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Hyphoderma pinicola sp. nov. of H. setigerum complex (Basidiomycota) from Yunnan, China
Eugene Yurchenko1 &
Sheng-Hua Wu2
Backgroud
Hyphoderma setigerum (Fr.) Donk is a white-rot wood-decaying corticoid fungal species. It occurs worldwide from tropical to temperate regions. However, taxonomic studies in recent decades showed that H. setigerum is a species complex with four separate species, before this study.
Hyphoderma pinicola sp. nov. was collected on dead wood of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. in the temperate montane belt at 2200–2400 m altitudes, in Yunnan Province of China. Within the H. setigerum complex this new taxon is distinguished by having 2-sterigmate basidia, long basidiospores, and nearly naked septocystidia. A description and illustrations of this new species are provided, along with a key to five species of the H. setigerum complex. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 5.8S-ITS2 sequences indicated that H. pinicola belongs to the H. setigerum complex and has a separate position within the clade including H. subsetigerum and H. setigerum s.s. Bayesian inference of phylogeny based on two datasets, ITS and 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, confirmed the independent status of H. pinicola.
Morphological and phylogenetic studies showed that H. pinicola represents a fifth species of H. setigerum complex.
Hyphoderma Wallr. is the largest genus of Basidiomycota with resupinate non-poroid basidiomata. Currently, 103 species are recognized under Hyphoderma in Index Fungorum (Kirk, [2014]). According to Dai ([2011]), 24 species of Hyphoderma s.l. (including Mutatoderma (Parmasto) C.E. G mez and Peniophorella P. Karst.) were listed in the mycobiota of China. Hyphoderma setigerum (Fr.) Donk occurs worldwide from tropical to temperate regions. However, taxonomic studies in recent decades showed that H. setigerum is a species complex with four species. A new species belonging to the H. setigerum complex is described in the present paper. This new taxon is based on specimens collected in 2001 on dead branches of Pinus yunnanensis Franch., from the temperate montane belt of Yunnan Province, China.
Reference herbarium materials and study of the morphology
The specimens studied of this new species are deposited in the herbaria TNM and MSK (herbarium acronyms follow Index Herbariorum, http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih). The isolate is kept in the culture collection of TNM.
Description of macromorphology is based on dry basidiomata. Microscopic measurements and drawings were made from material mounted in 3% KOH water solution. Melzer's reagent was used to examine amyloidity or dextrinoidity of spore walls, but also to study crystalline incrustations on hyphae, or in the hymenium. Cyanophily of the spore wall was tested in cotton blue-lactophenol solution. To determine average spore size, 30 randomly selected spores from a squash basidioma preparation were measured.
DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing
Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences of Hyphoderma were analyzed in addition to morphological study. The material for DNA isolation was mycelium grown in pure culture (Wu 0108–36), and basidioma pieces taken from herbarium specimens (TNM F13635, TNM F13637). Both kinds of material were homogenized in liquid nitrogen. DNA was extracted with Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep Kit (Viogene, Taiwan), according to manufacturer's protocol. Primer pair ITS1/ITS4 was used for amplification of internal transcribed spacer region, including ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2, under PCR conditions, described in White et al. ([1990]). The DNA fragment of ribosomal large subunit gene (28S), was amplified with primers LR0R/LR5 (Moncalvo et al., [2000]), following PCR settings as described in Wu et al. ([2007]). Amplifications were run on a Mastercycler Gradient 5331 thermal cycler (Eppendorf, Germany). Amplification products were purified with a PCR-M Clean Up kit (Viogene) and sequenced with an ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit on ABI 3730 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The resulting sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank (Table 1).
Table 1 Taxa used in this study, along with their specimen /strain numbers, locality information and GenBank accession numbers
Sequence alignment and reconstruction of phylogeny
The datasets were composed of the sequences obtained in this study and taken from GenBank (Table 1), with the aim to elucidate phylogenetic distances between the new taxon and other Hyphoderma species. Two species of Mutatoderma, earlier known under Hyphoderma, were added to both 5.8S-ITS2 and 28S datasets. From about 50 ITS sequences of H. setigerum available in GenBank, we selected those representing the main clades within this species complex (Nilsson et al., [2003]). The selected taxa in the ingroup belong to residual polyporoid clade of Agaricomycetes (Binder et al., [2013]). Phanerochaete sordida (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden, a member of phlebioid clade, was selected as an outgroup in both datasets.
Sequences were aligned on-line in MAFFT v. 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server), using E-INS-i strategy for ITS and G-INS-i for 28S (Katoh et al., [2009]). Before alignment, ITS1 and 28S segments were cut from the sequences where needed. Sequences that were too short were removed from the datasets after preliminary alignments. Final datasets were edited manually in MEGA v. 3.1 (Kumar et al., [2004]). Ready data matrices, together with resultant phylograms, were deposited in TreeBase (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S16046). The best-fit models of nucleotide evolution were estimated by MrModeltest v. 2.3 (Nylander, [2004]), with Akaike Information Criterion as a relative quality measure of the model (Posada and Buckley, [2004]). The input file for MrModeltest was generated in PAUP* v. 4.0b10 (Swofford, [2002]).
Bayesian analysis of phylogeny was performed in MrBayes v. 3.2.1 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, [2003]). Both 5.8S-ITS2 and 28S datasets were individually analyzed in two independent runs, each with four MC3 chains running for 1 million generations, with tree and parameter sampling every 500 generations. Burn-in was as default setting (discarding 25% of samples). The datamatrix of 5.8S-ITS2 was analyzed with different sets of parameters for two partitions, 5.8S and ITS2, according to best-fit models. FigTree v. 1.3.1 was used to view and capture the resultant phylograms and CorelDraw v. 9 for drawing the images.
A key to species of Hyphoderma setigerum complex
Conspicuous capitate cystidia with naked, bulbous apices present, up to 14 μm wide apically, coarsely encrusted below the apex …………………………………… H. nudicephalum
Cystidia more or less cylindrical, seldom with naked capitate apex, but the apical bulb not exceeding 8 μm in width …………………………………………………………………………… 2
Basidia 2-sterigmate …………………………………………………………………………… 3
Basidiospores reaching 15–17.5 μm long, often suballantoid; basidia 25–32 μm long; septocystidia naked or weakly encrusted, often with thin (up to 0.5 μm) wall ………… H. pinicola
Basidiospores 10–12 μm long, only a little depressed adaxially; basidia 17–25 μm long; septocystidia heavily encrusted, typically with thick (up to 1 μm) wall …………… H. bisetigerum
Basidiospores 6–8 × 2.8–3.2 μm; known from Taiwan, Japan, China ……………………………………………………………………………… H. subsetigerum
Basidiospores 7–10(–14) × 3–5(–6) μm; worldwide ……………………………… H. setigerum
Hyphoderma pinicola
Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu, sp. nov. Figures 1 and 2.
Macromorphology of Hyphoderma pinicola (TNM F13635). A, Basidioma in central part (holotype); B, Basidioma in marginal part (holotype); C, Thin, minutely porulose basidioma. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Micromorphology of Hyphoderma pinicola (TNM F13637). A, B, Vertical sections through basidioma; C, Naked and encrusted subicular hyphae; D, Two straight and one distorted septocystidia; E, Basidia; F, Normal basidiospores; G, Basidiospore with a false septum. Scale bars: for A = 100 μm; for B–G = 10 μm.
MycoBank
China. Yunnan Prov., Hoching County, Sungkuei, alt. 2200 m, on dead corticated branch of Pinus yunnanensis, coll. S.H. Wu & S.Z. Chen, 1 Aug 2001, Wu 0108–32 (TNM F13637; isotype in MSK).
Specific epithet refers to the host preference (Pinus).
Basidioma thin; hymenial surface chalky white, warted; septocystidia scattered, almost naked and often thin-walled; basidia with two large sterigmata; basidiospores (10–)13–16(–17.5) μm long, predominantly suballantoid.
Basidiomata effused, membranaceous, 60–150 μm thick. Hymenial surface chalky white, minutely warted (3–4 warts/mm), between warts from the beginning minutely porulose, then continuous, minutely cracking with age. Margin zone up to 1.5 mm broad, concolorous with the main hymenial surface, abrupt or usually diffuse or slightly fibrillose. Hyphal system monomitic, all hyphae colorless, thin-walled, clamped at all primary septa. Subiculum thin, consisting of thin, fairly compact layer of more or less horizontal hyphae next to the substratum, and loose intermediate layer composed of variously oriented hyphae. Subicular hyphae moderately branched, 3–4.5 μm diam, naked to richly encrusted. Subhymenium not distinctly differentiated from subiculum. Subhymenial hyphae moderately to richly branched, 2.5–3 μm diam, moderately to richly encrusted (most incrustation dissolving in KOH solution). Cystidia of two kinds: (1) septocystidia scattered, projecting, irregularly cylindrical, straight to strongly twisted, simple or branched, with (2–)4–6(–8) and more predominantly clamped septa, apically near cylindrical or subcapitate, 65–180 μm long, up to 7–11 μm broad in swellings and the least 3.5 μm broad in constrictions, colorless, moderately thin-walled (walls up to 0.5 μm thick) to seldom thick-walled (up to 2 μm thick), naked or slightly encrusted, especially in basal part; (2) aseptate cystidia may be found in younger portions, slightly protruding, subcylindrical, 35–45 × (4.5–)6–7 μm, thin-walled, naked. Basidia subcylindrical or narrowly utriform, 25–28(–32) × 5–6.5 μm, colorless, thin-walled, naked, with two sterigmata measuring 6.5–7.5(–9) × 1–1.5(–1.8) μm. Spores cylindrical to allantoid, rarely slightly sigmoid, (10–)13–16(–17.5) × (3.5–)4–4.5(–6) μm (rarely up to 19.5 μm long), colorless, thin-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer's reagent, acyanophilous, with a short rounded apiculus.
CHINA. Yunnan Prov., Hoching County, Sungkuei, alt. 2200 m, on dead twig of Pinus yunnanensis, coll. S.H. Wu & S.Z. Chen, 1 Aug 2001, Wu 0108–30 (TNM F13635); Chuhsiung, Tzuhsishan, alt. 2400 m, on dead twig of Pinus sp., coll. S.H. Wu & S.Z. Chen, 2 Aug 2001, Wu 0108–36 (TNM F13643).
The species is so far known only from the temperate belt in northwest part of Yunnan Province, China.
Another bi-sterigmate species from the H. setigerum complex, H. bisetigerum Boidin & Gilles, was described from Madagascar (Boidin and Gilles, [2003]). However, this species differs from H. pinicola in bearing shorter basidia, shorter basidiospores, and heavily encrusted septocystidia (see key). In the global survey of the H. setigerum complex (Nilsson et al., [2003]), the largest spores (12–14.5 × 4.5–5 μm) were found in the material from Greenland; these however are shorter than in H. pinicola. According to a detailed morphological study of H. setigerum in Belarus and northwest Russia (Yurchenko and Zmitrovich, [2001]), the largest spores do not exceed 14 μm long, with averages from 7.3 to 11.2 μm. The average spore size in H. pinicola specimens was 15.1 × 4.3 μm (holotype), 14.4 × 4.3 μm (TNM F13635), and 14.1 × 4.5 μm (TNM F13643). The preference of growing on coniferous wood is rare for H. setigerum s.l., and it is a distinctive ecological feature of H. pinicola.
Molecular phylogeny
The 5.8S-ITS2 dataset analyzed by Bayesian analysis included 356 positions together with introduced gaps (99 positions in partial 5.8S, 86 of which were constant; 257 positions in complete ITS2, 66 of which were constant). MrModeltest suggested GTR + I + G as the best-fit model of nucleotide evolution for 5.8S + ITS2, K80 for partial 5.8S, and GTR + I + G for the whole dataset. The aligned datamatrix of partial 28S sequences included 882 positions, of which 820 were constant. The best-fit model of nucleotide evolution suggested for it by MrModeltest was GTR + I + G.
Both phylograms generated using Bayesian approach (Figures 3 and 4) confirmed that H. pinicola belongs to the genus Hyphoderma. According to the phylogram based on 5.8S-ITS2 (Figure 3), three specimens of H. pinicola constitute a well-supported clade (with Bayesian posterior probability value, PP = 1.00) within the H. setigerum complex. The phylogram based on partial 28S (Figure 4) demonstrates that three specimens of H. pinicola also constitute a separate clade (PP = 0.88). They belong to a highly supported clade (PP = 1.00) together with H. nudicephalum Gilb. & M. Blackw. A high degree of molecular divergence in ITS and 28S sequences supports specific status of H. pinicola.
Phylogram obtained to reveal the phylogenetic position of Hyphoderma pinicola via Bayesian analysis (5.8S-ITS2 dataset). Numbers above branches denote Bayesian posterior probability (PP) value (if PP ≥ 0.50). Thick branches have PP ≥ 0.99. Scale bar for branch length indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
Phylogram obtained to reveal the phylogenetic position of Hyphoderma pinicola via Bayesian analysis (28S dataset). Numbers above branches denote Bayesian posterior probability (PP) value (if PP ≥ 0.50). Thick branches have PP ≥ 0.99. Scale bar for branch length indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
A test of the application of molecular phylogeny in taxonomy is whether there is consistency between classification schemes based on molecular characters and morphological traits. Our results demonstrate certain congruence between morphological study and ribosomal gene sequence analyses. The phylogram inferred from 5.8S-ITS2 shows H. pinicola as a member of H. setigerum complex. All specimens of the H. setigerum complex constitute a separate, strongly supported clade. However, the H. setigerum complex appeared to be not monophyletic according to 28S-based phylogram. This phylogram shows that H. pinicola and H. nudicephalum are separate from H. setigerum. Basal branching order in 28S-based phylogram is not strongly supported by Bayesian posterior probability values, indicating that phylogenetic differentiation within the genus is not deep.
The previous comprehensive phylogenetic study of the H. setigerum complex (Nilson et al., [2003]) provided molecular grounds for recognition of H. nudicephalum and H. subsetigerum Sheng H. Wu. These species were defined morphologically: by characteristic cystidia in H. nudicephalum (Gilbertson and Blackwell, [1988]) and small spores in H. subsetigerum (Wu, [1997]). However, more than ten clades and subgroups were recognized and considered at species rank within this complex. As Nilsson et al. ([2003]: 651) noted, H. subsetigerum known from Asia (subgroup 7B) and H. setigerum s.s. from Northern Europe (subgroup 7B, AJ534272, AJ534273) constitute two different species because of incompatibility, geographic isolation and differences in spore size. Hyphoderma pinicola constitutes the third species in this small clade, possessing distinctive features in morphology, host preference, and distribution. The clade composed of long-spored specimens from Greenland is not only geographically, but also phylogenetically far from `H. subsetigerum' clade (see Nilsson et al., [2003], Figure 1). This analysis revealed that the sister group to the `H. subsetigerum' clade (i.e. the assemblage of H. pinicola, H. setigerum s.s., and H. subsetigerum) includes specimens of H. setigerum s.l. from Argentina (GQ409515, GQ409516) and South Africa (GQ409517, GQ409518). Both of these clades can be recognized as two independent species. Thus, after phylogenetic reconstructions, presumably new species from geographically separated areas appeared to be discriminated in highly supported clades on the basis of the 5.8S-ITS2 dataset only.
Two specimens of H. subtestaceum (Litsch.) Donk (GQ409521, GQ409522) were included in our phylogenetic study. According to Mycobank, H. subtestaceum is a synonym of H. setigerum. However, in the phylogram based on 5.8S-ITS2 sequences (Figure 3), these two specimens constitute a highly supported clade (PP = 1.00) separate from the clade that includes the H. setigerum complex. These results suggest that specimens from North America, called H. subtestaceum, belong to an independent species.
Hyphoderma pinicola, known from Yunnan Province, China, and collected on dead wood of Pinus yunnanensis, represents the fifth named species of the H. setigerum complex.
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This study was supported financially by Ministry of Science and Technology of ROC (grants NSC 98-2621-B-178-002-MY3 and NSC 101-2621-B-178-001-MY3). We are grateful to S.Z. Chen (TNM) for the help in managing herbarium specimens for this study and to Y.P. Chen for performing DNA extraction and amplification.
Department of Biotechnology, Paleski State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, Pinsk, BY-225710, Belarus
Eugene Yurchenko
Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
Sheng-Hua Wu
Correspondence to Sheng-Hua Wu.
EY prepared description and illustration for the new taxon, performed phylogenetic analysis, and prepared the manuscript. SHW collected the specimens and provided preliminary identification, suggested the study topic, guided molecular lab work, examined the taxa used for phylogenetic study, and revised and prepared the manuscript for submission. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Yurchenko, E., Wu, SH. Hyphoderma pinicola sp. nov. of H. setigerum complex (Basidiomycota) from Yunnan, China. Bot Stud 55, 71 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-014-0071-5
Corticioid fungi
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Kriz, et al: Improve the Dignity of the Emerging Emergency Homeless Shelter System in Orange County
JULIE LEOPO, Voice of OC
A sign placed on the Broadway side of Maxwell Park, where a nearly 30-tent homeless encampment was until it was cleared out by Anaheim city officials and people were sent to a 200-bed homeless shelter. Dec. 21, 2018.
By Fr. Dennis Kriz, OSM | March 12, 2019
We, the undersigned
Call on our cities and county to ensure that the system of homeless shelters being constructed in our cities and county BE HUMANE and take into account the fundamental dignity and actual needs of the people that these shelters are created to serve.
Specifically, we urge you to implement the following recommendations:
(1) Create a system for secure storage of the personal property of people experiencing homelessness. Without reasonable provision for the storage and safety of homeless people's possessions (for example, a site with a tub or shopping cart – sized public locker system), homeless encampments are inevitable.
(2) Meet the basic medical and hygienic needs of the homeless people in our midst. Beyond simply assuring access to public restrooms throughout our cities / county during the day, we ask that you:
a. Establish a system of easily accessible medical / hygienic facilities (perhaps through medical vans or hygienic equivalents) to be made available to homeless people during the day, so that they could be treated for simple ailments like colds or the flu, as well as have their persons and their belongings "deloused" (freed from bed bugs / lice)
b. Establish a system of infirmaries and, if needed, one-night quarantine wards for those arriving ill or infested with bugs, so that homeless persons arriving at the shelters for the night can become confident that they will not simply contract the flu or pests while sleeping at the shelters.
(3) Do not close shelters (that is, do not expel the people that the shelters are serving) before a reasonable hour (7-8 am). No one should be forced to leave a shelter at 5 or 6 am, literally into the cold and darkness, before most other businesses and services open.
(4) Establish a system of "day centers," often called "multipurpose centers," so that people experiencing homelessness have safe places to go to during the day where they could have many of the above mentioned needs met, as well have places to receive counseling or simply to rest / recreate.
(5) Respect the right of people experiencing homelessness to file complaints against homeless service providers and allow them to document the problems and complaints they have about the shelters through photography, video, or audio recordings.
We believe that these are not difficult matters to resolve and their resolution will not only make the system of emergency shelters being constructed more humane but also much more effective. Many more homeless persons will take advantage of a humane system built around their needs.
Finally, we are under no illusion that humanizing the emerging Emergency Shelter System will in itself "solve" the larger problem of homelessness in our county. That problem will only be solved here when our county's 5,000 people currently experiencing homelessness become able to secure permanent housing. Still, while this problem is confronted and solved, we believe that our county's weakest members deserve shelters worthy of the name.
Among the initial signatories are:
Most Rev. Timothy Freyer, Auxiliary Bishop, Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange
Teresa "Tita" Smith, Executive Director of Catholic Charities of Orange
Eve Garrow, ACLU-Southern California
Housing is a Human Right OC
Irvine for Everyone
Orange County Congregation Community Organization (OCCCO)
Orange County Equality Coalition
Orange County Poor People's Campaign
Peace Builders of Orange County
People's Homeless Task Force Orange County
The Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange
Servite Friars serving in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange
The Islamic Institute of Orange County
The Presbyterian Women of the Presbytery of Los Ranchos
The Congregational Church of Fullerton
The First Christian Church of Fullerton
St. Boniface Catholic Church, Anaheim
Unitarian/Universalist Congregation of Fullerton
Women for: Orange County
Clergy from five Catholic, five Protestant, two Jewish and two Unitarian/Universalist Parishes / Congregations / Temples in Orange County
Petition and other signatories.
Opinions expressed in editorials belong to the authors and not Voice of OC.
Voice of OC is interested in hearing different perspectives and voices. If you want to weigh in on this issue or others please contact Voice of OC Involvement Editor Theresa Sears at TSears@voiceofoc.org
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Fr. Dennis Kriz
Kriz: Eighteen More Homeless Died in OC in March
Fr. Dennis Kriz, Pastor at St. Philip Benizi Catholic Church in Fullerton, reflects upon the eighteen people who died "without fixed abode" in Orange County in March.
Kriz: Twenty More Homeless Died in OC in February
Fr. Dennis Kriz, Pastor at St. Philip Benizi Catholic Church in Fullerton, writes that while there's been some movement in addressing the homeless situation in OC, twenty more homeless died in February.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home › Audemars Piguet ROYAL OAK FROSTED GOLD 26239BC.GG.1224BC.02
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In the end, Audemars Piguet's decision release a a steel sports see with a mechanical movement for a price in the market tier may look counterintuitive in hindsight, nevertheless undeniably bold. Genta (above, 1931-2011), a Swiss observe and jewelry designer approached simply by AP President Georges Golay for the project, already possesses an impressive track record in extravagance watches, contributing to Universal Genève, Constellation's Polerouter Design Omega_, and Patek Philippe's gold colored oval. (Genta's famous info to Patek Philippe's selection, Nautilus, came four decades after the Royal Oak with 1976. ) Golay, who all ran AP from 1966 to 1987, wanted a wrist watch that would reinvigorate the brand, as their sales had stagnated., do you know image is still rooted much more elegant watches that are significantly falling out of favor. About the eve of Baselworld 69, Golay called Genta from 4 p. m. which day, and at the imperative request of an Italian trader, commissioned him to design a whole new sports watch. In a frenetic all-nighter, or so he claims, Genta came up with a concept sketch intended for Golay's game-changing sports view after looking at photos involving historic diver helmets along with being inspired by all their sturdy, angular shapes in addition to visible screws.
The approach of "making visible what exactly has been hidden" is the travelling idea behind the watch's design, with its unprecedented octagonal bezel with exposed hexagonal screws at each corner plus a checkerboard-textured twist on the face. Known as the "Grand Tapisserie" pattern, the corduroy is usually integrated into the 39mm circumstance with a carefully designed tapered bracelet with alternating is done on the outer and intrinsic links. Genta wanted that watch to reflect a new nautical aesthetic, so it acquired elements of a diving motorcycle and its name: the Suprême Oak, a reference to often the historic British Navy warship named after the oak sapling that sheltered King Charles II of England over the English Civil War. As per Golay's instructions, the watch will likely be made of steel, rather than the rare metal or platinum used pretty much exclusively for fine wristwatches. However , due to the high level connected with handwork and tooling instructed to bring Genta's complex imaginative and prescient vision to life, the price of the steel Royal Oak will can compete with that of other luxury platinum watches. Again, counterintuitive although bold.
The sketches presented at Basel Fair within 1969 did not become a development model until 1972. An original Royal Oak (Ref. 5402), nicknamed "Jumbo" due to its substantial 39mm case diameter back then, contained what the Calibre 2121 was the thinnest mechanical enjoy movement with date present in the world at the time, its levels Only 3. 05 millimeters, and equipped with many complex elements to keep the sporting activities watch strong, such as Gyromax balance wheel and anti-shock system. The slender motion also makes the case incredibly thin, at just 7mm. Seeing that both Golay and Genta no doubt expected, the watch brought about a stir, though may not be compulsory generally positive at the time. they have more expensive than any stainlesss steel watch ever seen available and more expensive than a yellow metal Patek Philippe dress see and a Rolex Submariner. (Ironically, the actual prototype of the watch was performed of white gold, which then was easier to work with when compared with steel in the manufacturing practice. ) Audemars Piguet will capitalize on this difference inside the marketing, determined to appeal to the particular affluent and avant-garde- Is very much an audience, but it needed a while for this info to be able to catch on: 5, 402 units were sold in an original Ref. But it took a little while for this information to find on: 5, 402 devices have been sold since the authentic Ref. But it took a bit for this information to hook on: 5, 402 sections have been sold since the first Ref.
Although far from a overnight success, Audemars Piguet essentially invented what we currently know as the "luxury activities watch. " Its nearly all groundbreaking design elements, for instance visible screws, octagonal bezels, textured dials, and one-piece bracelets, will be emulated by just a plethora of watches, many but by no means all, created by Genta in the decades in to the future. As for "Jumbo" itself, it may well go on to spawn a large and sprawling family of swiss watches that are now at the apex of watchmaking technology as well as market dominance. Of course , make such a collection and address a wider range of debt collectors and enthusiasts. Asked Audemars Piguet to change what manufactured the original model so cultural, it used specialized metallic for its case and bracelets. Today you can (in idea at least; you may have heard that will some are hard to come by) for Royal Oaks inside white gold, rose gold, platinum, ti and ceramic, and some get bezels set with jewelry. At entry level, you can even come across some with quartz moves.
Audemars Piguet Royal Oak Perpetual Calendar 26574BC
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In 85, Audemars Piguet combined it has the historical virtuosity for substantial complications with the most avant-garde clock design to launch the primary Royal Oak Perpetual Diary watch. Like the "Jumbo, micron the AP shatters the normal expectations of such a state-of-the-art timepiece, with a stainless steel event instead of a precious metal. As the observe industry is still in the throes of the quartz crisis and also expensive, highly complex watches from traditional Swiss makers such as AP are progressively more scarce, the Royal Walnut Perpetual Calendar is one of the almost no serially produced perpetual calendars on the market. and famous.
Audemars Piguet produced the first everlasting calendar watch, Ref. 5516, and in 1948 the design acquired a major influence on the Regal Oak version. Like different perpetual calendars in the AP series from 1978 for you to 1984, the watch contains the Tama?o 2120/2800, which at the time is the thinnest self-winding perpetual date movement in the world. Like the manufacturer's earliest quantièmes perpetuelles, typically the movement tracks leap several years, but is not displayed for the dial for a clearer search. It's also worth noting the fact that dial lacks the well known large lattice pattern, exchanged by a brushed sun floor that supports the various diary displays, which is also a factor throughout legibility. (However, recent versions have added themes then made it work, like the product pictured above. )
Typically the perpetual calendar version with the Royal Oak has become the icon in itself, although it is not while "everyday" timepiece as the regular three-hand "Jumbo". In recent years, Audemars Piguet has introduced breathtaking openwork versions and models with materials such as gold along with titanium. Of course , the never ending calendar isn't the only unwanted effect or haute horlogerie within today's vast Royal Pecan collection, which includes automatic tourbillons, skeletons, minute repeaters in addition to chronographs. Interestingly, the other was one of the last risks to reach the core Noble Oak collection in 97. For the first Royal Maple with a chronograph,
By means of 1993, after years of quartz domination, the renaissance associated with mechanical luxury watches seemed to be beginning to show some offer. As in 1972, Audemars Piguet was one of the boldest management, launching a larger, more man?uvres version of the Royal Pine to cater to the choices and trends of a brand-new generation of Royal Walnut Offshore. 'Jumbo' is known due to the slim and classic three-hand dial, while the Offshore echos an aggressive sporty energy with a 42mm case that is definitely closer to your veil redesigned dial and is the first Supérieur Oak wristwatch watch, stop-watch movement. The design, executed not necessarily by Genta but by simply AP in-house designer Emmanuel Geit, illustrates the trend from the watch market towards more substantial, bulkier designs.
Genta him or her self publicly stated that he despised Offshore, likening it with a Porsche being forcibly converted into a Hummer, but the sector ultimately decided against the pup, including a list of celebrity sports people, including movie star (perhaps definitely not coincidentally, Hummer lovers) Arnold Schwarz Singer, racing icon Michael Schumacher, and field hockey champion LeBron James, all of worked with watchmakers to create their own personal specially personalised Royal Pecan Offshore watches. In fact , Schwarzenegger even worked directly having Audemars Piguet's design workforce to create what is now often known as the Royal Oak Just offshore "Doomsday, " the large all-black watch he wore inside 1999 blockbuster of the same identify. wrist watch. In keeping with the Suprême Oak's trend-setting history, the item helped usher in an period of time of large, all-black watches which would remain prominent throughout the initially decade of the new centuries. Like its parent design, the Royal Oak Ocean going has grown rapidly in its complexity, materials and colorways, and perhaps spawned its own sub-series really, the rugged, ISO-certified Out sourced Diver.
sound concept
The principle design language of the Regal Oak has been reinterpreted with the Offshore Collection, and also, and arguably more comprehensively, in the Royal Oak Strategy Collection, launched in 2002. As their name suggests, often the Royal Oak Concept Wristwatches are essentially prototypes, providing as a testing ground to get avant-garde materials and engineering, as well as new attempts with traditional high-level complications; many of which eventually became the Noble Oak or Royal Maple Offshore collections commercial solutions in. Most notable of these is definitely 2015's Royal Oak Notion Supersonnerie (above), a minute repeater whose striking mechanism creates a sound 10 times louder in comparison with traditional striking by applying the guidelines of stringed instruments including acoustic guitars. The Supersonnerie gongs are not mounted on the actual movement's main board, which will dampens the sound, but are installed on a copper alloy "soundboard" that sits between the movements and the main board. Idea watch is the product regarding eight years of acoustic exploration at Audemars Piguet's R&D workshop in the Ru Basin, Switzerland, and became a commercial solution just one year later, while using the rather thick, angular scenario concept model most commonly used by means of Royal Oak., and in 2021 into a more compact, more basic Royal Oak case (42mm diameter, 14mm thick). Mainly because one might think the particular Royal Oak itself must have been a daring experiment in 1972,
half century old oak tree
For the occasion of its 50th birthday in 2022, Audemars Piguet takes a fresh consider the Royal Oak at the mind of a range of new commences including chronographs, skeletonized as well as self-winding flying tourbillons, and also various offshore models. " Jumbo", paying homage to help its legendary ancestors, but bringing it into a more recent era of technology, installing it with a new in-house activity, the Calibre 7121. Often the latter is a particularly critical development as it marks at the first try in 40 years that this type has a movement other than typically the Calibre 2121, which seriously was never a full fledged manufacturing movement for AP as it uses a Jaeger-LeCoultre Categoría 920, Patek Philippe along with Vacheron Constantin are also used of their own sports luxury types as their basis.
On the outside, the new watch is technically labelled as the Royal Oak "Jumbo" ultra-thin reference. 16202, governed by very familiar to lovers of the 1972 original, seeing that Audemars Piguet has amplified it for the vintage watch dial The tint of pink, called "Bleu Nuit, Dénudée 50, " is a dark shade than the one officially used on recent models. The "AP" decal has been subtly changed from its original 14 o'clock position to a completely new position at 6 o'clock. " Jumbo The metal case is still 39mm inside diameter and just 8mm thick. Interior, however , a new self-winding mobility thanks to its full sense of balance bridge, an increased frequency involving 28, 800 vph as well as a longer power of 55 a long time storage provides better zap resistance. As a bonus, products equipped with this new movement (including rose gold, gold and gold references,
When one reviews the breadth of high end sports watches that command the market today and some of their widespread elements, the impact of this unique Royal Oak watch is not easy to overstate and almost unattainable to ignore. The aforementioned Patek Philippe Nautilus is another connected with Genta's signature creations, utilizing several of the Royal Oak's signatures while also starting several of its own influential in addition to much-mocked traits. Vacheron Constantin's Overseas collection -- the moment widely considered another Genta design, but it's not -- has seen a strong within recent years as the leading unit for the high-luxury brand. Together with these two familiar examples of bundled bracelets, the geometric viser look pioneered by Supérieur Oak has seen considerably more explosions in recent years on designs from various brands on different price points: Girard-Perregaux Laureato, Chopard Alpine Badges, Bell & Ross BR 05, A. Lange along with Sohne Odysseus, Tissot PRX, Hublot Big Bang Vital, Baume & Mercier Litorale and Frederique Constant Highlife are just a few modern designer watches that have at least some stylistic debt to the Royal Pine. The only question that remains to be is when the Royal Walnut turns 75 in 2047, or even reaches the centuries mark in 2072, just how many more timepieces can we declare? The Frederique Constant along with the Frederique Constant Highlife are only a few of the modern timepieces in which owe Royal Oak at the least in style. The only question this remains is when the Suprême Oak turns 75 throughout 2047, or even reaches often the century mark in 2072, how many more timepieces will we be able to say? The Frederique Continual and the Frederique Constant Highlife are just a few of the modern wrist watches that owe Royal Pecan at least in style. The only concern that remains is in the event the Royal Oak turns 70 in 2047, or even extends to the century mark with 2072, how many more swiss watches can we say?
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text:
A German Requiem
With his »German Requiem« op. 45, Brahms created one of the most unusual versions of the requiem mass: he wanted to rise above the boundaries of all religions, confessions and nations, and would have »very happily left the ›German‹« out of the title and »simply used the word ›human‹«.
Martin Schläpfer's ballet »Ein Deutsches Requiem« brings one of the most internationally successful works of the Vienna State Ballet's new director to the Volksoper. In a monumental architecture created by Florian Etti, the dancers are thrown to and fro between above and below, heaven and earth. Like lemurs they creep over the ground, fight vigorously against their being, and still only fall back into a wriggling wobble. But the world of this dance piece also has moments of indescribable lightness: in the joyous leaps, in the powerful flailing of the arms, the subtle exploration of balance or the delicate discovery of the divine in the human counterpart. A »profoundly touching and thrilling evening at the ballet« (Ulrike Burgwinkel, WDR).
Choreography: Martin Schläpfer
Composer: Johannes Brahms
Stage design: Florian Etti
Costumes: Catherine Voeffray
Lighting: Thomas Diek
Choir rehearsal: Holger Kristen
Rehearsal: Louisa Rachedi
Rehearsal: Julie Thirault
Underground line U6
Trams 40, 41, 42
Bus 40A
Stop "Währinger Straße / Volksoper"
A taxi stand is located at Währinger Gürtel.
Parking garages in WIFI and AKH
The Volksoper is Vienna's main stage for operetta, opera, musicals and ballet, offering sophisticated musical entertainment. Colourful, eclectic and full of vitality, it is the only theatre dedicated to the genre of operetta.
Operetta belongs to Vienna and Vienna installed it at the home of operetta, Volksopera Vienna, which thereupon became the leading operetta house in the world. First class singers, actors and dancers together with a versatile orchestra cunjure up a musical firework display every evening.
Johann Strauss, Franz Lehár, Emmerich Kálmán wrote their world famous beloved melodies for operettas such as "The Fledermaus", "The Merry Widow" and "The Csárdás Princess". A visit to at least one of these operettas at the Volksopera Vienna is a must for every visitor to Vienna!
Also performed are operas from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, as well as classic musicals and ballet. In addition, the Volksoper has a fifth longstanding and proven speciality: it stages soirées, cabaret and burlesque performances under the name of "Volksoper Spezial".
In the repertory theatre, which seats 1,337 persons, some 300 performances of around 35 different productions are staged every year between September and June.


Just to wish you a Happy Easter and to remind you that the Nursery is open every day 10am - 4pm, including Easter Day, all through the long Easter weekend.
The weather is looking glorious so why not drop in and get something special for your Easter gardens!
As always keep an eye on the website to see what's happening at the Nursery, updated plant lists and which shows we'll be attending next year. We had a great time at Mapperton and there's lots more to come.
Hope to see you soon at the Nursery.


text:
package org.apache.geode.management.internal.cli.commands;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;

import org.apache.geode.cache.Cache;
import org.apache.geode.cache.DataPolicy;
import org.apache.geode.cache.EvictionAction;
import org.apache.geode.cache.EvictionAttributes;
import org.apache.geode.cache.Region;
import org.apache.geode.cache.RegionFactory;
import org.apache.geode.cache.Scope;
import org.apache.geode.management.internal.cli.i18n.CliStrings;
import org.apache.geode.management.internal.cli.util.CommandStringBuilder;
import org.apache.geode.test.dunit.rules.ClusterStartupRule;
import org.apache.geode.test.dunit.rules.MemberVM;
import org.apache.geode.test.junit.categories.PersistenceTest;
import org.apache.geode.test.junit.rules.GfshCommandRule;
import org.apache.geode.test.junit.rules.GfshCommandRule.PortType;

@Category({PersistenceTest.class})
public class AlterDiskStoreDUnitTest {
  private static final String regionName = "region1";
  private static final String diskStoreName = "disk-store1";
  private static final String diskDirName = "diskStoreDir";
  private static final String aKey = "key1";

  private static MemberVM locator;
  private static MemberVM server1;

  @Rule
  public ClusterStartupRule startupRule = new ClusterStartupRule();

  @Rule
  public GfshCommandRule gfsh = new GfshCommandRule();

  @Before
  public void setupCluster() throws Exception {

    File diskStoreDirFile = new File(getDiskDirPathString());

    if (!diskStoreDirFile.exists()) {
      diskStoreDirFile.mkdirs();
    }

    locator = startupRule.startLocatorVM(0);
    server1 = startupRule.startServerVM(1, locator.getPort());
    String diskDirPathString = getDiskDirPathString();
    server1.invoke(() -> {
      Cache cache = ClusterStartupRule.getCache();
      cache.createDiskStoreFactory().setDiskDirs(new File[] {new File(diskDirPathString)})
          .setMaxOplogSize(1).setAllowForceCompaction(true).setAutoCompact(false)
          .create(diskStoreName);

      EvictionAttributes ea =
          EvictionAttributes.createLRUEntryAttributes(1, EvictionAction.OVERFLOW_TO_DISK);

      RegionFactory<String, String> regionFactory = cache.createRegionFactory();
      Region<String, String> region = regionFactory.setDiskStoreName(diskStoreName)
          .setDiskSynchronous(true).setDataPolicy(DataPolicy.PERSISTENT_REPLICATE)
          .setScope(Scope.DISTRIBUTED_ACK).setEvictionAttributes(ea).create(regionName);
      region.put(aKey, "value");
    });
  }

  @Test
  public void diskStoreIsLockedWhileMemberIsAlive() throws Exception {
    gfsh.connectAndVerify(locator.getJmxPort(), PortType.jmxManager);
    String commandString = commandToSetManyVariables();
    gfsh.executeAndAssertThat(commandString).statusIsError().containsOutput("Could not lock",
        "Other JVMs might have created diskstore with same name using the same directory");
  }

  @Test
  public void alterDiskStoreUpdatesValues() throws Exception {
    startupRule.stop(1);

    gfsh.connectAndVerify(locator.getJmxPort(), PortType.jmxManager);
    String commandOne = commandToSetManyVariables();
    gfsh.executeAndAssertThat(commandOne).statusIsSuccess().containsOutput("concurrencyLevel=5",
        "lruAction=local-destroy", "compressor=org.apache.geode.compression.SnappyCompressor",
        "initialCapacity=6");

    String commandTwo = commandToSetCompressorToNone();
    gfsh.executeAndAssertThat(commandTwo).statusIsSuccess().containsOutput("-compressor=none");
  }

  @Test
  public void alterDiskStoreWithRemoveDoesRemoveRegion() throws IOException {
    // Verify to start that there exists the data in the region
    server1.invoke(() -> {
      Region region = ClusterStartupRule.getCache().getRegion(regionName);
      assertThat(region).isNotNull();
      assertThat(region.get(aKey)).isNotNull();
    });

    // Halt the member and "alter" the disk store with the --remove option
    startupRule.stop(1);
    String cmd = commandWithRemoveAndNoOtherOption();
    gfsh.executeAndAssertThat(cmd).statusIsSuccess().containsOutput("The region " + regionName
        + " was successfully removed from the disk store " + diskStoreName);

    // Restart the member and see that the disk store / region is gone.
    startupRule.startServerVM(1, locator.getPort());
    server1.invoke(() -> {
      Region region = ClusterStartupRule.getCache().getRegion(regionName);
      assertThat(region).isNull();
    });
  }

  private String getDiskDirPathString() throws IOException {
    return gfsh.getWorkingDir().toPath().resolve(diskDirName).toFile().getCanonicalPath();
  }

  private String commandWithRemoveAndNoOtherOption() throws IOException {
    CommandStringBuilder csb = new CommandStringBuilder(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__DISKSTORENAME, diskStoreName);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__REGIONNAME, regionName);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__DISKDIRS, getDiskDirPathString());
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__REMOVE, "true");
    return csb.toString();
  }

  private String commandToSetCompressorToNone() throws IOException {
    CommandStringBuilder csb = new CommandStringBuilder(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__DISKSTORENAME, diskStoreName);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__REGIONNAME, regionName);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__DISKDIRS, getDiskDirPathString());
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__COMPRESSOR, "none");
    return csb.toString();
  }

  private String commandToSetManyVariables() throws IOException {
    CommandStringBuilder csb = new CommandStringBuilder(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__DISKSTORENAME, diskStoreName);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__REGIONNAME, regionName);
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__DISKDIRS, getDiskDirPathString());
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__CONCURRENCY__LEVEL, "5");
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__INITIAL__CAPACITY, "6");
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__LRU__EVICTION__ACTION, "local-destroy");
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__COMPRESSOR,
        "org.apache.geode.compression.SnappyCompressor");
    csb.addOption(CliStrings.ALTER_DISK_STORE__STATISTICS__ENABLED, "true");
    return csb.toString();
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Nicole Theodore Nemeth, better known by his wrestling name Dolph Ziggleris an American professional wrestler, who is working with WWE, performing on the Smackdown brand. Dolph Ziggler is popularly known as one of the top high flying wrestlers in WWE Serena williams bisexual. Dolph Ziggler holds an impactful wrestling record in the WWE. Nemeth wanted to be a Monster transformation story wrestler since his childhood; hence he attended a wrestling event at the Richfield Coliseum when he was only five-years-old.
During his school days at St. Edward High School in Lakewood, Ohio, he was involved in wrestling and holds the school record for most pins in a career with Ziggler Hallow-fiend won Rey is jaina solo National Championships on two occasions. He later ed Kent State University, where he set a record of career wins between and At an early stage of his wrestling career, Ziggler became a three-time All-Mid-American Conference champion, winning the lb 75 kg tournament in, and He is the last wrestler from Kent State University to have won three amateur wrestling championships as of Nemeth resides in Phoenix, Arizona.
Ziggler is unmarried however he had involved into several relationships in the past with Barbie Black inlater followed by Nikki Bella, Amy Schumer. His other brother, Donald, was sentenced to 15 years after he was convicted over the death of a military veteran during a botched robbery.
InZiggler became a I cam in her mouth of The Spirit Squad faction.
He was also qualified to compete in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 26 but was ultimately unsuccessful. Ziggler, who is known for having several affairs in the wrestling business, started his on-screen Jacking off from behind story with Vickie Guererro.
At SummerSlam, he retained the championship against Kingston. He defeated Edge with the help of his on-screen girlfriend Vickie to become World Champion.
Ziggler again feuded with Kofi Kingston and defeated him to become United States Champion for the first time. He later Gay boots fetish the contract and after feuding with superstars like Orton, Jericho, and Cena over his cash in the contract interference, he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on an injured Alberto Del Rio to win his second World Heavyweight Championship.
However, Kingston defeated Ziggler to retain the title. Goldberg delivered his devastating spears and jackhammer to Ziggler, forcing him to lose the match at the event.
Ranked No. Best Twitter Handle or Social Champion in i. Match of the Year in Team Cena vs.
You must be logged in to post a comment. HS Sharath Biography. Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment.
It was like this is really, really easy to turn into a team just like that [snaps fingers]. During challenges and matches he's not involved in as an active wrestler at leasthe has a tendency to grab a mic and mock whatever is Harker ryan kink on.
Randy Orton was just getting Pig tf story in his first kinda run when I was learning things and everybody wanted to be Randy Orton. Alliterative Name : His real name, Nick Nemeth.
He was also qualified to compete in the Money in the Bank ladder match Fiona apple lesbian WrestleMania 26 but was ultimately unsuccessful. Partially subverted since he recently modified it, so it resembles a more lariat-esque takedown and keeps him from falling directly on his head.


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SBWL: Zozibini Tunzi's holiday in Cape Town to die for
Travel Reporter
Zozi Tunzi, Image: Instagram
Miss Universe Zozibini Tunzi is back in SA, and while we're sure she loves the sights and sounds of her temporary home back in the US, she can't get enough of our beautiful country.
The Eastern Cape-born beauty queen has swapped the high-rise buildings of New York for a more laid-back city that beckons you at every call.
Yep, that's right. Tunzi has made her way to Cape Town to make the most of her holiday while back home.
Judging from her Instagram updates, she arrived in SA in December and promptly jetted off to the Mother City.
A post shared by Zozibini Tunzi (@zozitunzi)
And true to form, she's been keeping her 2.7 million followers updated on her holiday. We must admit, we're a little jealous.
While in Cape Town, Tunzi has gone on an adventure tour, taking on the dunes in a buggy with her friends and family.
She's also had some time to get in a tan or two while lounging at the pool.
The last time Tunzi was in SA was in October last year when she sat as one of the judges for the Miss SA beauty pageant at the Table Bay hotel in Cape Town.
Check out some of her holiday snaps below:
Tunzi isn't the only celeb who is enjoying the Mother City. Local rapper Boity Thulo took some time off from her busy schedule to visit for a friend's wedding with bestie Rich Mnisi.


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You are here: Home / BorderLore / Colombian Roots: The Migration and Evolution of Cumbia
Colombian Roots: The Migration and Evolution of Cumbia
April 25, 2018 By SFA Staff 1 Comment
by Julius Martinez
When my father left Colombia for the United States in the 1960s, he brought only a few possessions. Among them was a collection of well-worn LP records, mostly cumbia and vallenato music, by artists like Alfredo Gutierrez, Lisandro Meza, and others on the seminal Colombian label Discos Fuentes.
The author's parents in Bogotá, Colombia.
Soon after arriving in New York City, my father got a job at the World's Fair, where he met my mother, herself a recent immigrant from Germany. Although they barely spoke the same language, they fell in love and married within a few months.
My sister and I were born of this somewhat unlikely union. Like many immigrants, my parents did everything they could to ensure that we assimilated smoothly. Growing up in Colorado, we spoke English at home, ate hot dogs, and bought our Toughskins jeans at Sears. But at our house, my father's records provided the soundtrack for our childhood. While we were watching Sesame Street and laughing at our papi's smooth dance moves, we were also absorbing the sounds of our heritage. Through cumbia, our Colombian roots found a way in.
The author with his sister and father.
Emerging from humble origins on the Caribbean coast of Colombia in the 17th century, cumbia has proven to be an exceptional shape-shifter, traveling across class and geography to arrive not only in my family's living room, but also nearly every country in South and Central America as well as Mexico.
In a 2013 essay, Norteño Borderlands Cumbia Circuitry, Yaqui-Chicana scholar Yolanda Broyles-Gonzalez writes, "Cumbia came not from the elite ruling or middle class, but from the poor and marginalized Indigenous and black sectors." Although there is some debate about the precise origin of cumbia, the music derives from African, Spanish, and indigenous Colombian roots.
According to Broyles-Gonzales, cumbia mostly traveled beyond Colombia by new recording technologies and radio, in an era that predated human mass migration. Almost every Latin American country has its own cumbia variant. In recent years, a Peruvian cumbia called "chicha" was popularized in Tucson via the band Chicha Dust, now called XIXA. Even Tejano superstar Selena was a cumbiambera.
My father's arrival in New York City in the 1960s roughly coincided with cumbia's first appearance in the U.S.-Mexico border region, where the music would evolve in diverse ways.
As Broyles-Gonzalez describes, "Within the U.S.-Mexico norteño borderlands, Cumbia has thrived and multiplied into Cumbia-rap, tecno Cumbia, Cumbia rock, Cumbia Tejana, and the waila Cumbia of the Tohono O'odham tribe of Arizona-Sonora, the Yaqui tribal Cumbia, not to mention Cumbia's presence within various other tribal groups."
Logan Phillips, aka DJ Dirtyverbs, organized the first annual El Tambo Fest, a summit of cumbia performers and djs in the borderlands; Karl Moonen photo
With its sinuous, rasping rhythm, the sound of cumbia is unmistakable. "Even if you don't know, you know," says Tucson-based poet and DJ, Logan Phillips, aka DJ Dirtyverbs, who has been producing cumbia dance parties in Tucson since 2011.
Phillips was born and raised in Southern Arizona, 14 miles from the U.S.-Mexico border. Much of his early musical input came through a powerful radio antenna that he built in his bedroom, which pulled in stations from all over Mexico. He first encountered cumbia while studying in Queretaro, Mexico in 2003, where he heard it "blasting from seemingly every bus on the street." A pirated CD compilation bought at the mercado was all it took to hook him, he says.
Phillips soon came to appreciate cumbia's deep regional connections. "The more I dug for records, the more styles I encountered, more countries and subcultures. Cumbia became a way of understanding how the Latin American world fit together," he says.
The components of cumbia, which combine indigenous melody (originally played on flutes) and Spanish lyrics with African rhythms and call-and-response song structure, are "very much a part of what has made Las Americas what they are," Phillips says.
2018 El Tambó Fest – Posters for Both Nights
"Part of what a DJ does is cultural work," Phillips says. He recently organized the 2018 El Tambó Fest, billed as the first-ever cumbia summit of the borderlands. The two-night event will showcase cumbia bands and DJs from Arizona, Texas, New York, Los Angeles, and Mexico, along with a panel discussion where artists will share histories and ideas about cumbia.
DJQ will be mixing up cumbia sounds at El Tambó Fest; Jeff Weber photo
While honoring cumbia's signature melodies and rhythms, the festival celebrates "all these ancestral rhythms being carried forward by young producers," says Phillips. That means new, exciting expressions of the traditional, especially as more women and LGBTQ DJs have fought their way to the front of the national scene.
Wherever cumbia lands, it incorporates local elements. In the 1960s, for example, a radically slowed-down form of cumbia called rebajada emerged in Monterrey, Mexico. According to one version of the story, an overheated turntable transformed the normally upbeat cumbia into a darker, syrupy version of itself.
Monterrey is also where Adrian Rodriguez, band leader and accordionist for the Tijuana-based band La Diabla, first heard cumbia in the late 1990s. He was on a retreat with his brother and their church youth group when they encountered the Colombianos subculture, which borrows its style from 1980s Los Angeles gang culture—oversized t-shirts, plaid button-downs, and extremely baggy pants. Unique hairstyles, with ancient and modern elements, take the look to another level.
These Mexican kids were all listening to Colombian cumbia and vallenato, Rodriguez says, mostly engaging each other through music and dance, not violence.
Taken by what he saw and heard, Rodriguez and his brother brought the music back to Tijuana, where they already played in an alternative-rock band.
Tijuana-based band La Diabla; photo courtesy of La Diabla
Since no cumbia scene existed, Rodriguez said, they had to get creative to develop an audience. So they'd play rock during the first half of their shows and then return to the stage wearing masks and play a cumbia set in disguise.
Today, the band still performs with masks. Their raw, stripped-down sound fuses the punk-rock DIY ethos of Tijuana and elements of Southern California gangsta rap with the instrumentation, scales, and song structure of the classical Colombian cumbia masters.
This mashup of styles, Rodriguez says, is emblematic of the band's members, who come from San Diego and Tijuana. Their audiences also live on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border.
"The music", Rodriguez says, "erases that border."
Indeed, cumbia seems to pay no mind to international boundaries. The Tohono O'odham of Arizona and Sonora have been playing cumbia for generations, alongside traditional waila music and the popular conjunto.
The band Native Creed, which performs regularly on the Tohono O'odham Nation, plays an all instrumental cumbia, incorporating saxophones, keyboards, and electric guitar.
Band leader and percussionist Rich Lopez grew up listening to cumbia played by both O'odham and Mexican bands. He says that while Native Creed plays polka, mazurka, two-step, huapango, and other styles, cumbia is by far the most popular.
While Lopez has "seen it all" when it comes to dancing at their shows, a common element is the slow collective circle of dancers on the floor.
This is how cumbia is typically danced throughout Mexico and the United States, writes Broyles-Gonzalez. "The circle is foremost…There is an immense power of dance created by all of those bodies circling counterclockwise together around a common axis and to a common Cumbia music."
Broyles-Gonzalez also notes that unlike other norteño dance forms, cumbia offers a kind of freedom because no partner is required. "Groups of women are traditionally seen getting up and dancing together. More recently among borderlands working-class youth, Cumbia sometimes involves young men dancing in pairs (a huge innovation) in all-male circles," she writes.
Although my sister and I were sometimes embarrassed by my dad's dancing, it left no doubt that he felt the music deeply. We might have been too shy to join in when he grabbed my mom for a spin around the kitchen, but we liked it too. It was part of who we were.
Like my family's story, the story of cumbia is one of migration and adaptation. Although my dad is no longer with us, I'm sure he would appreciate the evolution of the music he loved so much, and I think he would be proud to see what it has become.
With an inherited faith in the American dream, Julius Martinez lives and writes in Arizona. When he's not exploring wild places, he's probably eating tacos and trying to learn smooth cumbia dance moves.
Broyles-Gonzalez, Yolanda. "Norteño Borderlands Cumbia Circuitry: Selena Quintanilla and Celso Piña." In The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro. Edited by Gaetano Prampolini and Annamaria Pinazzi. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013.
El Tambó Fest: First-Ever Cumbia Summit of the Borderlands takes place on Friday, April 27 and Friday, May 4, 2018, 6pm-2am at Hotel Congress, 311 E. Congress Street, in Tucson.
Filed Under: BorderLore Tagged With: Music and Dance
Ricardiyo says
I first encountered cumbias from Zacatecas y Durango when I worked in the kitchen of an Ethiopian restaurant in Boulder, Colorado. Now that was an international crew of workers and music. Great food and music. Good times. I had no idea about the origins of cumbia, its evolution and diaspora. Well written and informative. Don Pancho Julio would be proud. Baile, baile, baile.


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There's no glory in prevention - but the real leader goes for prevention anyway
Every person wants to be recognised for his or her contributions in their work. And now, as a passionate person with interest in safety, I am faced with a dilemma. People who defuse a crisis we hoist on a pedestal (rightly so, because that is a difficult task!), But people who manage to prevent crises often receive little #recognition.
Settling a crisis on which 120 billion euros is spent is praised, because the 'real #leaders' show themselves, but people who have managed to #prevent a #crisis from occurring at all, are noted for notification. And most people don't even know how to name these heroes a few days later. Suppose they make it to the media at all. The media (and therefore the readers of it) is much more interested in misery. And how that misery is treated than in the prevention of drama. That is not news.
The same applies to safety in the field of government and organisations: if projects go according to plan without significant #incidents, then that is normal; as it should be.
The responsible people just did their job. No #glory.
The misery that people, countries, organisations have to go through after a pandemic or other crisis evokes so much emotion that those who decisively avert it are placed on a #pedestal. But the prevention of this misery is the most natural thing in the world, and we are getting back to business as usual.
Wouldn't that preventive effect become much stronger if we could give its recognition? I think so because it encourages #preventativethinking and working. #Intrinsically driven people don't work for glory. But could it help if preventive work is recognised more often?
How could the potential disaster that has been prevented get more #attention and the people who have done it get recognised for it? Consider, for example, the prevention of attacks, but also, at a smaller level, the proper assessment of risks, taking appropriate preventive measures so that a potentially severe accident (or worse) is subsequently avoided. However, this joy never stands as an equal opposite to the misery experienced by the people who were in that crisis or even killed it.
Wouldn't interest in the field of preventive safety grow much more significant if it were recognised and appreciated? In short, how can it be better?
From Inside
Interview with ARBO-Online: "Give safety back to the workplace"
"Veiligheid van Binnenuit" in book review NVVK-magazine by Carsten Busch


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Hamas hero returns to haunt Arafat and Bibi
Israel has been forced to release Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the spiritual leader of Hamas, the Islamic militant organization, in order to secure the release from Amman, Jordan, of two Israeli agents who were taken prisoner when they made a failed assassination attempt on Khalid Meshal, a Hamas leader. Yassin has gained great popularity, and his prestige is now close to that of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. He has denied that there is any conflict between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority.
Author: Cockburn, Patrick
Officials and employees, Influence, Islamic Resistance Movement, Yassin, Ahmed
Curse of ancient Babylon claims 13
The theft of a golden Babylonian statue from the Iraqi museum in Baghdad, Iraq, has led to a series of murders. It is believed that the statue, which is said to be worth at least $1 million, was smuggled into Jordan. The smugglers are thought to have stabbed Iraqi businessman Namir Ochi following a clash over profits from the sale of the statue in Europe. A further 12 murders then took place in connection with the theft. Six of the smugglers are now in prison in Jordan, and two are dead.
Investigations, Murder, Iraq, Art thefts
Mission accomplished
Yigal Amir, who recently assassinated Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, made no attempt to escape after the attack and has openly expressed satisfaction that the assassination attempt was successful. He is from a large religious family, and has for some time been known as an extremist. He regularly attended right-wing protests, and had already given an interview in which he stated that Rabin should be killed.
Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Assassins, Amir, Yigal
Abstracts: Table talk turns to structural issue of unemployment. Taking the plunge. Several funerals and an opportunity
Abstracts: Mystery as Burma frees dissident. Last stand of man who hooked millions. Iranians 'buying ex-Soviet uranium.'
Abstracts: James Bond joins forces with PC Plod. Just one, and no more than one, for the road
Abstracts: Poetry in Motion, Larkin and Keats. In Partridge we trust. Not your regular cowboys
Abstracts: John Bull shows his cultural pedigree. Imprudent turkeys plumping for guns and no brains. Stung by a fly on the wall


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Новая Каштановка — село в Белинском районе Пензенской области России. Входит в состав Козловского сельсовета.

География
Расположено в 10 км к северу от села Козловка, на левом берегу реки Ворона.

Население

Село является местом компактного расселения мордвы, которая составляет 61 % населения села.

История
Основано в середине 19 в. переселенцами из деревни Старая Каштановка. В 1870 г. построена церковь во имя Николая Чудотворца. В составе Корсаевской волости Чембарского уезда. После революции центр Ново-Кашатановского сельсовета Поимского района. Колхоз имени Кирова.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Белинского района
Мокшанские поселения Пензенской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The American Professional Soccer League on Thursday announced its 1993 schedule, as well as the addition of a seventh team to the league, the Toronto Blizzard.
The league, which also includes the defending champion Colorado Foxes, Fort Lauderdale Strikers, Tampa Bay Rowdies, Los Angeles Salsa, Vancouver 86ers and Montreal, will play a record 24 regular-season games in 1993. Montreal's team, previously known as the Supra, has no team name, but is expected to announce one later this month.
The Strikers will open their season at home May 1 against the Rowdies. Time of the game has not yet been determined.
The league's regular season will span 20 weeks, beginning Friday, April 30 and concluding Sunday, Sept. 12. Each team will play 12 home games and 12 road games.
The top four finishers will qualify for single-elimination semifinals Sept. 17-19 with the championship game to be held at a neutral site at the end of the month.
"From a competitive point, the addition of the Blizzard will give the Strikers an opportunity to measure their strength against another quality opponent," Strikers coach Thomas Rongen said.
"This is a big thing for us with the league bringing in a team that we had a strong rivalry with," said Strikers General Manager Eddie Rodger. "Toronto has a great soccer tradition and they will only add strength to the league."
-- Under new owner Amancio Suarez, the Strikers' organization is looking to bring back some of its tradition from the old North American Soccer League. The team will again wear the famous red, yellow and black bumblebee uniforms and hold tailgate parties prior to games. The Strikers also plan to be more visible in the community with additional soccer clinics, Rodger said.


I don't think it would be wise to argue with Amir.
Avery begged me to help him do it.
I assume that Oscar doesn't have that many friends.
Polly said he was a businessman.
Radek is incredibly bad at drawing.
Drew asked me why I was laughing.
I was supposed to meet Marcia here yesterday.
I'm about as qualified as Harv.
Clyde showed Sridhar his garden.
I don't think Bryan was so busy today.
Laurent hardly ever eats cucumbers.
Isabelle and I don't usually agree.
You shouldn't believe everything Sangho tells you.
Lowell beat Toby at checkers.
Bryce has a house not too far from here.
I doubt that Martha would remember me.
Sharan has been going with Jane for almost a year now.
Fred isn't qualified to teach high school.
Sofoklis pushed Ramadoss out the window.
Arthur must've had a reason.
I don't think anyone noticed what Kolkka did.
I have to wait for Horst's call.
Manavendra doesn't work for me.
Rafik goes to the market, but Rupert doesn't.
Sandy believes that unicorns are real.
I've got Terry with me.
Have you seen Roger without glasses before?
Nanda Jackson has written three books.
I didn't know how fast Elaine was.
Pria doesn't like to lose.