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A Jagelló Anna magyar királynévá koronázása az az esemény, amelynek során a mohácsi csatában odaveszett II. Lajos magyar király nővérét, valamint II. Ulászló magyar király és Candale-i Anna lányát, a 24 éves Annát, miután egy évvel korábban Pozsonyban 1526. december 17-én Anna férjét, Habsburg Ferdinánd osztrák főherceget királlyá választotta a magyar országgyűlés Szapolyai János ellenében, a férje királlyá koronázása után egy nappal, 1547. november 4-én Székesfehérvárott Podmaniczky István nyitrai püspök magyar királynévé koronázta. Miután I. Ferdinánd kizárólag szabad választás jogán jutott a magyar királyi trónra, nem pedig öröklés, a Habsburg–Jagelló házassági szerződés révén, tehát nem Anna hercegnő jogán töltötte be azt, így Anna nem lett a saját jogán uralkodó királynő, hanem csak az ország koronázott királynéja.

Előzmények: Magyar hercegnőből magyar királyné
Miután II. Lajos 1526-ban a mohácsi csatában meghalt, Magyarországon két markánsan eltérő vélemény alakult ki az új király személyét illetően.

1526. október 14-én Hainburgban találkozott Ferdinánd és özvegy Mária királyné, ahol megegyeztek, hogy az 1515. július 19-ei bécsi királytalálkozón kötött házassági szerződés alapján a Magyarországgal kapcsolatos jogaikat, ha kell, fegyverrel is érvényesítik, és királyválasztó országgyűlést tartanak. A hainburgi tanácskozáson, amely október 14-től 17-ig tartott, részt vett Anna főhercegné is, továbbá Mária kíséretében pedig Szalaházi Tamás veszprémi püspök és Thurzó Elek országbíró. Ferdinándot a cseh rendek 1526. október 23-án választották királlyá.

A magyarok egy része azonban a rákosi végzés értelmében nem akart idegen uralkodót, és mivel Anna házassága is a rendek beleegyezése nélkül történt meg, 1526. november 10-én Székesfehérvárott királlyá választották Szapolyai Jánost, akit másnap, november 11-én ugyanott királlyá koronáztak.

Az özvegy Mária királyné által november 23-ára Komáromba összehívott országgyűlés, mely azonban Pozsonyban ült össze 1526. december 17-én, csak egyedül Anna férjét, Ferdinándot választotta királlyá, Annát nem, és a rendek ki is hangsúlyozták, hogy I. Ferdinánd kizárólag szabad választás jogán jutott a magyar királyi trónra, nem pedig öröklés, a Habsburg–Jagelló házassági szerződés révén, tehát nem Anna hercegnő jogán töltötte azt be.

Az új magyar királyné főpohárnoka (pohárnokmestere) Petrőczy Pál lett, akinek fennmaradt egy magyar nyelvű levele 1526. decemberéből, melyet Batthyány Ferenc horvát bánhoz írt, és amely nyelvtörténetileg is fontos adalékkal szolgált, hiszen ez az első dokumentált említése az olyan figura etymologicának, mint a jöttön-jön.

Ferdinánd és Anna cseh királlyá és királynévá koronázása a választást követő évben történt meg. Ferdinándot 1527. február 24-én koronázták meg, míg Annát a következő napon, február 25-én Prágában.

Anna magyar királynévá koronázása

Ferdinánd és Anna magyar királlyá és királynévá koronázása szintén a választást követő évben zajlott le. Ferdinánd már magyar királyként először 1527. július 31-én Köpcsénynél lépett magyar földre, pontosan azon a napon, amikor Anna világra hozta az elsőszülött fiukat, Miksa trónörököst Bécsben, de az apa nem szakította meg az útját, és az év további részét is Magyarországon töltötte, ekkor azonban a második gyermekszülésén éppen átesett felesége még érthető okokból nem követte őt a szülőhazájába. Anna királyné a sógornője, Mária özvegy királyné társaságában 1527. október 13-án utazott Bécsből Pozsonyba, és innen mentek hajóval Anna szülővárosába, Budára. "Mária fekete posztóval bevont hajón és gyászruhás kísérettel evezett le a Dunán Pozsonyból Budára, míg sógorasszonya bíborszínű posztóval ékesített hajón érkezett oda." Budán csatlakoztak Ferdinándhoz, és október 29-én mentek együtt Székesfehérvárra "háromezret számláló gyalog és lovas csapat s 14 ágyú kíséretében." Október 31-én vonultak be a koronázó városba. Perényi Péter koronaőr november 2-án érkezett Fehérvárra Temesvárról a Szent Koronával. 13 püspök volt jelen a koronázásnál, köztük Várdai Pál esztergomi érsek, Szalaházi Tamás egri és Podmaniczky István nyitrai püspök. Másnap, november 3-án zajlott le Ferdinánd koronázása, amely mindenben Szapolyai János 1526. november 11-ei királlyá kenését követte, így Ferdinándot sem az esztergomi érsek, hanem a nyitrai püspök koronázta királlyá. Annának a következő nap, november 4-én szintén nem a királynékat hagyományosan koronázó veszprémi püspök helyezte a fejére a koronát, mivel ez a tisztség nem volt betöltve, így őt is Podmaniczky István koronázta meg. Anna királyné a szertartás idején lázas beteg volt, és a férfi kiszolgáló személyzete az ekkor Magyarországon dúló járvány áldozata lett.

Anna királyné koronázásáról a sziléziai születésű Caspar Ursinus Velius (eredeti nevén Caspar Bernhardi) (1493 körül–1539), I. Ferdinánd történetírója így számolt be latin nyelven, melyet Szebelédi Zsolt fordított magyarra: "A következő napon hasonló pompával és előkészületekkel, mint amilyennel az előző napon a királyt megkoronázták, Anna fejére is ráhelyezték a koronát. Nem azt a Szent Koronát, amellyel régi szokás szerint a királyokat koronázzák, hanem egy nem annyira régi, ám pompás és jókora, igen nagy értékű gyöngyökkel díszített másik koronát. Őt a királlyal együtt, aki a koronáját maga is a fején viselte, a templomba kísérték. Akkor a templomban, miután a menyasszonyi fátyolt levette, kiengedett hajjal a király és Mária királyné között felment, és a főoltár előtt megállt. Ezután szokás szerint felkenték és megkoronázták. Asszonyi tekintetéről a királynői tekintéllyel egyesülve sugárzott a szemérem és a szépség. Már két gyermeket szült, az országok felett pedig férjével igen szerencsésen uralkodott. Az összes ma élő királynő közül kiemelkedő dísz és a házastársi tisztaság mintája volt. A koronázás napjának további részét lakomával, tánccal töltötték. A szürkületben a nemes és válogatott ifjúság hadijátékot mutatott be. A játékot a királyi palota előtti téren tartották. A jeles fiatalok erősen felfegyverzett lovakon két csoportra oszolva felálltak, és támadásba lendültek. A hadijátékot a trójai háború után, elferdített kifejezéssel a romlott utókor torneamentum-nak nevezi. A következő napon lóversenyt rendeztek a város határáig és vissza. Megtekintésére a király és a királynék is a legelőkelőbbekkel együtt kivonultak a hippodrom-hoz. A városból az emberek hatalmas tömege tódult ki a látványosságra. A versenyben Mária királyné lova a többieket messze maga mögött hagyva, könnyen elnyerte a pálmát."

Következmények: Anna magyar trónöröklési joga
Az 1505. október 13-ai rákosi végzés értelmében a magyar rendek ugyan kifejezésre juttatták azon óhajukat, hogy II. Ulászló fiúörökös nélküli halála esetén többé nem választanak idegen uralkodót, valamint a leányági öröklést, így Anna hercegnő trónöröklési jogát nem ismerik el, és a pozsonyi országgyűlés 1526. december 17-én csak egyedül Anna férjét, Ferdinándot választotta királlyá, ami szerint I. Ferdinánd kizárólag szabad választás jogán jutott a magyar királyi trónra, nem pedig öröklés, a Habsburg–Jagelló házassági szerződés révén, tehát nem Anna hercegnő jogán töltötte azt be, I. Ferdinánd és különösen Anna királyné fontosnak tartotta a trónöröklési jogának elismertetését, és hogy ezt utódaira, elsősorban a fiúutódokra is kiterjessze. Ferdinánd királlyá választásakor nem szabályozták a további trónöröklést, és bár Anna hercegnő elfogadta azt a tényt, hogy belőle nem Magyarország királynője, ellentétben I. (Nagy) Lajos leányával, Mária királynővel 1382-ben, hanem csak királynéja lett, ahogy Anna dédanyja, Zsigmond király lánya, Luxemburgi Erzsébet 1437-ben, ugyanakkor Erzsébet jogait az 1439-es budai országgyűlés (1439. május 29.) elismerte, és férje örökösévé nyilvánította, de Anna a fiai számára igyekezett továbbörökíteni a trónöröklési jogait.
Anna királyné 1532-ben lemondott az akkor már megszületett fiai, Miksa (1527–1576) és Ferdinánd (1529–1595) javára a magyar és cseh trónöröklési jogáról, de fenntartotta magának azt a lehetőséget, hogyha túlélné a férjét, I. Ferdinándot, akkor saját maga kormányozná Magyar- és Csehországot. Anna királyné azonban még a férje életében, 1547. január 27-én gyermekszülés következtében meghalt, ugyanakkor elsőszülött fia, Miksa ekkor már 19 éves volt, és az 1547. november 15-ei nagyszombati országgyűlésen az 1547: 5. törvény kimondta, hogy "[...] az ország rendei és karai magukat nemcsak Ő felsége, hanem örökösei uralmának és hatalmának is örök időre alávetették [...]." E törvény értelmében kérték Ferdinándot, hogy mivel az udvarát nem Magyarország területén tartja, így elsőszülött fia, Miksa jöjjön személyesen az országba, és kormányozzon apja nevében. E törvény ugyan elismerte a Habsburg-ház trónöröklési jogát, bár a trónöröklés rendjét nem szabályozta, és ezzel a trónbetöltés jogalapja a Habsburg-házon belül továbbra is a választás maradt, de csak I. Ferdinánd és Jagelló Anna leszármazottainak biztosította a trónöröklés jogát, Ferdinánd bátyjának, V. Károly német-római császárnak a leszármazottait, azaz a spanyol Habsburgokat kizárta. I. Ferdinánd az 1538-as váradi békében még bátyja, V. Károly császár és törvényes fiúutódai számára is elismertette a Magyarországra vonatkozó trónöröklési jogát, bár a spanyol ág trónöröklését az 1543-as és 1547-es végrendeleteiben ejtette, és I. Ferdinánd fiúleszármazottainak kihalása esetére a leányokra szállt a trónbetöltés joga, viszont Ferdinánd e végrendelkezései csak házi jellegűek voltak, azoknak nem volt kötelező érvénye Magyarországra vonatkozóan.

Jegyzetek

Források

 Csekey István: A magyar trónöröklési jog. Jogtörténelmi és közjogi tanulmány oklevélmellékletekkel, Athenaeum, Budapest, 1917.
 Fraknói Vilmos: A magyar királyválasztások története, Athenaeum, Budapest, 1921.
Hamann, Brigitte (szerk.): Habsburg lexikon, Új Géniusz, Budapest, 414 oldal, 1990.

 Solymosi László (szerk.): Magyarország történeti kronológiája, főszerk.: Benda Kálmán, Budapest, 1981.

 Turba, Gustav: Geschichte des Thronfolgerechtes in allen habsburgischen Ländern bis zur pragmatischen Sanktion Kaiser Kars VI. 1156 bis 1732. Verlag der kaiserlichen und königlichen Hof-Buchdruckerei és Hof-Verlags-Buchhandlung Carl Fromme, Bécs és Lipcse, 1903.
Ursinus, Caspar Velius (Caspar Bernhardi): Tíz könyv a magyar háborúról, ford.: Szebelédi Zsolt, Attraktor, Máriabesnyő, 2013. (1531 és 1537 között íródott, 1. hasonmás latin nyelvű kiadása nyomtatásban: Kollar, Adam Franciscus: De bello Pannonico libri decem, Bécs, 1762.)

További információk

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
Candale-i Anna magyar királynévá koronázása Székesfehérváron 1502-ben
Habsburg–Jagelló házassági szerződés

Koronázás
Középkori magyar események
Magyarország történelme
1527
Székesfehérvár történelme


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Turkey's own independent gazette
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Turkish drones are real threat to enemies: UK defense chief
British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace has said that the drones developed by Baykar present "real challenges to the enemy," adding that the Bayraktar TB2 "and its accompanying munitions combine technical abilities with an affordability that means their commanders can tolerate some attrition while presenting real challenges to the enemy."
Sunday December 13 2020 05:27 pm
Turkey's unmanned aerial vehicle, the Bayraktar TB2, has been responsible for the destruction of hundreds of armored vehicles and even air defense systems in Syria, Libya, and elsewhere, the UK's defense secretary said on Dec. 11.
"The roots of these drones are born out of Turkish innovation," Ben Wallace said in a webinar organized by the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies (RUSI), a British security think tank.
"Prevented from gaining access to exquisite foreign programs, they [Turkey] did what we used to do so well – they innovated."
Wallace said the Turkish drone has the capability to present "real challenges to the enemy."
"The TB2 and its accompanying munitions combine technical abilities with an affordability that means their commanders can tolerate some attrition while presenting real challenges to the enemy," he said.
Wallace also delved into the changing landscape of global conflicts and the threats faced by the UK today.
"We have a tendency in the West to divide a conflict between war-fighting and the sub-threshold, when in fact today's conflicts are carried out through typically non-violent but undoubtedly hostile activities," he said.
"This division might give comfort to our 'rule of law' approach, but it drives a static war and peace disposition. This makes us deeply vulnerable to those that don't play by the same rules, especially below the threshold."
He stressed that strides made by the UK's adversaries "in new domains and their investment choices aren't by accident."
"They are a result of a studied approach to our strengths and weaknesses. They are fluid, we are static. They use readiness, innovation and presence, while we remain entirely predictable in our processes and posture," Wallace said.
"In truth, they are masters of the sub-threshold while we tie ourselves up in self-imposed risk matrixes, contradictory legal frameworks, and often bureaucratic barriers."
'The threat has moved and we must move with it'
On evolving security threats in the world, Wallace said the use of "cyber, organized crime, electronic warfare, proxy fighters and disinformation can be seen on every continent."
He laid out examples in the UK's history of failing to modernize defense, pointing out instances of officers "dismissing new technologies, or failing to recognize that the battlefield had changed before their very eyes."
"In 1921 the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Lee argued for the abolition of the submarine … Many will be familiar with the reported quotes of Field Marshal [Douglas] Haig who argued that the value of the horse would be as great as ever," he said.
"There are, in fact, too many examples and while some of the quotes I use may exaggerate those historic failures, the sobering fact remains that many of us are still not leading the way, but watching others do so."
Emphasizing the need for the UK to review its approach to defense, Wallace warned: "The threat has moved, and we must move with it."
"I do believe that we are no longer leading and innovating enough. We are in danger of being prepared only for the big fight that may never come, whilst our adversaries might choose to outflank it even if it does."
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The Division coordinates leisure and health packages and activities on the Cambridge Battle Memorial Recreation Heart , the Gold Star Mothers' Pool and summer season kids's activities at neighborhood parks and playgrounds. iFit makes use of Amazon Route fifty three extensively, notably to convey up new DNS stacks in growth environments. The company makes use of AWS Elastic Beanstalk to handle its legacy Java utility on the AWS Cloud and depends on Amazon Simple Piece of email Service (Amazon SES) to deal with roughly 100,000 system e-mail messages per day.


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Home Latest News No going back on war against corruption – FG
No going back on war against corruption – FG
The Federal Government has called on Nigerians not to be discouraged by the recent setbacks in the war against corruption, promising that the serial negative outcome of corruption cases that were recorded at the high court would not dampen the anti-graft battle.
In a statement issued in Abuja on Tuesday, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, minister of Information and Culture, assured Nigerians that the government has appealed against all the negative decisions, and would vigorously canvass its case at the level of the Court of Appeal.
He also disclosed that all the judgments were being rigorously reviewed "to determine whether there were errors on our part or whether the government is the victim of mischief".
"The war against corruption is going to be long, tough and arduous, but this administration is equipped, physically, mentally and intellectually, for the long haul. We must win this war because the law is on our side, the people are on our side and God is on our side. This is only the beginning, so any setback will not deter or discourage us," the minister said.
He appealed to Nigerians to continue to identify with what he described as a titanic struggle, noting: "This is not Buhari's war. It is Nigeria's war of liberation from poverty, misery, sickness and wretchedness."
Mohammed said Nigeria could not afford unnecessary technicalities as far as the war against corruption is concerned, especially because of the adverse and devastating consequences of corruption on the polity.
"Nigerians will appreciate more the grave and dire consequences of corruption when they consider that the $9.2 million found in a village house in Southern Kaduna can finance the construction of one health centre in each of the 774 local governments in Nigeria and fund them for one year.
"Against this background, one can therefore imagine what Nigeria could have achieved with the $20 billion that was estimated to have been looted in the last 3 years of the immediate past administration, either in the areas of job creation or infrastructural development.
"The government is therefore more determined than ever to recover as much of this plundered funds as possible and use them to put our youths back to work, fix our roads and other infrastructure, equip our hospitals and universities and invest in electricity in order to bring our industries back to life and bring back some level of comfort to our homes and offices," he said.
Alhaji Lai Mohammed
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Nigerian Newspapers
war against corruption
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Sam is a tree. A willow tree. And he is bored to death, upright, alone on the pavement in the middle of this big city. In spite of the company of the birds, the roadsweepers and the neighbourhood children, he needs to feel close to friends of his own species. It's not easy for a tree to feel itself without root. For Sam not passing away of tiresome loneliness, the children will act as little gardeners to give him company. From seeds to shoots, from cuttings to buds, a garden will grow and push the concrete away. A garden in the city.


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Pressley: I'm hoping our home form will continue
Town haven't lost a league game at Highbury since December
Steven Pressley is hoping his side's form at Highbury will continue on Tuesday evening when Town welcome Walsall to the Fylde Coast.
The Cod Army haven't lost on home soil since December 28th against Wigan Athletic, so will be looking to extend their run against the Saddlers.
Town were defeated 2-1 at Burton Albion on Saturday afternoon, with Mark Duffy's brace in each half increasing the Brewers' lead at the top of the Sky Bet League One table.
Pressley said: "As I said post match on Saturday there's been very few occasions since I've been here where I've been disappointed with the way we've gone about things.
"Saturday was a blip because we were in really good form before that, and given the way we had played I expected us to go to the league leaders and win.
"That's the standards we've set and the players can't fall below those. Going there expecting to win shows we're going in the right direction.
"I know how disappointed the boys were but that's why I love this group of players. They're a very honest group who want to do really well."
The Scotsman was impressed by Walsall's performance away at Chesterfield at the weekend, as they ran out comfortable 4-1 winners.
"I watched their game back and it wasn't just the result that impressed me, it was the performance too as it was a very positive one.
"They've had a fantastic season so far so it's going to be a really tough game for us. We're at home though and it's a place where we've had some really positive results.
"We can take a big step towards survival though if we win this game in hand, and the players need to respond because it's a game that can enhance our chances of staying up."


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This is a nice little brass bow lantern.
Lantern stands 11 inches tall including the handle and 5 inches across the flat back. It has red and green glass 115 degree lenses and is electrified.
This little guy shows some ware, there is a pretty good smoosh on the starboard side, and small dents on the port side.


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CATE WEST: THE VANISHING FILES (DS)
Publisher: Oxygen Interactive Software.
Developer: Gamenauts.
Released: October 2009 (Europe).
Genre: Mystery; Puzzle. Other versions: WII; PC.
Posted 23rd April 2015.
By Tom Clare © 2015
Part mystery, part observational puzzler, Cate West: The Vanishing Files first appeared on mobile platforms and PC in 2008, before making its way to Nintendo formats eighteen months later. A DS port was a smart move for this casual-friendly title, as the stylus is a natural fit for picking out clues. Whilst nothing to write home about, it's absorbing enough to guarantee an easy means of losing half an hour here and there. But whilst an intriguing narrative adds impetus, it's ultimately weighed down by technical issues and repetitive gameplay.
The titular heroine is a crime writer with the gift (or curse) of psychic visions, and has developed a sixth sense for unearthing leads. The local police enlist her help in solving some dead-end cases, dubbed "The Vanishing Files", and this manifests itself in the form of 15 cases, each with four subtly different search 'n' find exercises, plus an interlude that tasks you with identifying the criminal from some clues and a line-up.
The first and most prominent section is "Find Clues". Put simply, this involves finding ten items on a checklist that are hidden amidst a busy static backdrop, which the player can pore over with the stylus. It's accompanied by a generous time limit, though the player is penalised thirty seconds for "random tapping", which is a smart means of ensuring you can't just spam your way through the game. It highlights the best and worst of Cate West. On the plus side, it's surprisingly challenging, and offers a solid hook in bursts that's suitable to its portable environment. The problem is, they can start to feel a little onerous, as the DS's lack of visual clarity can rather submerge items in the backgrounds. Some of them prove an almost-exact palette match for the walls, windows or other surrounds within which they're camouflaged, and too often you're reduced to looking for a few stray pixels. Furthermore, the scale of each item, which isn't hinted at in the clues, can vary wildly and generally has little bearing how an item might appear in reality, so it's not uncommon to see super-sized dominos and flowers confusingly mixing it with tiny trophies and televisions.
Hey! It's my living roo-... I've said too much
Maple Avenue: where suspicious people live
Typewriter of death
And whilst in the latter puzzles you're given an idea of what the items may look like, finding them from a checklist can be unreliable. Every now and then, you'll unearth an item that, with the best will in the world, bears no resemblance to what you've been looking for. There's various bits of fruit that appear the wrong shape and colour, various items have virtually no detail with which to identify them and in once instance, I discovered a box of matches that was essentially just a small block of whiteness, hidden rather inconveniently against a white wall.
So you'll have to take the rough with the smooth at times. "Gather Evidence" is a little better as it's a similar format, except you're given images of the items and all-told, this makes for less head-scratching moments. "Match the Crime Scene", the final segment of each quest, is essentially the inverse of this as you must put items back into place that are missing in a split-screen comparison. Another that uses this neat innovation is "Confirm Hideout", literally a game of spot the difference but one that's good fun and somewhat less troublesome than the earlier challenges, and is likely the most enjoyable.
The story is inviting though simplistic, and prone to post-case discussions that tend to repeat the sentiment that Cate and her intrepid bunch are no closer to solving the wider mystery than before, as they must wait for contact from the sinister "M" to move things forward. It's also a bit of a shame the puzzle-book nature of the challenges proves so incongruous to the cases themselves, as none of the items or locations bare any significance to the ongoing narrative. Aside identifying the criminal from a line-up, you're rarely called to solve anything through logic or deduction, meaning story and gameplay can feel like two unconnected entities. Nevertheless, there's no denying it's conveyed with some degree of style. Animated stills and swift, attractive text-box conversations move things along, and the game is given a surprising ambient weight by some impressive, sombre mystery music.
More crimes than Midsomer in murder season
Time to rule out the ruler from this investigation
Portcullis: because hideouts with doors are crap
Graphically it struggles for clarity against other versions, and whilst this wouldn't usually be a sticking point, it does affect the gameplay. There's plenty of detail to each scene, tonnes in fact, but with items blending and blurring together in a mess of colour, it makes identifying items a bit of a peering contest. Fortunately, there's a handy hint system which can bail you out after a certain period of inaction, the repeated use of which makes for a small dent in your score but saves you a world of frustration.
The variances make for a complimentary mix that, for the most part, delivers pretty solid gameplay. There are over one hundred puzzles in total, though it does start to get a bit repetitive before the end, a sensation that's not helped by a heavier focus on the laborious "Gather Evidence" sections as the story progresses. Inevitably, there's also a host of backdrops that are returned to, with slightly rearranged items, or different checklists to complete.
Cate West: The Vanishing Files may not live long in the memory, but if it hooks you, there's plenty of mileage in some mostly quite well-conceived puzzles. It's smartly designed and offers some neat presentation and at least the outline of an intriguing story. The DS struggles to offer the visual sharpness needed for the kind of scrutiny demanded of its backdrops, but Gamenauts must shoulder some of the blame for item design that's occasionally a little too ambiguous or well-hidden. A few concessions to this might have helped a little, but in the end, The Vanishing Files is alright.
Similar to...
Prof. Layton and the Curious Village
Visual: 5/10
Audio: 6/10
Gameplay: 5/10
Longevity: 5/10
Vid by mfcx42
BUY THE GAME HERE


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Beyond the BYOB and the Bistro
By Kirsten Henri·	 1/17/2008, 10:19 a.m.
Devoted foodies and restaurant newbies love Foobooz. Sign up now for our twice weekly newsletter.
We have a lot of BYOB's in Philly, for multiple reasons that have been dissected ad nauseum here and here and here. We're currently in the midst of a French revolution with Coquette, Cochon, Zinc and the soon-to-open Starr spot Parc. Let's not forget the steady stream of steakhouses.
At Foobooz, we're wondering what kinds of restaurants YOU would like to see open in the next year? Do you want more husband-and-wife-helmed BYOBs? More roast pork stands? More Qdoba's?
We can't speak for Mr. Foobooz, but we love beer bars with food (a.k.a gastropubs) and think they're the Philly signature food experience. So much so that we've championed them here. And we were rightfully appalled when Nation's Restaurant News pretended that they were invented in New York, as was the San Francisco Chronicle's food critic Michael Bauer.
Comment away.
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Here for sale is 960W Complete Off Grid Solar System with 6*160W solar panel, 45A solar controller, 6 sets Z brackets, 2 pcs 5m(16.4\') 4mm² solar cables (totally 32.8\') and a solar combiner box.
Our 160 Watts 18 Volts mono Solar Panel is the key component to a system when going off the grid. These panels are relatively compact and are a breeze to set up. Whether you are going camping in the mountains or taking a trip to the beach, this panel can be a great start to your off-grid system!
The 160 Watts 18Volts mono Solar Panel has several uses including marine, dry camp, and other off-grid applications. It also have the capability of withstanding heavy snow and strong wind loads.
Note: The combiner box will be shipped from China .


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Ford Taurus: Case Study in Unlovable Gas Efficiency When gas prices rise, auto manufacturers respond. Consumers aren't always happy with the outcome, however. John Heitman, professor of technology at the University of Dayton, talks with NPR's Scott Simon.
Ford Taurus: Case Study in Unlovable Gas Efficiency
When gas prices rise, auto manufacturers respond. Consumers aren't always happy with the outcome, however. John Heitman, professor of technology at the University of Dayton, talks with NPR's Scott Simon.
SCOTT SIMON, host:
It's no wonder the trains are gaining riders, what with gas prices soaring. Americans are buying fewer cars. Overall auto sales are down about eight percent so far this year. Sales of SUVs and trucks have dropped 23 percent, according to US News & World Report.
When prices rise, auto manufacturers respond. John Heitman teaches the history of technology at the University of Dayton in Ohio. His latest research is on the automobile in American life, and Professor Heitman joins us from the studios of WYSO in Yellow Springs, Ohio. Professor, thanks very much for being with us.
Mr. JOHN HEITMAN (Professor of Technology, University of Dayton): Thank you.
SIMON: Remind us of what happened in 1973. That's when the oil-producing nations increased prices across the board.
Mr. HEITMAN: Right. What Detroit found was those big, gas-guzzling, heavy vehicles that had been the main staple, really since the postwar era, all of a sudden that market had shrank pretty precipitously, and what we see happening is the rise of Japanese cars in the automobile market in the United States.
SIMON: We should remind ourselves that when Japanese cars first came into the U.S. market, there was some disdain because they didn't look like the American cars, they weren't big like that, but they turned out to be, many of them, beautifully engineered for a new era.
Mr. HEITMAN: Yeah, particularly by the early 1970s, where we begin to see the appearance of the Honda Civic, which was very clean in terms of emissions, and here we're going on with 14-, 16-mile-per-gallon large cruisers. So we were totally unprepared for really what was far more, with Oil Shock One, a fear of a shortage of supply than actually shortage of supply.
SIMON: Now what happened in 1979? You had, if you please, a change of regime when the Shah was overthrown in Iran.
Mr. HEITMAN: Right. Rather than respond to the challenge of '73 in a very positive and forceful way, we tended to drift in Detroit. By the end of the decade, we were ill-prepared for Oil Shock Two, and what we see is the auto companies finally take very seriously, across the board in production models, aerodynamics.
Essentially, a great portion of fuel consumption is a result of wind resistance, so over time, with aerodynamics, cars begin far more to look alike in terms of profile.
And so, you know, if you grew up in the 1950s, for example, like myself, almost every young man that I knew was a car-spotter. You know, at 100 yards, we could spot a Desoto or a Dodge or whatever. I mean, you know, the quintessential aerodynamic production car that hit the market in the '80s is a result of really Oil Shock Two - was the Ford Taurus, and that was affectionately called the flying potato because that's what it looks like when it's on the road.
SIMON: To bring us up to today, what do you think of hybrids?
Mr. HEITMAN: When we get to the plug-in electrics, I think that's probably our future. For example, Toyota right now is having a difficult time getting batteries for their hybrids.
SIMON: Because they're selling so many hybrids?
Mr. HEITMAN: Yes. Anything that they get on the lot, they can sell.
SIMON: We already have some anecdotal evidence that Americans aren't taking road trips, for example, during Memorial Day weekend that was recently past and perhaps might be cutting down on road trips this summer. Do you expect that to become more a way of life than just a phenomenon?
Mr. HEITMAN: I think to some degree, you're probably right. You know, people are still going to take road trips. There may be more people in the car. They may be shorter trips, but this notion of freedom and individuality and status, that's not going to go away, and we really like our convenience.
You know, unlike a rail trip, you go when you want to go, come back when you want to come back. Americans have been wedded to the road since the Model T and auto-camping in the period of World War I. I don't think that's going to go away.
Mr. HEITMAN: John Heitman, who's a professor of history at the University of Dayton, thanks so much.
Mr. HEITMAN: Thank you.


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Motley Crue Have Two Unreleased Songs With Former Singer
Michael Angulia | 04-05-2021
Former Motley Crue frontman John Corabi confirmed in a new interview that there are two songs that he cowrote with the band that have not been released.
Corabi replaced Vince Neil as the lead vocalist in the band in 1992 and they release one album together, 1994's self-titled record, before the group decided to reunite with Neil.
John was a guest on a recent episode of the Chuck Shute Podcast and was asked about rumors of two songs that were reportedly cowritten with producer Bob Rock for an anticipated new album.
Corabi confirmed that there were two songs but he set the record straight on Rock's involvement. He said, "No, Bob never. Now, he may have been involved after I left but all the songs were written by me, Tommy [Lee], Nikki [Sixx] and Mick [Mars]."
He explained, "There is a song called 'The Year I Lived A Day.' And then 'La Dolce Vita' was just means the sweet life and we wrote that one. That was just jamming. And again, it was just like 'La Dolce Vita' was. It was an odd tune. If this even remotely makes any sense to anybody, it was 'No Quarter' by Led Zeppelin meets something from 'Dark Side of The Moon', Pink Floyd meets Motley Crue, if that came in.
"It was just like this, literally seven minutes song that had all these volumes changes. It was really mellow and it would get really heavy, and then it would come back down again.
"And then it would go to the left and it would you know, guitar riffing, and then come back down again, and then back up and it was like this really long, epic...".
He was asked what happened to the tracks and he responded, "When I left, I turned in all my tapes and everything to the band, and that was that." Stream the full episode here.
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When I had a medical procedure done a couple of weeks ago, the person who stayed with me watched the movie The Bucket List while I slept after the procedure. That made me think of coffee, both the coffee that is, ahem, produced by the cats, and the "Chock full o' Nuts" cans. I decided to see if the "Chock" coffee was a real thing, and indeed it is. I ordered some on Amazon, and I have to say, it is very good. You can make it as weak or as strong as you like, and it's very mild either way.
Dave Matthews and the Dalai Lama, Syracuse, New York, October 9, 2012.
Help, somebody shrank the Dalai Lama!
Read more about Help, somebody shrank the Dalai Lama!


Conservatives in this country — Republicans — are prepared to dispatch the country's military in any and all international crisis situations. I would say, before we send the 82nd Airborne to face down Mr. Putin, maybe we should send them to Nevada to round-up Cliven Bundy and his posse of militia desperadoes. Nevada is a lot closer than the Ukraine, and certainly makes more sense.
The disputed land where Mr. Bundy's cattle now roam is federal land that was leased for grazing purposes. Some time ago however it was re-designated as a protected habitat for the soft-shelled tortoise. The Bureau of Land Management (in its role of caretaker for federal lands) has the right to do this. Understand, it's not written anywhere (in any sacred text) that Cliven Bundy has exclusive use of this land into perpetuity. Bundy's principle claim is that his family homesteaded in the area back in 1877. That's all well and good. But the cattle are not on the homesteaded property, and a homestead — under the Federal Homestead Act — was one hundred and sixty acres. The cattle at the center of the controversy are on federal lease land, for which the payments have been in arrears going back to 1993. In other words, Mr. Bundy is a deadbeat rancher.
It would seem that he and his followers take exception to the idea that the soft-shell tortoise has a place in the grander scheme of things. Let's be real. We should all hope, in our enlightened day and age, that as a society we've made some progress in the last 150 years in how we view these public land use issues. This is not the 1880's. And in terms of a natural, a priori claim, the soft-shell tortoise certainly has precedence. Probably it and its kind were there tens — and maybe hundreds — of thousands of years before Mr. Bundy and his cattle.
From a practical and strictly legal point of view, the land does not belong to Cliven Bundy. It is federal land — always has been. And — as already mentioned — the racist rancher owes more than a million dollars in grazing fees going back to 1993. Probably it's time to evict the free-loading cowboy and the militia mob camped out on his property.
Maybe it should be remembered that back in 1993 — just outside Waco, Texas — federal ATF personnel launched a raid on the com-pond of the Branch Davidian religious sect. The group was charged with weapon's violations. And there were allegations of child abuse, involving under-age girls, against David Koresh the group's founder and leader. Here the government showed no reluctance to use its whole federal arsenal, ATF personnel, the FBI and tanks to wipe out and destroy a small religious sect that had a somewhat separatist view of Christianity — which in my reading of the constitution was wholly their right. It also should be remembered that Jesus was an Essene, a separatist sect from the Jewish mainstream.
The same conservatives who today decry the governments re-designation of the land as a protected habitat, who want to support Mr. Bundy's claim to land he doesn't own, these same people though are in favor of the Keystone Pipeline and see no inconsistency in a foreign (Canadian) company appropriating for its commercial use private land that belongs to Nebraska farmers. This makes no logical sense, and is a little ridiculous if you think about it.
Getting back though to Mr. Bundy, if the media were all just to decamp and go home probably his devoted militia buddies would as well. And the whole situation would — over time — defuse itself.


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WAVEGUIDE TYPE OPTICAL ISOLATOR AND MAGNET HOLDER USED IN WAVEGUIDE TYPE OPTICAL ISOLATOR
A waveguide type optical isolator comprises a substrate, a waveguiding layer provided with waveguides, a magnetic garnet, magnetic field applying means, and a package substrate, wherein a first magnet and a second magnet is provided as the magnetic field applying means, and the first magnet and the second magnet are housed and fixed within a magnet holder.
Nakajima, Ikuo (Kanagawa, JP)
Hayakawa, Etsuji (Kanagawa, JP)
Mizumoto, Tetsuya (Tokyo, JP)
Mitsumi Electric Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP)
G02B6/12
20060104568 Optically induced refractive index modification in ferroelectric optical May, 2006 Eason et al.
20090285542 SILICA-ON-SILICON WAVEGUIDES AND RELATED FABRICATION METHODS November, 2009 Martin Armani et al.
20050232565 Normal through optical panel October, 2005 Heggestad et al.
20010046362 METHOD AND HOLDER FOR AUTOMATED TESTING OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES November, 2001 Potteiger et al.
20060008216 Device for signal transmission between two terminals January, 2006 Zamzow et al.
20040028317 Network design allowing for the delivery of high capacity data in numerous simultaneous streams, such as video streams February, 2004 Mclean
20080247722 Waveguide and Lighting Device October, 2008 Van Gorkom et al.
20090217977 Photonic crystal architectures for frequency- and angle-selective thermal emitters September, 2009 Florescu et al.
20050002623 Optical fibre drop cables January, 2005 Sutehall et al.
20050220428 Arrangement and a mehtod for clamping thin rods October, 2005 Bottcher
20020131666 Non-reciprocal phase shifter September, 2002 Hung et al.
KIANNI, KAVEH C
HOLTZ, HOLTZ & VOLEK PC (NEW YORK, NY, US)
1. 1-7. (canceled)
8. A waveguide type optical isolator comprising a substrate, a waveguiding layer, a magnetic garnet, a magnetic field applying means, and a package substrate, and a waveguide is formed in the waveguiding layer, wherein the magnetic field applying means includes a first magnet and a second magnet, and the first magnet and the second magnet are housed and fixed within a magnetic holder.
9. The waveguide type optical isolator according to claim 8, wherein: the magnet holder comprises a base portion and at least three protruded portions, wherein a first protruded portion extends from the base portion, a second protruded portion extends from the base portion, and a third protruded portion extends from the base portion, a first housing portion is formed with the base portion, the first protruded portion, and the second protruded portion, a second housing portion is formed with the base portion, the second protruded portion, and the third protruded portion, and the first magnet is housed and fixed within the first housing portion, and the second magnet is housed and fixed within the second housing portion.
10. The waveguide type optical isolator according to claim 9, wherein a width of the second protruded portion is equal to a mounted distance between the first magnet and the second magnet on the magnetic garnet.
11. The waveguide type optical isolator according to claim 8, wherein the base portion of the magnet holder is made as an upper side, and the magnet holder is provided on the magnetic garnet.
12. The waveguide type optical isolator according to claim 9, wherein: the first protruded portion and the third protruded portion extend up to an upper surface of the package substrate, and the substrate, the waveguiding layer, the magnetic garnet, and the magnetic field applying means are housed within the magnet holder.
13. The waveguide type optical isolator according to claim 8, wherein: the base portion of the magnet holder is made as an underside, the magnetic garnet, the waveguiding layer, and the substrate are provided on the upper surface of the magnet holder in this order, and the magnet holder is used as the package substrate.
14. A magnet holder as used in the waveguide type optical isolator described in claim 8.
The present invention relates to a waveguide type optical isolator and a magnet holder used in such an isolator, and more particularly, relates to a waveguide type optical isolator and a magnet holder used in the waveguide type optical isolator which can improve the population accuracy of the magnets being used as magnetic field applying means and also fix the magnets over a long period of time.
An optical isolator is an element which allows light to transmit only in one direction but prevents the light from propagating in a opposite direction thereto. For example, by arranging the optical isolator at an emitting end of a semiconductor laser, the light emitted from the semiconductor laser transmits through the optical isolator, and it is possible to be used this light as a light source for optical fiber communications. Conversely, the light which is going to be incident on the semiconductor laser through the optical isolator prevents by the optical isolator, so that the light cannot be incident on the semiconductor laser. Unless the optical isolator is placed at the emitting end of the semiconductor laser, a reflected return light will be incident on the semiconductor laser, and thereby a degradation of oscillation characteristics of the semiconductor laser is caused. Namely, the optical isolator serves to block the light which is going to be incident on the semiconductor laser, and to maintain a stable oscillation without degrading the characteristics of the semiconductor laser.
In optical active elements such as not only the aforementioned semiconductor laser but also an optical amplifier or the like, operating characteristics of the element are degraded by unintentional incidence of light from an opposite direction. Since the optical isolator allows the light to transmit only in one direction, it is possible to prevent the unintentional incidence of light to the optical active element from the opposite direction.
In an area which the light transmits, a structure having no wave-guiding action in which the light is confined within a cross sectional area perpendicular to the propagation direction of the light (the bulk type) and a structure having a wave-guiding action (the waveguide type) are exist in the optical isolator. In recent years, there has been a pressing need to downsize both the optical isolator of the bulk type and the optical isolator of the waveguide type, and thereby it is also need to downsize each component.
For example, as shown in Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2002-277826, and as shown in FIG. 1 with the schematic cross-sectional view, a waveguide type optical isolator 100 is constituted by providing a substrate 101, a waveguiding layer 103 formed with a waveguide 102, a magnetic garnet 104, and magnetic field applying means having a permanent magnet 105. And as shown in the figure, the waveguide type optical isolator 100 has waveguides 102A and 102B, and permanent magnets 105A and 105B corresponding to the waveguides 102A and 102B. A magnetic field is provided to the light passing through the waveguides by the permanent magnets 105A and 105B. In order to provide an appropriate phase variation to the light, it is required to populate the permanent magnets 105A and 105B at appropriate positions on the magnetic garnet 104 so that the mounted distance between the permanent magnets 105A and 105B is made an appropriate distance.
However, as the waveguide type optical isolator 100 is downsized, the permanent magnet 105 is also downsized. Therefore, it is very difficult to populate the permanent magnet 105 at an appropriate position on the magnetic garnet 104, and thereby population accuracy of the magnet is extremely low.
Moreover, in the waveguide type optical isolator 100, the permanent magnet 105 is fixed on the magnetic garnet 104 by adhesive. Therefore, since it becomes a state which a mutual stress of the permanent magnet 105 act at all times, for example, the problem occurs that the permanent magnet 105 separate from on the magnetic garnet 104, consequently, the structure of the waveguide type optical isolator remains uncertainty with respect to fix the permanent magnet 105 over a long period of time.
FIG. 2 shows an operating principle of the waveguiding type optical isolator. The waveguiding type optical isolator is set so that light waves which propagate in optical waveguides 102A and 102B may be in phase to propagating waves of forward direction (forward propagating waves) and may be in opposite phases to propagating waves of backward direction which propagate in opposite directions (backward propagating waves), by utilizing a phase variation whose magnitude is different depending on a propagation direction generated in optical waveguides 102A and 102B constituting an optical interferometer (hereinafter, referred to as "non-reciprocal phase shifting effect") (FIG. 2(a)).
In a case where two light waves are in phase, the light waves which launched from a central input end 107 is output from a central output end 109 in a branch coupler 108 (in the example of the figure, it is used a tapered branch coupler) provided on the output side (on the right-hand side in the figure) based on the symmetry of the structure (FIG. 2(b)).
Meanwhile, in a case where two light waves are in opposite phases, from the symmetry of the structure, since an antisymmetric distribution is formed in a branch coupler 108 provided on the input side (in the left-hand side in the figure), the light waves launched from central output end 109 are not output from the central output end 107 but are output from waveguides 102A and 102B which is undesired light output ends provided on both sides of the central output end 107 (FIG. 2 (c)).
Namely, the light wave launched from the central input end 107 of the branch coupler 108 on the left-hand side in the figure is output from the central output end 109 of the branch coupler 108 on the right-hand side in the figure. Conversely, the light wave launched from the central output end 109 of the branch coupler 108 on the right-hand side in the figure is output from the waveguides 102A and 102B on the right-hand side in the figure without entering to the central input end 107 of the branch coupler on the left-hand side in the figure. As described above, by utilizing the phase difference between ordinary light and extraordinary light, it is possible to isolate a propagation light of the opposite direction launched from the central output end 109 of the branch coupler 108 on the right-hand side in the figure.
In order to achieve an operation of a branching and coupling characteristic of such a light of the optical isolator, a constant amount of non-reciprocal phase shifting effect is required. First of all, one of the interfering optical paths is made longer than the other one, and thereby a phase difference independent of the propagating direction between the two optical paths (reciprocal phase difference) is generated. And the non-reciprocal phase shifting effect can be generated by arranging a magneto-optical material (material which has a magneto-optical effect) in a planar waveguide, externally applying a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to a propagation direction (transverse direction) in a waveguide plane, and orienting magnetization of the magneto-optical material. Since the non-reciprocal phase shifting effect due to magneto-optical effect is determined by the relation between the propagation direction of the light and an orientation direction of the magnetization, the non-reciprocal phase shifting effect becomes different in a case where the propagation direction is reversed while keeping a magnetizing direction.
Since the magnetic fields are applied in an antiparallel to each other to waveguides 102A and 102B constituting the interferometer in the waveguide type optical isolator shown in FIG. 2, a phase difference of the light waves when each light waves propagate the same distance in waveguides 102A and 102B corresponds to an amount of non-reciprocal phase shifting (difference of the phase variation between the forward propagating wave and the backward propagating wave). Additionally, if a phase difference of +φ occurs between two waveguides due to the non-reciprocal phase shifting effect to the forward propagating wave, a phase difference of −φ which is an opposite sign to that will occur to the backward propagating wave.
Here, an optical path length difference corresponding to ¼ wavelength is provided in two waveguides constituting the interferometer. It is intended that the light which propagates through a waveguide with longer optical path gives a phase variation which is larger only π/2 regardless of the direction. Namely, if the waveguide with longer optical path is made to generate a phase difference due to the non-reciprocal phase shifting effect (hereinafter, referred to as "non-reciprocal phase shifting phase difference") of −π/2 as compared with a waveguide with shorter optical path to the forward propagating wave, the light waves which propagate through two waveguides are in phase to the forward propagating wave. At this time, since the sign of the non-reciprocal phase shifting phase difference is reversed when the propagation direction is reversed, the non-reciprocal phase shifting phase difference of +π/2 is given to the waveguide with longer optical path. This phase difference and the phase difference of +π/2 due to the optical path length difference are added, so that the light will input into the branch coupler in the state of an opposite phase (phase difference π). From the discussion described above, it can be concluded that the non-reciprocal phase shifting phase difference of π/2 is required in the waveguide type optical isolator shown in FIG. 2.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is made in view of the aforementioned problems. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a waveguide type optical isolator which can improve the population accuracy of magnets which is a magnetic field applying means, additionally, can fix the magnet over a long period of time, and to provide a magnet holder used in the waveguide type optical isolator.
The aforementioned object of the present invention is achieved by providing the waveguide type optical isolator, comprising a substrate, a waveguiding layer, a magnetic garnet, a magnetic field applying means, and a package substrate, and a waveguide is formed in the waveguiding layer, wherein the magnetic field applying means provide a first magnet and a second magnet, and the first magnet and the second magnet are housed and fixed within a magnetic holder.
Further, the aforementioned object of the present invention is effectively achieved by the waveguide type optical isolator, wherein the magnet holder comprises a base portion and at least three protruded portions of a first protruded portion extend from the base portion, a second protruded portion extend from the base portion, and a third protruded portion extend from the base portion, and a first housing portion is formed with the base portion, the first protruded portion, and the second protruded portion, and a second housing portion is formed with the base portion, the second protruded portion, and the third protruded portion, and the first magnet is housed and fixed within the first housing portion, moreover, the second magnet is housed and fixed within the second housing portion.
Further, the aforementioned object of the present invention is more effectively achieved by providing the waveguide type optical isolator, wherein a width of the second protruded portion is equal to a mounted distance between the first magnet and the second magnet on the magnetic garnet.
Further, the aforementioned object of the present invention is more effectively achieved by a waveguide type optical isolator, wherein the base portion of the magnet holder is made upper side, and the magnet holder is provided on the magnetic garnet.
Further, the aforementioned object of the present invention is more effectively achieved by a waveguide type optical isolator, wherein the first protruded portion and the third protruded portion extend up to upper surface of the package substrate, and the substrate, the waveguiding layer, the magnetic garnet, and the magnetic field applying means are housed within the magnet holder.
Further, the aforementioned object of the present invention is more effectively achieved by a waveguide type optical isolator, wherein the base portion of the magnet holder is made underside, and the magnetic garnet, the waveguiding layer, and the substrate are provided on the upper surface of the magnet holder in this order, and the magnet holder is used as the package substrate.
Furthermore, the above-described object of the present invention is more effectively achieved by providing a magnet holder used in said waveguide type optical isolator.
EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION
According to the waveguide type optical isolator of the present invention, the small permanent magnets constituting the magnetic field applying means are used by housing and fixing in the magnet holder, and thereby it is possible to populate the magnets at appropriate positions on the magnetic garnet with the high accuracy.
Further, since the mounted distance between the two magnets is fixed by the second protruded portion of the magnet holder, it is possible to prevent the magnets from separating from the magnetic garnet by the repulsive stress or the like between the magnets. Therefore, it is possible to fix the magnet over a long period of time.
Furthermore, since the side portions of the first protruded portion and the third protruded portion of the magnet holder extend up to the upper surface of the package substrate, in addition, the substrate, the waveguiding layer (the waveguides), the magnetic garnet, and the magnetic field applying means are be housed and fixed within the magnet holder, and thereby it is possible to fix the magnets over a long period of time, in addition, to guarantee the long-term reliability of the entire waveguide type optical isolator.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional waveguide type optical isolator.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration view of the operating principle of a waveguide type optical isolator.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing one example of the waveguide type optical isolator according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of A-A′ in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of the magnet used in the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing one example of the magnet holder.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing an alternative example of the magnet holder.
FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a waveguide type optical isolator according to an alternative example of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a waveguide type optical isolator according to other alternative example of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, a waveguide type optical isolator according to the present invention and a magnet holder used in the waveguide type optical isolator according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a waveguide type optical isolator according to the present invention, and FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of A-A′ in FIG. 3.
As shown in the figures, the waveguide type optical isolator 1 comprises a substrate 2, a waveguiding layer 3, a magnetic garnet 4, and magnetic field applying means 5, and they are set on a package substrate (support substrate) 6. And two waveguides 3A and 3B are formed in the waveguiding layer 3. Namely, the waveguide type optical isolator 1 is constituted by providing the waveguiding layer 3 which is formed on the substrate 2 which is a compound semiconductor substrate (an InP substrate in the present embodiment) using a semiconductor material so as to be lattice-matched to the substrate 2, and in which two waveguides (that is, a first waveguide 3A and a second waveguide 3B) are formed, and further, by providing the magnetic garnet 4 composed of a magneto-optical material on the waveguiding layer 3, and furthermore, by providing the magnetic field applying means 5 for completing magnetization of the magneto-optical material in a predetermined direction on the magnetic garnet 4.
In the present embodiment, as shown in the figures, a first magnet 5A and a second magnet 5B are provided as the magnetic field applying means 5, and both of magnets 5A and 5B are small permanent magnets, further, the two magnets 5A and 5B are arranged so that the homopolarities may face to each other. Furthermore, the first magnet 5A is arranged on the magnetic garnet 4 so that the position of the central point in the width direction of the waveguide type optical isolator 1 coincides with the position of the central point of the first waveguide 3A. Incidentally, the second magnet 5B is arranged in the same way.
A cast magnet (Fe—Al—Ni), which is capable of downsizing in accordance with the downsizing of the waveguide type optical isolator 1 and has excellent processability, is preferably used as the magnets 5A and 5B. Namely, as shown in FIG. 5 with a perspective view of the magnet 5A, as one example, the magnet of a rod-shaped rectangular parallelepiped of size of 0.2 mm (W)×0.3 mm (H)×6 mm (D) is available for the magnet 5A.
Incidentally, the size of the magnets 5A and 5B are one example. Therefore, the size of the magnets is not limited to such as a size, and further, it is also not limited to the cast magnet (Fe—Al—Ni). In other words, any type of magnet can be used, so long as it is possible to achieve downsizing of the waveguide type optical isolator 1, and to form a sufficient magnetic field, and further, to perform the role as the magnetic field applying means 5.
In the present invention, the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B are housed and fixed within a magnet holder 7, and they are provided on the magnetic garnet 4.
FIG. 6 shows a schematic enlarged perspective view of the magnet holder 7. As shown in the figure, the magnet holder 7 provides a base portion 70, a first protruded portion 71 extend from the base portion 70, a second protruded portion 72 extend from the base portion 70, and a third protruded portion 73 extend from the base portion 70. And the magnet holder 7 is constituted so as to be a long structure with a nearly E-shaped in cross-sectional shape.
In the magnet holder 7, a first housing portion 7A is formed with the base portion 70, the first protruded portion 71, and the second protruded portion 72, further, a second housing portion 7B is formed with the base portion 70, the second protruded portion 72, and the third protruded portion 73. Incidentally, in the present embodiment, the width of the first housing portion and the second housing portion are set to be 0.2 mm which is the width of the magnet. However, the width of the first housing portion 7A and the second housing portion 7B can be changed arbitrarily depending on the magnets used.
The first magnet 5A is inserted through and housed within the first housing portion 7A, and is fixed to the first housing portion 7A by adhesive or the like. And the second magnet 5B is inserted through and housed within the second housing portion 7B, and is fixed to the second housing portion 7B by adhesive or the like.
By using the magnets 5A and 5B housed and fixed within the magnet holder 7 in this manner, the magnets 5A and 5B can be mounted at appropriate positions on the magnetic garnet 4 with high accuracy.
And the second protruded portion 72 is a means for segregating the first housing portion 7A and the second housing portion 7B, in addition, is also a means for fixing the mounted distance between the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B. Therefore, the width of the protruded portion 72 is length equal to the mounted distance between the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B, and the width of the protruded portion 72 is set so as to be 0.1 mm in the present embodiment.
Namely, since it is necessary to apply the antiparallel magnetic fields to the waveguides 3A and 3B portions corresponding to just below the magnetic garnet 4, an interval between the waveguides 3A and 3B needs to be set to 0.3 mm. Additionally, in the present embodiment, as described above, the width (W) of the magnets 5A and 5B is 0.2 mm. Therefore, since the mounted distance between the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B is 0.1 mm, the width of the second protruded portion 72 of the magnet holder 7 is also 0.1 mm. Incidentally, the width of the magnet holder 7 can be set arbitrarily by adjusting the width (thickness) of the first protruded portion 71 and the third protruded portion 73. However, as described above, since the each width of the housing portions 7A and 7B (the magnets 5A and 5B) is 0.2 mm, and the width of the second protruded portion 72 is 0.1 mm, thereby the length from the inner wall of the first protruded portion 71 to the inner wall of the third protruded portion 73 is 0.5 mm.
Additionally, in the present embodiment, the height of the second protruded portion is set to be 0.3 mm which is the same height as the height (H) of the magnets 5A and 5B. However, in the waveguide type optical isolator 1, any one of the pointed end surfaces of the three protruded portions 71 to 73 have only to be in contact with the upper surface of the magnetic garnet 4. In other words, at least one of the pointed end of the three protruded portions 71 to 73 together with the magnets 5A and 5B have only to be bonded and fixed to the magnetic garnet 4 by adhesive or the like. Therefore, if at least any one of the protruded portions 71 to 73 has the height (H) of the magnets 5A and 5B, the height of the second protruded portion 72 may be lower than the height (H) of the magnets 5A and 5B.
Furthermore, since it is possible to eliminate the influence of the repulsive stress or the like of the magnets 5A and 5B by the strength of the second protruded portion 72, and thereby it is possible to hold stably the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B from separating from the magnetic garnet 4, consequently, it is possible to fix the magnets 5A and 5B over a long period of time.
Incidentally, in the present embodiment, a stainless material is used as the material for the magnet holder 7, however, it is not limited such a material. Namely, any material can be used, so long as it is possible to house and fix the magnets 5A and 5B, and it does not affect the magnetic fields. However, considering processing accuracy, a nonmagnetic superalloy material is most preferable.
Additionally, the magnetic holder 7 can be easily manufactured so that cross-sectional shape is made a nearly E-shaped by processing a long shaped stainless material using a processing method such as wire electro discharge processing, fine laser processing or the like.
The magnet holder 7 is arranged on the upper surface of the magnetic garnet 4 with the base portion 70 is made upper side, and is bonded and fixed thereto. Namely, resin adhesive of epoxy resin, silicone resin, or the like is coated on the upper surface of the magnetic garnet 4, and the magnet holder 7 is arranged, bonded and fixed so that the pointed end surfaces of the protruded portions 71 to 73 and the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B are in contact with the resin adhesive.
FIG. 7 shows an alternative example of the magnet holder used in the waveguide type optical isolator 1. As shown in the figure, the cross-sectional shape of the magnet holder 7′ may be comb shape. Namely, it may be a structure which the second protruded portion 72 is constituted by further two protruded portions 721 and 722 and it has spaces formed by the base portion 70 and the two protruded portions 721 and 722. In this case, the first housing portion 7A is formed with the base portion 70, the first protruded portion 71, and the protruded portion 721 of the second protruded portion 72, further, the second housing portion 7B is formed with the base portion 70, the protruded portion 722 of the second protruded portion 72, and the third protruded portion 73.
Incidentally, the magnet holder 7 may have five or more protruded portions, in other words, the second protruded portion may have three or more protruded portions. Namely, the structure of the second protruded portion 72 is not limited in particular, so long as the magnet holder 7 has a structure which can form the first housing portion 7A and the second housing portion 7B, and can fix the mounted distance between the first magnet 5A and the second magnet 5B.
Further, though it does not show in the figure, the first protruded portion 71 and the third protruded portion 73 also may have a plurality of protruded portions as in the case of the second protruded portion.
FIG. 8 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a waveguide type optical isolator according to an alternative example of the present invention. Incidentally, in waveguide type optical isolator according to the present embodiment, since the other structure except for the structure of the magnet holder are substantially the same as the aforementioned waveguide type optical isolator, in what follows, the same symbol is given to the same component, and the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
In other words, as shown in the figure, the waveguide type optical isolator 1′ comprises the substrate 2, the waveguiding layer 3, the magnetic garnet 4, and the magnetic field applying means 5, and they are set on the package substrate 6. And the two waveguides 3A and 3B is formed in the waveguiding layer 3. Furthermore, the magnets 5A and 5B constituting the magnetic field applying means 5 are housed and fixed within the magnet holder 7, and are set on the magnetic garnet 4.
As shown in the figure, in the magnet holder 7 used in the waveguide type optical isolator 1′, the side portion 71S of the first protruded portion 71 and the side portion 73S of the third protruded portion 73 extend up to the upper surface of the package substrate 6. Therefore, the side portion 71S of the first protruded portion 71 and the side portion 73S of the third protruded portion 73 are bonded and fixed to the upper surface of the package substrate 6 by adhesive or the like. Incidentally, resin adhesive of epoxy resin, silicone resin, or the like may be used as the adhesive, as in the case of the adhesive coated on the magnetic garnet 4.
Therefore, since it is possible to house and fix the substrate 2, the waveguiding layer 3 (the waveguides 3A and 3B), the magnetic garnet 4, and the magnetic field applying means 5 within the magnet holder 7, thereby it is possible to fix the magnets 5A and 5B over a long period of time, in addition, to guarantee the long-term reliability of the waveguide type optical isolator 1′.
Namely, the heights of the side portion 71S of the first protruded portion 71 and the side portion 73S of the third protruded portion 73 are the same height as the total height of the substrate 2, the waveguiding layer 3 (the waveguides 3A and 3B), the magnetic garnet 4, and the magnetic field applying means 5.
Incidentally, the height of the second protruded portion 72 is 0.3 mm which is the same height as the height (H) of the magnets 5A and 5B. However, also in the waveguide type optical isolator 1′, any one of the protruded portions 71 to 73 have only to be bounded with the magnetic garnet 4, or either the side portion 71S of the first protruded portion 71 or the side portion 73S of the third protruded portion 73 has only to bond with the package substrate 6. Therefore, the height of the second protruded portion 72 may be lower than the height (H) of the magnets 5A and 5B.
Incidentally, as in the case of the aforementioned waveguide type optical isolator 1, the width of the magnet holder 7 can be set arbitrarily by adjusting the width (thickness) of the first protruded portion 71 and the third protruded portion 73. However, the length from the inner wall of the first protruded portion 71 to the inner wall of the third protruded portion 73 is 0.5 mm.
FIG. 9 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a waveguide type optical isolator according to a further alternative example of the present invention. Incidentally, in waveguide type optical isolator according to the present embodiment, since the other structure except for the structure sharing the magnet holder with the package substrate are substantially the same as the aforementioned waveguide type optical isolator 1 and 1′, in what follows, the same symbol is given to the same component, and the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
As shown in the figure, the waveguide type optical isolator 1″ according to the present embodiment is constituted by providing the magnetic garnet 4 on the upper surface of the magnet holder 7 with the base portion 70 of the magnet holder 7 is made underside, providing the waveguiding layer 3 (the waveguides 3A and 3B) on the upper surface of the magnetic garnet 4, and providing the substrate 2 on the upper surface of the waveguiding layer 3. Namely, as shown in the figure, the waveguide type optical isolator 1″ is not provided with the package substrate, and the magnet holder 7 also perform the role as the package substrate.
Therefore, it is possible to improve the population accuracy of the magnets 5A and 5B, and to fix the magnets 5A and 5B over a long period of time, in addition, to eliminate the package substrate, thereby it is possible to be further downsized the waveguide type optical isolator 1″ and to reduce manufacturing costs.
The magnet holder 7 used in the waveguide type optical isolator 1″ also constitute with the base portion 70 and the three protruded portions 71 to 73. And the first housing portion 7A is formed with the base portion 70, the first protruded portion 71, and the second protruded portion 72, further, the second housing portion 7B is formed with the base portion 70, the second protruded portion 72, and the third protruded portion 73. Furthermore, the first magnet 5A is housed and fixed within the first housing portion 71, and the second magnet 5B is housed and fixed within the second housing portion 72.
In the magnet holder 7 used in the waveguide type optical isolator 1″, the pointed end surfaces of the protruded portions 71 to 73 and the magnets 5A and 5B are bonded and fixed by the adhesive coated on the lower surface of the magnetic garnet 4. Incidentally, resin adhesive of epoxy resin, silicone resin, or the like may be used as the adhesive, as in the case of the adhesive coated on the magnetic garnet.
The heights of the protruded portions 71 to 73 are 0.3 mm which are the same height as the height (H) of the magnets 5A and 5B. However, also in the waveguide type optical isolator 1″, any one of the protruded portions 71 to 73 has only to be bonded with the magnetic garnet 4. Therefore, at least one of the protruded portions 71 to 73 is the same height as the height (H) of the magnets 5A and 5B.
Furthermore, by increasing the height of the side portions of the first protruded portion 71 and the third protruded portion 73, the waveguide type optical isolator 1″ may be constituted so that the magnetic field applying means 5, the magnetic garnet 4, the waveguiding layer 3 (the waveguides 3A and 3B), and the substrate 2 are housed and fixed within the magnet holder 7. Thereby, it is possible to fix the magnets 5A and 5B over a long period of time, additionally, to guarantee the long-term reliability of the waveguide type optical isolator 1″.
As described above, it is described about the preferred embodiments of the present invention. However, the present invention is not limited the aforementioned specific embodiments, and various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the summary of the present invention described in the claims.
Previous Patent: Printed circuit board and manufacturing method thereof
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text:
Russia plans to send people to the moon
The CEO of the Corporation Energia Vladimir Solntsev said that the Corporation plans to deliver people to the moon in 2031.
"After 2025, the planned commencement of flights to the moon, the beginning of the addiction to this artificial satellite. 2026 — an unmanned flyby of the moon in 2027, we are launching the landing module into the moon's orbit," said he, adding that the landing module on the lunar surface will be carried out in automatic mode.
"In 2029 — an unmanned flight of the new spacecraft to orbit the moon. In 2030-ies we set ourselves the task of a manned flight to the moon in 2031 — landing on the moon," added Solntsev.
The development of the landing module, according to Solntseva, will require the involvement of not only Russian specialists, but also European and American scientists and engineers. Earlier, a source in the Institute said that the manned lunar program of Russia provides for the overflight and landing of astronauts on the lunar surface, and delivering them in a libration point of the Earth — Moon (the point of balance of gravitational forces of two celestial bodies).
In late summer, the media reported the order on the public Procurement portal, which the Corporation Roscosmos has posted in search of by for "study problem questions of realization of manned flights to the moon." To engage in the project was the Institute, which was given for this time until 2018.
Tags: space
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text:
By Carolyn McDowall April 22, 2013
Anatomical Practice – Skeleton on Show AA&ADA Fair Melbourne
Dem bones, dem bones, dem dry bones
Quirky antique objects are always popular at any antiques show and this year it will be no exception at the Melbourne Antiques Fair 24 – 28 April when dealer Derek Greengrass, of Greengrass Antiques from the Sydney Antique Centre, who is a member of the Australian Antiques & Art Dealers Association (AA&ADA), offers a small and rare, museum quality, articulated and carved oak skeleton for sale.
Made c1680 it was believed to have been used by academics and/or apothecary's in the medical profession, or perhaps a ship's surgeon, to illustrate the various bones of the human body.
The development of anatomy as a science extends from antiquity to modernity.
The ancient Egyptians had acquired some medical knowledge 1600 years before the Christ event. Hippocrates (460 BC – 370 BC), an ancient Greek physician who lent his name to the oath Dr's take to serve their patients, began the work that demonstrated a basic understanding of the musculoskeletal structure. He is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of western medicine.
In the 2nd century Galen, whose work was known to doctors of the Renaissance period in Europe through the study of Arabic medicine, had extended knowledge of the organs by animal dissection.
Using human cadavers for anatomical research began in the 4th century BCE when live dissections were carried out in Alexandria under the auspices of the Ptolemaic dynasty. After the fall of Rome this realm of knowledge disappeared from off the radar of learning for a thousand years.
Polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) undertook his own dissections, often in the dark of night by candlelight for fear of discovery as such an activity was still under church prohibition in his day. He was infused with the spirit of scientific inquiry, a visionary way ahead of his time and for him knowing how to see became a focus. Sight he believed was a man's highest sense, as it alone allowed him to enjoy an experience immediately.
He applied his own creativity to every realm, his unusual powers of observation and mastery of the art of drawing allowing his dual passionate pursuits of science and art to flourish.
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) produced his opus, the monumental De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body) in 1543. It is considered the first comprehensive and illustrated textbook of anatomy. He believed the skeleton to be the framework of the human body.
This major work, published at Basle by Johannes Oporinus a noted humanist, is a landmark in scientific investigation. It was one of the first works to display a thorough ongoing commitment to empirical observation, combined with accurate descriptive illustrations.
To provide the illustrations images were cut onto blocks of pearwood (woodcuts) from drawings, which may have emanated from the atelier of Titian, Tiziano Vecelli (c.1485-1576) whose influence dominated Venice during the time of Vesalius' stay there. No one really knows.
A Professor at Padua university, Andreas Vesalius's contribution to the growth of knowledge of anatomy is considered profound. As many of his contemporaries, he still believed the purpose of the body was thought to enable the fulfillment of the soul, and in reality demonstrated God's divine design.
The whole idea of the structure of the human body was for a long time also solidly rooted in religion; reminding people of the beauty of creation and the fragility of life.
It remained surrounded by superstitious awe for centuries after the Middle Ages and associated with the spirit of the departed soul and as such created disquieting uncertainty among the populace.
Lack of knowledge always creates fear.
The study of the anatomy of the human body became a legal practice during the mid sixteenth century, and then flourished during the 17th and 18th century, generating a need for such an object as a skeleton to be manufactured out of other materials.
Fact and fiction with a little bit of fancy thrown in for good measure brought about a desire for more people to really 'know thyself'.
Many other famous artists studied anatomy to improve their art form and from Michelangelo to Rembrandt, drawings assisted universities to transmit the new knowledge to students of medicine visually.
Italy became a leading centre for study and students travelled to wherever a 'fresh' body was available, often after a hanging.
At the time the 'oak' skeleton was made investigating the various parts, aspects and organs of the body was the job of the anatomist, who also believed the organs were the instruments by which the soul carried out its actions in the body.
This applied to both animals and humans.
The most famous anatomical theatre of the day was at Leiden University, established in 1663 in the Netherlands, where a hands-on approach was unique. It served as an example for the teaching courses of many early modern centres of medical education.
Instructing students meant buying skeletons to aid the process.
As these were very difficult to obtain it's perhaps no surprise that enterprising cabinetmakers turned their hand to creating copies in wood, which was no mean feat and expensive because of the amount of labour involved.
The 17th-century anatomical theatre gradually became a centre of excellence not only because of its dissection activities, but also for the Doctors as a way of growing interest in the medical curriculum and medicine as a profession.
It was a place for public disputes, and an important tourist attraction. Knowledge and objects in an anatomical theatre became the subject of curiosity, the idea of looking inside the human body, of growing and great interest.
The development of the printing press enabled an exchange of ideas and illustrations, by way of engravings, allowing knowledge of the skeleton and muscle areas of the body to disseminate spread far and wide.
Surgical instruments on display certainly added a distinct 'horror' element, visualizing biblical stories and reinforcing moral lessons.
It was the stories attached to all of these ideas that were the attraction for so long and in the end the whole idea became confusing…was it a theatre for instruction in reality, or an extension of a cabinet of curiosities, a museum of sorts.?
Separating the theatre of wonder from the theatre of learning became a centre of controversy. Dividing the medical from the philosophical, an activity in itself.
Understanding the human body became big business, however it would have to wait until the spread of humanism throughout Europe gradually gave way to enlightenment and a period when anatomists by and large finalized and systemized knowledge about our human anatomy.
This was aided by 'Gray's Anatomy' (not the TV Show), an English language human anatomy textbook originally written by one Henry Gray (1827-1861), which was regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject.
The skeleton at the AA&ADA Fair should generate a lot of interest.
Carolyn McDowall, The Culture Concept Circle, 2013
*Spiritual Song – Dem Bones
The toe bone's connected to the foot bone,
The foot bone's connected to the ankle bone,
The ankle bone's connected to the leg bone,
Now shake dem skeleton bones!
The leg bone's connected to the knee bone,
The knee bone's connected to the thigh bone,
The thigh bone's connected to the hip bone,
The hip bone's connected to the back bone
The back bone's connected to the neck bone,
The neck bone's connected to the head bone,
The finger bone's connected to the hand bone,
The hand bone's connected to the arm bone,
The arm bone's connected to the shoulder bone,
Chorus after every Verse
Dem bones, dem bones gonna walk around
Dem bones, dem bones, gonna walk around
Leonardo da Vinci: Mechanics of Man – Topical Subject & Show
Melbourne Antiques Fair – Everything Old Becomes New Again
Australia's Leading Antique Experts – On Show at Melbourne
Australian Antique & Art Dealers Association Fair, Melbourne
Anatomical PracticeAnatomicall DrawingsAnatomistAnatomyAndreas VesaliusAntiques and ArtArt and ScienceculturalDerek GreengrassHuman SkeletonLeiden Anatomical theatreLeonardo Da Vinci Anatomical drawingsLeonardo da Vinci AnatomyLeonardo da Vinci DrawingsMedicineScienceSkeletonSkeleton at AA&ADA FAirSocietyStructure of the Human Body
Carolyn McDowall
Carolyn McDowall FRSA has gained considerable experience and business acumen in her professional career. An independent cultural and social historian, Carolyn is an interior designer by trade. She has been involved in the creative sector for over thirty years in Australia; completing interior design projects, creating and producing innovative corporate and not-for profit (social profit) community events. She has over that time continuously conducted independent research , while designing, developing, and producing educational art and design history programs in conjunction with renowned specialist colleagues.
Latest Posts By Carolyn McDowall
Previous articleAlexander the Great – God, Legend, Immortal on a Grand Scale
Next articleANZAC Display at Melbourne Antiques Fair 24-28 April
Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries Costume Show, Rippon Lea 2015
Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries Costume Exhibition will return to the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Rippon Lea Estate from 1 May to 20 September, 2015


text:
Les Cephalaspidae (les céphalaspidés en français) forment une famille éteinte de poissons sans mâchoires de l'ordre également éteint des Cephalaspidiformes.

Références

Liens externes
 Cephalaspidida sur le site de Fossilworks (consulté le 7 décembre 2018)

Cephalaspidomorphi
Famille de poissons préhistoriques (nom scientifique)
Agnathe préhistorique (nom scientifique)
Agnathe du Paléozoïque
Taxon fossile décrit en 1861

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Sadala – wieś w Estonii, w prowincji Rapla, w gminie Rapla. W latach 1991-2017 należała do gminy Juuru. W 2011 zamieszkana przez 8 osób.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w gminie Rapla


(Part 1) Millennials: Selfish Couch Potatoes or Optimistic World Citizens?
This is Part One of a three part collaborative blog by Alison and Mel contrasting generational perspectives on passion, purpose, and pathways to success.
If you Google the term "Millennials", you'll return about 17 million hits that all center on disentangling the psyche of the generation who has or just about reached adulthood today. There is great contention in understanding what drives Millennials; we are "entitled", "narcissistic", "lazy", "overeducated", leeches who live at home, diverse, entitled, and financially anxious; but we are also frugal, financially and technologically savvy, upbeat, engaged, increasingly global, socially and politically literate/active, share a common mistrust of religious leaders, government entities and military powers, socially liberal, and surprisingly optimistic despite growing up in an era of economic instability and wavering confidence in political leaders. Most critically, there are overwhelming disagreements about whether the millennial pursuit of the "perfect job" – that is, a job that fulfills intellectual needs, compensates generously for provided skill, purposefully addresses a real world demand, and respects the parameters of a work-life balance – is decidedly selfish/unrealistic, or a welcome departure from previous generations' approach to careers and fulfillment. It is a debate that generates both derision and admiration from older generations, and point to a larger paradigmatic shift in a values system that is quickly evolving before our eyes: what fulfills us? What matters in a job? How do you quantify success? At what point does personal ambition come at odds with pragmatic considerations? What is the longevity of such a pursuit, and what are the financial, emotional, and societal implications down the road?
Where do you fall in your evaluation of what's important in a career? How has the generation you belonged to, and the historical events surrounding your coming-of-age impacted how you defined success? What do you think of the millenial pursuit of the "perfect job?" Sound off and let us know how you define success, happiness, and career satisfaction in the comments below.
Next week, a post on how one millennial has framed her pursuit of purpose and profession in a talk titled "The Crossroads of Should and Must", and how one Generation Z-er, a Riverdale student, responded.


World Number Four Jon Rahm has enhanced his aspirations for a Ryder Cup debut at Le Golf National in September with a fine victory at the Open de España.
The 23 year old secured an emotional win at Centro Nacional de Golf as he became the sixth Spaniard to triumph at his home Open following a final round 67. That followed a fourth placed finish at the Masters Tournament, strengthening his grip on a place in Thomas Bjørn's 12-man team for Paris while Ireland's Paul Dunne, who finished two shots back, is now seventh in the European Points list.
Ryder Cup stalwart Ian Poulter, who snatched a late place at the Masters Tournament following his play-off triumph at the Houston Open on the US PGA Tour earlier this month, was in contention for a second victory of the season at the RBC Heritage in South Carolina as he approached the back nine just one shot off the lead.
The 42 year old eventually finished tied seventh but still climbed to eighth in the World Points List, leapfrogging countryman Matt Fitzpatrick who tied for 14th place on eight under par at the same tournament.
Englishman Tyrrell Hatton still leads the way on the European Points list, whilst Justin Rose, who has competed in four previous Ryder Cups, occupies second spot. Ross Fisher, another Englishman, makes up the top four along with Open de España winner Rahm.
Northern Irishman Rory McIlroy, Englishman Tommy Fleetwood, Spaniard Sergio Garcia and Swede Alex Noren all enjoyed a week's break from their busy schedules but retain their place in the automatic qualification standings on the World Points list.
The top four players on both points lists automatically qualify for a place on captain Thomas Bjørn's 12-man team, with the Dane permitted to choose a further four wildcards.
Attention turns to the Trophée Hassan II this week with 2016 Ryder Cup rookies Andy Sullivan and Chris Wood, 2010 Ryder Cup winner Edoardo Molinari and 2016 Masters Tournament champion Danny Willett all in the field.


Napa Valley is known internationally as one of the premier sources of amazing wine and food in Northern California. Many people find the Napa area enchanting due to its beautiful vineyards, great coastal cuisine and breathtaking natural beauty of the valley and coast. If you're planning a trip to Napa, be sure to check out our top selections for food and wine choices below.
Start in the heart of downtown Napa at Oxbow Public Market. Browse the super-curated collection of modern and vintage goods at Wood Fiber Clay's pop-up shop. Kitty corner from there, grab the best mocha in town from Ritual coffee. Just down the row of vendors is another local favorite, Hudson Greens & Goods.
Nestled in a canyon all its own, Tuck Beckstoffer Estate calls the Eastern hills of St. Helena home. Driven by a legacy of cultivating some of the world's finest vineyards, you'd better believe the wines are something special! You'll feel right at home as Tuck & Boo Beckstoffer welcome friends near and far to enjoy their breathtaking vineyard views and truly delicious wines.
Robert Mondavi winery is the perfect place to sit down and relax. If you're planning on selecting a place toward the end of your day to unwind, this would be a great winery to do so. With gorgeous outdoor seating and the option to buy wine by the glass, it's a beautiful place to take in the Napa Valley Beauty!
Alexis Baking Company began as a wholesale bakery supplying restaurants and specialty food purveyors. It quickly grew into a vibrant full-service café that happens to serve up my favorite breakfast in the valley.
Farmstead, an authentic farm-to-table restaurant, is part of the Long Meadow Ranch family. Long Meadow Ranch utilizes organic and sustainable "full-circle farming" methods in their production of fine wines, olive oil, fruits and vegetables as well as raising grass-fed beef and lamb, honeybees, and egg-laying poultry.
The menu at Heritage Eats is an eclectic mix of flavors and cultures, and every single menu item that our group sampled was well-prepared, distinctive, and enjoyable. The upscale casual line-style restaurant allows you to customize menu items to your liking, and mixing and matching flavor combinations is encouraged.
The Grill is part of the luxurious Meadowood resort and spa where elegance and attention to detail is held to a high standard. Even though you know that you are in the heart of the Napa Valley, Meadowood feels like a hidden gem in another magical world.
Set into a private and serene hilltop location, Auberge du Soleil is home to exquisite cuisine and breathtakingly spectacular views of the Napa Valley. This famous Napa landmark restaurant has earned back-to-back Michelin stars for the past ten years, and was recently named one of Wine Enthusiast's Top 100 Best Wine Restaurants.


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Die Ghana Premier League 2018 (gemäß Sponsorenvertrag offiziell Zylofon Cash Premier League) begann am 17. März mit dem Spiel des Inter Allies FC gegen den Bechem United FC (3:0) und wurde Anfang Juni 2018 nach dem 15. Spieltag abgebrochen. Infolge der Investigativdokumentation Number 12: When Greed and Corruption Become the Norm von Anas Aremeyaw Anas, die am 6. Juni 2018 ausgestrahlt worden war, waren jegliche Fußballaktivitäten in Ghana während der laufenden Saison eingestellt worden. Entgegen anders lautenden Medienberichten wurde die Ghana Football Association (GFA) nicht aufgelöst, stattdessen setzte der Weltfußballverband FIFA Ende August 2018 ein "Normalisation Committee" ein.

Teilnehmende Mannschaften
Neben den dreizehn besten Mannschaften der Vorsaison nahmen die Aufsteiger Eleven Wonders FC (Zone 1), Karela United FC (Zone 2) und Dreams FC (Zone 3) an der Saison 2018 teil.

Statistiken
Geplant war, dass sich der Sieger des Doppelrundenturniers für die CAF Champions League 2018/19 qualifizieren und die drei Mannschaften mit der geringsten Punktzahl am Saisonende in die Division One League absteigen sollten. Der Abstieg wurde aufgrund der Einstellung des Spielbetriebs nach der Hälfte aller Spieltage ausgesetzt. Der Medeama SC, Tabellenführer im Zeitpunkt des Saisonabbruchs, beantragte im Oktober 2018, als ghanaischer Vertreter an der CAF Champions League teilzunehmen, zog das Anliegen jedoch wenige Tage später aus finanziellen Gründen zurück.

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Torschützenliste
Bester Torschütze nach fünfzehn absolvierten Spieltagen war Hafiz Konkoni vom Bechem United FC mit acht Treffern.

Weblinks
 Karel Stokkermans: Ghana 2018: Ghana Premier League. In: rsssf.com (18. April 2019).

Einzelnachweise

2018
Fußballsaison 2018