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Julian Jäger and Günther Ofner Reappointed as Members of the Management Board of Flughafen Wien AG for a Further Five-Year Period Until 2025
14/06/2019 | Insider (ad hoc) announcement
The Supervisory Board of Flughafen Wien AG unanimously resolved today to reappoint the current Management Board Members Julian Jäger and Günther Ofner for a further term of office extending from October 1, 2020 to September 30, 2025.
"Ensuring continuity on the Management Board is an important prerequisite for maintaining the company's path to success. Due to the terminal expansion programme and preparations for the 3rd Runway, Flughafen Wien AG has gigantic construction projects ahead of it lasting many years which will have to be implemented without interrupting normal business operations. The Management Board, which has successfully been in office now for eight years, since 2011, has convincingly demonstrated that it can effectively lead the company into the future", says Director General Bettina Glatz-Kremsner, Chairwoman of the Supervisory Board of Flughafen Wien AG, explaining the unanimous decision today made by the Supervisory Board of the publicly listed company Flughafen Wien AG.
Investor Relations Flughafen Wien AG
Ms. Judit Helenyi
Tel.: (+43-1-) 7007-23126
E-mail: j.helenyi@viennaairport.com
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I would like to begin by acknowledging the hard work and dedication exhibited by all the 2018 Innovations in Catholic Education (ICE) Award entrants. I had the pleasure of reviewing the finalists for selection of the grand prize winners. Each award category included outstanding model innovations. You can read about the finalists in this issue and start brainstorming innovations for your school!
The longer I spend in the field of education, the more importance I place on flexibility. The art of flexibility relates to so many aspects of teaching. From working with individual students to developing assessment opportunities, the benefits are endless. Summer vacation provides ample time to reconsider your approach to being flexible.
Perhaps you have yet to consider supporting integrative technology use in your classroom. Susan Brooks-Young shares great strategies for selecting high-quality digital instructional materials. Likewise, Sara Jonckheere explains the benefits of using digital portfolios to organize students' work, share assignments with families, and demonstrate growth across the academic year.
Another way teachers can include more flexibility in their teaching includes adding student voice and choice into the classroom. In this issue, Patrice Fagnant-MacArthur invites teachers to ask students what they might like to learn more about over vacation. In this way, teachers, parents, and students can work together to prevent the summer slide through increased academic engagement during the summer months.
I believe a strong connection exists between flexibility and creativity. Lori Hadacek Chaplin shares creative ways to hone teaching skills, just as architects strive to design unique and functional living spaces. In the article "Joy of Creativity," Sr. Mary Ellen Tennity reminds us that teaching is like cooking: It takes time, experimentation, and reflection to develop skills and improve as a teacher. I often equate teaching to the art of making curry. Almost two decades ago, when I met my husband's large Indian family, I experienced the diverse, delicious flavors of curry. My husband insists there is no right way to make delectable curry; it takes time and experimentation to create your own version of this dish, just as it does to grow as a teacher.
Spend time this summer relaxing and reflecting on what makes your classroom successful. Consider cooking while reflecting; your taste buds will rejoice!
May you have a peaceful and reflective summer.


Dr Jan Hogarth is a sculptor based in Dumfries. She graduated with a Master Degree Public Art & Design from Duncan of Jordanstone College in Dundee completing her Doctoral thesis 'Dislocated Landscapes' in 1999 at Newcastle University. Much of her work is based on issues of land-use and farming and she uses materials associated with farming in her work such as sheep fleece, fencing wire, steel and leather.
Her sculptural work, which is often monumental in scale, is made for specific sites within the landscape and the drawing submitted for the leading lights project is for a sculptural installation. The piece has not been realised yet, but Jan works on many different ideas, some of which come to fruition and others which remain only in two-dimensions as drawings and plans. The drawings are still very powerful and encourage the viewer to think about the landscape around them in a different way.


On Tuesday morning, February 5, the HIS Niseko school community gathered together in the multipurpose room of the school to watch the film that was made to mark HIS' 60th anniversary year and the completion of the school's second dormitory facility.
Many of the Niseko students were very excited to be able to identify their former classmate and friend, Hemi, who appeared in the video as one of the new residents of the new dormitory facility in Niseko.
In the next few weeks, HIS will upload the film and make it available online to the general school community. Look for an email update.
Please remember that if you would like to sign up for a conference, please contact your child's homeroom teacher as soon as possible and they will schedule an appointment.
If you would like to sign up for a conference, please contact me at prinicpal@his.ac.jp and I will schedule an appointment. If any teacher has a particular concern they would like to talk about, I will contact those parents directly to arrange a time.
A big thank you to the fine folks of Niseko Town Council for inviting our students to the Niseko Ski Festival. Though the weather didn't cooperate, we were still able to enjoy the culture of skiing, socialize with students from other schools and experience Niseko's natural environment.
Please pass along my sincerest thanks to Anita Churiki. She took on the mammoth task of organizing HIS Niseko's participation. Anita went to many meetings, translated documents, assigned ski bib numbers, provided seating arrangements and countless other jobs. HIS Niseko was well served.
Our deadline for ordering HIS 60th-anniversary swag is fast approaching. Please kindly get your orders to our administrative assistant, Liene Lase by this February 8th.
The STEAMists have finished their bridges and they will be presenting them next week Wednesday 6th of February.
If some parents could come and listen to their presentations it would be great and they will also get presented with their bridge challenge awards!
The presentations will start at 4:30 pm.
The gym was buzzing over the weekend as we held our annual SFC Basketball Tournament. There were 8 boys teams and we also had an invitation game for our HS girls against the Seishu girls. The Huskies were represented by our varsity and junior varsity teams. Both teams played strongly and with great effort but unfortunately lost all the close games. Our visitors from Nagoya IS had another strong tournament by finishing in 3rd place. Hokkai HS were once again very deserving winners of the championship and clearly the best team.
A consolation was that we won all 3 shooting contests!
Huge congratulations to all members of H.A.A. who were superb in running the score bench. Shoma and his commentary crew for providing the video.
Here is the link to the video of all saved games.
Teachers who came out to cheer on our teams over the weekend.
Nick and Laura for hosting Christ Watson -- admissions advisor -- who came to visit HIS on behalf of the Office of Overseas Schools.


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An amateur metallurgist from Leven Road has told the Indie that he has discovered the site of Greenock's fabled fridge cemetery.
Although it's pretty straightforward to get rid of washing machines and cookers, it's been much more difficult to get rid of a fridge leading to fly-tipping on an industrial scale.
For many years there has been a small dumping ground at the Gibshill flyover when people have been turned away from Pottery Street, but the numbers involved there have long been suspected as just the tip of the iceberg.
Colin Yorston from Leven Road claims he has discovered the much larger dumping ground at the top of the hill on Kilmacolm Road near the electricity station. He explained to the Indie, "I was looking for Roman coins or maybe some remains from an ancient battle and my wee machine went nuts. I was really excited thinking I was onto a big find.


2 June 2018 added on, 165 times read.
Layered medium styled hair is always good for reducing the excessive look on your hair, but still it gives voluminous look that is organized and neat, with its sharp and divine ends you will get the real chic look with this kind of hairstyle. Layered mid length hair is always versatile and it is really adjustable, so that you can style it with the short hairstyles, medium hairstyles and even long hairstyles.
Medium styled hair with layers is always great, you can style it differently, and for example you can try to style the layers with the inward direction so that you will have stunning rounded layers which will frame your face perfectly. The rounded ends of your hairs will be great with layers because it will give a really nice top and it is indeed voluminous, so it is highly recommended.
Layered mid-length styled hair is also great with swept styled bangs. Then, you can style your hair with outward directions and it will make the layers look sharper and more defined. You can get the divine voluminous look because the volume is achieved from the outward layers; it looks like chopped hairstyles which give softer look. It is good for those who have thick and fine hair for sure.


Thirty years since his execution for the violent murder and abuse of dozens of young women, it seems Ted Bundy is making headlines once again.
Bundy was executed by electric chair in January 1989 in Florida. Before his death, he confessed to 30 homicides, committed across seven states in America between 1974 and 1978. It is feared, however, that the real number of victims is much higher.
One director, Joe Berlinger, is now making sure Bundy's harrowing story is remembered.
Not content with his four-part documentary on Netflix, Conversations With A Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes, which uses hundreds of hours of taped interviews with Bundy to recount his crimes, Berlinger also has a dramatised film about the serial killer coming out this year.
With the documentary now available on Netflix, Berlinger has set his sights on his film about Bundy, titled Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile.
The movie stars Zac Efron as the notorious killer, but the film is told from his girlfriend's point of view, Elizabeth Kloepfer, played by Lily Collins.
Anyone who has seen the new documentary will have noticed how Bundy can't help but smile any time he's on camera. He comes across as intelligent, polite, almost charming. As both films show, he even manages to maintain relationships with women oblivious to his true self.
To some people, however, it seems Berlinger has taken this nice, 'family man' persona too far in the trailer for his new film, and are disconcerted by the jovial atmosphere apparent in the trailer for a film about an evil serial killer.
This looks way too… fun… for a movie about a serial killer.
Love Zac Efron and he looks like he's doing a good job here but I almost feel like they're trying to make this film something fun and making Ted Bundy seem misunderstood. He murdered dozens of innocent young women. That shouldn't be glorified or made light of. I know this is the first trailer but the music and the way it was cut makes the movie seem like we're gonna watch a nice guy named Ted who just, whoops, kills people, be a misunderstood good guy who loves his family.
I've got to be honest – big fan of Zac here, wouldn't want to him change or go all Christian Bale in The Machinist or anything, but – after seeing the recent documentary – we all know Bundy was not so darn ripped!
Then again, this is a dramatised version of true story, so perhaps some creative license has been employed. Bundy was, by all accounts, an incredibly charming man who utilised that when he wanted to lure in his victims.
If you want the truth, check out the documentary, if you want a slightly fictionalised, very hench Bundy, check out the film. It doesn't change the horrific things he did in real life, and I suppose Berlinger can say he's at least presenting both sides with his two films.
Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile premieres January 26 at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival, and will be released in cinemas later this year.


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Parents of Teen Found in Gym Mat Sue Funeral Home
by Washington Informer February 6, 2014 October 30, 2020
Kenneth and Jacquelyn Johnson stand next to a banner on their SUV showing their late son, Kendrick Johnson, on Dec. 13, 2013, in Valdosta, Ga. (AP PHOTO/RUSS BYNUM)
RUSS BYNUM, Associated Press
SAVANNAH, Ga. (AP) — The parents of a south Georgia teenager found dead last year at school inside a rolled-up gym mat have sued the funeral home that handled his body, saying its owner and his employees wrongfully disposed of their son's internal organs and replaced them with wadded newspaper.
Attorneys for the family of 17-year-old Kendrick Johnson of Valdosta accuse Harrington Funeral Home of fraud, negligence and intentional mishandling of a corpse in the civil lawsuit filed Jan. 31 in Lowndes County State Court. They are seeking unspecified compensatory and punitive damages.
Johnson was found dead Jan. 11, 2013, inside a rolled up mat in the corner of a gymnasium at his high school. Detectives for the Lowndes County sheriff concluded he died in a freak accident, having gotten stuck upside down in the mat while reaching for a gym shoe. But Johnson's family believes he was slain and had the body exhumed for a second autopsy last summer.
The private pathologist hired by Johnson's parents discovered his internal organs were all missing and the body cavity had been filled with newspaper.
The 22-page lawsuit says the funeral home committed "morally despicable, fraudulent, unlawful and unfair business practices" and even accuses owner Antonio Harrington and his employees of disposing of Johnson's organs "in an effort to interfere with the (parents') investigation" into their son's death.
Roy Copeland, the attorney for Harrington Funeral Home, did not immediately return a telephone call seeking comment Wednesday. Neither did Chevene King, the lawyer for the teenager's parents, Kenneth and Jacquelyn Johnson.
It's still not clear what happened to Johnson's organs. They were removed during an autopsy by a state medical examiner after his death, but the Georgia Bureau of Investigation has insisted all organs were returned to the body before it was sent to the funeral home. Copeland has previously said the organs were missing when Johnson's body arrived at Harrington Funeral Home. And Lowndes County Coroner Bill Watson has said many of the organs were too badly decomposed to be preserved and were discarded immediately after the autopsy.
Johnson's parents previously filed a complaint with the Georgia board that regulates funeral homes, saying Harrington showed disrespect by having newspaper placed inside their son's body. The Georgia Board of Funeral Service concluded Harrington violated no state laws, but also noted using newspaper to fill a body cavity was not considered a "best practice" and other materials are considered "more acceptable than newspaper."
The state medical examiner's autopsy concluded Johnson died from "positional asphyxia," meaning his body was stuck in a position that prevented him from breathing. The private pathologist hired by Johnson's family concluded he died from a blow to the neck near his carotid artery that appeared to be "nonaccidental."
Michael Moore, the U.S. attorney for middle Georgia, launched a review of the case last fall with assistance from the FBI. Their findings are still pending.
Kendrick Johnson's Parents Still Searching For Answers To Their Son's Death
Kendrick Johnson's Parents Convicted, But Not Jailed for Protest
The Martyrdom of Emmett Louis Till
Tagged: Kendrick Johnson, Kendrick Johnson case, Kendrick Johnson death, Kendrick Johnson funeral home, Kendrick Johnson Valdosta


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Home News Economy Is Obama's true legacy in the Middle East a bolder, stronger Iran?
Is Obama's true legacy in the Middle East a bolder, stronger Iran?
He ways that many of the people in this part of the world are confused when they talk about Obama's legacy in the Middle East. However, Jay beiges that it wasn't his own policies that seemed incoherent, but also the idea of how the Middle East saw him. Jay writes, "Obama could not decide on the Machiavelli conundrum of whether it is better to be feared or loved. It is as though he decided on neither, leaving a vast chasm open for regional intervention initially, rather than a global one, until Russia arrived in Syria in the late summer of 2015."
Many of the failures in his term that can be attributed to decision blunders — the greatest one coming from his predecessor's decision to disband the Iraqi army shortly after the US invasion of 2003. This one shouldn't be underestimated as an error, a milestone that others were to follow, including Obama himself.
Jay writes that her has a question for Obama, "Do you regret pulling US troops out of Iraq in 2008?" He argued that this was a mistake that fueled the creation of what we now call ISIS or Daesh (Islamic State, formerly ISIL) in that country, and in Syria, of course.
Singular mistakes can be forgiven, given the objectives of his administration and its policy goals. But, Obama did not come in on a ticket that promised less drone attacks in Pakistan and Afghanistan. in fact, he increased them dramatically from George W. Bush. Obama came in on a pledge to bring troops out of Iraq and Afghanistan. This was a decision that bore only pain, not gain, for the first black US President. He may have set himself up for a fall with this promise, but he badly wanted change, a completely new viewpoint on foreign policy, like so many other in the Middle East.
It's argued that this radical overhaul on Washington's policies the Middle East can be traced back his appointment of Samantha Power, the Middle East advisor who once called the US , "Nazi Germany", and slandered Hillary Clinton as a "monster". It was Power, who had campaigned to reform the UN earlier, but grew despondent over that and lated joined it. Power was not a fan of Israel and wanted to downgrade the intensity its relationship with Washington. Perhaps more poignantly, she never had the fear and hatred of Iran that was the stance of her predecessors and, most likely, of the main Trump appointments in the region today.
She led Obama toward of reform in the region that with a number of policy decisions that don't add up. 'Like, for example, arming Syrian rebels who fight for the downfall of Assad, while also thawing relations with Iran, the chief sponsor and geopolitical Big Brother of Syria," Jay writes, and adds, "But it is Iran and Hezbollah – or rather the Iranian sphere – which Obama will be remembered for by a great many Arabs in the region. Obama's somewhat incoherent policies resulted in a greater intervention in Iraq by both US forces, who finally came back in the form of special forces, but also the Iranian military and infamous Shia militias who are currently doing all the really gruesome fighting in Mosul today."
Jay believes that Obama not only signaled an entirely new era of putting up with Iran as the new superpower in the region, but that he encouraged it. Today, most Arabs criticize the fact that Iran and its allies are strengthening their grip on the region. He beiges it to be no accident that the appointment of a new President in Lebanon, who is allied to the militant group, Hezbollah, came during Obama's time. President Obama pushed for the Iran deal, which seeks to release Iran from crippling sanctions and unfreeze $100 billion of cash in the West. This tactic was supposed to shake up the region and signal an end to the status quo of Saudi Arabia calling the shots on everything, with Israel being the closest of all allies.
Donald Trump has just appointed some of he greatest adversaries of Iran. One, the US defense chief, and the others, a US ambassador to Israel, James Mattis and David Friedman. These two individuals probably agree with both Israel's and Saudi Arabia's views that Iran is a threat that has to be dealt with. This new threat is no longer a military one, but an economic one, which presents an entirely new quandary for Washington, who can't quite understand that Iran is a country with a modern, reformist group of people who clash with the old, conservative hardliners, unlike Saudi Arabia, which doesn't show signs of ever allowing reform to come from its citizens. Jay believes that Iran is progressing.
With Iran's growing economy expected to reach at least five percent growth, and $50 billion of investment expected to pour in, the country's geopolitical strategies will be able to expand as well. With the war in Syria more or less over. But we should remember that the fall of Aleppo is not only a victory for the Assad regime, but, more importantly, the spoils of war for Hezbollah, whose leader recently underlined in a speech that the West can now "forget about toppling the Syrian regime."
Jay writes, "The Lebanese Shia group's experience in Syria has dramatically improved its battlefield kudos, and everyone knows where this is leading: an inevitable war at some point with Israel. It's hardly a secret that the US has been in talks with Hezbollah, with some reports claiming that British diplomats are being used as go-betweens so that no US laws are broken. But who would have thought that, as sources within the intelligence community have told me, that US satellite photos of ISIS positions would be shared with the Lebanese group, who recently drew the wrath of American journalists when US made military troop carriers were found to be in their hands in Syria."
"Given that Iran and its allies are stronger, better equipped, richer, and want to enhance their influence in the region, the Trump team that takes office already has a number of nightmare scenarios coming its way, with probably a new conflict emerging in Gaza when the 50-year anniversary of the occupation reaches fever pitch in the blistering summer heat in June of this year. Similarly, ISIS and Al Qaeda are expected to move to Yemen and Libya, while tensions between Israel and Hezbollah boil, as the latter boasts of "thousands" of new grade rockets aimed at Tel Aviv – a footnote of a speech that years earlier the Hezbollah leader would not have been able to make, but now asserts proudly, while making sure to no longer run down Uncle Sam, his new chum who made all of this possible," Jay concludes.
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Foulad Scandal, Latest Instance of Systematic Corruption in Iran
Under the Mullahs' Rule, Iran Has Become an Unsavable Country


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UConn's Fate Tied to May 24 APR Release
Back in March, the day before the NCAA Tournament, Inside Higher Ed released its annual Academic Performance Tournament, which was described as "…our take on what the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I Men's Basketball Tournament would look like if teams advanced based on their outcomes in the classroom."
Academic Progress Rate ("…a nationally comparable score that gives points to teams whose players stay in good academic standing and remain enrolled from semester to semester") determined which teams progressed through the bracket. At the time, the Hartford Courant reported that of the 68 schools in the 2011 tournament, UConn's multi-year APR of 930 ranked 56th. Ratings below 925 can lead to penalties that include the loss of scholarships.
A month later, and after the Huskies had won their third national championship, the New Haven Register's David Borges wrote that, "[Jim] Calhoun is expected to have to return his postseason bonus and make a contribution to the university's general fund if the Academic Progress Rate for the program does not meet NCAA standards."
As part of Calhoun's contract, he was due $145,782 ($58,333 for making the Final Four and another $87,499 for winning the national championship). That's on top of his annual salary of $2.3 million ($350,000 base in addition to speaking and media fees). But his contract also stipulates that those payments are only in the event that UConn's APR exceeds 925. So, in addition to missing out on his national championship bonus, according to Calhoun's contract, he would also have to donate $100,000 to UConn's general scholarship fund if the men's program doesn't meet the APR standards. That means, as Borges noted, that Calhoun would be out $187,500.
The Courant reported Thursday that the NCAA will release the latest APR on Tuesday, May 24.
UConn scored a 930 last year, five above the minimum of 925. The Huskies are expected to fall below 925 this year, losing a scholarship, possibly two. If UConn were to lose two scholarships, there would be none to award for next year's class, meaning the team as it stands (including incoming freshman Ryan Boatright) would be the team moving forward unless someone transfers.
And that last sentence should be most troubling. We have written before that the Huskies have little margin for error going forward. The team should be in good shape next season, but if they can't recruit for 2012-13, the program could look unrecognizable a year from now. That means no chance to land the best high school player in the country, Andre Drummond, shooting guard Omar Calhoun, guard Charles Mann, or guard Kris Dunn, who has already received a scholarship offer from UConn.
Not to be conspiratorial about all this, but perhaps this is why Calhoun is in no hurry to announce his coaching plans. Maybe he wants to see how this all plays out and then make a decision. The problem is that if Calhoun bolts, it will appear like he's abandoning a program that finds itself in this situation on his watch. The counter-argument, of course, is that the Huskies are three-time national champs. Then the question becomes: was it worth the tradeoff?


Drinking a mixture of lemon juice and olive oil can provide you with lots of vitamins and health benefits. Keep reading to find out more about how they work and how you should combine them.
Nowadays, lots of people are turning to alternative medicine. Some natural remedies aren't as effective as traditional medicine, but they don't have as many side effects, either.
Alternative treatments, such as combining lemon juice and olive oil, provide lots of health benefits and are very accessible. Even though natural medicine isn't a cure-all, it can help significantly reduce your symptoms.
One of the natural ingredients we often hear about is olive oil. Not only is it a healthy fat, but it's popular for its versatility in cooking and its high nutritional content.
A mixture of lemon juice and olive oil creates a powerful home remedy that provides tons of nutrients. It can also help improve several diseases and prevent complications.
Taking this mixture at breakfast time is a great option. Lemon juice and olive oil are great at helping treat constipation and digestive problems.
On the one hand, olive oil is a natural laxative. On the other hand, though, lemon juice has anti-inflammatory properties and helps promote healthy bowel movements.
Try this natural remedy if you are dealing with gas, abdominal discomfort, or acid reflux.
Both lemon juice and olive oil have detoxifying properties, which help cleanse your body.
When mixed together, these ingredients are wonderful for detoxing. They are also very beneficial for your liver and gallbladder. Interestingly enough, they also help protect your body from damage caused by free radicals.
Olive oil contains lots of healthy fats, which are great for regulating the lipids in your blood. This means they can slow down plaque formation in your arteries.
Using this remedy on a regular basis helps control high levels of bad cholesterol. It can also increase good cholesterol and help manage your triglycerides.
Taking lemon juice and olive oil is also a great natural way of taking care of your joints. Not only are they loaded with antioxidants that minimize oxidative stress, but this mixture also helps your body get rid of toxins.
This simple natural remedy is wonderful for maintaining healthy nails. It helps protect them from becoming fragile, brittle, and dry nails. You can also place it directly on your cuticles to provide your nail beds with extra nutrients.
This mixture also has antiseptic and astringent properties, making it a great option for fighting cuticle problems, skin issues, and dandruff.
This mixture isn't a fat burner like some other natural remedies. However, using it as a supplement can certainly help you get rid of excess weight.
The properties in lemon juice and olive oil help both your liver and your gallbladder. These are two of the biggest factors when it comes to healthy digestion of fats and an increased metabolism.
These ingredients also contain essential fatty acids that help satisfy hunger, and provide diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. They also help reduce the number of other remedies you need to use.
These fatty acids metabolize the fats stored in your abdomen, which also aids in reducing your risk for heart problems.
Olive oil has anti-coagulant properties, meaning it helps increase your blood flow and reduces your chances of developing blood clots.
This mixture of lemon juice and olive oil can be used both internally and externally, and doing so can also help prevent varicose veins.
This natural remedy is very helpful for people with high blood pressure due to the large number of antioxidants and minerals it contains.
Taking it along with breakfast can help control blood pressure spikes and promote a healthy heart rate.
To help prevent premature aging, you should take a spoonful of this remedy every day. The mixture of lemon juice and olive oil provides your cells with large amounts of antioxidants and nutrients.
One of these antioxidants is vitamin E, which is very important for your well-being. Some of its most notable benefits are a reduced risk of heart disease, arthritis, and wrinkles.
This natural remedy also contains monosaturated fats and minerals, which increase the functionality of your internal organs. It is especially good for your liver, kidneys and digestive system.
This remedy is only meant to complement your diet and is not a major source of nutrition.
You shouldn't drink more than a spoonful per day. If you take more than that, you might experience negative side effects.
Combine the lemon juice and olive oil. Drink the mixture half an hour before breakfast.
You can take this remedy every day. To get the most benefits, take it at least three times a week.
Not only are these ingredients very common, but now you know all the amazing health benefits they can provide. So, what are you waiting for to start taking this fantastic natural remedy?


An apparatus for sampling tissue includes a tissue engaging member for engaging and retaining a sample of a tissue structure, and a cutter surrounding the tissue engaging member. The tissue engaging member and cutter are both operative to translate longitudinally with respect to one another, and a mechanism prevents the cutter from moving distally, the mechanism being released and the cutter freed to move distally when the tissue engaging member is in a predetermined position, preferably distal of the cutter. Thereby, out of sequence operation, e.g., premature cutting of the tissue before the tissue engaging member is in position, is prevented.
The invention relates to the field of medical instruments, and more particularly, to a device for sampling tissue.
Tissue coring devices, e.g., punches, as well as other devices for sampling tissue, such as for biopsies, are used in many surgical applications. For example, in order to perform proximal anastomosis of a bypass graft on to the aorta, it is essential to perform an aortotomy. In such a procedure, a punch is passed through an opening created in the aorta by the punch or a separate instrument. Typically, the punch employs a device to retain the tissue to be cut by the coring knife of the punch such that, following the cut, the excised tissue is retained by the punch. A clean cylindrical aortotomy of the right size is essential to the success of the procedure. Moreover, the aortotomy should be free of tissue damage and embolic events. An embolic event can occur if the donut, i.e., the excised tissue, is lost in the body. The donut can then become an embolus that can travel in the bloodstream until it reaches a constricted region where it blocks blood flow.
Such a scenario can occur when the coring knife of the punch is used out-of-sequence. For example, where the coring knife is used to core or sample the tissue prior to deployment of a tissue retention device, the retention device can then deployed after the complete coring, pushing the cut donut into the blood stream. The out-of-sequence scenario can be caused by the surgeon's unfamiliarity with the device or procedure or a simple mental lapse, for example. Furthermore, out-of-sequence use of the punch can result in damage to the instrument and/or to the surrounding tissue.
Other problems with conventional devices occur where the coring knife is exposed and is damaged during use. A damaged coring knife is undesirable as it produces unreliable aortotomies. In addition, an exposed coring knife can damage the sealing device that may be used in conjunction with the punch. When used in aortotomy, a sealing device maintains a hermetic seal with the aorta after the aortotomy is formed, preventing excessive blood loss. It is known to use a cap to protect the coring knife when it is not being used, as well as during insertion of the punch into the handle. The cap is small, however, and can be dropped easily, as well, potentially damaging the coring knife.
Another weakness of the prior art is that it is possible with conventional devices to damage the aorta or other organ due to "back-walling," which occurs where the coring knife strikes the tissue behind the tissue which is desired to be cut. Accordingly, there is a need for a device for sampling or coring tissue that addresses the above and other issues.
The present invention addresses the shortcomings of the prior art by providing an improved device for sampling or coring tissue. The device is suitable for use with essentially any type of tissue, such as tissue from the aorta, intestines and veins. Generally, the device is suitable for any biopsy or for the cutting and retrieval of tissue from any tissue structure. The device has a robust design that improves safety by positively securing the cut tissue or donut, while also providing a means to prevent out-of-sequence operation. Furthermore, the device can provide positive sensory feedback, e.g., auditory, visual, and/or tactile, regarding the configuration of the device. In one embodiment, the device has a recessed cutter or coring knife to prevent incidental damage and to eliminate the need for an additional cap.
According to the present invention, an apparatus for sampling tissue includes a tissue engaging for engaging and retaining a sample of a tissue structure, and a cutter surrounding the tissue engaging member. The tissue engaging member and cutter are both operative to translate longitudinally with respect to one another, and a mechanism prevents the cutter from moving distally, the mechanism being released and the cutter freed to move distally when the tissue engaging member is in a predetermined position, preferably distal of the cutter. Thereby, out of sequence operation, e.g., premature cutting of the tissue before the tissue engaging member is in position, is prevented.
Alternately or additionally, distal movement of the tissue engaging member to a first predetermined position initiates distal movement of the cutter to a second predetermined position, proximal of the tissue engaging member.
These and other features, advantages and benefits will be made apparent through the following descriptions and accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to the same features across the various drawings.
FIG. 4(b) illustrates a cross-sectional view of the tissue sampling device of FIG. 4(a) according to the present invention.
FIGS. 5(a)-5(d) illustrate the sequence of use of a tissue sampling device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3(a) illustrates a schematic view of a tissue-sampling device in a reset position according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the reset position of the device 100, the retention member 130 and cutter 120 are disposed within the outer sleeve 110 of the body 300. The device includes various actuating mechanisms, including a plunger 310 that, together with a control assembly 320, controls the translation of the retention member 130. The control assembly 320, shown schematically, preferably includes mechanisms for controlling the translation and rotation of the retention member 130 and cutter 120. Specifically, a spring 322 biases a block 324 rearward or proximally. The block 324 is linked to a shaft 360 on which the retention member 130 is carried. The plunger 310 includes a push-button spring lock mechanism 312, shown in FIG. 3(b), and is connected to the shaft 360.
In operation, the plunger 310 is depressed and moves the block 324, shaft 360 and retention member 130 distally against the force of the compressed spring 322. When the block 324 moves a predetermined distance in a distal direction, the block 324 forces a distal end of a lever 326 to move clockwise until the block 324 passes the lever 326, at which time a proximal face of the block 324 opposes a distal portion of the lever 326, preventing the block 324 from retracting proximally. The lever 326 is preferably pivotally mounted and spring-biased in the counterclockwise direction.
With the lever 326 opposed to block 324, the retention member 130 protrudes from the body 300, locked against proximal movement. Significant further movement in the distal direction is resisted by spring 322, which is preferably configured to be nearly at its fully compressed position when block 324 is distal to lever 326.
Since rotation of the block 324 is not precluded by contact with the lever 326, rotational movement of the shaft 360 and retention member 130 is allowed. In particular, rotational movement of the plunger 310 results in rotational movement of the shaft 360 and retention member 130. The retention member 130 can thus be rotated to engage the tissue to be cored. Once the surgeon visually observes that the retention member 130 has engaged the tissue, the surgeon advances knob 328 distally to deploy the cutter 120. Distal movement of the knob 328 advances the stop key 341, gears 340 and 342, and flange 334 distally against the urging of spring 344. Flange 334 is operatively connected to the cutter 120, and therefore the cutter is protruded from the body 300. Flange 334 is advanced until it is secured against proximal retraction by spring-biased lever 332. Lever 332 is prevented from moving into an engaged position by projection 333 before the distal extension of block 324. Accordingly, the cutter cannot be latched in a deployed position until the tissue retention member 130 is in a range of distal positions, i.e., in advance of the cutter 120. Once the cutter is deployed, the surgeon rotates a knob 305 that causes gears 306 and 307 to rotate. The gears 306 and 307 may have a 3:1 ratio, for example. Rotation of the gear 307 causes rotation of shaft 330.
As the block 328 moves distally, it contacts a proximal portion of the lever 326, causing the distal portion of the lever 326 to rotate clockwise to a position where the distal portion of the lever 326 does not contact the block 324, as shown in FIG. 3(c). Free from the restraint of lever 326, spring 322 urges block 324 and retention member 130 proximally. Therefore, the tissue captured by the retention member would be drawn into the body 300 once severed by the cutter 120. Additionally, as block 328 rides along the top portion of lever 326, a lower portion of lever 326 engages any of one or more slots 327 disposed on shaft 360, thereby preventing any rotational movement of shaft 360 and retention member 130.
Gears 340, 342 are positioned distally within control assembly 320 to control the movement of cutter 120. Gear 340 is slidably mounted onto shaft 330 such that as knob 305 is rotated, gear 340 rotates. Gear 342 is slideably disposed on shaft 360, and is engaged with gear 340. Gear 342 in turn is connected directly to flange 334, which is connected to the cutter 120 through a shaft 370. Shaft 370 may be mounted coaxially outside the shaft 360. The proximal end of gear 340 is attached to a key 341, which is disposed about shaft 330. At least a portion of key 341 is disposed between gear 342 and flange 334. As gear 340 moves distally due to the rotation of knob 305, key 341 ensures that gear 342 and flange 334 also move distally. Therefore, by turning knob 305, the surgeon both advances and rotates the cutter 120 to core the tissue engaged by the retention member 130.
As is shown in FIG. 3(a) and described, supra, lever 332 is initially biased against a lower portion of flange 334. With lever 326 in the position shown in FIG. 3(c), only the tissue itself prevents the retention member 130, the shaft 360 and block 324 from retracting proximally into the body 300 under the urging of spring 322. Therefore, when the cutter 120 completes the coring operation, the retention member 130, the shaft 360 and block 324 all retract automatically, capturing the tissue donut 195 within the body 300. Further, block 324 contacts projection 333 provided on lever 332, causing the lever 332 to pivot downward and out of engagement with the proximal side of flange 334. Subsequently, flange 334 and cutter 120 retract into the body under the urging of spring 344. The proximal movement of the cutter 120, flange 334, gears 340, 342, and key 341 may be limited by a fixed stop 343 provided within control assembly 320.
The return to the reset position proximally within body 300 provides a visual confirmation to the surgeon that the donut 195 has been captured and the coring is complete. The block 328 may protrude outside of the control assembly 320 so that the surgeon can visually ascertain the movement and position of the block 328 and, consequently, the cutter 120. That is, if the block 328 is positioned at a distal location, the cutter 120 is deployed, and if the block 328 is positioned at a proximal location, the cutter 120 is withdrawn. The distal portion of the device 100 may be disassembled and sterilized for reuse, if desired.
FIG. 4(a) illustrates a profile view of a tissue-sampling device with its retention member 130 and cutter deployed according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4(b) illustrates a longitudinal cross-section of FIG. 4(a). The device 400 includes a body 430 having a distal portion 432 that is removable from a control assembly 436 via a handle release 434. Actuating mechanisms include a perforated or slotted wheel 440 that translates axially and rotates, to engage and rotate, respectively, the cutter 120. Knob 450 translates axially and rotates to control translation and rotation, respectively, of the retention member 130.
In a reset position, the knob 450 is positioned proximally from the control assembly 436, preferably further than shown. In particular, a shaft 460 is linked to the knob 450, detent structure 462, and retention member 130. When the knob 450 is pushed toward the control assembly 436, i.e., moved distally, against the force of a spring 422, a pivoting lever 464, which is spring biased in the clockwise direction, engages in a detent 466 of the detent structure 462. This locks the retention member 130 in the deployed position to prevent further axial movement. The engagement of the lever 464 in the detent 466 does not prevent rotation of the retention member 130 in response to rotation of the knob 450. One or more gear teeth or fins 465 are provided about the shaft 460. A corresponding cutout in the proximal end wall 467 of the control assembly 436 allows the shaft 460 and the retention member 130 to be withdrawn proximally and locked against rotation. The cutouts may also extend distally from the end wall 467 to resist rotation of the shaft 460 for a longer range of axial motion.
Perforated wheel 440 is shown in a distal position. In this position, gears 474 engage to allow the perforated wheel 440 to rotate the shaft 472 and ultimately the cutter 120. Additionally, when pressed distally against a proximal bias, in this case a coil spring, the shaft 472 is pressed distally to expose the cutter 120. Pivoting lever 470 is spring biased clockwise. In the reset position, lever 470 will not hold the perforated wheel 440 forward if it were advanced. However, when shaft 460 is engaged with latch 464 in a deployed position, proximal protrusion 484 constrains the movement of lever 470, preventing full rotation. Thereafter, when perforated wheel 440 is pressed distally, lever 470 engages a circumferential ridge 480 in the interior of perforated wheel 440. Once engaged, lever 470 prevents proximal movement of the perforated wheel 440, while allowing it to rotate. The shaft 472 may be coaxially outside the shaft 460 that carries the retention member 130.
With the retention member 130 deployed, the surgeon pierces and engages the tissue with the retention member 130. The surgeon may rotate the knob 450 to cause the coil-shaped retention member 130 to securely engage the tissue. If the retention member 130 comprises a barb, hook or other structure that does not require rotation to engage the tissue, the device 400 need not have that capability. Moreover, as mentioned, the entire device 400 can be rotated manually by the surgeon to rotate the retention member 130.
The distal movement of the knob 450 to extend the retention member 130 causes a raised structure 476 associated with the shaft 460 to contact the lever 470. Thus, lever 470 to pivots counterclockwise to the position shown in FIG. 4(b), where it disengages from the perforated wheel 440. This permits the surgeon to manually move the perforated wheel 440 distally to extend the cutter 120 from the body 430 of the device 400. Therefore, the cutter 120 cannot be deployed until after the retention member 130 is deployed. When the perforated wheel 440 is moved distally, a portion of the perforated wheel 440 contacts a portion of the lever 464, such as the upper portion which extends radially outward and distally, to move it counterclockwise, causing the lever 464 to disengage from the detent 466 in the detent structure 462. As a result, the retention member 130 is urged back proximally by the spring 422. However, the retention member 130 with the engaged tissue cannot move proximally under the spring bias because of the resiliency of the tissue. Subsequently, the surgeon manipulates the cutter 120, e.g., via the perforated wheel 440, to core and sample the tissue. The perforated wheel 440 is linked via gears 474 to the shaft 472 that controls the cutter 120.
As the tissue is being cored, the resiliency in the tissue allows limited proximal movement of the retention member influenced under spring 422. In a preferred embodiment, once so moved, fins 465 will engage slots 467 to prevent rotation of the shaft 460. Once the tissue is cored, the retention member 130 retracts proximally into the cutter 120 and body 430, and fins 465 pass through the corresponding cutout in the end wall 467. The shaft 460 and consequently the knob 450 are also retracted proximally, providing a visual confirmation to the surgeon that the donut 195 has been captured and the coring is complete. A protrusion 482 on the shaft 460 urges the lever 470 counterclockwise as it passes, freeing the perforated wheel 440 to retract distally, thereby allowing the cutter 120 to retract as well.
Thus, distal movement of the knob 450 results in locking of the retention member 130 in the deployed position and unlocking of the cutter 120. Subsequent distal movement of the perforated wheel 440 results in unlocking the retention member 130. Additional locking mechanisms may be provided as desired, e.g., to maintain the cutter 120 locked in the non-deployed position while the retention member 130 is locked in the deployed position.
Referring now to FIGS. 1(a)-1(g) and the graph of FIG. 2, shown is a sequence of operation for a cutter according to the present invention. Each FIG. 1(a)-1(f) corresponds approximately to each instant in time t_1 through t_6, respectively, while FIG. 1(g) corresponds to instant t_8. In the graph of FIG. 2, the horizontal axis illustrates time, which is not necessarily continuous, and the vertical axis illustrates a relative position of the cutter 120, retention member 130 and outer sleeve 110 of the body with respect to the tissue wall 190. In the present example, the units on the vertical axis may be millimeters (mm). A position less than zero on the vertical axis indicates that the outer sleeve 110, the cutter 120, or the retention member 130 is outside the surface, or adventita 290, of the tissue wall 190, whose position is represented by the line 290. The inner surface of the tissue wall 190, or intima 295, presumes a wall thickness of 5 mm, solely for the purposes of illustration. The position of the outer sleeve 110 is represented by line 210, while the position of the retention member 130 is represented by line 230, and the position of the cutter 120 is represented by line 220. The reset configuration of the device in FIG. 1(a) is shown at time t_1 in FIG. 2. In this illustrative example, the cutter 120 is recessed 4 mm inside the end of the outer sleeve 110, while the retention member 130 is recessed 2 mm inside the end of the outer sleeve 110. The tissue 190 is 14 mm beyond the end of the outer sleeve 110.
The configuration shown in FIG. 1(b) corresponds with time t_2 in FIG. 2. Here, the retention member 130 protrudes or extends beyond the end of the outer sleeve 110, e.g., at a position 7 mm past the outer sleeve 110. The cutter 120 has not moved during the time between t_1 and t_2 when the retention member 130 initially protrudes past the end of the outer sleeve 110. However, following time t_2, the cutter 120 begins to move distally until it protrudes to its fullest extent, e.g., 1 mm past the outer sleeve 110, at time t_3, as shown in FIG. 1(c). The retention member 130 also continues to move distally between t_2 and t_3 until it protrudes fully, e.g., 12 mm past the outer sleeve 110.
At time t_3, the surgeon may advance the device 100 toward the tissue 190 until the tip of the retention member 130 pierces the tissue, FIG. 1(d). The coil-like retention member 130 may also be rotated at this time to further engage and draw the tissue toward cutter 120. If the retention member 130 is not mounted for rotation with respect to the body of the device, the retention member 130 can be rotated by having the surgeon manually rotated the entire device. If the retention member 130 is mounted for rotation with respect to the body of the device, the retention member 130 can be rotated by rotating or otherwise moving an actuating mechanism, as described supra. Optionally, the retention member may comprise a barb, hook, scoop or other structure that does not require rotation to engage the tissue.
At time t_3, when the retention member 130 protrudes fully, it may be locked to prevent further axial movement, while permitting the retention member 130 to rotate. Additionally, the cutter 120 may be locked to prevent both translation and rotation with respect to the retention member and/or the outer sleeve 110. Between time t_3 and t_4, the retention member 130 is rotated further to draw the tissue closer to the cutter 120. At time t_4, the tissue 190 contacts the cutter 120, FIG. 1(e), and rotation of the cutter 120 may be allowed, while the lock against translation is maintained. In particular, the surgeon rotates the cutter 120, and simultaneously advances it, either manually or through an actuating mechanism, until it cores the tissue 190, FIG. 1(f). The retention member 130 secures the resulting tissue core, or donut 195, to ensure it is not lost. In addition, a rotational lock on the retention member 130 may be engaged at this time, while any lock against translation has already been or is now disengaged to allow the retention member 130 to start to withdraw proximally, back into the outer sleeve, between time t_4 and t_5.
The retention member 130 may withdraw gradually by movement of an appropriate actuating mechanism. Alternately, the actuating mechanism may have a spring mechanism that exerts a force on the retention member 130 to cause the retention member 130 to snap back when the tissue is cored. The retention member 130 is withdrawn at least into the interior of the cutter 120 and eventually into the interior of the device body.
At time t_6, the intima of the tissue donut 195 is even with the cutter 120 and thus is fully cored as is represented by the intersection of lines 290 and 210. Withdrawal of the retention member 130 and the donut 195 continues through time t_6 up until time t_7 while the cutter 120 remains deployed. At time t_7, when the retention member 130 is fully withdrawn, withdrawal of the cutter 120 begins. At time t_8, the cutter 120 is also fully withdrawn into the outer sleeve 110, FIG. 1(g). If the retention member 130 retracts under the force of a spring mechanism when the donut 195 is free from the surrounding tissue 190, the time between t_6 and t_7 is essentially zero.
Preferably, when using the device, the retention member 130 should be at a position distal to the cutting knife 120 and fully deployed prior to the exposure of the cutting knife 120 beyond the outer sleeve 110. This ensures that the retention member 130 is fully deployed into the tissue 190 before the tissue 190 contacts the cutter 120. This configuration is depicted in FIG. 1(e), where the cutter 120 meets the tissue only after the retention member 130 has pierced and at least a portion of the retention member 130 tissue has passed into the tissue. At this point, a proximal spring bias may be applied to the retention member 130, and additionally, the retention member 130 may be prevented from rotating with respect to the tissue 190. Thus, only the cutter 120 is allowed to rotate, thereby coring the tissue as seen in FIG. 1(f). When the full wall thickness of the aorta or other tissue 190 is cut, the retention member 130 retracts inside the lumen of the cutter 120 along with the captured donut 195. At this time, the cutter 120 may be retracted so that both the cutter 120 and the retention member 130 retract well within the atraumatic outer lumen or sleeve 110 of the device body at time t8, as in the reset position of FIG. 1(a). Thus, the device 100 is reset.
Therefore, according to the present invention, the surgeon cannot core or even cut the tissue 190 prior to deploying the retention device 130, thereby preventing use of the device 100 out-of-sequence.
Referring now to FIGS. 5(a)-5(d), illustrated is a sequence of use of an example tissue-sampling device with a fixed cutter according to another embodiment of the present invention. A schematic view of the device 500 includes a body 510, a cutter 520, a retention member 530, and an actuating mechanism 560. The actuating mechanism 560 includes a chamber 532 in which a spring 534 is provided. The chamber is closed at its distal end, in this case by a fixed washer 533. Spring 534 extends between the fixed washer 533 and a movable plate 538 at the proximal end of the chamber 532. Plate 538 is fixed to the retention device 530 via shaft 536.
Further, plate 538 may be provided with one or more tabs 562, which project into one or more slots 564 provided along the length of the chamber 532. As a result, the plate 538 and the retention member 530 are constrained to rotate with the chamber 532. Tabs 562 and/or slots 564 may also extend to the exterior of the body 510, to provide a visual indication to the surgeon of the retention member position. Alternately or additionally, the body 510 may be mad transparent in whole or in part in order to make the tabs 562 visible to the surgeon.
The retention member 530 protrudes distally beyond the cutter 520. When the retention member 530 is a coil or other design that requires rotation, the surgeon rotates the chamber 532, or the body 510 if fixed to the chamber 532, to engage the tissue 525. Arrow 550 illustrates an example direction of rotation. Rotation continues until the retention member 530 engages the tissue and the cutter 520 begins to contact the tissue 525 (FIG. 5 b). Furthermore, the actuating mechanism 530 may be actuated so that the retention member 530 is fed further distally while the spring 534 is compressed (FIG. 5 c).
Once the cutter 520 contacts the tissue 525, the cutter can be rotated to core or otherwise cut the tissue. The tissue 525 is urged proximally against the cutter 520 by the force of the spring 534 that acts on the retention member 530 (FIG. 5 c). When the tissue 525 has been cored, the retention member 530 with the tissue donut 527 secured thereon is free to snap back proximally under the force of the spring 534 (FIG. 5 d). The retention member 530 also retracts, at least partly, in the cutter 520.
A lever, knob, or other equivalent means may also be provided for positioning and optionally, locking, the retention member 530 in the fully protruding position of FIG. 5 c, where it protrudes past the cutter 530 to engage the tissue 525. Once the tissue 525 is engaged, the retention member 530 can be unlocked, at which time the tissue 525 is urged proximally so that the cutter 520 contacts the tissue 525, as shown in FIG. 5 b. A proximal user-operable portion may be provided for rotating the cutter 520 as well to allow the cutter 520 to cut the tissue 525.
When the retention member 530 is a barb or other element that does not require rotational movement to engage the tissue 525, the retention member 530 can be mounted translation only with respect to the body 510. A lever, knob, or other equivalent means may again be provided for locking or otherwise positioning the retention member 530 in the position of FIG. 5 c. Once the tissue is engaged, the retention member is unlocked and urged proximally so that the tissue 525 is urged against the cutter 520, as shown in FIG. 5 c. Again, a proximal user-operable portion may be provided for rotating the cutter 520 to allow the cutter 520 to cut the tissue 525.
Advantageously, in the approach of FIGS. 5 a-5 d, the device 500 is simplified in construction since the cutter 520 can be fixed against translation relative to the body 510. It is also possible for the cutter to be fixed against rotation with respect to the body 510. In this case, the cutter 520 can be rotated by rotating the entire body 510. At least part of the retention member 530 always protrudes distally past the cutter 520. A protective cap may be employed when the device 500 is not in use, notwithstanding the disadvantages of a cap as described, supra.
Specific construction details that are not shown are believed to be within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, note that any portion or all of the deployment sequence of the device, such as movement of the cutter 120 or retention member 130, can be automated using appropriate sensors and motorized actuating mechanisms.
The present invention has been described herein with reference to certain preferred embodiments. These embodiments are offered as illustrative, and not limiting, of the scope of the invention. Certain modifications or alterations may be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.
a latch operative to hold the cutter distally, the latch operative to engage only when the tissue engaging member is in a predetermined range of positions.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a first actuator operative to translate the tissue engaging member.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the first actuator is operative to rotate the tissue engaging member.
4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the first actuator is positioned at a proximal end of the apparatus.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a second actuator operative to rotate the cutter.
6. The apparatus according to claim 0.5, wherein the second actuator is operative to translate the cutter.
7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second actuator is positioned at a proximal end of the apparatus.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an outer sleeve surrounding the cutter and tissue engaging member when the cutter and tissue engaging members are disposed in their respective proximal positions.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the outer sleeve is tapered from a first diameter at the first end to a second diameter greater than the first diameter at a point proximal of the first end.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising means for holding the tissue engaging member at the predetermined position.
11. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the means for holding the tissue engaging member at the predetermined position is released by a predetermined distal movement of the cutter.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein either or both of the cutter and the tissue engaging member are biased to translate proximally of the first end.
13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined range of positions of the tissue engaging member comprises a range of positions beginning at a distal deployed position.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the predetermined range of positions of the tissue engaging member extends in a distal direction from the distal deployed position.
a tissue engaging member having its distal end positioned distally of the cutter, the tissue engaging member mounted to translate only distally of the cutter.
16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the cutter is fixed to the body.
17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the tissue engaging member is mounted to rotate unitarily with the body.
18. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the position of the tissue engaging member is indicated along the body of the apparatus.
wherein distal movement of the tissue engaging member to a first predetermined position permits the cutter to move to a second predetermined position proximal of the tissue engaging member.
20. The apparatus according to claim 19, further comprising a first lever operative to oppose the proximal movement of the tissue engaging member after the tissue engaging member has advanced to the first predetermined distal position.
21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the release of the first lever by the cutter advancing to the second predetermined distal position allows the tissue engaging member to move proximally under its bias.
22. The apparatus according to claim 19, further comprising a second lever operative to oppose the proximal movement of the cutter once the cutter has advanced to the second predetermined distal position.
23. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the release of the second lever by the tissue engaging member moving to a proximal reset position allows the cutter to move proximally under its bias.
a second latching mechanism responsive to the distal translation of the first portion for latching the cutter.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the second latching mechanism is responsive to proximal translation of the second portion for unlatching the cutter.
26. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the second latching mechanism is responsive to distal translation of the second portion for unlatching the retention member.
27. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the retention member is carried within the cutter.
28. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the cutter is carried within the body.
29. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first and second portions are manually operable.
wherein the at least one actuating mechanism prevents deployment of the cutter out of sequence before the retention member.
31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the at least one actuating mechanism is manually operable.


Parquetry has been used as a hard wearing, stunning floor covering for centuries. And it's still popular. Parquetry is a geometric mosaic of contrasting timber pieces used for great decorative effect. Adding a border to an entrance adds nice feature. Parquetry is supplied in two different styles: mosaic and block parquetry.
Mosaic is the more traditional style of parquetry. It is created by arranging small "fingers" of selected timber in tiles, then changing the direction of these rows at consistent intervals. The result is a beautiful floor which is a feature in your home, not just a floor covering.
Block parquetry can be laid in any pattern using contrasting coloured timbers to create depth in the design. Blocks of timber are manufactured in 14mm and 19mm thickness and are laid individually to create the pattern of your choice. There are many popular patterns that can be laid in block parquetry, or you can run wild with your imagination and design your own floor pattern or feature block.
Parquetry is designed to be glued down over a solid, flat subfloor.
It can be installed over concrete, over a plywood or particleboard subfloor or over old timber floors.
Parquetry will be affected by changes in the moisture content of the atmosphere, there for Parquetry has to be acclimatised to its new environment for an appropriate time.
After professional installation, parquetry has to be sanded and finished.


text:
Epanastrophe (griechisch für "Wiederumwendung") ist in der Verslehre die Wiederholung des letzten Verses einer Strophe als Anfangsvers der folgenden Strophe.

In der Rhetorik ist Epanastrophe synonym mit dem gebräuchlicheren Begriff Anadiplose, also der rhetorischen Figur der Wiederholung des letzten Wortes eines Satzes am Anfang des nächsten.

Literatur
 Otto Knörrich: Lexikon lyrischer Formen (= Kröners Taschenausgabe. Band 479). 2., überarbeitete Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-520-47902-8, S. 39.
 Gero von Wilpert: Sachwörterbuch der Literatur. Sonderausgabe der 8., verbesserten und erweiterten Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN  978-3-520-84601-3, S. 217.

Verslehre
Rhetorischer Begriff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Crom Carmichael Weighs in on Rasmussen Racism Poll, CRT in Tennessee, and Seccession of States
Live from Music Row Wednesday morning on The Tennessee Star Report with Michael Patrick Leahy – broadcast on Nashville's Talk Radio 98.3 and 1510 WLAC weekdays from 5:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. – host Leahy welcomed the original all-star panelist Crom Carmichael to the studio to weigh in on the recent Rasmussen poll regarding systemic racism and other topics regarding Critical Race Theory and state secession.
Leahy: In studio, as we almost always are, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at this time by the original all-star panelist Crom Carmichael. Crom, good morning.
Carmichael: Good morning, Michael.
Leahy: Well, it was an interesting morning for me because it started out at 3:50 a.m. in the morning. I sit down and I collect all of our information about our guests and our audio clips, and I put them together and in a show clock.
And at typically about 4:20 a.m. and I email that show clock to Scooter and our booking producer. And so he's got the show clock for how we're going to do the show and what clips we may or may not play.
So usually it goes out at 4:20 a.m. At 4:17 this morning, my Internet went down. I have a preliminary show clock that I get that our booking producer puts together. And so I just forwarded that to Scooter and we were able to put together a show clock so that it's seamless.
Scooter: Crom, the truth is, we're winging it. We're just winging it.
Carmichael: So now we're on to find out whether the show clock matters. (Laughter)
Leahy: (Laughs) That's very good.
Carmichael: Well, we'll see. Do you want it to matter?
Leahy: It matters in my mind and I already composed it.
Carmichael: I can stumble and bumble my way through the show and I could say if I just had that show clock.
Leahy: I usually print it out, give it to you sometimes. So we're moving on. A little more than you need to know about the behind-the-scenes of how this great enterprise is held every day. Crom, Monday when you were in, I shared with you a stunning poll from Scott Rasmussen.
A very good guy. Good pollster. And I'm going to read it and then just get your reaction to it because it says a lot about America. Scott said because he sends me this email every day, just personally to me.
Not to the thousands of people on this list. His latest polling release shows that voters nationwide believe that just about every major problem in America results from racial discrimination.
28 percent nationwide. 56 percent disagree. 16 percent are not sure. What's important about this Crom is the breakdown demographically. 56 percent of Hispanic voters see racism as the core issue in just about every major problem.
65 percent of White voters disagree. Black voters are evenly divided. 42 percent see racial discrimination underlying the nation's problems. While 38 percent do not. But this is kind of the big point here.
There is a massive generation gap on this topic. Among the youngest voters, those under 25, nearly half 47 percent see racism at the root of major problems. Only 34 percent disagree. And among those 25 to 44, 35 percent say racial discrimination creates most major problems.
46 percent do not. But among those over 45, two-thirds, 66 percent of voters reject the idea that just about every problem in America results from racial discrimination. My question for you, Crom is systemic racism has been outlawed in America since 1970.
And those of us who are over 45 would say it's not an issue. But the young kids who really have not experienced anything like the 60s and 50s and 40s generation's did, a plurality of them see racism as the root of our major problems of the country. What do you make of that?
Carmichael: Well, the interesting part would be the breakdown because they don't do it. He does a nice job of breaking it down, breaking these categories down by race in the total where he says 56 percent of Hispanics.
So if you get to the younger parts of the nearly half or 47 percent, the question would be, for me, is what percentage of the Hispanics are under 25? What percentage of the Black population under 25?
What percentage of Indian and Asian? Because if you're Asian, you can very well think racism is a big problem because you're being affected by it because you're being held to a completely different standard than even White people. You're discriminated against.
Leahy: If you're trying to get into Harvard.
Carmichael: Forget Harvard. If you're trying to get into any school, any state school in California, and even in New York City in high school, they're now discriminating against Asian students. They want to shut down the AP classes all across New York City because they're dominated by Asian students.
Leahy: Because they perform better.
Carmichael: They perform better. And so when you say racism, it all depends on what you mean by the word racism, because if you're an Asian, you could see it completely the opposite.
Leahy: Shouldn't we celebrate superior academic performance regardless of race, color, or creed?
Carmichael: I think you should celebrate merit in anything.
Leahy: You should.
Carmichael: I mean, you have the AMA that actually came out now with a new policy that merit doesn't matter. And I can't think of a profession where merit should not matter more than in medicine.
Leahy: If somebody is going to, I don't know, perform surgery on you, you want to make sure they're pretty good at it.
Carmichael: You want a brain surgeon that knows how to do it. The thing that's just really disturbing about that is that all the members of the AMA who voted to do away with meritocracy, if they or their family members need it they will go to the best surgeons and they'll find them, and they know who they are.
So that's who they'll go. And they'll leave everybody else to just fend for themselves. This is kind of what's happening now in so many different areas. Look what's happening with Critical Race Theory across the country. You have in Tennessee, the state legislature that has outlawed Critical Race Theory, the teaching of it.
Leahy: And Governor Lee just signed that bill into law yesterday.
Carmichael: So now, as a matter of law in Tennessee, you can't teach Critical Race Theory, (i.e. racism and Marxism). Racism as a problem. Marxism is a solution. That's Critical Race Theory in a bottle.
Leahy: Yes, but here's the little asterisk to that. That law, which identifies 14 tenants of Critical Race Theory that cannot be taught in public schools. The enforcement mechanism basically is left to the Commissioner of Education Penny Schwinn.
The city of Memphis said, well, we're going to teach it anyways, and the Shelby County schools are likely to teach it anyways. So when a complaint comes, the adjudication of that complaint, the enforcement of that company is going to go to Commissioner Schwinn.
The enforcement mechanism is to withhold state funds from Shelby County schools if they do that, which I expect they will do. A lot of people, a lot of people are fearful that Penny Schwinn will not enforce the law.
Carmichael: Well if they don't, then the legislature will likely come back next year and it will change the law so that people who break the law can be held personally liable. And that would be the solution to it.
Then parents can sue the individual teachers and the boards of education, and that'll shut it down. But here's the big point here. You have now 20 states across the country that have passed similar legislation.
You have at least a dozen states across the country that are teaching Critical Race Theory. Virtually every place you can is going to be a requirement.
Leahy: In the state of Washington, they're requiring the teaching of Critical Race Theory.
Carmichael: Okay. So you are going to have this in these blue states, and then you're going to have places in Washington, for example. Washington state is really two states. And I'm actually disappointed that the people in Oregon, in the counties that are that don't ascribe to the values of Portland, they voted to secede.
Leahy: And join Idaho.
Carmichael: I think they should secede and form their own state.
Leahy: By the way, that movement, the greater Idaho movement. There are counties in Eastern Washington that are going to have the vote, too.
Carmichael: Well, but I want them to have their own state. They should be represented by two senators and a House member.
Leahy: Do you understand the problem with that politically, is that it is easier for a county to leave a state and join an existing state than it is to form a new state. That's their argument.
Carmichael: I think they need to have their own state. I think there are a lot of places. I think Southern Illinois.
Leahy: And upstate New York, where I'm from.
Carmichael: And upstate New York. I can come up with at least 10 additional states. And then I'm seeing 20 senators here. 20 senators who will stand up for the values and who will then represent the people that voted them in.


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Die ehemalige Lateinschule (Adresse Kirchgasse 3, früher Hausnummer 47) im unterfränkischen Volkach bestand vom 15. Jahrhundert bis zum Jahr 1847. Die Schule war als weiterführende Bildungseinrichtung etabliert worden und ermöglichte den männlichen Absolventen das Universitätsstudium. Das Schulgebäude steht unmittelbar neben der Pfarrkirche St. Bartholomäus in der Kirchgasse.

Geschichte
Während des Spätmittelalters etablierten sich auch in den kleineren Landstädten sogenannte Lateinschulen, um die Schriftlichkeit der Stadtbevölkerung anzuheben. Zunächst waren nur kirchliche Würdenträger und die Mitarbeiter von Kanzleien des Schreibens mächtig, nun lernten auch die Weinhändler und einige Handwerker die Grundlagen der Schriftsprache. Weiterhin blieb der alphabetisierte Teil der Bevölkerung allerdings eine Minderheit.

In Volkach ist erstmals im Jahr 1447 eine Schule nachgewiesen. Sie war auf die Initiative der Kirche gegründet worden und eng an die Pfarrkirche angelehnt. Dies belegt auch die räumliche Nähe zur Bartholomäuskirche. Im Volkacher Salbuch wurde erstmals ein Lehrer der Lateinschule genannt. Johann Erck musste dem Bürgermeister einen Eid schwören und dem Pfarrer gehorsam sein. Er unterrichtete den Katechismus, Lesen und Schreiben, sowie in einer zweiten Stufe Latein und Mathematik.

Die Lateinschule etablierte sich bald neben der deutschen Schule im Rathaus. Sie war allerdings abhängig von ihren Förderern: Die Eltern mussten Schulgeld bezahlen, die Stadt war für die Besoldung des Lehrers zuständig. Je nach wirtschaftlicher Situation besuchten mehr oder weniger männliche Schüler das Institut, eine Schulpflicht bestand nicht. Die Winterschule war häufig besser besucht als die Sommerschule, weil viele Schüler ihren Eltern auf den Feldern helfen mussten.

Nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg und den vielen Zerstörungen, die durch die Auseinandersetzung über die Stadt gekommen war, ging vor allem von den Absolventen der Lateinschule die Initiative zum Wiederaufbau aus. Sie wurden Stadträte und Kantoren und prägten das gesellschaftliche Leben entscheidend mit. Im 17. Jahrhundert etablierte sich auch die Praxis einen sogenannten Schulrektor als Lateinlehrer einzusetzen. Der gute Ruf der Schule erhielt hierdurch einen weiteren Schub.

Die Schüler besuchten die Lateinschule in der Regel vier Jahre lang und konnten im Anschluss studieren. Dies wurde allerdings nur in den wenigsten Fällen wahrgenommen, so begannen im Jahr 1791 nur drei von 18 Absolventen ein Studium. Gleichzeitig begannen im Hochstift Würzburg, zu dessen Herrschaftsgebiet Volkach gehörte, erste Versuche den Unterricht zu vereinheitlichen. Ab 1770 mussten die angehenden Schulmeister das Schullehrerseminar in Würzburg besuchen, 1774 versuchte man die Schulpflicht einzuführen.

Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert konnte die Lateinschule weiterhin fortbestehen, auch weil die Stadt sie als kommunale Anstalt immer wieder förderte. Ebenso unterstützten private Stiftungen den Unterricht. Mit dem Übergang zum Königreich Bayern nahmen die staatlichen Übergriffe auf die Bildungsinstitution weiter zu, sodass man sich im Jahr 1833 gezwungen sah, den Unterricht im Rathaus abzuhalten. Mit dem Tod des letzten Rektors Lorenz Wappes endete am 20. Februar 1847 die Geschichte der Volkacher Lateinschule.

Beschreibung
Die ehemalige Lateinschule wird heute vom Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege als Baudenkmal geführt. Gleichzeitig sind untertägige Reste als Bodendenkmal eingeordnet. Das Haus ist Teil des Ensembles Altstadt Volkach. Das Gebäude präsentiert sich zweigeschossiger Satteldachbau. Er wurde traufständig errichtet und ist mit einem Fachwerkobergeschoss ausgestattet. Wahrscheinlich stammt der Bau aus dem 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert.

Bekannte Absolventen
Die Lateinschule besuchten insgesamt mehr als 300 Studenten, von denen 297 aus der der Stadt Volkach selbst stammten. Die Absolventen der vierjährigen Schule strebten nach ihrem Abschluss vor allem Tätigkeiten in der Kirche und der Verwaltung an, viele zog es ins heutige Österreich und in die Klöster der Umgebung. Insbesondere die Volkacher Familien Schelf, Balbus, Breunig, Mahlmeister und Jäcklein schickten viele ihrer männlichen Abkömmlinge auf die Schule.

 Andreas Presson (* 1637, Absolvent vor 1648, † 1701), Übersetzer, Lyriker und Jurist in Bamberg
 Konrad Brandt (Absolvent 1658), Amtsvogtei-Administrator in Marktbreit
 Sebastian Balbus (Absolvent 1702), Stadtsekretär in Wien
 Joseph Lamprecht (Absolvent 1715, † 1727), Subregens im geistlichen Seminar zum Guten Hirten in Würzburg
 Valentin Breunig (Absolvent 1717), Zentgraf in Karlstadt
 Johann Albert Balbus (* 1702, Absolvent 1719, † 1766), als Christophorus Abt des Benediktinerklosters Münsterschwarzach
 Johann Wilderich Balbus (* 1704, Absolvent 1721, † 1794), als Ambrosius Abt des Zisterzienserklosters Bronnbach
 Benedikt Weibrecht (Absolvent 1743), kaiserlich-königlicher General
 Andreas Schellhorn (* 1761, Absolvent vor 1774, † 1845), Dichter, Sprachwissenschaftler und Politiker
 Philipp Ignaz Kast (Absolvent 1774, † 1813), Amtskeller in Markt Bibart, Landgerichtsrat in Würzburg, königlich-bayerischer Landrichter in Volkach
 Joseph Anton Mahlmeister (Absolvent 1758), Amtskeller in Kissingen
 Adam Josef Ludwig Thaddäus Mahlmeister (* 1748, Absolvent 1763, † 1821), als Benedikt II. Abt des Benediktinerklosters Theres
 Ignaz Meisner (Absolvent 1788, † 1843), königlich-bayerischer Landrichter in Euerdorf
 Theodor Kast (Absolvent 1804), kaiserlich-königlicher Gesandtschaftsrat

Literatur
 Konrad Bedal: Fachwerk in Franken vor 1600. Eine Bestandsaufnahme (= Quellen und Materialien zur Hausforschung in Bayern Bd. 2 und Schriften und Kataloge des Fränkischen Freilandmuseums). Bad Windsheim 1990.
 Anton Jäcklein: M. Andreas Presson, Nachahmer der Trutz-Nachtigall. Wiss. Beilage zu dem Jahresbericht des neuen Gymnasiums in Bamberg. Bamberg 1892.
 Ute Feuerbach: Bildung und Schule. In: Ute Feuerbach (Hrsg.): Volkach. 906–2006. Volkach 2006. S. 155–162.
 Ute Feuerbach: Die Lateinschule und ihre Absolventen. In: Ute Feuerbach (Hrsg.): Volkach. 906–2006. Volkach 2006. S. 163–166.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Baudenkmal in Volkach
Bodendenkmal in Volkach
Fachwerkhaus in Volkach
Geschichte (Volkach)
Organisation (Volkach)
Religion (Volkach)
Ehemalige Schule in Bayern
Gegründet im 15. Jahrhundert
Aufgelöst 1847


Ghost: I'm picking up a signal. It's faint, but it's definitely coming from the Forest. Sounds like an old Vanguard code.
Brother Vance: Perhaps you hear the final dreams of the lost.
Ghost: Uh… thanks? Very helpful. Since I can't track "dreams of the lost", how about we go find that signal?
Ghost: The signal's getting stronger. I should be able to find the source, but there's some kind of interference.
Sagira: Signals tend to overlap, get mixed up with simulations… It can be hard to find what's real and what's not in here.
Ghost: Detecting traces of familiar Light up here. Wait… Saint-14? He's been missing for decades. Saint was one of the greatest Titans who ever lived. Hero of Six Fronts. All that power and he just… vanished. The City's still looking for him.
Ghost: The signal's coming from a Vex conflux. But there's something odd. The time stream around it is unstable. I don't know anything that could do that. Get me to it. Maybe we can figure this out.
Osiris: If Saint-14 is lost in the Infinite Forest, it's because he came here to find us.
Sagira: You can't blame yourself for every missing Guardian, Osiris.
Osiris: For him I can.
Ghost scans another conflux. An unstable conflux appears and Ghost scans it. After the scan, a force pushes the Guardian away from it.
Ghost: What was that? Light! The conflux was holding back a rift full of Light!
The Guardian defeats the Vex from the past, present, and future. Two Wayward Minds appear. The Guardian defeats the Wayward Minds.
Ghost: Vex from all times, fighting together. Like they were pulled here by the rift in the time stream – a rift Saint-14 made with his Light.
Osiris: If he still lives, then we must find him.
Ghost: Already ahead of you on that one. You start searching in here. We'll head back to the Lighthouse and see if Vance knows anything.
Brother Vance: It's him, isn't it? The first Vanguard commander! The one who made the great Osiris leader of the Warlocks. Saint-14! He could join us here in the Lighthouse. Fight alongside you and Osiris. Turn the tide against the Vex for good. Can you imagine?! You found Osiris; you can find Saint-14. He's got to be in the Infinite Forest. With him by our side, we could succeed where Osiris failed! Well, you get the idea.


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Study: Broadband Adoption Increased More Than Six Times From 2001 to '08
Broadband adoption increased more than six-fold between 2001 and 2008 and provided some $32 billion in consumer benefits in everything from education and health care to new entertainment and civic affairs.
That is according to a study released Tuesday by the Internet Innovation Alliance, a coalition of think tanks, nonprofits and companies focused on universal broadband deployment whose members include AT&T, fiber maker Corning, American's for Tax Reform and a variety of tech companies. Among the findings are that 66.6 million households had broadband by 2008 vs. 10.4 million in 2001.
It also found that the number of slower dial-up connections had gone in the other direction, dropping from 44.2 million households in 2001 to 10.5 million in 2008.
The number of homes with no Internet decreased from 53.6 million to 39.7 million over that same period.
The alliance study also said that while adoption rates continue to vary significantly according to race, Internet access is valued highly regardless of ethnicity.
"Broadband is one of the great equalizers, and it's encouraging to see that taking advantage of the value that broadband access has to offer is now equally important to minorities," said Alliance Co-Chairman Larry Irving in announcing the study.
The study, commissioned by the alliance, was produced by Jonathan Orszag, former economic advisor in the Clinton administration; Princeton economic professor Robert Willig; and Mark Dutz, from consulting firm Compass Lexecon.
The study is released as the National Telecommunications & Information Administration and Rural Utilities Service are preparing to hand out billions in broadband stimulus money to boost adoption and deployment of broadband. At the same time, the FCC is collecting comment and information on its national broadband plan.
Source: http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/315174-Study_Broadband_Adoption_Increased_More_Than_Six_Times_From_2001_to_08.php?rssid=20065


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Home » Celebrities » Richard Rankin age: How old is Outlander star Richard Rankin?
Richard Rankin age: How old is Outlander star Richard Rankin?
Outlander cast tease details of 'exciting' season six
Outlander season six is expected to begin filming soon and will see Richard Rankin back as Roger MacKenzie. He was first introduced to the show in 2016 as Brianna Fraser's (played by Sophie Skelton) love interest. However, many viewers might be keen to know more about the actor, including his age, career history and how he relates to his character.
How old is Outlander star Richard Rankin?
Rankin is 38-years-old, having been born on January 4, 1983.
The Scottish actor was born in Glasgow to a father on the police force and a mother in the hotel industry.
Rankin is one of four boys and his brother Colin Harris is also an actor.
They lived in different areas of the city when he was young, including the West End and King's Park.
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He attended Stonelaw High School and Glasgow Caledonian University before he decided to pursue acting.
After being told he looked like an actor by a film producer when holidaying in Los Angeles, Rankin switched his focus.
He auditioned for Langside College and went on to begin his career in the acting industry.
Some of his early roles included starring in The Old Guys, Taggart, VideoGaiden and The Crimson Field.
He went on to play Detective Inspector Luke Nelson in Silent Witness and appeared in the third season of BBC show The Syndicate.
Rankin's breakout role came in December 2015 when he was cast in Outlander.
At 38, the actor is older than his Outlander co-star Sophie Skelton who is 26-years-old.
This age difference is also reflected in the series between Roger and Brianna.
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However, this is smaller in the show with Roger being born in 1941 and Brianna in 1948.
This would make Roger around 40 in season five while Brianna is 32-years-old.
According to Rankin, Roger's age also defines how he behaves when he travels back in time as well.
He opened about how his character is a "fish out of water" in the 18th century.
Rankin told Gold Derby: "He doesn't know how to hunt, he doesn't know how to shoot.
"He doesn't know how to do a lot of the things that are taken for granted of a male of his age in that time period.
"But he's really intelligent, he's very much a diplomat.
"He's a man who is very good with language, with words, he's an orator.
"He's good at problem-solving [and] that was a lot of fun to play."
Outlander seasons 1-5 are available to stream on Amazon Prime Video now.
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The use of e-books and tablets continues to rise. Are they as beneficial as print books for children learning to read?


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