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ZetaTalk: Earth Farts
written Jan 9, 2007
On Monday, Jan 8, 2007 there were reports of what appeared to be a monstrous gas leak in New York City and nearby Jersey City. No gas leak was ever found. Rochester, NY reported 4 broken water mains during this same time frame. Marine tankers report their alarms for methane going off, but no leaks found. About a dozen people were taken to hospitals complaining of breathing problems. Then the reports from around the world started pouring in, all seeming to be happening simultaneously. Italy evacuated people from Genova and Bologna due to gas leaks, an explosion killing one. London closed their tube lines due to suspected gas leaks, smells. Australia had water main breaks in Adelaide, and gas smells evacuated a mall in Perth where several were hospitalized as a result. No gas leak was ever located. Here in the US reports came in from Ohio smells, and a factory explosion, cause unknown. Nashville, TN, gas line leak. Mobile, AL gas leak. Blue Springs, MO gas leak with explosion and evacuation. Dallas, TX smells and in Houston a factory fume leak, cause unknown, and in Austin dead birds, cause unknown. Iowa, a pond bubbling. Albuquerque, MN city evacuated due to gas smells. Half Moon Bay, CA evacuated due to smells, Santa Barbara marine tanker alarms due to methane, no leak found, and Oxnard freeway closed due to gas main break. So what is causing this sudden release of methane, along with obvious gas and water main breaks and factory explosions. Also, is this methane from the Earth making people sick, and killing birds?
We have detailed from the start of ZetaTalk in 1995, the effect of Planet X on the Earth where land would be stretched, what is called the stretch zone. If compression occurs around the Pacific Ring of Fire, then stretching must likewise occur in other areas. The African Rift valley is pulling apart dramatically in these last couple years, creating great crevasses in the Afar Triangle there. The St. Lawrence Seaway is likewise pulling apart, creating power outages in the region from breaks at the Niagara power station and seismic distress in the Black Hills, which become rumpled as the land spreads apart along the Seaway. Florida is being pulled down, as are the western regions of Great Britain, a fact dealt with as rising seas when in fact these rising seas are not registered universally elsewhere. The land is sinking there. London has extreme problems with their tube lines derailing, as do rail lines along the Eastern coast of the US.
We have explained, in great detail, that the stretch zone does not register great quakes when rock layers pull apart and sink, as this is a silent Earth change. Nancy has carefully documented breaking water and gas mains, derailing trains, dislocating bridge abutments, mining accidents, and outbreaks of factory explosions, showing that these have occurred in rashes on occasion, when the rock layers pulled apart. None of this, of course, in the media, though the pattern is obvious. As one of the symptoms of the Earth changes caused by the influence of Planet X on the hapless Earth, this is on the ban list in the media. Don't talk about this except to treat it as a local event, don't do pattern analysis, don't show the big picture. It is all blamed on Global Warming, on a flare from the Sun, on periodic climate changes that happen naturally to the Earth. Anything but admit the monster planet shrouded in a dust cloud, creeping past the Sun and heading toward the Earth.
In September-October of 2005, a smell of rotten eggs was sensed from LA to Thunder Bay on Lake Superior to the New England states and throughout the South-Eastern US. We explained at that time that this was due to rock layers being pulled apart, releasing gas from moldering vegetation trapped during prior pole shifts, when rock layers were jerked about, trapping vegetation. We explained in March of 2002 that black water off the coast of Florida was caused by this phenomena. Do these fumes cause people to sicken, and birds to die? Mining operations of old had what they called the canary in a birdcage, to warn the miners of methane gas leaks. Birds are very sensitive to these fumes, and die, and this is indeed what happened in Austin, TX. Were it not for the explosions associated with gas leaks, it would be common knowledge that gas leaks sicken, as the body was not structured to breath such air for long.
Why were these Earth farts and moving ground experienced from Italy and the UK throughout the US and even in Australia, all seemingly simultaneously? We have explained that the plates of the globe have been loosened up, the rock fingers holding them firmly against one another broken off, so a fluidity has resulted. A major adjustment in one place can thus be translated to an adjustment elsewhere, instantaneously. Italy is on fault lines. London is being stretched. Australia is being snapped in two, to some extent, as India is being plunged under the Himalayas while Australia and New Zealand rise. Where Australia will not actually break in two, at the point where the weight of the land rise to the East puts stress on the continent, there are adjustments, and this line across Australia will thus have rock layer adjustments, thus the stretch stench. But the major incidents of this stretch episode were felt across the US, primarily in New York City. Why was this?
We have mentioned that the point where sinking land in the Southeastern part of the US is pulling the continent down and the point where the rising New England land is bobbing up will be around Philadelphia, PA. New England rises because it is freed from attachments as the Seaway splits. It is free to bob up, as would be its natural state if not attached along the Seaway and to points South along the Eastern seaboard. As with the continent of Australia, the weight of this rising land puts stress at the snap point, not to the point of snapping the land apart, but adjustments will be made. New England is due to rise 450 feet, all told, where the Southeastern US will drop by 150 feet, no minor adjustment. But primarily the N American continent is being stressed due to a diagonal pull, where the New England states are moving East during the normal rotation of the Earth, but the Southwestern portions of the continent near Mexico are being held back. This Earth Torque, which we detailed in May, 2004 is due to tugging on the South Pole by Planet X, a daily affair as the live seismographs show. This Earth Torque was one of the primary reasons for the massive 9.5 quake in Sumatra on Dec 26, 2004, popping that plate up.
This Earth Torque will be the cause of continuing adjustments on the New Madrid fault line in the US, as we have likewise detailed recently. Mining accidents, when they have occurred in the US in late 2005, occurred along a line from Ontario to Mexico. Look at these Earth fart incidences, occurring on Jan 8, 2007. New York City, across to Ohio and Nashville and Missouri and Texas. Does this not line up with the mining accidents following the Sago Mine incident in late 2005? From New England to Mexico, that line. This is where the ground is being pulled, diagonally, with land West of the Mississippi going Southwest, land East of the Mississippi going Northeast. Such a diagonal pull certainly exposes rotting vegetation trapped between rock layers to the air. The incidences along the California coast are due to a reaction to the changes to the East, as the fault lines along the West Coast will certainly have to adjust in turn. However, the California adjustments are not caused by compression, during these times, but due to adjusting to the new position of Mexico, to the South.
Mysterious gas odor in NYC and Jersey City
http://abclocal.go.com/
The odor of natural gas was reported across Midtown Manhattan, prompting hundreds of calls to emergency workers. A very similar smell was also reported in Downtown Jersey City. Con Edison officials said were investing the source of the leak. The NYC Transit Authority is telling us the F station at W. 23rd St and 6th Ave has been evacuated as a precaution. PATH train service has been temporarily suspended between 33rd Street and Journal Square and 33rd Street and Hoboken due to emergency activity. About a dozen people were taken to hospitals complaining of difficulty breathing.
The environmental "surge" you're not hearing anything about.
http://www.waynemadsenreport.com/
According to U.S. maritime industry sources, tanker captains are reporting an increase in onboard alarms from hazard sensors designed to detect hydrocarbon gas leaks and, specifically, methane leaks. However, the leaks are not emanating from cargo holds or pump rooms but from continental shelves venting increasing amounts of trapped methane into the atmosphere. Another location experiencing increased venting is the Santa Barbara Channel on the California coast.
Natural Gas Smell Frightens Manhattan
Con Edison, the New York City power company, was quoted as saying it had detected no leaks in its system but it said it was checking all of its lines. The smell is there. We don't know the source of it, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said at a news conference.
Overnight 'flow adjustments' break 4 water mains
Broken water mains that closed at least four roads in Rochester this morning have been repaired. Agency workers were doing some flow adjustments. As a result, water pressure was higher than normal and caused several failures at weak points in the system.
Source: Videotext of TV station Canale 5 of Mediaset Group,page 165,166
http://godlikeproductions.com/
In Bologna 100 people were evacuated "for precaution" for a gastube leak this late evening. This afternoon happened a quake of 3,7 Richter there. In December nearby exploded a gas tube and killed 5 people. In Genova also, residents of a Palace were evacuated for a gas tube leak. This happened this early eveneing.
Tube station shut after gas leak
http://news.bbc.co.uk/
Services on the Hammersmith and City tube line has been partly suspended due to a gas leak. Hammersmith underground station, which is on the Hammersmith and City line, has been closed since 1540 GMT. An investigation is under way.
Gas fears empty shopping mall
http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/
The centre on the corner of Queen and Cantonment streets was promptly evacuated as FESA sought to determine the cause of the symptoms - but Mr Klenner said none had been found. Whatever it was must have dispersed really quickly. Possible causes included leaking cleaning fluid or equipment. Three St John Ambulances treated at least 19 patients for minor injuries - taking four of them to hospital.
Burst Water Main - North Terrace at College Park
Emergency services crews have been mopping up on North Terrace at College Park where a burst water main has caused flooding to some properties.
Put Cleveland Ohio on the map for wierd gas leaks.
AEP Ohio plant blast kills one, shuts unit
http://www.alertnet.org/
An explosion at American Electric Power Co. coal-fired plant in Ohio killed one person and injured nine on Monday, leading to the shutdown of a coal unit. The blast occurred as hydrogen was being delivered by truck, killing the driver. The explosion occurred outside the plant's walls, and while the cause was unknown it did not involve the unit's boilers.
Charlotte Pike Opened After Methane Gas Leak
http://www.newschannel5.com/
Officials have re-opened Charlotte Pike. The road was closed Monday morning after a gas leak. Charlotte Pike was closed as methane gas leaked into the air. Hazmat and fire crews were called out as a precaution. NES was also on the scene. No evacuations were ordered. It was the second time in a month that construction crews have hit a gas line.
Ruptured gas line in Downtown Mobile repaired
http://www.fox10tv.com/
Mobile Fire and Rescue tells Fox 10 News a gas line leak at the RSA tower has been stopped. Streets have reopened, and all businesses involved are also open again. No one was injured.
Gas Leak Forces Evacuation In Blue Springs
http://www.thekansascitychannel.com/
A gas leak and small explosion prompted police to evacuate about 50 homes and a preschool in downtown Blue Springs on Monday afternoon.
I was taking some back roads home today and as I drove by a pond along side the road I noticed that is was bubbling. I've driven by this pond many times over the past 12 years that we have lived in this area and I've never seen it do this before. I live in Central Iowa.
Smells like gas in Dallas too. I smell it here in Grand Prairie TX also. I'm in the middle of Dallas / FtWorth. The air really reaks!
Leak At Houston-Area Plant Keeps Kids In School
http://www.nbc5i.com/
A Houston suburb lifted its shelter warning and said it was safe for residents to go outside Monday afternoon, a little more than an hour after white smoke or vapor vented from an industrial plant. It was unclear whether the apparent leak was coming from the facility or from a vehicle at the facility.
Downtown OK after dead bird scare
Health officials say dozens of dead birds discovered Monday along Congress Avenue in downtown Austin posed no health risk to the public. Air quality tests conducted at the site where the 63 dead pigeons, grackles and sparrows were found have come back negative.
Part of Rio Rancho under voluntary evacuation order.
http://www.abqjournal.com/
The Rio Rancho Department of Public Safety has called a voluntary evacuation for part of the city because of a very large gas main break. Public Service Company of New Mexico crews told Rio Rancho DPS that it will be some time before everything is cleared out. The break happened around 11:30 am.
Gas leak forces evacuations on Oak Avenue
http://www.hmbreview.com/
Mandatory evacuations are underway for residences on Oak Avenue in Half Moon Bay following reports of a broken gas main. It was not immediately clear when the leak would be fixed or when residents would return to their homes.
Ruptured SoCal natural gas line forces freeway closure
Calif. Southern California gas crews are fixing a ruptured four-inch natural gas line adjacent to the 101 Ventura Freeway near Oxnard. A private contractor was digging and doing some construction around 11 am and accidentally hit the line, causing a leak.


The Richard Montgomery Cluster is located in middle of Montgomery County, along I270 and is bordered by the Gaithersburg Cluster, Wootton Cluster, Churchill Cluster, Walter Johnson Cluster and Rockville Cluster. Homes in Derwood, Potomac and Rockville (zips 20850, 20851, 20853) feed into the Richard Montgomery Cluster. Richard Montgomery High School is home the county's application-based International Baccalaureate program.
Richard Montgomery HS is home to a county magnet program which could elevate overall school test scores.
The median home price in the Richard Montgomery Cluster is around $510,000 making it one of the more expensive clusters in Montgomery County. See all homes for sale and homes by price break in the Richard Montgomery Cluster below. Always verify a home's school assignment directly with MCPS.


Last week, CO celebrated the grand opening of the new lobby for the UCLA La Kretz Botany Building. The reimagined lobby space creates sight lines to the adjacent garden and brings to life a mosaic design from the building's original architect, Paul Williams.The full renovation project will consolidate much of the EEB department within the Botany Building and make departmental research and teaching visible to the greater UCLA community.
As we strive to enhance our work and enable the exploration of novel design solutions, the challenges presented by different projects can sometimes extend beyond the core capabilities of our authoring tools. Here is a look at some of the ways we are exploring a do-it-yourself approach to digital tool development.
Essential to the success of the contemporary medical school is its facility's ability to adapt to changes in medical curriculum and pedagogy, and for the program spaces to support multiple functions. Innovative solutions to traditional medical education space planning will result in a building able to flex to various scaled activities in a single space. Designing for change will create a facility that is durable, enduring and sustainable, demonstrating a prudent use of an institution's physical, financial and human resources.
The Health Education Building at the University of Kansas Medical Center is a new academic medical and health sciences training facility that creates literal and figurative connections at all scales: across Kansas and the KU campuses, among schools and curricula, between the past and present, and most importantly, between people.
Contemporary research engages teams of researchers working together to solve complex problems. Today's laboratory facilities bring different scientific disciplines under one roof to create opportunities for collaboration and cross-disciplinary discovery. Yet physical laboratory space requirements often vary greatly among the disciplines, resulting in unique challenges in laboratory planning and programming.


If you are an M-PESA user, you most likely have send money to the wrong number in the past. If this has happened to you, you must content that getting your money back can be hard if the other person is dishonest.
Worry not, SAFARICOM can help you reverse your funds.
Lipa Na Mpesa has revolutionized how people make payments these days. However it happens that you may make an erroneous payment while attempting your Lipa Na Mpesa transaction. If you happen to pay to the wrong Mpesa Paybill or MPESA Till Buy Goods & Services, do not despair you can get the funds back by getting the M-PESA transaction reversed. Call Safaricom on 234 and ask for them to initiate the MPESA reversal.
To reverse a Lipa Na M-PESA PayBill, you have to contact the merchant directly and request for the reversal.If you do not have the merchant number, call Safaricom directory on 191 and ask for the number of the merchant who runs the MPESA PayBill. The business will check the transaction and advice you how soon the M-PESA paybill reversal will be done usually within two days for most businesses.
When you click on it a pop up window will appear. You will need to fill in the details i.e. Name, Phone number and your question.
Once this happens be sure your query will be handled unless your internet goes off.


Kitchen Krafts is your one-stop-shop for home canning supplies and equipment, including the Electric Water Bath Canner by Ball. Do all your home canning, steam vegetables, cook pasta and more anywhere there is an electric outlet. Need home canning gear or supplies? Get started here with Canning Tools & Supplies, and don't forget to stock up on a wide variety of Canning Jars.


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How Carbon Pricing Could Span the United States and North America
Report PDF (198 KB)
Report Nov 3, 2016
With carbon taxes and emissions trading systems taking hold in Canada and Mexico—and interest in these instruments picking up in the United States—carbon pricing could span the continent.
Gwynne Taraska
Howard Marano
Advancing Racial Equity and Justice, Building an Economy for All, Strengthening Health and Ending the Pandemic, Tackling Climate Change and Environmental Injustice, Clean Energy, Climate Change, Conservation+4 More
View of North America at night, courtesy of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio ()
Carbon pricing is flourishing in North America. Canada, for example, has announced a national price to take effect in 2018, while Mexico has announced a 12-month cap-and-trade pilot that will evolve into a national program. These developments join a network of established pricing instruments, including a carbon tax in Mexico and subnational systems in California, the northeast United States, and several Canadian provinces.
Once unlikely, it now seems probable that carbon pricing will proliferate not only across Canada and Mexico but also in the United States. Carbon taxes and cap-and-trade programs have found a diverse set of U.S. proponents, including from the private sector and from across the political spectrum, who view carbon pricing instruments as effective and efficient methods of curbing greenhouse gas emissions and the disruptive effects of climate change.
About carbon pricing
Carbon pollution imposes costs on society through the damage caused by climate change. Systems that price carbon, such as emissions trading systems and carbon taxes, help transfer these costs to polluters. Cap-and-trade systems set an upper limit on emissions and auction or allocate tradable emissions permits. Carbon taxes, by contrast, levy a fee on greenhouse gas emissions or the amount of carbon contained in fossil fuels. That is, cap-and-trade programs set a pollution level and allow the price of carbon to fluctuate, whereas carbon taxes set a price and allow the pollution level to fluctuate.
An expansion of carbon pricing in the United States would move the continent toward full geographic coverage—an important step in correcting the fact that carbon polluters have not borne the associated costs. This issue brief discusses the status and trajectory of North American carbon pricing instruments and the interactions among them.
Carbon pricing developments in Canada and Mexico
New carbon pricing initiatives—which build upon an existing ecosystem of pricing systems—are taking hold across Canada and Mexico.
In October 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced a pan-Canadian minimum carbon price of 10 Canadian dollars per ton in 2018, which increases to 50 Canadian dollars per ton in 2022. The provinces and territories can choose to implement either a carbon tax or an emissions trading system to fulfill the federal policy. No revenue goes to the federal government.1
Before this announcement, several Canadian provinces were already taking steps to price carbon:
British Columbia implemented a carbon tax in 2008, currently set at 30 Canadian dollars per ton of greenhouse gas emissions and covering approximately 70 percent of emissions in the province.2 Revenues are used to reduce other taxes.
Quebec implemented a cap-and-trade system in 2013, currently covering approximately 85 percent of its emissions and with an auction price of 16.45 Canadian dollars per ton of greenhouse gas emissions.3 Auction revenues benefit climate initiatives through the Quebec Green Fund.
Alberta is scheduled to implement a 20 Canadian dollar-per-ton carbon tax in 2017 that increases to 30 Canadian dollars in 2018. Coupled with an emissions performance standard for large industrial greenhouse gas polluters, the carbon price will cover up to 90 percent of emissions in the province.4 Revenues will support climate projects and rebates for middle- and low-income households.5
Ontario has established a cap-and-trade system to begin in 2017, covering facilities emitting 25,000 tons of greenhouse gas pollution per year.6
Together, the four provinces account for approximately 80 percent of Canadian emissions and 85 percent of the Canadian economy.7
Mexico, for its part, unveiled a 12-month cap-and-trade pilot program to begin in November 2016 that will precede a national system slated for 2018.8 MEXICO2, a platform for environmental markets launched by the Mexican stock exchange in 2013, will manage the trade of permits.9
Mexico also has a modest national tax on fossil fuels—implemented in 2014—that covers 48 percent of its emissions.10 Natural gas, however, is exempt. The country set the initial price at $3.5 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent and anticipates revenue of approximately $1 billion per year.11
Also notable is the pledge from Mexico, Canada, and the United States to use similar assessments of the damage that carbon pollution causes to society—the so-called social cost of carbon—when evaluating potential regulations that would affect emissions.12 The United States has already estimated the social cost of carbon, and the executive branch has considered it in regulatory impact analyses since 2010.13 Expanded consideration of the social cost of carbon to guide government decision-making could help pave the way toward pricing instruments that reflect the true costs of carbon pollution.
Moving toward carbon pricing across the United States
With emissions trading systems and carbon taxes taking hold across Canada and Mexico, increased participation in carbon pricing in the United States would be a step toward full geographic coverage in North America. Such an outcome is increasingly plausible.
The United States already has two subnational trading systems that cover approximately 30 percent of the U.S. economy: the California cap-and-trade program and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, or RGGI, which spans nine states in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic.14 The California cap covers 85 percent of state emissions, with revenues supporting the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.15 The permit price was $12.73 per ton of CO2 equivalent in August 2016.16 The RGGI cap covers 20 percent of the emissions of member states, with revenues returned to the states.17 The RGGI price was $4.54 per ton of CO2 equivalent in September 2016.18
Moreover, interest in carbon pricing is growing in the country, including at the state level, in the private sector, and among conservative policy experts.
State momentum
There has been a wave of interest in pricing policies at the state level. A number of states—including Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont—have considered carbon tax proposals during their 2016 legislative sessions.19 In Washington state, a carbon tax ballot initiative is up for consideration in November 2016.20 The tax would be $15 per ton in 2017, increasing to $25 per ton in 2018 and by 3.5 percent each year thereafter.21 The state would apply the tax revenue to reduce sales and manufacturing tax rates and to fund a rebate for low-income households.
In addition, dozens of states are considering carbon pricing as a potential tool to comply with the Clean Power Plan, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's policy to reduce carbon pollution from the electricity sector.22 Although the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the Clean Power Plan while it is under judicial review, many states are nonetheless preparing to meet their emission reduction targets.23 If the plan is upheld, there is strong potential for an expansion of carbon pricing policies across the country.
Private-sector support
Companies are increasingly assuming a leadership role in adopting and promoting a price on carbon. As of 2015, more than 400 companies from a variety of sectors reported pricing carbon internally—including U.S.-based Dow Chemical, Duke Energy, Microsoft, Wells Fargo, and many others. This practice can take several forms. Some companies assess an internal fee or manage an emissions trading system among divisions in order to limit overall carbon pollution.24 Others assume a price on carbon when making investment or project decisions in order to ensure their continued profitability in an increasingly carbon-constrained world.25
Companies are also encouraging governments to adopt pricing systems in order to create more certainty for long-term investments. More than 100 businesses, including many with operations in the United States, have now joined the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, a partnership committed to the expansion of carbon taxes and emissions trading programs.26 Dozens of other U.S.-based companies—including Coca-Cola, DuPont, and Johnson Controls—are signatories to the Caring for Climate initiative, which supports external prices on carbon.27
Institutional investors in the United States—such as banks, insurance companies, pension funds, hedge funds, and mutual funds—are promoting carbon pricing as well.28 Motivated by the risks that climate change poses to their investments, more than 400 institutional investors representing trillions of dollars in assets have recommended that governments adopt "stable, reliable and economically meaningful" pricing policies.29
Compatibility with conservative values
Carbon pricing has long found support among progressives as a tool to mitigate greenhouse gas pollution—the 2009 Waxman-Markey cap-and-trade bill is a well-known case in point—but it is increasingly finding support across the political spectrum.30 Several think tanks, including free-market-oriented organizations such as the Niskanen Center and R Street Institute, have determined that a carbon tax would be consistent with free-market principles and an effective policy that elected Republican officials could adopt.31
Individual conservative policy experts have also promoted a price on carbon. Prominent examples include George Shultz, the former secretary of state under President Ronald Reagan; former Rep. Bob Inglis (R-SC); and N. Gregory Mankiw, former chair of the Council of Economic Advisers under President George W. Bush and an advisor to the Romney presidential campaign.32
Concern about the economically and socially destructive effects of climate change—and prescience that climate denial is politically unviable over the long term—motivate the position among conservatives that there is a legitimate role for government to correct for the externality of carbon pollution.33 Market-based policies, such as carbon taxes and emissions trading systems, are viewed as economically efficient and effective corrective measures.34
Linkages and interactions
As carbon pricing instruments emerge across the continent, so will relationships among them.
Some interconnections among North American pricing systems already exist. Foremost among these is the 2014 linkage of the California and Quebec programs.35 There are also a number of smaller-scale interconnections, including the participation of several Canadian provinces as observers to RGGI and the memorandum of understanding between California and the Mexican state of Chiapas to collaborate on forestry offsets.36
There is political appetite for further international coordination. In June 2016, for example, President Barack Obama, Prime Minister Trudeau, and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto pledged to collaborate on carbon markets in the context of the Paris Agreement as part of the climate partnership that emerged from the North American Leaders' Summit.37 Cooperation on carbon pricing could help Mexico, Canada, and the United States meet their national and collective climate targets, such as the goal of reaching 50 percent clean energy generation continentwide by 2025.38
In addition, it is possible that a cap-and-trade program that spans California, Quebec, Ontario, and Mexico will develop over the coming years.39 Such integration could have benefits that include increased price stability and cost effectiveness. Mexico, which already has a climate pact with California that includes cooperation on carbon markets, signed an agreement with Ontario and Quebec in August 2016 to share expertise and support carbon pricing throughout the continent.40 Ontario, for its part, pledged in 2015 to join the California-Quebec system.41
But emissions trading systems are not the only pricing instruments in North America. This raises the question of how the variety of carbon taxes and trading systems could be integrated.
The perennial debate about whether a carbon tax or an emissions trading system is the superior pricing instrument gives the impression that the options are mutually exclusive. The two systems, however, can be complementary, as they are when a carbon tax and an emissions trading system target different sectors. Sweden, for example, has a national carbon tax and also participates in the European Union Emissions Trading System. The tax covers heating and transportation fuels, while fuels used in the production of electricity are exempt.42 Since the launch of the European system in 2005, however, the tax has become increasingly targeted to fossil fuel uses that fall outside the scope of the trading system.43
It is also possible to design a pricing instrument that is a hybrid of a cap-and-trade program and a carbon tax, such as a cap-and-trade program that guards against price volatility and therefore reduces uncertainty in long-term investment decisions.44 For example, a cap-and-trade program could set a price ceiling—also known as a safety valve—by allowing polluters to pay a penalty instead of participating in the program or by guaranteeing that the government will sell permits at an upper price limit.45
A cap-and-trade program could alternatively—or additionally—set a price floor by establishing a reserve price or by guaranteeing that the government will purchase permits at a lower price limit. Both RGGI and the California program have reserve prices—$2.10 and $12.73, respectively. A cap-and-trade program could also set a price floor by applying a tax on greenhouse gas pollution on top of requiring permits to cover greenhouse gas pollution under the trading program.46 In this case, it should be noted that the tax would function as a lower price limit rather than as a driver of additional emissions reductions, given that the cap would govern the pollution level.
Given the growing bipartisan interest in carbon taxes in the United States, the topic of how a national fixed carbon price would interact with pre-existing regional cap-and-trade programs calls for further study. There are any number of ways to integrate the systems. In the Canadian case, which sets a national price of at least 10 Canadian dollars per ton in 2018 that increases to 50 dollars per ton in 2022, provinces that choose to comply with the federal policy through a cap-and-trade program must reduce emissions to a level that meets or exceeds the emissions reductions that would be achieved through the fixed-price method. All revenue stays with the provinces.
The bill that Rhode Island considered in 2016 suggests another model of integration. It envisioned the state participating in two pricing systems—a statewide tax and RGGI.47 In the bill, the state would implement an economywide tax on fossil fuels of $15 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. Large emitters in the power sector, which already participate in RGGI, would pay the carbon tax minus the RGGI price.
A Rhode Island-like model of integrating a national tax and a pre-existing regional cap-and-trade program might direct polluters to comply with the regional program and to additionally pay the tax minus the cap-and-trade price if and only if the former outstrips the latter.48 It should be noted that the national tax would drive down demand for permits—and therefore permit prices—when it is higher than the cap-and-trade price.49 In fact, the tax would eliminate demand if the difference between the tax and the cap-and-trade price is higher than the cap-and-trade price itself. Regional programs could avert this situation—and the subsequent revenue loss—through price floors set by reserve prices.
Carbon pricing is not a panacea for climate change. The majority of prices set by North American taxes and trading systems are well below the actual social cost of carbon pollution, which is conservatively estimated at $36 per ton for 2015.50 A continentwide carbon price would be a hollow victory if it remained too low to motivate emissions reductions or had insufficient emissions coverage.
Full geographic coverage in North America, however, would be a significant step toward the ultimate goal of ensuring that polluters bear the cost of carbon pollution. And given the leadership role on climate action that North American countries have adopted on the international stage, it would also provide momentum to the growing movement to price carbon globally.51
Gwynne Taraska is the Associate Director of Energy Policy at the Center for American Progress. Howard Marano is a Research Assistant for the Energy Policy team at the Center.
The authors thank Alison Cassady and Michael Madowitz for reviewing this brief and Bakhita Gonçalves Soares for research on North American carbon pricing initiatives.
Government of Canada, "Government of Canada Announces Pan-Canadian Pricing on Carbon Pollution," Press release, October 3, 2016, available at http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=1132149.
British Columbia Ministry of Finance, "How the Carbon Tax Works," available at http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A4.htm (last accessed October 2016); British Columbia Ministry of Finance, "Myths and Facts About the Carbon Tax," available at http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A6.htm (last accessed October 2016).
Sarah Petrevan, "A Cap and Trade Primer: The Mechanics and Impacts of Quebec's Cap and Trade System," Clean Energy Canada, April 16, 2015, available at http://cleanenergycanada.org/cap-trade-primer-mechanics-impacts-quebecs-cap-trade-system/; Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and the Fight against Climate Change, "The carbon market, a green economy growth tool!", available at http://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/changementsclimatiques/marche-carbone_en.asp (last accessed October 2016); Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, and the Fight against Climate Change, "Auction Proceeds Allocated to the Green Fund," available at http://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/changements/carbone/revenus-en.htm (last accessed October 2016).
Alberta Government, "Carbon levy and rebates," available at http://www.alberta.ca/climate-carbon-pricing.aspx (last accessed October 2016).
Ontario, "Cap and trade: program overview," available at https://www.ontario.ca/page/cap-and-trade-program-overview (last accessed October 2016).
2014 data from Environment and Climate Change Canada, "Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (2016), p. 23, available at https://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=en&n=18F3BB9C-1; Statistics Canada, "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory," available at http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm (last accessed October 2016).
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Implemented in 2014. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, "Carbon Tax in Mexico" (2014), available at https://www.thepmr.org/system/files/documents/Carbon%20Tax%20in%20Mexico.pdf; James Camuzeaux and others, "Doubling Down on Carbon Pricing: Laying the Foundation for Greater Ambition," (New York and Genève, Switzerland: Environmental Defense Fund and International Emissions Trading Association, 2016), available at https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/doubling_down_carbon_pricing_edf-ieta.pdf.
Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, "Carbon Tax in Mexico."
The White House, "North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership Action Plan," Press release, June 29, 2016, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/29/north-american-climate-clean-energy-and-environment-partnership-action.
Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, Technical Support Document: – Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis – Under Executive Order 12866 (2010), available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/for-agencies/Social-Cost-of-Carbon-for-RIA.pdf.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, "Broad Growth Across States in 2014: Advance 2014 and revised 1997–2013 Statistics of GDP by State," Press release, June 10, 2015, available at http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/gsp_newsrelease.htm; California Air Resources Board, "Cap-and-Trade Program," October 14, 2016, available at https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm; Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, "Welcome," available at https://www.rggi.org/ (last accessed October 2016).
California Air Resources Board, "Overview of ARB Emissions Trading Program" (2015), available at https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/guidance/cap_trade_overview.pdf.
California Air Resources Board, "California Cap-and-Trade Program August 2016 Joint Auction #8: California Post Joint Auction Public Proceeds Report" (2016), available at https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/aug-2016/ca_proceeds_report.pdf.
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, "State Investment Pages," available at https://www.rggi.org/rggi_benefits/program_investments (last accessed October 2016); International Carbon Action Partnership, "ETS Map," available at https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets-map (last accessed October 2016);
International Carbon Action Partnership, "USA – Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)" (2016), available at https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/?option=com_etsmap&task=export&format=pdf&layout=list&systems%5B%5D=50.
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, "Auction Results," available at https://www.rggi.org/market/co2_auctions/results (last accessed October 2016).
Bills were referred to committee. Peter Vail and Dallas Burtraw, "A Look at Six State Proposals to Tax Carbon," Resources for the Future, March 18, 2016, available at http://www.rff.org/blog/2016/look-six-state-proposals-tax-carbon.
Chelsea Harvey, "These could be the first U.S. states to tax carbon – and give their residents a nice paycheck," The Washington Post, November 10, 2015, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/11/10/these-could-be-the-first-u-s-states-to-tax-carbon-and-give-their-residents-a-nice-paycheck/?utm_term=.a7f22d536780.
Yes I-732, "Legal Language" (2015), available at http://yeson732.org/legal-language/.
Elizabeth Harball and Emily Holden, "Carbon trading finds a foothold in at least 20 states," E&E Publishing, January 2016, available at http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060030764. Meanwhile, RGGI and California are considering how the Clean Power Plan will affect their programs. Susan F. Tierney, Paul J. Hibbard, and Ellery Berk, "RGGI and CO2 Emissions Trading Under the Clean Power Plan: Options for Trading Among Generating Units in RGGI and Other States" (Boston: Analysis Group, 2016), available at http://www.analysisgroup.com/uploadedfiles/content/insights/publishing/rggi_co2_emissions_trading_final_report.pdf; California Air Resources Board, "Clean Power Plan Compliance Discussion Paper" (2015), available at https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/powerplants/meetings/2015whitepaper.pdf.
Adele C. Morris, Yoram Bauman, and David Bookbinder, "State-level Carbon Taxes: Options and Opportunities for Policymakers" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2016), available at https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-level-carbon-taxes-Options-and-opportunities-for-policymakers.pdf.
Richard Zechter and others, "Carbon Pricing Watch 2016" (Washington and Utrech, Netherlands: World Bank Group and ECOFYS, 2016), available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/418161467996715909/pdf/105749-REVISED-PUBLIC-New-CPW-05-25-16.pdf.
Alison Cassady and Gwynne Taraska, "Proxy Carbon Pricing: A Tool for Fiscally Rational and Climate-Compatible Governance" (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016), available at https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/13143140/CarbonPricing.pdf.
Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, "Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition," available at http://www.carbonpricingleadership.org/ (last accessed October 2016); Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, "Leadership Coalition," available at http://www.carbonpricingleadership.org/leadership-coalition (last accessed October 2016).
U.N. Global Compact, U.N. Environment Programme, and U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, "Caring for Climate: The Business Leadership Platform" (2013), available at http://caringforclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/C4C-Brochure.pdf; U.N. Global Compact and others, "Executive Guide to Carbon Pricing Leadership: A Caring for Climate Report" (2015), available https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/Environment/climate/CarbonPricingExecutiveGuide.pdf.
Asia Investor Group on Climate Change and others, "Global Investor Statement on Climate Change" (2014), available at http://investorsonclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2014_GlobalInvestState_ClimChange_092316.pdf.
American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, H.R. 2454, 111 Cong. 1 sess. (Government Printing Office, 2009), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2454. For a more comprehensive compilation of statements from conservatives supporting a carbon tax, see Carbon Tax Center, "Conservatives," available at http://www.carbontax.org/conservatives/ (last accessed October 2016).
Jerry Taylor, "The Conservative Case for a Carbon Tax" (Washington: Niskanen Center, 2015), available at http://niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Conservative-Case-for-a-Carbon-Tax1.pdf; Catrina Rorke, "Why Republicans should reconsider their blanket opposition to a carbon tax," R Street Institute, June 10, 2016, available at http://www.rstreet.org/op-ed/why-republicans-should-reconsider-their-blanket-opposition-to-a-carbon-tax/.
George P. Shultz and Gary S. Becker, "Why We Support a Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax," The Wall Street Journal, April 7, 2013, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323611604578396401965799658; RepublicEn, "About Us," available at http://www.republicen.org/about_us (last accessed October 2016).
Catrina Rorke, "A Carbon Bargain for Conservatives" (Washington: R Street Institute, 2016), available at http://www.rstreet.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/68.pdf.
California Environmental Protection Agency and the Government of Quebec, "Agreement between the California Air Resources Board and the Gouvernement du Québec concerning the Harmonization and Integration of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (2013), available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/linkage/ca_quebec_linking_agreement_english.pdf.
Barry G. Rabe, "The Durability of Carbon Cap-and-Trade Policy," Governance 29 (1) (2016): 103–119, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gove.12151/full; Government of Quebec, "Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative," available at http://www.mrif.gouv.qc.ca/en/Relations-du-Quebec/Ameriques/Etats-Unis/Relations-bilaterales/RGGI (last accessed October 2016); The State of Acre and others, "Memorandum of Understanding of Environmental Cooperation Between the State of Acre of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the State of Chiapas of the United Mexican States, and the State of California of the United States of America" (2010), available at https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/sectorbasedoffsets/2010%20MOU%20Acre-California-Chiapas.pdf.
For a discussion of how the North American Leaders' Summit could spur carbon pricing throughout the continent, see Gwynne Taraska and Greg Dotson, "An Opportunity to Develop a North American Price on Carbon," Center for American Progress, March 17, 2016, available at https://americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2016/03/17/133564/an-opportunity-to-develop-a-north-american-price-on-carbon/; The White House, "North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership Action Plan."
It is also notable that Mexico hopes to surpass its climate target for 2025 and cites international carbon markets as a necessary condition for this. Government of Mexico, "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" (2015), available at http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Mexico/1/MEXICO%20INDC%2003.30.2015.pdf.
State of California, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Mexico, and National Forestry Commission of Mexico, "Memorandum of Understanding to Enhance Cooperation on Climate Change and the Environment Between the State of California of the United States of America and the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources and the National Forestry Commission of the United Mexican States" (2014), available at http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/climate_action_team/intergovernmental/MOU-Ministry_of_the_Environment_Mexico.pdf; Ontario, "Joint Declaration Between the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of the United Mexican States, the Government of Ontario, and the Gouvernement du Québec," Press release, August 31, 2016, available at https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2016/08/joint-declaration-between-the-ministry-of-environment-and-natural-resources-of-the-united-mexican-st.html.
Ontario, "Ontario, Québec and Manitoba Form a Dynamic Alliance to Fight Climate Change," Press release, December 7, 2015, available at https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2015/12/ontario-quebec-and-manitoba-form-a-dynamic-alliance-to-fight-climate-change.html.
Ministry of the Environment Sweden, "Sweden's Sixth National Communication on Climate Change" (2014), available at https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/swe_nc6_resubmission.pdf.
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, "Report for Sweden on assessment of projected progress, March 2015" (2015), available at http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/miljoarbete-i-samhallet/uppdelat-efter-omrade/klimat/prognoser-for-Sveriges-utslapp/report-sweden-assessment-projected-progress-2015.pdf.
See, for example, Alan Durning, "Cap-and-Trade or Carbon Tax? Both!: Five Ways BC's carbon tax shift can strengthen cap and trade," Sightline Institute, May 14, 2008, available at http://www.sightline.org/2008/05/14/carbon-cap-or-tax-both/. See also Denise Mullen and Selina Lee-Andersen, "Carbon Pricing, Fusion Style – Policy Issues to Consider When Carbon Taxes Meet Cap-and-Trade," Environment and Energy Bulletin 7 (4) (2015), available at http://www.bcbc.com/content/1949/EEBv7n4.pdf.
Cameron Hepburn, "Regulation by Prices, Quantities, or Both: A Review of Instrument Choice," Oxford Review of Economic Policy 22 (2) (2006): 226–247, available at http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/2/226.abstract.
Peter John Wood and Frank Jotzo, "Price Floors for Emissions Trading," Energy Policy 39 (3) (2011): 1746–1753, available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511000140.
Rhode Island General Assembly, H. 7325, January Sess. (2016), available at http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText/BillText16/HouseText16/H7325.pdf.
Sustainable Prosperity, "'Hybrid' Carbon Pricing: Issues to consider when carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems interact" (2009), available at http://www.sustainableprosperity.ca/sites/default/files/publications/files/Hybrid Carbon Pricing.pdf.
See, for example, Paul Ekins, "Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading: Issues and Interactions." In Mikael Skou and Paul Ekins, eds., Carbon-Energy Taxation: Lessons from Europe (Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2009).
At the 3 percent discount rate. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "The Social Cost of Carbon," available at https://www.epa.gov/climatechange/social-cost-carbon (last accessed October 2016). See also Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Carbon pricing efforts are falling short, but even modest collective action can deliver significant progress, OECD says," Press release, September 26, 2016, available at http://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy/carbon-pricing-efforts-are-falling-short-but-even-modest-collective-action-can-deliver-significant-progress.htm.
Gwynne Taraska and others, "Proposals for a North American Climate Strategy" (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016), available at https://americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2016/06/22/139747/proposals-for-a-north-american-climate-strategy/; World Bank, Ecofys, and Vivid Economics, "State and Trends of Carbon Pricing: 2016" (2016), available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25160.
Director, International Climate Policy
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Le terme Anglais cheat (la « triche » en Français) désigne l'ensemble des moyens permettant, dans un jeu vidéo, de modifier les règles du jeu pour obtenir un avantage déloyal lors d'une partie.

Une personne utilisant ces moyens est appelée cheater (ou tricheur). Les cheats sont généralement mis en place par les développeurs pour faciliter les tests pendant la conception d'un jeu vidéo. Dans les jeux en ligne, les cheats sont mis en place par les joueurs et sont notamment utilisés dans les jeux de tir à la première personne, les MMORPG ou les jeux de stratégie en temps réel.

Dans le monde anglo-saxon, le fait de tricher dans un jeu est aussi désigné sous le terme d'exploit (l'action), notamment grâce à l'utilisation de glitches (« failles » du jeu).

Dans les jeux « solo »

La méthode la plus basique de triche est l'utilisation de « codes de triche » (en anglais cheat codes) ou de systèmes physiques qui remplissent le même rôle.

Un code de triche consiste généralement en un mot ou une phrase à écrire dans une boîte de dialogue, ou en une suite de touches à enfoncer n'importe quand pendant une partie. Activé, le code de triche provoque un effet sur le joueur, par exemple devenir invincible ou pouvoir passer à travers les murs, etc.

Ces codes de triche sont créés par les développeurs et cachés dans le jeu vidéo. Ils permettent de tester certains aspects du jeu facilement pendant la phase de développement du jeu. Par exemple, un développeur qui voudrait vérifier la trajectoire d'une roquette serait contraint, sans codes de triche, de trouver un lance-roquette et des munitions et il devrait analyser la trajectoire à l'œil nu à chaque fois qu'il tire. Avec des codes de triche, il pourrait utiliser un premier code pour avoir toutes les armes du jeu (dont le lance-roquette), un deuxième pour avoir des munitions en quantité illimitée, et un troisième qui affiche un trait bleu persistant le long de la trajectoire, ce qui simplifierait grandement les tests.

Dans les jeux de tir à la première personne :
 se rendre invincible (« mode Dieu » ou godmode en anglais) ;
 avoir toutes les armes ;
 munitions infinies ;
 charger directement un niveau précis ;
 tuer tous les ennemis ;
 traverser les murs (mode noclip) ;
 être invisible (mode fantôme) ;
 s'envoler.

Dans les jeux de stratégie en temps réel :
 invulnérabilité ;
 avoir toutes les technologies ;
 ressources infinies ;
 diminution des temps de construction ;
 dévoiler toute la zone de jeu (annulation du « brouillard de guerre »).

Dans les jeux multijoueur

Alors que la triche dans les jeux solo est tolérée (vu que l'on y joue tout seul), la plupart des jeux multijoueur opposent directement les joueurs entre eux, et un joueur trichant dans une partie bénéficie donc d'un avantage par rapport aux autres joueurs. C'est pourquoi les tricheurs sont mal considérés par la communauté des joueurs en ligne.

Les développeurs d'un jeu ne fournissent aucune méthode de triche en multijoueur, ils cherchent au contraire à les contrer. Les codes de triche solo sont prévus pour ne pas fonctionner en multijoueur. Des méthodes de triche alternatives sont développées par certains joueurs.

Pourtant, sur certains jeux dont presque tout se passe en multijoueur (comme le jeu Minecraft), les développeurs laissent les équipes techniques des serveurs multijoueur choisir la politique concernant ces règles de triches. Certains choisissent de les interdire, mais d'autres les autorisent.

Fonctionnement
Il existe différentes méthodes utilisées par les logiciels de triche.
 Modification du code
 Le jeu est analysé par reverse-engineering. Il est ainsi possible de comprendre quel bout de code réalise quelle fonction précisément. En modifiant ce bout de code, le fonctionnement d'une partie du jeu est modifié. Ceci s'appelle généralement un "Exploit". Pour faire simple, il faut voir cette méthode de triche comme un patch illégal d'un exploit. Par exemple, un jeu retire des pièces d'or à un joueur à chaque fois celui-ci achète un objet ; en comprenant comment le jeu implémente cette fonctionnalité, il serait possible de modifier le comportement du jeu afin que le joueur gagne des pièces d'or à chaque fois qu'il achète un objet.
 Manipulation des données en mémoire
 Le jeu stocke les données dont il a besoin en mémoire, incluant (mais ne se limitant pas à) le niveau de vie du joueur, ses munitions, son niveau, son argent, le détails des objets qu'il possède En trouvant exactement où ces valeurs sont stockées, il est possible de les modifier. Par exemple, un joueur a 30 balles dans le chargeur de son arme ; en trouvant où ce nombre est stocké, sa valeur peut être fixée à 30, de telle sorte que quand le joueur tire avec son arme, le nombre de balles dans son chargeur ne diminue pas et reste à 30 ; il a donc munitions illimitées. C'est surtout ce fonctionnement qui est ciblé par les anti-cheat dans les jeux en ligne.
 Modification du système
 Un jeu fait appel à diverses fonctionnalités du système d'exploitation de l'ordinateur du joueur. Plutôt que de modifier le jeu en lui-même, il est possible d'altérer le fonctionnement du système d'exploitation. Un bon exemple est le pilote de la carte graphique qui s'occupe du rendu sur l'écran du joueur. En temps normal, un objet qui est caché derrière un deuxième objet n'est pas affiché. En altérant le pilote de la carte graphique de la façon adéquate, l'objet caché sera tout de même affiché à l'écran. Cela permet de voir à travers les murs (wallhack).
 Interception et altération des paquets
 Quand un joueur effectue une action dans un jeu (se déplacer, envoyer un message), le jeu transmet un paquet réseau au serveur du jeu, décrivant l'action effectuée. Puis le serveur retransmet le paquet à tous les joueurs en jeu, chaque jeu sur les autres ordinateurs prenant en compte l'action effectuée (déplacement du joueur, affichage du message). Il est possible d'intercepter ces paquets et de les modifier ; de cette façon, si un joueur effectue une action, le jeu transmettra un paquet aux autres joueurs, mais entretemps le paquet ayant été modifié (selon l'endroit de modification), un ou plusieurs joueurs verront apparaitre une action différente de celle qui s'est réellement produite. prenons par exemple le principe du fonctionnement du cheat anti-aim : un joueur A (normal) et un joueur B (qui triche) s'affrontent dans une partie sur internet. Le joueur A voit le joueur B et lui tire une première balle. Le jeu envoie un paquet qui contient la trajectoire de tir, entre autres informations. Le paquet passe par le serveur, le serveur renvoie le paquet vers le joueur B. Juste avant d'arriver au joueur B, le paquet est intercepté par un logiciel de triche qui l'analyse. Le logiciel lit la trajectoire de la balle (qui est dirigée exactement sur B) et modifie la trajectoire pour que la balle aille à côté du joueur B, puis fait suivre le paquet jusqu'au jeu de B. Le jeu analyse le paquet et dessine la trajectoire de la balle, et le joueur B voit sur son écran la balle qui passe à quelques distance à côté. Ainsi, le joueur B dévie les balles adverses, et peut contre-attaquer.
Dans certains jeux en ligne, les joueurs peuvent voir le Ping (latence en Français), Les tricheurs sont susceptibles de pouvoir modifier cette valeur par manipulation des paquets.

Comportements et motivations

Selon les motivations et/ou la maturité, le comportement des tricheurs peuvent être classés en deux catégories : le tricheur ostentatoire et le tricheur discret.

Le tricheur ostentatoire
Le tricheur ostentatoire (ou « rage hacker ») est en général un (jeune) joueur en manque de reconnaissance ou immature. Il active généralement la totalité des options de cheat disponibles pour son jeu et essaie de gâcher au maximum la partie des autres joueurs.

Un des cas extrêmes de ce comportement est l'association (selon le jeu utilisé) d'un aimbot (ou auto-aim ; un programme de visée automatique des autres joueurs) avec un speedhack (un programme qui permet de courir plus vite) et d'une arme de corps à corps (comme un couteau) du jeu : guidé automatiquement par l'aimbot, le tricheur passe de cible en cible et « découpe » chaque ennemi au couteau, à une vitesse telle qu'il est très difficile à abattre. La précision de l'aimbot, couplée à la vitesse du speedhack, permet en général d'anéantir entièrement l'équipe adverse en une poignée de secondes à compter du début de la partie.

Le tricheur peut aussi, selon les jeux, utiliser une arme a distance (et à longue portée, comme un fusil de précision ou un railgun, voire une mitrailleuse) et « mitrailler » la zone, anéantissant les autres joueurs sans même qu'ils aient eux le temps de voir le coup arriver.

Si le jeu possède un chat vocal, il peut arriver que, grâce à un , le tricheur diffuse des musiques en saturé ou des sons gênants.

Il arrive aussi que ce type de tricheur se manifeste en groupe, et dès que l'un est soupçonné, ils vont tout faire pour dissuader les coéquipiers que leur ami ne cheat pas, mais que celui qui l'a dénoncé.

Si aucun administrateur n'est présent pour bannir le tricheur, le serveur est dans la plupart des cas rapidement déserté, les joueurs honnêtes se mettant en mode « spectateur » pour observer le cheater, avant de quitter du serveur.

Le tricheur discret
Le tricheur discret (ou legit hacker) est beaucoup moins gênant, agissant de manière beaucoup plus subtile mais tout aussi néfaste : le but du tricheur discret est d'obtenir le meilleur score possible sans être repéré, utilisant le cheat de manière raisonnée, prudente et masquée.

Avec toutes les technologies de triche disponibles, il est de plus en plus difficile de faire la différence entre un très bon joueur et un tricheur discret. D'autant plus qu'un très bon joueur, que personne ne soupçonne de tricher, peut très bien être un tricheur discret faisant très bien son travail...

Le tricheur discret peut par exemple utiliser un  (programme de visée automatique) avec un programme de changement de FOV ( ; en français : « champ de vision ») très faible, pour viser les joueurs adverses automatiquement dès que le viseur est proche de sa cible (smooth aiming). Il ne vise pas la tête et n'utilise pas de wallhack ou d'ESP (un programme qui permet de voir à travers les murs). De plus, il désactivera son cheat au moindre soupçon de la part d'un autre joueur, pour le réactiver discrètement quelque temps plus tard.

Parmi l'une de ses nombreuses stratégies, le tricheur discret n'hésitera pas à utiliser des pratiques telles que la manipulation psychologique afin de convaincre ses coéquipiers ou son entourage qu'il ne triche pas. Certains joueurs de haut niveau ont été découverts (souvent par hasard ou à la suite d'une erreur bête du joueur en question) utilisant le cheat discret, notamment dans plusieurs jeux par équipe joués dans les tournois importants ou sur internet.

Dans certains jeux infestés de tricheurs (comme le FPS Team Fortress 2), il n'est pas rare de voir ce type de tricheur dire qu'il se bat contre ses confrères.

Moyens mis en œuvre pour contrer la triche
Les développeurs des jeux multijoueurs sont conscients du problème de la triche, qui leur est préjudiciable car nuisant à la qualité du jeu en ligne ou à leur business model, dans le cas de jeux free-to-play. Au fil des ans, plusieurs solutions ont été mises en place pour tenter d'arrêter les tricheurs.

Système de contrôle chez le client
Plusieurs développeurs de jeu ont choisi cette solution. Elle consiste à faire télécharger côté client un programme de contrôle qui va tenter de détecter la présence d'un code de triche. Les anti-triches de ce type fonctionnent selon le même principe que celui d'un logiciel antivirus.

 Avantages :
 totalement fiable avec les logiciels de triche supportés ;
 faible risque d'erreur avec un joueur ne trichant pas ;
 dissuasif, dans le cas des anti-triche proposés par les développeurs des jeux car menaçant le plus souvent d'interdire au tricheur l'accès à tous les serveurs de jeu (par ex. en bannissant sa clé CD du jeu), contraignant le tricheur à racheter le jeu.

 Inconvénients :
 nécessite d'avoir une base de données de cheats à jour ;
 pour les logiciels anti-triche développés par des sociétés tierces (par exemple Punkbuster), nécessite d'installer le logiciel de contrôle même pour les joueurs honnêtes afin de pouvoir accéder au serveur de jeu.

Solutions clientes anti-triche les plus connues :
 BattlEye : système anti-triche tiers, utilisé notamment pour les jeux ARMA II, , ARMA III, DayZ, H1Z1, Ark: Survival Evolved, Planetside 2, Survarium, Conan Exiles, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale, Heroes and Generals ou  ;
 Cheating-Death : une ancienne solution anti-triche développée par une communauté d'administrateurs de serveur et utilisée notamment par l'Electronic Sports League (ESL) dans ses tournois en LAN-party ;
 nProtect GameGuard : utilisé notamment dans les MMORPG asiatiques ;
 Punkbuster : logiciel tiers utilisé notamment pour les jeux Quake III Arena, Quake Live, Battlefield 1942, Call of Duty ou encore Battlefield 3, Battlefield 4 et aussi Battlefield Play4Free ;
 Valve Anti-Cheat  (VAC) : développée par la société Valve notamment pour ses jeux Half-Life, Counterstrike ou Counter-Strike: Global Offensive ;
 Warden : qui concerne Diablo II (depuis le patch 1.11), StarCraft (depuis le patch 1.15), Warcraft et aussi World of Warcraft.

Système d'analyse de comportement sur le serveur
Cette solution, très utilisée il y a plusieurs années, a été progressivement abandonnée en raison de sa fiabilité limitée.

 Avantages :
 ne nécessite rien chez le client ;
 pas de base de données à mettre à jour.

 Inconvénients :
 peu fiable car se basant sur des comportements (par exemple, la rapidité de déplacement du viseur) ;
 la plupart des cheats récents disposent d'options spécifiquement conçues afin de contourner ces protections ;
 bannissement d'un seul serveur uniquement ;
 des latences peuvent survenir et donc fausser l'analyse.

Solutions anti-triche les plus connues :
 HLGUARD Anti-Cheat, développé à l'origine pour Half-Life et ses nombreuses modifications.

Surveillance humaine

L'œil humain reste l'outil le mieux adapté pour détecter les supercheries. Certains sites, comme celui de l'UAA pour le jeu Urban Terror, proposent de leur envoyer des démos de tricheurs en pleine action accompagnées de leurs identifiants uniques (représentatifs de leur clé CD) afin de constituer des listes entières de cheateurs à bannir.

Le système « Overwatch » de Counter-Strike: Global Offensive est aussi un système permettant aux joueurs qui ont signalé de potentiels cheaters de déterminer si ces signalements s'avèrent être exacts et prendre les mesures nécessaires grâce à des experts ou des joueurs, souvent bénévoles. Le système fonctionne avec un bout d'enregistrement vidéo censé montrer les actions suspicieuses du joueur suspecté de triche. Le verdict sera rendu à la fin de l'enregistrement, à charge d'experts de déterminer si oui ou non le joueur a triché.

 Avantages :
 fiabilité totale sur les cheateurs ostentatoires ;
 ne nécessite rien chez le client ;
 pas de base de données à mettre à jour.

 Inconvénients :
 fiabilité limitée sur les cheateurs discrets (dépendante des compétences de l'administrateur) ;
 risques d'erreurs si l'administrateur n'est pas assez compétent (bannir un tricheur qui n'en est pas un) ;
 nécessite des ressources humaines ;
 bannissement d'un seul serveur uniquement, ou propagation du bannissement limitée en utilisant les listes de bannissement ;
 point de vue souvent subjectif, ne permettant pas de juger le joueur de manière objective.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Source
 Dossier Trick or Cheat?, magazine Next Generation  74-79, janvier 1999.

Articles connexes
 Code Konami
 Exploit / Glitch

Lien externe
 Histoire et origine des codes de triche dans les jeux vidéo sur hacktuces.net

Terminologie du jeu vidéo
Tricherie au jeu vidéo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Psicon Lab (Ben Neal) - a freelance multimedia designer and flash developer based in the West Midlands, supplying creative computer skills and services for the arts, artists, music industry, small businesses, events, and education.
I'm a freelance artist, designer, educator , musician, performer, programmer and consultant.
I am based the the West Midlands (UK) and have been trading as Psicon Lab since 2004. I've been active in the creative sector for over 10 years, delivering everything from performance art to software development.
As a Creative Technologist I have a wide range of creative and technical skills and knowledge and can bring them together to suit your project's needs. I have a genuine interest in each and every project, and always strive for the very best possible result.
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text:
George Albert Watts  (16 December 1885 – 25 January 1957) was a British justice of the peace, councillor and the mayor of the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras, London, from 1938 to 1939. He was born in Finsbury, Clerkenwell, the son of George and Caroline Watts. He is buried in Southgate Cemetery along with his wife, Pamela Jane Watts (died 23, May 1948) and their daughter Joyce Evelyn Potter (died 11 May 1989).

References

1885 births
1957 deaths
Members of St Pancras Metropolitan Borough Council
Mayors of places in Greater London
English justices of the peace
People from Clerkenwell


text:
Queen (band)
British rock band (1970-)
Queen are a British rock band that formed in London in 1970. It was one of the most commercially successful music acts of all time. The band members were Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (guitar, vocals), Roger Taylor (drums, vocals), and John Deacon (bass guitar).
Freddie Mercury died of an AIDS-related bronchopneumonia on November 24, 1991.[1] In 1997 John Deacon retired to spend more time with his family. The other two former members toured with Paul Rodgers from 2005 to 2009. In December 2018 it was announced Queen & Lambert will bring its Rhapsody Tour to The Forum in 2019. Three of their biggest hits were "Bohemian Rhapsody, "We Will Rock You", and "We Are the Champions".
Queen was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001.[2]
1 Formation
3 Album Hits
4 Studio albums
FormationEdit
With his friend Tim Staffell, Brian May started a band called 1984 in the mid 1960's with classmate and friend named Tim Staffell. The band broke up after a little bit and then May decided to make another band and teamed up with two other college students named Tim Staffell and Roger Taylor. They called themselves "Smile" with Roger Taylor on drums and vocals, Tim Staffell on vocals and bass and Brian May on guitar and vocals. They did a few hits such as "April Lady". Tim Staffell became friends with another college student, Farrokh Bulsara (to be later known as Freddie Mercury) and Farrokh became a big fan of "Smile" and encouraged them a lot. Later on, Tim left "Smile" to join "Humpy Bongs" and Farrokh Bulsara subsequently joined the band on vocals and piano in 1970. Then Farrokh came up with the name "Queen", so they changed it from "Smile" to "Queen". They then started auditions for a new bassist. They were going through several bassists during this time and none of them stuck, only lasting for about a few minutes. None of the auditioners managed to suit the place of the new bassist, but finally in 1971, they settled on John Deacon. Queen's first album was released in 1973 and it was called "Queen" with songs such as "Seven Seas Of Rhye" and "Liar". Farrokh Bulsara changed his name to Freddie Mercury after the lyrics "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in "My Fairy King". Brian May has a degree in Astrophysics.
Brian May – lead guitar (1970–present)
Roger Taylor – drums, vocals (1970–present)
Deceased members
Freddie Mercury – vocals, piano (1970–1991)
John Deacon – bass guitar (1971–1997)
Guest members
Paul Rodgers – vocals (2004–2009)
Adam Lambert – vocals (2009–present)
Album HitsEdit
Queen – Keep Yourself Alive – 1973
Queen II – Seven Seas of Rhye – 1974
Sheer Heart Attack – Killer Queen – 1974
A Night at The Opera – Bohemian Rhapsody, You're My Best Friend, I'm In Love With My Car – 1975
A Day at the Races – Somebody to Love, Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy – 1976
News of the World – We Are The Champions/ We Will Rock You (Double A side single) – 1977
Jazz – Bicycle Race/ Fat Bottomed Girls (Double A side single), Don't Stop Me Now – 1978
The Game – Another One Bites the Dust, Crazy Little Thing Called Love – 1980
Flash Gordon – Flash's Theme – 1980
Hot Space – Under Pressure – 1982
The Works – Radio Ga Ga, I Want To Break Free, Hammer To Fall – 1984
A Kind of Magic – One Vision, A Kind of Magic, Who Wants to Live Forever – 1986
The Miracle – I Want It All – 1989
Innuendo – The Show Must Go On, These Are the Days of Our Lives – 1991
Made in Heaven – Heaven For Everyone – 1995
The Cosmos Rocks – C-lebrity – 2008
Studio albumsEdit
Sheer Heart Attack (1974)
Made in Heaven (1995)
The Cosmos Rocks (2008)
↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm BBC
↑ "Queen honoured with Hollywood star". 18 October 2002 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_(band)&oldid=6752946"


Use global means that this module's content will be cached according to your Joomla's global cache settings.
No caching means that no content from this module will be cached.
This option is provided by Joomla.
If you use more than one Classic forms on your website, even on different pages, you need to give each one of them a unique number to differentiate them from each other.
Enter email addresses here if you want the form to be sent in carbon copy.
Enter email addresses here if you want the form to be sent in blind carbon copy.
Enter email addresses where replies should be sent to.
If set to Yes, a "Reply to" field will appear when the email is sent.
Yes means that all fields will be cleared when the user submits the form.
No means that the values entered by the user will remain after the form is submitted.
With the JForm type, No is automatically used.
Enter the name of the CSS class that will be used with the form.
Amount of pixels between the labels to the left of the form and their input fields.
Enter a Website address where the user should be redirected after submitting the form. Make sure you enter a fully formed URL.
To be able to use Captcha, you can follow the procedure on the Joomla Website.
If you don't have a Google account and don't want to create one, you can use a Captcha extension available in the Joomla Extensions Directory.
Set to No Captcha if you don't want any Captcha protection.
Image Captcha creates an image including a background rectangle, characters the user will have to type and lines blurring the image.
Text Captcha creates a simple character string the user has to type.
An absolute path where captchas will be written.
Make sure that the repository is writable.
URL matching the directory specified above.
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Width in pixels of the captcha image.
Height in pixels of the captcha image.
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The color in which error messages are displayed to the user.
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After submitting the form, the user is redirected to the anchor tag mentioned here. By default, this tag is placed at the beginning of the form.
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This new feature is only available with the JForm type.
An absolute path to the directory in which attachments sent by users will be saved.
The label for field Send Me an Email, set below.
If set to Yes, users can ask to receive a copy of the form that they send.
If set to Yes, users will always receive a copy of the form that they send.
If the Send User an Email Automatically option is set to Yes, you can fill out this section to send your user a custom message.
If set to Yes, the data entered in the From field is validated and must follow the format emailaccount@domain.
With the JForm type, this validation occurs automatically.
If set to Yes, the Joomla article title is automatically included in a hidden field added to the email.
If set to Yes, the form is used in test mode.
Set this option to Yes if you want to use your own template to modify the module's display. To get you started, you can copy the mod_simpleemailform/tmpl/default_custom.php.dist and name it default_custom.php.
You can also give your custom file another name, but you will have to insert your chosen name on line 7 of the default.php template file.
Set this option to Yes if you want to use Joomla's language overrides feature. Searching for constants with "MOD_SIMPLEEMAILFORM" will give you a list of all the strings that can be overriden in this module.
Thanks to this feature, you won't lose your changes the next time you update Simple Email Form.
The html tag used for the module. This option is provided by Joomla.
The number of columns used in the module. This option is provided by Joomla.
The HTML tag used for module headers and titles. This option is provided by Joomla.
The CSS class used for module headers and titles. This option is provided by Joomla.
The option used to override the template style. It is provided by Joomla.


After displaying the correct IP address, as read from the relay config file, Tor attempts to verify the reachability of a different address. See below.
I have no idea where this bogus 198.105.254.68 address is coming from. The last line below is followed by a stream of warnings that 198.105.254.68:9001 and 198.105.254.68:9030 cannot be reached. No surprise there, as it is not the address I specified.
May 01 11:38:09.000 [notice] Tor 0.2.6.7 (git-9ccf019b168909ef) opening log file.
May 01 11:38:09.933 [notice] Tor v0.2.6.7 (git-9ccf019b168909ef) running on Linux with Libevent 2.0.22-stable, OpenSSL 1.0.1m and Zlib 1.2.8.
May 01 11:38:09.933 [notice] Read configuration file "/etc/tor/torrc".
May 01 11:38:09.937 [notice] Your ContactInfo config option is not set. Please consider setting it, so we can contact you if your server is misconfigured or something else goes wrong.
May 01 11:38:09.937 [notice] Based on detected system memory, MaxMemInQueues is set to 747 MB. You can override this by setting MaxMemInQueues by hand.
May 01 11:38:10.000 [notice] Configured hibernation. This interval begins at 2015-04-30 00:00:00 and ends at 2015-06-01 00:00:00. We have no prior estimate for bandwidth, so we will start out awake and hibernate when we exhaust our quota.
May 01 11:38:10.000 [notice] Parsing GEOIP IPv4 file /usr/share/tor/geoip.
May 01 11:38:10.000 [notice] Parsing GEOIP IPv6 file /usr/share/tor/geoip6.
May 01 11:38:10.000 [notice] Configured to measure statistics. Look for the *-stats files that will first be written to the data directory in 24 hours from now.
May 01 11:38:14.000 [notice] Tor has successfully opened a circuit. Looks like client functionality is working.
Once more thing. Despite the series of "has not managed to confirm" warnings in the log file specifying the wrong address, I actually can get to the Tor network via the local SOCKS port.
May 03 04:58:12.000 [warn] Your server (198.105.254.68:9030) has not managed to confirm that its DirPort is reachable. Please check your firewalls, ports, address, /etc/hosts file, etc.
May 03 05:05:04.000 [notice] Your IP address seems to have changed to 216.218.216.197 (METHOD=INTERFACE). Updating.
May 03 05:05:04.000 [notice] Our IP Address has changed from 198.105.254.68 to 216.218.216.197; rebuilding descriptor (source: METHOD=INTERFACE).
May 03 05:05:05.000 [notice] Self-testing indicates your ORPort is reachable from the outside. Excellent. Publishing server descriptor.
May 03 05:05:11.000 [notice] Performing bandwidth self-test...done.
May 03 05:05:59.000 [notice] Your IP address seems to have changed to 198.105.254.68 (METHOD=GETHOSTNAME HOSTNAME=bridgB2). Updating.
May 03 05:05:59.000 [notice] Our IP Address has changed from 216.218.216.197 to 198.105.254.68; rebuilding descriptor (source: METHOD=GETHOSTNAME HOSTNAME=bridgB2).
May 03 05:25:59.000 [warn] Your server (198.105.254.68:9001) has not managed to confirm that its ORPort is reachable. Please check your firewalls, ports, address, /etc/hosts file, etc.
This sort of explains it by itself. Among other methods, tor uses gethostname() to guess the IP address. In your case, your computer's hostname apparently is bridgB2, with the IP address 198.105.254.68. This would be a configuration problem on your system (I would suspect something along the lines of a invalid /etc/hosts entry or perhaps a incorrect DNS config.
The Address directive in torrc exists to work around situations where "having a hostname that reflects reality, with an IP address that is public" is not possible.
Please double check your system's configuration.
You're absolutely right, it was a missing /etc/hosts entry. Thanks for pulling my head out.


Mazen technology consultant has developed a mobile asset management application for them. The purpose is to manage the machines using the capabilities of Intel vPro technology from mobile devices.
The application mobile interface is developed for iPhone as an initial launch with a road map to provide the same for Andriod enabled devices also.


If you are on the go and need a quick refreshment, drop by Fulton Street Cafe in New Orleans, Louisiana. Savor the aroma of freshly brewed coffee and the scrumptious flavors of our snacks, from freshly baked pastries and breakfast sandwiches to soft-serve ice cream. Our establishment is not hard to find as we are located just across from downtown Convention Center.
Our cafe has more to offer for those who want to take a seat and relax. We have three huge TVs mounted on the wall so you can sit back and watch entertainment shows or catch up on the news. Customers who need to access the internet may take advantage of our free Wi-Fi. Our cafe is also the perfect setting for small business meetings where various businesspeople go when they need a venue.
In operation for more than a year and a half, we make it a point to provide excellent customer service. One of our leaders has been involved in the food management industry for more than 30 years. With experienced individuals at the helm, our crew delivers tasty meals and fresh coffee day in and day out.


text:
Students taught to 'Take 3' items of rubbish when leaving beach
/ By Brendan Trembath
Posted WedWednesday 9 MarMarch 2016 at 1:58amWedWednesday 9 MarMarch 2016 at 1:58am , updated WedWednesday 9 MarMarch 2016 at 4:31amWedWednesday 9 MarMarch 2016 at 4:31am
A cheap and simple way to reduce plastic debris on beaches is being embraced by schools in coastal regions around Australia.
Ocean lovers developed program in 2009 to clean up beaches
Tuggerah Lakes Secondary College picked up 20kg of rubbish
Number of coastal councils support Take 3 program
More than 100,000 students have been taught the "Take 3" message, which is to take three pieces of rubbish away when leaving a beach or waterway.
The program was developed in 2009 by several ocean lovers who picked up plastic on their favourite beaches.
Picking up other people's rubbish might seem a hard concept to sell to students, but it does involve a trip to the beach.
Year eight student Jemma Towers was enthusiastic about a clean-up she took part in at The Entrance on the NSW Central Coast.
Her goal was "to pick up three pieces of rubbish to help our environment and make a difference to our beaches and parks and local areas".
In a briefing before the clean, one of the founders of Take 3, Roberta Dixon-Volk, explained to students why the area was important.
"Where we are now at the mouth of The Entrance is the funnel, which conducts basically all of the water from Tuggerah Lakes down into the Pacific Ocean," she said.
The rubbish they collected would otherwise end up in the Pacific Ocean.
In one day's beach blitz 160 students from two campuses of Tuggerah Lakes Secondary College picked up about 20 kilograms of rubbish, including 3,700 cigarette butts and hundreds of plastic items, such as bottles and food packaging.
Also retrieved were 23 batteries and a blow-up raft with oars.
Some strange things can turn up while picking up debris by the sea — like a $20 note found by the last school group.
Ms Dixon-Volk recently had a lucky find of another kind.
"I found a fossilised shark's tooth at Womberal about two months ago," she said.
Tuggerah Lakes Secondary College picked up about 20 kilograms of rubbish. (ABC: Brendan Trembath)
Marine science, conservation and community service are key elements of the Take 3 program.
Brett Marchant, a teacher at Berkley Vale High School, is a convert.
"We're looking out for our community, trying to spread the message about take three," Mr Marchant said.
A number of coastal councils are also supporting the Take 3 program.
Nick Carson, an environmental education officer at Wyong Shire Council, was "really" disappointed by the beach litter during the busy Christmas-New Year's season.
He noted it was a beautiful place to sit down for a meal of fish and chips, but wished people would take their rubbish with them.
Mandy Marechal, another founding member of Take 3, hoped to change that with the program.
"I've had students come up to me years later saying, 'You started something'," Ms Marechal said.
They told her they could no longer go to the beach without picking up a couple of bits of rubbish.
Posted 9 MarMarch 2016WedWednesday 9 MarMarch 2016 at 1:58am , updated 9 MarMarch 2016WedWednesday 9 MarMarch 2016 at 4:31am
Oceans and Reefs


text:
New plans in store for Bay Park Square Mall
Posted: 5:50 PM, Jun 19, 2019
By: Jennifer Nazha
After two anchor stores, Younkers and Shopko, announced they were closing their doors, the community became concerned about the future of Bay Park Square Mall. But now, there's new hope.
ASHWAUBENON, Wis. — After two anchor stores, Younkers and Shopko, announced they were closing their doors, the community became concerned about the future of Bay Park Square Mall. But now, there's new hope.
"We had plans submitted yesterday for Dave & Buster's," said Mary Kardoskee, the Village of Ashwaubenon President.
The arcade, restaurant, sports bar is possibly moving into the space previously occupied by Younkers Furniture.
"I'm actually really excited about the Dave & Buster's. There's nothing really like that around here," said Michelle Jacques, a De Pere resident.
"Just more activities for people to do with their families," said Green Bay resident Rush Imhotep.
$65,000 grant to help Shopko employees and other retail workers
That's not all. The Village of Ashwaubenon says there's also a proposal to open a Blaze Pizza, Mission Barbeque and Panda Express in the mall area next to longhorn steakhouse off Oneida Street.
"I'm in the food industry, so that actually really excites me. I like trying new places," said Jacques.
Village leaders say people were worried about the mall's future when they heard about the closings of two anchor stores, Younkers and Shopko, but these new plans take away some of their concerns.
"I mean jobs, activities," said Imhotep. "In terms of the visual aesthetic of it, it's not just going to be nothing there anymore, so I mean it can help in a number of ways."
The village and community members we spoke with hope these new businesses will bring life back into the empty spaces in and around the mall.
"For me it's generating foot traffic into the mall, you don't want your malls to go down," said Kardoskee.
"A lot of malls are dying and that would be a really good thing not to happen to this mall specifically because it's so thriving," said Jacques.
The plans still must go through the Village Board for approval before any of the projects can begin. NBC 26 reached out Bay Park Square Mall management, as well as the new businesses that plan to open, but we have not yet received a comment on the projects.


by Paul Jacob, Contributing Author: Despite the hoopla, I did not get a chance to watch Childhood's End, the miniseries that aired this week on the SyFy channel.
But I didn't really need to — and not just because it failed to receive critical or popular acclaim.
This is the age of the Internet, and — Spoiler Alert! — many cats get let out of many a bag. Facebook, Twitter, water coolers . . . we all hear things outside the designated venues.
Of course, many people knew the plot line of SyFy's miniseries — simply because it's based on a 1953 novel by Arthur C. Clarke.
So, when we notice that one of the show's creators interprets the story's stark ending as being more personal than cosmic, that it is about accepting the inevitability of death, we are not going to go into a snit about "spoilers." We can all can handle it like . . . grown-ups.
Yes, the tale is in the "out there" branch of science fiction. Aliens come. They bring mankind a Golden Age, an era of plenty, curing disease and ending the need to work. And then, after a long stretch, they reveal themselves, in full-frontal corporeality: they look like devils, with huge horns, red gnarly skin, cloven hooves, wings and a tail. But finally the big truth dawns: the last generation of children becomes clairvoyant, ascend into the air, and, while destroying the planet, become "as one" in the universal Overmind.
Accepting death? Why not this interpretation: sure, socialism can work — but only by stripping us of our individuality and destroying humanity along with all life on the planet.
Tags: Paul Jacob, Common Sense, socialism, destroying humanity, stripping us of indivuality To share or post to your site, click on "Post Link". Please mention / link to the ARRA News Service. and "Like" Facebook Page - Thanks!


text:
Lady Gaga nears lawsuit deal
By Rich Calder
Lady Gaga and a disgruntled former assistant are nearing a settlement. AP Photo/Chris Pizzello
Garth Brooks brings twang to 'Amazing Grace' at Inauguration 2021
Lady Gaga belts out emotional national anthem at Biden inauguration
All the superstars performing at Joe Biden's inauguration
Jon Stewart, 'Tarzan' actor to lead 'virtual parade' for Biden inauguration
Lady Gaga might not have to show her "Poker Face" in court after all.
A lawyer for the diva's disgruntled ex-assistant Jennifer O'Neill, who sued the Fame Monster, claiming she'd been ripped off for overtime, told Manhattan federal Judge Paul Gardephe in a letter on Wednesday that both sides "have been engaged in significant settlement negotiations over the past two weeks."
"We have utilized the services of an independent mediator . . . who brought us to a place where we are in agreement on the most major terms related to a settlement," lawyer Paul Millus wrote. "I am hopeful that the parties can reach a mutual agreement, thus obviating the need for a trial."
O'Neill claims that she was at Gaga's "beck and call" during the 2009-to-2011 "Monster Ball" tours — and that the singer owes her 7,168 hours of overtime and about $400,000 in damages. O'Neill was paid a flat rate of $50,000 a year when she was first hired in early 2009, and then $75,000 when hired a second time, in 2010.
Gaga's reps did not return messages.
Filed under celebrity lawsuits	, lady gaga	, 10/17/13
Ranting staffer dragged off House floor


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