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Burma campaign
Burma Campaign UK t-shirts are made from 100% organic cotton and printed in the UK in a renewable energy-powered factory Burma campaign (1944-1945) Two British soldiers patrol the ruins of Bahe, in Central Burma. The Burma campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily by British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of Imperial Japan, who were assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burmese National.
Burma becomes a British colony. December 7th, 1941- Bombing of Pearl Harbor triggers American participation in WWII. January 1942- General Stilwell becomes the leader of the NATC. Reorganized and retrained Chinese to prepare them for the Burma Campaign. The campaign is effective as it led to a string of victories Burma Campaign UK Welcomes EU sanctions on Timber and Gems Enterprises June 21, 2021. Burma Campaign UK today welcomed the imposition of sanctions on state owned timber and gems enterprises, and on the Myanmar War Veterans Organisation (MWVO) The Arakan Campaign of 1942-1943 was the first tentative Allied attack into Burma, following the Japanese conquest of Burma earlier in 1942. The British Army and British Indian Army were not ready for offensive actions in the difficult terrain they encountered, nor had the civil government, industry and transport infrastructure of Eastern India been organised to support the Army on the frontier with Burma
The Burma Campaign was one of the most punishing and protracted military adventures of World War Two. Impenetrable jungle, poor transport infrastructure, seasonal monsoon rains, as well as famine, disease, snakes and crocodiles all bore heavily on the troops Day after day the people of Burma are taking to the streets to protest military rule. Peaceful protesters are being shot and killed, beaten and arrested, and having stun grenades and tear gas fired at them. Yet still every day they come back, resisting the military coup. Their bravery is incredible US Campaign for Burma. Dear readers and supporters of justice in Burma, This website is now being used as a legacy site. You are welcome to read it and use it as a resource, to understand the past activities of US Campaign for Burma. Special Note: For all of our donors old and new, we wish to extend our most sincere thanks for your support The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth including Canadians, Chinese and elements of the United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, Thailand, and the Indian National Army. British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from British India along.
Burma Campaign U
The Burma Campaign - Imphal And Kohima, March 1944 To May 1945 Burma Campaign Histor The Burma Campaign Wingate & The Chindits' Contribution: Conflict In Myanmar War Politics Religion Elbert Sachetti €10,99 Deze titel is (nog) niet op voorraad The Burma Campaign Welcome to the Burma Campaign website. The campaign was the longest fought by the British in the Second World War. In December 1941, it began, for the British, with disaster, retreat and irreversible loss of face in front of the subject population The Burma Campaign. In his book The Road Past Mandalay, John Masters recounts his time fighting in the Burma Campaign during the Second World War. Masters was a British Officer with the Indian Army and in his book he artfully captures both the horror and humanity that he experienced in Burma World Conqueror 4 Pacific Axis Campaign #3 Burma Campaign��BECOME A MEMBER: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvQL12xxC6WjOaHsMlQJIeQ/join��DON'T FORGET TO HI..
The Burma campaign was a series of battles fought in the British colony of Burma. It was part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II and primarily involved forces of the Allies; the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States The Burma Campaign 1941 - 1945. Neither side wanted this fight at the start, but there were many remarkable feats of arms as the war progressed. Michael Hickey describes the highs and lows of the. Please SUPPORT my work on Patreon: https://bit.ly/2LT6opZ Visit my 2ND CHANNEL: https://bit.ly/2ILbyX8 Facebook: https://bit.ly/2INA7yt Twitter: https://b.. Burma Campaign 1944-1945. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, who were assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burmese Independence Army and the Indian National Army Burma Campaign UK is making a difference, but without support from members of the public our work would end. Campaigning works! Our campaigns have helped free hundreds of political prisoners. We expose human rights abuses that the military tries to keep secret
Burma campaign (1944-1945) - Wikipedi
Bekijk de profielen van mensen met de naam Burma Campaign. Word lid van Facebook om in contact te komen met Burma Campaign en anderen die je mogelijk.. Burma Campaign UK, London, United Kingdom. 103,101 likes · 54 talking about this · 20 were here. Burma Campaign UK - for human rights in Burma. Find.. Burma Campaign UK is calling on Home Secretary Priti Patel MP to introduce special measures to protect Burmese nationals whose UK visas are expiring from being forced to return to Burma, and to end uncertainty and unnecessary distress caused by short term visa extensions The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942-45: McLynn, Frank: Amazon.nl Selecteer uw cookievoorkeuren We gebruiken cookies en vergelijkbare tools om uw winkelervaring te verbeteren, onze services aan te bieden, te begrijpen hoe klanten onze services gebruiken zodat we verbeteringen kunnen aanbrengen, en om advertenties weer te geven The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph 1942-45: McLynn, Frank: Amazon.nl Selecteer uw cookievoorkeuren We gebruiken cookies en vergelijkbare tools om uw winkelervaring te verbeteren, onze services aan te bieden, te begrijpen hoe klanten onze services gebruiken zodat we verbeteringen kunnen aanbrengen, en om advertenties weer te geven
Apr 13, 2016 - Explore Jean Wiley's board Burma Campaign WW2 on Pinterest. See more ideas about burma campaign, burma, ww2 The Burma Campaigns, 1941-1945. Many Burmese, resenting Britain's hold over their country which went all the way back to the nineteenth century, cooperated when the Japanese invaded in December 1941. The Japanese saw Burma as a stepping-stone to India as well as protection for their troops fighting in the Malayan peninsula and in Singapore
The Burma Campaign: Jan 1942 - Aug 1945 - Pacific
Burma was invaded in December 1941 by a relatively small Japanese contingent of 35,000 men. The initial landing was at Tenasserim, on the Isthmus of Kra, aimed at neutralizing British airfields threatening the Japanese move south into Malaya. However, the goal of the extensive campaign that followed was to cut the vital Burma Road to China
Burma 1930 - 1947: Overview Burma Campaign. Burma Command was a pre-war formation that covered the country of Burma. Post the Great War, the Burma Independent District was a second-class district under India Command. It was a Major General's appointment
Japan invaded Burma in 1942, then part of the British Empire, beginning what was to become the longest continuous campaign fought by the British during the war. It was fought in some of the most challenging terrain in the world, in a tropical climate that claimed many men before they had a chance to fight. It was fought by a unique combination.
Burma Campaign, as well as a few semi-educated guesses. By and large they followed the usual British marking regulations regarding placement and style of markings, but there were a few oddities
istering units and personnel. In the case of the 1942 campaign, a.
The Democracy for Burma (#D4B) campaign group successfully held the 2nd D4B Debate - Panel Discussion at The Art Syndicate gallery in Sydney on Sunday 23rd May 2021.. D4B was delighted to welcome Dr Nang Si Si Win (Ying), Christopher Lamb and Chris Sidoti to the panel discussion In the Burma campaign, other members, such as the anti-British Indian National Army of Free India and the Burma National Army of the State of Burma were active and fighting alongside their Japanese allies. [citation needed] Moreover, Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Taiwan Burma Campaign - 1944 Invasion of India. June 13, 2015 By mhugos. CASE STUDY CONCEPT: Campaign Strategies Cannot Succeed without Suitable Supply Chains - bold ideas depend on pragmatic logistics. You are the officer in charge of logistics for the Japanese invasion of India in the spring of 1944. You have just been promoted into this. British aid to Burma helps keep people alive. It helps the poorest in the country. And thanks to successful campaigns by Burma Campaign UK, there are strict rules in place to prevent any aid reaching the military. The humanitarian situation in Burma was already dire, but since the military coup in February, the situation has got much worse The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, Thailand, and the Indian National Army. British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from British India
Battles of Imphal and Kohima. Fought between 8 March and 18 July 1944, these were the turning point of one of the most gruelling campaigns of the Second World War (1939-45). The decisive Japanese defeat in north-east India became the springboard for the Fourteenth Army's subsequent re-conquest of Burma. View this object For details of the Burma Campaign, please visit the Burma Star Memorial Fund website: burmastarmemorial.org/histor
The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II was fought primarily between the forces of the British Empire and China, with support from the United States, against the forces of the Empire of Japan, Thailand, and the Indian National Army.British Empire forces peaked at around 1,000,000 land, naval and air forces, and were drawn primarily from British India, with British. Immediately after the humiliation in Burma, Stilwell and Allied planners began preparations for their next campaign, drawing on the lessons they had learned from the 1942 disaster. Allied strategy during the next phase of the war in the CBI theater would center on recapturing enough of Burma to reestablish a supply line into China The Burma Star Association established a Burma Star Grove at the National Memorial Arboretum at Alrewas in Staffordshire which is dedicated to all those who took part in the Burma Campaign of 1941-1945. The Memorial Obelisk is based on the Kohima 2nd Division Memorial in India
Burma - The Campaign for Northern Burma, March-August, 1944, is the sixth game in the Operational Combat Series (OCS) from The Gamers, and covers covers the 1944 campaigns beginning with the Japanese U-Go offensive and ending up as what would be know as Imphal-Kohima, the most dramatic defeat ever inflicted on a Japanese army. In the spring of 1944, two equally matched opponents faced each. Jun 15, 2021 - Explore Thurain Htun's board Burma campaign on Pinterest. See more ideas about burma campaign, burma, myanmar art The Burma Campaign Memorial Library is divided into an English language section (around 1200 items) and a Japanese language section (around 600 items). Items from the Burma Campaign Memorial Library collection can be consulted in the Special Collections Reading Room, SOAS Library. Further information on the library can be viewed here
The Burma Campaign took place between December 1941 and September 1945, although the rumbling threat to peaceful existence in Burma was very much apparent in pre-1939 years. This diary of events covers from 1941 to 45 but campaign veterans will know that mopping up operations continued for some time after the official surrender of the Japanese The Canadians who served in the Burma Campaign were among the more than one million men and women from Canada who served during the Second World War. The efforts of all these Canadians helped to ensure that victory was achieved. The sacrifices and achievements of those who gave so much to restore peace and freedom to the world cannot be forgotten The official Burma Campaign clothing store. The Burma Campaign UK is one of the leading Burma campaign organizations in the world. We play a crucial role in coordinating the international campaign to free Burma. All our products are organic with worldwide shipping Burma Campaign UK (BCUK) opgericht in 1991 is een in Londen gebaseerde niet-gouvernementele organisatie (NGO) die is gericht op het herstel van het bereiken van de mensenrechten en democratie in Birma (ook bekend als Myanmar).BCUK campagnes namens de Birmese pro- democratische beweging en is de grootste campagne organisatie voor Birma in Europa. De Financial Times noemt het een toonaangevende. The Burma Railway, also known also as the Death Railway, the Thailand-Burma Railway and similar names, is a 415 km (258 mile) railway between Bangkok, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar), built by the Empire of Japan during World War II, to support its forces in the Burma campaign
Download Burma . Scale: 1 turn = 1 month 1 hex = 20 km side to side. Turns 30 going from Dec 1942 to May 1945. ***** Design Notes ***** This game is a strategic model of the Burma campaign. Game play starts at the peak of Japanese expansion in the India / Burma Border. This game can be won by either side in many ways The Burma campaign. Japanese forces invaded Burma in January 1942. Allied soldiers endured more than three years of brutal fighting in the jungles and hostile terrain. Veteran Basil Lambert told Forces News: Our war, against the Japanese, was not similar to the European war. It was completely different
Animated Map: The Burma Campaign. Track the progress of the Burma Campaign - from the rapid Japanese victories of 1941, to the desperate battles for the Indian towns of Kohima and Imphal. Then. Burma Campaign UK, London, United Kingdom. 103,102 likes · 84 talking about this · 20 were here. Burma Campaign UK - for human rights in Burma. Find..
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The Burma Campaign | ISBN 9780300187441 direct en eenvoudig te bestellen bij Boekhandel De Slegte. Uniek aanbod (tweedehands) boeken The Burma Campaign Fellowship Group, which, since it was founded in 1990, has done much to improve understanding between Japanese and British veterans, made an application to the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation for funds, not only to buy books, but to contribute to the installation and upkeep of the Library the Burma Campaign, and include only the best available in the Scenarios from the Front (SFTF) files section on the DoW website. No campaign rules are included; not all M'44 players have access to the Campaign books. Instead, simply tally up the number of medals won in each scenario after playing both sides. This campaign is broken down into. The Burma Campaign of the Second World War is often described as the 'Forgotten War', and the soldiers that fought in it, 'The Forgotten Army.' Yet the stories that came out of it - stories of courage and audacity - are as great and varied as in any of the other theatres of war
Burma Campaign Battles List of Battles in the Burma
The Burma Campaign 1941 - 1945. By Michael Hickey . Chindits in Burma, 1944 ©. Neither side wanted this fight at the start, but there were many remarkable feats of arms as the war progressed
Wiggly mouse-drawn comics where balls represent different countries. They poke fun at national stereotypes and the international drama of their diplomatic relations. Polandball combines history, geography, Engrish, and an inferiority complex. 575k
See more of US Campaign for Burma on Facebook. Log In. Forgot account? or. Create New Account. Not Now. Related Pages. The Burma Times. Media/News Company. Myanmar Affairs. Book. အသံ - Athan. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Dear Asian Youth - Yangon, Myanmar. Education. Women Peace Network - Arakan
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ent military historian and biographer Frank McLynn, remedies this neglect.—John Linsenmeyer, Greenwich Times. Won Honorable Mention in the 2012 New York Book Festival History category, sponsored by the New York Book Festival. ISBN.
bol.com The Burma Campaign (ebook), Frank Mclynn ..
Jan 26, 2021 - Explore Nay Lin's board Burma Campaign on Pinterest. See more ideas about burma campaign, burma, world war ii burma campaign 1. the burma campaign dec 1941 - aug 1945 2. aim • to acquaint with the burma campaign (1941-1945) & analyse the lessons learnt. 3. preview • burma : geography & people. • japanese capture of burma & the allied retreat. • planning & conduct of the allied offn. • naval & air aspects Establishing the Ramgarh Training Center: The Burma Campaign, the Colonial Internment Camp, and the Wartime Sino-British Relations - Volume 9 Issue 1. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites View the profiles of people named Burma Campaign. Join Facebook to connect with Burma Campaign and others you may know. Facebook gives people the power..
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May 23, 2019 - Explore Mountainman163's board Burma campaign on Pinterest. See more ideas about burma campaign, burma, world war two
The Burma Campaign UK on Wednesday said that the British government has announced shocking cuts to its aid in support of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The £27.6 million announced by the UK government amounts to a 42% cut in aid to Rohingya refugees compared to what the government contributed in October 2020, and less than a quarter of.
The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily by British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of Imperial Japan, who were assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burmese Independence Army and the Indian National Army.The British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from the United Kingdom, British India and Africa
This category is located at Category:Burma Campaign. Note: This category should be empty. Any content should be recategorised. This tag should be used on existing categories that are likely to be used by others, even though the real category is elsewhere. Redirected categories should be empty and not categorised themselves
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Property Value; dbo:abstract حملة بورما (بالإنجليزية: Burma Campaign) هي حرب دارت في مسرح عمليات جنوب شرق آسيا في الحرب العالمية الثانية، كانت بصفة رئيسية بين قوات الامبراطورية البريطانية والصين، بدعم من الولايات المتحدة، ضد قوات.
The Burma Campaigns 1942-1945 260 the larger craft had to be used. For the brigade advancing along the Naf river and the coastal belt at the foot of the Mayu range of hills, water evacuation was always practicable, and the small and large river ambulance craft concentrated all sick and wounded at the head of the Naf rive
The Campaign. The Japanese invasion of Burma (December 1941-May 1942) was one of their last major successes on land during the Second World War (outside China), and saw weak British and Indian forces and their Chinese allies forced out of the country in a campaign that lasted six months but that was decided much quicker
Air Supply in the Burma Campaigns. Army Grit: Field Marshal Viscount Slim's key to Victory. Army Health System Support in the Forgotten Theater: China-Burma-India, 1942-1944. Bowl of Rice Too Far: the Burma Campaign of the Japanese Fifteenth Army. Crisis Fleeting: Original Reports on Military Medicine in India and Burma in the Second World Wa
THE WAR IN THE FAR EAST: THE BURMA CAMPAIGN 1941-1945. Related content. Second World War. Meet The Squander Bug. This unpleasant-looking character is called the Squander Bug, and it was created during the Second World War by artist Phillip Boydell, an employee of the National Savings Committee
Burma Campaign Military Wiki Fando
Raised in Burma and manned by men of t he Burma Auxiliary Force. 25 February 2020. 8th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery. A revised and expanded history of this unit which played an important role in India and Burma. 19 February 2020. The Arrival of the 13th Indian Infantry Brigade - March-April 1941
The Forgotten Wargames Army: XIVth Army in Burma (Part 6 - XV Corps Armoured Group) Posted on 4th September 2020 by jemima_fawr. As discussed in the last part of this series of articles, I'm presently looking at the British and Indian armoured units that fought in the Burma Campaign of World War 2. In the last article I looked at the.
The Burma Campaign Memorial Library collection was compiled by volunteers from the Burma Campaign Fellowship group over a four year period (1995-1999). It initially consisted of private donations and bequests from veterans and other individuals; books drawn from the library collection of SOAS, University of London; and books purchased with the aid of a grant from GB Sasakawa Foundation
The Japanese quickly pushed the British forces out of Burma, the longest retreat in British military history. The front line effectively became the mountainous border between Burma and India. Under political pressure, a limited campaign was launched in the Arakan in early 1943. Known as the First Arakan Campaign, it resulted in failure
In August 1943 Japan ceded the Unfederated Malay States (UMF) of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu to Siam to make more soldiers available for their campaign in Burma. That month a rebellion at Jesselton in Borneo against conscription resulted in the beheading of 175 and the death of 131 others in captivity at Labuan
The United States Campaign for Burma (USCB) is a U.S.-based membership organization that evolved out of the Free Burma Coalition founded by Maung Zarni.Founders were Jack Healey, who provided fiscal sponsorship to the organization from founding until it finally obtained its own nonprofit status in 2008, Jeremy Woodrum, and Dan Beeton.It is dedicated to empowering grassroots activists around.
bol.com The Burma Campaign - Imphal And Kohima, March ..
The Burma campaign was one of the longest fought by the British during the war. Remote from the experience of most people at home, and often sidelined in the contemporary press, it became known as the 'Forgotten War'; the troops serving there were the 'Forgotten Army'
able to return to Burma following negotiations between Bangladesh, Burma and the United Nations. The Tatmadaw conducted another counter-insurgent campaign in northern Rakhine State in the winter of 1992 against the Rohingya Solidarity Organization, an offshoot of the RPF. By April 1992, more tha
PAGE 1. 1 BURMA CAMPAIGN MEMORIAL LIBRARY BOOKS (Additions since the 2nd edition of the Catalogue was published in 2001 ) A/20 Mountbatten, Louis Post surrender tasks: Section E of the Report to the Combined Chiefs of Staff . London: HMSO, 1969. A/21 Blight, Gordon The history of the Royal Berkshire Regiment, 1920 1947 London: Staples Press, 1953
Burma Campaign 1942, « The Great Retreat ». The first Burma campaign began on the same day as the attack of Pearl Harbor, when Japanese troops of the XVth Army landed on the coast of Thailand in order to protect the rear of the XXVth Army which invaded Malaya. Crossing the mountains and jungle of the Tennasserim area, Japanese captured then th
Tourism Concern's campaign. For many years Tourism Concern campaigned in support of the boycott. By 2008, only a handful of UK tour operators visited Burma and most travel guides stopped producing Burma editions. In that year we produced a briefing listing hotels and buy discount priligy resorts with known links to Burma's military regime
ent military historian and biographer Frank McLynn, remedies this neglect.—John Linsenmeyer, Greenwich Patch. Won Honorable Mention in the 2012 New York Book Festival History category, sponsored by the New York Book Festival. ISBN.
About The Burma Campaign Society. From 1983, the late Masao Hirakubo OBE advocated reconciliation between British and Japanese soldiers who had previously been enemies. Veterans from both countries established the organisation (then Burma Campaign Fellowship Group) to achieve reconciliation based on mutual understanding by visiting each other.
Athenaeum Boekhandel The Burma Campaign, Elbert Sachett
The three volumes on the China-Burma-India theater in the Army's official history of World War II provide a thorough, detailed narrative of the campaign in Burma. See Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China (1953); Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Command Problems (1956); and Romanus and Sunderland, Time Runs Out in CBI (1959)
Burma Campaign. Published April 29, 2015. PHOTO DETAILS / DOWNLOAD HI-RES 1 of 3. P-40N Sue heads for its base in India after dropping its 500-pound bomb on a Japanese supply center in Burma in 1945. (U.S. Air Force photo) PHOTO DETAILS / DOWNLOAD HI-RES 2 of 3
The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942-45. This book, in essence a quadruple biography, tells the story of the four larger-than-life Allied commanders whose lives collided in the Burma campaign, one of the most punishing and protracted military adventures of World War II. Ranging from 1942, when the British suffered the greatest defeat.
spotlight campaign: myanmar Urge your member of Congress to support legislation that calls for a full U.S. government and international response to free the imprisoned leaders of Burma and to support the religious and ethnic groups that face ongoing violence
In the closing two years of WW II in the Burma campaign, Gen William Slim as Commander Fourteenth Army would emerge a votary of the dictum that A bold general may be lucky, but no general is.
Zoya Phan (Campaigns Manager at Burma Campaign UK) and I are about the same age, in fact I often think about what I was doing while Zoya and her family were fleeing from yet another attack on their village. No doubt I was running away too, from one of my mates in another game of 'war' in the safe confines of my neighbourhood
Other articles where Burma Campaign is discussed: Burma Railway: Japanese armed forces during the Burma Campaign. More than 12,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and tens of thousands of forced labourers perished during its construction
The Burma Campaign - Home - Plusne
Early Burma The Nation we know as Burma was first formed during the goldenage of Pagan in the 11th century. King Anawratha ascended the throne in 1044, uniting Burma under his monarchy. His belief in Buddhism lead him to begin building the temples and pagodas for which the city of Pagan (above) is renowned. Pagan Myanmar (Burma) The Myanmar military staged a coup on February 1, 2021, nullifying the results of the November 2020 elections and arbitrarily detaining hundreds of politicians, activists, and. Operation U-Go. End of Japanese 5 April turn. The Japanese attacked across the road and all Allied units south of B3.35 are now OOS
Burma radically changed. The investigation frames the Burma campaign, using the three criteria of massed effects at the decisive point, air superiority, and operational reach. The elements are used to assess quantitative changes to the Japanese Fifteenth and British Fourteenth Armies and to evaluate the Japanese decision to conduct Operation U-Go nd. Brigadier Wingate's appraisal of the 2 Battalion Burma Rifles. OTHER CAMPAIGN WINNERS OF THE VICTORIA CROSS LIEUTENANT KARAMET SINGH JUDGE 15th Punjab Regiment, Indian Army HALVILDAR. Reiseziel Burma: Hier finden Sie Reiseinformationen und Kontaktdaten der offiziellen Touristeninformation, des Fremdenverkehrsamtes bzw. des zuständigen Tourismusverbands zum Reiseziel Burma: Myanmar Tourism Marketin
10. Under the Dragon by Rory MacLean. This is one of the few travel books written about Burma in the junta era. Maclean brings a novelist's eye to the people he encounters on his quest to. Burma Campaign 1944-45. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily by British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, who were assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burmese Independence Army and the Indian National Army Burma Campaign. Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays. The Oppressed People of Burma Essays 2972 Words | 12 Pages. The Oppressed People of Burma Burma, like many other Southeast Asian nations, is a land of much culture and diversity of ethnic groups
Allied Third Burma Campaign October 1943-May 1944.jpg 1,260 × 970; 197 KB. Brimaniefrontnord.jpg 346 × 347; 33 KB. Burma and Ledo Road 1944 - 1945.jpg 539 × 900; 94 KB. Burma Front Map.png 1,000 × 1,445; 436 KB. Burma II - VI 1944.svg 377 × 536; 89 KB. Combat Map of Myitkyina battle.jpg 425 × 650; 97 KB 3. Role During Burma Campaign. He was sent to Burma in 1942 to asstt the Chinese and British tps defending Burma against Japanese. When the Allied Forces were defeated in Burma, Stillwell retreated to India. In India he trained several Chinese Divs to recapture Burma and open a L of C to China. 4 <p>The Burma Campaign was one of the most punishing and protracted military adventures of World War Two. Impenetrable jungle, poor transport infrastructure, seasonal monsoon rains, as well as famine, disease, snakes and crocodiles all bore heavily on the troops.</p> <p>Against this extraordinary backdrop, Frank McLynn constructs the dramatic story of the four larger-than-life commanders.
The Burma Campaign The Myanmar Time
★ My BURMA CAMPAIGN. by Rex Wait. The 18th Field Regiment (Self-Propelled), Royal Artillery was equipped with the American 105mm howitzer on a Sherman tank chassis. These in the British Army were given the name Priests. At the time we were sent into Burma, in December 1944, I was a humble subaltern, the Troop Leader of Fox Troop, 94/95 Battery WW2 BURMA CAMPAIGN CHINDIT REGIMENT DAH-TYPE MACHETE AND SCABBARD. A genuine British issue WW2 Chindit Regiment machete as used by the Armed Commonwealth Forces and the Chindit Regiment against the Japanese during the Burma Campaign. Based on the famous machette used by the Kachin Daos of upper Burma and actually looking quite like them in. Order of Battle: Burma Road is a new DLC for the Order of Battle series, bringing you in the thick of the action in the Burma campaign. Lead many new units and fight on an unfamiliar terrain to stop and repel the Japanese invasion. As commander of British and Allied forces in this new Order of Battle historical campaign, it's up to you to. Burma Campaign UK က စာရေးသား တောင်းဆိုလိုက်တာနဲ့ ပတ်သက်ပြီး ဗြိတိန်ပြည်ထဲရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနက ပြီးခဲ့တဲ့ ဧပြီလက တုံ့ပြန်ခဲ့တာမှာတော့ ဗ.
With the Burma Campaign ongoing, the Americans considered training the Chinese troops in India. General Joseph Stilwell, the Allied commander in the China-Burma-India (CBI) theatre, attributed the CEF's weak performance to the inefficiency, despotism, and corruption of Chinese commanding officers The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily by British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, who were assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burmese Independence Army and the Indian National Army The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, Thailand, and the Indian National Army. British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from British India. The Burmese Independence Army was trained by the Japanese and spearheaded the initial.
Pacific Axis Campaign #3 Burma Campaign 3 Star (No
The Campaign in Burma. Prepared for South-East Asia Command by Frank Owen: Doctor in the XIV Army: Burma 1944-1945 by Charles Evans: Personal Diary of Admiral the Lord Louis Mountbatten Supreme Allied Commander, South-East Asia, 1943-1946 by Earl Mountbatten of Louis Mountbatten Burma: Slim by Michael Calver Burma Campaign UK Caritas France Campagne tegen Wapenhandel, Netherlands Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT), UK Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP), Belgium Pax Christi Flanders School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain Burma campaign (1944) (4,782 words) case mismatch in snippet view article Burma campaign 1944 Part of the Pacific War during World War II A C-47 transport aircraft drops supplies by parachute to Allied troops in action agains
Burma campaign wiki TheReaderWik
Shortly after the British and Indian forces had withdrawn from Burma in the face of the Japanese onslaught in 1942, Colonel E.C.V. Foucar MC was instructed to undertake a 'special duty', namely seek out documentary material and information from the various officers involved in the First Burma Campaign
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text:
Q: Routes with Dash `-` Instead of Underscore `_` in Ruby on Rails I want my urls to use dash - instead of underscore _ as word separators. For example controller/my-action instead of controller/my_action.
I'm surprised about two things:

*

*Google et al. continue to distinguish them.

*That Ruby on Rails doesn't have a simple, global configuration parameter to map - to _ in the routing. Or does it?

The best solution I've is to use :as or a named route.
My idea is to modify the Rails routing to check for that global config and change - to _ before dispatching to a controller action.
Is there a better way?

A: With Rails 3 and later you can do like this:
resources :user_bundles, :path => '/user-bundles'

Another option is to modify Rails, via an initializer.
I don't recommend this though, since it may break in future versions (edit: doesn't work in Rails 5).
Using :path as shown above is better.
# Using private APIs is not recommended and may break in future Rails versions.
# https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb#L1012
#
# config/initializers/adjust-route-paths.rb
module ActionDispatch
  module Routing
    class Mapper
      module Resources
        class Resource
          def path
            @path.dasherize
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

A: You can overload controller and action names to use dashes:
# config/routes.rb
resources :my_resources, path: 'my-resources' do
  collection do
    get 'my-method', to: :my_method
  end
end

You can test in console:
rails routes -g my_resources
my_method_my_resources GET  /my-resources/my-method(.:format) my_resources#my_method

A: You can use named routes.  It will allow using '-' as word seperators.  In routes.rb,
map.name_of_route     'a-b-c',       :controller => 'my_controller', :action => "my_action"

Now urls like http://my_application/a-b-c would go to specified controller and action.
Also, for creating dynamic urls
map.name_of_route    'id1-:id2-:id3',       :controller => 'my_controller', :action => "my_action"

in this case 'id1, id2 & id2 would be passed as http params to the action
In you actions and views,
name_of_route_url(:id1=>val1, :id2=>val2, :id3=>val3)

would evaluate to url 'http://my_application/val1-val2-val3'.

A: if you use underscores in a controller and view file then just use dashes in your routes file, and it will work..
get 'blog/example-text' this is my route for this controller
def example_text
end  <-- this is my controller
and example_text.html.erb is the file
and this is the actual link site.com/blog/example-text
i figured this is works for me, and it's more effective than underscores SEO wise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Neighbours looked out of their bedrooms on Friday morning to see an intense orange fire-ball after being woken by an explosion which shook their homes.
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Miss Gina Davey, of nearby Wharton Court, said: "I always have my window open. I'm two floors up. My first thought was we had been struck by lightning, it was such a loud bang. Car alarms were going off.
She said her five-year-old daughter, Lola, was so shocked she burst into tears.
Resident Neville McHugh added that the day before he had seen Mr Thomas who told him he was going to see his wife in hospital, leaving him with the impression she was still alive.


text:
Edmontonians prepare for 100 in 1 Day this weekend
By Julia Wong	Digital Broadcast Journalist	Global News
WATCH ABOVE: There will be a lot of hustle and bustle in our city tomorrow. 100 in 1 Day is preparing to take over Edmonton with community-organized projects. Julia Wong previews some of them.
Edmontonians are preparing to make Saturday a special day.
The project "100 in 1 Day" takes place on Saturday in Edmonton and other cities around the world. This is the first time the event is taking place in Alberta's capital but it has existed in other cities for several years.
Organizers of Make Something Edmonton movement look for way to keep it growing
Chris Gusen, marketing manager for Make Something Edmonton, said the event is meant to celebrate the power of small projects organized by residents that can spark big change in the city.
"Some people are really interested in bringing more colour to the city – you see that in mural and chalk. Some people are interested in making the city more fun – so there's people doing music or performances," he said.
"It's all about placements and projects in public spaces. It's about creating a city that feels like it's shaped by citizens."
There are more than 120 projects taking place in Edmonton.
Cressida Raffin, marketing manager of El Cortez, said it was a no-brainer for the restaurant to get involved.
On Friday, staff helped paint a wall of the restaurant with chalkboard paint.
"Essentially what it's going to be is a big chalkboard. We'll stencil 'Before I die, I want to' and then a line. The main goal of it is to inspire introspection, motivation and build the community," she said.
Raffin wants residents to use the wall on Saturday as a bucket list and she plans to keep it up for a few weeks.
Jill Robertson is a landscape architect and planned a pop-up park in a parking space on 104 Street to celebrate 100 in 1 Day.
"It's a comment on how we can use space differently in the downtown," she explained.
There is also a lemonade stand at the pop-up park, which is a fundraiser for the Zebra Child Protection Centre.
Meanwhile, Randy Brososky, executive producer of Necessary Evil, is making Instagram videos for the event. They will make up a series called Hellevator.
Brososky said he and his team will make 100 videos on Saturday and the length of the videos will range from 16 to 60 seconds.
"I hope this removes the barrier of getting out and doing something creative. We're shooting this on an iPhone. We're editing on an iPad," he said.
"You can reach out. You can share a story whether it's fictional, whether it's meaningful. You can try and make change in the world. You can try and just entertain and enlighten."
You can find more details about 100 in 1 Day here.
100 in 1 day
Make Something Edmonton
Zebra Child Protection Centre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Palmýra (arabsky: تدمر, Tadmor, Aramejsky: Tedmurtá) je město a pozůstatky antického semitského města v Sýrii, 215 km severovýchodně od hlavního města Damašku. V současné době administrativně spadá do guvernorátu Homs. První archeologické nálezy se datují do období mladší doby kamenné a první zmínky o něm pocházejí z počátku druhého tisíciletí před naším letopočtem. Palmýra změnila při různých příležitostech mnohokrát vlastníka. Nakonec se ale v 1. století našeho letopočtu stala součástí Římské říše.

Město hojně prosperovalo z obchodních karavan a obyvatelé Palmýry byli proslulými obchodníky, kteří dokonce zakládali kolonie podél Hedvábné stezky. Bohatství města umožnilo výstavbu takových architektonických památek jako jsou Velká kolonáda, Belův chrám, či charakteristické pohřební věže. Palmýřané byli směsicí Amoritů, Aramejců a Arabů. Co se sociální stratifikace týče, ta fungovala na kmenové bázi. Obyvatelé města používali tzv. palmýrštinu, jeden ze západních dialektů aramejštiny. V oblasti obchodu a diplomacie byla užívána řečtina. Kultura města byla hojně ovlivněna kulturou řecko-římskou, a tím vznikla typická architektura, spojující jak východní, tak západní tradice. Obyvatelstvo uctívalo místní (kanaánská), mezopotámská a arabská božstva.

Ve 3. století dosáhl věhlas města vrcholu, a to především v šedesátých letech, kdy palmýrský král Odaenathus porazil perského velekrále Šápúra I. Po tom, co byl král Odaenathus zavražděn svoji manželkou, královnou Zenobií, vypukla v zemi vzpoura proti Římské říši a bylo vyhlášeno Palmýrské císařství. Povstání však bylo potlačeno a roku 273 nechal římský císař Aurelianus město srovnat se zemí. Obnoveno bylo až císařem Diokleciánem. Palmýrské obyvatelstvo konvertovalo během 4. století ke křesťanství a v druhé polovině prvního tisíciletí k islámu. Poté byla řečtina a palmýrština nahrazena arabštinou.

Před rokem 273 našeho letopočtu město bylo připojeno k římské provincii Sýrie, přesto požívalo nějakou míru nezávislosti. Postavení Palmýry v říši by se po první dvě staletí n. l. dalo přirovnat k postavení řeckých států. V průběhu třetího století se Palmýra stala římskou kolonií, což vedlo k postupnému začleňování římských úřadů do města, před tím, než se stalo monarchií v roce 260. Od roku 273, kdy bylo město zničeno, nedosáhlo už nikdy své dřívější slávy a nadále už sloužilo jen jako lokální centrum jak za vlády Byzantské říše, tak dalších států. Po vyplenění vojenskými oddíly Tímúrovské říše roku 1400 se Palmýra "smrskla" na malou vesnici. Pod Francouzským mandátem byli obyvatelé města přesunuti roku 1932 do nově vznikající vesnice Tadmor a starověká Palmýra byla zpřístupněna výzkumu.

V roce 2015 byla Palmýra v rukou Islámského státu (Daiš), který poničil spoustu antických památek. 27. března roku 2016 bylo město obsazeno Syrskou armádou, koncem roku se však o něj vedly další boje. 11. prosince 2016 město znovu dobyl Islámský stát (Daiš), začátkem března 2017 jej opět získaly pod kontrolu syrské vládní síly.

Ve starověku bylo město důležitou zastávkou v poušti pro karavany mířící od Eufratu na středomořské pobřeží. Na místě zaniklého města vzniklo rozsáhlé archeologické naleziště. Současné město Palmýra, nacházející se vedle ruin, sloužilo hlavně jako turistické východisko pro návštěvu nalezišť. Palmýra je zapsána na seznamu světového dědictví UNESCO.

Název
První doložený název města, pocházející z druhého tisíciletí před naším letopočtem zní Tadmor. Toto jméno patrně pochází ze semitských jazyků, pravděpodobně mohlo odkazovat na datlovníky (datle – tamar), kterých se v oblasti nachází nespočet. V češtině je tedy Palmýra známá také jako město palem.

Jméno Palmýra se objevovalo v průběhu počátku prvního století našeho letopočtu v pracích římského filosofa Plinia staršího. Jedná se nyní již o řecké slovo. Ohledně původu slova Palmýra v současnosti lingvisté zastávají dva názory. Jedni tvrdí, že slovo Palmýra je modifikací slova Tadmor. Dle této teorie Římané nejdříve změnili název města z Tadmor na Talmura a později na Palmura (podle slova palma; v latině i češtině stejné). Později se jméno vyvinulo až do své nynější podoby: Palmýra. Jiní filologové říkají, že Palmýra je prostě řecký překlad semitského jména Tadmor (Datlovník pravý se řadí mezi palmy).

Lingvista Michael Patrick O'Connor přišel též s teorií, podle které pochází oba názvy z Churritštiny, mrtvého jazyka užívaného etnikem Churritů v oblasti Mezopotámie. Jako důkaz dále uvádí nevysvětlené modifikace kořenů slov. Podle jeho teorie "Tadmor" pochází z churritského slova tad (milovat) s přidanou klasickou churritskou příponou mar. Podobně prý vzniklo i slovo "Palmýra". Slovo pal znamená milovat a opět přípona mar.

Geografie

Palmýra se nachází 215 km severovýchodně od syrského hlavního města Damašku v pouštní oáze obklopené palmami (až 20 druhů). Město leží mezi dvěma horskými masívy; Severní a Jižní palmýrský pás. Na jihu a východě je Palmýra vystavena poušti. Městem také prochází vyschlé říční koryto (vádí) Kubur. Jižně od vádí pramení potůček Efqa. Plinius starší popsal v 70 letech 1. století našeho letopočtu město jako významnou pouštní metropoli, hojně vydělávající na těžbě soli a s mnoha potůčky a prameny, důležitými pro zemědělství.

Rozložení

Palmýra začala jako malé městečko v blízkosti potoku Efqa poblíž jižního břehu vádí Al-Kubur. Během prvního století se tato helénská osada začala rozšiřovat severně od břehů vádí. I přesto, že městské hradby původně obepínaly celou rozsáhlou oblast města, nové zdi, postavené za vlády císaře Diokleciána, už chránily jen severní část.

Většina městských památek se nachází v severní části. Mezi jinými například Belův chrám, ležící na telu, jenž býval místem, na kterém stával dřívější antický chrám. Vykopávky však podporují teorii, že tel se původně nacházel na jižním břehu, vádí bylo později odkloněno směrem na jih, aby bylo možno (ke konci prvního a začátkem druhého století) chrám zahrnout do severní urbanizované části.

Na severu se nachází též památka známá jako Velká kolonáda. Jedná se o 1100 metrů dlouhou hlavní ulici, která se táhla od Belova chrámu na východě až po pohřební chrám (č. 86) v západní části města. Ve východní části kolonády se nacházel Vítězný oblouk a uprostřed stojí Tetrapylon.

Nalevo od kolonády leží Diokleciánovy lázně postavené na zbytcích předchozí stavby, pravděpodobně královského paláce. Nedaleko ležel Baal-Šaminův chrám, obytná zóna a Byzantské kostely (jeden z nich je starý přes 1500 let a jedná se o největší kostel v Palmýře a 4. největší v Sýrii). Výška pilířů v kostele se odhaduje na 6 metrů a základna měří 12×24 metrů. Na nádvoří byl dokonce objeven malý amfiteátr.

Na jižní straně stojí chrám babylonského boha Nabu a římské divadlo. Za divadlem se nacházela malá budova senátu a velká Agora s pozůstatky Triclinia a soudu. Kousek od západního konce kolonády se nachází Diokleciánův tábor, postavený římským guvernérem v Sýrii Sosianem Hieroclem. Blízko stojí Damašská brána a Al-Látův chrám.

Obyvatelé, jazyk a společnost
Na vrcholu své moci, v období vlády královny Zenobie, měla Palmýra až 200 tisíc obyvatel. Prvními doloženými obyvateli města byli Amorité, semitský národ, který území obýval na počátku 2. tisíciletí před n. l. a ke konci tisíciletí se zde usídlili Aramejci. První zmínky o arabských obyvatelích Palmýry, kteří se sem dostali ke konci 1. tisíciletí před n. l., se týkají vojenské výpravy palmýrského Šejka Zabdibela. Ten vyslal své vojsko na pomoc seleukskému králi Antiochovi III. Velikému (bitva u Rafie 217 př. n. l.). Nově příchozí Arabové se postupně smísili s původními obyvateli města, začali používat palmýrštinu jako svůj mateřský jazyk a stali se významnou částí zdejší aristokracie. Ve městě žila také židovská komunita. Nápisy v palmýrštině z nekropole Bejt Še'arim v Dolní Galileji potvrzují pohřbívání palmýrských židů.

Až do posledních let 3. st. n. l. používali obyvatelé města dialekt aramejštiny a palmýrskou abecedu. Latina se používala zřídka, zato v bohatších vrstvách obyvatelstva byla oblíbená řečtina, která se užívala v oblastech obchodu a politiky. V období nadvlády Byzance se dokonce stala hlavním jazykem. Po dobytí města Araby nahradila řečtinu arabština. Ze smíšení jazyků se později vyvinula palmýrština.

Obyvatelé Palmýry byli velkou směsicí nejrůznějších etnik. Byla doložena jména hlavně arabských, aramejských a amoritských klanů. Palmýra byla kmenovou komunitou, ale kvůli nedostatku důkazů není přesné porozumění systému možné. Celkem bylo zdokumentováno 30 klanů, z nichž 5 bylo označeno za kmen obsahující několik podkmenů. Za časů císaře Nerona byly v Palmýře kmeny čtyři, každý z nich obýval jednu z částí města. Tři z kmenů se nazývaly: Komare, Mattabol, Ma'zin. Jméno čtvrtého kmene není zcela jisté, pravděpodobně však šlo o kmen zvaný Mita. Časem se však klany stávaly čím dál tím více občanskou záležitostí a začaly ztrácet svoji identitu a význam. Během 3. st. pak zcela vymizely. Během éry Umajjovců bylo město obydleno hlavně kmenem Kalb. Benjamín z Tudely, španělský židovský cestovatel si během své návštěvy Palmýry ve 12. století zaznamenal, že ve městě žilo asi 2000 židů. Význam Palmýry poklesl po roce 1400, kdy byla zničena Tímúrovskou říší. Ve 20. století se již jednalo o vesnici s 6000 obyvateli. Ačkoliv bylo okolí města obklopeno Beduíny, Palmýrští si uchovali svůj dialekt. Palmýra si zachovala tradiční styl života až do roku 1932, kdy byli obyvatelé vesnice přemístěni do nově vznikajícího města Tadmor.

Historie

První zpráva o Palmýře se objevila ve 2. tisíciletí př. n. l. v archivu Mari. Podle asyrských textů sahají důkazy o osídlení nejméně do roku 1800 př. n. l., kdy bylo první město založeno kmeny arabských kočovníků. Podle hebrejské bible však byl Tadmur postaven až králem Šalamounem. O nejstarší historii města nejsou prakticky žádné zprávy, asyrští králové sem nejspíše posílali do exilu své odpůrce. Z dalšího tisíciletí nejsou o Palmýře žádné dochované texty.

Seleukovci se o město nezajímali a to tak získalo nezávislost. Od té doby bylo město důležitou zastávkou pro karavany cestující mezi Středomořím a oblastí Blízkého východu. V roce 41 př. n. l. se město stalo dostatečně bohatým na to, aby přilákalo Římany a Marcus Antonius se pokusil město vyloupit. To se nepodařilo, obyvatelé byli včas varováni a i se svými cennostmi stačili uprchnout přes Eufrat.
Mezi roky 17 a 19 našeho letopočtu byla Palmýra plně obsazena Římany pod vedením Tiberia. Později jeho nástupce Caligula začlenil město do římské provincie. Význam města stále rostl, hlavně díky obchodní cestě spojující Persii, Indii, Čínu a Římskou říši. Roku 129 navštívil město Hadrianus, prohlásil ho za svobodné a přejmenoval na Hadriana Palmyra.

Vzestup Sásánovců (perská královská dynastie) znamenal další problémy pro Řím. Ardašír vyhnal Římany roku 230 n. l. z Mezopotámie, jeho nástupce Šápúr v bitvě u Edessy porazil a zajal římského císaře Valeriana.

V té době byl vládcem Palmýry Septimius Odaenathus. K moci se dostal díky svým vojenským úspěchům. Podporou Říma získal mnoho titulů od vděčných římských císařů. V roce 262 napadl a porazil Peršany, tím pro Řím ovládl Sýrii a byl oslavován jako zachránce říše. Dalším útokem zatlačil Peršany zpět za Tigrid a prohlásil se římským císařem. Při návratu z tažení byl zavražděn v Emese.

Vlády se chopila Odaenathova manželka Zenobia, která přijala titul Augusta. Zatímco Řím měl potíže na jiných frontách a nevěnoval Palmýře pozornost, Zenobia převzala kontrolu nad několika městy ve střední Sýrii. Poté, co se otevřeně vzbouřila Římu, napadla i Egypt. Římský císař Aurelianus získal rychle zpět Zenobií dobytá území. Poté vytáhl proti Palmýře, kterou na jaře roku 272 obsadil. Zenobia se pokusila zachránit útěkem k Eufratu, kde byla zajata. Aurelianus byl nejdříve k obyvatelům města mírný, ale po druhém povstání byla Palmýra zničena.

Za vlády císaře Diokleciána se Palmýra částečně obnovila. Dioklecián ve městě založil vojenský tábor. Ve 4. století se dostalo do Palmýry křesťanství.

Památky
Je zde velmi patrný vliv Řecka a Říma.

Objevení ruin v 18. stol. mělo vliv na klasicistní architekturu Evropy.

Pohřebiště
Pohřební věž Elahbel.

Pamětihodnosti

Veřejné stavby
Senát: Budova senátu těžce poškozena. Jedná se o malou budovu složenou z peristylu (nádvoří) a zasedací místnosti. Ta je zakončena apsidou, v níž jsou dokola uspořádány řady křesel.

Diokleciánovy lázně: Většina lázní byla zničena a zbytky se nenachází nad úrovní základů. Vstup do komplexu označují čtyři masivní egyptské žulové sloupy. Každý z nich má v průměru 1,3 metru, jsou 12,5 m vysoké a váží 20 tun. Vnitřek bazénu lemovaného kolonádou korintských sloupů je až na osmiúhelníkovou místnost, jež sloužila jako šatna, stále viditelný.

Agora: Palmýrská agora je součástí rozsáhlého komplexu vybudovaného ve 12. st. př. n. l., sestávajícího dále z triclinia a soudu. Agora je mohutná stavba s jedenácti vchody měřící 71×84 metrů. Uvnitř agory bylo nalezeno 200 podstavců, na kterých stály sochy významných občanů města. Nápisy na podstavcích dávají tušit jakým způsobem byly sochy v místnosti rozmístěny. Na východní straně se nacházela místa pro senátory, na severu stály sochy významných úředníků, západ náležel vojákům a na jihu stály sochy vůdců karavan.

Soud: Soud je rozsáhlá obdélníková ohrada jižně od agory, se kterou sdílí svoji severní stěnu. Původně byl vchodem do budovy velký vestibul v jihozápadní stěně. Vchod byl však později zablokován kvůli výstavbě obranných zdí a od té doby se do budovy vstupuje třemi vchody z agory.

Triclinium

Divadlo: Nachází se uprostřed kolonády. Stavba pochází z 1. poloviny 2. století n. l. Jeviště je 48 m široké a 10 m hluboké, dnes má devět řad sedadel.

Chrámy
Belův chrám: Jedna z nejvýraznějších staveb. Byla zasvěcena nejvyššímu z palmýrských bohů, bohu Belovi. Chrám se skládal z velkého nádvoří a Celly. Nádvoří měří 210x205 m a je obehnáno vysokými zdmi. Calla je obdélníková stavba postavená na počátku 1. století n. l. na pódiu uprostřed nádvoří. Vchod na chrámové nádvoří vede přes propylaeum s mohutnou bránou (35 m širokou) a monumentálním schodištěm. Byl zničen výbušninami, které zde odpálili členové teroristického tzv. Islámského státu 24. srpna 2015.

Baal-Šaminův chrám: Dalším z významných bohů byl Baal, Pán nebes, nejvyšší bůh počasí a patron zemědělců a pastevců. Jeho chrám byl postaven kolem roku 131 n. l. v severní části města. V pátém století byl přestavěn na křesťanský kostel. V roce 2015 byl zničen příslušníky tzv. Islámského státu.

Chrám boha Nabu: Z většiny chrámu zbyly dnes již jen ruiny.

Al-Látův chrám: Z velké části už jen ruiny. Dnes zbývá už jen rám dveří, několik sloupů a pódium. Uvnitř se nachází velký reliéf lva

Baal-Hamonův chrám

Ostatní stavby
Velká kolonáda: Prostředkem města ze severozápadu na jihovýchod vedla kolonáda. Jednalo se o hlavní ulici Palmýry. Byla dlouhá 1190 m a 22 m široká. Začala vznikat ve 2. stol. n. l. Za královny Zenobie byla dostavěna druhá polovina kolonády a celá stavba dostala nynější podobu.

Tetrapylon: Dochovaný sloup je pouze jediný, ostatní kopie. Uvnitř každé stavby bývala socha.

Pohřební chrám číslo 86:

Vítězný oblouk
V roce 2015 byl zničen příslušníky tzv. Islámského státu.

Údolí hrobů
Rozsáhlé pohřebiště u městských hradeb. Hroby v podobě věží nebo domů. Nejstarší jsou pohřební věže z pískovce o třech nebo čtyřech patrech a s podzemními komorami. Většinou jen pro nejbohatší rodiny, např.: věž Elahbel.

Byly vyzdobeny štuky a basreliéfy. Reliéfy představují duši nebo osobnost pohřbené osoby. Věrně vyobrazují podobu zesnulých. Objeveno mnoho soch, které zachycují strnulé postavy, většinou zepředu. Hrobky bohatších rodin také obsahují různé předměty, např.: vázy, šperky, mince. Dnes vystaveny v místním muzeu nebo sbírkách antického umění v Louvru a Damašku.

Syrská občanská válka

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 CATTANEO, Marco, Světové poklady UNESCO: Starověké civilizace, 1. vyd., Frýdek-Místek : Alpress, 2006, 400 s.,
 ALBANESEOVÁ Maria Ausilia, Krása zaniklých civilizací. Světy, které objevila archeologie, Praha : Rebo Productions, 1998., 351 s.,
 SCHREIBER, Hermann, Zaniklá města, 1. vyd., Praha : Vyšehrad, 1977, 244 s.

Externí odkazy

 Palmýra ...púštna perla kráľovnej Zenóbie
 ANTIKA.avonet-Palmýra
  Sacred Destinations Palmyra
  Palmyra (Tudmor)
  Poutnik.cz - Palmýra

Světové dědictví (Sýrie)
Archeologické lokality v Sýrii
Dějiny Sýrie
Mezopotámie
Města v Sýrii
Guvernorát Homs
Světové dědictví v ohrožení

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Found 455 images - displaying 1 to 30 - page 1.
1. Spratting - a photograph from Tollesbury, but no further information.
3. Tollesbury, 1907. A note on the back says "Taken by Thos. Adams (of Seaford ?)".
4. Woodrope, Tollesbury. Smack CK232 on the right. Postcard 71494, posted 23 July 1926.
5. Vicarage, Tollesbury. Postcard though to be by Hammond.
7. Alison's grandfather, George Leonard Trim was a Tollesbury fisherman. He married Maud Sheldrick.
9. Tollesbury oyster dredging. Laid up ships in background.
10. WATER LILY (is written on back) smack.
14. Tollesbury Hard. In distance are CK143 and CK21. Foreground are CK431 CK212.
Photo is inside a Royal Harwich Yacht Club Christmas Card.
16. Tollesbury fleet laid up in Summer. CK116.
Used in The Stowboaters page 9.
18. The Square, Tollesbury. Postcard by Harrington & Gower, Tollesbury, mailed 1909.
19. Square and Church, Tollesbury. Postcard mailed 26 April 1905.
20. Church Street, Tollesbury. The Square. Postcard published by the Co-operative Society, Tollesbury.
21. The Square, Tollesbury. Kings Head on the left. Postcard mailed 7 August 1919.
22. The Square and Church, Tollesbury. Postcard from Bell's No. 2067.
23. The Square and St. Mary's Church, Tollesbury. Postcard.
24. Church Street, Tollesbury. The Square. Postcard mailed August 1914.
25. The Square and Church, Tollesbury. Postcard.
26. St. Mary's Church and The Square, Tollesbury. Postcard 1109 mailed 30 October 1961..
28. View from Church, Tollesbury. Postcard 126350.
29. Mell Road, Tollesbury. Postcard from H. Leaett, Fancy Depository, Tollesbury, written 8 September 1912.
30. View of Mell Lane, Tollesbury. Postcard by T. Hammond, addressed to Mrs S. Gurton, Ferndale, New Road, Tollesbury from 'Wavelet'.


(Woodland Hills, California) August 1, 2018 – The Ponderosa Collection, the PCGS Set Registry® number one finest-of-all-time set of circulation strike Carson City Morgan dollars, 1878-1893, has been acquired intact by Woodland Hills, California dealer Barry Stuppler (www.MintStateGold.com).
1879-CC PCGS MS66+, finest known, none graded higher.
1881-CC PCGS MS68, tied for finest known.
1883-CC PCGS MS68, tied for finest known.
1885-CC PCGS MS68+, finest known, formerly in the Jack Lee and Coronet collections.
1892-CC PCGS MS67+, finest known.
Graded PCGS MS67+, this finest known 1892-CC Morgan dollar is part of the Ponderosa Collection of Carson City dollars purchased intact by Barry Stuppler for $1.2 million.
1893-CC PCCGS MS65, formerly in the Eliasberg Collection.
The 14th coin in the purchase is an 1879-CC graded PCGS MS65+PL.
"As part of our company policy, we are going to give our current clients on the PCGS Carson City Morgan dollar registries the first chance to acquire these coins to improve their collections. Whatever coins may remain will be offered on our website, www.MintStateGold.com," said Stuppler, President of the Professional Numismatists Guild and a former President of the American Numismatic Association.


Good morning! Sheila here from She's A Sassy Lady and once again I get the privilege to visit you all here at The Bug Bytes with my friend Pam. Isn't this just too cute!!! I love the bright colors and look Kristy (Craftin' On My Door) I even used tulle just like you suggested!!! I needed to make some quick cards for my grand children for Halloween so I made this quick and easy Z card. Note I made the cards at work on my break! Don't you love it?
I decided I am not going to be like last year and rushing and not getting all the things I need to do for the holiday so I am using the KISS system..... keep it simple Sassy!
First I took a basic 8 1/2x11 and cut it up the middle so that I would have a 4 1/4x11 inches. Then I folded it in half and brought up the left side on itself again at the half way point as shown. Score all folds and the card will look like a backwards Z.
I purchased this wonderful card stock stack by My Paper Studio at Hobby Lobby during their half off paper sale. The papers are just yummy and are 8 1/2 x11... just perfect for making cards.
The stack had this great page with 1 1/2 inch square designs on it so I just cut what I needed by hand for the center of my card.
I then took 1 sheet of patterned paper and cut 2 pieces at 4x5.25 inches and 3 pieces at 2.50x4 inches.
Then I adhered to the front and back of the card leaving the section on the inside for a sentiment to be stamped and for signatures.
I then cut out one of the squares from the tag sheet in the stack and some striped paper just about 1/4 inch larger. I also cut out some of the sparkly tulle (thanks to Kristie's reminder to use tulle. She is from from Crafting On My Door).
It really add bling to a plain and simple card doesn't it? love all the sparkle in the tulle.
Then I placed Zip Dry glue on half and adhered it to the front of my card. So, so easy!
Now wasn't that easy? Anyone can make these cards with just a few sheets of colored paper. I like that I can make them on my break at work because there is no equipment just ATG gun, paper, scissors and tulle.
Here are all ten cards lined up. They worked out great all I had to do was stamp the sentiment on the inside of the card and sign with a white gel pen, it was just so easy.
Click on photos if you would like to see a close up of the card.
Yup, just as cute as can be and in less than 5 minutes you have a card. I made ten in one hour! ANYONE can make these and they would even be great to make with your children.
Hope you liked today's little project. Thanks for your sweet - sweet words. Your comments continue to inspire me. Have a BLESSED day.
Sheila, when you do ever just not do the cutest cards?!!! These are adorable!
Love this Sheila! I'm a tulle lover! I like to go to Hobby Lobby when they have it on sale and buy 1/2 yd of several colors. I get lots of bang for a few bucks! Great Halloween cards!


text:
Q: Build method not saving record agent.rb
has_many :organisations

Organisation.rb
belongs_to :agent

organisations_agent.rb
validates :organisation_id, uniqueness: { scope: [:agent_id] }

organisations_controller.rb
def create
    @organisation = current_agent.organisations.build(organisation_params)
    @organisation.save
end
private

def organisation_params
  params.require(:organisation).permit(:name, :organisation_size, :area, :management)
end

I have the following associations as above. The issue I am facing here is that in the create action when I try to create an organisation I am getting an error that agent_id is blank because of which build doesn't save the record. Please help me find where I am going wrong.
I added binding.pry_remote right before the @organisation.save and I checked that in @organisation the agent_id is nil. So I checked if there is actually a current_agent in the create agent and yes that works fine. I am getting current_agent in the create action. I don't know where I am going wrong but agent_id is nil in @oganisation in create action.
params content
 id: nil,
 name: "ABC Org",
 organisation_size: "35",
 area: "USA"
 agent_id: nil,
 management: "DEMO"


The general translation is that if one man stands alone, he is easily beaten. Two men standing together is better but three is sure to be the strongest. Here's my translation: one person alone is lonely but braid that person with their family and they are unbreakable and the bond is golden. Full of love.
My love for my family is a solid cord. More than three strands. My love for Zane is probably the strongest piece to the cord. And it always will be.
I got up this morning and got ready to go to the gym, my normal routine. It's been a little different since I broke my neck because I'm on light duty, cardio only, and maybe three times a week (I'm also not supposed to be driving but the gym isn't that far so shhhh). I got in my car and the tire was almost completely flat. I aired it up, went to the gym then went to Walmart to have it fixed. At the service counter, the woman asked for my number and said "Zane Timmons?"….
I guess the last time Zane had a flat fixed on the Challenger he used my phone number. I don't think she knew what to say when she saw me start crying. I explained. I couldn't hold myself together. Something so minor.
After the funeral, I couldn't find one of Zane's drawings, a frog he drew specifically for me that I made him sign when he brought it to me. I remember the night he layed it on my dresser. I asked him "well did you sign it?" And he said "Uh nope"…haha and guess what my sweet child did for me, he signed it. Well this evening I found it when Daniel was trying to find a tool in my truck of the car. How it had wiggled it's way to where it was I have no idea but I'm glad I found it. I carefully put it in his book from the funeral home so I wouldn't lose it again because it's kind of small. 8 months later the frog comes back.
I was scrolling through Facebook and a video popped up of someone drawing a mural on a wall. It jarred my memory once again. As everyone knows, Zane loved to draw. He would doodle for hours on his wall in his bedroom. Yeah, I picked my battles and a wall was not worth arguing about (remember that moms…it's just a wall, it's just a stupid wall). If he drew it in pencil, he would eventually erase it and draw over it. We had plans to paint one wall with chalkboard paint. I now wish I had taken pictures of each drawing before he erased it or drew over it. I'm glad we have what drawings we do have of his.
Next Next post: How Loved Are You?


text:
How UT Martin Rifle Player Petersen Achieved a Career-Best Air Rifle Score
If there's one player on the UT Martin rifle team who is putting up career-best scores for air rifles that is Victoria Petersen. She was the lead player in the Owls' victory against UAB at the Great American Rifle Conference. Additionally, she scored the top air rifle scoring ever.
Joey Kovach, UT Martin's Air Smallbore Champion and Rifle lead the way
Although it is hard to affirm it, this University of Tennessee at Martin rifle team has won both the air rifle and smallbore divisions, it is clear that they have. In particular, junior Joey Kovach has led the way in both disciplines. He has tallied more points on smallbore than the remainder of the field, as well as set a record-setting career high in the air rifle. Also, he became the third Skyhawk to lead the team's overall scoring. It is difficult to do this especially given the amount of to play for.
The four-day competition was won with a victory at Morehead State Saturday by the rifle team of UT Martin. The event featured a variety famous names from across the country for air and smallbore rifles. They scored 4,671 points the total amount, and a staggering 4,624 against Ole Miss. Yet, the biggest amount of points scored on the day was the 2305 points scored by the team in the department of smallbore. This was 16 points higher than what the team got at the Arkansas-LittleRock's top smallbore game on the 16th of October.
The University of Tennessee at Martin rifle team might not be a household name in the competitive world, but they are a force to be reckoned with. The season will be concluded with JSU Invitational. JSU Invitational, Jacksonville, Ala. November 18-19.
U.T. Martin's Victoria Petersen collects career-high air rifle score against UAB
The University of Tennessee at Martin rifle team finished its season in the fall with an impressive performance. The team not only took home their second straight JSU Invitational, they also scored a season-high 2,317 air rifle points. UT Martin will continue to fight the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) between January 22 and 23. The game also featured North Georgia, Murray State as well as UT Martin.
UT Martin accumulated 4,567 points in total. This is a program record. Among the Skyhawks scoring players were Nick Fares, Jeffrey Bourassa and Jesse Chamberlain, who all participated to the department of air rifles. All of them achieved career-best scores. Emily Faught was another Skyhawk who excelled in the field of smallbore and broke the school record in the process. She registered a career-best 597. This was a break from the previous mark of 585. She received academic All-Big Ten Honors for her accomplishments and was named to the Tom Osborne Citizenship Team.
Victoria Petersen also set new personal records in the air rifle department, getting 581 against UAB. The first time she competed in the event, as she competed on a team comprised of Abigail Donald. Alayna Walther as well as Rachel Sprague both shot career-bests in the smallerbore section. The 569 and 569 points respectively put them in the fifth and sixth slot.
NC State's Skyhawks finish seventh on the Great American Rifle Conference
NC State's rifle squad ranked 7th in the Great American Rifle Conference Championships having a total score of 4667 points. The Wolfpack were also among the top three of smallbore with junior John Peterson leading the way with 581 points. The other noteworthy achievements is the air rifle where junior Addy Burrow was the best mark on day two with 590. This was the Skyhawks' first try at a team member shooting the medal of gold.
NC State finished its season by winning 8 times. This was a record-setting season for the school. The team also ended a 45-game losing streak on the road, and also set new records. It finished the year with four wins on the road which was more than previously. Seven school records were set. Conference wins was also set.
The Skyhawks had the opportunity to sign 32 players in the normal sign-up period. The Skyhawks could take on one quarterback, five wide receivers, as well in three linebackers and three tight end players. It was the first year in which the team was able to sign this number of freshmen. Six offensive linemen were selected, as well as three defensive linemen, and four running backs. This meant that the Skyhawks were left with an impressive lineup.
The OVC is known for its long tradition of having national championships won in the fields of track, golf as well as football. The league is also a sponsor of beach volleyball and track.
Posted in Careers
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Peter Sagan, a decade after his first appearance on the peloton race circuit of professional […]
Exploring the Unique Training Strategies Used By Marcus Coleman to Excel in Iowa State Wrestling
In an interview with the media, the Iowa State's Marcus Coleman stated that he believes […]
If there's one player on the UT Martin rifle team who is putting up career-best […]


The Strathmore Speaker Series began as the brainchild of a few Strathmore neighbors in 2012. It was kicked off officially in 2013, sponsored by the Onondaga Park Association, a local 501c3. In 2014, the committee was awarded its first "What if…" mini grant of $2,500 by the Gifford Foundation. The committee uses this money to cover its operating expenses and the cost of awarding small honorariums to speakers.


text:
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Top Ten Video Games 2013 You Must Buy
By Yenoscyu
Top Ten Video Games 2013
Top ten video games maybe is not enough. Yup, 2013 will indulge gamers with so many quality games. In this year you will see the return of Miss Lara Croft, the sequel of God of War, prequel of Gears of War, the arrival of Watch Dogs that surprises many people at E3, and of course the most anticipated game of the year, Grand Theft Auto V. Surely there will be more than top ten video games 2013 that will satisfy your gaming thirst.
From so many titles that will be released in 2013, I'll just simplify it to top ten video games only. There's lots of positive news or rumors about these top ten video games. Many people can't wait any longer for the release of these top ten video games.
Here are Top Ten Video Games 2013 you must buy in a random order.
1. Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate
Developer/Publisher : Capcom
Platform : Wii U, Nintendo 3DS
Release Date : Mar 19, 2013
Genre : Action Adventure/Fantasy
Rating : Teen (T)
Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate is definitely one of the top ten video games 2013 you must buy. This game is an expanded version of Monster Hunter Tri which has been released in Japan. The game will have so many new challenging monsters, more than 200 quests, and a variety of upgraded armor and weapons.
Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate will maximize the features available in the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS so the hunting time will be more fun. Wii U players will be able to hunt with Nintendo 3DS players via local wireless connection. Players can also transfer the data between the two consoles.
So, it's reasonable if this game is in the list of the top ten video games 2013 you should buy.
2. Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance
Developer/Publisher : PlatinumGames/Konami
Platform : Xbox 360, PS3
Release Date : Feb 19, 2013
Genre : Action Adventure/Modern
Rating : Mature (M)
One of the most popular video game series is back in 2013 and it's predicted to be a big hit. This time you will play as Raiden, half-machine cyborg ninja, equipped with high-frequency katana blade. Stealth style is no longer dominant in this game. In fact, the game brings more brutal but awesome gameplay like Ninja Gaiden.
If you watch the trailer you'll see that this game seems very promising and superb. It deserves to be in the top ten video games 2013 hunting list.
3. Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist
Developer/Publisher : Ubisoft Toronto/Ubisoft
Platform : Xbox 360, PS3, PC
Release Date : Aug 20, 2013
Rating : RP
This time, Sam Fisher will face a terrorist group called The Blacklist who loves attacking American assets. He can use any means to hunt down these dangerous terrorists before destroying America. Sam now can perform a variety of cool new moves, has lots of new weapons, and he can highlight multiple targets at once and take them out in quick succession.
As usual, Sam Fisher has great adventure to play in your game system. With superb gameplay and amazing graphics, the latest series of Splinter Cell deserves to be in the top ten video games 2013 you must buy, especially for those stealth genre fans.
4. Gears of War: Judgment
Developer/Publisher : Epic Games/Microsoft Game Studios
Platform : Xbox 360
Genre : Third-Person Shooter
This game is a prequel of Gears of War trilogy and put Augustus Cole and Damon Baird as the main character instead of Dom or Marcus as the previous protagonists. This title is highly anticipated Xbox 360 exclusive in 2013. It has great story, cool gameplay, multiplayer mode and superb battle arena. So it's no surprise if this game takes one spot in top ten video games 2013 you should own.
5. God of War: Ascension
Developer/Publisher : SCE Santa Monica/SCEA
Platform : PS3
The PS3 owners will be very happy knowing that this phenomenal game will come to their console this year. God of War: Ascension is a prequel of the God of War series where we will discover the history of Kratos. This time, for the first time, there's multiplayer up to 8 players. Each player is free to determine the class that includes Poseidon, Hades, Ares, and Zeus.
With breathtaking battle system, outstanding graphics, exciting story, as well as new multiplayer mode, this exclusive PS3 game definitely one of top ten video games 2013 you should put in your list.
6. Watch Dogs
Developer/Publisher : Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Platform : PS3, Xbox 360, PC
Watch Dogs is an open-world action game that shocked and amazed visitors at E3 2012. The main character in this game is Aiden Pearce who has the ability to hack all electrical devices so he can do what he wants. For example, he can access traffic light, tapping the telephone, or jamming mobile phone. This game has elements of third-person shooter, parkour, stealth, and can be played in multiplayer. Watch Dogs looks very promising and deserves in the top ten video games 2013 you must buy.
7. The Last of Us
Developer/Publisher : Naughty Dog/SCEA
Release Date : May 7, 2013
The Last of Us is an exclusive game for the PS3. There are two main characters in this game, Joel and Ellie. They are stranded in a period where human must fight for their life even though by killing each other. In this game you can do melee and firearms combat. The combination of action and survival element makes this game looks great. There's no doubt, this game is in the list of top ten video games 2013 you must have.
8. Crysis 3
Developer/Publisher : Crytek/EA Games
Genre : First-Person Shooter
Crysis 3 is the third title of the Crysis franchise and takes place in the year 2047, 24 years after the events in the first game. This first-person shooter game has outstanding graphics and has the control like Call of Duty. This time, the main character, Prophet, will face the threat of C.E.L.L who wants to dominate the world through Nanodomes. Crysis 3 has additional new feature which is Hunter Mode in multiplayer game that will likely add to the fun when playing this game.
Definitely, Crysis 3 is one of most anticipated top ten video games 2013.
Developer/Publisher : Crystal Dynamics/Square Enix
Release Date : Mar 5, 2013
In the year 2013 Miss Lara Croft will be back in action. But this time the game will tell the origin story of this heroine from an ordinary young woman to a strong character, resilient, and able to kick all the enemies out with extraordinary abilities.
This game tells that Miss Lara stranded on a deserted island. He must fight to survive as well as reveal the dark history of the island. There's lot of acrobatic stunts performed by this tough girl. Tomb Raider fans probably can't wait any longer for this game on the market. And indeed, Miss Lara's adventure worthy in the top ten video games 2013 you must buy.
10. Grand Theft Auto V
Developer/Publisher : Rockstar North/Rockstar Games
Platform : PS3, Xbox 360
Release Date : Sep 17, 2013
This is probably the most anticipated game in 2013. Based on various sources, this open-world game will have several new features. Grand Theft Auto V will have 3 main characters, a vast world beyond the GTA IV, San Andreas, and Red Dead Redemption combined. Moreover, this game has so many modern and various vehicles. If your character want to relax, you can spend time doing things like playing tennis, yoga, golf, or bowling.
Like the previous series, GTA V will have great story, awesome gameplay, and cool graphics. It's no wonder if we put GTA V as one of top ten video games 2013 you must buy.
There they are the list of top ten video games 2013 that will satisfy your gaming addict. Those top ten video games 2013 will make you stick on the couch playing the game all day long. Just be sure you have enough money to get all those top ten video games 2013 in your living room.
This entry was posted in Best Video Games, Microsoft Xbox, Nintendo, PC Games, Sony PlayStation and tagged top 10 video games, top 10 video games 2013, top ten pc games, top ten video games, top ten video games 2013, upcoming video games of 2013. Bookmark the permalink.


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Boris Karloff, 1887-1969, British actor.
Karloff was born William Henry Pratt. In 1909 he traveled from his native England to Canada and thence to America, where he began getting small stage and film roles; his new stage name combined the surname of distant relations with "Boris," which he claims to have pulled "out of the air." In the teens he had become a popular stage villain, but by the late twenties and (especially) early in the Depression, Karloff's money had run out, and he was forced to support himself by driving a truck.
A series of small film parts -- Criminal Code (1930), Five Star Final (1931), The Mad Genius (1931) -- brought him to the attention of James Whale, who had been hired by Universal Studios to produce a film version of Frankenstein. Both Bela Lugosi and John Carradine had turned down the role for its lack of dialogue, but Karloff accepted. This was the deciding moment in his career, and throughout the thirties and forties Karloff was a widely sought actor.
Four years after the huge success of the first movie, Karloff reprised his role as the Monster in The Bride of Frankenstein (1935) and The Son of Frankenstein (1939), but after this latter vowed never again to appear in the role again. As he later recalled:
There was not much left in the Monster to be developed. We had reached his limits. I saw that from her on, he would become rather an oafish prop, so to speak, in the last act of something like that, without any great stature.
He continued, however, to appear in various horror films, often as "Dr. Frankenstein" himself, as in Frankenstein 1970 (1958)
A complete list of Karloff's films:
The Dumb Girl of Portici (extra) (1916)
His Majesty the American (1919)
The Prince and Betty (1919)
The Courage of Marge O'Doone (1920)
The Deadlier Sex (1920)
The Last of the Mohicans (1920)
The Cave Girl (1921)
Cheated Hearts (1921)
The Hope Diamond Mystery (1921)
Without Benefit of Clergy (1921)
The Altar Stairs (1922)
The Man From Downing Street (1922)
Omar the Tentmaker (1922)
The Woman Conquers (1922)
The Prisoner (1923)
Dynamite Dan (1924)
The Hellion (1924)
Forbidden Cargo (1925)
Lady Robinhood (1925)
Never the Twain Shall Meet (1925)
Parisian Nights (1925)
The Prairie Wife (1925)
The Bells (1926)
The Eagle of the Sea (1926)
Flames (1926)
Flaming Fury (1926)
The Golden Web (1926)
The Greater Glory (1926)
Her Honor the Governor (1926)
The Man in the Saddle (1926)
The Nicklehopper (1926)
Old Ironsides (1926)
Let It Rain (1927)
The Love Mart (1927)
The Meddlin' Stranger (1927)
The Phantom Buster (1927)
The Princess from Hoboken (1927)
Soft Cushions (1927)
Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1927)
Two Arabian Knights (1927)
Valencia (bit part) (1927)
Burning the Wind (1928)
The Little Wild Girl (1928)
Vultures of the Sea (1928)
Anne Against the World (1929)
Behind That Curtain (1929)
The Devil's Chaplain (1929)
The Fatal Warning (1929)
King of the Kongo (1929)
The Phantom of the North (1929)
Two Sisters (1929)
The Unholy Night (1929)
The Band One (bit part) (1930)
Mother's Cry (bit part) (1930)
The Sea Bat (1930)
The Utah Kid (1930)
Cracked Nuts (1931)
The Criminal Code (1931)
Donovan's Kid (1931)
Graft (1931)
Guilty Generation (1931)
I Like Your Nerve (1931)
King of the Wild (1931)
Pardon Us (in French-language version only) (1931)
The Public Defender (1931)
Smart Money (1931)
Tonight or Never (1931)
Yellow Ticket (1931)
Alias the Doctor (1932)
Behind the Mask (1932)
Business and Pleasure (1932)
The Cohens and Kellys in Hollywood (cameo) (1932)
The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
The Miracle Man (1932)
Night World (1932)
The Old Dark House (1932)
The Ghoul (1933)
The Man Who Dared (1933)
Gift of Gab (cameo) (1934)
House of Rothschild (1934)
The Lost Patrol (1934)
Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
Charlie Chan at the Opera (1936)
The Invisible Ray (1936)
Juggernaut (1936)
The Man Who Lived Again/Man Who Changed His Mind (1936)
West of Shanghai/War Lord (1937)
The Invisible Menace (1938)
Mr. Wong, Detective (1938)
The Man They Could Not Hang (1939)
Mr. Wong in Chinatown (1939)
Mystery of Mr. Wong (1939)
The Ape (1940)
Before I Hang (1940)
Black Friday (1940)
British Intelligence (1940)
Doomed to Die (1940)
The Fatal Hour (1940)
The Man With Nine Lives/Behind the Door (1940)
The Devil Commands (1941)
The Boogie Man Will Get You (1942)
The Climax (1944)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
The Body Snatcher (1945)
Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome (1947)
Lured (1947)
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947)
Unconquered (1947)
Tap Roots (1948)
Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff (1949)
The Strange Door (1951)
The Black Castle (1952)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
The Hindu (1953)
Monster of the Island/Il Mostro dell'Isola (1953)
Voodoo Island/Silent Death (1957)
Corridors of Blood/Doctor from Seven Dials (1958)
Frankenstein -- 1970 (1958)
The Haunted Strangler/Grip of the Strangler (1958)
The Terror (1963)
Bikini Beach (cameo) (1964)
Black Sabbath/I Tre volti della paura (1964)
The Comedy of Terrors/Graveside Story (1964)
The Daydreamer (voice only) (1966)
The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini (1966)
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (voice only) (1966)
Cauldron of Blood/Blind Maan's Bluff/El Coleccionista de Cadaveres (1967)
Mad Monster Party? (voice of Baron Frankenstein) (1967)
The Sorcerers (1967)
Venetian Affair (1967)
The Crimson Cult/Curse of the Crimson Altar/Crimson Altar (1968)
Targets (1968)
Snake People/Isle of the Snake People (1970)
House of Evil (1971)
Sinister Invasion/Invasion siniestra/Incredible Invasion (1971)


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