quote is from page 11. This article summarizes some of the main ideas from Hyde's classic book, The Gift.
In The Revenge of Gaia, Lovelock writes, "You will notice I am continuing to use the metaphor of 'the living Earth' for Gaia; but do not assume that I am thinking of the Earth as alive in a sentient way, or even alive like an animal or a bacterium. . . . It has never been more than metaphor—an aide pensée, no more serious than the thoughts of a sailor who refers to his ship as 'she.'" (p. 16)
iiiCertainly most complexity theorists would hesitate to draw such a conclusion, but that chaos theory has profound philosophical consequences did not escape the foremost pioneer of the field, Nobel chemist Ilya Prigogine. See Prigogine, Ilya and Isabelle Stengers. Order out of Chaos.
ivThe DNA itself may not be only from viruses: see, for example, David R. Riley, Karsten B. Sieber et al., "Bacteria-Human Somatic Cell Lateral Gene Transfer Is Enriched in Cancer Samples", doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003107, 9(6): e1003107, PLoS Comput Biol, 20 Jun 2013. Typically, such discoveries are dismissed as curious anomalies.
vFor a concise lay presentation of Margulis' thought, read Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan, Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species, Perseus Books Group, 2002.
viFor a richly referenced account of recent findings on these topics by a prominent academic scientist, see James Shapiro's Evolution: A View from the 21st Century (FT Press, 2011)
viiHere I am referring to the social psychological theory of Situationism (as distinct from the 60's political movement), elucidated in: Hanson, Jon D. and Yosifon, David G., "The Situational Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal" (October 17, 2006). Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2004
viiiRosenberg elaborates this proposition in his classic Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life. Second Edition. Encinitas, CA: PuddleDancer Press, 2003.
ixJung, Carl. "The Problem of the Attitude-type," Collected Works vol. 7, par. 78.
xCampbell, Joseph. Myths to Live By. Viking Press, 1972. p. 152
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text:
List of Works Francis Towne
A View from the Hill above the Lake at Peamore
Francis Towne, A View from the Hill above the Lake at Peamore
Photo courtesy of a Private Collection/ Photo by Matthew Hollow (All Rights Reserved)
A View going up from the Lake in Peamore Park
A View of the Arch in Peamore Park looking towards the House
Francis Towne (1739 - 1816)
Pen and black ink, grey wash
image height 264mm,
image length 419mm
vertical fold mark at centre of the page, watermarked with a fleur de lis design and "VDL"
sheet, verso
"A View from the hill above the Lake in Peamore Park Sept 23rd 1775 No4 [. . .] 62[. . .]"
Monochrome wash
Description Sources
Notebooks and papers of Paul Oppé (1878-1957), private collection
Information at the Witt Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London
Archives of Thomas Agnew & Sons Ltd
'Scott-Elliot' catalogue, Prints and Drawings R
Bequeathed by the artist in 1816 to James White of Exeter (1744–1825), on whose death it reverted to Towne's residuary legatee John Herman Merivale (1779–1844) and his successors. Merivale's granddaughters Maria Sophia Merivale (1853–1928) and Judith Ann Merivale (1860–1945), both of Oxford, inherited the drawing in May 1915 (BP176). On 28 January 1937 Judith Merivale sold it to Agnew's (no.2284) for £30 with FT038, FT039, FT042, FT287, FT379 and FT438, where it was acquired for £9 on 1 June 1939 by Paul Oppé (1878–1957; no.2183). It remains in a private collection.
Associated People & Organisations
Thomas Agnew & Sons
John Herman Merivale (1779 - 1844)
Judith Ann Merivale (1860 - 1945)
Maria Sophia Merivale (1853 - 1928)
Adolph Paul Oppé (1878 - 1957)
James White (1744 - 1825)
65th Annual Exhibition of Water Colour and Pencil Drawings, Thomas Agnew & Sons, 1938, no. 109
76th Annual Exhibition of Water-Colour Drawings, Thomas Agnew & Sons, 1949, no. 2
Three Exeter Artists of the Eighteenth Century: Francis Hayman RA, Francis Towne, John White Abbott, Royal Albert Memorial Museum, 1951, no. 39
Adrian Bury, Francis Towne - Lone Star of Water-Colour Painting, Charles Skilton: London, 1962, p. 148
According to Swete, "the chief Beauty of Peamore lies in the undulating form of its grounds, rising and falling in the regular alternation of hills and dales",1 which are aspects of landscape that Towne shows in this drawing. Here Towne is at the peak of a hill—revealing Exeter Cathedral left of centre in the background and the River Exe flowing into the estuary from left to right—whereas in another, dated 26 September 1775 (FT061), the view looks upwards towards a hilltop. Two other drawings from Peamore's hills are known, dated 1778 (FT144) and 1787 (FT544).
This drawing, with its strong pen line and bare wash shading, is clearly one created to guide Towne (or a client) in making (or choosing to commission) a finished picture (for example, compare with FT055, of Ugbrooke). Another such sketch, made on 17 August 1775, resulted in a commission completed the following year (FT063), which was probably one of at least three commissioned. As the numbers on FT061 and FT062 suggest, a large series of drawings once existed from which Towne's client would have been able to choose.
In a 1992 valuation of the Oppé collection2 Sotheby's described a framed "Exeter – Distant View" in pen and black ink and wash and measuring 318 x 419 mm, while at the same time omitting the Peamore drawing from their list. But when in July 1995 they drew up a further list (an addenda list to Miss Scott Elliott's catalogue of the Oppé collection), both the Peamore drawing and (under a sub-heading "Group IV Retentions") the "Exeter – Distant View (NN)" were described (NN = No Number, in other words not described in the Scott Elliot catalogue, which is organized around a numbered sequence of drawings).3 However, on further investigation, it seems this was a mistake and the two drawings—of Peamore and of a distant view of Exeter—are in fact the same drawing.
by Richard Stephens
Other entries in West Country Sketches, 1772–80
A View of Exeter, taken between Exwick and Cowley Bridge 1773 - 1787
A View of Exeter, taken between Exwick and Cowley Bridge
Landscape 1770 - 1780
A View of Exeter 1770 - 1778
A View of Exeter
A View of Oakhampton Castle and Town 1772
A View of Oakhampton Castle and Town
A View near Canon Teign in Devon 1772 - 1773
A View near Canon Teign in Devon
A View in Ugbrooke Park 1773
A View in Ugbrooke Park
Landscape, perhaps of Ugbrooke 1770 - 1777
Landscape, perhaps of Ugbrooke
Landscape, perhaps at Ugbrooke 1770 - 1777
Landscape, perhaps at Ugbrooke
Ugbrooke
Moorland Landscape 1774 - 1777
Moorland Landscape
Powderham 1774
Powderham
Powderham 1773 - 1780
Powderham Castle 1770 - 1780
Landscape 1774
A View of Berry Pomeroy Castle within the Gateway 1775
A View of Berry Pomeroy Castle within the Gateway
Berry Pomeroy Castle in Devon 1773 - 1780
Berry Pomeroy Castle in Devon
Ivy Bridge in Devon 1775
Ivy Bridge in Devon
A View of Ugbrooke Park 1775
A View of Ugbrooke Park
A View going up from the Lake in Peamore Park 1775
A View from the Hill above the Lake at Peamore 1775
Great Fulford 1776
Great Fulford
Exe Estuary
A View Looking over Starcross 1778 - 1780
A View Looking over Starcross
A View near Exwell, looking towards Topsham
A View at Pynes 1778
A View at Pynes
In Peamore Park 1778
In Peamore Park
Torre Abbey, Torquay 1775 - 1779
Torre Abbey, Torquay
Haldon Hall 1775 - 1780
Haldon Hall
Looking towards Newton 1778 - 1780
Looking towards Newton
A View of the Waterfall at Lidford in the County of Devon 1780
A View of the Waterfall at Lidford in the County of Devon
Landscape with a Foot Bridge 1773 - 1780
Landscape with a Foot Bridge
Section 1.1
West Country Sketches, 1772–80
1 <i>Travel in Georgian Devon: The Illustrated Journals of the Reverend John</i>, eds. Todd Gray and Margery Rowe, Devon Books in association with Halgrove: Tiverton, 1997, vol 1, p.56
2 Private collection.
3 A copy is in the Print Room library at Tate Britain.
Revisions & Feedback
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Please help us to improve this catalogue
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Star Pravah is a channel which has a legacy of beautiful shows which hold the audience. In this legacy soon one show is going to add. Star Pravah is launching a brand new serial Nakalat Sare Ghadale Starring Harish Dudhade, Nupur Parulekar and Sanvi. The show will air from 27th November 2017, Monday to Saturday at 7.30 pm on Star Pravah. Show's lead actor Harish Dudhade is popular for his role in Majhe Mann Tujhe Zale and was recently seen in daily soap Saraswati. Actress Nupur Parulekar is famous for Colors Marathi's serial Kiti Sangaychay Mala. Little Sanvi is going to be seen as Pari and a centre of story.
The story is based on a successful business man and his daughter Pari. Nupur is a doctor and she loves Pari very much. It shows that the motherhood is not only by birth but by love and feelings. It is purely a connection of heart. Other than the lead cast Anuradha Rajadhyaksha and Surekha Kudchi will also feature in serial. With this show popular actor Swapnil Joshi is debuting as a daily soap producer. Along with him other producers are Arjun Singh Baran and Kartik Nishandar. The production house is GSeams.
Show : Nakalat Sare Ghadale.
Start date : 27th November 2017.
Air Timings : Monday to Saturday, 7.30 pm.
Star Cast : Harish Dudhade, Nupur Parulekar, Sanvi, Anuradha Rajadhyaksha, Surekha Kudchi.
Producers : Swapnil Joshi, Arjun Singh Barani and Kartik Nishandar.


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The cultural department of the region help locals organise their leisure time, revives, develops and preserves arts and crafts, national traditions and modern arts. Recently the cultural department has repeatedly been honoured for the best organization of work in the oblast.
The cultural network includes 73 cultural establishments.
There are eight amateur groups in the region, which have title "People's amateur group".
Some 2,468 adults and children are engaged in different creative activities in 226 club groups.
The library assets of the central library system number 357,600 editions.
The system of the preschool aesthetic education includes the Kopyl and Timkovichi children's art schools, where children learn to play piano, violin, accordion, etc. The art schools number some 400 pupils, who have repeatedly won international contests.
There is a museum of local lore and history, which now exhibits new expositions "Mestechko" and "Archeology of the Kopyl region". The stocks of the museum number 21,900 showpieces.
The regional weaving centre in the village of Semezhevo and a centre of traditional culture in the village of Mazha were opened as part of the folklore revival and development programme,. The local creative groups represent the region at different international, country-wide, oblast-wide festivals, contests.
Last modified on 2019-09-29


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Norman Fraternal Order Of Police Files Lawsuit Against City Of Norman
Friday, July 3rd 2020, 5:39 pm
By: Hunter McKee
The Fraternal Order of Police is suing the City of Norman for what they call violations with the recent budget. This is in response to the city cutting some of the Norman Police Department's budget last month.
The lawsuit accuses the city of violating the Open Meetings Act as well as not following the Public Safety Sales Tax Ordinance.
Last month, the Norman City Council cut $865,000 from the police department's $31 million budget. Now Norman's FOP is fighting back.
"Removing money from our budget is not going to fix those problems," said Robert Wasoski, president of Norman FOP. "We're still going to have problems of crime, and the need for public safety and police officers in Norman."
Wasoski said the Norman City Council never listed 'defunding police' or cutting their budget on their official agenda, which he said violates the Open Meetings Act.
"Because the agenda wasn't specific and direct to what was going to be discussed or changed," said Wasoski. "We believe that was a violation."
Also, in 2015, voters passed a safety sales tax, which the FOP said requires the city to maintain a minimum number of public safety personnel. However, Wasoski said the city never filled the positions that the sales tax was supposed to create.
"Some of it has to do with possibly violating the public's trust in not fulfilling what the citizens voted for and an ordinance that was put in place," said Wasoski.
Officials said the main purpose of this lawsuit is to protect public safety in the city of Norman.
"We certainly want what's best for the citizens," Wasoski said. "We want what's best for the officers and in doing that hopefully a common ground can be reached."
News 9 reached out to Norman Mayor Breea Clark, but she doesn't have a comment on the lawsuit at this time.
Hunter McKee The Fraternal Order of Police is suing the City of Norman for what they call violations with the recent budget. News 9's Hunter McKee has the story.
As Food Prices Surge, Oklahomans Take Their Business To Local Meat Providers
Erika Lee Supply chains are under a strain due to the COVID-19 pandemic and grocery stores across the country are facing food shortages. Now, Oklahomans are looking for a new way to buy meat.
Winter Shelters Opening Tonight As Chilly Temperatures Continue
News 9 Shelters across the metro are preparing to open their doors Thursday night for people experiencing homelessness.
Embezzlement Trial Delayed For Grady Co. Commissioner As Former Employees Prepare Legal Battle
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Health Officials Discuss High Omicron Transmission Among Children, Booster Efficacy
Feliz Romero Pediatric health experts gathered for a roundtable Wednesday to discuss Omicron as it spreads among children.
Amazon Driver Shot At Multiple Times, Escapes Safely
Sylvia Corkill An Amazon delivery driver calls 911 after another driver opens fire, peppering her truck with several bullets.


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Home / Sport / Iowa's A.J. Epenesa says he's entering National Football League draft
Iowa's A.J. Epenesa says he's entering National Football League draft
Rachel Hardy | Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Iowa DE A.J. Epenesa declares for draft
Nine months ago as his former teammates celebrated National Football League draft selections or free-agent deals, A.J. Epenesa posted a photo of himself and on-field mentor Parker Hesse on Instagram.
"Over the last three years I have had the awesome opportunity to play for the University of Iowa, " he wrote. I got to live my childhood dream and represent the Black and Gold. "After long discussion with my parents and loved ones I have made a decision to follow another childhood dream and enter into the 2020 NFL Draft". Widely regarded as one of the top prospects at his position in this year's draft class, Wirfs is now projected to be a top-15 pick in April.
Epenesa was a three-year starter at Iowa, piling up 26.5 sacks (including 11.5 in 2019), eight forced fumbles and eight passes defended to go along with 101 career tackles.
Iowa junior running back Toren Young announced Tuesday he is forgoing his final year of eligibility.
The Madison, Wis., native said he plans to graduate this spring and move on from college football.
Young rushed 81 times for 432 yards (5.3 per carry) and one TD, a smaller workload than his 136 carries for 637 yards and five touchdowns in 2018.
Lampard: Chelsea have options if Abraham ruled out
Michael Schumacher doctor says he is "very altered and deteriorated".
Gareth Bale loan reports 'ridiculous', says his agent Jonathan Barnett
Browns set up 2nd meeting with GM candidate George Paton
NBA Legend Charles Barkley Predicts LeBron James Will Lose
Wisconsin pulls away from Nebraska for 82-68 win
Twitter erupts after Zion Williamson's insane run in National Basketball Association debut
Shareef O'Neal, Shaq's son, transferring from UCLA Yahoo! Sports
Zion Williamson shared a moment with a fan with myotonic dystrophy
Foul-mouthed tirades as Fognini survives five-set, two-day epic
Dembele: I'm staying at Lyon
Bruno Fernandes Move To Manchester United In Jeopardy
Auburn takes care of South Carolina on the plains
Randolph finally completes move back to West Ham
It's a great feeling to be back in the Premier League with such a fantastic club, and I can't wait to get started". I had a great time there and wish them all the very best for the rest of the season".
Purdue gives 8th-ranked Michigan State historic 71-42 beating
Also, just like in the AP Top 25, MI finished the 2019 season having played six ranked teams, going 2-4 in those games. After the game MSU coach Tom Izzo called the game "Probably the worst beating I've taken as a coach", Izzo said.
Black Shark gaming phone 3 screen first exposure: 2K @ 120Hz in Hindi
Additionally, it may have a 32MP selfie camera and will come with a powerful battery of 4500 mAh with fast charging support. But hey, I'm all for breaking boundaries when it comes to tech, so this is a welcome addition to the Black Shark 3.
Ritesh Agarwal 'sorry' as Oyo to further trim staff across verticals
Son has been a keen supporter of Oyo founder Ritesh Agarwal , helping fund the hotel company's fast worldwide expansion. OYO has arranged townhalls with senior leaders sent to major cities after the lay-offs, it further added.
Chicago Bears set to hire Bill Lazor as offensive coordinator
Prior to this past year, he had been coaching for 24 straight seasons. McCarron - should be available this offseason. Receive comprehensive coverage of the Bears.
Malaysia Airlines suspends Boeing 737 MAX jet deliveries
The US aircraft maker said in a statement on Tuesday that it delivered 380 commercial planes to airlines worldwide a year ago . The 2019 delivery tally of 380 was particularly painful coming after a record pace of 806 deliveries in 2018 .
'Highlander' Actor Stan Kirsch Dies at 51
Kirsch's other major television credits include parts in General Hospital , Love Boat: The Next Wave and JAG . Kirsch was best known for playing Richie Ryan in the Highlander TV series for six seasons from 1992-1998.
Ex-Trump adviser Michael Flynn asks feds to reverse guilty plea
A spokeswoman for the United States attorney's office in Washington did not immediately return an email seeking comment. He cooperated extensively with the government over the next year.
Kim Kardashian boos sister's ex-boyfriend Tristan Thompson at Lakers-Cavs game
He has not left Cleveland long enough to forget his connection with Love or his spirited practice competitions with Thompson. Against his former team in the Cleveland Cavaliers , James poured in a game-high 31 points while also adding eight assists.
Ranked: Barcelona open record gap over Real Madrid in Deloitte Money League
The top 10 is completed by Chelsea (€513.1m) and Juventus (€459.7m), with Arsenal (€445.6m) just missing out by a single spot.
Microsoft ends support for Windows 7 after 10 years
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Amazon's 'Lord Of The Rings' Cast Officially Announced
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BlackRock's Bold New Approach To Climate Must Include Deforestation
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Big Ben: Should the famous clock tower bong for Brexit?
Previously he has "lightheartedly" said he would go up Big Ben and bong it himself if the House of Commons does not comply. However, Brexit Party leader Nigel Farage questioned the £500,000 figure, and accused the commission of "obstruction".
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Past Games
Medal History
Youth Games
Team Scotland Medal Count
Number of Countries
Number of Athletes
Gold Medals Awarded
Official Mascot
Karak (Red-tailed Black Cockatoo)
This was the fifth Games that Australia had hosted and the first time since 1982. These were the biggest Games yet, run on an almost Olympic scale and the challenge of meeting the Commonwealth's dominant country on home soil had if anything got harder.
Scotland's athletes did themselves proud winning a total of 29 medals (11 gold, 7 silver 11 bronze) and recording their most successful Games ever. Their achievements inspired a nation with a huge public welcome on their return home and a number of awards and accolades being quite rightly bestowed on the Team and individuals alike.
29 Medals won by
173 Athletes in
14 Sports
The Team. The Sports. The Stats
Total Athletes
173 – 108 Men & 65 Women
Total Officials
74 – 52 Men & 22 Women
Overall Team
No. of Sports Participated in
Flag Bearer – Opening Ceremony
Ian Marsden, Shooting
Flag Bearer – Closing Ceremony
Gregor Tait, Swimming
Sports at Melbourne 2006
Rugby 7s
For the first time in the history of the Games, the Melbourne 2006 Queen's Baton visited every single Commonwealth nation and territory taking part in the Games, a journey of 180,000 kms (112,500 miles).
Cyclist Ross Edgar became the first athlete to win a full set of medals at a single Games with gold in the Team Sprint, silver in the Individual Sprint and bronze in the Keirin.
Melbourne 2006 Medals
View Melbourne 2006 Medallists
Melbourne 2006 Medal Facts
No Medallists: 30 team members won a total of 29 medals across nine sports. There were 11 gold medallists, including four double gold medallists – Caitlin McClatchey, Gregor Tait, David Carry and Sheena Sharp.
Top Athlete: Swimmer Gregor Tait claimed two gold (200m Backstroke and 200m Individual Medley) and two bronze (100m Backstroke and 4x100m Medley Relay), bringing his total Commonwealth Games medal haul to five following a bronze in the 200m Backstroke at Manchester 2002.
Top Female: Shooting's Sheena Sharp and swimmer Caitlin McClatchey each won two gold medals. In the Women's 50m Prone Pairs, Sheena teamed up with Susan Jackson to go one better than the silver they won in 2002, adding a second gold in the individual event. In the pool Caitlin took gold in both 200m and 400m Freestyle events, an incredible feat in Australia.
Top Sport: Swimming was the team's most successful sport winning twelve medals (six gold, three silver, three bronze). This performance made Swimming Scotland's most successful Commonwealth Games sport of all time.
First Games: 12 of the 30 medallists were competing in their first Commonwealth Games.
Repeat Medallists: 9 athletes were repeat medallists – Ross Edgar, Chris Hoy, Craig MacLean, Alex Marshall, Joyce Lindores, Sheena Sharp, Susan Jackson, and Susan Hughes.
Youth Games: 22 team members had previously competed for Scotland at the Commonwealth Youth Games, demonstrating the importance of this event.
Melbourne 2006 Image Gallery


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Q: Why is this rail signal not creating a new block? I am making a rail loop to collect all my raw materials and then take them to my processing sector.

Because of a pesky cliff, I have been forced to have my track loop back on itself. I decided that, even though this track should only see one train, to put some signals on there just in case. After setting up the signals, I noticed that the signal right after the loop was flashing and had not made a new block, despite it seeming like there was no reason for it not to.
Why is it not making a new block and how can I fix it?

A: In general, any place train tracks cross — and thus could cause trains to collide — is always one block. Your signal is flashing because the track ahead of it and the track behind it are forced to be the same block by the crossing — it is unable to do its job of splitting one block into two. (You'd get the same flashing if you put exactly one signal on a single loop of track.)
If you put a second signal on the vertical track, just above the crossing, then you will successfully split the track into two blocks: one containing the crossing and the other containing the rest of the loop.
However, it is probably a better idea to not put any signals within the loop at all, because it really isn't long enough for multiple trains to usefully occupy. Instead, just move your signal that's to the right of the crossing to the left of the crossing. That way, a train at the station will occupy a block consisting of all of the track that it's obstructing anyway.

I also suggest you remove the signal just below the crossing. Instead, place a chain signal at the beginning of the station, behind the mine loading — the place where the rear of the train will sit while it's loading. This way, there's one block for the extent of the station-when-in-use.


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Prince consort
Not to be confused with Prince's Consent.
A prince consort is the husband of a queen regnant or princess regnant who is not a monarch in his own right. In recognition of his status, a prince consort may be given a formal title, such as prince. However, most monarchies do not have formal rules on the styling of the husband of a female monarch, thus they may have no special title. Some monarchies use the title of king consort for the same role.
1 Usage in Europe
1.1 United Kingdom
1.2 Other countries
2 Usage in imperial China
3 King consort
Usage in EuropeEdit
As a title rather than description, "Prince Consort" is unique to Prince Albert. The title was awarded to him in 1857 by his wife, Queen Victoria. Before Prince Albert, there had only been five English, Scottish, or British male consorts, being the husbands of Mary I of England, Queen Anne, and Mary, Queen of Scots (Elizabeth I having died without marrying and Mary II's husband William III having been explicitly made king in his own right). The titles of these five varied widely. Mary I of England's husband Philip was declared king jure uxoris and given powers equal to his wife, but Queen Anne's husband Prince George of Denmark received no British titles other than the Dukedom of Cumberland (his princely title being Danish). Meanwhile, the official title of the three husbands of Mary, Queen of Scots was never fully resolved. At least one (Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley), was declared king consort, and both he and his predecessor Francis II of France sought recognition as king jure uxoris (under a proffered theory of the "Crown Matrimonial of Scotland"), but the title and powers of the consort were a constant issue during Mary's reign and remained unresolved when Mary was captured and executed. The only male consort since Prince Albert's death, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the late consort of Elizabeth II, was made a peer in advance of his marriage to then-Princess Elizabeth in 1947, and later a Prince of the United Kingdom during her reign as Queen, but was not titled as Prince Consort.
The distinction between the positions of prince consort and king is important in the British patriarchal hierarchical system. Within this hierarchy, the king holds a higher position in the British social hierarchy. Thus, more power is attributed to him. In cases where the hereditary monarch is female, such as Queen Victoria, who ascended to the throne in 1837, power is attributed to the queen, for she holds the highest position in the absence of a king.[1]
Clarence House announced in 2005 that when Charles, Prince of Wales becomes monarch of the United Kingdom, his second wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall would have the title of Princess Consort rather than Queen;[2] however the Duchess of Cornwall will automatically take on the title and style pertaining to the queen consort unless legislation is passed to the contrary, and as of summer 2018 all references to "princess consort" have been removed by both Buckingham Palace and Clarence House on their respective websites.[3] In 2020, however, Clarence House confirmed that plans for Camilla to adopt the style of Princess Consort remain unchanged.[4]
Other countriesEdit
Jacques I was the prince consort of Monaco in 1731 while married to the ruling princess, Louise Hippolyte.[5]
In 2005, Prince Henrik, the spouse of Margrethe II of Denmark, was awarded the title. In 2016, he announced that upon his retirement, he would revert to the title of prince that he had received at their marriage in 1967.[6][7]
Usage in imperial ChinaEdit
The imperial Chinese title of fuma (simplified Chinese: 驸马; traditional Chinese: 駙馬; pinyin: fùmǎ), and its Manchu equivalent e'fu (simplified Chinese: 额驸; traditional Chinese: 額駙; pinyin: é'fù), are sometimes translated as "prince consort". This was originally an office of the imperial household, later evolving into the title reserved for husbands of imperial princesses. These princes consort could hold other offices and titles in their own right.
King consortEdit
A king consort or emperor consort is a rarely used (or disputed) title to describe the husband of a queen regnant. Examples include:
Mary, Queen of Scots (reigned 1542–1567) married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, the eldest son of the Earl and Countess of Lennox in July 1565. Darnley was a great-grandson of King Henry VII of England and Mary's first cousin, and he was considered to have a strong claim to the Scottish throne. On the evening before their marriage, Mary proclaimed Darnley "King of Scots", a title that she could not legally grant him without the consent of Parliament, but which was never formally challenged. However, this title did not grant him any automatic right of rule or of succession to the throne should Mary die. For that to happen, it was necessary that Mary grant him the Crown Matrimonial of Scotland, which never happened.
When Queen Mary I of Portugal ascended to the throne in 1777, her husband became "king consort" as Peter III.
After Queen Mary II of Portugal gave birth to her first son in 1837, her husband – Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – was made king consort in accordance with the article 90 of the Portuguese Constitutional Charter, as Ferdinand II of Portugal. He retained the style and title of king even after the death of Mary II and her succession by their children Peter V and then Louis I.
Queen Victoria (reigned 1837–1901) wanted to make her husband Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha "king consort" but the British government refused to introduce a bill allowing it, as Albert was a foreigner.[8] She instead gave him the title of prince consort in 1857.
When the reigning Isabella II married Francis, Duke of Cádiz, he became King Consort of Spain. Like his wife, he retained the style and title of king even after her abdication in favour of their son, Alphonso XII.
Consort crown
Jure uxoris
Princess consort
Queen consort
List of British consorts
Category:Kings consort
^ Klein, P. (2017). Kings & Queens. Library Journal, 142(8), 37-39.
^ "Announcement of the marriage of HRH The Prince of Wales and Mrs Camilla Parker Bowles". www.princeofwales.gov.uk. TRH The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. February 10, 2005. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017. Mrs Parker Bowles will use the title HRH The Duchess of Cornwall after marriage. It is intended that Mrs Parker Bowles should use the title HRH The Princess Consort when The Prince of Wales accedes to The Throne.
^ Furness, Hannah (10 March 2018). "Could Camilla become Queen after all? Clarence House quietly removes statement about Duchess of Cornwall's future role". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Hudson, Wesley (3 March 2020). "Camilla will not be Queen when Charles becomes King - Clarence House confirms title". Daily Express. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
^ "Prince Jacques I of Monaco: Prior Owner of Matignon, the French Prime Minister's Residence in Paris". HelloMonaco. 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ "Dronningen i sin nytårstale: Prins Henrik går på pension". Politiken.dk (in Danish). 31 December 2015. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
^ "Denmark's Prince Henrik renounces title as Prince Consort". Xinhuanet, China-Europe. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ Weintraub, Stanley (1997). Albert: Uncrowned King. London: John Murray. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7195-5756-9.
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