For other uses, see Lord Chancellor (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
The Lord Chancellor, formally the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest ranking among those Great Officers of State which are appointed regularly in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking even the Prime Minister. The Lord Chancellor is outranked only by the Lord High Steward, another Great Officer of State, who is appointed only for the day of coronations. The Lord Chancellor is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. Prior to the Union there were separate Lord Chancellors for England and Wales, for Scotland and for Ireland.
The Lord Chancellor is a member of the Cabinet and, by law, is responsible for the efficient functioning and independence of the courts. In 2007, there were a number of changes to the legal system and to the office of the Lord Chancellor. Formerly, the Lord Chancellor was also the presiding officer of the House of Lords, the head of the judiciary in England and Wales and the presiding judge of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice, but the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 transferred these roles to the Lord Speaker, the Lord Chief Justice and the Chancellor of the High Court respectively. The current Lord Chancellor is David Gauke, who is also Secretary of State for Justice.
One of the Lord Chancellor's responsibilities is to act as the custodian of the Great Seal of the Realm, kept historically in the Lord Chancellor's Purse. A Lord Keeper of the Great Seal may be appointed instead of a Lord Chancellor. The two offices entail exactly the same duties; the only distinction is in the mode of appointment. Furthermore, the office of Lord Chancellor may be exercised by a committee of individuals known as Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal, usually when there is a delay between an outgoing Chancellor and their replacement. The seal is then said to be "in commission". Since the 19th century, however, only Lord Chancellors have been appointed, the other offices having fallen into disuse.
The office of Lord Chancellor of England may trace its origins to the Carolingian monarchy, in which a Chancellor acted as the keeper of the royal seal. In England, the office dates at least as far back as the Norman Conquest (1066), and possibly earlier. Some give the first Chancellor of England as Angmendus, in 605. Other sources suggest that the first to appoint a Chancellor was Edward the Confessor, who is said to have adopted the practice of sealing documents instead of personally signing them. A clerk of Edward's, Regenbald, was named "chancellor" in some documents from Edward's reign. In any event, the office has been continuously occupied since the Norman Conquest. The staff of the growing office became separate from the king's household under Henry III and in the 14th century located in Chancery Lane. The chancellor headed the writing office or chancery.
Formerly, the Lord Chancellor was almost always a churchman, as during the Middle Ages the clergy were amongst the few literate men of the realm. The Lord Chancellor performed multiple functions—he was the Keeper of the Great Seal, the chief royal chaplain, and adviser in both spiritual and temporal matters. Thus, the position emerged as one of the most important ones in government. He was only outranked in government by the Justiciar (now obsolete).
Sir Thomas More, one of the most famous early Lord Chancellors of England, served and was executed under King Henry VIII.
As one of the King's ministers, the Lord Chancellor attended the curia regis or Royal Court. If a bishop, the Lord Chancellor received a writ of summons; if an ecclesiastic of a lower degree or, if a layman, he attended without any summons. The curia regis would later evolve into Parliament, the Lord Chancellor becoming the prolocutor of its upper house, the House of Lords. As was confirmed by a statute passed during the reign of Henry VIII, a Lord Chancellor could preside over the House of Lords even if not a Lord himself.
The Lord Chancellor's judicial duties also evolved through his role in the curia regis. Petitions for justice were normally addressed to the King and the curia, but in 1280, Edward I instructed his justices to examine and deal with petitions themselves as the Court of King's Bench. Important petitions were to be sent to the Lord Chancellor for his decision; the more significant of these were also to be brought to the King's attention. By the reign of Edward III, this chancellery function developed into a separate tribunal for the Lord Chancellor. In this body, which became known as the High Court of Chancery, the Lord Chancellor would determine cases according to fairness (or "equity") instead of according to the strict principles of common law. The Lord Chancellor also became known as the "Keeper of the King's Conscience." Churchmen continued to dominate the Chancellorship until the 16th century. In 1529, after Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, who was Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of York, was dismissed for failing to procure the annulment of Henry VIII's first marriage, laymen tended to be more favoured for appointment to the office. Ecclesiastics made a brief return during the reign of Mary I, but thereafter, almost all Lord Chancellors have been laymen. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1672–73) was the last Lord Chancellor who was not a lawyer, until the appointment of Chris Grayling in 2012. The three subsequent holders of the position, Michael Gove (2015–16), Elizabeth Truss (2016–2017) and David Lidington (2017-2018) are also not lawyers. However, the appointment of David Gauke in January 2018 meant that once again the Lord Chancellor was a lawyer.
Formerly, when the office was held by ecclesiastics, a "Keeper of the Great Seal" acted in the Lord Chancellor's absence. Keepers were also appointed when the office of Lord Chancellor fell vacant, and discharged the duties of the office until an appropriate replacement could be found. When Elizabeth I became queen, Parliament passed an Act providing that a Lord Keeper of the Great Seal would be entitled to "like place, pre-eminence, jurisdiction, execution of laws, and all other customs, commodities, and advantages" as a Lord Chancellor. The only difference between the two offices is the mode of appointment—a Lord Chancellor is appointed by formal letters patent, but a Lord Keeper is appointed by the delivery of the Great Seal into their custody.
Formerly, it was customary to appoint commoners to the office of Lord Keeper, and peers to the office of Lord Chancellor. A Lord Keeper who acquired a peerage dignity would subsequently be appointed Lord Chancellor. The last Lord Keeper was Robert Henley, who was created a Baron in 1760 and was appointed Lord Chancellor in 1761. Since then, commoners as well as peers have been appointed to the post of Lord Chancellor; however, until the 21st-century changes to the office, a commoner would normally have been created a peer shortly after appointment.
It is also possible to put the office of Lord Chancellor into commission (that is to say, to entrust the office to a group of individuals rather than a single person). The individuals who exercise the office become known as "Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal." Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal have not been appointed since 1850.
Formerly, there were separate Chancellors of England, Scotland and Ireland. When the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the Act of Union 1707 the offices of the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland were combined to form a single office of Lord Chancellor for the new state. Similar provision was not made when Great Britain and Ireland merged into the United Kingdom under the Act of Union 1800. Thus, the separate office of Lord Chancellor of Ireland continued to exist until the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922. The office of Lord Chancellor of Ireland was abolished, and its duties transferred to the Governor of Northern Ireland, and later the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Thus, the Lord Chancellor remains "Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain", and not "Lord High Chancellor of the United Kingdom."
The Lord Chancellor used to be the presiding officer of the House of Lords by right of prescription. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 removed this function, leaving the choice of a presiding officer to the House of Lords itself. Ultimately, the Lords chose to elect a Lord Speaker, which title was already used in the Standing Orders.
Whenever the Sovereign appoints Lords Commissioners to perform certain actions on his or her behalf (for example, to formally declare in Parliament that the Royal Assent has been granted, or to prorogue or dissolve Parliament), the Lord Chancellor usually serves as the principal or senior Lord Commissioner. The other Lords Commissioners, by convention, are members of the House of Lords who are Privy Counsellors (generally the leaders of the three main parties and the Convenor of the Crossbenches). In this role the Lord Chancellor wears Parliamentary Robes—a full-length scarlet wool gown decorated with miniver fur. The Lord Chancellor wears a tricorne hat, but the other Lords Commissioners wear bicorne hats. During the period that Jack Straw, an MP, was Lord Chancellor, he was officially named as one of the Lords Commissioners, but did not take part in the formal ceremonies of granting Royal Assent and proroguing Parliament. The Lord Speaker has been appointed a Lord Commissioner and does take part in the ceremonies. The role of principal Lord Commissioner during this period has been taken by the Leader of the House of Lords. (There was only one exception: when John Bercow was presented for Royal Approbation for the office of Speaker of the House of Commons in 2009, Straw was the principal Lord Commissioner, and the Lord Speaker was not in the Commission.) This precedent has continued since then. It is unclear how these arrangements would change if a future Lord Chancellor were appointed from the House of Lords.
The Lord Chancellor is a member of the Privy Council and of the Cabinet. The office the Lord Chancellor heads was known as the Lord Chancellor's Office between 1885 and 1971 and the Lord Chancellor's Department between 1971 and 2003. In 2003 the Department was renamed the Department for Constitutional Affairs and the Lord Chancellor was appointed Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs. In 2007 this post was renamed Secretary of State for Justice and the department became the Ministry of Justice.
The Department headed by the Lord Chancellor has many responsibilities, such as the administration of the courts. Furthermore, the Lord Chancellor has a role in appointing many judges in the courts of England and Wales. Senior judges (Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Lords Justices of Appeal and the Heads of the Divisions of the High Court) are officially appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Lord Chancellor, but since 2005 the Lord Chancellor has been advised by an independent Judicial Appointments Commission and can only choose whether to accept or reject its recommendations. Similarly the Lord Chancellor no longer determines which barristers are to be raised to the rank of Queen's Counsel but merely supervises the process of selection by an independent panel.
Custody of the Great Seal of the Realm is entrusted to the Lord Chancellor. Documents to which the Great Seal is affixed include letters patent, writs and royal proclamations. The sealing is actually performed under the supervision of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery (who holds the additional office of Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor). The Lord Chancellor does not maintain custody of the Great Seal of Scotland (which is kept by the First Minister of Scotland) or of the Great Seal of Northern Ireland (which is kept by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland).
The judicial functions of the Lord Chancellor (as opposed to his role in the administration of the court system) were removed by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.
Formerly, the Lord Chancellor performed several different judicial roles. He sat as a judge in the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (the highest domestic Court in the United Kingdom), and was a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (the senior tribunal of the British Empire (except for the United Kingdom) and, latterly, parts of the Commonwealth). He was the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales, and therefore supervised the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, the High Court of Justice of England and Wales and the Crown Court of England and Wales. He was also, ex officio, a judge in the Court of Appeal and the President of the Chancery Division. In modern times, these judicial functions were exercised very sparingly. The functions in relation to the House of Lords and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were usually delegated to the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. The task of presiding over the Chancery Division was delegated to the Vice-Chancellor, a senior judge (now known as the Chancellor of the High Court). Most Lord Chancellors by the end of the twentieth century gave judgments only in cases reaching the House of Lords. The last Lord Chancellor to preside as a judge was Lord Irvine of Lairg (in office 1997–2003), who did so as a member of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. However, concerns were already being expressed, including by the judiciary, at the propriety of a cabinet minister sitting as a professional judge, and his successor, Lord Falconer, never performed such a role, even before his right to do so was abolished.
Formerly, when peers had the right to be tried for felonies or for high treason by other peers in the House of Lords (instead of commoners on juries), the Lord High Steward, instead of the Lord Chancellor, would preside. This also occurred in impeachment trials. The office of Lord High Steward has generally remained vacant since 1421. Whenever a peer was to be tried in the House of Lords, a Lord High Steward would be appointed pro hac vice [for this occasion]. In many cases, the Lord Chancellor would merely be elevated to the office of Lord High Steward temporarily. Trials of peers in the House of Lords were abolished in 1948, and impeachment is obsolete, so this is unlikely to occur again.
At the beginning of the legal year, the Lord Chancellor officiates at a ceremony in Westminster Abbey in front of all the judges. The ceremony is followed by a reception known as the Lord Chancellor's breakfast which is held in Westminster Hall.
Lord Chancellors perform various functions relating to the established Church of England. They appoint clergy in such of the ecclesiastical livings under the patronage of the Crown as are officially listed as being worth less than £20 per annum. Furthermore, they exercise the same prerogative in regard to the less valuable livings in the Duchy of Cornwall when there is no Duke of Cornwall, or when the Duke of Cornwall is a minor. (The heir-apparent to the Crown, if he is the Sovereign's eldest son, is automatically Duke of Cornwall.) Finally, the Lord Chancellor is in some cases the patron of an ecclesiastical living in his own right. In total, the Lord Chancellor appoints clergymen in over four hundred parishes and twelve cathedral canonries.
By law, the Lord Chancellor must be consulted before appointments may be made to certain ecclesiastical courts. Judges of Consistory Courts, the Arches Court of Canterbury, the Chancery Court of York and the Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved are appointed only after consultation with the Lord Chancellor.
The Lord Chancellor is, ex officio, one of the thirty-three Church Commissioners, who manage the assets of the Church of England.
Formerly, Roman Catholics were thought to be ineligible for the office of Lord Chancellor, as the office entailed functions relating to the Church of England. Most legal restrictions on Roman Catholics were lifted by the Catholic Relief Act 1829, which, however, provides, "nothing herein contained shall [...] enable any Person, otherwise than as he is now by Law enabled, to hold or enjoy the Office of Lord High Chancellor, Lord Keeper or Lord Commissioner of the Great Seal". The words "as he is now by Law enabled", however, caused considerable doubt, as it was unclear if Roman Catholics were disqualified from holding the office in the first place. For the removal of all doubt, Parliament passed the Lord Chancellor (Tenure of Office and Discharge of Ecclesiastical Functions) Act 1974, declaring that there was never any impediment to the appointment of a Roman Catholic. The Act nevertheless provided that, if a Roman Catholic were appointed to the office, then the Sovereign may temporarily transfer the Lord Chancellor's ecclesiastical functions to the Prime Minister or another minister.
Under the Regency Act 1937, the Lord Chancellor is one of the five persons who participate in determining the capacity of the Sovereign to discharge his or her functions—the other individuals so empowered are the Sovereign's spouse, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales and the Master of the Rolls. If any three or more of these individuals, based on evidence that, as required by statute, shall include evidence provided by physicians, determine and declare by an instrument in writing, lodged with the Privy Council, that the Sovereign suffers from a mental or physical infirmity that prevents him or her from personally discharging the duties of Head of State, the royal functions are transferred to a Regent, who discharges them in the name and on behalf of the monarch.
The Lord Chancellor is also the Keeper of the Queen's Conscience. As such, the Lord Chancellor was once also the chief judge of the Court of Chancery in London, dispensing equity to soften the harshness of the law.
The Lord Chancellor acts as the Visitor of many universities, colleges, schools, hospitals and other charitable organisations throughout the United Kingdom. When the rules of the organisation do not designate a Visitor or, when a vacancy in the office arises, the Sovereign serves as Visitor, but delegates the functions to the Lord Chancellor. Furthermore, some organisations explicitly provide that the Lord Chancellor is to act as Visitor; these bodies include St. George's Chapel, Windsor, the Royal Institution, Newcastle University and three colleges of the University of Oxford (namely St. Antony's College, Worcester College, and University College).
The power to appoint members of certain organisations is vested in the Lord Chancellor. These organisations include the governing bodies of Harrow School, Rugby School and Charterhouse School.
The Lord High Chancellor outranks all other Great Officers of State, with the exception of the Lord High Steward, which has generally been vacant since the 15th century. Under modern conventions, the office of Lord High Steward is only filled on the day of a new monarch's coronation; thus, at all other times, the Lord Chancellor remains the highest ranking Great Officer. The importance of the office is reflected by the Treason Act 1351, which makes it high treason to slay the Lord Chancellor. A Lord High Treasurer would be entitled to the same protection—but the office is now held in commission—as would a judge whilst actually in court, determining a case.
The Lord Chancellor's position in the modern order of precedence is an extremely high one; generally being outranked only by the Royal Family and high ecclesiastics. In England, the Lord Chancellor precedes all non-royal individuals except the Archbishop of Canterbury. In Scotland, they precede all non-royal individuals except the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Although Lord Chancellor "of Great Britain", they maintain a position in the order of precedence in Northern Ireland; there, they outrank all non-royal individuals with the exception of the Anglican and Roman Catholic Archbishops of Armagh, the Anglican and Roman Catholic Archbishops of Dublin and the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. Throughout the United Kingdom, the Lord Chancellor technically outranks the Prime Minister, although the latter generally possesses more power. The precedence of a Lord Keeper of the Great Seal is equivalent to that of a Lord Chancellor. The precedence of Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal is much lower (see United Kingdom order of precedence).
The Lord Chancellor is entitled to an annual emolument of £227,736 and to an annual pension of £106,868. The Lord Chancellor's salary is higher than that of any other public official, including even the Prime Minister, although sometimes the officeholder may voluntarily decide to receive a reduced salary (recent holders have taken the salary of a Secretary of State).
The Lord Chancellor, on formal state occasions such as the State Opening of Parliament, wears legal court dress consisting of a black silk velvet cutaway tailcoat with cloth covered buttons, waistcoat and breeches worn with white shirt, lace stock and cuffs, black silk stockings and cut-steel buckled patent court shoes. Over this is worn a black silk damask robe of state with a long train trimmed with gold lace and frogging, with a black silk 'wig bag' attached to the flap collar at the back. A full-bottomed wig is worn and, in the past, a black tricorne hat.
When the Lord Chancellor sat in the Lords, they wore an undress version of court dress, consisting of the court dress but made of black superfine cloth rather than silk velvet, and over that a black silk robe with a train with the wig bag attached. The wig and tricorne was also worn.
Now that the Lord Chancellor is appointed from the Commons rather than the Lords, they wear a normal business suit and only wear full ceremonial dress for state occasions. There is an unofficial precedent that Lord Chancellors that do not have a legal background do not get to wear a wig. Jack Straw (a qualified barrister) initially did not wear one but did so afterwards, as did his immediate successor, Kenneth Clarke (a barrister and Queen's Counsel); Chris Grayling, Michael Gove, and Liz Truss (none of whom have legal backgrounds) have not done so.
The historic insignia of the Lord Chancellor is a purse containing the Great Seal and a Mace or staff of office. The Elizabethan play Sir Thomas More opens Scene II as follows: "Chelsea. A Room in More's House. A table being covered with a green carpet, a state cushion on it, and the Purse and Mace lying thereon, enter Sir Thomas More".
In the early 21st century, the New Labour government viewed it as untenable that all three political functions (executive, legislative and judicial) should be continued in the historical office of Lord Chancellor. In the Government's view, this infringed Montesquieu's principle of separation of powers which declared that no person should have access to all of the three political functions. The Lord Chancellor could exercise all three powers, and some, such as Quinton Lord Hailsham, often did so. The Labour Government also took the view that these powers were inconsistent with the European Convention on Human Rights. In a challenge, the Strasbourg Court held that having a politician sitting in judgment in a court was a breach of any litigants' right to a fair trial.
However, proposals by the Blair Government simply to abolish the office met with opposition from those who felt that such an official was necessary to speak on the judiciary's behalf in Cabinet, as well as from many who opposed the sudden abolition of such an ancient office. In 2003, Tony Blair chose his close friend and former flatmate Lord Falconer to be Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs. At the same time, he announced his intention to abolish the office of Lord Chancellor and to make many other constitutional reforms. After much surprise and confusion, it became clear that the ancient office of Lord Chancellor could not be abolished without an Act of Parliament. Thus Lord Falconer duly appeared the following day in the House of Lords to carry out his duties from the Woolsack. The Lord Chancellor's Department was, however, renamed the Department for Constitutional Affairs.
Jack Straw was the first commoner to be appointed as Lord Chancellor since 1578.
In January 2004, the Department of Constitutional Affairs published a concordat, outlining the division of authority between Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief Justice and which was intended as the basis of reform. The Government introduced the Constitutional Reform Bill in the House of Lords in February 2004. The Bill sought to abolish the office of Lord Chancellor, and to transfer its functions to other officials: legislative functions to a Speaker of the House of Lords, executive functions to the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and judicial functions to the Lord Chief Justice. The Bill also made other constitutional reforms, such as transferring the judicial duties of the House of Lords to a Supreme Court. However, unlike the responsibilities of other Secretaries of State, which can be transferred from one department to another by an order-in-council, several functions of the Lord Chancellor are linked to the office of Lord Chancellor as a matter of statute law. Those "protected functions" of the Lord Chancellor can only be transferred to other ministers by Act of Parliament. As a consequence, it became clear that it was extremely difficult to simply "abolish" the office of Lord Chancellor.
In March 2004, however, the Lords upset the Government's plans by sending the Bill to a Select Committee. Although initially seen as a move to kill the Bill, the Government and HM Opposition agreed to permit the Bill to proceed through the parliamentary process, subject to any amendments made by the Committee. On 13 July 2004, the House amended the Constitutional Reform Bill such that the title of Lord Chancellor would be retained, although the Government's other proposed reforms were left intact. Then, in November 2004, the Government introduced an amendment in the Lords which wholly removed references to the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs, changing them to ones about the Lord Chancellor, with the positions of Secretary of State and Lord Chancellor envisaged as being held by the same person. The final Constitutional Reform Act received Royal Assent on 24 March 2005 and the major transfers of the historical functions of the Lord Chancellor to others (such as the Lord Chief Justice and Lord Speaker) were complete by mid-2006. However the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs remained a member of the Prime Minister's Cabinet, retaining most of the office's original statutory functions.
In May 2007, the Department of Constitutional Affairs was abolished and its functions were transferred to a newly created Ministry of Justice which also took charge of certain responsibilities transferred from the Home Office. Lord Falconer, retained the title, salary and office of Lord Chancellor, as well as being created the inaugural Secretary of State for Justice.
Prior to Tony Blair's premiership, were a person not a peer to be appointed to the office of Lord Chancellor, they would be raised to the peerage upon appointment, though provision was made in 1539 for non-peers who are Great Officers of State to sit in between the benches in the House. With enactment of the Constitutional Reform Act, 2005 and the subsequent separation of the roles of Lord Chancellor and Speaker of the House of Lords, it is no longer necessary for the Lord Chancellor to be a peer or have a legal background. In June 2007, Jack Straw MP was appointed Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, thus becoming the first Lord Chancellor to be a member of the Commons, rather than the House of Lords or its predecessor, the Curia Regis, since Christopher Hatton in 1578; however, both Straw and his immediate successor, Ken Clarke, were barristers: the first Justice Secretary without a legal background was Chris Grayling in 2012; in 2016, Liz Truss become the first woman to serve as Lord Chancellor.
A fictional depiction of a Lord Chancellor occurs in Iolanthe, the frequently-revived comic opera by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. The Lord Chancellor is the central character in the work but is identified only by his title. The action concerns a group of fairies who become romantically involved with members of the House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor, who serves as guardian to wards of the Court of Chancery, is worried, because he has developed feelings for a ward of court. The character sings a patter song, "The Nightmare Song", about his mental anguish caused by unrequited love. In dialogue, the Lord Chancellor, in another reference to his romantic dilemma, complains "ah, my Lords, it is indeed painful to have to sit upon a Woolsack stuffed with such thorns as these!"
William Rehnquist, late Chief Justice of the United States, was inspired to add four golden stripes to the sleeves of his judicial robes after seeing the costume of the Lord Chancellor in a production of Iolanthe. The current Chief Justice, John Roberts, has not continued the practice.
A fictional Lord Chancellor also appears in Charles Dickens' novel Bleak House (also identified only by title), presiding over the interminable chancery case of Jarndyce and Jarndyce.
Anthony Trollope's Palliser novels feature a number of references to fictitious Lord Chancellors. The Liberal Lord Weazeling holds the office in the Liberal governments of Mildmay and Gresham in Phineas Finn and Phineas Redux; the Conservative Lord Ramsden holds the position in the Duke of Omnium's coalition government in The Prime Minister. In Gresham's final government at the end of The Prime Minister, the former Liberal Attorney General, Sir Gregory Grogram, is finally given the position, which he had desired for some time.
King Hilary and the Beggarman, a children's poem by A. A. Milne, relates the story of a fictional Lord High Chancellor, "Proud Lord Willoughby", who is dismissed for refusing to obey his king.
In David Gurr's thriller A Woman Called Scylla, set in 1977, the main villain is an utterly ruthless and unscrupulous Lord Chancellor, who grossly abuses his many functions and powers in order to cover up his treason during the Second World War and as a stepping stone towards becoming Prime Minister. As the writer clearly states, this was not intended to refer to the actual holder of the office at the time of writing or at any other time.
^ The title can be pluralised 'Lord Chancellors' or 'Lords Chancellor'. The former is more common and is used for consistency throughout the article. See Gardner, B., (2001), A dictionary of modern legal usage, Oxford University Press, p. 538.
^ Barlow, Frank (1970). Edward the Confessor. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-520-01671-8.
^ Coredon, Christopher (2007). A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases (Reprint ed.). Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84384-138-8.
^ Equity and the Law of Trusts, Philip H. Pettit, Oxford University Press, 2012, page 5.
^ UK Parliament. Lord Chancellor (Tenure of Office and Discharge of Ecclesiastical Functions) Act 1974 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
^ "Constitutional Reform Act 2005". Opsi.gov.uk. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ In his memoirs John Simon (Lord Chancellor 1940–1945) writes "It is not constitutionally necessary that the Lord Chancellor should be a Peer (Sir Thomas More was not, for one), but this is practically inevitable, for otherwise he would be limited to the formal business of presiding and "putting the Question" and be unable to take the smallest part in debate. The theory is that the Woolsack itself, and, I suppose, the space immediately in front of it, do not form part of the debating floor, and that is the reason why, when the Lord Chancellor takes part in any discussion – even when only moving the reading of a Bill – he steps nimbly to the left and thus speaks while standing on what is in the full sense Lords' territory." John Simon Retrospect: The Memoirs of the Rt Hon Viscount Simon GCSI GCVO (London; Hutchinson, 1952), page 255.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hatton, Sir Christopher" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
^ "Constitutional continuity: Jack Straw speech at the London School of Economics". 3 March 2009. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
Campbell, John (1878), Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England From the Earliest Times Till the Reign of Queen Victoria, 7th ed. London: John Murray.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lord High Chancellor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lord Chancellors.
This page was last edited on 1 April 2019, at 11:03 (UTC).


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Best keyboards for Macs of 2023
If you're a Mac user, it's possible to have a magical keyboard experience without a Magic Keyboard.
Best Mechanical Das Keyboard 4 Professional for Mac
The Das Keyboard 4 Professional offers a high-quality typing experience and keeps convenient features within arm's reach.
Best Overall Logitech MX Keys for Mac
The Logitech MX Keys for Mac feels like an Apple keyboard, but has more features for power-users.
Best compact Keychron K12
The Keychron K12 is a 60 percent wireless mechanical keyboard that makes it easy to carry your best typing experience with you.
Written By Don Melanson
Whatever type of Mac you have—whether it's a MacBook Pro or an iMac—there's a good chance that you could see some real benefits from a keyboard upgrade. For laptop users, adding a full-size keyboard (and an external monitor) can boost your productivity and make your workspace more efficient and more comfortable. And, boy, will your wrists thank you. Even Apple's iconic Magic Keyboard, while sleek and familiar, lacks features and creature comforts of the best keyboards for Macs, especially if you prefer the tactile feel of mechanical keys.
Finding the best keyboard for you, however, isn't always easy. Maybe even more so than any other piece of computer hardware, there is no one best keyboard for everyone. For Mac users, the options are a bit more limited, especially if you want a keyboard with a Mac-style layout, rather than the usable, but less than exact Windows "default."
Thankfully, there are plenty of great options designed with Mac users in mind and, while there's no one size fits all solution, the half-dozen choices below should meet the needs of most average Mac users.
Best overall: Logitech MX Keys for Mac
Best Apple keyboard: Apple Magic Keyboard with Touch ID and Numeric Keypad
Best mechanical: Das Keyboard 4 Professional for Mac
Best ergonomic: Kinesis Freestyle Edge RGB
Best compact: Keychron K12
Best budget: Logitech K380 for Mac
How we selected the best keyboards for Macs
As someone who types for a living, I've put a lot of thought into keyboards over the years and have tried plenty of different options, from mechanical to ergonomic keyboards and most things in between. To pick the keyboards for this list, I drew on my own experience as a writer who has covered technology for sites like Engadget, Popular Mechanics and Reviewed, and I further relied on a range of other sources—from professional reviews to enthusiast forums and user impressions—to determine the best options currently available for Macs.
What to consider before buying a new Mac keyboard
The keyboards we selected for this list are all either designed with Mac users in mind or at least have Mac-specific keys that you can swap in. Beyond that, they vary considerably. They range in price, size, and features. That means it's worth putting some serious thought into just what you want from a keyboard.
Some of our picks, including the mechanical and ergonomic options, represent a big shift from the thin, laptop-style keyboard Mac fans may be used to. You'll also want to consider where and how you use your keyboard. If you regularly pair it with multiple devices or move it around a lot, wireless connectivity should be a high priority. If you leave your Mac and keyboard at a desk-bound setup, it may make more sense to go for a wired option.
Keyboard size: Even if desk space isn't a top concern, it's worth considering what size keyboard will best fit your needs. If you spend a lot of time in spreadsheets, you'll likely want to look for a full-size keyboard with a dedicated number pad, but you can save space by choosing a keyboard without one (also known as a tenkeyless keyboard) if you aren't crunching numbers regularly.
Some keyboards simply make keys smaller to save space, but "compact" designs keep the full-size keys in place but pare down the number of keys. The most common sizes, 60% or 65% keyboards, will definitely save space but may rely too heavily on shortcuts and key combos for some folks.
Wired vs. wireless keyboards: There are far fewer technical trade-offs that come with picking a wireless keyboard than there were even five years ago, but there are some nuances to what makes wireless worth it. There are also still good reasons to stick with a wired option.
Wireless keyboards are more convenient and reduce clutter, but Bluetooth keyboards may still suffer from interference when there are many wireless signals present. Gamers and others demanding an imperceivable amount of lag should look for wireless keyboards that can connect using a 2.4GHz RF connection via USB dongle. While it requires an open USB-A port—which can be an imposition on some Macs—the signal is usually snappier and more reliable.
There's also always the issue of battery life. Some wireless keyboards use standard AA or AAA batteries, which will give you months of use but generate e-waste when they eventually die—so make sure to get some rechargeable batteries if you go that route—while others feature an internal battery that you can recharge via USB.
Of course, wired keyboards never suffer from wireless connection issues. They also never need to be recharged. That still makes a wired keyboard the most reliable and dependable choice. They are also frequently more affordable. Having a wired cable seems like a pain, but it only adds a minimal amount of clutter in most permanent or semi-permanent computer setups.
Key type: Every keyboard is a workhorse. Whatever you buy, you should plan to type on it, day in and day out, for many years. Given that, the most important consideration about any keyboard is how the keys feel when you press them. The biggest decision you'll have to make around "typing feel" is whether or not you want a mechanical keyboard, named for the physical mechanisms under each key "actuate" or trigger each input. That mechanism not only allows for more precise typing but results in a more tactile feel—and a distinctive clickety-clack sound—as you go.
Mechanical keyboards fell out of favor for a while, but have seen a resurgence in popularity over the last ten years among gamers and tech enthusiasts. Mechanical keyboards are usually more expensive than others, as they have more working parts, but many people will tell you they deliver a more satisfying tactile experience.
Going the mechanical keyboard route can seem like going down a rabbit hole, but it's a rewarding one, and a bit of research can help you find a keyboard that perfectly matches your preference, whether that's a traditional clickety-clack sound with firmer, tactile feedback, or a quieter option that's smoother to type on.
Non-mechanical keyboards encompass a range of options, from laptop-style "scissor-switch" keys, designed to be as thin as possible, to rubber dome or "membrane" keyboards, which simplify the mechanical key switch to cut costs. The most basic and inexpensive of these keyboards can be downright mushy and unresponsive, but they are generally quieter. Even "low profile" mechanical keys that don't press as deep do not replicate the short press of a laptop keyboard, so you may prefer to stick with what you know.
Additional features: Keyboards range from a barebones box of keys to extravagant hubs with RGB lighting, media controls, and USB passthrough ports. Depending on how you use your Mac, you'll want to figure out if any of those luxury bells and whistles are things you want, and if any might just get in the way.
When it comes to features and customization options, gaming keyboards tend to have the edge, although they can be less ideal for Mac users as they generally use Windows layout. For this list, we generally put a priority on typing feel over extra features, but there are still a number of them to consider. Some have additional function and macro keys, or extra controls like a volume knob and media keys, which may be handier for some than others. And in the case of wireless keyboards, some have the ability to pair with and switch between multiple devices, which could be a must-have depending on your setup, but go unused by others.
Comfort: If you find your current keyboard uncomfortable to type on, or you're looking to prevent any future discomfort, you may want to consider an ergonomic keyboard designed to avoid exacerbating repetitive strain injuries. Ergonomic keyboards feature a "split" design, with the keys separated into two sections so you can use them without twisting or overextending your arms, shoulders, or back. Sometimes that split is spread across one large keyboard, others actually have two connected sides that you can adjust to fit your body. They can take a little getting used to, but they can make a big difference for people who experience pain while typing every day.
It's worth noting that there isn't conclusive evidence that ergonomic keyboards actively prevent repetitive strain injuries. Anecdotally, though, many users who normally feel pain when typing claim to feel that they minimize it. In our experience, it's enough to make a split keyboard worth considering.
The best keyboards for Macs: Reviews & Recommendations
Our picks for the best keyboards for Mac attempt to cater to as many use-cases as possible in just a handful of selections. They range from portable and affordable, to high-end productivity gear, to feel-driven choices for enthusiasts. Since all of these keyboards feature a Mac layout, you may find a couple of conspicuous omissions—even Mac-compatible gaming keyboards, for example, rarely come in a Mac layout, for example. These are all excellent keyboards, however, so you will not go wrong with any of these picks.
Tony Ware
Why it made the cut: Maybe the most Mac-like keyboard made by someone other than Apple, the Logitech MX Keys offers a premium feel and is particularly useful in multi-computer setups.
Form factor: Full-Size
Dimensions: 17" x 5.2" x 0.8"
Connection types: 2.4GHz wireless, Bluetooth (USB-C for charging only)
Key type: Scissor-switch
Backlight: Yes (white)
Battery life: 10 days (5 months with backlight off)
Other features: Proximity, ambient light sensors, Multi-device support
Easy switching between multiple devices
Fast USB-C charging
Appearance matches Macs
Smart backlighting
Laptop-style keys not for everyone
If you're generally happy with laptop-style keyboards, but would like a few more features and a bit more comfort, the Logitech MX Keys for Mac will likely tick all the right boxes for you. The Mac-centric version of Logitech's elite "Master" keyboard enhances the conventional "magic keyboard" experience with sculpted, concave keys designed to fit your fingers and make typing more comfortable. Flexibility is another big selling point here, as you can easily connect to as many as three devices (or a Mac and an iPad) via 2.4GHz wireless (USB dongle required) and Bluetooth, then switch among them with the push of a button. The MX Keys is the rare third-party Mac gear that feels at home paired with a MacBook or iMac aesthetically (both in color and features like smart illumination) but offers very clear efficiency upgrades over the first-party Apple alternative. Plus it's the personal pick of our associate managing editor, who has carried it around the country and currently has it on a desk at home, as shown above.
Why it made the cut: Apple's Magic Keyboard delivers the best version of the Apple keyboard experience Mac fans are used to but with extra keys and Touch ID.
Size: 16.5" x 4.5" x 0.8"
Connection type: Bluetooth (USB-C charging)
Backlight: No
Battery life: "About a month"
Other features: Touch ID, Multimedia keys
Built-in Touch ID
USB-C charging
Flat, low-profile keys not the most tactile experience
Touch ID support for M1 Macs only
Apple's newest signature Magic Keyboard, updated in 2021, has a very welcome feature that makes it feel like … well, magic, again. It has a Touch ID key in the top-right corner that lets you log in quickly and make secure purchases with the push of a button, a feature you normally have to give when using a third-party keyboard.
The full-size version, which features a complete suite of keys and a number pad, offers the biggest change from a standard laptop keyboard. There's also the standard compact model if desk space is more of a concern. Both have a built-in battery with USB-C charging, which should give you a month of use or so on a charge.
There is one downside: The new magic keyboards only work with newer Macs that have Apple's M1 chipset. If you're using an older model, Apple still sells the old Magic Keyboard without Touch ID.
Das Keyboard
Why it made the cut: The Das Keyboard 4 takes some of the guesswork out of mechanical keyboards with a high-end, off-the-shelf solution that offers plenty of perks.
Size: 13" x 5.7" x 1.4"
Connectivity: USB-C
Key type: Mechanical (Cherry MX Blue or Brown)
Battery life: N/A
Other features: Volume knob, media controls, 2-Port USB 3.0 hub
Choice of Cherry MX Brown or Blue switches
Built-in volume knob, media controls, and USB hub
Thin by mechanical keyboard standards
No backlighting
You can go the custom route and build a mechanical keyboard that's completely tailored to your needs, but the Das Keyboard 4 Professional is hard to beat if you just want a great solution right out of the box. You do get to choose between clicky Cherry MX Blue or softer MX Brown switches, but the features remain standard across the board otherwise. That includes a handy oversized volume knob, built-in media controls, a two-port USB hub, and even a removable "footbar" that raises the keyboard and also doubles as a ruler. The Das Keyboard 4 also has a surprisingly thin profile for a mechanical keyboard, although it does lack backlighting, which is a bit disappointing in a wired keyboard in this price range.
Why it made the cut: A split mechanical keyboard built with customization in mind, the Kinesis Freestyle Edge RGB is a no-compromise option for those equally concerned about comfort and typing quality.
Form factor: TKL, Split
Size: 15.5" x 10.25" x 1.25"
Connection types: USB
Key type: Mechanical (multiple options)
Backlight: Yes (RGB)
Other features: Dedicated programmable keys, customizable lighting, detachable palm rest
Fully split, ergonomic design
Multiple mechanical key switch options
Mac key set costs extra
It may be a gaming keyboard first and foremost, but the Kinesis Freestyle Edge RGB's combination of a mechanical keyboard with an ergonomic layout will please anyone simply looking for the most comfortable typing experience possible. The RGB in its name refers to the keyboard's colorful backlighting, which can be customized with a vibrant pattern, or turned off if you don't want too much of a light show. Like other top-of-the-line gaming keyboards, it features a slew of extra features, including dedicated macro keys that you can customize for any game or app.
The Freestyle Edge comes in four different mechanical switch options to suit your typing preference but you'll, unfortunately, have to shell out a bit extra for a set of Mac keycaps you can swap in.
Why it made the cut: Small and versatile, the Keychron K12 offers wireless capabilities and plenty of customization options, all without breaking the bank.
Form factor: 60 percent
Connectivity: Bluetooth (USB-C charging)
Backlight: Optional (White or RGB)
Battery life: Two months (non-backlit version), 68-72 hours (White, RGB backlight on)
Other features: Multi-device support, fully customizable
Plenty of customization options
Can be used wired or wirelessly
Compact, streamlined design
Design may be too compact and streamlined for some
Whether desk space is a concern or you're looking for something that's easy to move around and take with you, there are plenty of reasons to consider a compact keyboard, rather than a full-size board with a number pad. The Keychron K12 60-percent keyboard pares down its layout to the bare essentials—no number pad, arrow keys, or function keys, compressed into the smallest space possible.
Though the layout is barebones, the keyboard design is not: The Keychron K12 is wireless and will let you connect to three devices and switch between them. Just like Keychron's other keyboards, there are also plenty of hardware customization options, including backlighting, adding an aluminum frame, and your choice of mechanical and optical switches.
Why it made the cut: The Logitech K380's slim size and versatile features make it ideal for a range of uses, and it won't break the bank.
Form factor: Compact
Connectivity: Bluetooth (2 x AAA batteries)
Battery life: Two years
Other features: Multi-device support, White or Rose color options
Small and light
Multi-device support
Small, round keys won't be for everyone
As inexpensive, take-anywhere, do-anything keyboards go, Logitech's K380 is tough to beat. It'll easily suffice as a daily keyboard in a desktop setup, but it's light enough that you can pick it up and toss it in a bag alongside your iPad when you need to get some work done on the go. Just like Logitech's MX Keys, the K380 will let you switch between three different devices at the press of a button.
Nothing comes without caveats at this price, of course. Like many cheap wireless peripherals, the K380 relies on disposable batteries for power, which generates e-waste over the life over time. That said, one pair of AAAs should last up to two years, so it isn't as if you're throwing batteries in the trash regularly. It also features round keycaps, which some people love, but isn't for everybody.
Q: Do all keyboards work with a Mac?
Back in the '80s and '90s, Mac and PC keyboards (like most things Mac and PC) were incompatible. That hasn't been the case in quite some time, though. Any USB or Bluetooth keyboard will technically work with a Mac. There are a couple of complicating factors, though: First, Macs feature a different keyboard layout than Windows machines, and most keyboards feature the Windows layout. Using one means getting used to some quirks like using the Windows key instead of a Command key if you choose a Windows keyboard. Secondly, many keyboards feature configuration software, which allows you to remap keys and customize certain features. Only a handful of companies make software that runs on a Mac, so if you're buying a Windows-layout keyboard, you'll need to keep an eye on the software.
Q: Can you use a Mac keyboard with an iPad?
If you're looking to also use your keyboard with an iPad (or an iPhone, for that matter), the simplest solution is to look for a wireless keyboard that uses Bluetooth. You can also connect a USB-C keyboard directly to your iPad using a wired connection. In theory, you can also use a standard wired keyboard with a USB-A cable, but you'll need a Lightning-to-USB Camera Adapter, which makes the whole setup a bit unwieldy and impractical.
Q: Is a Logitech keyboard good for Mac?
Logitech makes some of the most popular productivity and gaming keyboards and is one of the better options for Mac users. It makes comparatively fewer Mac-layout keyboards offerings than PC ones, they are generally well-made, and all feature Mac-compatible software. In addition to the two we singled out above, the MX Keys Mini is also worth considering for those who don't need a number pad, as is the Craft Wireless Keyboard, which is designed with creative professionals in mind.
Q: How much should a keyboard for Mac cost?
You shouldn't spend more than $50 on a basic keyboard for your Mac. If you want advanced features, like a TouchID fingerprint reader, you can spend closer to $200.
Final thoughts on the best keyboards for Mac
Mac users may not have the multitude of keyboard options that Windows users do, but they're not exactly lacking for quality choices. Especially for those simply looking to get some serious work done on a keyboard that's a pleasure to type on, there are many more solid choices than we were able to include on this list. You can expand your options even further by considering Windows keyboards—which may better suit gamers, in particular—but the familiarity of a Mac keyboard layout will likely outweigh any other benefits for most longtime Mac users.
A new keyboard may not be one of the most expensive upgrades you can make to your computer, but it can make for one of the biggest and lasting changes, which makes finding the right one all the more important.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This table is very sturdy comfortably takes up to 250kgs(551 lbs or 39 stone) but light enough for therapists who need to travel with their job. Table weight is 12.75kg without accessories, 15.50kg with accessories and carry bag. The table is made of Birch wood frame and aluminium legs with steel cable. There is enough at each end of the massage bed which allows you to fit your legs under the bed. The backrest at one side of table will allow your client to sit up on the bed or for sport massage you client can be facing down on the massage bed and have their lower leg on it.


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Bình Điền Long An enter semi-finals of int'l volleyball event
Update: May, 16/2019 - 16:20
Bình Điền Long An celebrate beating Vietinbank in the VTV9-Bình Điền International Women's Volleyball Tournament in Rạch Giá City in the southern province of Kiên Giang. — Photo volleyball.vn
HÀ NỘI — Bình Điền Long An have booked a spot in the semi-finals of the VTV9-Bình Điền International Women's Volleyball Tournament in Rạch Giá City.
Long An beat Vietinbank 3-1 in the last group A match in the southern province of Kiên Giang on Wednesday.
With three wins, Long An topped Group A and qualified for the next round.
With experienced players, Vietinbank controlled the first set and quickly won 25-21.
Vietinbank seemed set to raise the score to 2-0 when they a 22-18 lead in the next set. However, Long An fought back to level the score of 24-24 and then won 27-25.
In the next set, Vietinbank's suffered a tight 28-26 loss, before Long An took the victory with a 25-17 fourth set victory.
Earlier, Thailand crushed Nanjing of China 3-0 (25-19, 25-18, 25-23) to be the runners-up of Group A and also moved to the event's semi-finals.
The event is broadcast live in VTV9 and SCTV15.
The tournament features eight teams including four from the US, China and Thailand, competing in the round-robin format in the qualifying round.
The winning team will walk away with US$15,000. — VNS
Việt Nam to face Tajikistan in AFC Futsal champs first match (January, 17 2020)
Man City click into gear as they chase cup glory (January, 17 2020)
Murray delays comeback as pelvic injury lingers (January, 17 2020)
Việt Nam crash out of AFC U23 Championship (January, 16 2020)
AFC U23 Championships live blog: Viet Nam-North Korea (January, 16 2020)
Chiến to take part in invitational 3-Cushion Survival Masters (January, 16 2020)


Fire Break is a suite of untitled lyric poems which move through a succession of present moments, bringing through the weave both hard-edged engagement and uncommon harmonics. In the mix can be heard messages of desire, physicality, global imbalances, and ultimately, creation.
George Albon's admirable body of work functions like a musical backbone, bracing us for and facing us into the world.
Like Empedocles said, double is the birth of mortal things; — and amid the oscillations of Love and Strife George Albon tells "the myth in the present tense," taking lyric stands among the elements an hour before work. Our personal calendars overflow with griefs and attentions George sets to song within these covers. Lacking such doses of "romanticism through the scientism," the collective heart starves in the "noise and sprawl of willed commerce." George reminds us yes you can "fold your love in" to universal flow. Thank goodness.
George Albon's utterly distinct poetry takes us through the tactile labyrinth to show us a "prehensile glimpse/ on the edge of eternity." Albon constructs a strange and complex world in the fullness of his inquiry: listening with "ears askew," this poet topples the assumptions with which we typically question and essays a "study of the vanished/ overtaken by intensities." It takes a poet of exceptional skill and attunement to articulate, amid the world's chaos, what the rest of us fail even to register. Fire Break is a consummate demonstration of what poetry can do while "inventing/ under/ duress.
Let melody stand for attachment"—as a phrase it's a credo and poetics, at once making melos the means and measure of the poet's relation to his environs. And though George Albon indeed puts language as made thing between observer and world, he does so in order to examine our attachments rather than eschew them. "No sooner written," he writes, "than contended." He crafts poems so perceptually rich and critically canny that they everywhere render the complexities of affect coded as music, "resonance merging/ with its being/ struck." As attuned to "the mercantile/ world working" as to the erotics of "literal skin" Fire Break reminds us of the important Objectivist legacy Oppen and Rakosi left on the West Coast. Few are more their heir than George Albon.
The poems constituting Fire Break are beautiful and moody, but I wonder if the title might be signaling a necessary defensiveness (a controlled burn), a survivalist instinct at work. Albon's exploration of time and perception seems an effort at forestalling a romantic attachment to the world. To what extent is living in the head a retreat from reality or a further pursuit thereof?


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sinusitis is a common problem which normally develops after a cold. Symptoms include a blocked nose, facial pain around the cheekbones, and a pounding headache. While there are several cures sinusitis can be effectively controlled and treated with natural remedies. Natural remedies are a great way to alleviate the pain and other symptoms associated with sinus infections. For many people, a sinus infection is a temporary problem. However, some cases of acute sinusitis can lead to severe complications such as constant dizziness and headaches that need to be controlled.
However, chronic sinusitis is mainly due to the reaction of the body's immune system to allergens in the form of air pollutants. Other causes include nasal polyps or growths, and gum or teeth infections. While antibiotics and other allopathic drugs cures sinusitis the side effects of these drugs can often be hard to cope with. For example, decongestants can cause insomnia and nervousness, and are ineffective when used over a long period. Corticosteroids used in nasal sprays produce side effects such as high blood pressure, mood swings, weight gain, ulcers, and glaucoma, among others.
Moreover, they do not have any side effects, which is one of the main disadvantages of conventional forms of treatment. To begin with, one of the best remedies that cures sinusitis is Vitamin C. Vitamin C strengthens the immune system and reduces the levels of histamine that causes inflammation and swelling of the mucous membranes. A dose of one gram of Vitamin C three times a day is recommended.
Zinc and magnesium cures sinusitis by boosting the immune system and killing the common cold virus.
Strengthening the immune system helps fight bacterial and fungal infections.
Both zinc and magnesium are enzymes needed to make fatty acids reduce pain and inflammation.
A dose of 15 mg. of zinc can be taken three times a day.
Flavonoids are compounds found in fruits and vegetables known for their antioxidant properties.
A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help boost the immune system.
Quercetin which is present in flavonoids can be taken as a daily dose in order to increase the effectiveness of Vitamin C.
This also helps to block the release of histamines that cause inflammations.
Daily dose of 1500 mg of Bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapple, helps to fight sinus infections by breaking down the mucus.
Olive leaf extract and goldenseal cures sinusitis by fighting bacterial and fungal infections.
Avoiding traffic fumes and using vaporizers are effective ways to minimize allergens that cause sinus infections.
Eliminating fatty and fried foods, sugar, pastries, and dairy products that are known to be allergic foods can help prevent the formation of mucus.
Foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, hot chicken soup, fish, and salads assist the breakdown of mucus and ought to be included in your diet. Garlic, onions, ginger, hot peppers, and mustard are also effective ways to clear mucus formed by sinus infections. Drinking plenty of water, herbal tea, honey and lemon drinks can also help clear mucus buildup. A nasal wash with a teaspoon of salt dissolved in warm water is an ancient ayurvedic treatment used to cure sinusitis.
Adam Bradley is a lifelong sufferer of sinus problems just like you. After years of dealing with hundreds of doctors and medications he decided to do an exhaustive research on what cures sinusities. Read about it here: http://naturalsinusreliefcenter.com/sinusitis-cures-nutrition/. He lives in Boulder, CO, is now enjoying the outdoors, and encourages anyone who is tired of sinus infections, to try his free info Mini-Course, available at http://www.naturalsinusreliefcenter.com.


The national retained committee advises the union's executive council on matters affecting the conditions of employment and related negotiations of members working as retained firefighters.
It is also responsible for advising the executive council on the organisation and recruitment of retained firefighters into the union.
The committee is made up of one retained firefighter from each of the FBU's regions (excluding London who have no retained firefighters), each elected by other retained members from his or her region, a chair and a secretary, who are elected by a national ballot of retained members.
The national retained committee organises an annual general meeting for officer members.
West Midlands Position vacant - please contact Pete Preston.


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Bradford Update
Doncaster Rovers believe that after discussions, both clubs entered into an reciprocal agreement that would benefit both sets of supporters at both games.
Both clubs agreed last night and acknowledged that there has been a misunderstanding in regards to this agreement.
Bradford City proposed that they could work with the Doncaster Rovers supporters to provide transport for all away supporters that wish to go to the game on Saturday, and are clear that for those that take up this option it is a very good incentive.
We also acknowledge that the free travel will not benefit those of you that will travel independently.
For those that wish to take up the offer you can buy your tickets here . To book your free travel please call Len South on 01302 817347 or Paul Mayfield on 07961 727769 after 5pm. All travel must be pre-booked.
Our vision as a club is to make watching Doncaster Rovers and football in Yorkshire great for all supporters regardless of which shirt they wear. Despite this set back we are still determined to work with club's in the surrounding areas to achieve this greatness and our vision. We are passionate about making it easier for supporters to get to games and with the backing of our supporter groups this will not change.
We reassure our supporter groups and supporters that as a club we will continue to engage in reciprocal offers and to work with you all and the FSF to achieve our goals and our vision.
For those that can't make the Bradford game tickets for our home game against Peterborough are now on sale with adult tickets just £10. Buy your tickets HERE.


There is nothing quite like getting your own favorite digital images (photos or artwork) printed and turned into a beautiful stretched canvas ready to hang on your wall.
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We use professional acid-free archival grade canvas.
We print with a modern large format Canon printer which has 12 separate ink cartridges to achieve superior colour gamut for high-quality photo printing.
We use authentic Canon inks which have been rigorously tested to ensure that they will stand the test of time. Many canvas printing services use cheap inks that do not come with the quality assurance of the big names in the industry like Canon.
We have a professional colour managed workflow.
We check your image on a colour calibrated screen. This means that the colours we see will very closely match what comes out of the printer.
We will warn you if there are any obvious problems with the image before printing (i.e. color, resolution, brightness).
We will make suggestions and provide free basic image editing to help you achieve the best results in print.
We can provide a quote for more extensive image editing if required.
We can supply a small printed proof for large or colour critical prints ($25 fee).
We are experienced in sharpening and resizing images correctly for best results.
We use strong and well-braced frames that keep their shape and allow the canvas to be stretched tightly.
If you are in a hurry, we can usually complete your canvas in a short time frame.
The best way to get started with our canvas printing and stretching service is to send us a copy of your digital image.
Be assured that your digital image will be handled with care and will not be used for any purpose other than producing your canvas print. We respect your copyright and will delete your digital file once the print is successfully completed.
Digital images come in many different shapes (or aspect ratios).
The price lists below are organised according to camera type and the most common image aspect ratios.
Note: we are happy to print custom sizes if required, there is no price penalty for this.
Please contact us for any additional price information or assistance in selecting the correct print size for your image.
We can also add an optional shadow frame to provide a very distinctive trim around the image.


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Home › News & Media › Business News › Minister Says NLB Has EUR 3BN of Bad Claims, But Most Can Be Reclaimed
Minister Says NLB Has EUR 3BN of Bad Claims, But Most Can Be Reclaimed
Ljubljana, 29 June (STA) - Finance Minister Janez Šušteršič has disclosed that the group around the state-owned NLB bank has around EUR 3bn worth of bad claims, but added that most of these will probably be reclaimed, although at some kind of discount.
While explaining for Friday's edition of business daily Finance that the bad claims category included loans that are being repaid with a delay exceeding 90 days, the minister said that the main problem was the difference between the exposure and the actual value of insurance on the claims.
This gap will be known soon, Šušteršič said, while refusing to speculate on its size or the amount of money the largest Slovenian bank will need for long-term stability.
Several models for a solution are being examined presently, including the German model, which saw banks transferring risky claims or part of investments at market value to a special fund in exchange for interest paying bonds that provide balance sheet relief.
The costs of restructuring are spread out over a period of 20 years, with the state taking over the risk of having to sell banks' assets at a price lower than the estimated value.
The second option is the restructuring of the bad investments within the banks themselves, but little has been done in this respect in Slovenia, the minister said, adding that a combination of both solutions will be necessary.
Touching on the role of KBC, the second-largest NLB shareholder, Šušteršič said that the Belgian bank changed its approach significantly in recent weeks after its investment in NLB was initially slated for sale.
KBC, which needed state aid in 2009, is still waiting for a nod from the European Commission to be able to stop the sale, but the minister said that assurances have been received that Brussels is ready to accept an agreement.
Šušteršič assessed Slovenia as being in "a kind of transitional group" among European countries - it was not mentioned in debates on Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, but it is also not among countries where problems are not likely to arise under any circumstance. He feels that this year will show which group Slovenia belongs to.
While claiming that no significant new borrowing will be necessary, as Slovenia still has enough reserves from previous rounds of fund-raising, the minister said that "a minor loan", secured with a bond issue, will be necessary before the end of the year.
Meanwhile, in a separate interview for the weekly Mladina, Šušterčič assessed that the EBRD estimate that Slovenia's economy would shrink more than forecast by government think tank IMAD is not materialising so far and that it does not seem that a new supplementary budget will be necessary.
Touching on the possibility of a VAT hike, he said that remains the last resort and cannot be the main solution.
He argued that a three percent raise would have reduced the budget deficit by a similar amount as was achieved by the austerity measures, but that this would not exclude the possible need to introduce the same measure next year.


Here are the top 500 best marks returning from 2018, we've also added their progression from previous seasons.
Kyle Lipscomb had himself a marvelous season in the shot put this past winter and is looking to be among the very best once again in the discus this spring. The Linden senior was second at last year's Meet of Champions with his PR throw of 184-08.
In third at that meet not far behind him and also ranked second on this list is Princeton's Paul Brennan. Also entering his senior year Brennan is definitely in the mix for that MOCs title as well.
An eye should also be kept on Elizabeth's Ali Mujeeb who saw massive improvement in the shot put this winter. The increased strength and confidence there can surely cross over to his discus performance, a possible big PR on the way and early.
If you would like the traditional returners list with grade years and meets check out the top 1,000 here.


I know it has been awhile for postings, but we have been busy. Unfortunately, the beta in charge of the anticipated story is not ready for posting, and no pressuring to her!! She needs her rest!!!
However… Over in the Kittyinaz Facebook group, a group of ladies had been talking about how they are wanting to know more about writing or was having writers block. We try to help our ladies out, and talked with them over different ideas to help them out. If you don't know me on Facebook, I have a huge wall, and I go through it often. As I go through it, I share the stuff I find on my wall, share our favorite actors, and jokes on the Kittyinaz or my wall. One day I found this perfect picture that literally inspired me with a look.


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Home 360 Memories fade 10 years after 26/11 Mumbai terror mayhem, not so for...
Memories fade 10 years after 26/11 Mumbai terror mayhem, not so for victims
Quaid Najmi, Indo Asian News Service
A reporter talks on her phone as smoke is seen coming from Taj Hotel in Mumbai November 27, 2008. Large plumes of smoke were seen rising from the top of the landmark Taj Hotel in Mumbai on Thursday and heavy firing could be heard, a Reuters witness said. Local TV reported that unknown assailants had earlier attacked the hotel, taking hostages, including Western tourists. REUTERS/Arko Datta (INDIA)
Mumbai, Nov 25 (IANS) Ten years after the dastardly Mumbai terror attacks, memories of the bloody mayhem seem to have faded in peoples minds like some horrible nightmare – but for survivors and families of victims the day still evokes dread.
Except for symbolic memorial services all over the city planned by VVIPs for photo-ops and the mandatory media coverage, there is barely any evidence of public emotion over those harrowing 60 hours which shook the nation's soul.
Ten heavily-armed terrorists, sneaking in through the Arabian Sea, attacked multiple locations within a small geographical area, killing 166 persons — including Indian security personnel and 26 foreign nationals — and left another 300 injured, besides inflicting huge damage to public and private properties.
The toll on the nation's collective social-political psyche was higher, but the scars have apparently healed.
"Whatever happened was very sad for the country. We remember the victims… But, all have moved ahead in life and think of a bright future," said Rakesh Upadhyay, director at an ayurvedic pharmaceutical company.
He was among the millions worldwide who remained glued to the television during the November 26-28, 2008, terror attacks and watched the real-life drama live – and it unfolded like some unbelievable Hollywood disaster film.
"It was a massive national tragedy, we still feel bad about what happened, especially for the innocent victims. Now, it feels like a bad dream. Everyone is busy tackling major problems of daily life," shrugged a middle-class housewife, Minakshi Baikar, adding how her son Atharva was a then a year-old toddler and is now 11.
However, Sharda Bhosale, 60-year-old widow of martyred policeman Balasaheb Bhosale (he was in the team that helped nab Kasab at Chowpatty) has yet to come to terms with his death, her son, traffic policeman Deepak Bhosale, said.
"Each year, on November 26, she invariably falls ill over my father's painful death and his memory… She remains like that for at least 5-6 days. The entire family shudders every time the calendar changes to November," Deepak told IANS.
As the day looms closer, dark memories of the attacks flicker alive, reminding people of how the extremists unobstrusively entered Mumbai to execute their sinister plans on a cold evening.
Alighting from a hijacked dinghy at a small fishing bay near Colaba, they divided themselves into groups of 2-3 and systematically went after their surgically-planned targets, catching everyone unawares.
So well-prepared were they with inputs and reconnaissance carried out by various accomplices, including Pakistani-American David Coleman Headley, that they melted into the crowds and walked around in a familiar manner in south Mumbai, reaching their destinations precisely.
They targeted the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Hotel Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Hotel Trident, Nariman House, Leopold Café, Cama Hospital, Wadi Bunder — all within a radius of barley 4-5 kms — while a bomb exploded at suburban Vile Parle in one of the taxis they had earlier hired.
Nine of the terrorists were gunned down in the combined security operations that included the Mumbai police, army and naval commandos, and other paramilitary forces who battled them for 60 hours as the city waited with bated breath.
In the wee hours of November 27, barely six hours after the mayhem started, one of the terrorists, Ajmal Amir Kasab (22), was caught alive following a fierce gun battle with the police near Chowpatty Beach, proving to be a significant achievement.
Kasab and his accomplice were speeding in a hijacked car towards Malabar Hill, where the Governor's residence Raj Bhavan and the Chief Minister's official residence — besides those of other VVIPs — are located.
An aggressive Mumbai police interrogated Kasab, investigated the matter thoroughly, and identified and named 35 accused directly or indirectly responsible for the 26/11 terror attacks. With the top police brass personally directing investigations, an air-tight case was made against Kasab — the sole terrorist nabbed alive.
Making doubly sure he would be convicted, the prosecution was handed over to a top criminal lawyer, Special Public Prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam. With his rich experience in the case relating to the March 12, 1993, Mumbai serial blasts, he successfully directed the trial right from the Special Court in Mumbai to the Bombay High Court and finally the Supreme Court.
During the trial, in January 2010, the then Maharashtra Home Minister, R.R. Patil (now deceased), took the bold decision to order the covert burial of the nine slain terrorists. The location is still a mystery.
Finally, two years after the 26/11 carnage, on May 6, 2010, Kasab was awarded the death sentence, and the nation heaved a collective sigh of relief.
Exploiting the legal privileges granted in a democracy like India, Kasab challenged the verdict right up to the Supreme Court but was dismissed at every level. Even the President of India rejected his mercy petition.
Terming it as the "greatest challenge of his legal career", Nikam said "full justice has still not been done" to the innocent victims as the main conspirators remain under the protection of Pakistan. Even as the trial continues there, Islamabad remains furtive and argumentative and doesn't give credence to the evidence submitted to it by India.
"As long as extremists like Hafeez M. Saeed and Zaki-Ur-Rehman Lakhvi are not punished, neither Pakistan nor India can be considered free of terror. On the Indian side, the 26/11 trial continues with Abu Jindal and the deposition of Headley," Nikam told IANS.
Later, on the quiet and cool morning of November 21, 2012, Kasab was hanged inside Pune's Yerawada Central Jail and his body disposed off somewhere on the jail campus. The exact location remains unknown.
Not surprisingly, all the legally tenable actions post-26/11 by India, including the disposal of the terrorists' bodies, Kasab's hanging and his last rites, evoked no international opposition, barring some stray murmurs in Pakistan.
With the experience of 26/11 as a grim lesson, security was boosted on all fronts — terrestrial, coastal and maritime — and the outcome is that Mumbai is scarred but safer.
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It is not a cake walk to get an e-commerce website established in the market. Just coming up with the idea of an e-commerce website and creating it is not sufficient. One cannot just sit back and wish that people will come and visit the site to buy stuff. But, if we take a look at the market, it is not at all easy. There is some additional effort needed to invoke people to visit your website. But again, a visitor to the website will not necessarily buy things. So, to make people shop from your website, it is essential to make some more efforts to push people to make a purchase.
Running an e-commerce website on WordPress is very popular these days. There are various tools available which assist you to optimize the website to increase sales in the best possible way and to pick the right set of tools is important and challenging. Most people, who step into the e-commerce website realm for the first time, find it a little tricky.
So, here I would like to share some useful piece of information which will be helpful when an e-commerce website on WordPress has to undertake conversion optimization.
These are some key items on every website. Now, the size and location of such key items play a significant role in the conversion numbers. As per the study conducted by the Visual Website Optimizer, it was stated that the use of large product images increases the conversion rate by 9% approximately. So, we can say that this technique is quite effective when implemented.
Images have always proved to be better when we talk of engaging people and attracting them rather than plain text. And for an e-commerce website, such images tend to attract customers. Too much of clutter can be confusing for the viewers and distract them. This happens when there are a lot of products available for selling on a single page. According to Shopify, too many promotional offers or product images makes the site look full and has a negative impact on the conversion rate.
These days the approach followed is, less is more. A large descriptive image will surely capture the attention of the viewer. The description of the product is also important. Make sure it is to-the-point written in an interesting manner. The customer today is a lot informed with tremendous knowledge, so writing too much will make them believe that nothing is true out there.
The extra information should be limited such that the visitor should not feel bored with it. Related offers and products can be shown by nothing else should be written just to make the visitors happy. The goal should be clear as you want to sell the items nothing more than that. So, avoid getting into anything which will distract the visitors.
Choosing the correct keyword for the product pages is of utmost importance. Keywords helps the customers to find the website while searching for a particular product on the major search engines. Although, too much use of the keywords is not at all advisable.
The keywords chosen should be included in the product pages, tags and Meta description. You can also install an SEO plugin like WordPress SEO by Yoast as it will inform the creator of the website whether the new pages which are created are optimized properly based on the chosen keyword or not.
One of the most important thing here is the slug. This is a part of the URL of a particular page which contains the primary keyword so as to enhance the visibility of the page. The keywords should never be used frequently as it degrades the quality of the content and doing that will not be a good option. Using too many keywords will not provide the required information to the visitor and he or she will not be prompted to buy the product. The clutter of keywords can also annoy Google, so don't do it.
It is important to keep a check on the number of conversions made by the current site so that the improvement and further optimization can be planned accordingly. In WordPress, it is possible to add these optimization tools using just a plugin. Let's take a look at some of the popular tools which will make the site user friendly and also increase the sale of the products.
To drive conversions and improve the overall user experience, Review for Discount Extension is a helpful tool. The customers who visit the website are asked to leave a review after they are offered a discount. This increases the chances that the visitor will complete the checkout process and also increase the count of reviews on the website. More reviews will be helpful for all those people who will shop in future. Offering discounts is a very popular method to increase sales and is a proven technique from the past many years.
Customers look for support in case they have some query about the product. And if such an assistance is available, this is likely to create a good image about the e-commerce website. These days live chat is used on many websites and the most popular tool to implement this is Olark Chat. When the visitors browse an e-commerce website, they are offered to chat with the representatives. A visitor can initiate the chat if required and get the desired information.
This prevents the user from visiting any other website for information and increase the probability of sales on your website. So, in this way you can add to your conversion rate. This feature can be added on WordPress websites using a plugin or by pasting a chunk of code into the text widget. The plugin is not official, therefore no assistance will be provided by Olark Chat.
The service of Optimizely does not come under WordPress but there is an option to use the plugin so that you can manage it from your website. It is an efficient way to incorporate the A/B testing techniques to improve the sales and also everything is visible on a single dashboard. This saves a lot of effort, as the site owner does not have to switch between tabs and other websites.
Once the plugin is installed, you can start using Optimizely website after creating an account. Then you can further proceed with the optimization of your e-commerce website. Plan out different strategies and see what works best for your website.
Creating an e-commerce website on WordPress is a great idea as it is the best affordable method available today. A lot of tools are available which can be used as per your requirement. Not only this, a lot of customizations can be made to the website with the available options. The tools are easy to use as all of them come as plugins or extension to plugins.
These are some of the essential aspects which will boost sales and will create a good ranking for your e-commerce website. You can get in touch with me for more information and I will soon share some more valuable information regarding various other aspects of WordPress which can be utilized. Please feel free to ask questions by replying to this email.


The term 'twin flames' is a bit misleading in my view and there's some great debates out there on what exactly it means. The words themselves convey the idea that, at one time we may have been one soul that split in two. And that through a relationship, two can again become one.
On my own spiritual awakening journey, I've been interested in soulmates and reincarnation, and healing past lives, but the concept of twin souls hasn't swept me up for some reason.
Yet this romantic idea of 'being one' is prevalent in our society and spiritual circles. It's egged on by ancient soulmate theory and modern culture, like the infamous 'you complete me' scene in the movie Jerry McGuire.
As I understand it, we have individual souls gifted free-will. And our souls are also connected to the universal consciousness. So every soul is a portion of the whole: and we are all connected. Which is a familiar understanidng in spiritual tradition.
There is a great deal of mystery surrounding twin flames and a great deal of intense romanticism. The romanticism may be a carrot, the reason to seek more information about twin flames and soulmates, which is great. But be careful about making romanticism the goal and feeling incomplete by yourself.
Having said that, Twin flames unions can be a powerful experience, no question about that. But when all is said and done, we need to keep our heads about us - along with our hearts.
And look deeper, beyond the hype. American Clairvoyant Edgar Cayce's readings are a good place to start.
However sincerely I believe in soulmates and reincarnation, I come back to the Cayce material to clear my head.
If you've found an intense 'other-half-feeling' relationship, it might be a soulmate. Or it might be a karmic relationship that's preparing you to have a huge soul insight.
This doesn't mean that the person that invokes that heady feeling isn't significant in your life, or that he or she couldn't evolve into a soulmate relationship in time. In fact, I'd argue that all relationships have soulmate potential – if both people are willing to work at it.
Are you meant to marry twin flames?
The Cayce material doesn't linger on this question. Clearly, it states that as helpful as soulmate relationships or twin flames may be, we are here to find wholeness within our own souls.
The idea of soulmates and twin souls are both helpful and misleading. Helpful in making a wise choice of marriage partner, and considering the overall purpose of a relationship. Misleading if we forget that our ultimate companion... is the universal consciousness.
If this topic resonates for you right now, I recommend that you check out: Edgar Cayce on Soul Mates by Kevin J. Todeschi.
Todeschi's book tells of Edgar Cayce's past lives and relationships with his wife Gertrude, his son Hugh Lynn and his secretary Gladys. Cayce's reading affirmed that Gertrude and Edgar were soulmates and marriage partners. But Edgar and his secretary Gladys were twin flames because he and Gladys joined together to birth a new creation, a gift for the planet.
It was Gladys who carefully documented Cayce's work, which remains some of the most powerful evidence of reincarnation and past lives.
Edgar's own reincarnation story is a great example of the complexity of the reincarnation question... and the certainty that we are reunited with those souls we've known before.
Twin flames aren't fated, romantic notions meant to dissolve our loneliness and fill the voids inside us. Yet, we always get to choose whether to accept a relationship opportunity or go another way. Cayce himself was told that he and his wife Gertrude might have died earlier in life, if they didn't join together. Their souls made a choice: and it prolonged life for both of them.
Free-will is our birthright. The one thing no one can take from us, unless we allow it. You are empowered to choose!
What if one soul is 'ready' and the other isn't? This is a very painful situation. What to do? Gingerly, gently, with love and compassion turn your attention to yourself.
Fate is not at work here. The key will always attract the lock. We'll always stimulate in one another... what needs to be healed within ourselves. A long-term marriage is not the most powerful outcome for every couple.
The people we attract will change as we change. Whether karmic relationships... soulmates, or twin flames. The more that we understand our own patterns, wounds, reasons for being, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone who is as ready as we are.
Thanks for reading about twin flames!
Clairvoyant Edgar Cayce – Fascinating facts about the readings of America's most documented psychic.


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Objective To investigate the influencing factors of inter-arm systolic blood pressure difference (IASBPD) in the elderly inpatients. Methods A total of 1 542 patients admitted in our department from January 2016 to June 2017 were recruited in this study. In 24 h after being in stable or relatively stable condition, these patients underwent non-invasive blood pressure test. According to their IASBPD values, they were assigned into 0-5 mmHg group (n=570), 6-15 mmHg group (n=834), and ≥16 mmHg group (n=138). Their body mass index (BMI), other complications and C-reactive protein (CRP) were collected and compared among the 3 groups. Logistic regression analyses were applied to explore the related factors affecting IASBPD.Results The total IASBPD value was (8.5±5.4)mmHg, and the value was (10.6±5.2)mmHg and (4.3±2.6)mmHg respectively between the patients with and without hypertension (P<0.001). Both univariate analysis of variance and univariate logistic regression analysis showed that female, BMI, CRP level, hypertension, family history of hypertension, use of hypotensive drugs, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and other complications were related factors infecting IASBPD (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female (OR=2.286,5%CI 1.784-2.929), BMI (OR=1.101, 95%CI 1.054-1.150), hypertension (OR=7.726, 95%CI 5.575-10.706), diabetes (OR=1.701, 95%CI 1.125-2.570), hyperlipidemia (OR=2.182, 95%CI 1.660-2.869) and CRP level (OR=1.260,5%CI 1.190-1.333) were independent risk factors for IASBPD. Conclusion IASBPD is quite larger in the elderly inpatients. Female, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and CRP level are independent risk factors for IASBPD.


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DIAGRAM Rebrand
DIAGRAM Building Certification Consultants, Canada's leading Green Globes certification consultant, recently enlisted MCG to assist in a rebrand. DIAGRAM supports businesses in the achievement of green certification using building information modeling software, called BIM analysis, which offers a virtual visualization of green building projects. "As always, there was a lot of discussion about the company's vision and strategy […]
Agape Table on CTV Morning Live
The agency recently coordinated an appearance on CTV Morning Live Winnipeg for non-profit client, Agape Table to help build awareness for the innovative work they provide to the community, and as a means to help drive donations during the holiday season. With seven live segments scheduled over the course of two and a half hours, a […]
Peter George Earns National Opera Award
Opera.ca, the national association for professional opera in Canada, recently announced that MCG's Peter George is the 2011/12 recipient of the Opera.ca National Opera Directors Recognition Award. Peter is Past Chair of the Board of Trustees for Manitoba Opera (MO). The annual award honours a board member who promotes good governance, celebrates volunteer excellence and […]
Contest Earns FLOFORM 800% More Facebook Fans
The FLOFORM Countertops $100,000 Kitchen Party contest has been an enormous success. Since the contest launched September 5, FLOFORM has increased their following on Facebook, where the contest is hosted, from 400 to 3,783 – an increase of over 800 per cent. Over 250 entries were submitted on an app MCG's digital department developed for […]
Define Your Future
"Where you are shapes who you are." It is this statement that inspires the national positioning campaign for the University of Manitoba, which was first launched to Canadians earlier this year. Now, for fall 2011 and speaking directly to current and prospective students, the campaign continues its celebration of the human, intellectual and geographic landscape of […]
Celebrating Five Years
McKim Cringan George celebrated a small milestone last week – the fifth anniversary of the agency with the amalgamation of McKim Cringan and Taylor George Design in 2006. "Five years later the merger has been a great success," says Peter George, President and CEO. "The agency continues to attract new business and build upon a fantastic group of […]
Trailblazer Campaign Makes Headlines
The Winnipeg Free Press caught up with University of Manitoba vice-president of external relations John Kearsey and MCG president Peter George recently to talk about the our campaign for the university, often referred to as the "Trailblazer campaign." The story is about the student recruitment campaign phase of the Trailblazer campaign. The first and national […]
Marketing Magazine Spotlights Social Media Contest
Marketing Magazine recently featured a story on the social media contest MCG designed for FLOFORM Countertops. The article highlights the scope of the contest as well as its success – since the launch, FLOFORM has increased its following on Facebook from 400 to 2,500. Visit here to learn more about the MCG-developed project.
Press Conference for New Stadium
MCG recently helped organize a major press conference with the Winnipeg Football Club. Our long-time client is transitioning to a new state-of-the-art stadium next year and had several announcements to make to fans, media and the public.
Whack an Issue
In light of the upcoming provincial election, the Winnipeg Free Press recently approached MCG to develop an interactive game for their website; one that would create interest in the electoral process and support voter engagement. The result of the joint effort is 'Whack an Issue', a light-hearted, non-partisan online game now running on the 'Democracy […]


After a very good start where Kristian managed to stay out of trouble - he was P16. Then the safety car was set in - because the medical helicopter had to take off.
On the first lap after the saftey car was in, Y. Muller overtook Thomson and Poulsen at the same time. Afterwards it was close race between Thomson and Poulsen and Thomson pushed Poulsen off into the sand....and then it was game over for Poulsen.


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Ioniq ev Stories March 22, 2016
The all-electric Hyundai Ioniq will have about 110 miles of EPA-rated range
- Mar. 22nd 2016 5:42 am ET
Cars Hyundai New York Hyundai IONIQ IONIQ
We have been speculating about the "real-world" range of the upcoming all-electric (BEV) version of the Hyundai Ioniq for a while now, especially since the company confirmed it will have a 28 kWh battery pack, but now Hyundai confirmed that it expects it will achieve an EPA-rated range of 110 miles.
The Korea-based automaker was previously suggesting that the pack can enable 155 miles on a single charge, but as we discussed when Hyundai first release the estimate, it is more likely to be based on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), which is known to be less restrictive than the EPA standard. expand full story