Greenville SC Buyer's Agent: A Realtor for All Your Real Estate Needs!
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Are you looking for a realtor in Greenville SC? Are you relocating to Greenville SC and have no idea where to buy? Are you looking for a luxury Greenville home and are afraid you will pay too much or buy in the wrong area?
Are you a first time home buyer and need an Experienced Greenville SC Buyer's Agent to guide you through the buying process? Or are you just tired of working with a realtor who is not working in your best interest but is working for the seller? I can help.
I'm Don Wessel and I am an Exclusive Buyer's Agent for real estate in the Greenville SC area. What is an Exclusive Buyer's Agent? An exclusive buyer's agent does not list any homes and is bound to work in the buyer's best interest. Folks, I've been an exclusive buyer's agent for over 15 years now. I've helped hundreds of nice people buy homes in the Greenville area. I'm an Accredited Buyer's Representative and a member in good standing with the Real Estate Buyers Agents Council. Titles are nice but in reality it's what you've done that is more important. Please check out a few reviews below if you like. Please see My Pledge To You.
I have a fiduciary duty to work for the buyer and there is no charge to you for my services.
There are a lot of realtors in Greenville SC but not many are exclusive buyer's agents. Why? For one thing it's much more difficult to make a living as an exclusive buyer's agent. As competitive as the Greenville South Carolina real estate market is if you don't list homes for sale then it is very difficult to find buyers to work with. So most realtors in Greenville list homes and pick up buyers that way or have their own "buyer's agents" show their listings. I've got a blog written here on that subject. I am a member in good standing with the Greenville SC Association of Realtors, South Carolina Association of Realtors, the National Association of Realtors and the Real Estate Buyers Agents Council (REBAC).
You are never required to register or give personal information to view Greenville SC Real Estate here.
So, do you want to know what the first question is I get when someone calls from New Jersey because they are tired of paying those high taxes or someone from Florida who wants to be a half backer? Don, what's the best area to buy in? Yep, that's the first question. Nice folks who want to relocate to Greenville always have that question. They contact a few Greenville Realtors to find out exactly where the best homes for sale are.
Well I'm going to answer that question! It depends…. What I'm getting at is that it really all depends on what you want.
Folks, all areas have their pluses and minuses. You ask most anyone where the best place to live in Greenville is and everyone is going to have their own opinion, especially Greenville SC Realtors with a home to sell. Guess what my job is? TO POINT OUT THOSE PLUSES AND MINUSES. That's why you need an exclusive buyer's agent on your side! I've helped 300+ buyer's purchase homes in the Greenville area. I can help you too!
Don Wessel, your Greenville SC Buyer's agent, 864-335-8490.


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'The less attention I paid to my weight, the more I lost'
After six weeks of a new fitness programme that focusses on mindset, five participants reveal results they never thought possible
By Jack Rear 27 June 2021 • 6:00am
Before this programme (left) I'd never visited the weights at the gym but over six weeks I've begun to relish the challenge," says Rear Credit: Jack Rear / Rii Schroer
Just like some people are no good with names, or rubbish at maths, I've been resigned to the fact that good health was just beyond me. Well, mostly. Just because I told myself I could never have a six-pack didn't mean I didn't want one. I still looked at my stomach with hatred. I just told myself I couldn't change.
But a few weeks ago I was invited by my gym, David Lloyd Clubs, to take part in Team PB: an experimental programme offering six weeks of personal training sessions, and fortnightly sessions with a nutritionist and a psychologist. Focusing on the triumvirate of exercise, diet and mental health, the programme promised to be a total reset. I was sceptical.
Brief dalliances with exercise or dieting have never led to any tangible results. The numbers on the scales have remained stubbornly consistent. But the psychological element intrigued me.
"I am wary of people who come to me and say things like, 'If I was a stone lighter, then everything would be better'," said Dr Jessamy Hibberd, the clinical psychologist who'd be working with me and the four other participants. "That's trying to fix an internal problem with an external change."
We often hear about physical fitness being good for mental health, how the body releases endorphins after exercise which relieve stress and boost happiness. Dr Hibberd asked us to consider the opposite: looking after our mental health might make the physical side easier. There is science to back this up.
We tend to "comfort eat" when we're stressed, which often leads to overindulging in unhealthy foods. Not only that, but when the body goes into stress it produces cortisol, a hormone which encourages the body to hold onto fat. But psychologically there's more.
"If you pin your self-worth all on weight then there's not much room for you to think about the rest of who you are, whereas if you appreciate yourself you're more inclined to look after yourself better," explained Dr Hibberd.
Phrased like that it sounds obvious, but I was surprised to see how well it worked. At Dr Hibberd's insistence I tried to pay less attention to my body, a part of my life where I felt I was failing, and instead learn to recognise and celebrate my successes. She noticed I had a habit of comparing my failings to the successes of others. "It's comparing their finish line to your mid-race," Dr Hibberd noted.
She asked me to make a list of everything I had achieved in the past year. It ended up two pages long, encompassing all areas of my life from my career to my relationship to my friendships. As Dr Hibberd had planned, it dawned on me that if I could do all that then why couldn't I do whatever my newly appointed personal trainer threw at me?
Before this programme I'd never visited the weights end of the gym but over six weeks I've seen obvious muscle growth. I've begun to relish the challenge, often asking for heavier weights or to go further.
Personal trainer Harry Doré puts Jack through his paces at David Lloyd Finchley Credit: Rii Schroer
After I confessed that I was overeating sweet treats, our nutritionist Jenna Hope explained the "blood sugar roller coaster". By eating sugar early in the day I'd cause my blood sugar to rise and then crash, making my brain crave more sugar to pick myself back up.
"That's a biological response," Hope explained. "It isn't just about you having a sweet tooth or lacking willpower." Knowing that, I was able to let myself off the hook and stop feeling guilty for wanting sugar, which made it easier to recognise cravings and avoid succumbing to them. My sugar consumption has gone down vastly.
But perhaps the most powerful tools in my weight-loss arsenal were the other Team PB members. All five of us were different ages, from all over the country, with different backgrounds and very different fitness goals (see below and right for their experiences), but we began to speak every day. At first, the WhatsApp group we started felt a little strange.
We mostly compared notes on our unhealthy habits, from eating KFC to drinking too much coffee, but as the weeks went by, we opened up to one another. We began to speak every day. We all found ourselves being more open with a bunch of strangers we'd never met than we were with friends and family. Being honest about my vulnerabilities as well as my successes made me realise they weren't a big deal.
In the past I have trained for and completed half-marathons, been out running three times a week for months, and cycled daily. All have been explicitly about trying to lose weight – and yet none of them helped me lose a single pound.
The difference this time is that I have shifted my mindset to feel positive about my progress, rather than beating myself up about my failings. And the less attention I've paid to my weight, the more I've lost. In six weeks I've dropped a waist size, my stomach has shrunk, and I'm more muscular. I've also started drinking enough water, eating three proper meals per day rather than the one I was surviving on, and getting more fruit and vegetables (and less chocolate) into my diet.
I'm still a work in progress but this has worked. Clearing the roadblocks of who I allow myself to be has made me not only thinner and more healthy; I'm happier, more confident, and feel more in control of my life. I'm not the only one. For all of us, changing our mindset has been the key to losing weight, getting stronger, and overcoming our limits.
We have agreed to continue working together and sharing our progress with one another. Despite the fact that none of us have ever met, we've become teammates, cheerleaders and, perhaps most importantly, friends.
John Grimshaw, 41, Manchester
Fitness goals: Lose weight, enjoy boxing again and run 5km without stopping
"Letting myself try to improve has given me the boost to realise I'm not crap in the gym or at home"
"I've come to realise I'm not crap in the gym or at home," says Grimshaw, a product manager and father of four Credit: Paul Cooper
I've been slowly putting on weight for five years, then the pandemic hit and I doubled down on eating. I went from 18st to 21st in 12 months. I got fatter and lazier.
When I first started this programme, Mark, my PT, used to laugh at me because I'd turn up in jogging tights, basketball shorts, a vest, a T-shirt, and a hoodie; I was hiding. I knew I needed to work out but I was hiding.
My lack of confidence led to anxiety, too. I used to think any time not working was time I wasn't earning money, then I'm letting my family down and I wouldn't be able to pay the mortgage, and it would spiral.
In the past, if I hadn't lost a crazy amount of weight in a week I'd have thrown in the towel, but it's the slow incremental changes. It's being kinder to myself, realising that if I have a McDonald's breakfast I haven't ruined the day, I've just had a bad half hour. That would never have happened before this.
When we chat in the WhatsApp group, I seem confident but it's all a front. Putting on that confident front is a "fake it 'til you make it" thing. Pretending to be that confident, so I can cheer everyone else on, has made me feel stronger.
I have lost seven kilos so far, but that doesn't feel important anymore. Letting myself try to improve has given me the boost to realise I'm not crap in the gym or at home. I wasn't confident – I'd pick a machine in the corner where no one could see me – but it doesn't matter what's in my way now; I have a task to complete so I go and do it.
Follow @leanintoexercise on Instagram for more health updates and tips.
Michelle D'Amico, 32, Hampshire
Fitness goals: Recover from post-Covid syndrome and lose half a stone of lockdown weight
"When I shared that with the group the reception was incredible, it really motivated me to keep going"
D'Amico, a paediatric audiologist and mother of three, suffered from long-Covid symptoms and has since regained her strength and confidence Credit: Christopher Pledger
I had Covid just after Christmas and at first I thought I was OK. If it wasn't for the fact I knew it was Covid, I wouldn't have thought anything of it. But by day 12, I got hit by this intense pressure on the left side of my chest. I started to feel weak and exhausted. Whenever I tried to do anything it was there.
Weeks went past where I just wasn't getting any better. Even carrying my toddler a hundred yards set my coughing off. I would be begging her to walk back to the car because I didn't have it in me to carry her. It knocked my confidence. I've always been quite active, but when I lost my ability to exercise I felt awful having to almost start from scratch. I put on weight as a result.
Working with Jessamy on the psychological side of things has made me re-evaluate how I do things. I've realised it's OK to take a minute, look at what's working or what isn't and what is best for me. I went for a run recently, but was so close to not doing it. I was so scared of not making it and knocking my confidence again.
But by being more confident psychologically, instead of beating myself up for not hitting my old PBs, I decided to try – and I ran six miles. My spark has come back.
When I shared that with the group the reception was incredible, it really motivated me to keep going. Having that chat on my phone is like having a cheerleader in my pocket.
My body shape has changed, too. I never wanted to lose lots of weight but yesterday I put on a pair of shorts. I've always hated my thighs and so I'd never wear shorts. But I wore them yesterday without feeling self-conscious. I don't know whether that's weight loss or improving my psychology but it has worked.
Fixing me in six weeks was never going to be possible, but I feel I've sown the seeds so that things can grow and I'm in a good place to carry on.
Rachael Stevenson, 44, Derby
Fitness goals: Recover from pandemic stress and anxiety, plus lose a stone
"I've lost weight and grown much stronger physically. I feel ready and excited to get my new business going"
Through fitness, Stevenson, an events manager, has learnt that saying no "is not selfish" Credit: Andrew Fox
The past year has been tough on me. I've had contracts cancelled left and right. I was due to work on the Olympics. I wasn't eligible for furlough either, so the last time I had a full-time income coming in was May last year.
Constantly worrying about money triggered my anxiety. I couldn't see the light through the trees. At the start of the lockdowns, I was managing my exercise quite well, but by the time the third one was announced, I'd lost all momentum. I was not in a good place.
I knew I had to get myself healthy because I knew I could only manage getting back to work and putting all my efforts into my new business if I was both physically and mentally healthy.
I've realised that I need to stop holding myself to such high standards. I can't be a machine at work and go to the gym and prep food at home and have time for family and friends and everything else. I used to feel so burnt out. I don't want to feel that way anymore. I've learned it isn't selfish to say no sometimes or to put myself first occasionally.
And as a result of learning those things I've lost weight and grown much stronger physically. I feel ready and excited to get my new business going. The trick was that we didn't focus on losing the weight, we focused on making my body calm again – once I did that, the weight just slipped right off.
Follow @socially_stevenson on Instagram for more health updates.
Eva Davies, 59, Barnet, London
Fitness goals: Stay healthy in later life and keep diabetes under control
"I know a lot of women feel that they've disappeared...and breaking out of that was so important"
Davies, a self-employed business owner, has found the solidarity of a group invaluable Credit: Rii Schroer
I'm hitting 60 in November but I didn't want to slow down. I wanted to carry on; I didn't want to become an old lady. I don't want my fitness to hold me back in terms of where I can go, what I can do, and how I can live.
I used to go to the gym and put my head round the door and think "this isn't for me", because it would be full of fit young people who knew what they were doing and that wasn't me.
Going through the menopause is not pleasant: you lose yourself. I know a lot of women feel that they've disappeared, that they have no personality and the physical stuff has gone and that contributed to that mentality of reinforcing what I couldn't do. Breaking out of that was so important.
Allowing myself to celebrate my success was the first step. At my second weigh-in I hadn't lost any weight and that might have been disheartening but we noticed a pound of fat had become a pound of muscle. I've never done anything like that. That made an enormous difference.
One day I played a bit of tennis and I was running non-stop. I don't think I've ever done that. I wanted to cry. I was amazed at myself.
Before now I had always thought of the gym as a place where people were intense, but I can do it now.
I love the group chat with the other Team PB members, I think it's great. Having that group to boost each other, discuss what works, share our successes has helped me celebrate myself, too.
I definitely plan to stay in touch with the rest of the team, I'll nag them and be their mother if they don't keep me updated. I just know this is the framework on which we'll all succeed.
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Last Updated: Wednesday, 16 May 2007, 09:09 GMT 10:09 UK
Darwin's letters archived on web
By Jonathan Fildes
Science and technology reporter, BBC News
The database contains nearly 5,000 letters
Evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin thought the voyage of the Beagle was a "magnificent scheme" allowing him to spend time "larking round the world".
His delight at the five-year cruise is chronicled in a letter, available online for the first time.
The note is one of nearly 5,000 from and to the scientist held in a database at the University of Cambridge.
The Darwin Correspondence project includes summaries of a further 9,000 letters, written from the age of 12.
In some of his earliest letters, he recounts talking to his sister Caroline, who had asked him about his personal hygiene.
"I only wash my fe[e]t once a month at school, which I confess is nasty, but I cannot help it, for we have nothing to do it with," he wrote.
Dr Alison Pearn, co-director of the Darwin Correspondence project, says it is insight like this that makes the letters so special.
"I think the human side is what is arresting about the letters," she said. "There is such an interesting and exciting mixture of very cutting-edge science and very personal revelations about his life and family."
Different paths
Darwin was a prolific letter writer, exchanging correspondence with nearly 2,000 people during his lifetime (1809-1882). Nearly 14,500 of his letters are known to exist, with the biggest collection residing in Cambridge.
His theory on evolution has influenced many science disciplines
"Letters were absolutely essential to what Darwin was doing," said Dr Pearn. "This is how he gathered data, how he gathered ideas, how he discussed ideas."
As well as other scientists, Darwin courted diplomats, clergymen, gardeners and pigeon fanciers.
"Pigeons are one of the organisms that Darwin investigated in great detail, in particular to study variation under domestication," said Dr Pearn.
"Breeding was so wide spread at the time that it was easy for him to tap into a network of people."
The letters also detail his dealings with other intellectual heavyweights of the time.
These included well known naturalists such as Alfred Russel Wallace, who collected specimens in the Amazon and Malay Archipelago and independently formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection.
In a letter from May 1857, contained in the new archive, Darwin replied to Wallace who had reported some of his own conclusions in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and in a letter sent to Darwin on 10 October 1856.
"I can plainly see that we have thought much alike and to a certain extent have come to similar conclusions," wrote Darwin.
Darwin was one of the most important figures in the history of science. He changed forever our understanding of life on Earth.
John van Wyhe
Darwin Online
"I agree to the truth of almost every word of your paper; and I daresay that you will agree with me that it is very rare to find oneself agreeing pretty closely with any theoretical paper; for it is lamentable how each man draws his own different conclusions from the very same fact."
Darwin and Wallace eventually published their theories in a joint paper in 1858, a year before Darwin published On the Origin of Species.
Letters from throughout this period map out the evolution of his ideas and publications.
The Darwin Correspondence project has existed offline since 1974. It has so far published 15 volumes of the scientist's letters as books.
The Beagle set off for South America in 1831
An agreement with the publisher of the books means the new website will offer digitised versions of the texts freely available to anyone four years behind the hard copies.
Nearly 5,000 pieces of correspondence will be fully searchable when the site launches on Thursday 17 May.
"This is good news for everyone," said Dr John van Wyhe, project director of Darwin Online, a separate project also based at the University of Cambridge.
"Darwin was one of the most important figures in the history of science. He changed forever our understanding of life on Earth."
Set up in 2002, Darwin Online is putting Darwin's publications and non-correspondence manuscripts on the web. It also has downloadable audio files and images.
The most recent addition, the diaries of Darwin's wife, Emma Darwin, cover six decades of the couple's life together.
"My aim was to have a website that has everything else," said Dr van Wyhe. "We complement each other."
See some of the animals that inspired Darwin's theories
Charles Darwin's works go online
19 Oct 06 | Science/Nature
Darwin's wife's diaries go online
12 Mar 07 | UK
Darwin's steps map flower changes
21 Jul 06 | Science/Nature
Darwin's Beagle ship replica plan
19 Jul 06 | South West Wales
Glimpse of Darwin's legacy
24 Sep 02 | Science/Nature
Country profile: Ecuador
16 Oct 06 | Country profiles
Darwin Correspondence Project (Goes live on Thursday)
TOP SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT STORIES
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Higgs discovery rumour is denied


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text:
\section{How can I sell my paper?}
\begin{itemize}
    \item Measurements of aqueous samples using on-wafer VNA measurements. Why is this an advantage?
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Higher SNR?
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\end{itemize}

\section{To-do}
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\section{Talk with Helena}

\begin{itemize}
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\section{Abstract}

In this we're able to make THz spectroscopy of highly lossy polar liquids, such as water, which is crucial to have on native environments when analyzing biomolecules.

\section{Intro}

\begin{itemize}
    \item THz on-wafer spectroscopy has several advantages over free-space methods.
    \item On-wafer spectroscopy by exciting with TDS sources has shown to have some problems extracting the complex dielectric permittivity of highly lossy aqueous samples at THz frequencies.
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\end{itemize}

\section{Method}

\begin{itemize}
    \item Improve microfluidics illustration. Change colours, add labels, etc.
    \item Use variable names in the figures.
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\section{Other}

Literature review on THz spectroscopy of water. How did they measure? Accuracy? Dynamic range?

Why is it interesting?
\begin{itemize}
    \item We show the first VNA based measurements of aqueous solutions. Show its sensitivity (and accuracy), and compare with other sensitivities in the literature.
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    \item We can do spectroscopy of water at 1.1 THz (can other groups? Check literature)
    \item We get consistent measurements
    \item High sensitive spectroscopy measurements of water and IPA. Figure of merit: by measuring 5 times we can distinguish 2\% concentration changes (Δϵ=0.03) in a lossy 10\% IPA solution with 99\% certainty. (Compare these results with TDS)
    \item These results prove THz-FDS as a suitable method for measuring small dielectric changes in highly-lossy aqueous solutions up to 1.1 THz, allowing highly sensitive spectroscopy of biomolecules in their natural environment.
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\end{itemize}

What are the sensitivities that other groups have been able to achieve around 1THz with highly-absorptive samples?
\begin{itemize}
    \item Swithenbank2017: problems with measuring the permittivity of samples with a high concentration of water. Especially at frequencies above 0.4 THz. Some inconsistent results.
    \item Kindt1996: measures water with transmission TDS from 50 GHz to 1.5 THz.
    \item Popov2016: seems to have quite some uncertainty for measurements of water around 1 THz.
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\end{itemize}

{[2019/07/12]} Read about Jorgen and Johannas papers, and get relevant references from there.

\end{document}

\section{Introduction}

The development of efficient radio-frequency technology and components at terahertz (THz) frequencies \cite{Mittleman2017} is essential for improving the performance and possibilities of THz applications, such as radio-astronomy \cite{Phillips1992}, security \cite{Appleby2007a}, medical applications \cite{Pickwell2006}, telecommunications \cite{Song2011}, pharmaceutical quality control \cite{Bawuah2021}, and biological sensing \cite{Acbas2014}.
When planar technology is required---for its good integration, ease of fabrication, and low cost---it is necessary to minimize the high power losses present at THz frequencies to have good circuit performance.
A fundamental way to minimize losses is to use power-efficient transmission lines.
Some of the most used metal planar waveguides at THz frequencies include coplanar waveguide \cite{Wen1969}, coplanar stripline \cite{Knorr1975}, microstrip \cite{Grieg1952}, and planar Goubau line (PGL).
As opposed to typical transmission lines based on multiple conductors \cite{Wu2021a}, the PGL is a single-conductor planar waveguide consisting of a metal strip on top of a dielectric material, and, to the best of the authors' knowledge, its properties were first mentioned by \cite{Schetzen1954}.
The PGL is the planar version of the Goubau line \cite{Goubau1950, Goubau1951} whose propagation mode is similar to the Sommerfeld or Zenneck waves \cite{Barlow1953} with a field that decays exponentially in the transverse direction.
Similarly, the PGL can propagate a quasi transverse-magnetic surface wave, which spreads radially from its single conductor, covering a large cross-section, and at the same time has higher field intensity at the edges of its conducting strip.
Its propagation conditions depend on the electrical thickness of its substrate \cite{Gacemi2013}, where electrically-thin substrates minimize losses and dispersion.
The PGL has shown to have one of the highest power efficiencies for metal planar waveguides \cite{CabelloSanchez2018}, thus being a good candidate for circuit design at THz frequencies.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering%
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/filter_pic_fc.pdf}
\label{fig:filter_pic}
}%
\\[-0.1mm]%
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/filter_pic_zoom_fc.pdf}
\label{fig:filter_pic_zoom}
}%
\\[2.6mm]
\caption{False color micrographs of (a) the fabricated PGL filter with coplanar waveguide transitions on the sides, and (b) zoomed-in of the PGL filter with 49 resonator pairs, showing its dimension parameters.
The gold and the high-resistivity silicon membrane are shown in golden and grey colors, respectively.}
\label{fig:filter}
\end{figure}

Designing circuit elements for PGL remains challenging due to its lack of ground plane.
Despite this, several filtering circuit elements have been published for PGL, including stopband elements based on corrugations in the line \cite{Akalin2009} and resonators \cite{Dazhang2009,Treizebre2010,Chen2011,Horestani2013a}.
However, previously published resonating elements for PGL lack a clear design methodology that would allow them to synthesize any given filter response.
In \cite{Akalin2009}, it is unclear how to design line corrugations to produce an arbitrary stopband or if ring resonators can be used together to achieve a wider stopband.
The resonators used in \cite{Dazhang2009, Treizebre2010, Chen2011, Horestani2013a} can produce narrow stopbands, but they have not been tested by combining several resonators to achieve a broader bandwidth response.

This paper proposes a PGL filter based on periodic $\lambda/2$ resonators capacitively coupled to the PGL.
The resonant frequency of the resonators can be easily tuned by changing the length of the resonating lines.
The paper is organized as follows:
section \ref{sec:method} contains the method, divided in transmission-line model (section \ref{sec:model}), design of a bandpass filter at 0.9\,THz (section \ref{sec:design}), filter fabrication (section \ref{sec:fab}), and measurement setup
(section \ref{sec:meas}).
Finally, in section \ref{sec:results}, we present the results, and the conclusion in section \ref{sec:concl}.

\section{Method} \label{sec:method}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig/cell_model.pdf}
\\%[2.6mm]
\caption{Transmission-line model of the periodic filter consisting of repeating unit cells of capacitively-coupled open-ended resonators.}
\label{fig:cell_model}
\end{figure}

The proposed terahertz filter consists of a PGL periodically loaded with capacitively-coupled $\lambda/2$ resonators in a balanced configuration, see Fig.\,\ref{fig:filter}.
The resonators are physically separated from the PGL to not short-circuit its propagating mode but close enough to produce coupling between the PGL and resonators.
The input impedance presented by the shunt resonators along the line creates a frequency response with stopbands \cite{Young1966} when the resonators exhibit impedances close to a short-circuit.
The periodic structure of $N$ equal resonator pairs in cascade increases the bandwidth of the stopbands and, thereby, produces sharper and narrower passbands.
The layout parameters of the filter (Fig.\,\ref{fig:filter_pic_zoom}) are the PGL's width, $w_p$; resonator's length, $l_r$, gap, $g_r$, and width, $w_r$; and the line-resonator coupling gap, $g_c$.

This section describes the transmission-line model, design, fabrication process, and on-wafer measurement setup to demonstrate a bandpass PGL filter centered at 0.9\,THz fabricated on a silicon membrane.

\subsection{Transmission-line model} \label{sec:model}

Herein, an equivalent transmission-line model \cite{Marks1992} is proposed to explain the rather complex electromagnetic wave propagation through the filtering structure.
The filter, consisting of repeating resonators along the PGL, can be modeled as periodic unit cells of length $l_c=g_r+w_r$.
Each unit cell represents a section of the PGL central filter strip with a coupled resonator-pair and two half resonator-gaps on both sides, modeled as shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:cell_model}.
The inductances, $L_c$, represent an electrically-short high-impedance line section with length $g_r/2$.

Two types of planar waveguides are used in the unit-cell model: coplanar waveguides (even mode) for the central line crossing the filter, $\gamma_c$ and $Z_c$; and parallel metal strips (even mode) for the waves excited in the coupled resonators, $\gamma_r$, and $Z_r$.
No coplanar waveguide odd modes will be excited in the central line due to the symmetry of the filter \cite{Ribo2000}.
Since the separation of contiguous resonators is much smaller than the wavelength, the excitation of the odd coplanar-stripline mode can be neglected \cite{Ponchak2018}.
Higher-order modes in the PGL decay rapidly, similarly to the Goubau line's \cite{Zelby1962,Fikioris1979}, and therefore were also neglected.
Naturally, the line feeding the filter was modeled as a PGL with $\gamma_p$ and $Z_p$.

The resonator's electrical length, $\gamma_r l_r$, determines the resonance frequency of the filter's stopband, as it can produce an input admittance, $Y_{in}$, in shunt with the main line, which tends to infinity at the stopband frequencies.
The resonant frequencies of the capacitance-resonator can be found by applying transmission-line theory and calculating $Y_{in}$ as a function of frequency.
$Y_{in}$ for a single coupled resonator is:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Yfilter}
    Y_{in} = \frac{j\omega C_c \tanh{\gamma_r l_r}}{\tanh{\gamma_r l_r} + j\omega C_c Z_r},
\end{equation}
where $\omega$ is the angular frequency and $C_c$ is the coupling capacitance.
The properties of the unit cell shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:cell_model} can be calculated by cascading the \textit{ABCD} matrices of each element as:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
[U] = [C][L][Y][L][C],
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $[C]$, $[L]$, and $[Y]$ are the $ABCD$ matrices of a coplanar waveguide, a series inductor and a shunt  $Y_{in}$ admittance, given by:

\begin{subequations}\label{eq:5}
\begin{align}
 [C] &=
 \begin{bmatrix}
 \cosh{\left(\gamma_c w_r/2\right)} & \sinh{\left(\gamma_c w_r/2\right)} Z_c  \\
 \sinh{\left(\gamma_c w_r/2\right)}/ Z_c & \cosh{\left(\gamma_c w_r/2\right)}
 \end{bmatrix}\\
 [L] &=
 \begin{bmatrix}
 1 & j\omega L_c  \\
 0 & 1
 \end{bmatrix}\\
 [Y] &=
 \begin{bmatrix}
 1 & 0  \\
 Y_{in} & 1
 \end{bmatrix}.
\end{align}
\end{subequations}

Then, the \textit{ABCD} matrix of the proposed model with a filter with $N$ unit cells and a total PGL length of $l_t$ is

\begin{equation} \label{eq:filterMatrix}
 {
 [F] =
 [P]
 [U]^{N}
 [P]
 },
 \end{equation}

 where $[P]$ is the \textit{ABCD} matrix corresponding to a PGL with length $l_p=(l_t-Nl_c)/2$ (see Fig.\,\ref{fig:cell_model})

 \begin{equation} \label{eq:PGLMatrix}
 {
 [P]=
 \begin{bmatrix}
 \cosh{\left(\gamma_p l_p\right)} &  \sinh{\left(\gamma_p l_p\right)}Z_p \\
 \sinh{\left(\gamma_p l_p\right)}/Z_p  & \cosh{\left(\gamma_p l_p\right)}
 \end{bmatrix}
 }.
 \end{equation}

 \subsection{Filter design} \label{sec:design}

A 0.9-THz passband filter was designed and fabricated on a $10\text{-}\mu\text{m}$ thick high-resistivity ($\rho > \SI{10}{k\ohm.\cm}$) suspended silicon membrane, with a bulk permittivity of $\epsilon_r=11.7$ and $\tan\delta=1.7\cdot10^{-5}$  \cite{Dai2004}.
An electrically-thin suspended substrate helps reduce dielectric and radiation losses, crucial at THz frequencies.
The radiation losses are minimized by having a higher phase constant, $\beta$, in the planar waveguides than in the undesired substrate modes \cite{Rutledge1978,Rutledge1983_thinCPW,Grischkowsky1987}.
With the proposed substrate, the critical frequencies for coupling to substrate modes \cite{Hatkin1954} are calculated to be beyond 5\,THz, and for second-order substrate modes, the cut-off frequency is around 4.6\,THz.

The PGL was designed with a relatively large strip width of $w_p=10\, \mu\text{m}$, which decreases conductor loss \cite{Xu2006b}.
For the resonator width and gap, we took $w_r=5\,\mu\text{m}$ and $g_r=5\, \mu\text{m}$ to guarantee sub-wavelength structure and operate well below the Bloch frequency.
In our case $\text{Im}(\gamma_c) (w_r+g_r) = \pi$ around 5\,THz, thus we operate well below the Bloch frequency.
We chose a coupling gap of $g_c=10\,\mu\text{m}$, which coupled the resonators while not short-circuiting the line's propagating mode.

\begin{figure}
\subfloat[]{%
\centering%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/betaPGL.pdf}
\label{fig:betaPGL}
}
\\[-2mm]%
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/alphaPGL.pdf}
\label{fig:alphaPGL}
}%
\\[-2mm]%
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/ZPGL.pdf}
\label{fig:ZPGL}
}%
\\%[2.6mm]
\caption{Simulated wave-propagating properties vs. frequency for PGL, resonators, and coplanar waveguide (CPW), for the used substrate. \textbf{(a)} Phase constant of the planar waveguides compared to the dielectric-slab modes. \textbf{(b)} Attenuation constants. \textbf{(c)} Characteristic impedance defined from eq.\,(\ref{eq:Z}).}
\label{fig:alphaBetaZPGL}
\end{figure}

After choosing the substrate and filter layout dimensions, the propagation constants and impedances of the three lines involved in the model were calculated with electromagnetic simulations using absorbing boundary conditions.
Port sizes were a vacuum wavelength at the lowest frequency of analysis for PGL and resonators, and  $3(w_p+2g_c) \text{ by } 2(w_p+2g_c)$ for the rectangular port for the coplanar waveguide.

Each planar waveguide's propagation constant, $\gamma = \alpha + j\beta$, was obtained from the S-parameter results using 3D electromagnetic simulations based on the finite integration technique (CST Studio Suite).
Simulation results were calculated between 50\,GHz and 1.5\,THz in several frequency bands and extrapolated down to dc.
The excitation ports used inhomogeneous port accuracy enhancement, enabling accurate wideband results.
The phase constants of the dielectric slab modes were calculated analytically  \cite{Hatkin1954}.
The dispersion diagrams of the simulated planar waveguides used to model the filter are shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:betaPGL} together with the fundamental transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic modes of the dielectric slab mode.
As desired, all the planar waveguides show a higher phase constant than the dielectric slab modes present in the substrate, which minimizes radiation loss.
The attenuation constants of the planar waveguides, $\alpha$, are shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:alphaPGL}, presenting results proportional to frequency.

The characteristic impedance of the lines was calculated using 2D finite-element-method simulations (COMSOL multiphysics) of the cross-section of the planar waveguides between 50\,GHz and 1.5\,THz, using the power-current definition \cite{Schelkunoff1944}:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Z}
    Z_{PI} = \frac{2P_{avg}}{\lvert I \rvert^2} = 2\frac{\iint_A \langle \Vec{S} \rangle \,d\Vec{A}}{\left\lvert \oint_C \Vec{H} \,d\Vec{l} \right\rvert^2}
\end{equation}

where $P_{avg}$ denotes the time-averaged power of the waveguide, and $I$ the current. The characteristic impedance results of the planar waveguides used for modeling the filter are shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:ZPGL}.

With the above values of $w_r$, $g_r$ and $g_c$, we fitted the values of $C_c$ and $L_c$ to 1.5\,fF and 7\,pH, respectively, by comparing 3D electromagnetic simulations of a single resonator pair of arbitrary length with its model, taking $\gamma_r$ and $Z_r$ from a $5\text{-}\mu\text{m}$ PGL strip.
With the resulting values of $C_c$ and $L_c$, a stopband centered around 0.6\,THz requires a resonator length of $l_r=100\,\mu\text{m}$, producing a passband response around 0.9\,THz.
Fig.\,\ref{fig:ModSim_1cell} compares the scattering parameters of the proposed model and electromagnetic simulation results of a filter with a single resonator pair of length $l_r=100\,\mu\text{m}$, showing fair agreement, and replicating the resonances in transmission.

\begin{figure}
\subfloat[]{%
\centering%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/ModSim_S11_1cell.pdf}
\label{fig:ModSim_S11_1cell}
}%
\\[-2mm]%
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/ModSim_S21_1cell.pdf}
\label{fig:ModSim_S21_1cell}
}%
\\%[2.6mm]
\caption{S-parameter comparison of the transmission-line model and electromagnetic simulations for a single-resonator-pair filter. The model shows to properly reproduce the pass- and stopbands of the filter. (a)  $\lvert S_{11} \rvert$ and (b) $\lvert S_{21} \rvert$.}
\label{fig:ModSim_1cell}
\end{figure}

Fig.\,\ref{fig:Mod_S21_vs_nStubs} shows the modeled transmission, $S_{21}$, of the proposed filter with $l_r=100\,\mu\text{m}$ as a function of the number of unit cells, while maintaining the total length of the PGL at a constant total size of $l_t=1\,\text{mm}$.
As can be seen, the bandwidth of the stopband increases with the number of unit cells and saturates around 20, being confined to regions where $\pi(n-0.5)<\beta l_r<\pi n, \quad \forall n \in \mathbb{N}$.
Due to the capacitive coupling, resonances are up-shifted from odd multiples of $\beta l_r = \pi/2$.
We chose $N=49$ unit cells for the fabricated filter.

Finally, a transition from coplanar waveguide to PGL was included in the layout  (Fig.\,\ref{fig:filter_pic}) for on-wafer characterization using ground-signal-ground probes.
The transition was designed to minimize insertion losses by exponentially changing its line impedance to reduce reflections and by using a quarter-wave transition at 0.9\,THz to lower line losses \cite{Cabello-Sanchez2018}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig/Mod_S21_vs_nStubs.jpg}
\\%[2.6mm]
\caption{Magnitude of transmission, $\lvert S_{21} \rvert$, calculated using the transmission-line model from Fig.\,\ref{fig:cell_model}, of the proposed PGL filter as a function of the number of resonators, $N$, and the normalized frequency, $\beta_r l_r$. Values in dark blue color have a $\lvert S_{21} \rvert \le 40\,dB$.  The fabricated filter has 49 unit cells, marked with the red line.}
\label{fig:Mod_S21_vs_nStubs}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Fabrication} \label{sec:fab}

The suspended PGL filter was fabricated using a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer from University Wafers.
We used a high-resistivity (>$\SI{10}{k\ohm.cm}$), undoped, $10\text{-}\mu\text{m}$ device layer; $1\text{-}\mu\text{m}$ buried oxide layer grown on a high-resistivity, $400\text{-}\mu\text{m}$ thick, silicon handle wafer.

In Fig.\,\ref{fig:fabSteps}, the complete process flow is outlined.
The fabrication process begins by defining the circuit using electron-beam lithography, followed by metal deposition and lift-off.
The conductor metallization consists of a 10-nm titanium adhesive layer and a 350-nm gold layer, evaporated in an ultra-high vacuum chamber.
Prior to the backside processing, the front side, with the circuit layer, is first protected with a thick resist and then mounted topside-down on a 6-inch carrier wafer.
The backside process starts by sputtering a 20-nm aluminum etch mask layer.
Openings for the membrane cavities are then defined in a thick photoresist (AZ4562) using a direct laser writer.
Then, the silicon handle wafer is dry-etched by deep reactive ion etching (Bosch process) in SF$_6$ and O$_2$ atmosphere, using C$_2$F$_8$ as passivation.
The etch rate is about $1\,\mu\text{m}$ per cycle.
The high selectivity toward dry etching between silicon and silicon dioxide ensures that the etching process will stop when the buried oxide is reached.
After etching, the chip is released from the carrier wafer by dissolving the protecting resist in acetone (48 hours).
Finally, any remaining resist residues are cleaned using an O$_2$-plasma dry etching.

A scanning-electron-microscope photograph of the fabricated suspended PGL circuit is shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:SEM_pic}.
Compared to our previous work using a soft plastic film substrate \cite{Cabello-Sanchez2021}, the suspended silicon substrate has the advantage of having the entire device on top of the suspended membrane, improving the repeatability of measurements and removing supporting substrate interfaces.

\begin{figure}
\subfloat[]{%
\centering%
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/fabSteps.pdf}
\label{fig:fabSteps}
}%
\\
\subfloat[]{%
\centering%
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/SEM_pic_filter.pdf}
\label{fig:SEM_pic}
}%
\\[2.6mm]
\caption{(a) Sketch of the fabrication steps of the proposed silicon-on-insulator chip (NB! The drawings are not in scale). (b) Scanning-electron-microscope image of the filter fabricated on the high-resistivity silicon membrane. Inset shows detail of the membrane and resonators. Unfortunately, the left side of the membrane broke when cleaving the chip for the picture.}
\label{fig:fab}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig/measSetup.JPG}
\\[2.6mm]
\caption{The measurement setup showing the probe-station with the VNA, frequency extenders, and on-wafer probes.}
\label{fig:mSetup}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Measurement set-up} \label{sec:meas}

The PGL filter was characterized by measuring the S-parameters between 0.5\,THz and 1.1\,THz  using a vector network analyzer (Keysight N5242A) with frequency extenders (VDI WR1.5SAX and WR1.0SAX) and DMPI T-Wave ground-signal-ground probes \cite{Bauwens2014} (Fig.\,\ref{fig:mSetup}).
The intermediate-frequency bandwidth was set to 100\,Hz.
The measurements were calibrated with dedicated multi-line Thru-Reflect-Line standards for PGL \cite{Cabello-Sanchez2018} fabricated on the same chip.
Calibrating allows to set the reference plane (see Fig.\,\ref{fig:filter_pic}) in the PGL and to de-embed the coplanar waveguide transition.
The lines used for calibration have an electrical length of $\lambda/4$, $3\lambda/4$, and $11\lambda/4$ at 0.91\,THz, with an effective refractive index of $n_e=1.88$.
The chip was placed on top of a polyethylene ($\epsilon_r=2.3$ and $\tan\delta=0.004$ at 1\,THz \cite{Fuse2011}) supporting substrate to isolate the DUT from the probe station's metal chuck.
The suspended $10\text{-}\mu\text{m}$ silicon membrane of the chip has enough mechanical strength to support the pressure from on-wafer probing.

\section{Results} \label{sec:results}

\begin{figure}
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig/S21_modSimMeas.pdf}
\label{fig:S21_f100}
}%
\\
\centering%
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig/S11_modSimMeas.pdf}
\label{fig:S11_f100}
}
\\[2.6mm]
\caption{S-parameter comparison of the transmission-line model, electromagnetic simulations, and measurements for the fabricated 49-unit-cell 0.9\,THz bandpass filter (Fig.\,\ref{fig:filter_pic_zoom}). Measurements agree well with both electromagnetic simulations and the transmission-line model.
(a) shows $\lvert S_{21} \rvert$ results and (b) shows $\lvert S_{11} \rvert$ results, both on decibels.
}
\label{fig:Spar_filter100}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[height=0.17\textwidth]{fig/E600.pdf}
\label{fig:E600}
}%
\subfloat[]{%
\centering
\includegraphics[height=0.17\textwidth]{fig/E900.pdf}
\label{fig:E900}
}%
\\[2.6mm]
\caption{Simulations of the electromagnetic fields in the PGL filter. Magnitude of electric field in logarithmic scale at (a) stopband frequency, 0.6\,THz, and at (b) passband frequency, at 0.9\,THz. Scale bar applies to both subfigures.}
\label{fig:Efilt}
\end{figure}

In Fig.\,\ref{fig:Spar_filter100}, the measured S-parameters of the filter from 0.5\,THz to 1.1\,THz are shown together with 3D simulations and the transmission-line model.
The results from electromagnetic simulations show excellent agreement with measurements.

The filter's $S_{21}$ shows a stopband and a passband centered at 0.6\,THz and 0.9\,THz, respectively, and a low-pass filter response with a reasonably low insertion loss, whereas the passband has an insertion loss of 7\,dB.
The 3-dB bandwidth of the passband and stopband are 31\% and 27\%, respectively.
Both $S_{11}$ and $S_{21}$ show an asymmetrical passband response, with steeper band transitions at higher passband frequencies.
This effect could be explained by an increase in the effective refractive index at higher passband frequencies caused by the periodic resonators in the filter.
The ripples result from the impedance mismatch between the main PGL and the Bloch impedance of the periodic filter.

Although simplified, the proposed transmission-line model describes the filter well.
The good agreement between the transmission-line model and experimental results shows that the operating principle of the filter can be mostly explained by the periodic placement of coupled $\lambda/2$ resonators and that other possible effects like coupling between neighboring resonators do not play a key role.
The model accuracy could be further improved by recalculating $C_c$ for each of the 49 unit cells---since we kept the same value calculated for a single unit cell---, and taking into account additional parasitic circuit elements.

The simulated electric field distribution of the filter in Fig.\,\ref{fig:Efilt} explains the filtering behavior.
When operating on stopband, at 0.6\,THz (Fig.\,\ref{fig:E600}), the resonators resonate and produce a shunt short-circuit in the main PGL, which prohibits wave propagation.
Fig.\,\ref{fig:E900} shows the E-field of the filter when operating at passband at 1\,THz, where the waves can propagate through the filter with a propagating mode similar to that of a coplanar waveguide's even mode.

Finally, the forward efficiency factor ($\lvert S_{11}\rvert^2 +\lvert S_{21}\rvert^2$) is presented in Fig.\,
\ref{fig:powerBalance_filter}, where increased loss is observed at the transition from a passband to a stopband since currents increase.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig/powBalance_filter.pdf}
\\[2.6mm]
\caption{Forward efficiency factor vs. frequency, showing the loss of the filter.}
\label{fig:powerBalance_filter}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion} \label{sec:concl}

In summary, we present a planar-Goubau-line terahertz bandpass/bandstop filter based on periodic capacitively-coupled $\lambda/2$ resonators.
The working principle of the periodic filter was confirmed by a simple transmission-line model, which agrees with simulations and measurements.
The proposed filter design was validated by fabricating and measuring a periodic structure with 49 unit cells with a passband centered at 0.9\,THz, showing good agreement between the model, simulations, and measurements.
Future work could explore the design and tune of a filter response by modulating the length of the different capacitively-coupled resonators \cite{Young1966}.

\section{Proof of the First Zonklar Equation}
Appendix one text goes here.

\section{}
Appendix two text goes here.

\fi
\section*{Acknowledgment}

The authors would like to thank Mr. Mats Myremark for machining parts for the measurement setup; and Divya Jayasankar, Anis Moradikouchi, and Piotr Starski for their valuable feedback on the manuscript. The devices were fabricated and measured in the Nanofabrication Laboratory and Kollberg Laboratory, respectively, at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.

\section{Papers to cite}

\begin{itemize}
    \item "Terahertz Microfluidic Metamaterial Biosensor for Tiny Volume Liquid Samples" \cite{Zhang2019a}
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{Subsubsection Heading Here}

\input{include/5_Conclusions.tex}

\appendices
\input{include/6_Appendices.tex}

\input{include/7_Acknowledment.tex}

\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
  \newpage
\fi

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

\section*{Supplementary material}

\subsection{Electromagnetic simulations}

Electromagnetic simulations of the device were carried out using a finite element method software (Ansys HFSS) to model the propagation of the field across the microfluidic loaded with the sample (Fig.~\ref{fig:simulation_setup}.a). The sample's permittivity values were swept in both real (from 1 to 7) and imaginary (from 0 to 6) part, and the resulting effective refractive index were collected, establishing the relation between the sample's refractive index and the effective refractive index.

The simulated CPW was excited with a rectangular waveguide port with height and width equal to $\SI{128}{\um}$ and $\SI{200}{\um}$, for the case of $\epsilon_s = 1 - j0$.
The port size would be scaled to keep a constant electrical size for each simulated sample.
The boundary face which contains each rectangular port was set equal to H-plane (Fig.~\ref{fig:simulation_setup}.a) according to Ansys HFSS Help guide, ensuring that at the boundaries of the port the electric field can only be tangential, and avoiding exciting other undesired modes. We also used an H-plane to account for the symmetries in the CPW and reduce simulation time.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/simulation_setup.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/simulation_setup_boundaries.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{3D electromagnetic  simulation environment.} (a) Simulation environment of the CPW with sample on top showing the waveguide ports which excite the CPW. The CPW's vertical symmetry was exploited and only half of the CPW was simulated with a H-plane symmetry, reducing computation time. (b) Visualisation of H-symmetry plane, and the H-plane boundaries used for the same face where the ports are. For the rest of the simulation environment faces, radiation boundaries were used.}
\label{fig:simulation_setup}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Calibration}

For calibrating our measurements we used dedicated multi-line Thru-Reflect-Line standards \cite{Marks1991b}, included in the substrate of the measured CPW.
The lines used for calibrating have electrical lengths of $\lambda/4$, $3\lambda/4$, and $11\lambda/4$ at the centre of our frequency band, approximately 910~GHz.
As a reflect, we terminated the CPW by short-circuiting the signal and ground planes.

\subsection{Noise floor and output power}
The noise floor of the measurements gives an indication of the system's dynamic range.
The noise floor was measured for two different calibration planes: (1) rectangular waveguide calibration (Short-Open-Load-Through ), at the interface between the frequency extenders and contact probes, and (2) CPW calibration, at the calibration plane used for measuring.
The noise floor was measured from $S_{21}$ when ports 1 and 2 were isolated, after applying each calibration.
Fig.~\ref{fig:DR}.a shows the values of the noise floor across frequency for each calibration.
The frequency-averaged dynamic range of the CPW calibration is  $\SI{-49}{dB}$, whereas for the rectangular waveguide calibration is $\SI{-69}{dB}$.
The noise floor could be further improved by using time-averaging techniques. Fig.~\ref{fig:DR}.b shows the output power across frequency for the frequency extenders used to measure, having at least $\SI{-44}{dBm}$ and $\SI{-39}{dBm}$ of power for each extender.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=0.25\textwidth]{fig/noiseFloor.pdf}
\includegraphics[height=0.25\textwidth]{fig/power_VDI_freqExtenders.jpg}
\caption{\textbf{Measurement equipment has a high dynamic range across the band}. (a) Noise floor for the frequency extenders waveguide calibration and the CPW calibration. The frequency averaged dynamic range is 46~dB for CPW calibration and 69~dB for the frequency extender calibration. (b)~Output power across the frequency band for the frequency extenders, as shown in their specifications.}
\label{fig:noiseFloor}
\end{figure}

\subsection{S-parameters}

Two-port S-parameter measurements ($\text{S}_{11}$, $\text{S}_{12}$,  $\text{S}_{21}$, and   $\text{S}_{22}$), were measured in magnitude and phase between $\SI{0.75}{THz}$ and $\SI{1.1}{THz}$. Fig.~\ref{fig:raw_sParams} shows the results of the five-measurement average of the S-parameters.
The reflection coefficients, $\text{S}_{11}$ and $\text{S}_{22}$, have typical values bellow $\SI{-5}{dB}$, which is reasonable for a reflection in the air-PDMS-sample interfaces.
The reflection is deteriorated at the higher frequencies of the measured band, arguably as a consequence of lower SNR and lower quality of the calibration.
The magnitude of $\abs{S_{11}}$ are typically higher than the ones in $\abs{S_{22}}$, which could be due to different proving conditions.
The magnitude values of $\abs{S_{12}}$ are very similar to the values of $\abs{S_{21}}$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:raw_sParams}.c-d), as expected from reciprocal passive structures.
Additionally, the magnitude values decreases for increased water concentration of the samples, since water is lossier than IPA.
The phases of ${S_{12}}$ and ${S_{21}}$ also show to follow a steady trend with the change of IPA concentration.

\begin{figure}[H!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S11_mag.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S22_mag.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S12_mag.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S21_mag.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S12_phase.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S21_phase.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{Five-measurement averaged S-parameters for the different liquid samples. a,b,} Magnitude of $S_{11}\text{ and }S_{22}$, respectively, having values typically bellow $\SI{xx}{dB}$. (c) Magnitude of $S_{12}\text{ and (d) }S_{21}$. Measurements within samples show high repeatability. (e) Five-sample average of phase of $S_{12}\text{ and (f) }S_{21}$, respectively.}
\label{fig:raw_sParams}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:phaseVelocity_raw}a-b, single measurements of the magnitude values of $\abs{S_{12}}$ and $\abs{S_{21}}$ are plotted, giving a sense of the system's noise introduced in consecutive frequency sweeps.
The noise in both measurements is relatively low value, although it is appreciably higher for  $\abs{S_{12}}$.
The fact that $S_{22}$ and $S_{12}$ measurements are noticeable more noisier than their counterparts, $S_{11}$ and $S_{21}$, and that there is a difference in output power in the frequency extenders (Fig.~\ref{fig:DR}.b) suggests that the unequal performance of the frequency extenders yield unequal quality of measurements.
The phase velocity ($v_p=\omega/\beta$) has been plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:phaseVelocity_raw}, which offers a frequency-adjusted value for the phase of  $\text{S}_{12}$ and  $\text{S}_{21}$. The values of phase velocity are reasonable for the refractive indexes of the materials in proximity to the CPW, and there is a consistent change of phase velocity with the IPA concentration of the sample.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S12_mag_allRaw.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/S21_mag_allRaw.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]{fig/phaseVelocity_raw.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{Single $S_{21}$ measurements are distinguishable in both magnitude and extracted phase velocity}. Single measurements of (a) $\abs{S_{12}}$ and (b) for each of the samples  (c) Single measurements of phase velocity for each of the samples. Both $\abs{S_{12}}$ and phase velocity values show consistent change with the sample's IPA concentration.}
\label{fig:phaseVelocity_raw}
\end{figure}

The transfer scattering matrices are related to the \mbox{S-parameters} according to \cite{Frickey1994a}:

\begin{equation*}
    [T] = \left(\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{S_{21}}&\frac{-S_{22}}{S_{21}}\\\frac{S_{11}}{S_{21}}&\frac{(S_{12}S_{21}-S_{11}S_{22})}{S_{21}}\end{matrix}\right)
\end{equation*}

\newpage
\subsection{PDMS swelling in microfluidic channel}
The microfluidic channel, designed to be $\SI{100}{\um}$ wide, had a fabricated width of $\SI{123}{\um}$. This width wasn't affected by the sample introduced, except for pure IPA, which reduced the width to $\SI{113}{\um}$. All these dimensional changes were taken into account in our analysis.
The width of the microfluidic channel was measured with a optical microscope capable of measuring dimensions with a resolution of $\SI{1}{\um}$.
PDMS swelling has also been reported for propan-1-ol (with similar Hildebrand solubility parameter and dipolar moment as propan-2-ol) with a PDMS swelling factor of 9\%, whereas water produced no swelling \cite{Lee2003a}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


When ladies get married, they always want their hair to look it's best. Of course, the issue is that there are thousands of potential styles out there from which people need to choose for their big day. In the hope of giving you some inspiration, this article contains some fabulous wedding hairstyle ideas you might like to consider. So, take a look through them now and see if you can find anything suitable for the happiest day of your life.
If you want to show off your neck while still having an impressive hairdo that will turn heads, the chignon style could be perfect!
This wedding hairstyle is ideal for ladies who don't want to mess around. It's neat, attractive, and it lets the wedding guests know you mean business.
Elegant and yet so outspoken, the blonde loose plaited bun is a guaranteed winner for ladies who want to dazzle on their wedding day.
So you love your long locks but you want to show as much skin as possible while still maintaining the perfect image of a blushing bride. Choosing a style that ties and pins your hair back is probably the best option.
Short hair doesn't have to appear masculine or unladylike. As you can see from this photograph, the pinned black retro updo can make you look angelic to say the least.
Do you love the New York look? Would you like to get married with a hairstyle that's both trendy and suitable for every occasion? Then you need to try a long and curly style with a French plait, regardless of your hair colour.
Your wedding day is the one time when you're officially allowed to push the boat out and go full-on princess! Try this style if you want to have a royally good time with all your nearest and dearest.
They say a woman's neck is the most mysterious part of her body. It's also one of the most attractive. So, why not make use of both realities, by covering only half of yours?
Brunettes struggle more than most when it comes to choosing the best possible hairstyle for their weddings – it's a fact! However, long and wavy with a center parting will never fail to impress.
A high bun is perfect for your wedding day, especially if you choose a dress that doesn't rise much above your bust. You can even add some delicate drop-downs. Feel free to play with the hairstyle and create something unique!
A waterfall bun always looks gorgeous when you get it right, but it's probably worth employing a professional for the morning of your wedding if you want to avoid disaster.
This smooth and sleek style is always a popular choice with blushing brides. It's simple and yet so effective in the results it creates. You could do this yourself without too much hard work.
If you love to accessorize, there is no better style to choose than a messy side-bun. It's versatile so you can get creative and use your imagination when it comes to the accessories you choose.
Lots of ladies overlook the Dutch braid when looking at hairdos for their wedding. However, this photograph shows just how angelic and perfect it can make you appear!
We hope that you have found a style that inspires you for your fairytale wedding day.
With medium length hair, you have the flexibility and scope to create all kinds of chic, stylish looks. Whether you're preparing for an important meeting or you're getting ready for a night on the town, there are countless styles you can recreate. Here are some fabulous medium length hairstyles to give you inspiration if you're planning a trip to the salon.
This loose, natural-looking wavy style is ideal for dates, nights out with the girls or sunset drinks on vacation. The soft movement creates a look that is both laid-back and chic with a romantic, Boho vibe. This style is perfect for all ages, and it's easy to recreate using curling tongs or texture spray.
The Lob has become incredibly popular in the last few years. A longer alternative to the classic 'bob; this is a really sophisticated, stylish look. Longer bobs create the illusion of thicker, fuller hair and they are flattering for almost any face shape. Add gentle layers or feathering at the front to enhance the cheekbones and the jawline. The Lob is an excellent choice for people with hectic schedules, as it's easy to maintain, and it's ideally suited to those who have to adopt a formal look for work.
Layers are great for framing the face and creating more movement, and a side parting is flattering for both oval and round face shapes. This style is perfect for casual occasions, and it gives you a multitude of options when wearing your hair up or down. The tonal blonde shades will look fantastic for spring/summer.
This heavily feathered blonde hairstyle is the ultimate in glamour. Perfect for dinner or a formal occasion, such as a ball, this is a style that is bound to impress. The short layers around the face add volume to the hair and enhance the facial features and the off-centre parting is incredibly flattering.
This shoulder-length, brunette layered hairstyle is ideal for thin, fine hair. The sharp ends and the sweeping fringe frame the face and create a modern aesthetic suitable for work and play.
A modern, relaxed take on the formal bob, this long, wavy bob is an ideal choice for those looking to have fun and add movement. This look features a loose wave, which will work well for smart and casual occasions. Team with a classic LBD for a chic evening look or pair with a jersey maxi dress and oversized shades for cool, comfortable vacation style.
This beautiful ringlet style is fabulous for spring/summer. If you're attending a wedding or preparing to boogie the night away at a festival, this is a style that will fit the brief perfectly. Add texture and bounce using curling tongs or a wand, add a spritz of hairspray, and you're good to go.
If you're looking for a classic style with a contemporary twist, and you're blessed with straight, sleek hair, this is the look for you. This long bob will be ideal for both work and pleasure and you can dress it up or down accordingly. Straighten your hair for work events or add texture with sea salt spray and a blast with the diffuser for a more laid-back look.
If you're looking for a bold, opulent look, this glamorous, voluminous style could be the ideal choice for you. Platinum adds a touch of vintage Hollywood glamour, and it will work well with porcelain and medium skin tones. The bouncy curls and side parting add drama, making this style perfect for parties.
As you can see, medium length hairstyles come in all shapes and guises, and they can be spruced and styled to suit almost any occasion.
If you've recently noticed how good acrylic nails can look, then you may be considering having acrylics added to your nails. Perhaps you've never really noticed other people's nails before, but now that you've taken note of how beautiful nails can be, you want to add a little glamour to your own hands.
Acrylic nails, if they're done right, can look amazing – which is why having a professional do them for you is so important. There are plenty of designs and styles to choose from, from bright and bold colours to pastel hues and glitter shades – there are so many effects to choose from.
As a beginner in the world of acrylic nails, the process of getting acrylic nails done can be daunting, which is why we've created this in-depth guide for you, discussing everything that you should know about the process of getting acrylic nails and the pros and cons that come with doing so.
What types of acrylic nails are there?
There are two main types of acrylic nails; these are 'tips' and 'form' nails. Tipped acrylics are acrylics created with a nail tip glued to the nail that's already in place.
whereas formed nails are sculpted onto the nail with acrylic.
Both of these options are extremely hard wearing and long-lasting, so it's just a case of personal preference and determining what option your chosen salon provides.
In addition to considering what type of acrylic nails you would like, it's also important to think about the shape of the nails that you would want. There are various nail shapes to choose from; these include stiletto, oval, square, almond, squoval, or coffin – these are the most popular options, but there may be other shapes available that you can discuss with your salon.
How much do acrylic nails cost?
The price of acrylic nails can range from £25 to £80; it completely depends on where you go to get them done, and how much detail is put onto them. Usually, the cheaper nail bars don't offer as good quality work as the more expensive ones, but that doesn't mean you have to spend a fortune.
A tip from a professional nail expert is to never to get your nails done in a nail bar where the nail artists are wearing chemical masks – any reputable nail salon won't use such strong chemicals. Keep this in mind when choosing where to have your nails done – take note and find a salon that doesn't have their workers wearing masks.
One issue that can come with acrylic nails is that the chemicals used for them can damage the nail. This is because very strong chemicals are used which can sometimes result in damage to the nail itself and the nail bed.
Then there's the fact that because the acrylic is bonded so strongly to the nail, if the acrylic is caught or rips, it may rip up the nail bed, revealing the flesh underneath. This can be extremely painful and leave your finger vulnerable to infection. If this injury occurs, seek medical assistance immediately to reduce the risk of infection and long-term complications.
Allergic reactions are another problem that has been reported with acrylic nails, which can cause blisters, pain, and thinning of the nail bed.
While complications can occur, and it's important to know these dangers, you must remember that they aren't very common (otherwise no one would risk getting them done)!
The best way to remove acrylic nails is to head back to the salon and get a nail expert to remove them for you. However, if you don't have the time or money to do this, you may be wondering how to remove them yourself at home. Whatever you do, don't attempt to rip them off, this can cause serious pain and damage to your natural nail and nail bed.
Clip each nail as short as possible using nail clippers.
Gently lift the edges of the nail slightly using tweezers.
Soak the nails in nail polish remover for 30 to 40 minutes.
When you feel the acrylics starting to lift off of the nail bed, gently pull them away using tweezers.
Never pull too hard, only lift up the acrylic nail after you're sure it's completely free from the nail. If not then its time to head back to the salon and let the professionals remove them.
Acrylic nails can be a great way to minimise nail maintenance, as once they have been applied, with regular infills, acrylic nails can last for weeks or even months.
What are they? How much? & Are they worth it?
Eyelash extensions are just like hair extensions except these are made for your eyelashes. Little pieces of hair are attached to your natural lash line to give your current eyelashes a little boost. You can choose the type of hair you'd like and also the style, just like you would choose the color and length of your hair extensions, it's basically the same thing. You choose hair type, length, curl type and the overall dramatic effect you want to achieve. Most salons will have a diagram for you to choose from and a technician to help you decide. The process is fairly relaxing, you sit in a chair with your eyes closed as a technician applies one eyelash extension at a time until the look is complete. The process can take up to 2 hours for a (first time) full set but you'll need to go back for refills after a few weeks if you'd like to maintain your new look.
First, there are many different hair types that can be used for your eyelash extensions; silk, mink, fox fur, human hair, plastic synthetic, or poly-fiber blend synthetic. Each one will be priced differently according to your choice, the most expensive being mink. Once you choose which type of hair, you can choose curl type, lash thickness, and finally lash length. Then you would choose your style, the four common lash styles are natural, open eye, cat eye and doll eye. If this is your first time getting eyelash extensions, be sure to ask your technician what she or he would recommend for a first timer, usually something more natural helps you get used to your new lashes.
Overall costs will vary. Depending on the hair type, location and experience, eyelash extensions (for a full set) will run on average between £70 and £120 for both eyes. Usually, cheaper rates means the salon uses cheaper lash hair so be sure to get all the details before saying 'yes' – cheaper hair/lashes look less authentic. After 2-3 weeks you'll need a touch up and that will run you about £40-£90, again depending on the hair type and if you want to change up the style you had recently gotten before. Most people choose 'Real Mink Eyelash Extensions' as these look the most authentic but of course cost the most, followed by silk extensions and then any type of synthetic lashes.
With everything in life comes risks and rewards, the obvious reward here is that you'll have beautiful fuller looking eyelashes without the need to apply daily mascara, or daily false lashes (you know the strips you glue to your lash line) – Most women get eyelash extensions to enhance their 'I woke up like this look' – or the 'makeup free but still beautiful look', and with eyelash extension this can be achieved.
The risks are minimal but worth mentioning; the funds you will be putting out for your new love of lashes will add up (because let's be honest every beauty habit we tend to take on becomes expensive after a few months of pampering), and then there is the possibility of not liking the way they feel and feeling like you just wasted £120. The more serious risks though include the chance of an infection to the cornea or an infection to the eyelid, loss or damages to real lashes and swollen eyelids. It's also important to mention that while you can still wear eye makeup you will need to be extra careful in removing your makeup as oil-free products (oil-free removers contain products that break down the lash adhesive) and water may increase the risk of accidentally removing a few lashes. You can still shower and swim with lash extensions but again be careful not to rub your eyes to hard when drying your face.
Sure there are horror stories that make eyelash extensions seem scary, but the truth is if you follow the instructions and take care of your extensions your chances of these problems happening are reduced. No two eyes are the same, just because someone you know had a bad experience doesn't mean you will too.
Bob haircut styles are among the most iconic in the world, and this timeless classic has received many updates, improvements, and variations over the years. Below are a range of bob styles that are suitable for all women, ensuring that everyone can partake in this chic, beautiful cut.
This style of bob is effortlessly flattering and casual, but retains a sense of elegance thanks to the complexity of the cut. The gentle ash blonde helps to create dimension with the multiple layers, and the asymmetry adds a modern touch to the classic style.
This vibrant shade combines with a soft, feminine bob that will particularly flatter oval faces. The so-called "Chinese" rounded effect provides one-length definition, while the long, wispy fringe helps to prevent the haircut from becoming too severe.
This bob is structured to provide an even length at the chin when side-parted, giving it a different twist to the more standard middle-part styles. A soft, side fringe combines textured layers and razored ends to produce an edgier look while maintaining elements of feminine softness. The finishing touch is the colour, which contrasts dark grey or black roots with an icy blonde shade that borders on being white.
This short box bob is not for the faint hearted, but looks spectacular when done well. The sharpness of the fringe contrasts with the slightly softer main strands, producing a look that frames the face and highlights the eyes particularly.
The headline of this look is the asymmetry, with one side of the hair almost pixie-length and the other falling to just above the chin. Long layers and feathering give a sleek appearance, while the soft strands of the fridge provide extra depth to the side sweep.
This style utilises both ice and golden blonde balayage to create enhance the overall texture of the haircut. The side-parting hints at asymmetry while the razored edges help to finish a look that manages to be both sleek and textured at the same time.
The ice blonde colour is almost light enough to be considered white, making this choice particularly stunning for those with blue or green eyes. The style blends together a traditional box bob with a more rounded, Chinese-style finish that helps to frame the face perfectly.
This bob contrasts the depth of the black colour with a rounded, Chinese-style bob that frames the wearer's face and softens their features. The fringe is roundly slightly to provide definition to the eyes, while the ends are curled inward to complete the look.
The true beauty of this bob is found in the layers, which sweep backwards to create an effortlessly chic look. Blonde and copper balayage is added to provide extra texture and a sense of motion. The style is slightly inverted — shorter at the back and longer at the front — allowing for a stylish finished effect.
This simple, chic haircut helps to frame the face without any of the severity often associated with blunt or box-cut bobs. Hair falls naturally to either side of the head, and the heavy layers close to the scalp produce wispy, almost fairytale-style ends that flatter the neckline and collarbone.
This bob has a hint of retro, but the softened ends help to ensure the look is timeless. The side-parted fringe softens the face, while the outward flicking ends create a sense of fun thanks to the insertion of light layers for a tousled finish.
The dark roots of this style clash fantastically with the platinum ice blonde of the main hair. The slightly rounded style complements the long layers and choppy blunt finish to the ends. The end result has a feel of soft movement while still retaining a modern finish that should complement most face shapes.
As the above shows, bobs can be altered and tweaked to create stunning haircuts that are suitable for all women.
When it comes to beauty and taking care of your skin, there's always new advice on the horizon; from new ways to use your facial primer to the use of activated charcoal for almost everything (seriously, there is so much that you can use this stuff for).
There are a lot of beauty secrets out there, some of these are things that are total game changers, and others of them not so much. While certain beauty secrets work wonders for some people, that doesn't mean that they will work as well for others. While your best friend may swear by makeup setting spray instead of baking her face, you may find that baking works best for you – different people find different hacks useful.
There are some beauty secrets that are just too helpful not to share, even if they don't work for everyone, these are things that every woman should know about and have the chance to try. You can't determine if a beauty hack will work for you without trying it, which is why it's so vital that you take the time to give beauty tricks a try.
To help you give your beauty regime a boost and achieve better results, below is a guide to some of the very best beauty hacks that you might want to try.
When it comes to applying your makeup, one of the biggest mistakes that you can make is failing to apply your 'face' in the right lighting. When it comes to makeup application, the use of natural lighting is always best, but a lighted mirror can be the next best thing. When your face is properly lit up with natural or natural-looking light, you are less likely to overdo your makeup, plus there will be fewer shadows on your face.
When it comes to revitalising our eyes, the commonly used trick is slices of cucumber. However, experts recommend using sliced potato instead to see even better results. The enzymes released from raw potatoes help to naturally tighten skin and improve your complexion. The cooler the potatoes are, the better – so it could be worth popping them in the fridge for an hour or two before using.
Long lashes are a luxury that every woman wants, but unfortunately we're not all born with luscious long lashes. While eyelash extensions are an option that has proven popular in recent years, they can be a little pricey. Fake eyelashes can be a great alternative as these are affordable, easy to apply, and can look just as natural as eyelash extensions. It's just a case of choosing the right eyelash type to match to your natural lashes.
To give your lips a 'natural' boost, add a couple of drops of peppermint oil to your lip gloss or balm, and let the green stuff get to work. As the mint tingles your lips, it should start to plump them up, giving you a more prominent pout.
Hate having chipped, grimy nails? Then perhaps you could consider redoing them every three days. The reason that nails chip so easily after the first three days of wear is simple: because most base coats stop working as effectively after that time period. So if you want to ensure that your nails always look smart and perfectly polished, redoing them every three days could be the answer. Of course, if you opt to gel nails or acrylics, it's a different story – these last much longer – but for regular polish, three days is the max that you should wear it for.
Want to make your eyes 'pop'? Use a white eyeliner or pale concealer to add a light area under and above your eyes. If you're adding eyeshadow to your lids, use your palette properly and take advantage of every colour. The lightest shade on any eyeshadow palette is always the highlighting shade, the shade that can be used under the eyes, in the corner of the eyes, and under the brow bone to make your eyes really 'pop'.
Has your mascara become flakey and clumpy? If it has, don't make the mistake of thinking that you have to throw it away and buy a new one, you could use saline solution to save it. Add a couple of drops of saline to your mascara pot, mix it around with your mascara wand, and you should have a usable mascara once again.
Do you have cracked, sore feet? You can heal they while you sleep. All you need is two 'foot bags' and a deep moisturiser. Squeeze moisturiser into the foot bags, pop your feet in, tighten them, and leave overnight. By the time the morning comes, you should have super soft, smooth feet.
There you have it, a selection of beauty secrets that every woman should know and take advantage of to improve her beauty regime.
Makeup artists and makeup lovers – we have a challenge for you! How well can you tell your shades apart? Play "Makeup Light Color" and find out – you never know, you might surprise yourself!
When you are trying to create that perfect setting to apply makeup, lighting is very important. The type of light you use and the light positioning when applying makeup will determine your overall finished look. With that in mind we have put together an infographic containing easily digestible information on what type of makeup light is the best, so that you can create that flawless look you have always wanted.
It's Friday night and you are getting ready for a girl's night. After the long week you've had, this night couldn't come at a better time. Your outfit is all planned and you even bought some new makeup for the occasion. Usually, you just rush out the door. But tonight you spend your time getting ready, focusing on every little detail.
Finally, you're ready for fun.
But, as soon as you go out and you look at yourself in your compact mirror, you discover that your "perfect" makeup is all wrong. Instead of looking great, you look more like Casper the Friendly Ghost.
Was it the new brand of foundation you used? Was it the new makeup technique that you found on YouTube?
Actually, the most common culprit of not-so-great looking makeup is lighting. The lighting you use while getting ready makes all the difference. Ask any makeup professional and they'll tell you that without great lighting, there's no way to get the perfect look.
How often do we look in the mirror and, though we feel energized, we look sick and tired? This probably has nothing to do with how you look but rather how the lighting is making you look. And this is too often the case when someone has lighting in their house that is yellow hued. The problem when it comes to doing makeup in yellow hued light is that we sometimes over apply product because we are trying to solve the problem of looking sickly. Furthermore, overly bright white light bulbs will make you look too white, which often leads to overuse of bronzer and blush. So, when creating light in your house, specifically the places you are getting ready like your bathroom and bedroom, make sure you buy Led light bulbs that are warm white.
The safest bet? Use makeup lights when applying makeup, instead of relying on the lights you have in your home. Not only can it be time consuming to find just the right light bulb, the positioning isn't always right. Trust the experts and allow a makeup light to become your new best friend.
Too often lighting is placed above the mirror, making a halo-like effect over your forehead. This leaves the top of your head as the main focal point. This effect is completely different than what you want. Instead, you should aim the light to focus on the center of your face, specifically at eye level. In order to get this type of lighting, it is important to have lighting on the side of your mirrors.
One of the best overall solutions to create an even glow is a Hollywood makeup mirror. Designed specifically for precise application, whether you are getting ready in the bedroom, bathroom, or any room, you can be sure you have the light you want (and need).
Natural light always looks best on skin, which can be super helpful when applying makeup so that you avoid trying to "correct" skin issues that aren't really there. Additionally natural light is the most common light you will find going out, so getting ready with it ensures you'll look fabulous wherever you go.
Unlike too much foundation, purchasing a new makeup light to help you get ready is one decision you'll never regret.


text:
Copenhagen 'native' comes home for 150th
By Emily Griffin | August 24, 2019 at 5:43 PM EDT - Updated August 24 at 6:19 PM
COPENHAGEN, N.Y. (WWNY) - The village of Copenhagen wraps up three days of 150th anniversary celebrations Saturday night.
The event drew the community together - and brought a 150 year old 'native' home.
To honor the milestone, the village had dozens of vendors lining the streets Saturday, with plenty of things to eat, see and do.
"I just think it's a good opportunity for people to just get out," said Sandy Jones, an organizer of the event.
"This is letting us see all our neighbors and even people from the outskirts are coming in, and a lot of family have come here from far away today."
One of the people coming from far away, Eric Totman. He lives in California, and has the largest known collection of Schreiber-brand band instruments.
What brought Totman to Copenhagen?
"I discovered that the Raymond Cornet Band purchased a full set of Schreiber instruments, and then I found out that Copenhagen had the original band drum," Totman said.
Back in the day, many small communities had bands. According to Totman's research, the J.H. Raymond Band was the first such band in all of New York, and it originated in Copenhagen.
Among Totman's instrument collection - the bass drum that belonged to the Copenhagen bandwagon. Totman brought the drum to the 150th. (Bands often had fancy wagons for the musicians to ride in - and play from - during parades, called bandwagons. Copenhagen still has its original bandwagon.)
"To bring that home is pretty cool. It fits like a glove and I've actually got the photograph of the original drummer," he said.
"This is John Mitchell with the drum that I own. This is from 1869."
Totman and his collection of original 1980s instruments came across the country for an opportunity he couldn't pass up.
"This is so special, having the original drum back on the bandwagon, reenacting the band with SChreiber instruments," he said. "It's a once in a lifetime type of reenactment."
The reenactment band played in Copenhagen's original bandstand and was to play Saturday from the bandwagon as well.
Emily Griffin
WWNY
Emily Griffin is an area native, coming to the 7 News team from the village of Copenhagen.
Massena police: man threatened to kill officers and was released under bail reform
A 22 year old Massena man, who allegedly threatened to kill village police officers, has been released under New York's new bail reform laws.
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Cuomo asks for authority to close prisons during next fiscal year
Governor Andrew Cuomo wants the authority to close state prisons. It's the second year in a row he has made this recommendation.
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Watertown man admits being on drugs when vehicle crashed feet away from home
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The first time I ever heard the phrase "Academic Freedom" was when I was 22 years old. It happened in 1979, when I was a student at St. Louis University School of Law. I had no idea when I started law school that I was going to get a real "education" on how a Catholic university operated.


An incredibly brave ten-year-old girl who has been battling a life threatening illness has been chosen to go on a once in a lifetime holiday to Disneyland in Florida.
Little Lucy McBride will be jetting off to Florida with Dreamflight after being nominated by her consultant.
She was diagnosed with Vasculitis - a rare immunity disorder - back in May.
Since then she has undergone numerous scans, chemotherapy and dialysis.
Her diagnosis came just months after her mother Joanne passed away, following a long battle with illness.
Lucy's incredible bravery and courage led to her consultant Doctor Jackson, Musgrave Park Hospital, to nominate her.
She received a letter on Saturday to say that she had been chosen to go on the incredible trip to Florida.
Her father Geoffrey said that after such a difficult year, Lucy deserved some good news.
He said "It is a bit of good news for a change, it's been a difficult couple of years since my wife was diagnosed.
"Lucy has been through so much, she needed lots of treatment. It is your immune system, it is supposed to protect you but this disease it attacks all your organs in your body. That is why she has four consultants and she will have them for life.
"Finding out that she had been picked it absolutely made my day and it's making me feel very grateful and thankful for the work they do.
Once a year, 192 deserving children from all over the UK, accompanied by a team of medical carers, board a specially chartered Boeing 747 and head to Florida to spend 10 magical days of fun and excitement.


Think about characteristics of a Bull other than the well-known phrase of bull-headed. Taureans (April 21 to May 21) are steadfast, loyal, grounded. They are stable and balanced. They�re smart without being overly intellectual. They�re not likely to strike out for the unknown, but will prefer familiar territory. They�re patient, reliable and loving.
In the workplace, Taureans are good craftspeople, good with their hands. You can trust a Taurus; they make good managers and foremen. They�re good in the fields of banking, architecture, farming, medicine or chemistry. These are fields in which you can be creative, but within a framework of stable practices and science. Taureans are good workers and not giving to goofing off. Because they�re not big risk-takers, they can be trusted with the company finances and are completely reliable and trustworthy.
As a partner or lover, Taureans are faithful and home-loving, patient parents. Not given to sexual experimentation. Taureans are grounded in practicality. They�re stable and like harmony. They love pets and the outdoors, and like biking, hikes and enjoying nature in general.
Every positive characteristic has another side to it, and in the Taurean, this reliability and steadfastness can manifest itself as jealousy and obstinacy. Fortunately, they�re also highly intelligent and can soon reason their way out of the occasional dark mood and depression.


This self-paced online training program on the Evaluation of Risk for Sexual Violence using the RSVP was developed by Dr. Stephen Hart and is presented in partnership with Protect International.
This training program takes the trainee through a series of video modules on the use of the RSVP for guiding judgements of risk for sexual violence. The trainee is provided with an e-copy of the RSVP Manual and e-copies of both the RSVP Worksheet and Protocol. Professionals who do not have a solid foundation in threat assessment and risk management may wish to register for the Foundations of Threat Assessment training program before registering for this Program but this is not a requirement.
The trainee is taken through the foundation for structured professional judgment, how to rate the presence and relevance of each of the RSVP items, how to formulate risk scenarios, how to consider case management issues for the evaluee, and how to conceptualize and provide summary judgments regarding the evaluee's overall risk. This Training Program typically takes about 20 hours to complete and includes review of the training videos, reading the RSVP Manual, working through the Case Illustration, working through 3 clinical cases using the RSVP, and completing the Course Evaluation.
The fee for this training program is $500 and includes all materials and worksheets. E-copies of the RSVP assessment manual and instrument protocol are provided for use in this training program. In addition, case studies and other case-relevant materials are provided for training purposes. The program includes both didactic and interactive materials and allows the opportunity to apply the information and assessment instruments to sample cases. Participants should expect to commit approximately 20 hours to completing this training program. Throughout the training program there will be quizzes that must be passed with a 70% in order to advance in the course. Once the course is completed participants will complete a course evaluation and then will be able to print their certificate of completion.


I am on a mission to break chains, tell better stories, cultivate chivalry, and unveil the EPIC in the EVERYDAY.
With the recent birth of my baby girl, and the decision to transition back into developing a full-time client-focused healing/coaching business, I have pressed the pause button on this project to focus my energy.
It shall return, as part of my larger unfolding life's work - but for now, I have given it a cave for a season or two of hibernation.
I am a professional shamanic practitioner & nutritional therapist, entrepreneur, mentor, urban homesteader, corporate trainer, biohacker and conscious MC/producer.
My mission is to inspire inner & outer resilience. Not just seeing the bigger picture, but creating a bigger picture; telling better stories; imagining, dreaming, and living a more inclusive, inspiring mythic narrative, for us as individuals and as a community.
In my client work, I've used everything from conscious posture training, sound healing & roleplaying... to intensive energetic intervention, visualization, spontaneous ceremony, and rites of passage, to get to the heart of matters, and change our waking dreams at the root.
I'd like to bring the magic that happen in those 1-on-1 sessions to a larger audience through transformative, divergent hip-hop, music, video, pop culture mythic commentary, and other multi-sensorial creative.


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Awutu Beraku: Nine-Yr-Old Boy Killed By Stray Bullet - PHOTO
A nine-year-old boy has been killed by suspected stray bullet at Awutu Beraku, the capital of the Awutu Senya West District in the Central Region Monday morning.
The deceased, who was hit in the head, was pushing his disabled brother who was in a wheelchair in the midst of a heavy procession as part of the performance of some traditional rites and rituals by the chiefs and people of the area to mark their annual festival.
Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic with its associated ban on public gatherings, the chiefs decided not to celebrate the festival but to perform some traditional rituals to mark the event.
According to some eyewitnesses, one of the men following the chiefs in his attempt to load the gun lost control as it went off and into the crowd which hit the nine-year old boy and two others who are in critical condition.
The body of the boy, who died instantly, has been deposited at the morgue of the Trauma and Specialist Hospital at Winneba while others who sustained serious injuries are also being treated at the same facility.
According to the Awutu Beraku District Police Commander, Chief Superintendent Joshua Semanyo, the suspect has since been arrested and assisting in investigations.
Source: graphiconline.com
2nd Jab of COVID-19 Starts Tomorrow
8-Yr-Old Trans-Girl Who Attempted To Cut Off 'Her' Penis At 3 Awaiting Doctor's Appointment To Change His Gender,