Huddersfield RUFC got their first away win of the season when scoring a dramatic 27-20 victory at Broadstreet in National II North.
Gareth Lewis's side crossed for five tries to secure a bonus point and the much-needed win means Field move off the bottom of the table as they go in to the Christmas break.
Ross Thornton scored to put the visitors up 5-3 early on in the first half, with Joel Hinchliffe – taking the kicks as Chris Bell started on the bench – agonisingly hitting a post on the conversion.
Elliott Hodgson got himself sin-binned for a high tackle, though, and Broadstreet fought back to put themselves 13-5 up.
But Austen Thompson scored, vitally, just before the break to put Huddersfield within touching distance of their relegation rivals.
A post was hit again from the conversion, this time from substitute Bell.
That try must have put confidence into the Huddersfield side, however, as they scored three tries in six minutes (first by Nick Sharpe and two from Tom Hodson) which opened up a gap the home side could not make up.
Unbelievably, Bell hit the woodwork again from Hodson's first try.
Broadstreet didn't give up and scored again to make the match a converted try away from a draw, but the sturdy Huddersfield defence did enough to keep the strugglers out, and coach Lewis was delighted.
"I'm absolutely made up for the lads," said Lewis. "They deserve it with all the hard work and dedication they've put in over the last few tough weeks.
"It's a massive result for us all.
"It was a bit 'squeaky bum' time at the end there, especially when we went down to 13 men. But the lads showed heart and character to get themselves off the bottom of the table.
Captain Nick Sharpe, who led his team brilliantly throughout the match, spoke of how proud he was of his team.
Huddersfield survived the late onslaught with just 13 men, as Thompson and Dan Jeffrey got sin-binned late on for foul play, and Lewis gave his thoughts on the referee's decisions.
"I thought a few of the sin-bins were a little bit harsh, but I'll have to look back at them on the videos," said Lewis.
Opening try-scorer Thornton also told of his delight following the crucial win.
"I'm absolutely delighted, this was a must-win and to do the job like that gives us an extra buzz," he said.
"It's been a long time coming with all the bad results as of late, but hopefully we can get some more wins on the run now.
With Huddersfield's next match not until the New Year, the win gives the Lockwood Park men a massive boost as they head to the Christmas break.
"The lads are capable of performing like that, what we've seen here, but, for me, we can also perform better; which is a very good thing," explained Lewis.
"The boys can enjoy their Christmas now. There's a week break but we're back in training between Christmas and the New Year.
Huddersfield: Rawsthorne, Kanauros, Hodgson, Owen, Hodson, Workman, Hinchliffe, Tamanis, Walker, Sanderson, Rhodes (N), Thompson, Thornton, Hoyle, Sharpe. Bench: Rhodes (G), Stringwell, Bradley, Bell, Jeffrey.


text:
Born in the vicinity of Cologne, only two years after and some sixty km distant from Beethoven, Johann Wilhelm Wilms was once a musical force to be reckoned with. In Amsterdam, where he lived from the age of 19, his music was actually performed more frequently than Beethoven's at one period, and his orchestral works were played in such musical centers as Leipzig. Besides chamber music and solo sonatas, Wilms composed several symphonies and concertos, among them piano concertos for his own use. But already during his lifetime Wilms began to retreat from the public eye and by the time of his death in 1847, he was remembered almost exclusively as the composer of the then national anthem. In time for the 250th anniversary of Wilms' birth, Ronald Brautigam has edited the five extant piano concertos by 'the Dutch Beethoven'. A first volume (BIS-2504) with the three earlier concertos has been released, earning a five star review in BBC Music Magazine for 'performances of lightness and transparency, matched by the recording's clarity.' On this second and final instalment, with Concertos Nos 4 and 5, Ronald Brautigam again receives spirited support from the Kölner Akademie and Michael Alexander Willens.
Label: BIS
Piano Concertos Vol. 2 (Hybr)
Artist: Wilms / Brautigam / Akademie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Consider it like a stew in a sense, where the flavors sit and meld overnight. A good stew is never served the day it's made," noted Carro, who also whips up strawberry Marsala sauce for waffles, pancakes and French toast soufflé.
Sift all dry ingredients. Rub in the cubed butter until the mixture resembles a coarse-looking cornmeal. Add dried fruit and nuts; stir to combine. Mix eggs and buttermilk in separate bowl. Add liquid mixture to dried ingredients and mix slowly to combine. Scoop onto parchment-lined sheet pans. The scoop should be about the size of tennis ball. Press down to make it like a "pancake," 1-inch thick. Cut each one into quarters. Brush egg wash on scones, then sprinkle with bakers' coarse sanding sugar. Bake at 350 degrees until golden brown, 15 to 18 minutes. Yield: approximately 30 scones.
A long time ago, I saw a recipe for Basque Eggs — really tasty eggs poached in a simple stew of tomatoes, peppers and onions — from a friend of mine, who runs an Inn in Bar Harbor, Maine. I've since modified that recipe, but this is pretty close to the flavors. (Though I won't claim it as authentic Basque cooking!) This is really quick to prepare, especially if you dice your veggies as you're cooking instead of doing the prep work all up front. For example, while the sausage sautés, dice the onion. After the onion goes in, mince the garlic. Once the garlic is in, dice the peppers, etc. This can be made vegetarian/vegan by substituting 1 teaspoon oil for the sausage.
This versatile sauce is very easy to make. At the Inn, we often pair it with our pear-raisin or blueberry French toast soufflé, as well as with a variety of waffles and pancakes. It also makes a wonderful dessert sauce. (Try it with pound cake and/or ice cream.) While you can use fresh strawberries, we prefer frozen for this recipe. The sauce will freeze well for months.
In a large pot, combine the strawberries and sugar. Add water to cover by about 1 inch (about 5 to 6 cups). Bring to a boil over medium heat, stirring occasionally. Reduce heat and simmer, partially covered, for 1 hour, stirring occasionally. Strain the strawberry mixture into a bowl. Press the solids with the back of a large spoon to extract as much liquid as possible. Discard the solids.
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Sauté onion in olive oil. When it gets soft, add a touch of sugar and raise the heat to caramelize slightly. Remove from pan and set aside. Sauté zucchini, squeeze out excess moisture and combine with cooked onion. The onion and zucchini mixture should equal about 1 cup (more is fine, but less will not work as well). Whisk eggs. Add vegetables, seasonings, mozzarella and a couple dashes of Tabasco. Pour into a 10-inch nonstick, straight-edged sauté pan. Bake for about 30 minutes, rotating several times during cooking until the center is firm. Let cool slightly. Loosen edges with a spatula if needed. Top with pecorino Romano. Return frittata to the oven and broil for 2 minutes, rotating halfway through. Cool slightly. Invert onto a flat pan lid and then flip onto a serving plate. Serve immediately or make ahead and reheat in microwave. Serves 8.


text:
Atheist Population
The current atheist population mostly resides in East Asia (particularly China) and in secular Europe/Australia primarily among whites.[1] See: Global atheism and Western atheism and race
Razib Khan points out in Discover Magazine, "most secular nations in the world are those of East Asia, in particular what are often termed "Confucian societies." It is likely therefore that the majority of the world's atheists are actually East Asian."[2] See: Asian atheism
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, 2% of the world's population self-identifies as atheist and the average annual global change for atheism from 2000 to 2010 was −0.17%.[3] See: Global atheism statistics
In respect to the atheist population of the world, there have been many studies in regards to the atheist demographics and in regards to the percentage of atheists in various geographic areas. Concerning the atheist population as a percentage of various countries' populations, specific research on atheists conducted in 2006 suggests that the true proportion of atheists is 4% in the United States, 17% in Great Britain and 32% in France. However, how one defines atheist can skew the results of polls (see: Definition of atheism). For example, in 2008, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) reported 1.6% of Americans self-identified themselves as atheists.[4] In 2007, Pew Forum estimated that 1.6% of Americans are atheists.[5]
In Sweden, 45% of the population indicates that they believe in some sort of ultimate force or great spirit.[6]
The website Science 2.0 reported in 2015 about secular Europe:
" When we move our strictly-by-the-numbers probe across the rest of Europe, we find it is not the atheistic continent it is painted to be. Surveys across the 27 member countries indicate that 77% of people believe in a God-like higher consciousness. Only 20% of people said they did not believe in God or any type of over-arching spirit. And again we see the definition gap: alongside these figures, we get a separate number which tells us that only 7% of Europeans said they were atheists....
Outside East Asia, the three countries often listed as the least religious in the world, the places where (the media tells us) atheists dominate, are Estonia, Sweden and the Czech Republic.
In support of this assertion, we usually find the Eurobarometer Poll 2010 quoted, which shows that only 18% of people in Sweden and Estonia believe in God, and only 16% of people in the Czech Republic have that particular belief. That seems clear enough. These are atheist countries, right?
But no. That same poll also asked respondents whether they believe in some sort of ultimate force or great spirit. "Yes" answers came from 44% in the Czech Republic, 45% in Sweden and 50% in Estonia.
So then we do the math: the number of citizens who believe in the existence of some sort of deity-like presence, called God or The Force or something else, is actually 60% in Estonia, 63% in Sweden, and 68% in Estonia, according to the exact same survey. They are certainly not all churchgoers. But contrary to conventional wisdom, in all three countries, atheists were a minority, and the dominant groups were the middle grounders – people whose beliefs are hard to define except for one thing: they don't think of themselves as atheists.[7]
Financial Times (FT)/Harris Poll among adults in 5 countries in 2006
A survey published in the 2005 Encyclopedia Britannica stated that 2.3% of the world's population consists of individuals who profess "atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious."[8] In regards to the 2.3% figure just mentioned, the 2005 survey cited by Encyclopedia Britannica survey did not include Buddhist in regards to the 2.3% figure and Buddhism can be theistic or atheistic.[9][10] Ipsos, a major global market research company, published a report on report on religious belief/skepticism from a worldwide perspective and the report provides various statistics gained from survey results.
1 Atheism and diversity
2 Atheism and racism
3 Atheist demographic information
4 Atheist population: Poor international cooperation among atheist populations
4.1 Lack of significant global outreach by Western World atheists
5 Lack of significant outreach to racial minorities in the Western World
6 Global decline of atheism
6.1 Decline of atheism in terms of global adherents is expected to accelerate
7 American atheism
8 Atheists and its retention rate in individuals
9 Atheist Prison Population
10 Lack of sound leadership
11 Male and female demographic imbalances
11.1 Surveys by country
11.2 United States surveys
12 Atheism and the internet
12.1 Atheist PZ Myers says atheists are largely a population of internet nerds and geeks
Atheism and diversity
See also: Atheism and diversity and Asian atheism and Atheism and white males
As far as the issue of diversity within the atheist population, compared to Christianity, atheism has a significantly less degree of geographic/cultural, racial, gender and personal wealth diversity (see: Atheism and diversity).
Atheism and racism
See also: Atheism and racism and East Asia, China, atheism and racism and Western atheism and race
There is a significant amount of racism within the atheist population (see: Atheism and racism).
Atheist demographic information
Demography is the study of human populations, and is a major specialty in the disciplines of sociology, economics, history, geography, statistics and epidemiology.
See: Demographics of atheism
Atheist population: Poor international cooperation among atheist populations
See also: Atheism and international cooperation among atheists
In recent years, international cooperation among atheists has been low (see: Atheism and international cooperation among atheists).
Lack of significant global outreach by Western World atheists
African Children's choir performing in the United States. In recent years, Christianity has seen a rapid growth in Africa.[11] In 2005, there were four times as many non-Western World Christians as there were Western World Christians.[12] Western World atheists have not engaged in a significant amount of global outreach.
See also: European desecularization in the 21st century and Global Christianity and Christian evangelism
The former Soviet Union had a worldwide expansionist policy as far as spreading atheistic communism.[13] The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a spike in religious affiliation, both in Russia and in Eastern Europe.[14]
The atheist community in the Western World has not had significant outreaches to spread atheism outside the Western World. On the other hand, historically, Christians have made great evangelism efforts to reach every people group across the earth. In 2005, there were four times as many non-Western World Christians as there were Western World Christians.[15] Doing overseas evangelism/outreaches, often requires significant hardships/persecution and Western atheists have been unwilling to endure such hardships in order to spread atheistic ideology (see: Atheism and hedonism).
Christianity is rapidly growing in China. China is on course to have the largest Christian population in the world by 2030.[16] See also: Growth of Christianity in China
Lack of significant outreach to racial minorities in the Western World
See also: Western atheism and race and British atheism and American atheism and Global atheism
The atheist community has not had significant outreach to racial minorities within the Western World whereas Christians have done this (particularly among the poor).[17] The atheist Sikivu Hutchinson declared "If mainstream freethought and humanism continue to reflect the narrow cultural interests of white elites who have disposable income to go to conferences then the secular movement is destined to remain marginal and insular."[18]
For information on the changing racial demographics of the Western World, please see: Global atheism
Global decline of atheism
Eric Kaufmann, a professor at Birkbeck College, University of London, using a wealth of demographic studies, argues that there will be a significant decline of global atheism in the 21st century which will impact the Western World.[19]
See also: Global atheism and Global atheism statistics
According to a new study released by the Pew Research Center, Christianity and Islam are the fastest growing religions. Other religions, such as Hinduism and Judaism, are also growing at a fast rate. On the other hand, the study revealed that atheism, and non-religion in general, is declining. According to the study, atheism and non-religion will decline from 16% of the world population in 2015 to 13% by 2050. The reason for such decline is the extremely low fertility rates and atheists and non-religious people switching to religion, according to the study.[20]
By 2050, the Christian population will have grown by as much as 700 million; the Muslim population will have grown by 1.1 billion; the Hindu population will have grown by 350 million; and the Jewish population will have grown by 2.2 million (particularly because of extremely high birth rates by Haredi Jews (Ultra-Orthodox or Ultra-Religious Jews)).[21]
On July 24, 2013, CNS News reported:
" Atheism is in decline worldwide, with the number of atheists falling from 4.5% of the world's population in 1970 to 2.0% in 2010 and projected to drop to 1.8% by 2020, according to a new report by the Center for the Study of Global Christianity at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, Mass."[22] "
In 2011, the American Spectator citing research published in the International Bulletin of Missionary Research reported that atheism is on the decline as a whole in terms of adherents.[23]
In 2009, the book A sceptics guide to atheism indicated: "A worldwide poll taken in 1991 put the global figure for atheists at just 4.4% of the population. By 2006 it was estimated that only 2% of the world population were atheists."[24]
Decline of atheism in terms of global adherents is expected to accelerate
Growth of global desecularization
Acceleration of 21st century desecularization
Decline of Asian atheism
European desecularization in the 21st century
American atheism
See also: American atheism
The Pew Research Center reported in 2013: "The number of people who identify themselves as atheists in the United States has been rising, modestly but steadily, in recent years. Our aggregated data from 2012 show that 2.4% of American adults say they are atheists when asked about their religious identity, up from 1.6% in 2007."[25]
For additional information in terms of specifics as far as forecasts of the percentage of atheists in the United States, please see: Demographics and trends in American secularism.
The Birkbeck College, University of London professor Eric Kaufman wrote in his 2010 book Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth? concerning America:
" High evangelical fertility rates more than compensated for losses to liberal Protestant sects during the twentieth century. In recent decades, white secularism has surged, but Latino and Asian religious immigration has taken up the slack, keeping secularism at bay. Across denominations, the fertility advantage of religious fundamentalists of all colours is significant and growing. After 2020, their demographic weight will begin to tip the balance in the culture wars towards the conservative side, ramping up pressure on hot-button issues such as abortion. By the end of the century, three quarters of America may be pro-life. Their activism will leap over the borders of the 'Redeemer Nation' to evangelize the world. Already, the rise of the World Congress of Families has launched a global religious right, its arms stretching across the bloody lines of the War on Terror to embrace the entire Abrahamic family.[26] "
Atheists and its retention rate in individuals
Atheism and its retention rate in individuals
Atheist Prison Population
Irreligious prison population
Lack of sound leadership
See also: Atheism and leadership
Using academic studies, survey data and other information, supporters of the Question evolution! campaign maintain that there is a lack of sound leadership within the agnostic/atheist and evolutionist communities in dealing with the global decline of atheism and agnosticism.
Evolutionists, atheists and agnostics: Where is your master plan to reverse your global decline?
Atheism is rudderless and unseaworthy
Male and female demographic imbalances
See also: Atheism and women
Surveys by country
In November 2010, Discover magazine published survey results published by the World Values Survey which showed significant differences between the percentage of men and women who are atheists for various countries.[27]
United States surveys
A 2008 study by Trinity College found that women are significantly more religious than men in America.[28] In 2007, the Pew Research Center found that American women were more religious than American men.[29]
Atheism and the internet
See also: Internet atheism and Atheistic bullying
During the period of 2007 to 2012, the atheist community made a concerted effort to spread atheism through means of the internet. However, leading atheist websites have seen plunges in web traffic during this same period and during the first half of 2012.[30]
For more information please see:
Internet atheism
Atheistic bullying
Atheist PZ Myers says atheists are largely a population of internet nerds and geeks
See also: Internet atheism and Atheism and marriage and Atheism and women
In 2013, the atheist PZ Myers declared:
" If we're going to expand our base and we're going to draw in more people to recognize the virtues of living in a secular world, we need to appeal to more than just that geek and nerd subset of the population. We need to have a wider base. ...I seriously believe that we're on the cusp of a crisis. We're not there yet but it's looming in front of us. Will we adapt and thrive and change the world? Or will we remain an avocation for a prosperous and largely irrelevant subset of the population? Will we become something more than a scattered society of internet nerds? That's what we have to do.[31] "
In response, Evolution News and Views wrote:
" A crisis looms, in Myers's view, because he looks around himself and sees a not very promising basis for a mass movement. He's right. There is indeed a quality of geeky isolation from reality, common sense, and the fullness of life that I see as a motif in atheist and Darwin activism alike.[32] "
Atheism statistics
Atheist movement
British atheism
Atheism in the Anglosphere
Views on Atheists
Nones
Atheist population and immorality
Schools of atheist thought
Atheist factions
Evidence for Christianity
Resources for leaving atheism and becoming a Christian
Atheism • Rebuttal • Morals • Academics • Quotes • Christianity • Debate • Evolution • Atheism and the suppression of science • Mass Murder • Communism • Atheist Shooters and Serial Killers • Mental and Physical Health • Miracles • Morality • Uncharitableness • Agnosticism • Deception • The Bible • The Problem of Evil • Agenda • Psychology • Population • Prison Statistics • Racism • Atheism and women • Brights Movement • Causes • Death Toll • Definitions • Evangelical atheist • Ex-atheists • Faith Freedom International • Godless: The Church of Liberalism • Godless liberal • His Dark Materials • History • Liberalism • Militancy • New Atheism • Videos • Skeptics Annotated Bible • Strong atheism • The God Delusion • There Are No Atheists In Foxholes • Weak atheism
Decline of global atheism - Professor Eric Kaufmann
Atheism a house divided & in global decline - YouTube video
The Largest Atheist/Agnostic Populations
The Demand for Religion: Hard Core Atheism and "Supply Side" Theory
↑ A surprising map of where the world's atheists live, By Max Fisher and Caitlin Dewey, Washington Post, May 23, 2013
↑ Most atheists are not white & other non-fairy tales, Discover magazine
↑ Religion: Year in Review 2010: Worldwide Adherents of All Religions. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.. Retrieved on 2013-11-21.
↑ http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf
↑ Pew Forum - 2007 - Key findings on religious belief in America
↑ Atheism Peaks, While Spiritual Groups Move Toward Convergence, Science 2.0 website
↑ http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9432620
↑ http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/beliefs/atheism.htm
↑ The African apostles: How Christianity exploded in 20th-century Africa
↑ Is Christianity taking over the planet?
↑ America Coming to Terms: The Vietnam Legacy By Nguyen Anh Tuan, page 82
↑ [Global Study: Atheists in Decline, Only 1.8% of World Population by 2020] by Michael W. Chapman, CNS News, July 24, 2013 - 2:18 PM
↑ China on course to become 'world's most Christian nation' within 15 years by Tom Phillips, The Telegraph, April 19, 2014
↑ Atheism has a big race problem that no one's talking about by Dr. Sikivu Hutchinson, Washington Post June 16, 2014
↑ Atheism's white male problem: A movement needs a moral cause beyond glamorizing disbelief by CJ Werleman, Salon, October 4, 2014
Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London
Eric Kaufmann: Shall The Religious Inherit The Earth?
Eric Kaufmann's Atheist Demographic series
Eric Kaufmann: Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
↑ Global Study: Atheists in Decline, Only 1.8% of World Population by 2020
↑ http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity
↑ A sceptics guide to atheism, page 4
↑ Facts about atheists
↑ Why are 2012 and 2020 key years for Christian creationists and pro-lifers?
↑ Sex differences in global atheism, part N
↑ http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf
↑ http://www.livescience.com/culture/090227-religion-men-women.html
↑ Internet atheism: The thrill is gone!
↑ in Seattle, PZ Myers Reflects Candidly on His Constituency
Retrieved from "https://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Atheist_Population&oldid=1743920"
This page was last modified on April 13, 2021, at 18:26.


In the 1970's and early 1990's hundreds of thousands of young men were called up for military service, most of them going through extreme physical training and many being sent to fight the war in northern Namibia and Angola. This book is a collection of reflections and memories of that time, collected by JH Thompson, who interviewed numerous former National Servicemen.
Contributors include ordinary soldiers and Special Force members, chefs, medics and helicopter pilots. They provide varying perspectives on klaaring in, training, inspection, gyppoing, border patrols, covert operations and open combat, and readjusting to life in civvy street.
This book is a compelling read that captures the spirit and atmosphere, the daily routine, the boredom, fear, camaraderie and other intense experiences of an SADF soldier. For everyone who did military service, as well as their family and friends, this book is a must.


Access is that most elusive quality that is granted to some who wield cameras. The best seem to command it of their subjects instantly, effortlessly. The rest of us work for every scrap we can get and hire the best camera people to buttress ourselves. Perhaps as a cheat, a short-circuit, we who shoot things with cameras for a living decide to use our friends as subjects from time to time. It is simply too enticing not to do.
When one's friends end up owning Personalities and interesting occupations they become all the more irresistible as subjects. But it's not just us film people who do it. Authors, painters, photographers and even journalists get into the act. For example, by his government name, mass_processor's Demon Doctor is the subject of a chapter in the best-selling business book The 4-Hour Work Week written by, you guessed it, a good friend of his. And this isn't the first time for me either.
It is an unavoidable part of standing behind (or, as in the case of a director, next to) cameras for a living. Your friends, those with any modicum of talent, looks, personality or all three will eventually find themselves before the cross-hairs. Many more times than you will, at any rate. Even if it is sometimes their job to stand behind the camera with you. On the day that Brad and I shot this piece, there was no way of knowing that either of us would be bedded down with colds for the next two days after too-enthusiastically suggesting that we film the interviews on the roof… in the rain. We only knew that we had subjects who could command both humor and intellect in service of letting us explore their music-making, and that, Bud pounders in hand, they probably wouldn't take themselves too seriously when doing so. In short, we had access.
One could call it collusion. Not only did I direct the embedded video, but I used some of the footage as part of the record cover that I eventually designed. My shameless heart beats on as, I am sure, yours will at an accelerated, dance-driven pace on Friday when mass_processor spins with 77Klash and Jahdan at Supreme Trading in Williamsburg. One way or another, a bold sonic spectrum awaits.
also: mass_processor wants to give you their album for free (email required).


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text:
Home Business FDA Asks E-Cig Manufacturers to Self-Regulate
FDA Asks E-Cig Manufacturers to Self-Regulate
As part of the process to devise new e-cig regulations, the FDA has asked the five leading e-cigarette brands to come up with plans to combat youth vaping.
Diane Caruana
Leading e-cigarette companies have been having meetings with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in relation to teen vaping. Following one such meeting between Altria and FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb last week, the two parties discussed "actions that could be taken", following which it was decided that whilst waiting for the agency's verdict, the tobacco giant would stop selling the following items:
MarkTen Elite pod-based products.
Apex by MarkTen pod-based products.
All favored variants of MarkTen and Green Smoke "cig-a-like products" except tobacco, menthol and mint varieties.
The FDA has asked the five leading e-cigarette brands to come up with plans to combat youth vaping.
The FDA has asked the five leading e-cigarette brands to come up with plans to combat youth vaping. "Everyone involved in this market has a shared responsibility to address this public health crisis," said FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb in a statement.
On the other hand, experts remain sceptical and point out that the industry shouldn't be trusted to come up with useful ways to police itself. "Anybody who believes that the e-cigarette companies could come up with a plan to effectively regulate themselves should talk to me, because I have a bridge I would love to sell them," he says.
An inclusive approach
In response to such comments the FDA said that it will continue to involve different stakeholders in the decision making process. "We will continue to seek public input from a diverse set of stakeholders, including public health advocates and the manufacturers and retailers affected by these policies."
E-cig manufacturers welcome the FDA's approach. "We believe it will take industry and regulators working together to restrict youth access," said Victoria Davis, a spokesperson for Juul.
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The Vapers Carnivale has been committed to introducing Adult Smokers to harm reducing vapor products since it's inception. We do this in a fun and entertaining way all while help our exhibitors sell their products and make lasting connections with vape shops owners. We promote directly to vape shops in the state we are coordinating the event in. This has resulted in thousands of vape shops owners, vape consumers and smokers attending our previous events.
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Happy New Year everyone! I wish for you all a wonderful year full of everything your heart's desire! Thank you so much for being here for the 2016 launch of Channelling Dolly and I can't wait to see what we explore together in 2017!


Lemon Snowdrops are a light shortbread-type cookie studded with finely chopped pecans and coated liberally with powdered sugar. Nice for cookie trays at Christmas. Don't miss the time-saving tip at the end of this post. I'll show you how I coat these cookies with powdered sugar en masse.
What do you do when a friend won't accept well-deserved payment for a service?
When my favorite Christmas tree decorator hinted he would accept some kind of lemon-flavored Christmas cookies as payment, I considered that my working orders. I surprised him with lemon thumbprints last year, but wanted something different this year.
My tradition-following gene is apparently mutated.
One of my favorite cookie cookbooks is Great Cookies by Carole Walter. Her recipe for Snowballs seemed like a good place to start. By all appearances, they were the same as what we called Mexican wedding cookies when I was growing up.
The first change was to make them lemon-y. For lemon flavor, add one teaspoon of lemon oil. I like lemon oil better than lemon extract for a brighter, more natural, but intense lemon flavor. If you prefer, substitute 1 teaspoon grated lemon peel for a milder hint of lemon even non-lemon lovers will enjoy.
Whenever recipe directions call for handling each cookie individually, I look for ways to streamline the process.
What's wrong with the old way of dipping cookies?
Offload baked cookies upside down onto a cooling rack set over a piece of waxed paper.
While still slightly warm, sprinkle with powdered sugar using a sieve.
Flip them, and sprinkle top side with powdered sugar again using a sieve full of powdered sugar.
Allow cookies to cool completely.
Sprinkle top side for the second time using a sieve full of powdered sugar.
Move rack off of waxed paper and press each cookie, top-side up, into the sugar left on the paper giving the bottom a second coat.
Thank-you to each of you in 2012 for your thoughtful comments, your (sometimes challenging) questions, and your continued encouragement. May God bless you with good eats and good memories during this time of celebrating Jesus Christ, our Savior.
Using a food processor with a metal blade, finely chop pecans along with 1/4 cup of flour. Pulse 3 or 4 times, then process steadily for about 8 seconds.
Add remaining flour and salt to pecans and again, pulse a few times until combined.
Add room-temperature butter to large bowl and beat with mixer on medium-low until light and creamy.
Reduce mixer speed to low and add 2 tablespoons powdered sugar, water, vanilla, and lemon oil.
Add chopped pecan-flour mixture to butter mixture in 3 portions, mixing just until combined. Don't overwork.
Press dough into a ball, wrap well, and chill at least 30 minutes.
Make tablespoon-size balls and place onto lined (parchment paper or silicone mat) cookie sheets. Leave them as balls, if desired, or slightly flatten each ball with the bottom of a glass dipped in granulated sugar.
Bake in preheated, 325-degree F oven 20-25 minutes or until the bottom starts to brown.
Allow to cool for 5 minutes.
While still warm, sprinkle with powdered sugar using a sieve.
Flip them, and sprinkle top side with powdered sugar.
Sprinkle top side for the second time using a sieve of powdered sugar.
Store in airtight container between layers of wax paper.
As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. But don't worry. This doesn't change the price you pay.
Lemon and Vanilla Bean Posset is a cool and refreshing dessert that requires no oven or complicated cooking skills. Perfect for a heavy meal or ladies' luncheon.
Hi , I just found you , and I can tell you I love your blog pretty much !!!
After consulting with Bonnie, I made these as a Christmas gift for my neighbor. Of course, we kept some for ourselves. They were tasty and easy. Thanks for sharing. Next, I'm trying the bacon-wrapped Jalapeno Chicken Bites.
Wish I was your neighbor. 🙂 Thanks for writing.
By the way, you look and speak remarkably like your adorable sister, Bonnie. She has been my dear friend for more than 20 years and ANYTHING she prepares is good. She kindly brought me some of her roasted jalapenos when she stopped by last year and I will be using some of them for the chicken bites! Keep up the good work!
Snowdrop cookies are my absolute favorite!
These cookies were wonderful!!! Rob decided it would be the right thing to do if he shared with the family. I finally had to move them out of site. Yummmm. All I have to say is anyone who make these won't be disappointed! You're the best.
Paula, these are so yummy looking – I love your technique and I love your tree! So pretty!
I want to make some cookies for Christmas for my neighbours and I think these will be perfect. Thanks for all the wonderful recipes and fun posts of the past year and I hope you and you family have a wonderful Christmas and a very happy and healthy New Year!
The cookies look as beautiful as the tree!


text:
El tegmento ventral (tegmentum es una palabra latina que significa recubrimiento), mejor conocido como área tegmental ventral de Tsai (ATV) es un grupo de neuronas localizadas cerca de la línea media del piso del mesencéfalo. El ATV es el punto de origen donde se encuentran los cuerpos de las células dopaminérgicas del sistema dopaminérgico mesocorticolímbico, y se encuentra ampliamente implicado en el sistema de recompensa natural del cerebro, el mismo que actúa en numerosas adicciones. Es importante en la cognición, motivación, orgasmo, dependencia a las drogas, emociones intensas relacionadas con el amor, y varios desórdenes psiquiátricos. El ATV contiene neuronas que se proyectan hacia numerosas áreas del cerebro, desde la corteza prefrontal (CPF) hasta el tallo cerebral pasando por numerosas regiones entre estas dos.

Anatomía

A menudo los neurobiólogos, han experimentado grandes dificultades para distinguir el ATV de la sustancia negra (SN) y núcleos aledaños ya sea en humanos como en otros primates. Originalmente, el tegmento ventral fue designado como núcleo, pero con el tiempo el término área devino más adecuado debido a las características citoarquitectónicas heterogéneas de la región y a la falta de bordes definidos que lo separaran de las regiones adyacentes. Debido a los aferentes selectivos relacionados con el límbico del ATV, las células de esta región reciben la designación A10 para diferenciarlas de las células que las rodean.

Localización

El ATV se localiza en el cerebro medio, entre otras áreas mayores, algunas de las cuales se describen aquí. Los cuerpos mamilares y el hipotálamo posterior, ambos incluidos en el diencéfalo, se extienden en dirección rostral a partir del ATV. El nucleus ruber (núcleo rojo) se encuentra situado lateralmente y las fibras oculomotoras se encuentran ubicadas ventromedialmente en relación con el ATV. El pons y el romboencéfalo se ubican caudalmente, mientras que la sustancia negra se encuentra localizada lateralmente en relación con el ATV.

Estructura

En 1987, Oades identificó cuatro núcleos primarios en el grupo de células A10 del ATV: el nucleus paranigralis (Npn), el nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus (Npbp), el nucleus interfascicularis (Nif), y los nucleus linearis (Nln) caudalis y rostralis. En la actualidad, los científicos dividen al ATV en cuatro zonas similares que se denominan núcleos paranigrales (NP), área pigmentada parabraquial (PBP), área parafascicular retrofleja (PFR), y cola tegmental ventral (VTT), que adhiere aproximadamente a las divisiones previas. Algunas definiciones del ATV incluyen además los núcleos de la línea media (por ejemplo el núcleo interfascicular, el núcleo lineal rostral, y el núcleo lineal central).

Los núcleos paranigrales y el área pigmentada parabraquial son ricos en células dopaminérgicas, mientras que las otras dos regiones poseen una baja densidad de este tipo de neuronas. El área parafascicular retroflexa y la cola tegmental ventral contienen una baja densidad de células positivas para la tirosina hidroxilasa (TH) que son pequeñas de tamaño y se tiñen débilmente. Por otro lado, los NP y PBP consisten principalmente de células medias a grandes, positivas para TH, que se tiñen moderadamente.

Función

El ATV, particularmente las neuronas dopaminérgicas del ATV, desempeñan diversas funciones en el sistema de recompensa, motivación, cognición, dependencia a las drogas, y puede ser foco de varios trastornos psiquiátricos. Se ha demostrado también que procesa varios tipos de emociones salidas de la amígdala, donde podría además desempeñar un papel en la evitación y el condicionamiento por miedo. Se ha demostrado por medio de grabaciones electrofisiológicas que las neuronas del ATV responden a un estímulo novedoso, a recompensas inesperadas, y pistas sensitivas de recompensa predictiva. El patrón de disparo de estas células es consistente con la codificación de un error de expectativa de recompensa. En 2006 en unos estudios de IRM conducidos por Helen Fisher y su equipo de investigación encontraron y documentaron varios estados emocionales relacionados con amor intenso que tienen correlación con actividad en el ATV, lo cual podría explicar los comportamientos obsesivos de parejas rechazadas ya que este mecanismo se encuentra compartido por el sistema de recompensa.

Presencia de uniones comunicantes

El ATV ha mostrado poseer una amplia red de céluas gabaérgicas que se encuentran interconectadas por medio de uniones comunicantes. Esta red permite la conducción eléctrica, que es considerablemente más rápida que la conducción química de señales entre sinapsis.

Desarrollo

Debido a que se desarrollan de un tejido embrional común, y a que se superponen parcialmente en sus campos de proyección, las células dopaminérgicas carecen de áreas anatómicas claramente definidas. Durante el desarrollo del cerebro mamífero, tanto la sustancia negra como las neuronas del ATV se proyectan inicialmente hacia el estriado dorsolateral y ventromedial. Sin embargo, al momento del nacimiento, las neuronas dopaminérgicas de la SN se proyectan exclusivamente hacia el interior del estriado dorsolateral, y las neuronas dopaminérgicas de ATV se proyectan únicamente hacia el interior del estriado ventromedial.

Esta poda de conexiones ocurre por medio de la eliminación de colaterales innecesarias.

Composición neuronal

El ATV, al igual que la substantia nigra, se encuentra poblada por neuronas dopaminérgicas pigmentadas con melanina. Recientes estudios han sugerido que las neuronas dopaminérgicas comprenden entre el 50 y el 60% de todas las neuronas del ATV, lo que resulta contrario a la evidencia previa que afirmaba que el 77% de las neuronas dentro del ATV eran dopaminérgicas. Además existe una población mesurable de neuronas gabaérgicas en el ATV. Estas neuronas gabaérgicas regulan el disparo de sus contrapartes dopaminérgicas y envían proyecciones a través del cerebro, hacia, pero no limitado a, las siguientes regiones: la corteza prefrontal, el nucleus accumbens,y el locus coeruleus. El ATV contiene además un pequeño porcentaje de neuronas excitatorias glutamatérgicas.

Anatomía comparada

Todos los estudios desde 1964 han hecho énfasis en la impactante similitud general que existe entre el ATV de todos los mamíferos, desde ratones hasta humanos. Estos estudios han enfocado sus esfuerzos en ratas, conejos, perros, gatos, zarigüeyas, primates no humanos, y humanos. Sin embargo se han notado ligeras diferencias, tales como cambios en la extensión dorsal de las células A10. Más específicamente, el pico dorsal de células A10 es más extenso en primates cuando se lo compara con otros mamíferos. Lo que es más, el número de células dopaminérgicas en el ATV aumenta con la progresión filogenética; por ejemplo, el ATV del ratón contiene aproximadamente 25.000 neuronas; mientras que el ATV de un hombre de 33 años contiene alrededor de 450.000 células.

Vías eferentes

Las dos principales proyecciones de fibras eferentes del ATV son la vía mesocortical y la vía mesolímbica, las cuales corresponden al córtex prefrontal y nucleus accumbens respectivamente. El grupo completo de proyecciones, todas las cuales hacen uso de dopamina como su neurotransmisor primario, se lista a continuación.

 Proyecciones del área tegmental ventral (ATV)
 ATV → Amígdala
 ATV → Giro cingulado
 ATV → Hipocampo
 ATV → Núcleo accumbens
 ATV → Bulbo olfatorio
 ATV → Córtex prefrontal

Entradas

Casi todas las áreas que reciben proyecciones del ATV emiten proyecciones de vuelta. Por lo tanto el tegmento ventral se encuentra recíprocamente conectado con un amplio rango de estructuras a lo largo y a lo ancho del cerebro, sugiriendo que esto podría tener un rol en el control de la función del área altamente desarrollada y filogenéticamente mucho más reciente del neocortex, como así también en las áreas filogenéticamente más antiguas del sistema límbico.

Hay aferentes excitatorias glutamatérgicas surgiendo de la mayor parte de las estructuras que se proyectan hacia el ATV. Estos aferentes glutamatérgicos desempeñan un papel clave en la regulación del disparo de las células del ATV. Cuando las neuronas glutamatérgicas se activan, las tasas de disparo de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en el ATV aumenta, y esto induce disparos en ráfagas masivas. Los estudios han demostrado que estas acciones glutamatérgicas en el ATV son críticas para los efectos de las drogas de abuso. Por el contrario, la cola del ATV se proyecta hacia el ATV con aferentes gabaérgicas, funcionando como un "freno maestro" para las vías dopaminérgicas del ATV.

Las aferentes subpalidales que ingresan al ATV son principalmente gabaérgicas, y, por lo tanto, actúan como inhibidoras. Hay una vía sustancial proveniente del área subpalladial en dirección hacia el ATV. Cuando esta vía se encuentra desinhibida, un aumento en la liberación de dopamina en la vía mesolímbica amplifica la actividad locomotora.

Bucle límbico

El bucle límbico es muy similar a la vía directa del bucle motor de los ganglios basales. En ambos sistemas, existen entradas excitatorias mayores provenientes de la corteza dirigidas hacia el núcleo estriado (núcleo accumbens), el cerebro medio proyecta neuronas neuromodulatorias dopaminérgicas hacia el núcleo estriado, y el estriado hace conexiones internucleares con el núcleo pállidum; mientras que el pallidum tiene salidas hacia el tálamo; el cual se proyecta hacia el córtex, completando de esta forma el bucle. El bucle límbico se distingue del bucle motor por el origen y naturaleza de las entradas corticales, la división del estriado y del pallidum que procesa la entrada, el origen de las neuronas dopaminérgicas provenientes del cerebro medio, y la diana talámica a la salida del pallidum.

Bucle CA3

El vincular el contexto con la recompensa es importante para la búsqueda de recompensa. En 2011, un grupo de investigadores documentaron un bucle entre el ATV-CA3 que hace uso del septo lateral como intermediario. Para ello los investigadores hicieron uso de un virus pseudo-rabia (PRV) como trazador transináptico, y lo inyectaron en el ATV. Encontraron que la inyección unilateral en el ATV desemboca en un marcado bilateral con PRV en todo el CA3, el cual comienza a las 48Hs de la inyección. Las lesiones en el septo caudodorsal-lateral, previas a la inyección con PRV en el ATV, resultaron en un número significativamente menor de neuronas marcadas con PRV en CA3.

La estimulación con ondas theta hipocámpicas del CA3 provocó un aumento en las frecuencias de disparo de las células dopaminérgicas del ATV, y una disminución en las frecuencias de disparo de las neuronas gabaérgicas del ATV. La identidad de las neuronas del ATV fue confirmada por neurobiotina, la cual marca a las neuronas de memoria, y luego por tinción histológica para tirosina hidroxilasa. La inactivación temporal del CA3 vía agonistas GABA, previene la reinstalación inducida por contexto del comportamiento de presionar una palanca para recibir cocaína intravenosa.

Los autores proponen un circuito funcional en forma de bucle, donde la activación de cálulas glutamatérgicas en el CA3, causa la activación de células gabaérgicas en el septo caudodorsal-lateral; el cual inhíbe a las neuronas GABA en el ATV, liberando a las células dopaminérgicas de su inhibición tónica, y conduciendo a una tasa de disparos aumentada en las células dopaminérgicas.

Sistema de recompensa

La circuitería de recompensa dopaminérgica en el cerebro humano involucra a dos sistemas que se proyectan del cerebro medio ventral, hacia el complejo del núcleo accumbens-tubérculo olfatorio. Primero, las células del ATV posteromedial y del rafe lineal se proyectan selectivamente hacia el estriado ventromedial, el cual incluye al tubérculo olfatorio medial y a la corteza del núcleo accumbens medial.

En segunda instancia, el ATV lateral se proyecta ampliamente hacia el estriado ventromedial, el cual incluye al centro del núcleo accumbens, la corteza del núcleo accumbens medial, y el tubérculo olfatorio lateral. Estas vías se denominan respectivamente vías dopaminérgicas estriatales meso-ventromedial y meso-ventrolateral. El sistema de proyección medial es importante en la regulación de la excitación caracterizada por el afecto, y desempeña un papel diferente al del sistema de proyección lateral en el comportamiento dirigido a la prosecución de un objetivo. A diferencia del sistema lateral, el medial se activa por estímulos nocivos y no por estímulos de recompensa. ^Por lo tanto, la corteza del núcleo accumbens, y el ATV posterior son las áreas primarias involucradas en el sistema de recompensa.

Normalmente, las neuronas dopaminérgicas presentan una actividad fásica. Cuando se encuentran excitadas, disparan una descarga de potenciales de acción, y se libera dopamina en el núcleo accumbens. Las neuronas espinosas medianas del núcleo accumbens son mucho más reactivas a este aumento en los niveles de dopamina si existe una entrada excitatoria coincidente proveniente de las estructuras del telencéfalo, tales como la amígdala y el córtex prefrontal orbital-medial. Las neuronas estriatales activadas (neuronas NAC), luego se proyectan hacia el pallidum ventral donde inhiben a las neuronas GABA inhibitorias.

Esta inhibición en el pallidum deshinibe a la diana talámica del bucle límbico, el cual es el núcleo mediodorsal. El tálamo, luego inerva la división cortical del cerebro medio frontal. Esta conexión final se refuerza por la actividad en las proyecciones corticales directas de las neuronas dopaminérgicas del ATV.

Relevancia clínica

Enfermedades

Las neuronas dopaminérgicas de la sustancia nigra y del área tegmental ventral del cerebro medio se proyectan hacia el núcleo caudado/putamen dorsolateral y al núcleo accumbens localizado ventromedialmente, respectivamente, estableciendo las vías mesoestriatal y mesolímbica. La cercana proximidad de estas dos vías es responsable de que sean agrupadas juntas bajo el nombre de proyecciones dopaminérgicas. Existen varias enfermedades provocadas por el mal funcionamiento o disrupción de estas dos vías: la esquizofrenia, enfermedad de Parkinson, y el desorden de atención con hiperactividad. Las investigaciones actuales se encuentran examinando las sutiles diferencias entre las neuronas implicadas en estas enfermedades, y en la búsqueda de tratar selectivamente a una proyección dopaminérgica específica.

Adicción a drogas

El núcleo accumbens (NAc) y el área tegmental ventral (ATV) son los sitios principales donde actúan las drogas de abuso. Las que se detallan a continuación se consideran normalmente drogas de abuso: heroína, cocaína, alcohol, opiatos, marihuana, nicotina, anfetamina y sus análogos sintéticos. Estas drogas alteran la influencia neuromodulatoria de la dopamina en el procesamiento de las señales de refuerzo, prolongando la acción de la dopamina en el núcleo accumbens; o potenciando la activación de las neuronas en el ATV y Nac.

Las drogas de abuso más comunes estimulan la liberación de dopamina, lo cual crea tanto efectos psicomotores y en el sistema de recompensa. El comportamiento compulsivo de toma de drogas es el resultado de cambios funcionales permanentes en el sistema mesolímbico como consecuencia de la estimulación repetitiva con dopamina. Las adaptaciones moleculares y celulares son las responsables de la actividad sensibilizada de dopamina en el ATV y a lo largo de las proyecciones mesolímbicas en respuesta al abuso de drogas. En el ATV de los individuos adictos, la actividad de la enzima sintetizadora de dopamina (la tirosina hidroxilasa), se incrementa, como así también lo hace la habilidad de estas neuronas para responder a los estímulos excitatorios. Los efectos tardíos son secundarios al aumento en la actividad del factor de transcripción CREB y la regulación a la alza del GluR1, una importante subunidad de los receptores AMPA de glutamato.

Estas alteraciones en el procesamiento neural podrían explicar la influencia decreciente de las señales emocionales adaptativas en la operación de las facultades de toma de decisones, como así también en los comportamientos de búsqueda y consumo de drogas que se convierten en habituales y compulsivos.

Los experimentos en ratas han mostrado que los animales aprenden a presionar una palanca para la administración de drogas tales como nicotina, carbacol, opiatos, cocaína, y etanol en el ATV posterior más fácilmente que en el ATV anterior. Otros estudios han mostrado que las microinyecciones de drogas dopaminérgicas dentro de la corteza del NAc aumentan la actividad locomotora y los comportamientos exploratorios, las respuestas condicionadas, y comportamientos sexuales anticipatorios.

El fenómeno de abstinencia ocurre porque el déficit en la función de recompensa causa que el organismo ingrese en un ciclo de distrés, donde las drogas se vuelven necesarias para restaurar el estado homeostático normal. Recientes investigaciones han mostrado que incluso después de que las etapas finales de abstinencia han pasado, un organismo puede reinstalar el comportamiento de búsqueda de la droga si es expuesto a esa droga o a un estímulo relacionado con la droga.

Véase también

 Fenilalanina

 Dopamina
 Vía mesocortical
 Vía mesolímbica
 Núcleo accumbens

Lecturas adicionales

 Alcaro A, Huber R, Panksepp J. Behavioral functions of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system: An affective neuroethological perspective. Brain Research Reviews. 2007 Dec;56(2) 283-321.

 Geisler S, Derst C, Veh RW, Zahm DS. Glutamatergic afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat" Journal of Neuroscience 2007 May;27(21) 5730-43.

 Hikosaka O, Bromberg-Martin E, Hong S, Matsumoto M. New insights on the subcortical representation of reward. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2008 Apr;18(2) 203-8.

 Hu ZL, Cooper M, Crockett DP, Zhou RP. Differentiation of the midbrain dopaminergic pathways during mouse development. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2004 Aug;476(3) 301-11.

 Ikemoto S. Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Research Reviews. 2007 Nov;56(1) 27-78.

 Lammel S, Hetzel A, Haeckel O, Jones I, Liss B, Roeper J. Unique properties of mesoprefrontal neurons within a dual mesocorticolimbic dopamine system" Neuron 2008 Mar;57(5) 760-73.

 Lu XY, Ghasemzadeh MB, Kalivas PW. Expression of D-1 receptor, D-2 receptor, substance P and enkephalin messenger RNAs in the neurons projecting from the nucleus accumbens" Neuroscience 1998 Feb;82(3) 767-80.

 Margolis EB, Lock H, Hjelmstad GO, Fields HL. The ventral tegmental area revisited: is there an electrophysiological marker for dopaminergic neurons ? Journal of Physiology-London. 2006 Dec;577(3) 907-24.

 Oades RD, Halliday GM. VENTRAL TEGMENTAL (A10) SYSTEM - NEUROBIOLOGY .1. ANATOMY AND CONNECTIVITY. Brain Research Reviews. 1987 May;12(2) 117-65.

 Olson VG, Nestler EJ. Topographical organization of GABAergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area of the rat" Synapse 2007 Feb;61(2) 87-95.

 Purves D, Augustin GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE. Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2008.

 Sziraki I, Sershen H, Hashim A, Lajtha A. Receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediating nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Neurochemical Research. 2002 Mar;27(3) 253-61.

 vanFurth WR, vanRee JM. Sexual motivation: Involvement of endogenous opioids in the ventral tegmental area" Brain Research 1996 Aug;729(1) 20-8.

 Wu M, Hrycyshyn AW, Brudzynski SM. Subpallidal outputs to the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area: Anatomical and electrophysiological studies" Brain Research 1996 Nov;740(1-2) 151-61.

Referencias

Cerebro

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Crusades Essay
The Crusades are a big part of history, not just for the church, but for the world. This point in time showed the weakened state of the Romans and the power of the church over its people. There are good and bad things that came out of the Crusades; the heart of the people and the corruption of man. But where does the story start? The call to fight started in November 27, 1095 during the Council of Clermont under Pope Urban II.
Urban address the Council and sent his priests out to give sermons to motivate the people. This was in response to the Eastern Emperor Alexios' request for help. Urban's call was heard throughout the land that any man who went and fought to liberate the Holy Land would be forgiven of all their past sins, and those who could not fight gave money to the campaign would receive the same kind of forgiveness. 1] The words "whoever wishes to save his soul should not hesitate humbly to take up the way of the Lord, and if he lack sufficient money, divine mercy will give him enough" and "brethren, we ought to endure much suffering for the name of Christ-misery, poverty, nakedness, persecution, want, illness, hunger, thirst, and ills of this kind, just as the Lord saith to his disciples 'You must suffer My name'" were given by the priests to encourage people to support the effort. [2] The call to march and help out the eastern Christians was heard loud and clear.
The people were ready to free them the Persians because their hearts where not directed to God[3]. The West marched on Constantinople and then towards Jerusalem, and liberated both them from the Muslims. This Campaign was considered a huge success and a victory for the Christians. The Second Crusade Unlike the first Crusade, the second was not considered as successful. This campaign started in 1145 under Pope Eugene III. There is controversy over why the second crusade was started, and it is unknown if it was to attack the Muslims to free the holy land, or to reconquer the land under military might.
It is also unknown what the key factors were for the campaign, but we do know that Germany and France had a big role in the fight. From the records we can see that it's beginning was a delegation from Armenia of bishops that came to ask the Pope for help. It took them 18 months to reach the Pope and they arrived at the end November, 1145 and saw the Pope on December 1. [4] The delegates led by Hugh the Bishop of Jabala in Syria pled with the Pope and even mentioned that they were considering appealing for help from Conrad of Germany and Louis of France. 5] It is believed that the papacy knew about what was going on with the eastern churches, but it is unknown why they had not reacted yet.
The decision was made December 1st, and the Pope issued the Crusade bull, "Quantum paraedecessores nosti". [6] Louis of France, after hearing the request for help, summoned his princes together and ordered them into the crusade. It is unknown why Louis did this, but some say it is because he had an oath to fulfill that his brother had taken on (to see Jerusalem) but was unable to complete because of his death. 7] Either way, on Easter 1146, France picked up their Crusade Cross to help the East. It took Louis awhile to get the approval of the Pope to start the expedition, but when it was approved the Pope appointed St. Bernard the task of being the official papal delegate on the crusade. In 1147 the two Kings set off of the East.
Conrad III of Germany and Louis VII of France both intended to protect Jerusalem from falling. [8] Conrad landed in Constantinople in September 1147, and Louis arrived in October. They were not welcomed by the Eastern Emperor Manel because of what had happened during the first crusade. 9] Both armies marched out. Conrad's army was defeated first in the Battle of Dorylaeum where he lost 9/10 of his forces. Louis' army did not fare well either; many became sick and died from disease. Both kings regrouped in Constantinople and decided to go by sea to Damascus, but failed to take the city and so caused more trouble with the region by losing the support of the leader of Damascus. Both kings returned home defeated. [10]
The Third Crusade The failure of the Second Crusade took the fight out of the west, and many of them evaluated if the campaigns were really doing any good or making atters worse. It was almost 40 years before another campaign would be formed to go back to the Holy Land. Although there was a call for a crusade in 1165 by Pope Alexander III, the kings of Europe were too busy fighting amongst themselves to answer the call of the pope. It was not until 1187 when the people would return to Crusading because of the fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims. While the kings of Europe had been fighting with each other, the Saracen army led by Saladin[11] had gained strength in the Holy Land and now controlled a wide area of land surrounding the Christian states. 12] The fall of Jerusalem woke the western world. It is said that Pope Urban III died of grief when he heard the news of the Holy City falling. Many of the people believed that this was a punishment from God and felt that a new Crusade was in order to make things right with God. [13] Three Kings raised up forces to go fight; Philip II of France, Emperor Fredrick Barbaross of Germany, and Richard 'the Lionhearted' From England. [14] Barbaross set out in May 1189 and met disaster in Antioch where he drowned while bathing in the river Gorlu. His men lost heart and returned home.
The tensions between England and France delayed their departure because each were afraid that the other would attack while they where away. Eventually, both kings set off and went by sea in the summer of 1191. They met with the former king of Jerusalem, King Guy, and after they captured the city of Acre, King Philip decided he had had enough and returned home. King Richard set off for Jerusalem and captured the cities of Arsuf and Jaff, but never made it to Jerusalem. In 1192 he was recalled home, and signed a three year truce with Saladin. [15] The Fourth Crusade Pope Innocent III called for a crusade in 1198.
His hope was that by sending troops, it would put an end to the quarrel[16] between the Catholic Church in Rome and the Greek Orthodox church in Constantinople. The army was made up of French and Flanders; barbarians and knights. No kings went on this campaign. To get the ships they needed to sail to the Holy Land, they had to strike a deal with the Venetians to attack the town of Zara that was a trading rival of Venice, and they would give the crusaders the ships they need for the campaign. The pope ordered the crusaders not to attack the town because they were Christian, but the crusaders did anyway. 17] This time the plan was to take Egypt to cut off reinforcements to the Saracens, but the time the army took in capturing Zara delayed the invasion until spring 1203. During the delay the Eastern Emperor, Isaac, had been overthrown by his enemies in Constantinople. [18] Isaac's son Alexius went to the crusaders and pledged Greek forces to aid them in taking Egypt if they would put his father back on the throne. The crusaders were split on what to do because they felt that attacking another Christian city was wrong, but others felt they could use the help of the Greek soldiers.
The Venetians made their minds up for them, and ordered them to attack Constantinople because they were also trade rivals. This caused the forces to split. Some of the French forces returned home disgusted at the order. Others splintered off and made their own way into the Holy Land. The rest attacked Constantinople in June 1203 and restored Isaac to the throne. [19] The Children's Crusade In May 1212, a new form of crusade used children. Led by Stephen of Cloyes, a 12-year-old shepherd boy who believed he had a mission from God to lead an attack to take back the Holy Land, 30,000 children joined the forces but were never heard from again.
Another Children's Crusade came from Germany where Nicholas gathered 20,000 children, some unmarried women and girls, and marched to take back the Holy Land, but the army was never heard from again as well. Neither of these two were counted officially as crusades because the pope never blessed their mission, but many of the people felt that they were true crusades working for God; not Kings, greed or men. [20] Conclusion The crusades were a bloody time in the Church history, but they show that the people's hearts were for God even if the leaders of the people were not.
The crusades also show how much power the pope had to be able to rally a massive army to go and fight, and the influence he had to also use the office of the Pope to motivate the people to support the cause financially. It also shows that the hearts of the people were for God in not wanting to let the land that He promised to His people to fall to heathens. It also showed the loyalty to other Christians. The east and the west had their disagreements on doctrine, but felt that they should help each other out when threatened by another force that would threaten the belief in Christ.
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There are few things that everyone can agree upon, though one thing's for certain -- everybody loves the sight of a big, majestic rainbow arching through the sky. But now, thanks to one clever professor, those colorful bands of light are even more assessable. Michael McKean, of the Virginia CommonWealth University, has spent the last 8 years working on his invention -- a bona fide rainbow-making machine. And, just like its naturally occurring counterpart, these 'artificial' rainbows are produced in an eco-friendly way, too.Some might wonder why the professor-turned-rainbow-maker would go to all the trouble to produce the colorful phenomena when nature displays them for free -- but McKean insists he's expecting no pot of gold.
McKean, a former resident at the Bemis Center and now a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, has been conducting tests on rainbow creation since 2002. The Bemis Center commissioned McKean to perform this site-specific installation at their facility this summer in hopes of capturing the public's imagination and engaging the center in wide-ranging conversations with communities throughout Omaha.
The Rainbow Project uses a series of high-powered jet pumps and custom fountain nozzles to spray water into the air, creating the conditions needed for a rainbow to appear. The commercial irrigation equipment is timed in order to create a dense wall of water that mimics a rainstorm, and the sun does the rest of the work.
Sure, it seems simple enough -- but McKean aims to make his specially produced rainbows just as low-impact as the real things. To make the arcs, the professor uses rainwater collected from rooftops and pumps them with the help of solar-energy -- the natural refraction of sunlight through the water droplets does the rest.
Beginning next June, McKean is intent on dispensing rainbows to the public, free of charge, twice a day for 15 minutes at a time.
No word yet if the professor has managed to pull off a double-rainbow, but I can think of at least one person who would really, really, really love to see it when he does.


So does it mean I'm a tech geek or that I'm industrious or just plain lazy that sometimes I use my iPad to measure my knitting so I don't have to carry a tape measure? My tape measure is a cute little sheep that I really should alway carry with me. However, the other day I didn't have it with me and I was alternately doing stuff on my iPad and working on a knitting project while watching football; it was a good day.
I needed to measure my project though, and as I said, didn't have a tape measure with me. My mom, who was sitting across the room had one I borrowed, but it occurred to me that this happens fairly frequently and maybe I should just figure out a few measurements on my iPad. It wouldn't be as exact as a ruler, of course, but often I just need a ballpark measurement and for that it would be sufficient. …as long as I have my iPad with me. Most of the time I have my iPhone with me rather than my iPad, though, so I've included those measurements as well.
…just in case there's anyone out there as geeky as me (don't deny it, I know who you are).
I can see it now… carpenter looking something up on his iPad or iPhone then holding it up to what he's building to measure it. Knitters everywhere rewriting swatch patterns to fit the iPad measurements. Be creative, tell us what you are measuring with your iGadgets or AnGadgets (android gadgets, measurements not provided).
All measurements are rough and are given in inches.
Legal disclaimer: Author assumes no responsibility for inaccurate measurements or poor choices made with readers' electronic gadgets. Play wisely. Measure twice, cut once. Live well, laugh often, love much. Etc., etc., etc., blah, blah, blah….
Measure twice, cut once. And if that fails, pound to fit, paint to match — another rule of thumb we would joke about (and allow for) during remodel projects.
I love the "pound to fit, paint to match" rules!
I don't know how I missed this post but this is a great idea! My iphone is in an otter case though so I'll have to measure it myself.


North Pole Newsflash 2017: Santa Fit To Fly!
North Pole — (Dec. 22, 2017) – Santa Claus' personal doctor, Dr. Alf Doctor, today told the press that Santa Claus and the reindeer are fit to fly Christmas Eve.
"His eyes  — how they twinkled !
His nose like a cherry !
Dr. Doctor also commented that Rudolph's nose is glowing very bright.
Of course, the elves make sure Santa and the reindeer stay healthy and safe on their big journey. They track him at emailSanta.com on Christmas Eve using the Santa Snooper (Santa's special Christmas Eve webcam). People will also be able to watch live texting between Santa and Elf Control as Santa makes his famous flight Christmas Eve. There are always some fun surprises!
P.S. Do you think Santa is ready to deliver all those presents? Do you have any special advice for Santa and the reindeer? You can leave a message for Santa Claus. Or, scroll down to see what other people have written.
Hope you know where i live so that you can deliver my presents, but anyways I trust that you know!
I hope you stay merry and plump! I'm still fatter, though.
Are people ever too old to write to you and receive gifts from you?
To Santa i love and have a happy new year thankyou to everyone in the north pole.
Thank you for the presents. You're the best , but you didn't give Bruno , my dog , a big basket to sleep in. He deserves it because he has been a very good doggy. I'm very disapointed in you. Everybody remember that you font have presents on Christmas , the only reason is that Santa is the most generous person in the whole , wide World.
Good luck with your flight Tonight. You are amazing. I have left the reindeer and you some treats. Please leave me something good.
Hi, Santa, I hope you have enough help, it must be hard staying up all night, at least there isn't much traffic!
Have fun with the reindeer tonight!! I hope you don't have any trouble tonight!
Previous PostPrevious Mistletoe — A Santa Claus poem all about the Mistletoe!


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Focus Features to Release Joel Edgerton's Gay Conversion Drama 'Boy Erased', Starring Lucas Hedges, Nicole Kidman, and Russell Crowe
Rachel Lutack June 22nd, 2017 - 8:54 AM
Focus Features has announced the acquisition of writer-director-actor Joel Edgerton's upcoming gay conversion and coming-out drama Boy Erased. The film is based on the novel Boy Erased: A Memoir of Identity, Faith, and Family by Gerrard Conley and has been adapted for the screen by Edgerton, who is also directing. Oscar nominated rising actor Lucas Hedges (Manchester by the Sea) will star in the film along with Edgerton and Oscar winners Nicole Kidman and Russell Crowe.
Boy Erased will tell the story of Jared (Hedges), the son of a small-town Baptist pastor, who is outed as being gay to his parents (Kidman, Crowe) and subsequently made to participate in their church's gay conversion therapy program at the threat of being shunned by his family, friends, and community. At the program, Jared comes into conflict with the head therapist (Edgerton).
The film is being produced by Edgerton and Anonymous Content and is looking to begin shooting this fall to secure a 2018 release date. In a statement released by Edgerton, the filmmaker revealed, "I'm excited to work with an ensemble of actors, seasoned and new, to bring Garrard's story to the screen. I think Focus is the perfect partner on this, and I will always thank Garrard for trusting my passion for his life story. I can't think of a better reason to get behind the camera again."
This film will be Edgerton's second feature as a director, the first being 2015's The Gift. Edgerton has served as screenwriter, though, on several other projects including 2015's Jane Got a Gun, 2014's The Rover, and 2013's Felony. In front of the camera, Edgerton has already had a prolific acting career, earning a Golden Globe nomination for his performance in last year's Loving, and turning out several notable and standout roles in Midnight Special, Black Mass, The Great Gatsby, Zero Dark Thirty, and Warrior, as well as the recently released indie horror It Comes at Night.
Focus Features is a distributor dedicated to the vast world of talent and stories within the LGBTQ community, releasing such projects in the past as Beginners, Brokeback Mountain, Dallas Buyers Club, The Danish Girl, and Milk. According to Focus Features chairman Peter Kujawski, "Garrard's story is both timely and timeless, both personal and universal. It is a story which will not only deeply move people, but one that we hope will change outlooks. We are thrilled to work once again with Joel, and with the Anonymous Content team. These filmmakers' passion for this heart-rending project speaks to all of us at Focus, and to why we make the movies we do."
Gerrard Conley
Lucas Hedges
Rachel Lutack


Note: DzType 1 has been superseded by DzType 2.
Basic package: DzType-1.1.zip (around 1.3MB). This package contains the DzType software only.
Complete package: DzType-Bundle-1.1.zip (around 30MB). This package contains, in addition to the DzType software, additional support files: Dzongkha fonts, Dzongkha keyboard, Google Chrome installer, and Instructor's manual.
Watch a short video tutorial about installation here.
Special offer: If you do not have Internet access, you can get a DzType CD at the Rigsum Research Lab. The CD contains the complete DzType package (DzType, Google Chrome Installer, Dzongkha fonts, Dzongkha keyboards, Instructor's manual). To cover expenses, kindly pay Nu 50 for the CD.


PDS BORDEN MANAGER LLC is an entity registered at KINGS county with company number 3267327. PDS BORDEN MANAGER LLC located at the address 562 4Th Street Brooklyn, New York, 11215. Company is incorporated on October 10, 2005. Current status of the company is inactive - dissolution (oct 27, 2015).
PDS BOTTLED GAS SERVICE, INC.


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Neptune Energy to continue growth in 2019
Neptune Energy founded in 2015 and headquartered in London is an independent exploration and production company with a regional focus on the North Sea, North Africa, and Asia Pacific. Last year Neptune Energy recorded profits of almost £700 million and delivered a significant increase in reserves estimates.
Neptune Energy also revealed plans to spend £95m on exploration in 2019, with seven wells to be drilled. Two of the exploration wells will be in the UK, one in the southern gas basin and the other a high potential high pressure, high-temperature prospect in the North Sea.
However, it is not all good new as Neptune earlier this week confirmed that its Fault Block 9 exploration well, drilled in the north-east of the Cygnus field late in 2018 was unsuccessful. Despite the unsuccessful drilling Neptune Energy managed to gendered pre-tax profits of £686 million last year, and sales of £1.9 billion.
Neptunes revenues grew remarkably from February 2018, when they completed the multi-billion-pound acquisition of French firm Engie's E&P business. The purchase gave Neptune Energy operatorship of Cygnus in the southern North Sea.
In September of 2018 Neptune completed the acquisition of Norwegian oil and gas producer VNG Norge.
In addition, Neptune bought stakes in two North Sea fields from American based Apache for consideration of £55m. The purchase added 35% of the Seagull development and 50% of the Isabella project to Neptune's portfolio. A final investment decision on Seagull was made in March of this year. Seagull is expected to initially produce around 50,000 barrels of oil equivalent (boe) per day (80 percent oil) across its 10-year design life.
Meanwhile, decommissioning programmes for the Minke and Juliette subsea tie-back facilities have been submitted to the UK Government.
Mr. Laidlaw, Neptune's executive chairman, said: "We are delighted with the strategic progress Neptune has made during 2018. We have completed three important acquisitions in the period and have made significant strides towards our ambition of establishing Neptune as a leading international independent exploration and production company.
"Our high-quality, long life diversified portfolio provides us with a strong foundation for future growth. Our gas weighting offers a good balance at a time of oil price volatility and positions us well for the low carbon transition. We are excited by the high-quality opportunities available to us and look forward to delivering further growth in 2019."
Chief executive Jim House said: "We have made excellent operational progress in 2018 and have achieved strong financial results for the period. Our robust balance sheet and high cash generation leave us well equipped to develop our internal resources, pay a dividend and capture value-enhancing acquisitions.
"Integrating EPI and VNG Norge and implementing important organisational and management changes has been a significant achievement for Neptune."
See All Jobs See All News
The Oil&Gas workforce facing trouble to renew itself
Modec wins FPSO deal for one of world's largest deep-water discoveries


The Bumble and bumble Hairdresser's Invisible Oil is a sublime blend of nourishing oils for absolute softness.
This transformative formula tames flyaways, reduces frizz, detangles the hair and strengthens against breakage. Its lightweight blend of oils include coconut, sweet almond, grape, safflower and tiare flower to provide moisture, softness and shine, while added sunscreen filters and heat protection shield hair from dryness.
Suitable for all hair types, it can be used anytime. Work sparingly through damp hair before blow drying, or as a finisher after styling to add gloss and polish.
Bumble and bumble Hairdresser's Invisible Oil 100ml is rated 4.7 out of 5 by 3.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Dreamer from great product I have read about this oil in a national paper. I have fine, coloured hair that is frizzy. I have tried countless products to ban the frizz, some work others don't. This product is actually really good. You only need a tiny amount, I used too much first, you have to experiment a bit how much will be right for you. However, I put it into my towel dry hair after washing, conditioning and before I start blowdrying. The result is great hair without frizz, I am happy with this product.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Nadine2003 from Effective The result is really good with small amount, but first couple of times easily overloaded. Smells like oil, which I personally doesn't like.
Rated 5 out of 5 by sofiae from Loveliest hair oil Love the fact that this is relatively light for an oil whilst still produces the same results as greasier ones.


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Taboryci – najbardziej radykalny odłam husytyzmu powstały po rozpadzie głównego nurtu na początku lat 20. XV wieku skupiający chłopów, mieszczan i część ubogiej szlachty, propagujący gruntowne reformy doktryny i organizacji Kościoła oraz stosunków społecznych i politycznych, dążący do zniesienia pańszczyzny i poddaństwa oraz wprowadzenia wspólnoty majątkowej. Taboryci skierowali ruch husycki w kierunku antyfeudalnej wojny chłopskiej.

Nazwa pochodzi od miasta Tábor w południowych Czechach, gdzie znajdowała się najważniejsza twierdza tej organizacji. Przywódcami taborytów byli m.in.: Jan Žižka, Prokop Wielki, Prokop Mały. Po śmierci pierwszego, taboryci rozdzielili się na Tabor właściwy i sierotki.

Po latach wojen husyckich, taboryci zostali ostatecznie pokonani w roku 1434 przez katolików (oraz wspieranych przez nich utrakwistów) pod Lipanami. Doprowadziło to m.in. do zawarcia przez utrakwistów pokoju z papieżem i cesarzem Zygmuntem Luksemburskim, na mocy którego husyci wrócili na łono Kościoła katolickiego i mogli przyjmować komunię pod dwiema postaciami, a Luksemburczyk został ponownie intronizowany na tron czeski. Taboryci nie zgadzali się wcześniej na ten pokój, ponieważ odrzucali władzę papieża i hierarchii kościelnej oraz chcieli rozpowszechnić swoją wiarę w całej Europie. Ruch taborycki przetrwał we wschodnich Czechach, gdzie znalazł się pod polityczną opieką Jerzego z Podiebradów, który choć główne oparcie znajdował w umiarkowanym obozie utrakwistycznym, to jednak swój protektorat roztaczał na wszystkie odłamy husytyzmu. W 1457 roku pod wpływem nauk Piotra Chelczyckiego w Kunvaldzie koło Uścia nad Orlicą przekształcił się w chrześcijańską gminę żyjącą według utopijnych idei, a od 1467 roku po synodzie w Lhotce pod Rychnovem w niezależny od utrakwistów i katolików kościół z własną hierarchią duchowną pod nazwą Jednota Braci Czeskich.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Roman Michałowski: Historia Powszechna. Średniowiecze. Warszawa: PWN, 2012.
 Konrad Ziółkowski: Husyckie wojska polne. Kształt i organizacja armii. Poznań, 2015.

Historia chłopów
Husytyzm
Wojny husyckie
Hasła rozbudowane w ramach akcji Wikipedia na zastępstwie


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Q: bar color is visible for 0 values in AchartEngine, android I have used AchartEngine to display Barchart. In my chart bar color is visible for 0 values also. I have checked like the following.. but it set all the values to transparent. I want to set the bar color to values having greater than 0.
CategorySeries series = new CategorySeries("");
        for (int i = 0; i < y_onemonth.length; i++) {
            series.add("Bar" + (i + 1), y_onemonth[i]);
        }

        XYMultipleSeriesDataset dataSet = new XYMultipleSeriesDataset();
        dataSet.addSeries(series.toXYSeries()); // number of series

        // customization of the chart

        XYSeriesRenderer renderer = new XYSeriesRenderer();
        for (int i = 0; i < y_onemonth.length; i++) {
        if(y_onemonth[i]==0)
        {
            renderer.setColor(Color.TRANSPARENT);
        }
        else
        {
            renderer.setColor(Color.RED);
        }
        }

Update:
I changed my code as you mention, but get the chart like this. I have value for 19th of the month, But it doesn't visible.

A: I have had some success replacing 0 values with MathHelper.NULL_VALUE. You can find the documentation for that class here.
EDIT : when filling your data Series, you could try something like this instead :
for (int i = 0; i < y_onemonth.length; i++) {
    double doubleValue = MathHelper.NULL_VALUE;
    if (y_onemonth[i] != 0){
        doubleValue = y_onemonth[i];
    }
    series.add("Bar" + (i + 1), doubleValue);
}

Hope this will help ;-)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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This Black Samsung Galaxy S6 Hard Case & Holster Combo w/ Kickstand & Swivel Belt Clip is great for quick drawing your phone for usage! A quality product and made especially to fit your Galaxy S6. It's stylish and protectant for your Samsung Galaxy S6. Quick draw your phone and slide out your phone from the holster that clips on to your belt or anywhere securely. Prop up your Samsung Galaxy S6 for great viewing position with the built-in belt-clip kickstand.
I've been using this case for several months and I love it! It provides a moderate level of protection. It doesn't add much bulk and it's still easy to carry the phone in a pocket, mostly I use the belt clip.
I like the belt clip style. It is always handy and I seldom set it down and forget it! It has a nice grip, lightweight, and durable. A great way of protection. Very pleased with the purchase!
The case enhances my Galaxy S6 and feels good in my palm. This is sturdy, durable and nice looking. Very happy with this case!
I have gotten many compliment on this holster case. Great material, durable and with cushions to protect from shock. One of my favorite holster case.
Beautiful and well engineered! This case is perfect for my needs. Very happy for the belt clip and kickstand for hands-free viewing of my favorite movies. Awesome!
So far, so good. Love it!


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About the BBSG
About Bumblebees
BBSG Plan
Pollinators provide an ecological service that is necessary for the reproduction of nearly 75 percent of the world's flowering plants, including more than two-thirds of the world's crop species. Bumblebees are among the most important plant pollinators, and they are the exclusive insect pollinator of greenhouse tomatoes. Yet, declines in range and abundance of many species have been documented, and the conservation status of many more species remains unknown.
At a time when the significance of pollinators has captured widespread public attention, the formation of this specialist group brings these charismatic insects into the mainstream of conservation efforts. Declines in bumblebee populations have been documented in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia, caused by a variety of threats that range from habitat loss and degradation to introduced diseases and pesticide use. All of these factors require a better understanding if further declines are to be prevented.
There are approximately 265 species of bumblebees (genus: Bombus) in the world. It is therefore possible and appropriate to address the conservation status of the entire group. Significant conservation attention has been given to bumblebees in the UK and in North America. However, there is now a need to address and coordinate bumblebee conservation on a global scale.
The initial priorities of the new IUCN SSC Bumblebee Specialist Group are to implement a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the global status of all bumblebee species, based on the IUCN Red List criteria, as well as to promote bumblebee conservation worldwide.


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The ObserverBooks
Now you see her, now you don't
Hephzibah Anderson on What was Lost | Careless | Icebergs | Edward Trencom's Nose
Hephzibah Anderson
What Was Lost by Catherine O'Flynn (Tindal Street Press £8.99, pp240) is a taut novel set in Birmingham, though it might be any stretch of Britain's urban, post-industrial landscape. The story's real backdrop is Green Oaks, a shopping centre that replaced a factory in the 1980s. Its dozen miles of concrete corridors are a Mecca for lost souls looking to fill the voids in their empty weekends, relationships, lives. Some have even taken jobs there, such as Lisa, the deputy manager of a music store, and Kurt, a security guard.
It wasn't always like that, however. When it first opened, Green Oaks was a playground for 10-year-old Kate Meaney, a place where she could stop being the quiet, clever girl whose mother ran off and whose father died, and become a Chandleresque sleuth. Armed with notebook, camera and tape recorder and toting a dapper stuffed chimp, she would patrol the mall's many levels, looking for assassins and bank robbers and lusting after ink stamps and concertina files.
Along with innocent oddballs, Kate seems to have some genuinely creepy characters in her sights. While she watches them, who's watching her? One day, she vanishes. The newsagent's 22-year-old son becomes the prime suspect and eventually he, too, vanishes, unable to live with what most people believe he actually did.
This nimble, quietly alarming tale makes up the first part of O'Flynn's novel, which promptly leaps forward to 2004, when a small girl clutching a soft toy strays into the frame of one of Kurt's security monitors. As the plot thickens, both he and Lisa turn out to have a personal connection to the case of missing Kate Meaney. Part ghost story and part mystery, What Was Lost flits back and forth in time and dips in and out of the thoughts of anonymous shoppers without losing any of its narrative drive. The result is an enthralling tale of a little girl lost, wrapped in a portrait of a changing community over two decades. What binds it all together so impressively is O'Flynn's emotional articulacy, which captures life's sad, strange absurdities and glosses them with a kind of nobility.
The lives of a new widow, a callous, controversial artist, and a counsellor whose own grief remains raw are drawn together in Deborah Robertson's poised debut, Careless (Sceptre £12.99, pp298). At its heart is Pearl, a neglected eight-year-old devoted to her little brother, who's five. Precociously attuned to their feckless mother's moods, Pearl takes care of him until tragedy snatches him from her, along with the lives of five other children. Robertson traces the impact of their loss on a series of vividly realised private worlds, as the title's inattention resonates in myriad instances of people's carelessness towards one another and, most especially, children. From this bleak sounding premise, an engrossing tale of resilience emerges - frank, unsentimental, yet warmly humane.
A narrowly escaped disaster shapes Icebergs by Rebecca Johns (Bloomsbury £12.99, pp304). It begins in the Second World War, when Walt and Al become the only surviving members of a bomber crew whose plane crashes on Canada's Labrador coast. Injured and marooned in a frozen wilderness, their real battle is just beginning. Though only one man makes it home, the lives of their two families are entwined for decades after, even when both move to Chicago and another conflict, Vietnam, kicks off. Deftly braiding multiple storylines, Johns meditates on war, survival and deceit, along with their domestic fallout, showing how life's near misses can exert their own hold over destiny.
The heroine of Enrique de Heriz's Spanish bestseller, Lies (Weidenfeld £12.99, pp496), finds herself the victim of a bizarre case of mistaken identity. Isabel Garcia Luna is an anthropologist who specialises in death rites and, according to her obituaries, perished in a boating accident in Guatemala. In fact, she's alive and well, holed up in a shack deep in the jungle and relishing the chance to learn more about death from the other side. Back in Spain, her husband is stricken with Alzheimer's and her grown daughter is obsessed with unpicking the truth from family legends, while remaining strangely incurious about the facts of her own mother's supposed demise. Despite a somewhat laboured set-up, it yields some thoughtful insights into the power of myth-making.
Could it be that behind every successful non-fiction writer there lurks a thwarted novelist? Giles Milton's backlist includes the bestseller Nathaniel's Nutmeg, yet his latest, Edward Trencom's Nose(Macmillan £7.99, pp260), finds him boldly venturing forth into fiction. Billed as 'a novel of history, dark intrigue and cheese', it satisfies on two of those counts, swinging back through the branches of an English family tree. Blessed with conspicuously fine hooters, the Trencoms are cheese merchants, but as Edward digs deeper into his family's past, he makes a troubling discovery. Around about the same time, he notices that he's being trailed. Some picaresque plotting stands in for the dark intrigue and soon Edward's life is in danger. Though the pong of ripe Limburger lingers impressively, this jolly caper is a curiously pointless piece of fiction.