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Home > June 2000 - Volume 75 - Issue 6 > Toward a Normative Definition of Medical Professionalism
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Academic Medicine.
Toward a Normative Definition of Medical Professionalism
Swick, Herbert M. MD
Academic Medicine: June 2000 - Volume 75 - Issue 6 - p 612–616
INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES: ARTICLES
In recent years, professionalism in medicine has gained increasing attention. Many have called for a return to medical professionalism as a way to respond to the corporate transformation of the U.S. health care system. Yet there is no common understanding of what is meant by the word professionalism. To encourage dialog and to arrive eventually at some consensus, one needs a normative definition. The author proposes such a definition and asserts that the concept of medical professionalism must be grounded both in the nature of a profession and in the nature of physicians' work. Attributes of medical professionalism reflect societal expectations as they relate to physicians' responsibilities, not only to individual patients but to wider communities as well. The author identifies nine behaviors that constitute medical professionalism and that physicians must exhibit if they are to meet their obligations to their patients, their communities, and their profession. (For example, "Physicians subordinate their own interests to the interests of others.") He argues that physicians must fully comprehend what medical professionalism entails. Serious negative consequences will ensue if physicians cease to exemplify the behaviors that constitute medical professionalism and hence abrogate their responsibilities both to their patients and to their chosen calling.
Dr. Swick is executive director, Institute of Medicine and Humanities, Saint Patrick Hospital and the University of Montana, Missoula, Montana. This article represents work undertaken while the author was a scholar-in-residence at the Association of American Medical Colleges.
Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Dr. Swick, Institute of Medicine and Humanities, P.O. Box 4587, Missoula, MT 59806; telephone: (406) 329-5662; e-mail: 〈swick@saintpatrick.org〉.
The author gratefully acknowledges Drs. Richard and Sylvia Cruess, of McGill University, and Dr. Michael Whitcomb, of the Association of American Medical Colleges, for their review of early versions of the manuscript and their many helpful suggestions.
THE NATURE OF A PROFESSION
THE NATURE OF PHYSICIANS' WORK
A DEFINITION OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALISM
THE IMPORTANCE OF HAVING A NORMATIVE DEFINITION
If you wish to converse with me, define your terms.—VOLTAIRE
Every definition is dangerous.—ERASMUS
Much attention has been devoted in recent years to the question of professionalism in medical education and practice.1–9 While this attention has been salutary, there is no common understanding of what is meant by medical professionalism. Consequently, many of the discussions have been somewhat amorphous, because the word professionalism carries with it so many connotations, complexities, and nuances. It has virtually lost its meaning because it is so widely used. Different groups have used the word differently and for different purposes. Perhaps professionalism is like pornography: easy to recognize but difficult to define. Yet if professionalism is to remain integral to medical education and medical practice, and if the current, renewed focus on professionalism is to result in meaningful change that benefits both the profession of medicine and the society it serves, it is necessary to understand clearly what medical professionalism entails.
One needs a normative definition that is precise and inclusive, and that can be utilized by a wide variety of groups, including practicing physicians, medical educators, graduate medical education programs, professional organizations, licensing bodies, and regulatory agencies. Such a definition is necessary to enable and encourage dialog and eventually to achieve consensus about the meaning and importance of medical professionalism. In this article I propose such a normative definition. In doing so, I offer a new point of view and a new way to frame considerations of medical professionalism. I have attempted to create a persuasive definition based upon refined reflection about the nature of professions and the nature of physicians' work.
To understand professionalism, it is necessary to understand the nature of a profession. The medical community seems almost intuitively to grasp what the word profession means when applied to medicine, but it is important also to have a more structured understanding about what a profession is. To gain that understanding, it is neither necessary nor appropriate to craft a definition de novo. An extensive body of knowledge about professions exists in disciplines such as sociology and philosophy. In this article I make no attempt to review that body of knowledge. To understand the origins and meaning of professionalism, it is sufficient to recognize that certain common characteristics distinguish all professions, including medicine. A brief review of these characteristics is germane to understanding the origins and meaning of professionalism.
Eliot Freidson defined professions within a sociologic framework, using medicine as representative of all professions. In his seminal body of work, he argued that a profession is a specific type of occupation, one that performs work with special characteristics while competing for economic, social, and political rewards.10 Because a profession holds something of a monopoly over its work, it enjoys relative autonomy that derives from the nature of the work performed and from the relationship of the profession to institutions external to it, such as a sovereign state.10 That autonomy can be preserved only so long as the profession meets the responsibilities expected of it. From the sociologic perspective, professions exist without there being any necessary attention to whether the work has inherent ethical or moral value.
The concept of a profession has often transcended this rather narrow view to consider the moral or social value of the work performed. Justice Louis Brandeis alluded to a moral perspective when he noted that professional work was pursued primarily for others and not for oneself, and that success was measured by more than the amount of financial return.11 More recently, William Sullivan has emphasized the importance of the social value of professional work.12 There must be a balance between professional privileges and the public's perception that the profession is serving the public welfare: "Historically, the legitimacy, authority and the legal privileges of the most prestigious professions have depended heavily on their claims (and finally their demonstration) of civic performance, especially social leadership in the public interest."13 Professions serve as guardians of social values,8 and professionals are expected to articulate and hold those values publicly. A profession, then, becomes a way of life with a moral value. It is in this sense that a profession becomes a calling, not simply an occupation.
Professions always reflect the particular social and cultural milieus in which they operate. Rapid advances of knowledge during the past 30–40 years have changed the natures of all professions, but none more dramatically than medicine. Professions have become more closely connected to the application of expert knowledge and less closely linked to functions central to the good of the public they serve. The rise of this "expert professionalism" has paralleled a decline in the older sense of "social-trustee professionalism."14 The control and application of a specialized body of knowledge has come more and more to characterize a profession, as knowledge in all fields has grown and become more complex. But to rely solely on expertise is to diminish the special nature of a profession, especially insofar as it addresses societal needs. Steven Brint argues that "without a strong sense of the public and social purposes served by professional knowledge, professionals tend to lose their distinctive voice in public debate."14 In many ways, that is the position in which the profession of medicine now finds itself: it has become distracted from its public and social purposes and thus lost its distinctive voice. In recent years, the debate about health care has been dominated not by physicians, individually or collectively, but by business, economic, and political interests. Strengthening medical professionalism becomes one way to restore medicine's distinctive voice.
Medical professionalism is exemplified through what physicians actually do—how they meet their responsibilities to individual patients and to communities. Any definition must therefore be clearly grounded in the nature of the physician's work. The values and behaviors that individual physicians demonstrate in their daily interactions with patients and their families, and with physicians and other professional colleagues, become the foundation on which medical professionalism rests.
In this article, I do not attempt to provide a comprehensive account of the range of professional activities that can constitute physicians' work; the breadth of possibilities is too great, even for an individual physician. However, certain elements that characterize the nature of medical practice are key to providing a contextual understanding of medical professionalism. At the core of medical practice is the need to create and nurture a healing dyadic relationship between physician and patient. Other elements of medical professionalism reflect broader responsibilities that the physician has to society and the profession, to family and self.
The practice of medicine traditionally has embodied a set of values that limn the nature of medical work.6 Those values include, among others, a commitment to service, advocacy, and altruism. Physicians have long recognized a duty to individual patients and to larger groups, such as their communities. That duty now often extends to health plans or employers. The nature of the physician's work is active and, to a large extent, self-directed. It involves the application of a specialized body of knowledge and the need constantly to enlarge that knowledge. The work has inherent moral value and provides a societal good. It recognizes the worth of all human individuals. For example, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), in the first report of its Medical School Objectives Project (MSOP),15 identified four major attributes that medical students should have demonstrated by the time of graduation and that physicians should possess for the practice of medicine. The report stated that physicians should be altruistic, knowledgeable, skillful, and dutiful. Since 1994 the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) has required that those seeking board certification demonstrate that they have acquired the values of professionalism, which "aspires to altruism, accountability, excellence, duty, service, honor, integrity and respect for others."16 While aspires connotes an important sense of striving, it is incorrect to assume that the goals to which one aspires cannot be reached or that aspirations cannot be grounded in specific actions. Indeed, both the MSOP objectives and the ABIM requirements speak to the nature of physicians' work. The explication of these attributes—particularly those relating to altruism, service, and duty—addresses essential elements of medical professionalism.
From the arguments in the preceding sections, one can appreciate that the key to understanding medical professionalism is not to be found in a simple dictionary definition. Rather, the concept of medical professionalism must account for the nature of the medical profession and must be grounded in what physicians actually do and how they act, individually and collectively. Bearing this in mind, I assert that medical professionalism consists of those behaviors by which we—as physicians—demonstrate that we are worthy of the trust bestowed upon us by our patients and the public, because we are working for the patients' and the public's good. Failure to demonstrate that we deserve that trust will result in its loss, and, hence, loss of medicine's status as a profession.
Medical professionalism, then, comprises the following set of behaviors:
▪ Physicians subordinate their own interests to the interests of others. Medical professionalism reflects the physician's open willingness to subordinate his or her interests to best meet the needs of patients. It manifests the physician's fiduciary relationship with patients and the physician's duty to serve as the patient's advocate. The expectation that a professional will subordinate self-interest has long been a hallmark of professions, and hence is the sine qua non of professionalism. Because physicians have responsibilities to many others as well, they will not infrequently confront conflicts of interest, such as those arising between the health system that employs them and the individual patient seeking care. When such conflicts arise, the patient's legitimate interests and needs must remain paramount. The MSOP objectives state that physicians must demonstrate "a commitment to advocate at all times the interests of one's patients over one's own interests," as well as "an understanding of the threats to medical professionalism posed by the conflicts of interest inherent in various financial and organizational arrangements for the practice of medicine."15
▪ Physicians adhere to high ethical and moral standards. The concept that professional work has a moral value compels the physician to behave ethically in his or her personal and professional life. Long embedded in the ethos of medicine are principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence. Physicians have a duty to do right and to avoid doing wrong. Patients have a right to expect no less.
▪ Physicians respond to societal needs, and their behaviors reflect a social contract with the communities served. Any profession—not just the medical profession—best meets its obligations when it attends actively to its duty to address community and societal needs. Sullivan's concept of civic professionalism stresses the importance of social leadership by the professions.12 The MSOP objectives state that a physician will demonstrate "knowledge of the important non-biological determinants of poor health and of the economic, psychological, social, and cultural factors that contribute to the development and/or continuation of maladies," as well as "a commitment to provide care to patients who are unable to pay and to be advocates for access to health care for members of traditionally underserved populations."15
▪ Physicians evince core humanistic values, including honesty and integrity, caring and compassion, altruism and empathy, respect for others, and trustworthiness. Some might argue that humanistic values are not requisite to professional behavior, that a physician can exemplify professionalism without humanism. Yet values such as compassion, altruism, integrity, and trustworthiness are so central to the nature of the physician's work, no matter what form that work takes, that no physician can truly be effective without holding deeply such values. The practice of medicine is a human endeavor. To address the needs of their patients, physicians must ensure that humanistic values remain central to their professional work. Wynia and colleagues argue that respect for human worth and trustworthiness are "particular obligations."8 Physicians must demonstrate "compassionate treatment of patients" as well as "honesty and integrity in all interactions with patients' families, colleagues and others."15 To evince humanistic values speaks directly to the ABIM's expectation that physicians will aspire to altruism, honor, and integrity, among other attributes.16
▪ Physicians exercise accountability for themselves and for their colleagues. Implicit in the relative autonomy granted to a profession is that its members will set and enforce standards of practice. Demonstrating true accountability is key to maintaining the privilege of autonomy that medicine has long enjoyed but which many now feel has been eroded. That erosion is due, in part, to a perception by many that physicians have not always been willing to exercise accountability for themselves or their colleagues. The loss of autonomy relates directly to Freidson's observation that autonomy is a privilege granted by external authorities.10 Professional work has always been, at its best, a collegial endeavor rather than an entrepreneurial enterprise. Collegial interactions have traditionally typified a profession, but such collegiality should be used neither to mask ineffective or inappropriate practice nor to protect incompetent physicians. Meaningful peer evaluation becomes one mechanism to enforce standards of practice and hence to exercise accountability.
▪ Physicians demonstrate a continuing commitment to excellence. Competency is an important professional quality. Professions are based upon intellectual work, a specialized body of knowledge, and expertise. The demands of intellectual work require that physicians maintain the highest standards of excellence through the continuing acquisition of knowledge and the development of new skills. The exponential growth in biomedical knowledge makes it imperative that physicians be able to retrieve and use information efficiently, whether to make clinical decisions about individual patients or to address questions of a community's health. Excellence is internally focused. It is the individual physician's commitment to expand his or her knowledge and to keep abreast of the rapid changes in biomedical science and clinical practice. A commitment to excellence makes life-long learning fundamental to professionalism. The MSOP objectives ask that physicians demonstrate "the capacity to recognize and accept limitations in one's knowledge and clinical skills, and a commitment to continuously improve one's knowledge and ability."15
▪ Physicians exhibit a commitment to scholarship and to advancing their field. If commitment to excellence has an internal focus, then a commitment to scholarship has an external focus. It is the desire to share one's knowledge for the benefit of others, whether patients, other physicians, or the community. The nature and the goals of medicine should commit physicians to advance the body of knowledge in their discipline, whether from cutting-edge research or from assuring that a practice setting is most conductive to cost-effective and efficient patient care. Physicians should support the efforts of their colleagues and the profession to improve the health not only of individual patients but also of communities.
▪ Physicians deal with high levels of complexity and uncertainty. Uncertainty and ambiguity have long characterized the practice of medicine, and they will continue to do so despite advances in technology and in biomedical knowledge. Work that is simple and repetitive, or that does not involve a great deal of judgement, does not require the independent decision making that is a hallmark of professions.17 The physician must be able to exercise independent judgement in order to make appropriate decisions in the face of complex, often unstable circumstances, and usually with incomplete information.
▪ Physicians reflect upon their actions and decisions. Professionals must be able to reflect dispassionately upon decisions made and actions taken, not only to improve their knowledge and skills, but also to bring balance to their professional and personal lives. Reflection becomes one mechanism to stimulate a commitment to excellence and enable accountability, but it goes beyond that. The ability to think reflectively and critically is important to deductive reasoning, and physicians must demonstrate "the ability to reason deductively in solving clinical problems."15 Reflection and deductive reasoning are thus central to clinical decision making.
Many individuals and groups have become keenly interested in the state of medical professionalism. Individual physicians have become alarmed about what is happening to their practices in the face of the corporate transformation of the U.S. health care system. Professional associations such as the American Medical Association have been concerned about the changes this transformation has wrought in physicians' time-honored responsibilities toward patients. Medical educators have been concerned for years about the impact that physicians' behaviors have on the professional development of medical students and residents. Hence the recent calls for a renewed focus on professionalism. Dialog among these many individuals and groups must continue, but it is imperative to heed Voltaire's plea: "If you wish to converse with me, define your terms." The normative definition presented in this article is meant to encourage a dialog grounded in a common understanding of professionalism, with a goal of eventually achieving a degree of consensus sufficient to enable the medical community to strengthen professionalism in medical education and medical practice.
Professionalism must be considered on two levels: individual and collective. The nine elements in my normative definition represent a spectrum of behaviors that individual physicians should demonstrate if they are to successfully meet their obligations to their patients and to their communities. Together, they encompass the essentials of professionalism as it is demonstrated by individual physicians. But many of these elements apply equally well to the profession of medicine as a collective body. The profession—through its academic and practice leadership, as well as its organized bodies—must sustain the covenant of trust that has long characterized the relationship between medicine and those it serves. As a profession, medicine has been criticized by the public and by payers for resisting change and for a perceived unwillingness to address such important social goals as access or cost-effective medical care. Such reluctance can be considered a breach of social-trustee, or civic, professionalism. Relman has noted that "medical professionalism… is being seriously challenged by the industrialization of medicine."4 In an industrial model of health care, adhering to professional values and behaviors—practicing professionalism—can help maintain the distinction between medicine as a profession and medicine as a commodity. If that distinction is to remain sharp, it will be important that physicians, individually and collectively, understand what professionalism means, not only in the abstract but also in the very real "humdrum, day-in, day-out, everyday work that is the real satisfaction of the practice of medicine."18
While definitions can be dangerous, as Erasmus noted, it is nonetheless important that physicians comprehend fully what medical professionalism entails, both for an individual practice and for the profession. Serious negative consequences will ensue if physicians cease to exemplify the behaviors that constitute medical professionalism and hence abrogate their responsibilities both to their patients and to their chosen calling.
1. Blumenthal D. The vital role of professionalism in health care reform. Health Aff. 1994;13(Part I):252–6.
2. Cruess SR, Cruess RL. Professionalism must be taught. BMJ. 1997;315:1674–7.
3. Hensel WA, Dickey NW. Teaching professionalism: passing the torch. Acad Med. 1998;73:865–70.
4. Relman AS. Education to defend professional values in the new corporate age. Acad Med. 1998;73:1229–33.
5. Reynolds PP. Reaffirming professionalism through the education community. Ann Intern Med. 1996;120:609–14.
6. Swick HM. Academic medicine must deal with the clash of business and professional values. Acad Med.1998;73:751–5.
7. Swick HM, Simpson DE, Van Susteren TJ. Fostering the professional development of medical students. Teach Learn Med. 1995;7:55–60.
8. Wynia MK, Latham SR, Kao AC, Berg JW, Emanuel LL. Medical professionalism in society. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1612–6.
9. Association of American Medical Colleges. Professionalism in Contemporary Medical Education: An Invitational Colloquium. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 1998.
10. Freidson E. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
11. Brandeis LD. Business—A Profession. Boston, MA: Small, Maynard, 1914.
12. Sullivan WM. Work and Integrity: The Crisis and Promise of Professionalism in America. New York: Harper Collins, 1995.
13. Sullivan WM. Professionalism after managed care? In: Professionalism in Contemporary Medical Education: An Invitational Colloquium. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 1998.
14. Brint S. In an Age of Experts: The Changing Role of Professionals in Politics and Public Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
15. The Medical School Objectives Writing Group. Learning objectives for medical student education—guidelines for medical students: report I of the Medical School Objectives Project. Acad Med. 1999;74:13–8.
16. American Board of Internal Medicine. Project Professionalism. Philadelphia, PA: American Board of Internal Medicine, 1995.
17. Southon G, Braithwaite J. The end of professionalism? Soc Sci Med. 1998;46:23–8.
18. Williams WC. The practice. In: Coles R: William Carlos Williams: The Doctor Stories. New York: New Directions Books, 1984.
© 2000 Association of American Medical Colleges
Academic Medicine75(6):612-616, June 2000.
Articles in PubMed by Herbert M. Swick, MD
Articles in Google Scholar by Herbert M. Swick, MD
Other articles in this journal by Herbert M. Swick, MD
Renewing professionalism: an opportunity for medicine
CULTURE, COMMUNICATION, AND THE INFORMAL CURRICULUM: In Search of the Informal CurriculumWhen and Where Professional Values Are Taught
Can Professionalism Be Measured? The Development of a Scale for Use in the Medical Environment
Academic medicine must deal with the clash of business and professional values
Professional development of medical students: problems and promises


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Solomon Islands Share Education Experience at Regional Meeting
Monday, 10 December 2007 09:13 AM
The recent Forum Education Ministers Meeting in Auckland, New Zealand has significantly helped Solomon Islands to set the goals and objectives of its National Education Action Plan in perspective at the regional level.
Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education, Barnabas Anga, who represented Solomon Islands, said the meeting this year focuses on early child hood education and the youths of the Pacific.
He said discussions at the ministerial level indicate to the members the priorities and areas for better coordination and implementation by the Council of Regional Organizations in the Pacific (CROP) Agencies, particularly the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.
During the meeting, the Solomon Islands delegation had the opportunity to share their experience on two subjects - namely the Information Communication Technology (ICT) and the Sector Wide Approach (SWA) initiatives.
"This meeting amongst others attempts to set priorities in the education sector to effectively recognize and implement the conclusions of our Pacific Leaders in previous forum meetings," Mr Anga said.
He said some documents used as reference in the meeting included the Pacific Plan, UN Decade for Education in Sustainable Development, Forum Basic Education Action Plan and other outcomes of CROP Agencies.
These documents reflect the education issues at the Global front.
"Hence when we participate in such meetings, the discussions really enlightened us on the issues, priorities and options or resources that are available to us for effective implementation of our regional or national plans," he said.
At the meeting, delegates learnt about the progress of education in the region, particularly with individual countries and the options that are available for forum countries, small island states and non-members of the Forum for better implementation and coordination of Education Plans.
Since education is a cross cutting sector, the meeting also discusses other areas where education can support, such as climate change, infrastructure, sports and so forth.
Many of these issues can be perceived as follow on from other regional meetings such as the USP Council and South Pacific Board for Education Assessment (SPBEA) AGM and other Meetings.
"Our participation in these meetings assists us to better understand the issues for better follow up and development at national level," Mr Anga said.
At the close of the meeting, Ministers recalled their support in 2006 of the work of UNESCO, PRIDE, the Commonwealth of Learning and other partners, in furthering development of work in ICT in education policy and planning and in strengthening the implementation of the Regional Digital Strategy.
Head of the Distance Learning Centers Project in Solomon Islands, David Leeming outlined the use of technology in enhancing learning opportunities particularly in remote communities.
While Ministers appreciated the opportunity to further develop ICT in schools with the use of the one laptop per child (OLPC) initiative, they noted that the use of computers must be complemented by appropriate educational input and trained personnel to make computers valuable.
Ministers highlighted the importance of protecting students against the negative impacts of internet access particularly to pornography.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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MSHS invites community to free Craig Conrad "Unstoppable" presentation
Lauren Fitch
MORLEY – Morley Stanwood Community Schools will learn to become "unstoppable" from inspirational speaker Craig Conrad on Oct. 17.
In addition to Conrad's presentations for students, the community is invited to hear his advice on improving the lives of their families and children from 7 to 8:15 p.m. on Oct. 17 at Morley Stanwood High School.
An all-you-can-eat spaghetti dinner will be served in the high school cafeteria from 5 to 6:30 p.m. before Conrad's event. The cost is $5 per person for everyone older than 5, with proceeds going to the junior and senior class funds.
Conrad, who has 25 years of teaching experience, has addressed more than 142,000 students, teachers and parents across the country with his "The Unstoppable You" character development program. The author of "Unstoppable: Inspiring Lessons for the Unstoppable You," Conrad also has developed an easy-to-use curriculum to help teachers communicate the concepts to their students.
While at Morley Stanwood, Conrad will give presentations for all seventh- through 12th-graders, a leadership session for 40 high school juniors and seniors and the free community event on Oct. 17. Kindergartners through sixth-graders and staff members will host Conrad on Oct. 18.
Shari O'Neil, an English and geometry teacher at MSHS, was instrumental in bringing Conrad to the district.
Her brother, a teacher at Chippewa Hills School District, gave her Conrad's "Unstoppable" book. After reading it, O'Neil contacted Conrad and he told her he also did school presentations.
"I thought every teacher in my building should read this," O'Neil said.
"Unstoppable" is based on Conrad's experiences as a teacher. As budget cuts threatened to end the shop program at his school, Conrad was given one year to make the class a success, which led him to develop the "Unstoppable" strategy that ultimately generated revenue for the shop class and made students in it more successful.
After O'Neil presented Conrad's program to Morley Stanwood's anti-bullying committee, the group worked to bring Conrad to the district. His presentation will address bullying as well as drug and alcohol abuse, fighting apathy and working to be above average.
The Morley American Legion and Country Inn and Suites in Big Rapids, plus numerous school groups, helped fund Conrad's presentation.
For more information, visit www.craigconrad.com or call MSHS at (231) 856-4444.


Two Italian commuter trains collided head-on Tuesday in the southern region of Puglia, killing at least 20 people and injuring scores more, officials said. At least two passengers were pulled alive from the crumpled wreckage as the rescue operation ground on in the scorching heat.
Giuseppe Corrado, vice president of the province of Andria, told reporters at the scene that the death toll stood at 20 and that the local hospital needed blood. Another official stressed the final toll would not be known until the train cars had been pulled apart; a giant crane arrived at the scene to remove the mangled debris.
The two trains, each with four cars, collided head-on in an olive grove on flat terrain between the towns of Andria and Corato on a line with just a single track. The accident occurred around 11:30 a.m. some 50 kilometers (30 miles) northwest of the Puglia regional capital, Bari.
"It's a disaster as if an airplane fell," Corato Mayor Massimo Mazzilli said on his Facebook page, where he posted photos of the crash.
Italian Premier Matteo Renzi pledged a thorough investigation and returned to Rome from Milan to monitor the situation. His transport minister, Graziano Delrio, as well as local prosecutors were at the scene.
The cars clearly slammed into one another: They rested crumpled together like an accordion, off the tracks at sharp angles. News reports said rescue workers pulled a small child alive from the rubble.
Riccardo Zingaro, the chief of the local police in Andria, told Sky it was "a great tragedy." Some rescue workers seemed overwhelmed by the scene and the heat.
"The impact was significant, and we are now verifying the consequences," said Giovanni De Siervo of Italy's civil protection service.
A field hospital was set up in the nearby fields to treat the numerous injured, who were also being transported to hospitals.
"Some of the cars are completely crumpled and the rescuers are extracting people from the metal, many of them injured," Zingaro told ANSA at the scene.
Italy's premier, Renzi, said the train crash "is a moment of tears" and pledged not to stop investigating until a cause was determined.
The trains were operated by a private, Bari-based rail company, Ferrotramviaria, that connects the city of Bari with Puglia towns to the north and the airport. Ferrotramviaria's website said its fleet comprises 21 electric trains, most with four cars each. The line serves mostly students and commuters.
In a phone interview with state TV, Ferrotramviaria director general Massimo Nitti said the dynamics of what went wrong are still to be determined, but it is clear "one of the trains wasn't supposed to be there" at the same time as the other.


*Please note that the survey is now complete, and you can read the results here.
We have published a new example of Compact at Work, this time exploring how partners in the Humber sub-region came together to compare and learn from each other's local Compacts.
The Empowering the Voluntary Sector programme is running its popular master classes for voluntary sector organisations in 2011. These events focus on managing a dispute, legitimate expectation, the Single Equality Act 2010 and challenging tendering decisions.
The second Islington Compact Awards were presented during Compact Week in 2010, at Islington Town Hall. The award ceremony on 4 November recognised outstanding examples of partnership work between community organisations and statutory partners, such as Islington Council, the NHS and the Police.
Why is Merton handling the budget cuts so well?
Local Compacts are sometimes drawn up by local authorities with the voluntary sector, but then left on the shelf. While developing local Compacts and corresponding implementation groups are both good starting points, what really matters is embedding a Compact way of working.


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Sir Charles Perrin Skerrett  (2 September 1863 – 13 February 1929) was the fifth Chief Justice of New Zealand, from 1926 to 1929.

He was born in India. His father Peter Perrin Skerrett was born in Ireland and descended from the Skerretts of Finavera in County Clare; originally the Skerretts were one of the fourteen Tribes of Galway. He was a sergeant in the Army in India; as he lacked a private income needed by officers.

The family moved to New Zealand when Charles was 12. He was educated at Wellington College. He joined the Post Office, then the Treasury, then to the Department of Justice as a clerk in the Wellington Magistrates' Court.

He was articled to Buller, Lewis & Gully and admitted to the bar in 1884. He went into private practice, and was associated with the Wellington law firms of Skerrett and Wyllie and Chapman Tripp. In 1907 when the first King's Counsel was appointed in New Zealand Skerrett was one of the first to take silk. From 1918 to 1926 he was President of the New Zealand Law Society.

In 1922, in his role as president of the New Zealand Football Association, Skerrett was given the Chatham Cup by Captain Prickett of HMS Chatham as a thank you to New Zealand for its hospitality to the ship and crew.

On 1 February 1926 he was appointed Chief Justice, and was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1927 New Year Honours.

He left for London in 1929, and died at sea on the Port Denison. He was unmarried.

References

Chapman Tripp & Co: The First 100 Years by Ross Gore (1975). See The Skerretts of Finavera pages 52–65.

External links
 Biography in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
 Skerrett and Wyllie from Cyclopaedia of New Zealand c1897

1863 births
1929 deaths
Chief justices of New Zealand
People educated at Wellington College (New Zealand)
High Court of New Zealand judges
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
19th-century New Zealand lawyers
New Zealand people of Irish descent
New Zealand King's Counsel
20th-century New Zealand judges

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Setaria é um género botânico pertencente à família  Poaceae. Também chamada de Grama Cerda.

Características Morfológicas: e uma cultivar perene e cespitosa, de crescimento e porte elevado, podendo atingir altura superior a 2 m no florescimento. Apresentam caule tipo colmo, ereto e com rizomas curtos. As folhas são geralmente largas, glabras, com bainha larga e quilhada. A inflorescência é do tipo panícula racemosa compacta ou pseudo-espiga, cilíndrica, com ramificações secundárias muito curtas, e coloração marron com tonalidades variáveis

Referências

Poaceae
Géneros de Poaceae
!


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Tributes pour in for dad Mark Miles found dead in Margate
Richard McAuley, 23, is accused of his murder
Mark Miles was pronounced dead at the scene
Tributes have poured in for the man who was found dead in Margate.
Mark Miles, 44, was pronounced dead at Sandhurst Place, shortly after 2am yesterday (October 12).
Police were initially called to reports a man had been attacked with a broken bottle.
Richard McAuley, 23, of Northdown Road, Cliftonville, was arrested a short distance away and taken into custody.
Police name man accused of murdering Mark Miles in Margate
Both he and Mr Miles were known to one another.
'Diamonds are forever'
Many people have taken to social to pay their respects to Mr Miles.
Christopher Palmer said: "The girls have lost a dad, wife lost a husband, brothers lost a brother, Mark Miles you have so many friends, good friends and I think I can speak for them all when I say you will be sorely missed and I know there will be some glasses raised tonight in your honour.
"Sleep tight my friend, love ya mate."
"Diamonds are forever," posted Karen Connock.
Police at the scene in Margate
"RIP Mark, much love to all the family and friends. Deep in our hearts and thoughts."
Kiera Louise Michelle Macabe-Donald said: "He definitely was a good man and done nothing but dedicated his life to his wife and children."
"There's not enough words to say about Mark," echoed Gary Field.
"None of them are bad.
"A true man and friend [who] will be sadly missed by so many."
What did the police say?
A spokesman for Kent Police said: "The Crown Prosecution Service has now authorised a charge of murder against Mr McAuley following an investigation by detectives from the Kent and Essex Serious Crime Directorate.
"He has also been charged with assaulting a woman during the same incident. She was not seriously injured
"Mr McAuley will appear before Medway magistrates on Monday, October 14."
Bexley stabbing: Man, 20, dies in hospital
FavershamKent crime: Pensioner killed in crash with skip loader in KentThe man in his 90s died at the scene
Jet2, TU, BA, easyJet: France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Netherlands new travel rules as restrictions are eased
Traffic & TravelEntry rules for Brits travelling to France will now differ depending on their coronavirus vaccination status
M25M25 live updates as traffic grinds to a halt near the Dartford Crossing after lorry fireThere are long delays on the motorway


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New York state of emergency remains in place, and with it, many of Cuomo's pandemic powers
By Morgan McKay City of Albany
UPDATED 8:24 PM ET Jun. 15, 2021 PUBLISHED 7:46 PM ET Jun. 15, 2021 PUBLISHED 7:46 PM EDT Jun. 15, 2021
The first confirmed COVID-19 case in New York was announced on March 1, 2020. And what ensued after, no one was fully prepared for.
With a rapidly changing, ever-evolving situation at the time, the state Legislature decided to grant Gov. Andrew Cuomo broad emergency powers that let him immediately override any local and state law.
Cuomo's extraordinary governmental powers gave him the authority to enact new executive orders, allowing him to close businesses and impose social distancing requirements.
New York went on pause and New Yorkers stayed home, all doing their part to curb the mounting number of COVID-19 cases and deaths.
Now well over a year later, 70% of adults 18 years old and older have now been partially vaccinated in New York. COVID-19 cases have been on the sharp decline. And now, even most COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted, marking a significant milestone in the state's fight against the virus.
However, the state of emergency has remained in place, allowing the governor to retain much of his emergency power.
"It should have been done months ago," state Assemblyman Chris Tague said about lifting the state of emergency. "You know, this is what happens when you have one-party rule in Albany, and so to speak, one-person rule."
The state Legislature did move to scale back some of the governor's emergency powers once many of the scandals facing Cuomo came to light. This includes the numerous sexual harassment allegations, the potential cover-up of COVID-19 related nursing home deaths and more.
There is currently an attorney general investigation, a Department of Justice investigation and an Assembly impeachment investigation into these accusations.
RELATED | As New York reopens, Cuomo focuses on what's next
Gov. Cuomo has maintained that he is innocent of any wrongdoing. However, the Democrat-controlled Legislature made moves to inch back Cuomo's broad powers in what was seen as a slight rebuke.
Cuomo is able to maintain and control many of his current executive orders, however, when he wants to extend them, he is required to give legislative leaders notice.
The Legislature can also vote to terminate the state of emergency by a simple majority vote.
"It's really these extraordinary powers that he continues to have post April 30," Blair Horner with the New York Public Interest Research Group said. "Now the question really is, does he continue to need them given that the pandemic is waning? But the pandemic is not over."
New York is not completely out of the woods yet, but Horner said moving forward, decisions surrounding pandemic restrictions should be more transparent.
"The Legislature should hold hearings and have the governor's counsel in public discuss with them what changes the governor has advanced and how best to implement rolling them back or at least making them subject to legislative approval,' Horner said.
Meanwhile, there are certain COVID-19 restrictions that will remain in place, such as mask wearing in grade schools, public transit and healthcare settings.
Some of those rules, Assemblyman Chris Tague said, should also be looked at by the Legislature.
"To see these little kids in kindergarten through second or third grade, they're afraid that if their mask goes down below their nose, they're going to get in trouble," Tague said. "And these poor little things, the snot just coming right out of their nose in 80, 90 degree weather and the school doesn't have adequate air conditioning, it's just absolutely ridiculous."
Cuomo has issued over 100 pandemic-related executive orders since the state of emergency began March 7, 2020.


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Home State News
Intra State Air connectivity within Gujarat by Ventura Airconnect Limited from 1st January 2022
Teen from India calls for clean energy at COP26 meet
Data Sovereignty: The Pursuit of Supremacy sold more than 25,000 copies
Portraits of Freemason leaders for Telangana area unveiled
Hyderabad, Telangana: Mr. Rajeev Khandelwal, Grand Master, the head of Freemasonry in India unveiled the portrait of Mr. VG Madhusudan, Regional Grand Master of...
TFMC's 17th Edition of IT Handloom Mela held
Work From Home, Work From Office, Work From Village or Work From Anywhere, but wear 'Handlooms Every Monday': Satyanarayana Mathala, Telangana Facilities Management Council Hyderabad,...
CIE at IIIT-Hyderabad conducts survey on AI Startups in Hyderabad in...
According to the findings, the Medtech domain holds tremendous potential as the city is home to several life sciences research institutions like CCMB, IKP, UOH...
It is extremely insensitive and very unfortunate that IT Employees don't...
Hyderabad, Telangana: It is extremely insensitive of IT employees refusing to come to offices. Thousands of small time people who work in IT offices...
Kerala Police felicitates Walkaroo International Pvt Ltd
New Delhi: Walkaroo International received appreciation and recognition from the Kerala DGP Mr. Lokanath Behra and ADGP Mr. Manoj Abraham for the contributions made...
Hyderabad is an emerging destination of choice for Life Sciences, Pharma,...
The new forum QUAD launched recently added a new dimension to India & US relationship: Dr. Vijay Chauthaiwale, In-Charge, Foreign Affairs Department, Bharatiya...
JL Kapoor Memorial Trust Pledges to Continue Its Covid Relief Work...
New Delhi, 28th June, 2021: JL Kapoor Memorial Trust today announced that it will continue its covid relief work while the country is gradually...
Rotary Club of Hyderabad Deccan presents Vocational Excellence Awards to six...
Hyderabad, Telangana : Rotary Club of Hyderabad Deccan (RCHD), one of the oldest clubs of the Rotary movement in Hyderabad under the Rotary Dist...
The biggest ever vaccination drive in India to be held on...
Hyderabad, Telangana: The biggest ever vaccination drive in India to be held in the city, the Vaccine Capital of the World at Hitex Exhibition...
Passion for gardening coruscates this World Environment Day
Kolkata, West Bengal: World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5 every year to remind people about the importance of nature. It is celebrated...


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Musical prodigy Arthur Sullivan and the curse of popularity
Arthur Sullivan was a musical prodigy. The son of two Irish parents, Thomas Sullivan and Clementina Coghlan (Clementina was half Italian), he would be(...)
Philip Reid
The short game practice area is hidden away, amid the sand hills that actually form part of the Valley links, the other course on the property. It wa(...)
Hunt and Johnson: backstop is dead and can't be in any EU deal
Boris Johnson and Jeremy Hunt have declared the Northern Ireland backstop "dead" and promised to throw it out of any deal they negotiate with the EU, (...)
'Almost a quarter' of EU airports served by Ryanair losing money
Barry O'Halloran
Taxpayers may be propping up almost a quarter of European Union airports served by Ryanair, including Derry, Kerry and Knock, a report from lobby grou(...)
Bill to change abortion law 'treats the people of NI with contempt'
Gerry Moriarty
Baroness Nuala O'Loan and former Church of Ireland primate Archbishop Robin Eames have called on Theresa May to either scrap the Northern Ireland bill(...)
Mortgage switching, biotech vegan ice cream, and tales from the corporate restroom
Michael McAleer
The percentage of mortgage holders prepared to switch providers in search of better value has doubled in the last three years, and is significantly hi(...)
Irish security services 'appraising' suspected Russian fake news
Simon Carswell
The State's security services are "appraising" a suspected Russian intelligence operation to spread fake news online targeting divisions in Ireland an(...)
Car parks at Dublin Airport at capacity as holiday season peaks
Conor Pope
Dublin Airport's busiest summer in its 79-year history has seen car-parking spaces at a premium in recent weeks with both its short- and long-term car(...)
Trimble says daughter's same-sex marriage 'forced' him to change view
The former first minister of Northern Ireland David Trimble has said he was "forced" to change his view of same-sex marriage after his daughter marrie(...)
DUP MP urges Dublin to work with UK on Brexit as peace guarantor
The Government should engage directly with London on its post-Brexit proposals to avoid a hard border as a co-guarantor of the Northern Irish peace pr(...)


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It was a simple matter of replacing the audio cables coming out of the turntable.


Victoria Miniatures: I have 50 Matilda's incoming! 25 of each variant plus 25 sponson kits. These will go up for pre-sale in the next day or so. Notification of sale will be made initially via the email subscribers list. If you miss out don't worry, another casting run will be done. I expect this first fifty to ship before the end of August, possibly earlier.


These are just basic cookies, with a sponge-cake texture and usually used when making tiramisu. I wanted to make an Apple Charlotte and didn't have the ready-made ones. So since the ingredients are not many, I tried making them myself. Ladyfinger biscuits, the store-bought ones, I find them to be crunchier and hard. The homemade ones are softer and taste better. Actually they taste a bit like our kuih bahulu.
Butter the parchment paper so that the biscuit wont stick to it. Sift the flour. Take the egg white and beat till soft peaks.
Then add 60 gm of the sugar gradually and beat at high speed till you get a meringue which is thick.
In a separate bowl, beat the egg yolk with the remaining sugar till it is a bit pale. Take the meringue and slowly fold it into the egg yolk. Mix in the flour and gently fold the batter so that you do not loose all the air created in the meringue.
Once the batter is mix, put in a piping bag. You can just snip off the end or use a big round nozzle to pipe the biscuits. Pipe to about 4 or 5 inches long. (I must say that I did a bad job on piping them, I think my nozzle was not big enough ). Sprinkle some icing sugar on top to get some crust.
Bake at 170 C for about 10 to 15 minutes. Keep in an airtight container if not using immediately.
This is going to be filled with cream later on, to make my Apple Charlotte. (Hopefully I'll come around to making it!). Till then guys, take care. Follow me on my Instagram, detail below. Cheers.


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For decades, Biwater have delivered transformative large-scale projects around the world, improving water and sanitation provisions for millions of people.
The Group's talented international team continually strive to "engineer unique deals with maximum impact in challenging jurisdictions…no other water company active today is as willing to engage where it really matters." (Global Water Intelligence February 2016 Edition)
In building this long standing reputation in the water industry, Biwater have maintained a unique brand presence, positioning the company as 'A world leader in treated water'.
As Biwater have grown, acquiring numerous companies along the way, a strong corporate identity has been formulated to unify the Group and ensure that Biwater is recognised the world over, transcending countries, cultures and languages.
How did the company name come about?
The name Biwater – or two waters – was adopted because of the company's involvement in the provision of clean water and the treatment of wastewater.
Why does the Biwater logo incorporate a fish?
We often get asked this question – the choice of the fish for the Biwater logo was far from accidental. It was chosen for its ability to convey life, health and clean water, which are paramount to Biwater's business activities. Also, the fish was considered to be a universally acceptable symbol that would resonate with people from all corners of the globe.
A snippet from the archives:
Source: Life in Water Series No. 2, Biwater Archives
CHUB (scientific name: Squalius cephalus)
The chub is strong and solidly built. At home in most waters, its tastes are wide-ranging and it is known for tackling very large bait. Biwater like the chub, has the strength and capability to take on the challenges of major water infrastructure contracts, in any environment, on a worldwide basis. It is no accident that Biwater is now a company with substantial resources, which are brought together in a unique combination.
As a leading force in the international water industry, Biwater have a reputation for success in securing and carrying out substantial contracts. The Group's accomplishments are embodied in the Biwater fish: a universal symbol of life in water.


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Core Ensemble
Subscription Packages and Prices
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Top Girls
The Agitators
Remy Bumppo Events
The Goat or, Who Is Sylvia?
By Edward Albee
Directed by James Bohnen
March 30 — May 8, 2011
Martin is the envy of men, with a hugely successful career, fulfilling marriage and well-adjusted teenage son. But just after his 50th birthday, he boils over, confessing a love affair that confounds him and shocks his family. Unwilling to give up, his wife Stevie drags every detail onto the living room floor. As their world shatters, the family presses on, battling for the Martin they love.
From the acclaimed author of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, this 2002 Tony Award-Winning Best Play asks where love places the limits of forgiveness. Albee's razor wit tears open taboos and brings laughs and levity to this intimate drama.
Annabel Armour, Stevie
Nick Sandys, Martin
Michael Joseph Mitchell, Ross
Will Allan, Billy
"[a] smart-eyed, no-nonsense, well-paced revival… Bohnen casts cleverly, and his smooth professionals do their things" *Critic's Pick*
-Chicago Tribune
"4 STARS — Funny, gripping, heartbreaking, and in its final moments, shocking."
–Chicagoland Theatre Reviews
"3½ STARS — Combines studied intellectualism and primal cries of anguish… I don't think I've ever seen [Annabel] Armour any better…A very powerful, intimate treatment of one of Albee's best plays."
"One of the highlights of the theatrical year… The Goat is dazzling."
-Catey Sullivan, The Examiner
"4 STARS — [Annabel] Armour is at the top of her game."
– Time Out Chicago
"Do not miss your chance to see this ravaging masterpiece!"
– Chicago Stage Review
"A deeply unsettling exploration of what we mean when we talk about love. Surprisingly, surpassingly human."
-Chicago Reader
"An erudite, funny, passionate show"
– NewCity
"Horrifying and hilarious, evoking shades of Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, …will make for engaging post-show dinner conversation."
–Chicago Theater Addict
Field Guide to The Goat or, Who Is Sylvia?
Explore our online Field Guide, featuring research, study tools and snippets about the production.
Auditions & Play Submissions
Season Subscriptions
2019 Remy Bumppo Theatre Company


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[VER] : [NASB] [PL] [PB]
<< Markus 3 >>
1He entered again into a synagogue; and a man was there whose hand was withered.
2They were watching Him to see if He would heal him on the Sabbath, so that they might accuse Him.
3He *said to the man with the withered hand, "Get up and come forward!"
4And He *said to them, "Is it lawful to do good or to do harm on the Sabbath, to save a life or to kill?" But they kept silent.
5After looking around at them with anger, grieved at their hardness of heart, He *said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." And he stretched it out, and his hand was restored.
6The Pharisees went out and immediately began conspiring with the Herodians against Him, as to how they might destroy Him.
7Jesus withdrew to the sea with His disciples; and a great multitude from Galilee followed; and also from Judea,
8and from Jerusalem, and from Idumea, and beyond the Jordan, and the vicinity of Tyre and Sidon, a great number of people heard of all that He was doing and came to Him.
9And He told His disciples that a boat should stand ready for Him because of the crowd, so that they would not crowd Him;
10for He had healed many, with the result that all those who had afflictions pressed around Him in order to touch Him.
11Whenever the unclean spirits saw Him, they would fall down before Him and shout, "You are the Son of God!"
12And He earnestly warned them not to tell who He was.
13And He *went up on the mountain and *summoned those whom He Himself wanted, and they came to Him.
14And He appointed twelve, so that they would be with Him and that He could send them out to preach,
15and to have authority to cast out the demons.
16And He appointed the twelve: Simon (to whom He gave the name Peter),
17and James, the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James (to them He gave the name Boanerges, which means, "Sons of Thunder");
18and Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Zealot;
19and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Him.
20And He *came home, and the crowd *gathered again, to such an extent that they could not even eat a meal.
21When His own people heard of this, they went out to take custody of Him; for they were saying, "He has lost His senses."
22The scribes who came down from Jerusalem were saying, "He is possessed by Beelzebul," and "He casts out the demons by the ruler of the demons."
23And He called them to Himself and began speaking to them in parables, "How can Satan cast out Satan?
24"If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand.
25"If a house is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand.
26"If Satan has risen up against himself and is divided, he cannot stand, but he is finished!
27"But no one can enter the strong man's house and plunder his property unless he first binds the strong man, and then he will plunder his house.
28"Truly I say to you, all sins shall be forgiven the sons of men, and whatever blasphemies they utter;
29but whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is guilty of an eternal sin"—
30because they were saying, "He has an unclean spirit."
31Then His mother and His brothers *arrived, and standing outside they sent word to Him and called Him.
32A crowd was sitting around Him, and they *said to Him, "Behold, Your mother and Your brothers are outside looking for You."
33Answering them, He *said, "Who are My mother and My brothers?"
34Looking about at those who were sitting around Him, He *said, "Behold My mother and My brothers!
35"For whoever does the will of God, he is My brother and sister and mother."


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Jury Deems Heroin Supplier Guilty in Fatal Overdose of West Knoxville Woman
A jury on Thursday convicted a drug dealer of second-degree murder for selling to a middleman heroin that proved deadly for a West Knoxville woman.
A jury in Knox County Criminal Court on Thursday deemed Kenyon Reynolds, 43, criminally responsible for the July 2015 heroin overdose death of Jessica Lyday, 30.
In addition to the second-degree murder conviction, Reynolds also was found guilty of related charges including possession of heroin within 1,000 feet of Rocky Hill Elementary School, delivery of heroin within 1,000 feet of a park and unlawful possession of a gun.
Judge Bob McGee set an April 27 sentencing hearing. Reynolds faces a penalty range of 15 to 25 years on the murder conviction and minimum mandatory sentencing on the school-zone drug charges.
One Rung up the Distribution Ladder
There is a special provision of the law that makes it second-degree murder if a death results from the "unlawful distribution" of especially dangerous drugs, including prescription opiates, cocaine and heroin, and prosecutors can link the fatal dose to a dealer.
In Reynolds' case, though, it wasn't Reynolds who sold the heroin to Lyday. It was her ex-boyfriend, Justin F. Lee, who also is charged with second-degree murder in her death but cooperated in Knoxville Police Department Investigator Phil Jinks' probe and testified against Reynolds.
Defense attorney Clinton Frazier had argued Lee, not Reynolds, was responsible for Lyday's death. But prosecutors Hector Sanchez and Ken Irvine countered that the law holds accountable anyone in the drug distribution chain – including a dealer's supplier.
Reynolds delivered a blow to Frazier's defense strategy when, on Wednesday, he insisted on testifying and admitted he sold Lee the heroin the prosecutors said Lee then sold to Lyday. At times tearful and other times yelling, Reynolds painted himself a victim in a monologue from the witness stand.
"This is the first y'all ever laid eyes on me," Reynolds told jurors. "My life is on the line. Whenever you point a finger (of blame) at me, you got three pointing back at you. I just had to get that off my chest."
Overpowering Addiction
Lyday was in her third year at the University of Tennessee when she became addicted to prescription painkillers and later turned to heroin, a cheaper alternative in the wake of the opioid epidemic.
Jessica Lyday died at the age of 30 from a heroin overdose in July 2015 in West Knoxville.
She had twice gone through short-term treatment to no avail and was readying for an interview with a long-term, faith-based program in Nashville on the night of her death. Testimony showed she packed her bags for that trip but – overcome by her addiction – reached out to Lee for heroin.
Soon after injecting the drug inside her Westridge Drive home, Lyday fatally overdosed. Her mother found her the next morning.
Jinks and fellow investigators first identified Lee as the person who sold Lyday the heroin. Lee, in turn, identified Reynolds as his supplier. With police recording, Lee set up a heroin deal with Reynolds, who admitted Wednesday he took the $360 in marked bills Jinks had placed in Lee's mailbox and left two grams of heroin for Lee in the same mailbox.
Police then followed Reynolds to his home on Morrell Road, where authorities discovered another 14 grams of heroin and just more than $43,000 in cash and a gun.
https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2018/03/29/knox-county-jury-convicts-heroin-supplier-womans-fatal-overdose/469829002/
Overdose Charges
Knox News
Food City executives turned the grocery chain into ground zero of the region's opioid crisis, building a massive pill pipeline, ignoring illegal secondary sales in its parking lots and squashing neigh
Judge Backs Knox News' Bid to Unseal Latest Big Pharma Opioid Lawsuit
A Knox County judge refused a bid on Friday for secrecy by a pharmacy supplier accused in a lawsuit of conspiring with Big Pharma to profiteer from the opioid epidemic fueled by the industry. Amerisou
Macklemore Performs Free U.S. Cellular Concert in Knoxville
Macklemore performs in Thompson-Boling Arena in Knoxville, Tennessee on Friday, October 25, 2019. U.S. Cellular presented the free concert as a way to celebrate its 35th anniversary of offering wirele


To respond more and more effectively to the requests of extremely demanding customers, also in terms of production capacity, GILARDONI SpA has chosen to invest in the reorganization of industrial production processes, with a modernization of technologies and equipment.
A rigorous approach that, applying the logic of lean manufacturing, has allowed GILARDONI to go further towards parameters of excellence and greater productivity.
6,000 m2 of flooring have also been revised which allows today not only to support larger loads, but also to guarantee greater safety thanks to the antistatic quality to dissipate the electrostatic discharges that are generated during the industrial processes.


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Department Notes
Profile: Studying Abroad
Dissertation Boot Camp 2019
English Alumna Receives Prestigious Fellowship
Joanna Gardner (B.A. '13) has been awarded a 2019 Skadden Fellowship in her third year at Rutgers Law School. "The highly competitive Skadden Foundation postgraduate fellowships provide two years of full-time funding to graduating students who wish to pursue projects at public interest organizations that will improve legal services for the poor."
While at Catholic U., Joanna served as a writer and Opinions editor for The Tower and worked as a summer intern for Commonweal Magazine. Following graduation, Joanna served for a year at Amigos de Jesus, an orphanage in rural Honduras, before taking the position of Communications and Marketing Manager for Catholic Charities (Diocese of Camden), during which time she won the Egan Journalism Fellowship.
Spring Lecture and Party
Current undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, staff, alumni, and friends of the English department are invited to a year-end celebration on Tuesday, April 23rd at 3:30pm in Gowan 400.
To mark the bicentennial of Herman Melville's birth and celebrate the conclusion of the academic year, Robert Levine will give a talk titled, "What Is an American? Race, Emigration, and Nation in the Writings of Herman Melville." Robert Levine is Professor of English and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is the author, editor, or coeditor of over 25 volumes, including Frederick Douglass and Herman Melville: Essays in Relation (2008) and The New Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville (2014), and is the General Editor of The Norton Anthology of American Literature.
After the talk we'll celebrate with a spread catered by Rocklands BBQ. Please mark your calendar and join us! All are welcome.
Undergraduate Comprehensive Exam Meeting
All English majors who expect to take the undergraduate comprehensive exam this fall must attend the information session with Dr. Gibbons this spring. The meeting will take place in the Marist Annex Conference Room on Friday, April 26th at 3:30pm.
Attendance is mandatory and if you cannot attend (due to study abroad, class, etc.), please email Dr. Gibbons as soon as possible to arrange for an alternative meeting time.
New Writing Center Undergraduate Tutors
The Writing Center is pleased to announce the 2019-20 cohort of Writing Center Undergraduate Tutors. Placement in the WCUT program is highly selective and the following tutors were nominated by faculty across the university for their strong writing and mentoring skills:
Elizabeth Hughes, 2020, English
Jana Jedrych, 2021, History
Edmund O'Brien, 2021, English
Isabelle Rosini, 2020, English
Anna Stephens, 2021, English/Second Ed
Ann Wesolowski, 2021, English (Minor Certificate Health Care)
Ray Wolfe, 2020, Politics
For more information about the WCUT program, please visit the Writing Center website.
Publish in Inventio!
Inventio is the multidisciplinary undergraduate research journal of The Catholic University of America. Inventio accepts submissions of original research in theology, philosophy, the humanities, and the social sciences conducted and written by undergraduate students at The Catholic University of America. Authors should be current students or within two years of their graduation.
The papers should be written for a general, well-educated audience and may use technical language. The writing should show an attempt by the undergraduate researcher to tackle an intellectually challenging subject. The work should parallel academic rigor accepted in the professional research community.
Submissions are due to Dr. Taryn Okuma (okuma@cua.edu) by May 15th.
- Due to the nature of our review process, we are currently unable to accept essays written for courses taken as part of study abroad programs.
- Essays written for First Year Experience courses undergo a separate review process in the Spring semester and are selected by the Director of the FYE.
For the full submissions guidelines, please see the Inventio website.
English Department News


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Sanders or Warren — or America's done
Chauncey DeVega
Rob Portman is not sold on ENDA
The Ohio senator, who recently backed gay marriage, will reportedly not support the legislation in its current form
Jillian Rayfield
May 7, 2013 4:57PM (UTC)
Sen. Rob Portman of Ohio, who recently became the first Republican senator to back gay marriage, will reportedly not support the Employment Non-Discrimination Act in its current form. The legislation would implement protections against discrimination for LGBT Americans.
Meredith Shiner of Roll Call reports:
Sen. Rob Portman likely will not support the Employment Non-Discrimination Act as it is currently written, according to a source familiar with the senator's thinking.
Portman was the first Senate Republican to support gay marriage, when in March he revealed his college-aged son Will is gay. But Portman is concerned about the current ENDA language and has demurred in public when asked whether he could support the bill, introduced last month by a bipartisan group of senators led by Democrat Jeff Merkley of Oregon.
When asked about ENDA at a Buzzfeed event on Monday, Portman said: "I totally support the concept. This is about discrimination in the workplace. And there should be no discrimination and there ought to be a law in place, in my view." But, he continued, he also has concerns about the language. "The current version of ENDA that I've looked at, I have some concerns about. One, about the litigation that would result because it could be heavily litigated the way it is written," Portman said.
Jillian Rayfield is an Assistant News Editor for Salon, focusing on politics. Follow her on Twitter at @jillrayfield or email her at jrayfield@salon.com.
MORE FROM Jillian Rayfield
Employment Discrimination Enda Gay Rights Lgbt Ohio Republicans Rob Portman
Check out this article! https://www.salon.com2013/05/07/rob_portman_is_not_sold_on_enda/


The StreetMap Premium dataset contains a ready-to-use network dataset and is the same network, whether in file geodatabase (.gdb) format or mobile map package (.mmpk) format. The geographic extent of the network dataset may vary based on the geography that you license or the mobile map package that you download. The network dataset in the StreetMap Premium .gdb is named Routing_ND. Routing_ND can be added to ArcGIS Pro with the Add Data button and is available for network analysis as long as you have the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension and the appropriate StreetMap Premium (*.sdlic) license file installed. If you are importing the StreetMap Premium mobile map package format into ArcGIS Pro, the imported maps (StreetMap Day and Navigation Day) already contain the Routing_ND network dataset at the bottom of the Contents pane. This network dataset is available for routing in ArcGIS Pro as long as you are licensed for the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension and the proper regional StreetMap Premium extension.
For information on routing in ArcGIS Pro, see What is the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension?
With the Routing_ND network dataset included in StreetMap Premium, you can create routes in ArcGIS Pro using the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension.
For more detail on routing levels, trucking restrictions, and historical traffic information for each country, see StreetMap Premium product coverage on the ArcGIS Enterprise website.
The following routing capabilities are defined below: historical traffic data, impedance options, restrictions, and travel modes.
Historical traffic data can be used by specifying start times when creating routes using the Network Analyst extension. Using historical traffic data results in more accurate travel times, as the data stores traffic flow information by day of the week and time of day. For example, routing through the city at 7:30 a.m. on a weekday will take longer than routing through the city at midnight.
The available impedance options for routing are listed in the table below.
With 2018 StreetMap Premium releases and using ArcGIS Pro 2.1or later, when a start time is specified, the TruckTravelTime impedance uses a combination of historical traffic information and jurisdictional truck speed limits to give more realistic travel times. If a start time is not specified, the TruckTravelTime impedance will fall back to the TruckMinutes impedance logic.
With 2017 StreetMap Premium releases and using ArcGIS Pro 2.0 or earlier, when a start time is specified, the TruckTravelTime impedance uses the historical traffic information for automobiles, which is less realistic. In this case it is recommended to use the TruckMinutes impedance instead. If a start time is not specified, the TruckTravelTime impedance will fall back to the TruckMinutes impedance logic.
Use WalkTime to model walking speed. The default speed is set to 5 kilometers/hour. Adjust the WalkTime speed in the Travel Mode > Cost > Cost Parameters section of the Layer Properties dialog box. The TimeAt1KPH impedance models traveling at a constant speed of 1 kilometer/hour. The main purpose of this attribute is to support the WalkTime impedance; it is not intended to be used on its own as walking speeds are generally not that slow.
Using the Minutes impedance, with or without specifying a start time, will use average speed values previously calculated from the historic traffic data. This will result in quicker performance than when selecting the TravelTime impedance, which uses the actual historic traffic data based on time of day.
Find shortest route, distance wise (in kilometers).
Find shortest route, distance wise (in miles).
Find shortest route, time wise, using average speed values previously calculated from the historical traffic data, which results in quicker performance.
Find shortest route, time wise, using constant speed (1 kilometer/hour).
Find shortest route, time wise, using automobile speed values from historical traffic data for a specific time of day.
Find shortest route, time wise, using the smaller speed value: truck speed limit or average speed calculated from historical traffic data.
Find shortest route, time wise, using a combination of truck speed limits and speed values from historical traffic data for a specific time of day.
Find shortest route, time wise, using adjustable walking speed.
There are two soft restrictions available for trucks; a + after the Name indicates a soft restriction.
Avoids all roads and turns where transporting any kind of hazardous material is prohibited.
Avoids all roads with carpool lanes.
Avoids all roads with express lanes.
Avoids all turns accessing gated roads.
Avoids all roads that are limited-access highways.
Avoids all roads that are not publicly owned and maintained.
Avoids all roads that are unsuitable for pedestrians.
Avoids all stairways on a pedestrian-suitable route.
Avoids all toll roads for automobiles.
Avoids all toll roads for trucks.
Avoids all roads where trucks are prohibited unless making a local delivery.
Avoids all roads that are not paved (that is, dirt, gravel, and so forth).
Avoids all roads and turns where the maximum number of axles allowed on the road is less than the number of axles on the vehicle.
Avoids all roads and turns where buses are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where taxis are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where trucks are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where automobiles are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where emergency vehicles are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where the maximum height limit for the road is less than the vehicle height.
Avoids all roads where the maximum kingpin-to-rear-axle length limit for the road is less than the vehicle kingpin-to-rear-axle length.
Avoids all roads and turns where the maximum vehicle length limit for the road is less than the vehicle length.
Uses preferred routes suitable for pedestrian navigation.
Avoids all roads and turns where motorcycles are prohibited.
Avoids all roads that are under construction.
Avoids all roads and turns where semis or tractors with one or more trailers are restricted.
Avoids all roads and turns where vehicles with single axles are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where vehicles with tandem axles are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where through traffic (non-local) is prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where the maximum number of trailers allowed on a truck for the road is less than or equal to the number of trailers on the truck.
Uses preferred routes for transporting any Hazmat material (soft restriction).
Uses preferred truck routes (soft restriction).
Avoids all roads and turns where pedestrians are prohibited.
Avoids all roads and turns where the maximum vehicle weight limit per axle for the road is less than the vehicle weight per axle.
Avoids all roads and turns where the maximum vehicle weight limit for the road is less than the vehicle weight.
Avoids all roads and turns where the maximum vehicle width limit for the road is less than the vehicle width.
Models basic truck travel by preferring designated truck routes, and finds solutions that optimize travel distance. Routes must obey one-way roads, avoid illegal turns, and so on.


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Orlando Furioso
M. Lodovico Ariosto
This Italian first edition of Orlando Furioso, by Lodovico Ariosto, emerges as a true treasure of epic poetry able to take us back to the 16th century. Printed in France and published in 1556, this leather-bound copy becomes even more special because, on page 261, it includes 32 sentences erased as they were then forbidden. Written over more than twenty years by Ludovico Ariosto and published in its final version in 1532 (with 46 cantos and about 40 thousand rhymed verses), Orlando Furioso stands out as one of the greatest monuments of European and world literature, comparable in its cultural relevance to other literary masterpieces such as Dante's Divine Comedy, Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Liberated or Luís de Camões' Os Lusíadas. This is a work of reference, about love and madness, which inspired many of the world's great writers who were to come, for example, John Milton and Miguel de Cervantes.