Professor John Merriman: I'm going to talk about anarchism today, and especially I'm going to talk about the life and death of one guy, somebody I don't admire, Émile Henry; but, in a way he represents some aspects of the origin of modern terrorism in late nineteenth-century Paris. And, I guess if you're going to write a book about somebody it's not a bad idea to pick someone who only lived to be age twenty-one, because it makes for a shorter book; because he was guillotined, as you'll see, in 1894. So, there we go. First of all, anarchists, unlike socialists, did not want to capture the State, seize control of the State. They wanted to destroy the State, they wanted to abolish the State. They viewed political participation--and in this way they were rather like the syndicalists--as for propping up capitalism and its army, defending the interests of wealthy people. The first anarchist was a man called Proudhon, whose influence really is in the 1850s and 1860s. And Proudhon is from the east of France, he was from Besançon, in the east. And he once wrote a pamphlet called "Property is Theft," in 1841--he meant too much property or unearned property was theft--but it was a provocative kind of title, and he once wrote the following: "To be governed is to be watched, inspected, spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censored, commanded by creatures who have neither the right, nor the wisdom, nor the virtue to do so. To be governed is to be at every operation, at every transaction, noted, registered, counted, taxed, stamped, measured, numbered, assessed, licensed, authorized, admonished, prevented, forbidden, reformed, corrected, punished, and on the pretext of public utility and in the name of the general interest to be placed under contribution, drilled, fleeced, exploited, monopolized, extorted from, squeezed, hoaxed, robbed; and then, at the slightest resistance, the first word of complaint could be repressed, fired upon, vilified, harassed, hunted down, abused, clubbed, disarmed, bound, checked, imprisoned, judged, condemned, shot, deported, sacrificed, sold, betrayed and, to crown all, mocked, ridiculed, derided, outraged, dishonored. That is government, that is its justice, that is its morality." Now, Proudhon was followed by two important Russian anarchists, both of whom I won't talk about, but who are extremely interesting, and both of whom were nobles, one the guy called Peter Kropotkin and the other the terrifying, quite terrifying Mikhail Bakunin, and they become quite important. Kropotkin, who was a gentleman geographer and once toasted by the King of England, and in the end was horrified by the Bolshevik Revolution, he was among those who came up with the term "propaganda by the deed"; that is, the belief that the masses were potentially revolutionary, and it took a single spark, a single assassination, a single bomb to start revolution rolling. Anarchists assassinated, depending on how you count it, five, or six, or seven heads of state in the late decades of the nineteenth century, including President McKinley of the United States, who was shot or stabbed, I can't remember which, in Buffalo, New York in 1901. That number included, as we'll see in awhile, Sadi Carnot, c-a-r-n-o-t, who was the president of France. So, I want to begin with a bomb. And I've had, because of this bomb, years and years afterward--I've had the rather odd feeling of twice having eaten in the café restaurant that my book subject blew up, the Café Terminus--and it is the turning point in the origins of modern terrorism. On February 12th,^( )1894, a pale, thin young man called Émile Henry prepared a bomb in his room in Paris. He hid it in his clothing along with a loaded pistol and a knife, and he headed toward the elegant boulevards near the Paris Opera, which had been completed twenty years earlier. He wanted to throw the bomb and kill as many people as possible. Henry stopped before the Opera itself, which, as you can see, resembles a giant gilded wedding cake. There was a fancy ball going on, and he knew he could not get past the guards to get close enough to claim any victims. He then checked out the Restaurant Bignon, followed by the Café American, and then the most chic of them all, the Café de la Paix in the Grand Hotel, which is still there. He was in some way a flâneur, an intellectual who had briefly in his life been something of a dandy, but if so he was an impoverished flâneur who lived on the margins of urban life and who now came to the Grand Boulevard not just to observe with detached distance, as the flâneur did, but to hate, and now to kill. He moved on, finding each place was not crowded enough. At eight p.m. he reached the Café Terminus, right next to the Gare Saint-Lazare, around the corner from the Gare Saint-Lazare and, as the café was slowly filling up, he ordered a beer, and soon another, and then a cigar, and in a rather un-anarchist-like gesture he paid for them, as the small orchestra played on. About an hour later he walked to the doorway, turned, lit the fuse with a cigar. He threw the bomb back into the café, which was now very crowded. Already famous for its great expositions, Paris, more than ever identified with leisure and with consumerism, had become a permanent exposition in itself, its boulevards the staging ground, as you shall see later in the course, for the Belle Époque. Department stores welcomed clients with dazzling electric lights and arranged shop windows inspiring Zola to call them 'the cathedrals of modernity." The aisles of the department stores were, as has been argued, a continuation of the great boulevards themselves. In contrast, the poor workers lived along the narrow grey streets of the quartiers populaires--this is not a quartier populaire, this is the Terminus--the plebeian neighborhoods of eastern Paris, where cholera had killed as late as 1884. The rebuilding of Paris by Haussmann in the fifties and sixties had chased thousands of ordinary people, by higher rents, to the exterior neighborhoods of northern Paris, northeastern Paris, and to the working class suburbs. But the capital of the world, that is, Paris, was no longer the capital of revolution. Soldiers in Paris seemed to be--police and soldiers seemed to be everywhere, and there were indeed many more of them. For that matter, Haussmann's boulevards were too wide for barricades. To Auguste Renoir, the Impressionist painting, the buildings that lined the boulevards were, "cold and lined up like soldiers at review," a nice description of the consolidation of State power in nineteenth-century France. On May Day 1891, troops fired on demonstrators, killing women and children in the small industrial town in the north of Fourmies, a woolens town. France may not then have had strong executive authority because of the fear of Caesarism, after two Napoleons, but no other state was so centralized. And, so, in the early 1890s did anarchists begin to create small organizations, along La Mouffe, which is the Rue Mouffetard, between the Pantheon where a guy called Jean Grave published one of the anarchist newspapers at number 140, here and there in the Latin Quarter, but above all in Montmartre and in these northern industrial regions, and beyond in suburbs. Now, the 1880s and '90s will, as you may already know, will be remembered as a time of scandal--the sleazy Panama Canal scandal and lots of other ones; the president's son-in-law selling the Légion d'Honneur, et cetera. And the memory of the Paris Commune loomed large for anarchists. More than 25,000 people had been gunned down, and now from the heights of Montmartr, e and from Belleville, another peripheral neighborhood, anarchists looked down on the flashing lights of the capital, and they hate it. Many admired the Russian anarchist Michael Bakunin for whom destruction was "a creative passion that would bring about the end of the State, capitalism, and private property." "The modern state," Bakunin wrote, "with all its terrible means of action given to them by modern centralization, was becoming an immense, crushing, threatening reality," as those slaughtered communards saw up close in May of 1871. And, so, a wave of anarchist bombings swept the capital between 1892 and 1894. They ended with the assassination of Sadi Carnot in June of that year in Lyon. After two attempts on his life, King Humberto I of Italy noted that assassination was "a professional risk," and, indeed, he was later assassinated himself. Yet, many of the anarchists were people of peace, indeed, and women of peace in the case of Louise Michel, about whom you can read. For Kropotkin and before him Proudhon, the goal was the primitive, the goal was sort of communities that would exist without the state. Kropotkin had lived in the French Jura mountains, in the east, and also in Switzerland, and their watchmakers seemed to get along fine without the intrusion of the state. But yet, as I said before, it was Kropotkin who accepted and may have created the phrase, "propaganda by the deed," sometimes attributed to the Italian anarchist Malatesta who had lots of influence in Spain, in Italy and in Argentina; who doesn't look like such a terrifying guy himself, when you see him there, but again the belief that a single act of violence would be the spark that would bring social revolution. Now, Kropotkin later had doubts about this, and he said, "personally I hate these explosions, but I cannot stand as a judge to condemn those who are driven to despair." He had, after all, in 1880, described the importance of permanent revolt by oral and written propaganda, by the knife, the rifle and dynamite. "Everything that is not legal is good for us." Now, dynamite was invented by that man of the Peace Prize, Alfred Nobel, in 1868. And what it seemed to do was level the playing field. It seemed to represent a modern revolutionary alchemy, and as a compensation for many evils, for humiliation and weakness, for discrimination and frustration, anger at social exploitation and injustice. The German anarchist, Johan Most, who came to the United States, he had written in his newspaper Freedom that it was within the power of dynamite to destroy capitalism, just as it had been within the power of gunpowder and the rifle to wipe feudalism from the face of the earth. And American anarchists crowed, before being hung in Chicago, Haymarket, 1886, "in giving dynamite to the downtrodden millions of the globe, science has truly done its best work." The famous Ravachol, Francois Claudius Ravachol, took this to heart. He had been born in gnawing poverty near Saint-Etienne in '59, his father a Dutch mill hand who abandoned his wife and four children. In primary school and at Mass he was embarrassed by having clothes so shabby that they resembled those worn by beggars. He worked here and there, but periods of unemployment became longer. He turned toward anarchism, also to grave robbing, counterfeiting, and finally murder, strangling a strange old hermit who had a lot of money stashed away in his house in the hills, near Saint-Etienne. He was arrested, managed to escape the police wagon, and went to Paris living under an assumed name. In 1891 police fired on demonstrators on the Boulevard Clichy in Paris, on the edge of Paris. Three were hauled to the Police Station and they were beaten up, put on trial and two condemned to long prison sentences. Ravachol's two deeds followed. He bombed the houses of two of the magistrates on the Boulevard Saint-Germain, a very elegant neighborhood, and on the Rue du Clichy, voilà. On the way home he stopped in a restaurant called Le Véry, v-e-r-y, with an accent, on the Boulevard Magenta. A waiter remembered a scar he had on his left hand. Three days later he went back to the same place to eat, because he'd eaten well. It took ten policemen to subdue him. "See this hand," he told judge and jurors, "it has killed as many bourgeois as it has fingers." He was guillotined on the 11th of July 1892 in the Loire, in Montbrison. Several days later a bomb destroyed the restaurant, Le Véry, killing the patron, the owner, leading to the ghoulish pun that served as an anarchist signature, vérification. Ravachol so terrified contemporaries that for a time his name became a French verb; to ravacholiser quelqu'un, somebody, was to dynamite them. And after his death the anarchists of Paris and their exiled friends in London, from all over the continent, debated long into the night the wisdom of such attacks. A wood print--here you can see it--by the artist Charlotte Morin, reproduced in a widely read anarchist newspaper, portrayed Ravachol as a martyr, his defiant, heroic face set within the frame of the guillotine. Some sympathizers began to compare their martyr, Ravachol, to sort of a violent Jesus Christ. Both Christ and Ravachol were thirty-three when they were executed. And anarchists sang a song called La Ravachol, that is, The Song of Ravachol, to the tune of Ça Ira, a song from the French Revolution: "In the great city of Paris live the well-fed bourgeois and the destitute who have empty stomachs, but they have long teeth. Long live Ravachol, let's dance the Ravachol; long live the sound of explosions. So it will be, so it will be, ça ira." In his eulogy for Ravachol, an anarchist critic, art critic, and literary critic, Paul Adam, warned that the murder of Ravachol will open an era; and it did. An anarchist writer outraged public opinion by provocatively stating, "what do the victims matter if the gesture is beautiful?"-- the beau geste. A veritable psychosis took hold of Paris with people of means afraid to go to good restaurants or the theater and in nice neighborhoods people fearing to rent to magistrates for fear of les dynamiteurs, the dynamiters. Nearly twenty Parisian dailies carried each installment of anarchist attack-- this is a bomb, this is called a marmite, it's a pan, it's a casserole, but it's a bomb. Hundreds of scrawled--and here's the first, they invented at this time the wagons that'd come to detonate, and to make safe as best they can these objects, and they kept finding joke bombs in sardine cans, and stuff like that. And, so, here's the municipal chemist, a guy called Girard, who's checking this out. Hundreds of scrawled threats, which I read, they're in the Archives there, arrived to property owners and to concierges, to people of means, signed by the Avengers of Ravachol; or an anarchist from the neighborhood addressed to an exploiter of the proletarian, "finally the day when social justice will arrive; next Sunday, the First of May, you'll be blown up; signed, La Dynamite." And in Montmartre, a benefit dance for anarchists played the dynamite polka, as one of the dances. The well-known next act. On the ninth of December, 1893, Auguste Vaillant, an unemployed worker distraught at being unable to feed his family, tossed a small bomb filled with tacks, thumb tacks, into the Chamber of Deputies. His goal was not to kill--there were several scratches on the deputies--but to call attention to the plight of the poor whose situation seemed to be getting worse and worse. He was captured on the spot. The guillotine immediately, instantaneously, after a brief trial, severed his head as he defiantly shouted the obligatory, "long live anarchy." Émile Henry's father, a militant republican, who wrote poetry, had been elected to the Commune from the tenth arrondissement, and was a member of the Central Committee of the Federated National Guard in the Paris Commune. He fled under a sentence of death to Spain. And in Catalonia he worked in the mines, turning from socialism to anarchism; because the anarchists were terribly influential in Spain, right through the Spanish Civil War, particularly in Barcelona and also in Andalusia, in the south. Émile was born in 1872 in a suburb of Barcelona, dominated by the textile factories. He had two brothers, Fortuné, who was older, who had the same name as his father, and Jules, who was fifteen in 1894. Following his father's death in 1882, from what appeared to be mercury poisoning, Madame Henry returned to Paris with her children, or to the region. Émile became a pupil of the City of Paris, receiving the equivalent of a scholarship to a school outside of Paris. His mother bought or had a little bit of land that had been in the family and found--started up an auberge, right down the street from this, it was actually an inn. I was actually able to find it, to go out to this place called Brévon, which now, sort of strangely enough, is not all that far from Euro Disney, but then was truly in the countryside. So, Émile Henry becomes a scholarship student. He's very smart, he gets certificates of merit in all the schools he goes to, and he gets his bac, his baccalaureate exam; he passes it at age sixteen, which was pretty tough to do. He was examined in physics, math and chemistry, and he would put some of the latter to use, as we shall see. The last report on his scholarship read, "he will begin studies next year at the école polytechnique," which is one of the grands écoles, the big military engineering school, extraordinarily hard to get in. He was classified as admissible, that is, he could be admitted. But after passing one part of the exam he failed the oral exam, but he could have taken it again. He claimed that one of his friends threw a stink bomb into the room when he was taking the exam. And it was said later that he vowed vengeance on bourgeois society, blah-blah-blah. That wasn't the case. He took a position with an uncle, an engineer working on a water project in Venice, but he precipitously returned to France. He dabbled in spiritism, trying to contact the soul of his dead father--that's where you try to move tables around and all of that. His anarchist friend Charles Malato claimed that he lost his footing, and fell into the abyss of spiritism, even becoming a medium of incarnation, and wasted his health in such exhausting experiments because he longed for knowledge. But he left it all behind and, in Paris, he worked here and there while living on the margins of urban life. His brother, Fortuné, became an anarchist and was a prominent orator at the meetings and debates held in smoky halls and cafés on the edge of Paris, principally Montmartre, and the Faubourg du Temple, and in the Latin Quarter, and he went to jail in 1894 for things that he'd written. Émile, now twenty years of age--et vous voilà, pas mal, parmi vous--he was called microbe by his classmates because of his relatively small size. He was pale, deep-set black eyes, as you saw, and sported the beginnings of a blonde beard on his chin, to go with chestnut hair. He was devoted to his mother and would walk, or take the train out to not a really nearby station, to go and visit her. And there was a bar, several tables with workers drinking wine, the inevitable checkered tablecloths, green shutters and a red brick roof, and chickens poking around and laundry hanging out to dry. As I said, it was a village. And of the 120 francs that Émile Henry earned a month, he gave about a third to his mother. Here she is down below, and there she is up above, on the left--prematurely aged. And that is one of the places that he lived that we'll see later, and where I--I've been to everywhere that he lived. I've managed to get into the buildings of everywhere he lived; sort of, you kind of walk around and follow him. I don't admire him, but it's interesting to try to see what he saw, and that's what I really love about history. Anyway, so he began meeting with some of the anarchist groups. He read Kropotkin's great book, The Conquest of Bread, as well as works by Malatesta and various French counterparts. His two targets were private property and authority, "two vicious germs," as he called them, that formed the base of contemporary societies that, he wrote, "have to be destroyed, eradicated from social life." He remained an intellectual, somewhat detached, arguably, from those people who crowded into these anarchist meetings, or who came to get, for once, a bite to eat in the various lectures where soup was served to the poor afterward. In contrast to Vaillant, who loved the people--Vaillant was the guy executed for throwing the tack bomb--Malato remembered Émile only loved the idea; he felt a marked estrangement from the ignorant and servile plebs, plebeians, a feeling distinctive, also, of a number of literary and artistic anarchists, by whom he met no less a painter than Camille Pissarro, who was an anarchist. And Montmartre also was the center of this sort of literary and cultural anarchism, the anarchism of this sort of the intellectual elite who lived in Montmartre because it was cheaper, and they're the next generation removed down to Montparnasse--and then Montmartre would already become the sort of the tourist trap it is now, though it still has its charms. Émile Henry was a loner. He never spoke in public, as far as we know, though he did shout out some things at a meeting once. He was described later, after his death, as the Saint-Just of anarchy. Saint-Just was one of the--was a cold, steely guy who had ripped off his mother's silver during--before the French Revolution, who became a member of the Committee of Public Safety, and he and Robespierre were the sort of main men of the Committee of Public Safety. So, he didn't speak like Fortuné, who was a really gifted orator. And in March 1893, Fortuné gave a speech at this one place where they met over and over again, denouncing the government class and the bourgeoisie, and he appeared to pull a dynamite cartridge from--he said, "this is our arms, these are our arms," and he appeared to pull a dynamite cartridge from his pocket. It actually was nothing but a pen, or a pen case, but he was arrested, and so was Émile. And Émile lost his job, at that point he worked in the garment industry. I love this because here's the Rue du Sentier in the center of Paris and that's still--the sign is so beautiful from the 1890s that they left it there; that company hasn't been there since World War I. But that's where Émile worked, but he lost his job after he was arrested and then released. He bounced between bad jobs, once working as an apprentice and unpaid watchmaker in order to perhaps work on timing mechanisms for bombs. In 1892--and he always got very good--employers loved him because he was very smart. He served as an accountant, he penned letters and that kind of stuff. But in 1892 he briefly served as the manager for the Anarchist Literary, a newspaper. In the meantime he was gathering materials to make bombs and learning how to prepare them. That July he and his brother may have gone to Saint-Etienne and Montbrison with the intention of blowing up the house of the magistrate in Ravachol's trial down there but--and I went to Saint-Etienne to try to find if he actually went there, and the police think he did but I have no positive proof of that. Anyway, he--the police informants, and the police were everywhere. If you want to see this, Joseph Conrad has a wonderful novel called The Secret Agent, and G.K. Chesterton has another one called The Man Who Would be Thursday, in which all seven anarchists in this anarchist group turn out to be police spies; and London was just riddled with police spies, watching the Dutch, and Spanish, and French, and Russian, and Czech anarchists, and all of the others. But, anyway, he was overheard telling somebody, "I didn't put enough nitroglycerin into this one and it didn't work, but I'm going to put a little more acid next time and we'll see what happens." And the police report, which I've seen, assigned him the number 318,532, and so he had a police existence, which was good for me. The police, as I said, had infiltrated these groups. One of the police spies, who was known as X number 4, reported that the old ways of the anarchists no longer seemed to be in play, that where anarchists had used to go to these big halls where the police were scribbling notes, and identifying everybody who was there, that the ones you had to worry about were not the ones who were in the hall giving speeches but the ones who were lurking in the shadows, looking for other people, with evil deeds, as it were, in mind. They were the ones who would show up and then leave quickly. These were the most violent ones, the ones who were capable of carrying out propaganda by the deed. They were not the halbeurs, the posers, or the boasters; they were off by themselves. And they reflected a debate within anarchist circles between the associationalists, who would end up being syndicalists, and those who believed in individual autonomy, the single anarchist making his decision to go out and kill--individual autonomy. And, thus, I use the description of this lecture, for better or for worse, as dynamite club; but dynamite club was the perception of, not the police because they knew better, but of the public, that imagined that behind every incident, every sardine can, was a nefarious plot to destroy organized society. There was no club, but there were some violent individuals capable of--minorities within the anarchist movement--of doing deeds. On the eleventh--backing up one year, for reasons we'll see--the eleventh of November, 1892, an employee of the mine company of Carmaux, those mining strikes that had catapulted Jaurès to fame, found a suspicious looking package on the floor outside the company door at eleven Avenue de L'Opéra--there, eleven, up on the left. This is 1900, this picture. I've gotten in that building too, my son and I did, and I showed him where he put the bomb; it's still a very elegant building. And they carried it downstairs rather stupidly, placed it on the sidewalk at the back entrance, and a policeman came along and said, "well you better take it to the police station," not noticing that there were little powders that seemed to be coming out of this machine, as they used to call them in those days. It was a reversible bomb, it was a bomb not made by a fuse but by chemicals and when they came together would blow up. And so these poor policemen are carrying it to the nearest police station, which is there--no, that's the building now; you can get into it, it's on the first floor. I love stuff like that, just love it. That's the police station, which is still there also. And, so, they carry it through the first courtyard. One guy says, "hurry up, it's heavy." It was a heavy thing. They put it in, put it down on the table and boom, arms, legs everywhere, gone, five people killed in the most horrible way. The bomb had been wrapped in a newspaper, the issue of Le Temps, from June first, 1892, which related the story of the arrest of Émile Henry and his brother. Émile Henry left Paris the next day for London, sending along his apologies. He was on a list of one hundred and thirty suspects. He hangs around Fitzroy Square--which now is so expensive, so, with Charlotte Street, just full of one fancy unaffordable restaurant after another--he hangs around with the anarchists there. A friend of Oscar Wilde's remembered meeting him there. He spoke some English, but not terribly well. Once he told people, "today is the anniversary of the dancing lesson," by which he meant bodies jumping up and down, in their last final agony, in the police station. He was proud, he had exterminated six enemies. Malato said, "he grew in his own eyes. He said to himself that his role as a destroying angel had just begun." But, why didn't they think he was a serious suspect? Well, because a policeman that particular day, that day, November 8th, 1892, he'd gone to work near the Gare du Nord, the Station of the North. He had two errands to do; one was near the Church of the Madeline, the second was way up by--near the Arc d'Triomphe. His boss gave him some money to do these errands. And a policeman tried to do the same thing, and said that he could not have gone back to his house in Montmartre, to the fifth floor, Rue Veron--it doesn't matter, I love this stuff--and got the bomb, gone all the way back down to the Avenue de l'Opèra, and then finished his errands and got back in two hours and fifteen minutes--pas possible. So, I did it. I replaced tramway and omnibus with buses and metros, and I replaced a carriage--I never take cabs--with a cab, and my cab couldn't turn left on the Avenue de l'Opèra, so I subtracted 11 minutes. I paused--I couldn't get that day into one of his houses where he put the bomb. And I came back in about two hours and fifteen or sixteen minutes. Somebody did the same thing in 1894, and said he certainly could have done it. Anyway, old Émile is off in London. Now, I'm just trying now to imagine what he imagined. What converts him to anarchism was the appalling gap between the wealthy and the poor in Paris, and other places. The heritage of the father, of course, had something to do with it. Never had people lived it up in such flamboyant, one could even say egregious ways, as in Paris in the Belle Époque, the so-called Gay '90s. Now, the nostalgia for that is a creation, really, of how horrible things would be later with World War I, but still--and the Belle Époque was not belle for very many people. But what leads him to anarchism is that. Everywhere he lived--that was the only place, the exception a minute ago, which was near the Bastille--everywhere he lived was on the edge of Paris, and everywhere he lived, the facades of the buildings are still the same. This is one that's near Montmartre--and they're building Sacré-Coeur, this is from that same time. It hadn't been completed yet but--and its big bell drowning out the whole city, hadn't been put in there, but this--Sacré-Coeur was built where the Commune had started, and it was seen as a monument of penance for the Government of the Moral Order. And, so, they hated this and they refer constantly to this. They have fantasies. Zola wrote a novel called Paris in 1898, which is modeled after Émile Henry and some of these other people. And the brother of this priest who, like the REM record, is losing his religion, he has these fantasies about blowing up Sacré-Coeur. And Émile Henry lived near there, he lived on the Rue Véron, which is now fairly chic. He lived on the top floor up there. That's where he went to get the bomb. And then he moves into this place. It says Villa Faucheur, and that's not fancy at all. And this is the same façade. He lived on the inside there in 1894. And I went up there because I got to see, I got to see. And this is a pretty sketchy neighborhood and there are a lot of dealers, drug deals going on here, and I didn't want to look like a flic en civil, a plain- clothes cop, and I don't want--I don't want to look like I'm a wealthy tourist, either. And, so, I kind of hid behind a truck and took pictures and then I walked in and said something like, "salut les gars." And I had to see. But, when you walk out of this-- that's how you got in, that's 1894-- when you walk out of this, you turn right and there is the Park of Belleville, and down below the Place de la Roquette where he would lose his head, and he looked out--he was lucky, he couldn't see the Tour Montparnasse, which didn't then exist, but he could see symbols that he hated. There was the Tour Eiffel that had only been there--the Eiffel Tower had been there for five years. There was the Pantheon, where the State commemorated its heroes, and there was Notre Dame, which he hated as well. And, so, he once wrote that love can lead you to hate--he wrote that before he was guillotined, and he hated; he loved humanity in the abstract. He loved his mom too. But he loved humanity and he hated the State, and so he set out to kill. So, these are sort of visual signifiers, I guess in the new cultural history they would call them, these buildings upon which--or these monuments that he looked down and hated. If you've read Balzac's Old Goriot ever in your reading career, at the very end of the story Rastignac is up at Père Lachaise Cemetery, and he--and poor--Père Lachaise is not poor, but the area around it is--and he gestures down to western Paris, the fancy Paris, and he says the equivalent of, "it's war between you and me now, baby." But he wanted to make the big time, he wanted to sleep with the right people, he wanted to just do better and better, for himself. And Émile Henry says, points down in those neighborhoods, and he says, "it's war between you and me now, baby." And he meant it. And he built bombs and he went out to kill, at a time when anarchist deeds were being celebrated by some anarchists. The explosive device that he threw into the Café Terminus, February 1894, hit a chandelier, then a marble table, and fell to the ground exploding. Twenty people were wounded, of whom one later died. Broken glass, pieces of tables and chairs, blood and injured people, fear was everywhere. An architect had five wounds, a draftsman seventeen. Henry had seen--had been seen, he'd after all sipped his second beer, first also, and at one point, not so he wouldn't be caught--so we can rule out indirect suicide, which I'll talk about just briefly in a minute--he said, "oh, where's the scoundrel that did this?" and runs away. And he's chased by policemen, by an apprentice barber, by a contrôleur from the tramway, and they finally catch him around the corner from the Gare Saint-Lazare, and he fires point blank with his pistol. He also had--his knife had poison on it, as well. One policeman called Poisson was very lucky to have escaped with his life, because his big wallet was hit by one of these shots. And, so, he's put in prison here, in the Conciergerie--and that cell no longer exists, that he was in. Danton, and Robespierre, and Marie Antoinette, and Louis XVI were also in this prison. And one of the great sources about this guy's life was the prison guards, because they're trying to get information out of him, and he tries to convert them to anarchism, and they have a very interesting kind of relationship. The first night he was in prison, friends of his broke into his room and took out enough dynamite to make fourteen or fifteen other bombs, and so Paris is, to say the least, on high alert. And, so, Émile Henry was put on trial and, in a flourish, he saluted anarchism, and gave a declaration for anarchism that was read, and is still read today, where he says, "you have garroted us in Spain, you have hung us in Germany, you have shot us here and there, you have guillotined us in France, but what you can never do is extinguish anarchy, because its roots are too deep." Not surprisingly, he was condemned to be executed, and he was, on the^( )21st of May, 1894. And it's in early morning, at four in the morning, and the executioners all come from the same family, and this guy called Diebler was the executioner. I got to go back to that woman in a minute. This is Dibler, who was called Monsieur Paris, who was the chief executioner and, for him, one more execution was just one more execution. The last public execution in France was 1936. The last execution in France using a guillotine, of course, comme d'habitude, was 1972 or 1973; I can't remember what date. And the chill of that morning, where people paid for seats on the roof, and there were little children whose parents bought them seats as if they were--on the roof as if they were outside Wrigley Field watching the Cubs from a roof far away. Executions were festive events for those people, also, finishing their nights. And there was always sort of some speculation about, "when this is going to happen, when is he finally going to be executed?" And the scene, which I've tried to recreate in this book, of Dibler, of the wagons with the wood of justice showing up, and with the apprentices doing their work and putting up this guillotine, as if you're putting together this basically perfect toy that didn't need any nails, because everything fit together so well. Really, these guillotine scenes were so important for anarchists, also, because it's part of the idea of martyrdom, of revolutionary immortality. This comes from a Christian religion also, doesn't it, the execution scenes. Again, you see what I'm saying in that, but these scenes of the martyrdom and the use the anarchists put to this are still rather important. Now, was this a form of indirect suicide? He'd fallen in love with the wife of an anarchist; and her building is still there too, ironically not far away from the place where he was executed. And he hit on her, and they would go out with the husband to his auberge, and he would proclaim his love, and she kind of blew him off. Was it indirect suicide? No, obviously not, because he tries to escape at the end, and then she, in a real anticipation of the modern life, she is out giving interviews to the journalists after his execution. She's saying, "oh he loved me so much, and one could well understand why." And the whole thing was just incredible. But it was not any kind of indirect suicide at all. But, what do I mean about the origins of modern terrorism? What was new about it? Well, a couple of things. Ravachol, Vaillant were very poor. Ravachol was a pauvre type, a sad sack; Vaillant was not, he was a very honorable person. Most of the people in Western Europe--there were some exceptions in the Russian case, but these weren't anarchists, it's a group called People's Will--were ordinary workers. Émile Henry was an intellectual; he was an intellectual. That's new, but that's not as important as what else was new. Instead of targeting a head of state, or a uniformed person, as other anarchists had done, he just picked people who were having a beer, petty bourgeois that he hated because they propped up capitalism, and threw the bomb at them, knowing he was going to kill a lot of them. He sat there and looked at them--there's a very amazing scene in The Battle of Algiers, in the movie The Battle of Algiers, where this woman's going to place a bomb, and she's looking at people that are going to die because of what she is doing there--and he looked at these people and he said, "I'm going to kill you, I'm going to kill you, because I love--I hate." And that's really new about it. Is it worth at all musing about what this has to do with modern terrorism? I don't know, just a few reflections; there's no doubt about that, that there are some connections. If you take Osama bin Laden, for example, he announced, as everybody knows, in the late nineties that he'll attack civilians, American civilians, just like American military people-- that's perfectly obvious. Another connection is within modern terrorism you have this sort of alliance between intellectuals, students, and people who are simply down and out. There are big differences also. The suicide bomber is something--no, it's very different. But, still, there are things that are worth thinking about. Third, the whole idea of revolutionary immortality, that you kill people, you die, and you have revolutionary immortality. For many fundamentalist terrorists you pass immediately into this nirvana. Fourth, both sets of terrorists target a powerful enemy, a structure they set out to destroy and try to--"kill one, warn a thousand," goes an old Chinese proverb. And they want to attack the State and capitalism, in the case of the anarchists, and the targets are perfectly obvious in the case of contemporary terrorists as well. Fifth, dynamite, like roadside bombs, are seen as leveling the playing field. You attack, you can prove that you are strong when, in reality, you are weak. They demonstrate that powerful states are vulnerable even to small groups of determined anarchists. Next, also these groups, as I said, their tendency is always to try to find one person running the whole show. That's absolutely not the case in the case of the anarchists, as I already said, nor is it the case now as well. So, the French government then, and officials now, have a tendency to look for centrally organized, massive conspiracy, instead of acknowledging the role of small groups, or even isolated individuals undertaking locally organized or freelance operations. Anarchists, to repeat, always emphasize the full autonomy of the individual; indeed, the potentially murderous individual as the case, as I've said. And I obviously detest everything that Émile Henry stood for, but I've tried to understand his hatred. Yet, there's one more thing that could be added too, is that when you think of the word terrorism, the word terrorism was originally applied to actions taken by the State to terrorize. "The Terror" was terrorizing opponents in the French Revolution. And it's often forgotten that the vast majority of victims of terror are victims of State terrorism. And the anarchists hated the State because they'd seen up close what State terrorism did in the wake of the Commune, and the beating of the police at Clichy, the massacre of the innocents, of these women, young women gunned down during the strike in the north, or demonstrations in the north in 1891, must be remembered. During the 1890s the anarchist attacks, which were terrible, killed a maximum of sixty people--tragic--wounding more than two hundred. But, if you look at State terrorism, the ratio somebody has figured out stands at approximately 260:1; two hundred and sixty victims of State terrorism as opposed to one victim of this horrible thing. Terrorism has thus become part of the political process, but it's been called a danse macabre, or sort of a macabre dance between states and their fiercest opponents. The two interact dynamically and need each other. The hatred of dissidents is only further stoked by the over-reaction of authorities; it simply encourages attack. And, certainly, this is not a course in political science, but the reaction of the United States government and other governments to the horrible, horrible attacks on September^( )11th are a pretty good example of that. When states take tactics that swell the hatred of their opponents by abusing prisoners, by torturing prisoners and by that sort of thing, that line between that goes all the way back to Spain of the 1890s, the first decade of the twentieth century, back to the Paris Commune before that and, unfortunately, to our very day. That is the story of Émile Henry. See you on Wednesday.


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Home > Cast > Kira Noir
Last update in: Clinical Trial
Eye Color : Brown
Zodiac : Cancer
Hobbies : pole dancing, painting, amateur porn, sculpting, yoga
Twitter : https://twitter.com/thekiranoir
Kira Noir's Biography :
Kira Noir was born in Northern California and is a Cancer. She grew up in Nashville, Tennessee in a humid Bible Belt district which was unfortunately filled with racism and extremely unhealthy food. She's relieved to not live there anymore. She had a religious background growing up having been raised by not only a Roman Catholic father, and but also later by a Southern Baptist stepfather. Growing up she was a prude who desperately wanted to become promiscuous. Prior to joining the adult industry, she wanted to be a mortician. She got her start in the business by stripping in Saint Louis, Missouri. When Bonnie Rotten came to feature dance at the club where she worked it changed everything for her. Kira recalls "the way Bonnie captivating her and the audience was spellbinding". Bonnie had a man with her who said he was starting his own porn agency and brought Kira to Los Angeles and introduced her to the industry. Her favorite movie is Natural Born Killers being a fan of cheesy, over the top acting and storylines. As a fan of the Horror/thriller genre, she loves it when they're done well and believes they can tell incredible stories that comedies and romances alone can't fully capture. When she's not filming on set she enjoys doing art, hanging out with her friends, and going to local shows. She says that shooting a scene for PureTaboo was a unique challenge since she had to pretend to be afraid of Danny Mountain, who she describes as a sweet handsome man. In terms of how Pure Taboo will affect society, she thinks more and more porn fans will be excited about the fresh way Pure Taboo looks at strange but sexy circumstances and hopefully will play a part in creating a demand for this style of pornography. Asked if she's ever been caught doing something taboo she said an old friend from church found out that she does porn and promised not to tell anyone.
Episodes with Kira Noir
Doctor Performs Humiliating Tests on Ebony Teen Athlete
Starring: Kira Noir, Danny Mountain
Pictures with Kira Noir

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Celebrating Women in Law – A Shattering of Glass- 21st March 2017
Celebrating women in law
Are you thinking of returning to work? Take the first step, with the WLD returners course
The Law Society's Women Lawyers Division are delivering this two-day course which intends to provide returning solicitors, men and women, with the tools they require to take the first steps to return to the profession after a career break; The challenges of returning to the work place in a recession Helpful tips on CV preparation,…
After Brexit: The Implications for public and regulatory law
After Brexit lecture RC.12.2.17
AWS are pleased to present our first newsletter of 2017.
AWS Newsletter (February 2017)
We hope you enjoy and look forward to seeing you at the forthcoming AGM
Christmas Newsletter 2016
AWS London's final newsletter of 2016 can be found here:
AWS Newsletter (December 2016)
We hope you enjoy the final edition of the year and we wish you all a merry Christmas and a happy new year.
December's Role Model of the Month
Unfortunately as a result of a busy couple of months we haven't posted a role model for the last couple of months but we will now be nominating a role model each month as nominated by one of our members. This month our role model is Linda Lee, Consultant at Radcliffes Le Brasseur. Linda was…
AWS London in the News
See AWS London's response to Christopher Digby-Bell's letter to the Gazette regarding Bias here: http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/analysis/letters/battling-bias/5055715.article Our current chair Jessica Standley has also given comment in the The Times "The Brief" produced by Jonathan Ames & Frances Gibb.
September's Role Model of the Month
Kim Beatson Kim qualified as a solicitor in 1984 and quickly joined the partnership at Russell Cook where she became head of the family law team for a period of 10 years. She then spent a brief spell as a consultant family lawyer which she combined with caring for her young son. Kim joined…
Upcoming AWS London Events
Upcoming AWS London Events Wednesday 12th September BlowDry Event @ Blow Dry Express, Aldgate East. Join us for hair tips, a blowdry and to hear owner Moira O'Hara speak about her business. £30.00 for members. Tuesday 27th September 1 Rebel Ride (spin) Class – 1 Rebel, St Mary Axe high energy Ride Class…
Role Model Of The Month
Christina Blacklaws Chief Operating Office Cripps LLP After studying Jurisprudence at Oxford, Christina qualified as a solicitor in 1991. A specialist children and family lawyer, she successfully ran and managed a succession of innovative legal businesses, including one of the largest family law firms in the country, before joining the Co-operative in 2011. At CLS,…


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Chronologie de la Suisse
 1994 en Suisse - 1995 en Suisse - 1996 en Suisse

Gouvernement au  janvier 1995
 Conseil fédéral :
 Kaspar Villiger, PRD, président de la Confédération
 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, PRD, vice-président de la Confédération
 Arnold Koller, PDC
 Otto Stich, PSS
 Flavio Cotti, PDC
 Adolf Ogi, UDC
 Ruth Dreifuss, PSS

Évènements

Janvier
 Dimanche
 Le Papiliorama de Marin (NE) est totalement détruit par un incendie.
 Mardi 17 janvier
 Visite officielle du chancelier autrichien Franz Vranitzky.
 Lundi 30 janvier
 Le Conseil fédéral porte son choix sur le projet de Neuchâtel en vue de l'Expo 2001. Le Temps ou la Suisse en mouvement se déroulera autour des trois lacs de Neuchâtel, Bienne et Morat et impliquera la participation de cinq cantons et de quatre villes.

Février
 Lundi 13 février
 Liquidation de la fabrique de skis Authier, à Bière (VD). La centaine d'ouvriers qu'elle employait étaient au chômage depuis .
 Mardi 14 février
 Fermeture à Zurich de la gare du Letten, qui fut durant plusieurs années une scène ouverte de la drogue.
 Dimanche 19 février
 Élections cantonales à Bâle-Campagne. Les cinq conseillers d'État sortants sont réélus. Il s'agit d'Elsbeth Schneider (PDC) Eduard Belser (PSS), Peter Schmid (PSS), Hans Fünfschilling (PRD) et Andreas Koellreuter (PRD).

Mars
 Mercredi
 Une quatrième chaîne de télévision commence ses émissions sous le nom de Suisse 4.
 Jeudi 9 mars
 Le groupe Von Roll annonce la fermeture de l'aciérie Monteforno à Bodio.
 Dimanche 12 mars
 Votations fédérales. Le peuple rejette, par  non (50,9 %) contre  oui (49,1 %), l'initiative populaire pour une agriculture paysanne compétitive et respectueuse de l'environnement.
 Votations fédérales. Le peuple rejette, par  non (63,5 %) contre  oui (36,5 %), l'arrêté sur l'économie laitière.
 Votations fédérales. Le peuple rejette, par  non (66,4 %) contre  oui (33,6 %), la modification de la loi fédérale sur l'agriculture.
 Votations fédérales. Le peuple approuve, par  oui (83,4 %) contre  non (16,6 %), l'arrêté fédéral instituant un frein aux dépenses.
 Mercredi 15 mars
 Visite officielle du président chilien Eduardo Frei.
 Jeudi 16 mars
 Décès, à Morges, du compositeur Heinrich Sutermeister.
 Vendredi 17 mars
 Décès du biologiste bâlois Rudolf Geigy, l'un des fondateurs de l'Institut tropical suisse.
 Jeudi 23 mars
 Le groupe pharmaceutique Sandoz annonce qu'il cesse ses activités dans le domaine de la chimie traditionnelle pour se concentrer sur la santé et de la nutrition.

Avril
 Samedi
 Pour la quatrième fois de son histoire, le HC Kloten devient champion de Suisse de hockey-sur-glace.
 Dimanche 2 avril
 Élections cantonales à Zurich. Eric Honegger (PRD), Ernst Buschor (PDC), Ernst Homberger (PRD), Moritz Leuenberger (PSS), Hans Hofmann (UDC), Rita Fuhrer (UDC) et Verena Diener (Les Verts) sont élus au premier tour de scrutin.
 Élections cantonales au Tessin. Marco Borradori (LEGA), Marina Masoni Pelloni (PRD), Giuseppe Buffi (PRD), Alex Pedrazzini (PDC) et Pietro Martinelli (PSS) sont élus au Gouvernement cantonal.
 Élections cantonales à Lucerne. Klaus Fellmann (PDC), Brigitte Mürner-Gilli (PDC), Ulrich Fässler (PRD), Kurt Meyer (PDC), Anton Schwingruber (PDC)  et Max Pfister (PRD) sont élus au Gouvernement cantonal lors du premier tour de scrutin.
 Vendredi 7 avril
 Inauguration de l'Institut Kurt Bösch à Bramois (VS).
 Vendredi 28 avril
 Inauguration de l'Office fédéral des télécommunications (OFCOM) à Bienne.

Mai
 Jeudi 4 mai
 Signature d'une alliance entre Swissair et Sabena. Swissair rachète 49,5 % du capital de la compagnie belge.
 Dimanche 7 mai
 Kaspar Villiger, président de la Confédération, présente les excuses du Conseil fédéral pour le J apposé dans les passeports juifs à l'époque nazie.
 Élections cantonales à Lucerne. Élu lors du deuxième tour, Paul Huber (PSS) conserve son siège au Conseil d'État.
 Jeudi 18 mai
 Décès à Genève, à l'âge de 93 ans, du compositeur André-François Marescotti.
 Vendredi 19 mai
 Vernissage de l'exposition consacrée au peintre d'origine russe Nicolas de Staël à la Fondation Pierre Gianadda à Martigny.
 Jeudi 25 mai
 Décès à Môtier (FR), à l'âge de 73 ans, de l'auteur de romans policiers Marcel-Georges Prêtre.

Juin
 Vendredi 2 juin
 Démission de l'évêque de Bâle, Jean-Georges Vogel, qui annonce une future paternité.
 Mardi 13 juin
 Le FC Grasshopper s'adjuge, pour la vingt-troisième fois de son histoire, le titre de champion de Suisse de football.
 Jeudi 22 juin
 Le Russe Pavel Tonkov remporte le Tour de Suisse cycliste.
 Dimanche 25 juin
 Votations fédérales. Le peuple approuve, par  oui (60,7 %) contre  non (39,3 %), le projet de loi fédérale sur l'assurance-vieillesse et survivants (LAVS) ( de l'AVS).
 Votations fédérales. Le peuple rejette, par  non (72,4 %) contre  oui (27,6 %), l'initiative populaire « pour l'extension de l'AVS et de l'AI ».
 Votations fédérales. Le peuple rejette, par  non (53,6 %) contre  oui (46,4 %), le projet de loi fédérale sur l'acquisition d'immeubles par des personnes à l'étranger.
 Lundi 26 juin
 Le conseiller fédéral Arnold Koller et le président de la Confédération Kaspar Villiger présentent le projet d'une nouvelle Constitution.
 Vendredi 30 juin
 La division des produits chimiques du groupe bâlois Sandoz devient indépendante sous le nom de Clariant.

Juillet
 Jeudi 13 juillet
 Installation du télescope de Saint-Luc (Valais).

Août
 Mercredi 30 août
 Le conseiller fédéral Otto Stich annonce sa démission.

Septembre
 Mardi 12 septembre
 Visite d'État du président allemand Roman Herzog.
 Mercredi 13 septembre
 Ouverture du  Comptoir suisse, à Lausanne. En raison des réactions de plusieurs ONG, les organisateurs ont renoncé à accueillir le Pakistan comme hôte d'honneur.
 Mercredi 27 septembre
 Moritz Leuenberger est élu au Conseil fédéral, en remplacement de Otto Stich, démissionnaire.
 Inauguration du nouveau siège du Haut Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés à Genève.

Octobre
 Mardi 3 octobre
 Ouverture de l'exposition Telecom 95 à Genève.
 Mise en circulation du nouveau billet de , orné du portrait de Sophie Taeuber-Arp.
 Samedi 7 octobre
 Sur la place Fédérale à Berne,  manifestants antinucléaires demandent la cessation immédiate des essais atomiques français et chinois. Ils prient les autorités helvétiques de mettre un terme à tout commerce militaire et nucléaire avec ces deux États.
 Dimanche 22 octobre
 Élections fédérales. Le PSS sort vainqueur du renouvellement de la chambre du peuple. Il gagne 12 sièges et, avec 54 mandats, il forme le groupe le plus important du Conseil national. L'UDC gagne 4 sièges (29 élus), le  PRD gagne 1 siège (45 élus) et le  PDC perd 2 sièges (34 élus). Les Verts et les petits partis sont les perdants de ces élections fédérales.

Novembre
 Mercredi
 Décès à Montréal, de l'architecte Paul Zumthor.
 Mercredi 15 novembre
 Migros ouvre à Lörrach sa première filiale allemande.
 Dimanche 26 novembre
 Élection complémentaire à Zurich. Rolf Gerber (UDC) est élu pour occuper le siège laissé vacant par l'élection de Moritz Leuenberger au Conseil fédéral.
 Mercredi 29 novembre
 Décès à Berne de l'ancien conseiller fédéral Nello Celio.
 Jeudi 30 novembre
 Le tribunal de district de Saint-Gall acquitte Paul Grüninger, ancien commandant de la police cantonale, condamné en 1940 pour avoir aidé des réfugiés juifs durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Décembre
 Vendredi 15 décembre
 Le Comité olympique suisse désigne la ville de Sion comme candidate à l'organisation des Jeux olympiques d'hiver 2006.

Chronologie de la Suisse au XXe siècle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hunneman Hall at the Brookline Main Library, 361 Washington Street, is the site of the first local authors book fair. About a dozen authors will be on hand to chat about their books. You may discover that one or more of them are neighbors! Refreshments will be served, and music will be provided by guitarist/song writer Terry Kitchen, one of the authors. And all of the books will be available for sale, a great opportunity to find gifts for upcoming holidays! All are welcome to this free event. Thursday, November 12, from 6:00 to 8:15 pm.
BrooklineCAN is seeking a Membership Assistant. Applicant should have an understanding and some experience with database, spreadsheet, email and mail merge software. The Assistant will also be responsible for office related tasks for the Membership Committee. Four (4) hours a week on Fridays at the Brookline Senior Center. Salary is $13.45/hr. If interested or you would like more information, contact Ruthann Dobek at rdobek@brooklinema.gov.


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www.bisericimaramures.eu – Biserici din lemn -comori ale Maramuresului!
The project is financed through the Regional Operational Program 2007-2013, Priority Axis 5 – Sustainable Development and Promotion of Tourism, Field of Intervention 5.1.Restoration and sustainable valorisation of cultural heritage, as well as the creation / modernization of related infrastructures.
The financing contract was signed on 30.06.2010 and has a implementation period of 48 months.The project was finalized on 30 June 2016.
TOTAL VALUE OF PROJECT – 19,851,274.44 lei.
ELIGIBLE TOTAL VALUE – 15,469,969.00 lei.
ELIGIBLE NON-GRAMMABLE VALUE OF THE NATIONAL BUDGET – 2,011,095.97 lei.
ELIGIBLE CO-FINANCING OF THE COUNTY COUNCIL MARAMURES – 309,399.38 lei.
VAT VALUE OF ELIGIBLE EXPENSES – 3,668,495.44 lei.
Wooden churches from Maramures held in the project: "Northern Transylvanian Wooden Churches Circuit"
The wooden churches represent a defining reality for the spiritual geography of the Romanian people everywhere. Collective work, often anonymous, the wooden churches in Maramures are a reflection of socio-economic and historical conditions, a convincing demonstration of the continuity of a spiritual life of ancient tradition. They are documents of certain authenticity not only through the elements of their appearance, which reflect the unity of the Romanian people, but also through the role they played in the life of the Transylvanian Romanians: the national tribune, the school, the cultural and art settlement, the realities whose meaning is It blends harmoniously with their attribute of building the community. In other words, wooden churches are a defining reality for the spiritual geography of the Romanian people everywhere. It is necessary and appropriate to capitalize on this heritage of inestimable value.
Therefore, the overall objective of the project is the sustainable valorisation of the tourist potential of the wooden churches recognized as UNESCO world heritage values and values of the national and universal cultural heritage by creating and improving related infrastructures by including them in a circuit Cultural and religious tourism, which will lead to a qualitative increase of all the conditions for practicing this form of tourism, having a direct impact both on increasing the tourist attractiveness of Maramureş County and on its consecration as a European tourist destination.
The wooden churches in the Maramures area are characterized by planimetry, the technique of wood joints and the realization of the shingle covers, being a certain proof of the ingenuity of the constructive solutions performed at the highest level of artistic expression.
They were raised on heights where verticality imposed specific constructive solutions visible in the construction of arches and tower arbours with usually the belfry covered with a prolonged dome provoking to the sky, the top of which is fixed a wrought iron cross elaborated. The architectural ensemble of Maramures evolved in time according to the skill, experience and fantasy of the local builders, and managed to impose a certain style in the artistic rendering of the ornamental forms and motifs.
Wooden churches that stand out through the beauty of the porches and functional décor.
However, these differences, which are only in a manner that does not affect the style or the overall architectural line, consist of certain accents and subtleties of forms specific to each area.
Rehabilitation of the access roads from the county or national road to the point of view within the monument within a maximum distance of one km.
Parking facilities for cars and buses in the proximity of the access road to the premises.
Architectural lighting and goal elevation.
The overall objective of the priority axis is primarily to capitalize on and promote sustainable cultural heritage and natural resources with tourism potential, as well as improving the quality of tourist accommodation and leisure infrastructure in order to increase the attractiveness of regions, develop local economies and create new jobs .
Increasing the number of tourists by capitalizing the local and regional cultural tourism potential on the national and international tourist market.
The project's activities will contribute to the development of cultural tourism in the Maramureş County by preserving the cultural heritage represented by the wooden churches and increasing the tourist offer in the area.
– increasing the income of the beneficiaries.
The "Northern Transylvanian Wooden Churches Circuit" project will increase the importance of tourism in the North-West region by highlighting the regional identity symbols represented by historical monuments (wooden churches).
1. Heritage objectives entered into the tourist circuit 16 in total of which: UNESCO objectives 7 and objectives of national interest 9.
2. Increase in the number of tourists by 10%.
Construction of a tourist information point / exhibition hall. The tourist information point is built in P regime with a built and developed area of 40 m² and is located near the monument.
Sewage of waste water from the tourist information point and provision of its treatment by connecting to existing sewage systems or by local ministers.
-5 Press conferences to inform about the launch of the project and periodically to present the status of the works.
– 16 Construction Site Panels to inform the public about the support provided by the European Union and Romanian Government co-financiers.
-16 Standing commemorative plaques to inform the public about the support provided by the co-financiers of the European Union and the Government of Romania.
In order to see the implementation phase please check each photo album bellow.
A touching lesson about the habitation habits of the traditional man, his relationship with the house, the church, the village and the people was sustained today by the assistant professor Delia Suiogan at the Tourist Information Center in Săcălăşeni today. The action is the first in the series of events that the Maramureş County Council organizes during the period of sustainability of the project "Circuitul lemnului din Transilvania de Nord", financed by the Regional Operational Program 2007-2013, Priority Axis 5 – Sustainable Development and Promotion of Tourism, Field of Intervention-5.1. Restoration and sustainable valorisation of cultural heritage, as well as the creation / modernization of related infrastructures. The project was completed in June 2016 and has as main objective the capitalization of 16 wooden churches in Maramures, by developing Tourist Information Centers in their vicinity, by arranging alleys, parking lots, ornamental lighting and fences. The role of these centers, which are equipped with utilities at European standards, is to provide tourists with information about the common tourist and county objectives.
Today's event was attended by the children and teachers from the Săcălăşeni Secondary School, representatives of the county, the representative of the Ministry of Tourism for Maramureş and Suceava, the members of the project implementation unit, representatives of the Tourism and Rescue Service of the Maramureş County Council and the inhabitants of the commune .
As appropriate in a traditional rural community, the action began with the blessing of parish priest Vasile Lăcătuş and the welcome speech of Mayor Emilian Pop. The project manager, Claudia-Maria Breban – Director of the Directorate for Development and Implementation of Projects within the Maramures County Council – said that the action in Săcălăşeni, developed under the title "Ethnography Lesson", can be considered "the zero kilometer" of a A series of events to be held in all project locations during the sustainability period.
Professor Delia Suiogan, PhD, University of Northern Baia Mare University, accompanied by a group of students, emphasized the importance of such dialogues from the perspective of the knowledge and perpetuation of the tradition. It has been talked about the importance of ignoring the popular port, of preserving identity and tradition, of the natural rules of the traditional man's life and of the return to the roots. "We need to know our roots, past, traditions. No matter how beautiful, a tree that has no roots will fall to the first wind, "- said Dr. Delia Suiogan.
Dressed in the costumes specific to the area, the children from the ensemble "Chioarul Flowers" supported, at the end of the event, a suite of traditional dances.


The 'Tully' star admits learning to say no would be the one key lesson in life she would love to share with her younger self.
AceShowbiz - Charlize Theron regrets rushing through life during her 20s. The South African native was so concerned about finding success in Hollywood during the early days of her career, she never took a break to reflect on how much she had already accomplished.
"I felt so rushed in my 20s," she shared. "I felt like I was running out of time, constantly, and it made me not stop and appreciate the moments that were happening to me. I guess that's part of being a 20-year-old."
Now, at 42, the mother-of-two is happy to take each day as it comes, and she feels more comfortable than ever with where she is in her life. "There's something that happened for me in my 40s where everything just slowed down to the right speed, and I have perspective," Charlize mused to morning show "Good Morning America".
"There's this little thing that happened to me that's just like, you know what? I can say no and not be judged for that. I don't have to please everybody, I don't have to show up for everybody. I can actually make an adult decision and own that and not be judged for that, and that's such a confidence that I never had in my 20s..."
And the Oscar winner admits learning to say no would be the one key lesson in life she would love to share with her younger self, if she could turn back time. "I think women struggle with that (saying no) more than men," Charlize said, "so if I could go back and talk to my 20s (sic), I would say that (it's OK to say no)."
Despite developing a talent to turn down offers, the "Monster" star insists she still has crises of confidence whenever she tackles a new project. "There's this little voice inside of me that always says, 'They're gonna find out that you're lying. They're gonna find out that you're terrible and that you have no talent and that you can't do this!' " she explained.
She went on sharing, "I think that little bit of insecurity is the thing that makes you work harder, and you can't get complacent when you're in that space, and that's a good thing as an actor. I don't want to ever feel like, 'Oh, I got this!' I don't think that would be a great space to work from, creatively."


Morgan "HustlinbeasT" Granberg is the support for GamersOrigin. He was previously known as Hustlin.
Morgan "Hustlin" Granberg is a Swedish League of Legends player who started his professional career on Giants Gaming's developmental team, Giants Underdoges in late 2015. He subbed in for Giants' final two matches of the 2016 EU LCS Spring Split and has been playing with the team since. He helped guide the team back into the EU LCS after they were forced to play through the EU LCS 2016 Summer Promotion Tournament.
He plays tanky supports such as Nautilus and Braum exceptionally -- taking pride in becoming an impenetrable frontline for his AD carry. A full Split in Europe's premier league is going to be a big step up in competition for Hustlin and he'll have to do his best to learn from his mistakes and grow as he faces off against Europe's best and brightest.
His preference for bot lane are tanky supports like Nautilus and Braum.
Began his professional career in 2015 when he joined Giants Underdoges.
His debut in the EU LCS was in the 2016 Spring Split.
This page was last edited on 17 April 2019, at 00:31.


text:
Home Breaking News US and coalition airstrikes target ISIS-held oil refineries in Syria
US and coalition airstrikes target ISIS-held oil refineries in Syria
New US and coalition airstrikes have targeted ISIS-held oil refineries in Syria.
The raids killed 14 ISIS fighters and five civilians in eastern Syria, activists said.
The US military said the refineries generated as much as $2 million per day in revenue for ISIS.
President Barack Obama has vowed to dismantle the ISIS "network of death".
ISIS has seized large areas of Syria and Iraq in recent months and controls several oilfields. Sales of smuggled crude oil have helped finance its offensive in both countries.
The US has launched nearly 200 air strikes against the militants in Iraq since August and expanded the operation against ISIS to Syria on September 22.
On September 24, the UN Security Council adopted a binding resolution compelling states to prevent their nationals joining jihadists in Iraq and Syria.
New US and coalition airstrikes have targeted ISIS-held oil refineries in Syria (photo Reuters)
President Barack Obama chaired the session and said nations must prevent the recruitment and financing of foreign fighters.
The US military said the fresh air strikes, using fighter jets and drones, hit "small-scale" refineries that were producing "between 300-500 barrels of refined petroleum per day".
"We are still assessing the outcome of the attack on the refineries, but have initial indications that the strikes were successful," the US Central Command said in a statement.
The UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, an activist group that monitors the Syrian conflict, said the strikes killed 14 ISIS fighters in Deir al-Zour and five civilians in Hassakeh.
The US says more than 40 countries have offered to join the anti-ISIS coalition.
France said its fighter jets were carrying out air strikes in Iraq again on Thursday, a day after the beheading of a French hostage in Algeria by an IS-linked jihadist group.
The French military has been carrying out air strikes in Iraq since last week but has not taken part in anti-IS operations in Syria.
On September 24, the Dutch government said it was deploying six F-16 fighter to join the US-led air campaign.
[youtube -MA-b0PwHQ8 650]
us air strikes
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Roy Siemens
Roy likes politics. Knowledge is power, Roy constantly says, so he spends nearly all day gathering information and writing articles about the latest events around the globe. He likes history and studying about war techniques, this is why he finds writing his articles a piece of cake. Another hobby of his is horse – riding.
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İlayda Akdoğan (Estambul, 21 de julio de 1998) es una actriz y modelo turca, conocida por interpretar el papel de Sonay en la película Mustang, por el papel de Meriem en la película My Brother, My Love y por el papel de Asuman Pinar en la serie Dolunay.

Biografía
İlayda Akdoğan nació el 21 de julio de 1998 en Estambul (Turquía), le apasionó el mundo de la actuación desde temprana edad, siendo elegida posteriormente como actriz infantil.

Carrera
İlayda Akdoğan en 2006 y 2007 hizo su primera aparición en la pantalla chica con el papel de Seda en la serie de televisión En iyi arkadasim. En 2005 protagonizó la serie Afacanlar Kampı. En 2007 protagonizó la serie Sevgili Dünürüm y Bez Bebek (como Gülay).

En 2015 fue incluida en el elenco de la película Mustang dirigida por Deniz Gamze Ergüven, donde fue una de las cinco hermanas protagonistas junto a Güneş Nezihe Şensoy, Doğa Zeynep Doğuşlu, Tuğba Sunguroğlu y Elit İşcan. La actuación de Sonay le valió el premio a la mujer más prometedora en la 21ª edición de los Premios Lumières. En 2016 interpretó el papel de Eylül en la serie Oyunbozan. En 2016 y 2017 interpretó el papel de Elif en la serie Umuda Kelepçe Vurulmaz.

En 2017 interpretó el papel de Asuman Pinar en la serie de Star TV Dolunay y donde actuó junto a los actores Özge Gürel y Can Yaman. Al año siguiente, en 2018, interpretó el papel de Meriem en la película My Brother, My Love dirigida por Thomas Imbach.

En 2020 interpretó el papel de Syllable en la miniserie de Netflix Rise of Empires: Ottoman. En el mismo año interpretó el papel de Hece en la película Masallardan Geriye Kalan dirigida por Mustafa Ugur Yagcioglu. En 2022 interpretó el papel de Ceyda en la serie de Disney+ Ben Gri. Al año siguiente, en 2023, protagonizó la película de Netflix Iyi Adamin 10 Günü dirigida por Uluç Bayraktar.

Vida personal
İlayda Akdoğan está vinculada sentimentalmente con el jugador de baloncesto iraní Roham Kabir. Fue a Teherán en Irán para reunirse con él en 2020, pero quedó varada allí debido a cancelaciones de vuelos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, regresó a Estambul cuatro meses después, el 29 de junio de 2020.

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Web TV

Premios y reconocimientos
Premios CinEuphoria

Festival Internacional de Cine de la India

Premios Lumières (Francia)

Premios de Teatro y Cine Sadri Alisik

Festival Internacional de Cine de la Isla de Sajalín

Festival de Cine de Sarajevo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 İlayda Akdoğan en listal.com

Actrices de cine de Turquía
Nacidos en 1998
Nacidos en Estambul
Actrices de Turquía
Modelos de Turquía


Quite, assured, friendly, conscientious, caring, good listener, open minded, like to eat healthy and keep fit. Like stimulating conversation, like travelling, I don't like very crowded noisy places as I cant hear myself think! I do like a good comedy, I do have an alternative view on life and don't always follow the crowd!
She must know what she wants from life, have a sense of humour, be an independent thinker and be open minded, caring and loving. Be happy with themselves and have their own interests and hobbies and lead a healthy lifestyle. Must also be able to drive and enjoy travelling on holidays to other countries!


Additional Product Information: When ordering between quantity breaks, orders must be placed in 500-piece increments.
Price Includes: 4-Color Process (4CP): Price includes a free 4-color process imprint. Full bleeds available. FREE stock backgrounds available.


text:
World | Phuket Media Watch: Body found on British Queen's estate; Missing journalist believed dead
Phuket Media Watch: Body found on British Queen's estate; Missing journalist believed dead
Monday, January 9, 2012 17:31
PHUKET MEDIA WATCH
– World news selected by Gazette editors for Phuket's international community
Body at Queen's estate identified as missing teenager
Phuket Gazette
PHUKET: Human remains which were found on the Queen's Sandringham estate in eastern England on New Year's Day have been identified as a missing 17-year-old girl, police said yesterday.
The remains were found by a member of the public at around 11pm Phuket time on New Year's Day in an area of woodland at Anmer, a tiny village which is part of Sandringham estate in Norfolk county. The investigation later turned into a murder investigation.
Detective Chief Inspector Jes Fry, of the Joint Norfolk and Suffolk Major Investigation Team who is leading the investigation, said on Sunday that the remains have been identified as 17-year-old Alisa Dmitrijeva. She had been missing from Wisbech in Cambridgeshire since August 31, although she was not reported missing until September 6.
It took police nearly a week to confirm the girl's identity as earlier tests to establish a DNA profile proved inconclusive. "Following initial tests to obtain a full DNA profile, identification of the victim has been made by comparing detail from her palm with records held which have been further verified by DNA from her femur," police said.
Fry said his department would start working with officers in Cambridgeshire who have been trying to locate Dmitrijeva in recent months. "The information they provide will give me and the team an extra focus to the inquiry," he said. "I should also add we are still trying to establish any activity which took place on or around the site during the time frame of the end of August to the end of September 2011."
Dmitrijeva's family was informed of the news on Sunday morning. "We are devastated by the news of Alisa's death. We wish to grieve in private," the family said in a brief statement.
The case has attracted worldwide attention as Dmitrijeva was found in an area which is part of Sandringham estate used by the British royal family to spend some of its holidays, including the recent Christmas and New Year's holidays.
Body found in Ivory Coast may be missing French-Canadian journalist
PHUKET: Skeletal remains were unearthed in a town in the western region of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) on Friday, state-run media reported on Saturday. The remains are believed to belong to a missing French-Canadian journalist.
The state-owned Agence Ivoirienne de Presse (AIP) said the remains were discovered on Friday in a village near the town of Issia, which is located in the Haut-Sassandra Region in western Ivory Coast. Authorities believe the remains belong to journalist Guy-Andre Kieffer, who went missing in Abidjan in April 2004.
Bernard Kieffer, the brother of the missing reporter, told French media that DNA samples were taken and are being flown to France for analysis. The remains were taken to Abidjan, the country's economic capital, where Ivorian investigators will examine the remains.
French Judge Patrick Ramael, who is in charge of the French investigation, was present at the site.
According to AIP, the body was found to have been buried under parts of a bridge near a river. Authorities were led to the site by an informant who said he saw the body when it was being buried, but few other details were immediately released.
"We are still a long way from finding out exactly what happened to Kieffer," Reporters Without Borders said in a statement following Saturday's announcement. "If it is turns out that the remains are Kieffer's, confirming that he was murdered and then buried after his abduction, the identity of those who gave the orders and those who carried it out still has to be established. Who killed him? Why? Several persons suspected of being involved have never been detained."
Kieffer went missing on April 16, 2004, while following leads on a government corruption story he was preparing. His investigation is believed to have angered senior officials in the government of president Laurent Gbagbo, who was ousted last year following an election defeat that led to the Second Ivorian Civil War. Gbagbo's government at the time denied any involvement.
— Phuket Gazette Editors
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Custom Print A custom piece made for the Pixel Hearts art show in Gallery 1988 (L.A.) curated by Chogrin. For the show a 100+ artists payed tribute to video game culture. All the pieces were printed on wooden pixel hearts. Of course we couldn't resist putting heartless on a heart. The print was sold during the show.


As part of an initiative to assemble and synthesize mercury (Hg) data from environmental matrices across northeastern North America, we analyzed a large dataset comprised of 15,305 records of fish tissue Hg data from 24 studies from New York State to Newfoundland. These data were summarized to provide mean Hg concentrations for 40 fish species and associated families. Detailed analyses were carried out using data for 13 species. Hg in fishes varied by geographic area, waterbody type, and waterbody. The four species with the highest mean Hg concentrations were muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), walleye (Sander vitreus), white perch (Morone americana), and northern pike (Esox luscius). Several species displayed elevated Hg concentrations in reservoirs, relative to lakes and rivers. Normalized deviations from mean tissue levels for yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were mapped, illustrating how Hg concentrations in these species varied across northeastern North America. Certain geographic regions showed generally below or above-average Hg concentrations in fish, while significant heterogeneity was evident across the landscape. The proportion of waterbodies exhibiting exceedances of USEPA's criterion for fish methylmercury ranged from 14% for standard-length brook trout fillets to 42% for standard-length yellow perch fillets. A preliminary correlation analysis showed that fish Hg concentrations were related to waterbody acidity and watershed size.


New Clip of Maleficent – Angelina Jolie knows how to fly with style!
Angelina Jolie kinds of looks like a harpy from Greek Mythology in this clip… Anyway, must be a real blast to fly like that!
The movie Maleficent will hit theaters on May 30, 2014.


text:
News Roundup: Baseball, Slugs, and Other News
In today's news roundup, the G20 meets, Republican lawmakers run away to avoid a climate crisis vote, pro US baseball teams play their first game in Europe, and a slug takes out one of Japan's high-speed train lines.
News Roundup: Singing Seals and Other News
In today's news roundup, Apple loses its famous designer, seals are taught how to sing, San Francisco makes a law against selling e-cigarettes, and the Netherlands deals with a phone problem that takes out its emergency number.
Burkini Protests in France Close Pools
The city of Grenoble, France has said that women can't wear full-bodied swimsuits known as "burkinis" in public swimming pools. Now the city's pools have been closed following a protest by women wearing burkinis.
People Are More Likely To Return Wallets With Money
If someone finds a wallet with a lot of money, are they likely to return it? A new science experiment shows an unexpected result: the more money that is in a wallet, the more likely it is to be returned.
Democrats Meet For Two Nights of Debates
Tonight and tomorrow night, 20 of the Democrats running for president in 2020 will meet in Miami to answer questions and make their views heard in the first Democratic debate.
Lego Makes Braille Bricks to Help Blind Students
In April, Lego announced a new project with its famous bricks: the company is making Braille bricks to help blind students learn to read, write, and do math.
India Struggles With a Water Emergency
Hundreds of millions of people in India are facing a water shortage. The city of Chennai has a water emergency, and the situation is bad in many other parts of the country.
Girl, Age 10, Is Youngest to Climb El Capitan's Nose
On June 12, Selah Schneiter set the record as the youngest person to successfully complete the famous climb up "The Nose" of El Capitan. Selah is just 10 years old.
First Native American Named US Poet Laureate
The US Library of Congress has named Joy Harjo as the new US Poet Laureate. Ms. Harjo is the first Native American to be chosen as the country's official poet.
NASA Will Allow Businesses to Use the ISS
NASA has announced that it will let businesses pay to use the International Space Station. The move will allow companies to do the kind of space research that used to be limited to the government.
South Korea Gives North Korea 50,000 Tons of Rice
South Korea says it will send 50,000 tons of rice to North Korea. North Korea is suffering from a terrible food shortage following a long period without rain.


The Yoga Stand instruction encourages hands on assisting to help students with alignment and experience the poses to the fullest potential. If you are not comfortable with hands on assisting please bring this to your instructor's attention. If you have an injury please bring this to the instructor's attention.
If students are disruptive or disrespectful in any way the instructor has the right to protect the highest interest in the class and of each student.
Instructors will not force any student into a situation or pose that makes them uncomfortable.
It is very common to experience emotional release in the practice of yoga. You are encouraged to feel what you need to feel. Please feel free to contact the studio owner with issues that need to be kept confidential.
At this time, our studio does not offer children's yoga. Thanks for understanding.
Power Vinyasa Yoga is practiced in a room with the temperature at 85 – 90 degrees and humidity around 60%.
Our room is heated in the majority of our classes anywhere from 80-90 degrees. More details regarding temperature can be found on the class description page.
The front door to the studio locks on time. This is to ensure each student's safety, limit disruptions, as well as providing a serene, meditative environment.
The level of instruction at our studio is very important for the success of our community. We are committed to bringing quality instruction to your yoga practice.
Instructors are required to obtain a 200-hour RYT yoga certification or be in the process of earning their certification.
Instructors are required to hold their own liability insurance.
All private lessons must be canceled in a 24 hour period or you will be charged 50% of the cost of your private lesson.
A valid credit card should be on file at the time of scheduling a private lesson.
Contact the studio for pricing as some instructors teach lessons at different rates.
We are committed to having the least amount of cancellations as possible. Please check the schedule regularly, especially during the holiday season, as some cancellations will occur.
If we are to experience extreme weather conditions the schedule will be immediately updated to show the cancellation. We will do our best to notify you through Facebook, emails, & online scheduler.
Payment is rendered at the time of service. We cannot accept post-dated checks.
If you would like to receive email receipts and updates please make sure a valid email address is on file. You can update your profile online to change payment or email information. If an email address is changed we want to know so we can keep you informed. In addition to updating the online system, please email [email protected] or verbally communicate a change of email address to the studio owner to ensure our system holds the correct contact information for you.
All packages are non-refundable and non-transferrable. We do not refund for partially attended classes.
Automatic renewal each month unless a 30-day written notice for discontinuation is emailed to [email protected] There will be a $20 late fee charged if your credit card declines unless an alternate form of payment is provided within 5 days of the original notice of declination/rejection of payment.
One year contract that will auto-renew after one year. Anytime after the one year, we need a 30-day written notice for discontinuation emailed to [email protected] There will be a $20 late fee charged if your credit card declines unless an alternate form of payment is provided within 5 days of the original notice of declination/rejection of payment. $200 early cancellation fee applies if membership is canceled prior to the expiration of the 12 consecutive month commitment. The one guest pass per quarter is for a guest that has never attended a Yoga Stand class. 10% off retail coupon is for 10% off one item per quarter.
Class package deals have a 6-month expiration. Drop-In Classes purchased online have a 30-day expiration.
We do not freeze, hold, or transfer packages. Please keep this in mind as you decide what options works best for you.
Workshops are nonrefundable. The only exception is a 48 hour written notice so that we may fill the spot because mat spaces are limited and available by reservation only. Thanks for understanding.
All gift cards are final sale. No refunds or transfers to other students are available for this option. We do NOT have plastic gift cards in the studio as we like to be as environmentally friendly as possible. Please go through our Mindbody Online Scheduler to create an account for yourself. After you have created an account there is an option to purchase a gift certificate via virtual gift card. If you have problems or need assistance please email us at [email protected] with a phone number to reach you and will be in touch with you as soon as possible. Thank you very much.


Shadipur Shani Bazaar is a large weekly (Saturday) informal market in XYZ colony of Shadi-Khampur, well known in the neighbourhood as a 'cloth' market with export surplus clothing sold at low prices. Spread entirely by word of mouth, the low prices at the market has reached customers from other parts of West Delhi. Re-sellers come here too, like the boutique owners from Karol Bagh buying fabric and bling to accessorise their products.
Till the seventies, Shadipur had a small street market, which was shut in the Emergency years (1975-77). Residents had to travel many kilometres to Patel Nagar to buy domestic supplies. The Shadipur Shani Bazaar started in 1990-91 with a few vendors in the Z-40 park, but disagreements with residents led to its closing down. A few months later, it was re-started by the current Pradhan and a few other aides in the shed-wala Park in Z block, and has grown to its present form.
Besides clothing, Shadipur Shani Bazaar now has vendors of food, spices and condiments, plastic products, toys, and domestic appliances. The number of vendors has increased from the first five vendors to over four hundred currently. The Shani-Bazaar is also supplemented by a Monday weekly market (Som Bazaar), primarily a vegetable and fruits market, with cycles, stoves, and food stalls.
Shadi Khampur was one of the first neighbourhoods in which a neighbourhood museum project was initiated. It was opened to public from 26 December 2012 to 28 February 2013.
At the exhibition, photographs and text panels were exhibited to explain events of importance for the neighbourhood, besides telling life stories of individuals. A collection of artefacts from local homes gave a picture of daily life in the area and dates back almost eight decades. Members of Itihaas, a heritage awareness group, conducted a workshop on local history for children from neighbouring schools. Visiting residents were encouraged to help build a timeline of the neighbourhood, and pen down significant memories.
city universities, and visitors from around the City, were drawn to the exhibition.
Using documentation as an act of intervention, many other neighbourhood museums within Delhi are planned. Work around neighbourhood museums will be with neighbourhood groups and supports citizens to create ethnographies and histories of their own localities and neighbourhoods.
The exhibition 'Hum Sab Nizamuddin' at Nizamuddin East Community Centre.
The Neighbourhood Museum programme of Nizamuddin, titled 'Hum Sab Nizamuddin', is an oral history project of the neighbourhoods of Nizamuddin in New Delhi. The neighbourhood museum was set up from 18th April 2015 to 4th May 2015. It was first displayed at Nizamuddin East till 28th April, and subsequently shifted to Nizamuddin West basti area.
From an 800 year old settlement to colonies born with an independent new nation, from public areas to private homes and spiritual sanctuaries, its lanes and bylanes are rich with stories of its landmarks and people, their cultures, their customs, hopes, troubles, fun and change.
The exhibitions/neighbourhood museums held at the Nizamuddin Basti and at the Community Centre in Nizamuddin East catered to a very different audience and therefore organised very different events on the days of the museum. The exhibits documented and curated various personal stories in recurring themes; and displayed special objects that revealed fading local cultures and practices, how the residents lived and made a living while they made the city their home.
The exhibition 'Hum Sab Nizamuddin' at Nizamuddin Basti.
A growing interest in urban history, of how cities come into being and grow, is moving attention away from documents, books and official files to untapped sources of urban narratives. The Neighbourhood Museum attempts to question ascribed identities in the city by researching local histories, stories and places relevant to life within a community. The intention was to make the 'margins' visible by recording the unrecorded histories of everyday life. The Museum was designed to exhibit collected narratives from bottom-up to create a people-centred view of Delhi.
The Neighbourhood Museum Series was taken up as an initiative for creating a Delhi Citizen's Memory Archive. Representing the diversity of the metropolis in a smaller scale, a neighbourhood museum locates itself at a colony or neighbourhood to represent the diversity of lives and livelihoods in the city, through oral narratives, recordings, photographs and artefacts. The museum builds a fascinating picture of the growth of the city as seen by its resident communities. Using documentation as an act of intervention, this process has been working with neighbourhood groups and citizens to create ethnographies and histories of their own localities and neighbourhoods. As a framework, this is uniquely well placed to bring various disciplinary knowledge in productive conversation with each other .
The neighbourhood museum, in its material form is a culmination of three to six months of research in a neighbourhood, through oral narratives, conversations with residents in public spaces, survey of available photographic and material sources in the neighbourhood that can eventually be exhibited, and a throrough study of a locality's history, geography, demography, political and cultural landscape - as remembered by its people. These stories are then thematically curated and put together along with artefacts from people's houses. The coming together of a neighbourhood museum is a few months of research, but more often than not, it is a starting point or a conversation trigger for looking at the mohalla or neighbourhood with a people-centric view of the past. Using the lens of biography and family history, the project documents visual (using photographs and videos) as well textual data (in the form of essays and stories) to provide an unusual, interior perspective on the sociology and history of the city.


Police Officer Moira Smith was the first officer to report the terrorist attack at ground Zero. She was killed while attempting to rescue victims from the World Trade Center. Captain Kathy Mazza was the first female Port Authority Officer killed in the line of duty, while evacuating people from Tower One. Emergency Medical Technician Yamel Merino died after volunteering to enter the burning towers. May they all rest in peace.