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LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger
Part I. The Original Ranger
Chapter Six -TEST FLIGHTS AND DISAPPOINTMENTS
By mid 1961, project personnel were preparing for the launch of Rangers 1 and 2. These missions were to demonstrate the engineering performance of the spacecraft and its flight support operations, provide operating experience with the Atlas-Agena B launch vehicle, and measure, by means of sky science instruments, fields and particles along the selected trajectories. 1 Each spacecraft would be launched into a low earth orbit from Cape Canaveral. Then, upon second bum of the Agena stage, each would be injected into a highly elliptical orbit with an apogee (or high point) of approximately one million kilometers (620,000 miles) and a perigee (low point) of a few hundred kilometers. Of course, with no rocket engine aboard, no midcourse maneuver could be made. But, swinging far out into space beyond the orbit of the moon, with an operating life expectancy of five months, the flights of Rangers I and 2 promised a great deal: for engineers, a first opportunity to command and exercise this new breed of spacecraft in deep space; for sky scientists, new knowledge of the space environment from measurements conducted over a prolonged period (Figure 37). Indeed, by 1961, just enough scientific data on the magnetosphere and outer space phenomena had been returned by NASA's early Pioneer space probes and Explorer satellites to hint at the fascinating electromagnetic interactions occurring between the earth and the sun.
Fig. 37. Spam Trajectory Selected for Rangers 1 and 2
PLANNING THE ASCENT
The Atlas booster, which would deliver the spacecraft into near space, was America's first intercontinental ballistic missile. Developed in San Diego for the Air Force in the mid-1950s by General Dynamics-Astronautics, it measured 18 meters (60 feet) in length, and towered five stories high. Fueled with liquid oxygen and kerosene, it weighed 117,000 kilograms (130 tons). The rocket engines, supplied by Rocketdyne Division of North American Aviation, produced 163,080 kilograms (360,000 pounds) of thrust at sea level-equivalent to the combined power of six Boeing 707 jet liners. To increase the weight carried into space, the Atlas designers had radically lightened the stainless steel skin and structural members. The structure was so light, in fact, that it could not support its own weight. To provide the needed rigidity, the vehicle was pressurized internally, like a balloon. The engineers also determined to ignite all three main engines at launch since they could not be certain whether liquid propellant rocket engines could be ignited at very high altitudes and at very low pressures (see Figure 5).
The Agena booster satellite, stacked atop the Atlas, had been designed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation's Missiles and Space Division. The model B to be used in Project Ranger employed propellant tanks of increased capacity over an earlier model, and a Bell Aerosystems rocket engine that could be ignited in space, shut down, then reignited to burn a second time (Figure 38). This 7248-kilogram (16,000-pound) thrust engine consumed two noxious liquid chemicals known as unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and inhibited red fuming nitric acid. The Agena B would hurl Ranger into its ultimate deep space trajectory. 2
Fig. 38. Agena B Satellite Configuration
(For Project Ranger, the Agena Solar Panels were removed and a Spacecraft Adapter Plate
was substituted for a portion of the Forward Equipment Rack.)
There were two methods by which Ranger could be sent into its deep space path: the direct ascent and the parking orbit. In the first of these, the spacecraft would be launched upward through the earth's atmosphere, directly into orbit toward its celestial target. In the parking orbit trajectory, the upper stage of the launch vehicle and the spacecraft would first be placed into an earth satellite orbit; then an additional rocket thrust would inject it onto its deep space orbit. In both approaches the planner could alter the launch azimuth (direction) of the ascent from Cape Canaveral to accommodate some of the changes in position of the earth and a celestial target. But the parking orbit trajectory offered still further advantages for deep space missions, and the "dual-burn" feature of the Agena made a parking orbit feasible.
Dual burn meant that trajectory planners could alter the point of launch above the moving earth and could, therefore, aim at a wider variety of points on the lunar target. Thus, by varying the launch azimuth at liftoff and the coasting time of the Agena in an earth parking orbit, it would be possible to compensate continuously for celestial motions, and expand the time allowable for the launch interval (called the "launch window"). This increased the chance of getting a launch away despite any countdown problems that might occur in the first operation of these large and complex vehicles.* To simplify the operations of the first two Ranger test missions, and to ensure that the Agena second bum would take place within view of the downrange tracking station on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic, predetermined values were established for the launch azimuth and the dual bum and parking orbit. For the lunar flights, however, both the variable launch azimuth and parking orbit coast times would be employed, continuing Ranger's progression from the simple to the complex in design and operation.
* Were a launch window missed because of delays, the flights had to be postponed for an entire lunar month, until the target point and lighting conditions (necessary for photography and solar power) presented themselves again in the same geometry.
At liftoff, under auto pilot and programmer control on the desired launch azimuth, the Atlas would begin a gentle arc, tilting toward the horizontal above the earth. With data of the vehicle's performance fed into a large digital computer at Cape Canaveral after the two outboard engines had shut down and separated, steering commands for the sustainer phase of operation could be generated and transmitted over the earth-to-Atlas radio link. Then, upon shutdown of the Atlas sustainer engine, the Cape computer would predict the performance required of the Agena booster. Two commands (parking orbit coast time and second-bum velocity-to-be-gained) would be radioed to and stored in the Agena. Another command would shut down the two small vernier engines on the Atlas when the proper velocity and heading were attained.
Upon separating from the Atlas, the Agena's aerodynamic nose fairing that covered and protected Ranger from the flow of the wind would eject automatically. The Agena B engine would then bum once to establish the parking orbit around the earth. After the proper coasting period, the engine was to be reignited, injecting the vehicle onto the final transfer trajectory. All of these latter events would take place under the command of the Agena's guidance and control unit (composed of gyroscopes, accelerometers, and infrared horizon scanners), without further radio control from the ground. With the final trajectory established, the Ranger spacecraft would be mechanically separated from the Agena by a set of springs; a few moments later, several thrusters aboard the Agena were to be fired, carrying the booster safely away from Ranger and the moon, onto an altogether different trajectory (Figure 39).
Fig. 39 Ranger Ascent Sequence
Apart from the proper execution of the planned ascent, the success of the Ranger missions would also depend upon the spacecraft performing its appropriate routine in space, upon the proper operation of the deep space stations and the JPL flight control center, and upon how well Ranger's engineers and scientists had performed their preflight tasks.
PREPARING FOR LAUNCH
As expected, systems tests conducted with the Ranger Block I proof test model at JPL revealed a number of subsystem discrepancies and electrical interferences that had to be corrected on the flight hardware. However, by mid 1961 the first spacecraft had passed through assembly and the qualification tests on time and without serious incident. In May, Oran Nicks examined Ranger 1 and its complete test history. Although short on redundant features, the design appeared sound. Nicks authorized shipment to Cape Canaveral.
The allowable launch period for Ranger 1 extended from July 26 through August 2, 1961; its daily launch window tended from 4:53 to 5:37 am EST. For the first time all of the hardware for a Ranger mission was brought together, and all entered the last round of inspections and Right acceptance tests. Once the countdown began, the project members would also for the first time participate in an actual launch operation. In the weeks immediately preceding launch, Burke and Schurmeier, together with Air Force Major Jack Albert, Marshall's Agena chief Hans Hueter, and other participants, spent an increasing amount of time at Cape Canaveral ironing out bureaucratic differences and seeing to final details.
The participants reconciled differences of opinion, and the Ranger vehicles and flight operations complexes finished their test cycle in June and July. Moved to Launch Complex 12 at the Cape in late June, Agena B 6001 was stacked atop the Atlas 111D. Ranger 1, attached to an adapter plate and sealed inside the nose fairing, was then connected to the forward end of the Agena, and engineers began combined systems tests of the assembled vehicle. The ensemble satisfactorily passed what was termed the Joint Flight Acceptance Composite Test on July 13, and was judged ready for launch. The Deep Space Network, meantime, underwent net integration tests involving the deep space tracking stations, the JPL control center, the JPL command center in Hangar AE, and the tracking stations downrange from Cape Canaveral. Although encountering some problems, especially with communications to South Africa, 3 these tests were also deemed successful. The control center received the tracking, engineering, and scientific telemetry data from all of the stations in the correct format and proper sequence. 4
To permit tracking Ranger in its initial parking orbit above the earth, a small, mobile tracking antenna had been moved to the Johannesburg station. Though it could not track radio signals at great distances, this 3-meter (10-foot) dish antenna possessed a beam width of 10 degrees-ten times as wide as the large, permanent antennas-and it could swing at a rate of 10 degrees per second-ten times as fast as the big dishes could be moved. A small group led by Earl Martin of JPL readied the mobile antenna and prepared to acquire and track the rapidly moving Ranger above South Africa, as the Agena reignited its engine to inject the spacecraft onto its deep space trajectory. Information provided by the mobile tracking antenna and the tracking stations downrange from the Cape would enable the big dishes in the Deep Space Network to locate and follow Ranger 1 as it moved out and away from the earth on its space trajectory (Figure 40). 5
Fig. 40. Three-Meter Antenna at Johannesburg
On July 26, 1961, everything was ready; at least everything that had been thought of and tested by myriad engineers and scientists in a dozen organizations around the world.
The first countdown for the launch of Ranger 1 began on the evening of July 28, three days late. Trajectory information required by the Range Safety Officer was delayed, at a cost of one day; a guidance system malfunction in the Atlas booster consumed another; and the third was lost when engineers found that the guidance program to be fed into the Cape computer contained an error. The countdown proceeded normally into the early morning hours of July 29. Power interruptions occurred eighty-three minutes before launch, requiring momentary holds to permit all stations to check and recover. Then, at 5:0.2 am EST, twenty-eight minutes before launch, Cape Canaveral, aglow with lights and the hum of launch activity, was plunged into darkness. Commercial electrical power had failed, much to the increased consternation of launch officials when they learned why: inadequate allowance had been made for changes in cable sag caused by variations in temperature on the new power poles recently installed at the Cape. The launch was delayed yet another day.
The second countdown was canceled on July 30 when engineers discovered a leak in Ranger's attitude control gas system. After the faulty seal had been repaired and the spacecraft returned to Launch Complex 12, the third countdown commenced on July 31, only to be terminated once again when a valve malfunctioned in the liquid-oxygen tank on the Atlas booster.
Early in the fourth countdown on August 1, ground controllers turned on a spacecraft command applying high voltage to the scientific experiments for calibration purposes. Immediately all stations reported a major spacecraft failure. An electrical malfunction had triggered multiple commands from the central clock timer, and Ranger 1 "turned on" as it had been programmed to do in orbit. The explosive squibs fired, solar panels extended inside the shroud, and all the experiments commenced to operate.
Project engineers disengaged Ranger 1 from the Agena and hastily returned it to Hangar AE. Meantime the launch was rescheduled for August 22, the next available opportunity. Subsequent tests and investigations determined the activating mechanism to have been a voltage discharge to the spacecraft frame; although engineers suspected one or two of the scientific instruments, they could not determine the precise source of the discharge with certainty. In the days that followed they replaced and requalified the damaged parts, and modified the circuitry to prevent a recurrence of this kind of failure. 6
If the frustrating delay in the launch of Ranger 1 embarrassed NASA and JPL project officials, it also vexed Burke for quite another reason. As he viewed the matter, the ultimate loss of one month was the direct result of an unorthodox power discharge among the sky science experiments-cargo that was incidental to and conflicted with the primary engineering test objectives. Several of the experimenters, moreover, had already complained to him and to JPL Space Sciences Division Chief Al Hibbs about another kind of conflict between the instruments themselves. J. P. Heppner, the experimenter for the rubidium vapor magnetometer, announced that he found the friction experiment generated a magnetic field in excess of the background field for which his magnetometer had been designed. 7 Since the friction device was actually an engineering experiment, he argued that space science be served by removing it from the spacecraft. For the sake of future bearing and gear designs in space machines, J. B. Rittenhouse and his co-experimenters likewise insisted that the function experiment be retained. More certain than ever that the cargo should not be allowed to further jeopardize or delay the test flight, Burke told Hibbs and the experimenters concerned that, at this crucial point, no changes could be made in the science or engineering content of the Ranger Block I vehicles. Under existing schedules, each experimenter had to obtain the best data he could from his own instrument. 8
In the evening of August 22, 1961, the fifth countdown for the launch of Ranger 1 commenced on schedule at Cape Canaveral. The weather, although clear, was still warm and humid. At 6:04 am EDT, amid incandescent flame and the roar of the Atlas engines, Ranger 1 lifted from Launch Complex 12 and rose into the dawn sky, leaving in its wake a luminous, spectacular trail visible over the length of the Florida peninsula (Figure 41 ).
Fig. 41. Launch of Ranger 1
Like other launch officials anxiously awaiting the first return of data from the downrange tracking stations, Burke, now the formal mission director, moved to the JPL command post in Hangar AE. As the minutes passed, early returns were spotty and disconnected. Both a Department of Defense tracking ship in San Juan Harbor and the station on Ascension Island, he learned, had fought for control of the launch vehicle's radio beacon, with the result that data from the tracking ship were not immediately available. Nevertheless, what little information did arrive seemed encouraging. Both the Atlas and Agena appeared to have performed normally, and an earth parking orbit had been achieved. First returns from the Mobile Tracking Station in South Africa, however, were unclear. The spacecraft had appeared over the horizon five minutes later than anticipated. As Ranger 1 streaked eastward across the Indian Ocean, data from the mobile station suggested that the Agena B had not ignited a second time.
Ninety minutes after launch, Burke had solid-and bad- tracking news from one of the big dish antennas at Walter Larkin's Goldstone tracking facility in California. The Agena second burn definitely had gone improperly. With a perigee of 168 kilometers (105 miles) and an apogee of 501 kilometers (3 13 miles) altitude, Ranger 1 was stranded in a near-earth parking orbit-a flight profile for which neither it nor the deep space tracking net was designed. Disappointed at this outcome, Burke remained temporarily at the Cape, and conferred with Marshall Johnson by phone at JPL to see what could be done to achieve at least some of the mission's engineering objectives.
With Ranger 1 in a near-earth orbit, the deep space stations around the globe attempted a program of low-altitude satellite tracking. But the high angular velocity and the poor "look" angles near the horizon on many of the orbital passes severely taxed the capabilities of the large antennas (Figure 42). The polar mounted antennas at the Woomera station in Australia and the Johannesburg station in South Africa were closed down for a portion of the flight. In the days that followed, the small dish of the mobile tracking antenna in Johannesburg, and one of the large dish antennas at Goldstone which used an azimuth -elevation mounting, performed the lion's share of the tracking. 9
Fig. 42. Deep Space Tracking Coverage as a Function of Spacecraft Altitude
In space, meantime, Ranger 1 struggled to meet the unusual requirements imposed upon it by force of circumstance. Telemetry data arriving at the JPL control center disclosed that the spacecraft had separated properly from the Agena, had deployed its solar panels and high-gain antenna, and that the attitude control system had stabilized the machine in three axes. With its "top hat" low-gain antenna pointed at the sun, the solar panels were generating power, and Ranger 1 could receive and act on commands sent to it by the Goldstone transmitter.
But, designed for deep space flight, Ranger 1 could not meet the sustained demands of a near-earth satellite orbit. As it passed into the shade of the earth every ninety minutes, the spacecraft lost solar power and orientation, and had to realign and stabilize itself anew when it reemerged again into the sunlight. This process used the nitrogen gas of the attitude control system at a prodigious rate. On August 24, one day after the launch from Cape Canaveral, the gas supply was exhausted and Ranger 1 began to tumble in orbit. With its solar panels no longer aligned with the sun, the machine was left with nothing but its battery as a source of power. For the next three days telemetry continued to be received from a number of the scientific experiments and on the performance of the spacecraft subsystems. Then, on August 27, the main battery went dead. The telemetry output and all spacecraft functions ceased. Blind and inarticulate, Ranger 1 reentered the denser layers of the atmosphere on August 30 and was consumed in a ball of fire over the Gulf of Mexico. 10
As disappointing as this first flight was, project engineers in Pasadena and their associates at NASA Headquarters could find solace in the performance of the Ranger machine in an unorthodox situation. Even though precious little information had been returned by the sky science instruments 11 -to the greater disappointment of the scientists-engineers considered the soundness of the basic spacecraft design to be demonstrated. 12
Postflight analyses of telemetry tapes indicated the cause of the engine failure: the Agena B restart sequence had begun at the proper time, but terminated immediately when a malfunctioning switch choked the flow of red fuming nitric acid to the rocket engine. Nevertheless, sufficient oxidizer gas had been expelled to add a velocity increment of approximately 70 meters per second (158 miles per hour), assuring Ranger 1 a slightly higher orbit. 13 Steps were taken to fix the miscreant switch and resolve other tracking problems that had occurred downrange from Cape Canaveral. Perhaps more important, in the wake of the difficulties that had cropped up during the launch, the Air Force the contractors, NASA, and JPL all made extra efforts to ensure that Ranger 2 succeeded on schedule without any more embarrassing complications.
THE SECOND LESSON
Ranger 2, Agena B 6002, and Atlas 117D had been delivered at Cape Canaveral as the Ranger 1 mission reached its premature conclusion. Preflight preparations began immediately to meet the launch period planned for October 20 to 28, 1961. In the weeks that followed, each of the vehicles completed its exhaustive preflight tests, culminating on October 11 in a satisfactory Joint Flight Acceptance Composite Test at Launch Complex 12. The Deep Space Network, in turn, completed net integration tests on October 18. Project officials made special efforts to preclude the downrange tracking and communications difficulties that had occurred in Ranger's first flight. Again, every facet of Ranger launch and tracking operations was brought to a site of readiness.
The daily launch window established for Ranger 2 was identical to that of its predecessor. The countdown began promptly at 9 p.m. on the evening of October 19, and proceeded without incident into the early morning hours of October 20. Two hours before launch mission controllers called a brief hold when telemetry indicated irregular performance in the electronics associated with Chubb's Lyman alpha scanning telescope experiment aboard Ranger 2. Officials conferred inside the blockhouse. Since engineers quickly determined that the misbehaving scientific passenger posed no threat to the missions engineering objectives, Project Manager Burke authorized the countdown to proceed. But little more than an hour later, forty minutes before launch, electrical power to the Atlas guidance package failed. As time in the launch window ebbed swiftly away, the cause of this more serious difficulty could not be readily detected, and Burke, Debus, and Nicks decided to postpone the launch. The difficulty, traced to a faulty splice in the power lead to the Atlas guidance system, was rectified readily. 14 Meantime, another space flight was to take place from Cape Canaveral the following day, and the officials rescheduled Ranger 2 for a second countdown beginning on October 22, a forty-eight-hour delay.
But J. P. Heppner, the mapetometer experimenter from the Goddard Space Flight Center, did not want Ranger 2 to leave just yet. He had approached Burke shortly before the first countdown and had again requested that the friction experiment be removed from the spacecraft. Burke, who viewed himself in a situation analogous to that of the captain of a ship threading its way through a mine field in the middle of a storm, had no patience for a discomfited passenger complaining about the champagne. Burke again refused. 15
That agitated Heppner more than ever. He had counted on two flights with his magnetometer aboard Ranger. If the friction experiment, as he suspected, did interfere with his measurements on the first mission, there would still have been time to resolve the problem in some fashion before the flight of Ranger 2. Now he could count on one Right only, and the offensive friction device with its interfering magnetic field, moreover, remained on the spacecraft. He stood to lose everything for which he had labored over eighteen long months. T. A. Chubb, though relieved to have an opportunity to fix his own Lyman alpha telescope before another launch attempt, doubtless sympathized with Heppner. To them, project engineers, in their eagerness to flight test the Ranger machine, seemed insensitive to the needs of space science.
Bypassing project management altogether on October 21, in the day between launch attempts, Heppner called and explained the disquieting situation to colleagues in the science group in the Office of Space Flight Programs at Headquarters. The next morning at the range, as preparations for the second countdown neared completion, Burke received a phone call from Flight Programs Director Silverstein. The launch of Ranger 2, Silverstein told him, would be postponed until the conflict between the friction and magnetometer experiments could be resolved. 16
It was Burke's turn to be exasperated. Besides being annoyed with Heppner's unorthodox maneuver, the Ranger Project Manager cared little whether either instrument stayed or went. The purposeful interference with established schedules and objectives simply threatened the flight. Burke notified Debus and Nicks of the development, then hastily called a conference among the parties involved. JPL Space Sciences Division Chief Hibbs presided at the meeting, in which the scientists argued their respective positions once more. And everyone in the chain of command, from Burke, Cummings, and Pickering at JPL to Nicks and Silverstein at NASA Headquarters, became involved in the decision. As events turned out, neither experiment was removed. Rittenhouse and his associates agreed to fabricate a new shield to cover the friction experiment, reducing its magnetic field to a level which Heppner found acceptable. Working around the clock, technicians completed and installed the shield in time for a second countdown beginning late on October 23, at a cost of another day in Ranger 2's October launch period. 17 But the delay this exercise occasioned was insignificant compared to continuing problems with the Atlas-Agena launch vehicle.
After the second countdown began, in the early hours of October 24, the hydraulic system used to gimbal (swivel) the Atlas vernier engines developed a leak, cancelling the launch. Then, as the third countdown commenced late in the same day, more bad news arrived. Luskin at Lockheed informed Debus that investigation of a recent Thor-Agena B failure at Vandenberg Air Force Base on the West Coast indicated that an Agena engine hydraulic system had malfunctioned. Pending an investigation and solution of this affair, officials agreed that the launch of Ranger 2 should be postponed until the next available opportunity beginning in mid-November. 18 As Burke prepared to return to his office in Pasadena he mused over events of the preceding week. In view of the Air Force Agena failure at Vandenberg, Heppner's obstinacy a few days before might actually have saved Ranger 2 after all.
The Agena hydraulic problem was found and repaired in the intervening weeks, in time for the fourth launch attempt. On November 17 Major Albert, Hueter, Nicks, and Burke gathered again for the countdown of Ranger 2, eager for the satisfaction of seeing their efforts succeed after months of painstaking labor.
Overhead the sky was clear and the temperature moderate-a welcome relief from the heat and humidity of the summer months. Good fortune seemed to be in the air as well, and the count, which began at 8:57 pm EST, proceeded normally with only minor delays (Figure 43). Then, the familiar puff of white smoke and the bellow that quickly swelled to a roar marked ignition of the Atlas engines. The vehicle strained against its retaining bolts as the thrust reached 360,000 pounds. Amid the flames and clouds of steam from the cooling water circulated in pits below, the launch vehicle was released from Launch Complex 12 at 3:12 am EST on November 18, 1961, and rose into the dark morning sky. Ascending along with it went the audible shouts and silent prayers of the assembled engineers and scientists.
Fig. 43. Ranger 2 Countdown Progresses Beneath a Full Moon
With other project officials, Burke left the blockhouse and drove across the Cape to the JPL command post in Hangar AE to await word from the downrange tracking stations. Once again the first returns were auspicious. The tracking ship in San Juan harbor and the station on Ascension Island reported that the Atlas had performed as programmed, and the first bum of the Agena had placed Ranger 2 in the desired parking orbit. The downrange stations and the communications links also performed flawlessly. With the good news, hopes rose and the tension increased proportionately. Then the mobile tracking antenna in South Africa, which acquired Ranger 2 at 3:44 am EST, showed that the Agena second burn again had not occurred: Ranger 2, like Ranger 1, was stranded in a near-earth parking orbit. Worse, as it turned out, no additional impulse had been obtained in the second-burn sequence, and the orbit of Ranger 2 was even lower and more tenuous than that of its predecessor. Its working lifetime in space would be much shorter.
Dismal though the situation was, a few embers of hope still flickered. Unaware of the true orbit, those present in the command post learned that Ranger 2 had separated from the Agena, and that its central clock timer had initiated the proper series of maneuvers and switching functions. The solar panels, high-gain antenna, and particle analyzer boom had been extended, the commands to acquire the sun and earth issued, and the high voltage to the scientific instruments turned on. But just how much less could be expected from Ranger 2 became apparent during its second and third orbital passes. Acting out its pre-designed mission, Ranger 2 began to look for the sun at the moment it entered into the earth's shadow. The earth acquisition command, issued a few minutes later while the spacecraft was still in the darkness, found Ranger unable to "see" the prescribed celestial points of reference. Ranger's attitude control system did not recover, and the spacecraft tumbled in orbit. Tumbling, Ranger 2 could not generate solar power. It used internal battery power to transmit its diagnostic and scientific telemetry to anyone who could track and listen.
Few could. The large and powerful dish antennas at the NASA-JPL deep space tracking stations were unable to keep pace with the high angular velocities and cope with the poor look angles. No backup commands, therefore, could be radioed to the hapless spacecraft. Only the small mobile tracking antenna in South Africa could successfully track and receive telemetry from the spacecraft, and even it would not view Ranger 2 for long. On its fifth pass over that station, some seven hours after launch, Ranger's orbit descended below the South African horizon. No further tracking could be accomplished. Twenty hours after rising above the beach sands of Florida on a stiletto of fire, in its nineteenth orbit, Ranger 2 died. No one heard the final sing-song tones of the analog telemetry on November 19, as the cart-wheeling spacecraft dipped into the atmosphere and quickly incinerated. 19
The JPL command post at Cape Canaveral had taken on the cast of a somber requiem when the bad news first arrived. Voices were subdued and emotions held in check as controllers mechanically went about the tasks of receiving and recording available telemetry. The next day, having paid their last respects, project officials began to drift away to their respective offices around the country. Tired and dispirited, Burke was among the last to leave, returning to Los Angeles on November 19 to prepare for the postflight investigation-one that would focus on the performance of the Atlas-Agena launch vehicle.
When development of the vehicle began at Lockheed in 1959, the Air Force had publicly announced its intention to employ the upper stage Agena B in numerous military satellite missions. NASA officials had selected the Atlas-Agena B launch vehicle for Project Ranger in part for the reliability that they anticipated would follow these Air Force flights. But the Agena B had not appeared in the Air Force flight schedules as rapidly as NASA hoped; in fact, because Ranger had held to schedule while other projects slipped, only one other Atlas-Agena B actually had ever been flown before. Long-time Ranger hands recalled the NASA-Agena B development difficulties at Lockheed in 1960. And the more recent miscalculation of the Agena B's performance capability in mid-1961 resulting in the lightweight Block II Rangers-still raised hackles among engineers on every side. 20 Now, two consecutive Right failures on top of the prior troubles generated disturbing speculation. If the Agena B design were sound, either Lockheed was not doing its homework or the civilian space agency had been assigned the costly and ridiculous task of debugging the vehicle for the Air Force.
The implications were quite clear to Major General Osmond J. Ritland, Commander of the Air Force Space Systems Division in Inglewood, California. Two Agena failures in an important NASA space program quite obviously affected the credibility and technical reputation of the Air Force and its contractors, not to mention prospects for individual careers. The Air Force preferred to straighten affairs in its own house before NASA pressed the issue. Two days after Ranger 2 met its fiery end in space, General Ritland fired off a stem memo to Colonel Henry H. Eichel in charge of his launch vehicle office. He ordered Eichel immediately to form an Agena Failure Investigating Board composed of NASA, Lockheed, and Air Force personnel. He expected the board to conduct an investigation and return with its findings and recommendations within nine days: no later than November 30. He wanted all necessary corrective action to be implemented before the flight of Ranger 3. 21 If the General had anything to say about it, every Lockheed Agena B supplied to NASA would meet or exceed performance specifications.
Colonel Eichel, matching his reputation for toughness, moved with dispatch. The investigating board was named and notified; on November 27 it met at the Lockheed offices in Sunnyvale. Lockheed participants reported on analyses of the Agena telemetry tapes during the first day of the two-day meeting. They found the roll gyroscope in the Agena B guidance package to have been inoperative at takeoff, most likely because of a faulty relay in the power circuitry. The Agena's attitude control system had compensated for the roll control failure through gas jetting, but the supply of attitude control gas was exhausted by the time the Agena completed first burn. In a parking orbit without attitude control, the Agena's roll motion had been converted entirely to pitch-yaw or "propeller" motion. Second bum of the Bell Hustler rocket engine had failed since the liquid propellants inside the Agena tanks had sloshed away from the engine intake lines. 22
On the morning of December 4, 1961, the Air Force formally conveyed these results to NASA. Luskin of Lockheed, Air Force Colonel Henry Eichel, and Major Jack Albert presented the board's case and plans for remedial action in the newly completed NASA Headquarters building in Washington, a block-long marble veneer and glass edifice that contrasted sharply with the turreted and weathered red brick pile of the Smithsonian Institution down the street on Independence Avenue. NASA and JPL officials accepted the findings and corrective measures. Luskin pledged to submit a report on the accomplished changes in early January 1962, in advance of the flight of Ranger 3, as well as review the entire reliability program for the NASA Agena B. 23 When the conference broke up at lunchtime, Luskin, Eichel, and Albert were satisfied that they had solved the Air Force-Ranger launch vehicle problem.
But the representatives of JPL, NASA Headquarters, and the Marshall Space Flight Center reconvened after lunch. In light of past performance, they deemed the approved corrective measures, though necessary and desirable, insufficient. Cortright instructed Hueter to initiate a separate and detailed review of Lockheed field operating equipment and procedures, with emphasis on eliminating any differences in checkout procedure remaining between Air Force and NASA space projects. 24 NASA Headquarters, changing its attitude from customer to consumer, had decided to undertake greater involvement in matters of Agena procurement and preflight testing.
JPL, for its part, also altered preflight checkout procedures for the spacecraft. Based on the experience with Ranger 1, 25 the Systems Division decided that high voltages hereafter would not be applied to scientific experiments during a launch countdown. To accomplish a midcourse maneuver, succeeding Ranger spacecraft would incorporate a fueled rocket engine on the pad. Any high-voltage discharge that ignited Ranger's squibs and other pyrotechnics here could have severe repercussions, possibly destroying the spacecraft as well as the fueled Atlas-Agena B launch vehicle. Burke Agreed with this decision - and with the rationale behind it. The experiments, after all, would have completed "at least 15 systems tests before [being] committed to flight; all of this after design type approval testing and flight acceptance testing... If the equipment is so suspect that personnel would worry over its condition between the last systems test and launch, then it is not reliable enough to be considered as flight equipment." 26
At least the engineers had the lunar flights in which to see Ranger perfected, but the flight of Ranger 2 effectively Slammed the door on any substantial dividend for sky scientists. Placed in near-earth orbits, Heppner's magnetometers had been saturated by the earth's magnetic field on both test missions, Van Allen's cadmium-sulphide particle detectors likewise had been overwhelmed by sunlight for the greater part of each mission, as were the light flash detectors of Alexander's cosmic dust experiment Though the Lyman alpha telescopes so carefully prepared by Chubb had returned some background measurements, the pictures were mostly smeared, and little was known about the direction in which the telescopes were pointing when the spacecraft tumbled. And so it went. Ironically, among the few instruments to return any data of value were the friction device and the AEC's Vela Hotel experiment in the flight of Ranger 1. 27 But if sky science had lost out on Rangers 1 and 2, at least lunar science, its practitioners assumed, still stood to benefit from Rangers 3, 4, and 5.
Chapter 5 Chapter 7
Chapter Six - Notes
The hyphenated numbers in parentheses at the ends of individual citations are catalog numbers of documents on file in the history archives of the JPL library.
1. "Mission Objectives and Design Criteria," in Ranger Spacecraft Design Specification Book Spec. No. RA12-2-IIOA (Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology), November 1, 1960, p. 2 (2-1094b).
2. See Harold T. Luskin, "The Ranger Booster," Astronautics, September 1961, pp. 30-31, 73-74.
3. See "The Deep Space Network" in Chapter Five of this volume.
4. Space Programs Summary No. 37-11, Volume I for the period July 1, 1961, to September 1, 1961 (Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, October 1, 1961), pp. 40-41. Calibration and system evaluation exercises already had been developed to maintain the accuracy of the Deep Space Instrumentation Facility. Star tracking by optically pointing the large antennas maintained their mechanical and readout capabilities. Radio beacons were flown on balloons, helicopters, and fixed wing aircraft to provide signal acquisition practice and to demonstrate the smooth operation of the deep space tracking system.
5. JPL internal document, "Deep Space Instrumentation Facility" (2-929).
6. Space Programs Summary No. 37-11, Volume I, pp. 3-4; The Ranger Project: Annual Report for 196](U) (JPL TR 32-241. Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, June 15, 1962), pp. 361-362; TWX from William Pickering to Abe Silverstein, subject: "Summary of Difficulties Encountered with Spacecraft, Launch Vehicle, and Supporting Equipment at Cape," August 9, 1961 (2-1456); JPL Interoffice Memo from Leonard Bronstein and A.E. Dickinson to Distribution, subject: " RA-1 Spacecraft Failure Analysis," August 10, 1961 (2-2483).
7. The friction experiment was designed to measure the coefficient of various metals rotated by a small electric motor in the space environment. In this case, its electronics package stood accused as the magnetic culprit. See "Space Science and the Original Ranger Missions" in Chapter Four of this volume.
8. Interview of James Burke by Cargill Hall, January 27, 1969, p. 8 (2-1391).
9. Space Programs Summary No. 37-11, Volume I, pp. 41 -45.
10. Ibid., p. 4; JPL Ranger Technical Bulletins Nos. 1 through 5, August 24 September 5, 1961 (2-93 1 ); Space Programs Summary No. 37-15, Volume V1 for the period March 1, 1962, to June 1, 1962 (Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, June 30, 1962), p. 3; Nicholas A. Renzetti, Tracking and Data Acquisition for Ranger Missions 1-5 (JPL TM 33-174. Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, July 1, 1964), pp. 18-19.
11. A. E. Dickinson, ed., Spacecraft Flight Performance: Final Report (Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, November 2, 196 1 ), pp. 10- 13 (2-465).
12. NASA memorandum from Edgar Cortright to James Webb, subject: "Ranger 1 (P-32) Status Report No. 4, " September 1, 1961 (2-679); Sixth Semiannual Report to the Congress: July 1, 1961, through December 31, 1961 (Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1962), p. 64.
13. Dickinson, Spacecraft Flight Performance, p. 1.
14. The Ranger Project: Annual Report for 196](U), p. 365; Space Programs Summary No. 37-12, Volume I for the period September 1, 1961, to November 1, 1961 (Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, December 1, 1961 ), p. 2.
15. Interview of Burke by Hall, January 27, 1969, p. 9 (2-1391).
16. Interview of Allen Wolfe by Cargill Hall, November 5, 1969, p. 2 (2-1533).
17. Space Programs Summary No. 37-12, Volume I, p. 2.
18. The Ranger Project: Annual Report for 196](U), p. 366.
19. Space Programs Summary No. 37-13, Volume I for the period November 1, 1961, to January 1, 1962 (Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, February 1, 1962), p. 4; The Ranger Project: Annual Report for 196](U), pp. 366-367, 396-397; A. E. Dickinson, "RA-2 Preliminary Spacecraft Performance Report," November 29, 1961 (2-2133); Rennet, Tracking and Data Acquisition for Ranger Missions 1-5, pp. 21, 24.
20. See "A Difference in Weights and Measures" in Chapter Four of this volume.
21. Letter from Osmond Ritland to Henry Eichel, November 21, 1961, in Agena B Failure Investigation Board, November 30, 1961, Appendix A (2-2136).
22. James Burke, JPL Trip Report, subject: "Meeting of the USAF Failure Investigation Board at LMSC, November 27 and November 28, 1961, " prepared November 30, 1961 (2-2134). Along with Eichel, board members included Air Force Ranger Chief Major Jack Albert, various Lockheed participants, NASA personnel from Hueter's Agena Office and Debus' Launch Operations Directorate, and JPL Ranger Project Manager James Burke, Reliability Chief Brooks T. Morris, and JPL Launch Vehicle Integration Chief Harry J. Margraf.
23. Committee report on the review of the Reliability and Quality Assurance Programs of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, conducted January 24-25, 1962 (2-2270b).
24. James Burke, JPL Trip Report, subject: "Ranger II Failure Review (12-4) and Agena Management Meeting (12-5), Washington, D.C.," prepared December 7, 1961 (2-414).
25. See "A Learning Experience" in this chapter.
26. JPL Interoffice Memo from M. R. Mesnard to G. F. Baker, subject: "Ranger Follow-on, Scientific Power 'On' During Countdown," January 8, 1962, p. 2 (2-1224); see also, "Mission Objectives and Design Criteria Ranger P-53 through P-56 Spacecraft (RA-6 through PLA-9)" in Ranger Spacecraft Design Specification Book Spec. No. RL-2-110, November 8, 1961 (2-1124).
27. Space Programs Summary No. 37-13, Volume I, p. 7; J. B. Rittenhouse, et al., "Friction Measurements on a Low Earth Satellite, " A SLE Transactions Volume 6, 1963, pp. 161-177.
Ch 5 Notes Ch 7 Notes


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EntertainmentNews Video
Oprah Winfrey Gets Attacked on Social Media By Conservatives for Calling Out White Privilege
Posted byBy Daryl Nelson	| August 6, 2020 CommentsComments (37)
Several conservatives made a colossal-sized fuss after Oprah Winfrey talked about white privilege on her Apple TV+ series "The Oprah Conversation."
They called Winfrey a hypocrite, while bringing up that her net worth is $2.6 billion, according to Forbes. There were also claims that the media mogul made a lot of money by having a large white audience during her years as host of "The Oprah Winfrey Show."
Oprah Winfrey was on the receiving end of backlash from several conservatives after she talked about white privilege. (Photo: Omar Vega/Getty Images Entertainment via Getty Images)
In a two-part episode that began streaming on Thursday, July 30, Winfrey talked about racism and white privilege with former NFL linebacker Emmanuel Acho. Acho hosts his own web series called "Uncomfortable Conversations With a Black Man" and is a known activist.
Joining the conversation on Winfrey's show were white and Latinx guests, with one guest expressing it was wrong to say that all white people in the U.S. have equal power.
"Not all white people have power," said the guest. "There's plenty of poor, working-class white people. But I think that when we group all of white people together and we don't recognize the fact that there's a lot of white people that struggle, and it's a different struggle as you mentioned, because they're not streaming upstream let's call it."
The guest followed that up by saying, "I think that if we're gonna come together and really attack racism and the inequities that are in this country and are in this world that it's important not to group all white people."
Winfrey agreed that it would be wrong to believe that all white people share the same level of power as the whites who govern the system, but said their skin color still gives them a big "leg up" in society.
"There are white people who are not as powerful as the system of white people, the caste system that's been put in place," Winfrey explained. "But they still, no matter where they are on the rung or ladder of success, they still have their whiteness … You still have your whiteness. That's what the term 'white privilege' is. It means that whiteness still gives you an advantage, no matter."
One of the people who reacted to Winfrey's comments was conservative columnist Todd Starnes. "I pray for the day that America becomes a nation where someone like Oprah will be able to become a billionaire," Starnes tweeted sarcastically on Tuesday, Aug. 4.
Gun rights activist JT Lewis also took Winfrey to task on Tuesday and brought up her reported net worth. "How did Oprah make 2.6 billion dollars if America is so racist?" he asked.
Others, like Sen. Ted Cruz, weighed in and wrote, "utter, racist BS."
But it wasn't only white conservatives who blasted Winfrey. Wayne Depree, a Black conservative radio host, also had a problem with her comments.
"Billionaire Oprah is now shaming white people for all their 'easy success' in life," he tweeted.
There was another reaction from Republican primary candidate Irene Armendariz-Jackson who wrote on Twitter on Aug. 4, "And now why is Oprah, maybe the richest Black woman in the world, trying to shame white people as privileged? Miss Winfrey, you are the personification of WHITE PRIVILEGE!"
It seems that Winfrey's critics believe that she was underestimating the number of poor white people in the U.S., something that Acho addressed with a guest during the discussion.
"As a Black person, white people for the proverbial phrase of white people, they run America," he stated. "CEOs, Fortune 500 companies, execs, ownership, they run America. Not an individual White person, but collective White people. Are there some poor White people in America? Absolutely. How did that happen? I don't know. I honestly don't know. Because as a Black person, I understand how we got poor. I totally get that."
TagsOprah Winfrey
37 thoughts on "Oprah Winfrey Gets Attacked on Social Media By Conservatives for Calling Out White Privilege"
Mildred says:
Our absence of God makes us poor…if one believes that white people can't determine your life or my life whether we go up or down you've got it wrong no one can predict a persons life only you can, no one has the power over your success or my success than I do or you do, we must understand that we are our own writers.
Lacy says:
I'm so appalled by her comments of white privilege. Do white people get minority grants for college? Do white people have a group that fights for them like the NAACP does for black people, etc.? Whit privilege and black oppression are only in the minds of racist people in my opinion. Privilege or oppression is only in the individuals giving you privilege or making you feel oppressed. How is it that she can group everyone into these types of individuals. It takes Hard work and wanting to be better, to do better, and have better and that my friends falls on each individual person. Oprah, I use to have much admiration and respect for you but after your comments I now have nothing left for you but pity.
What she said is true. Now I'm not OW fan but yes white folks are privilege. It don't matter if they dirty ass poor they are white. Now she done shit to get to where she at. NAACP don't do shit for the black community. All this cops killing black people out so call black leaders not shit. Hell we had a black president and he did not do anything with all the cop killing or anything for the black community.
Oprah needs to go home enjoy her billions & stop stirring the pot. There r enough problems without her adding to it. It sounds like she has Zeno Solutions just complaints & poor us.
White people have never needed anyone to stand up for them, because they always were favored over any other race in the US. If white people are upset with her, she's doing something right.
I'm so sick and tired of seeing this disgusting overfed talking manatee and her irrelevant horschitt.
Patricia Ware says:
Do a Survey and see what Race she Promoted to have their own TV shows and Sell their Books.I Wrote her off years ago about Helping Blacks, ohYeah U can put Obama in the Bag with her
Thomas Lee says:
Lacy,
Do white people get minority grants for college? YES
Whites gets grants just like other do. At this point your more stereotyping, rather than acknowledging the point.
Do white people have a group that fights for them like the NAACP does for black people, etc.? Not fair.
The NAACP wasn't even started with this generation, it was based on solely for the rights be handed down, so that white privileged understood, all should be created equal. Once this becomes about your personal views, and not have a clue about truth – this makes you the problem.
Whit privilege and black oppression are only in the minds of racist people in my opinion.
Correct, but it's also what's keeping America at a stand still for the truth about white privileged. We know it exist, oppression isn't just a mind thing, it's a deck of cards with no real winners at the end of the day.
Privilege or oppression is only in the individuals giving you privilege or making you feel oppressed.
This isn't true.
If people are treated wrong because they know an individual situation, and treat them less than human, but the person needs and accepts it based on the job, a need it's now become oppression.
I think being black has a creation of its own kind, with so many having a platform to speak about these types of issues. Once you take what you hear and project it towards inner feelings, you can sometimes miss the real point being identified.
The real process of GOD is not to make this as we believe Adam & Eve sinned. I say this because the writers of the Bible states we have all sinned based on the actions of another. I say this because people are bad regardless of how we see it. The point of white privileged is not talked about enough, but it's imperative that black people killing one another is an everyday topic.
Let's set the record about this issue. At all time white, black and brown people are racist, and one side will feel privileged more than the other. It's actually called – Money. This separate society, and it always will. Some of you all have never stepped foot in either shoes, so why be mad at OW or anyone for that matter.
Im not an Oprah fan. But she was persistent in becoming a reporter and since white people loved her show, she was accepted and they paid her graciously 4 it. Which one of yall would have turned that check down, THOSE CHECKS down, coming from where she came from. And had not a white person approved that check she wouldnt have it. Yall stop playing like that lady didnt have it bad. And for someone to say white privilege ISN'T a thing, u r delusional, u skipped history class, or your tv is broken. Walmart has a good sale on them right now. Besides that, I dont know of not a single 14 y/o white child that has been executed by electric chair or anything else for that matter. White privilege or did that 14y/o write that story for his life?
You asked if white people get minority grants for college and mentioned the NAACP. My question to you is: Have you question WHY those programs/organization were even needed in the first place? What system was in place to even make those programs a necessity? When you answer that qjestion, you will find the concept of White Privilege. White Privilege isn't financial, it can be, but the entire concept isn't based on finances. There are many finacially wealthy Blacks who can only go so far. For example, Oprah had to create her own magazine and TV network. I'm sure if she wanted to purchase, a network she would've ran into several roadblocks, compared to the likes of the purchasers of ABC from Disney.
Frank Hampton says:
Bravo to Oprah for finally speaking out, she said nothing wrong. This country was created and designed for the advancement of white people over all others, especially blacks. Oprahs' money is not relevant because that is the exception not the rule. Even though she has money, she has no power to effect an election, to seat judges with her point of view or determine where any white person lives, goes to school, works, how much they make or how law enforcement interacts with them. So to all you white folks and to the sambos in the bunch, know what systemic racism is and identify the privilege that accompanies it. Once you have done that STFU!
John Dupre says:
You are as IGNORANT as the lady doing this so called SHOW. I went to school in the 70's, where I went, it was 95% blacks. And only the black kids got scholarships from the NAACP , which is a RACIST group. Imagine if we had a NAAWP, lord almighty, or if we had the WET , you would be the FIRST person in the picket line . People are PEOPLE , it don't matter what damn color you are in 2020, now go whine & cry about the old white man that hurt your black pride .
WilliamGoode says:
I feel as a black man that Oprah Winfrey has the right to her opinion and should not be bashed for anything because she worked hard to get to where she is today so if you have something negative to say about Oprah Winfrey you need to keep your comments to yourself because Oprah Winfrey have helped a lot of people well do you want to admit it or not so let us stop bashing Oprah for her opinion she have a right to her opinion because white people who have privileges white people are more privileged than blacks so let's get it together and tell the truth if you want to be honest and stop being black trying to make white people out to be so great they are who they are and we are who we are how about taking that to the bank my thing is stop bashing Oprah Winfrey cuz she worked hard to get to where she's at today thank you
Kish says:
I swear that there is some type of blockage in the perception or ingrained in white folks to deny that this system that was put in place by racist white people adversely and disproportionately affect black lives in America. Yes, Poor white people may get looked down upon and abandoned by more affluent whites. That's the same system that has, not only utter disregard for black people, this system actually targets black people or intentionally work against the interests and basic human rights of black folks.
EVIL RACIST IS WHO U R, OPRAH
The two of them can literally pull 80% of impoverished communities out of poverty and still have tons of money left over to live their lavish life style. If you're unwilling to help you own community, but can blame us crackers for all the issues, you're a shit human. Stop the excuses. Poverty keeps the divide going which fills the narrative.
G. W. Williams says:
People that have a problem with Oprah comments must read, White Fragility by Robin DiAngelo. Some of the behavior where reflects that fragility!! Oprah can be a trillionaire, but she is still a black woman in a country that has a history of origin in black exploitation and currently systemic racism! Where would she be but for her color in America??? A much richer woman!
Felicia Skinner says:
What people fail to see is how hard she had to work to get what she has and the racism she faced to get it. Being black is a double edged sword. You are damned if you become successful and damned if you remain impoverished. Racism will never go away until all humans are deceased unfortunately.
Universal says:
All she said is true. Even though she has billions, she is till called a ni****r by some whites. The money does not change how she is looked at. What she says is absolutely correct.
Oprah is just fanning flames that don't go out. White privilege sure as hell wasn't and still isn't in my house.
I've been denied a job with the USPS because of needing minorities Even though I scored a 95% and the Latin American man got a 70%. And when I was "let go" from a NAFTA funded college program to retrain. Once again was literally told I was not ethnic enough to keep my funding even though I held a 4.0 and was replaced by a black man, who I knew and helped, that only held a 2.0. Now I'm disabled and he never did finish one of his three degrees he started and failed. Fuck your white privilege Oprah!!! I was born with shit and still have it as I wasn't born into privilege. You seem to be doing pretty well, how about handing out to your black brethren. Won't happen because you're here to stir the pot, not fix a problem
will somebody please show a time line to show how the black americans
will some body please post a timeline to show how black americans have beat down stereotypes and climd the ladder of success in all field's of life. i swear if some one was asleep for 40 years and just woke up they would think it was 1960.the black friends i had growing up wouldnt let me even have a racist thought
they would nip it in the bud. when did all these black americans millionaires . become such crybabys? when all these white racist white people elected .Obama he could of done great things. all he done was ruin all of us.
I agree with Opera.But what's her agenda Why are you speaking now. Because you have lived the white privileged life for so many years. You have had a platform for Decades to speak on African Americans.struggles and rights I'm just curious 🤔. JUST MY OPINION
Oprah Winfrey is a racist bitch has been for years ever since she came out and said she built her school in South Africa so that she would not have to appease white people that's a racist comment and everyone let it slide she forgets she's where she's at today because of hundreds of millions of white people who supported her it was forwarded her the luxuries that she has now she's not oppressed far from it
Eva Giovando says:
If Oprah feels or felt like this why hasn't she given back to her so called people? She can never in her life time spend all that much money. Give back till you are a millionaire, at least. Stop the white people from aborting your people. They are the highest amount of unborn killed by Planned Parenthood a creation of the racist Margaret Sanger, believer of eugenics. Why continue with this African American bs – you are an American as much as anyone else born and raised here Quit with this nation spitting it only leads to hate and Alienating of our country.
We have had almost 60 years of integration in our school system and what do we have.Lowered grading levels assisted school support.what about work,we have minority preference in job opportunities.I have been taught that to be respected or give it it has to be earned.What has Opra done for any minorities in the USA,
Michelle K Thomas-Chaunce' says:
Oprah Winfrey earned her money fare and square. Nobody quotes the TV fortunes made by MANY others each time they speak their minds. This kind of rampant disrespectful invective is mean and shows how many are are still jealous of her 25+ years of success. Now that she has time and the platform to speak her mind, and does so, she is attacked for being a rich global Black woman who has now built ANOTHER fortune by enabling even more just like herself on her OWN Network! Stop the hater-aid and make a fortune of your own using the privilege you have but are afraid to get up and admit that you can.
Blame the whitey! Tired of hearing that type of racist "I'm a victim" commentary and its not helping. Racism cuts both ways and sometimes many ways and it is almost certainly by the most weak people of all color. Step up, study hard, work hard, respect others, obey the laws and cops, and MAGICALLY things go well for you! Get your busy doin' the right thing and give negative comments a deaf ear. Being destructive is not constructive, so don't expect good results if you are destructive in your actions or words.
What a flake. And a hypocrite. Let's distract everyone from her ties to Epstein and the pedophilia running rampant thru Hollywood and the music industry by stroking the flames of hate and racism. Praying for you Harpo
Bishop Nathanyel says:
Listen. White privilege regardless of their economic status tells rich black people you can't buy from this store or live in certain places in Georgia although the rich black person can buy them and everything they have.
White Privilege owned slaves, white Privilege picked certain slaves they trusted to work in the house. Those house slaves dressed better, ate better lived better than the field slaves. They were also forbidden to speak on behalf , feed or assist their fellow field slaves.
This same white privilege picked Oprah Winfrey to work in the house.
This same white privilege forbids her to even speak a truth she has lived and sees every day.
As harmless and innocent as what Oprah Winfrey said, let's compare her words to Nick Cannon, DeSean Jackson and the rapper called Wiley. What do they all have in common? White Privilege says shut your mouth Never speak any truth you may see or live because we allow you to work in the house.
Amos 5:10 They hate him that rebuketh in the gate, and they abhor him that speaketh uprightly.
The racist privileged attitude of die hard conservatives is so inbred that they will NEVER concede. They don't understand and are brainwashed into believing that they don't have to understand, because they have NEVER been required to. You can't erase hundreds of years of induced stupidity in a day
Tammy Aakre says:
I'm saddens that anyone would bash Ms. Winfrey for busting her butt, overcoming a painful and poor past, and yes, growing up black in a white American. I am white. I didn't choose white. I was born white. I was 13 years old when I visited New Orleans and was literally brought to tears seeing white beaches, white only restaurants, cabs refusing blacks a ride. I'm 60 year's old, not 100. This was in my lifetime. I grew up in SD where at that time, I had never heard of such things other than in history books. Which now are missing great amounts of this truth. I don't feel white privileged, but I am not black. I cannot judge what other's might see or feel. I do know that we need to quit debating about white privilege and black supression and own that this country has as issue.
Slandering other's, trying to guilt others, instilling fear in anyone… Not okay. This is not okay.
Change is painful. But change is what this country needs.
Good for you Ms. Winfry for fighting for a better life. For trying to change a world for the better. Don't you dare ever doubt that you earned every penny you have. And don't you lose any sleep over people nitpicking about where your money goes. We ALL get to choose what our money goes to. Be it bills, donation's, or savings. You earned it you do what you are called to do with it.
These movements tends to be fads. People are not color coded like these social media kings and queens would like the population to believe, and when the 'ALL Poor People Against ALL Rich People's Privilege' fad rolls around, the Marxists of any color will not be loving the age of socialism they asked for.
So, let me understand why these conservatives including the slave who told the master when other slaves were planning to run away DuPree.
We have one Black woman out of 21.7 million women in America and you call that success PLEASE. What she said is TRUE. White Privilege at its best is live and well.
The problem is that the definition of the term "privilege" is misunderstood in the phrase "White privilege". That's the problem with phrases like "Global warming", "Defund police" and "White privilege". The words "warming", "defund", and "privilege" in these instances are being defined incorrectly by people who do not read the academic journal articles to understand the definitions of these words correctly. Then the press comes at you either by design or assumptions, and leaves out the academic definitions of these terms. So this leaves people to interpret the words based on their individual understanding of the definition of these words, leading them to misinterpret what's being said.
"Defund" doesn't mean take all police money away from police. It means redirect some money to other services in the community to allow police to do their actual jobs, and use some of the money for retraining amd sensitivity programs. And "warming" doesn't mean "earth temperature" is going up. It means the temperature of the oceans is warming up, which in turn cause erratic weather patterns and increases the likelihood of higher category storms leading to natural disaster and increased destruction.
In this case White privilege doesn't mean "privilege" as in money, status, or social standing. It means not being immediately judged as being dangerous, or treated as a criminal because of your skin color. Being white means you are less likely to die if you are being arrested, going through security checkpoints at the airport, or being pulled over because you're driving a Mercedes while your speeding down the highway on your way to work and the cop thinks you stole the vehicle.
Do white people get minority grants for college? Yes. Yes they do and they can get them at historically black colleges and universities too.. Do white people have a group that fights for them like the NAACP does for black people, etc.? Yes. Yes they do, it's called local, state and federal government.. White privilege and black oppression are only not in the minds of racist people in my opinion. Privilege is not having to deal with systemic oppression because of the color of your skin. That is what gives you white privilege. She is not talking about every individual so called white person. She is speaking about so called white people as a group. It takes Hard work and wanting to be better, to do better, and have better and overcoming racism/white supremacy for black people to succeed in this country. That last thing, you don't have to worry about. And that is white privilege. Because you choose not to listen to what Oprah actually said and after your comments I now have nothing left for you but pity.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Congress Adjourns, Tech Bills Still Unfinished
CIO	 Oct 2, 2006 8:00 am PDT
When the U.S. Congress adjourned in the early-morning hours Saturday, it left a number of technology-related bills unfinished, including two bills addressing fraudulent access to personal telephone records.
Despite pressure from members of the House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee, the full House failed to act on the Prevention of Fraudulent Access to Phone Records Act. The law would have allowed the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to seek civil penalties against businesses that obtain personal data under false pretenses.
The committee has been looking into privacy concerns related to so-called pretexting since early this year, but the issue came to a head last month, when Hewlett-Packard revealed it had used questionable investigative techniques in the surveillance of board members, employees and reporters. With pretexting, private investigators or identity thieves pretend to be customers of mobile phone carriers or other companies in order to gain access to personal records such as call logs.
Congress still has more time to act on the pretexting legislation or six related bills this year, however. After a month-plus break allowing lawmakers to focus on the Nov. 7 election, Congress will return for a lame-duck session Nov. 9.
Democrats last week complained that the House Republican leadership had held up the pretexting legislation, but Rep. Joe Barton, a Texas Republican and Energy and Commerce chairman, said he'd continue to push for the legislation.
Congress also failed to pass a wide-ranging broadband bill that would replace local franchise rules with a national system for telecom providers launching IP-based television services in competition with cable TV. And although U.S. President George Bush called on Congress to pass legislation authorizing a controversial National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance program, two bills making it easier for the government to conduct surveillance without court-ordered warrants also stalled.
One piece of Internet-related legislation did pass early Saturday. The Senate passed a bill providing money for seaport security, and added to the bill was a provision prohibiting U.S. banks and credit-card companies from processing payments to online gambling sites. A group of professional poker players had asked Congress to reject the bill, but a group of House Republicans pushed for the legislation, saying offshore gambling sites were breaking U.S. gambling-control laws.
Bush had called for legislation to authorize the NSA program, which has listened in on the electronic communications of U.S. residents without court-ordered warrants, as a way to head off multiple lawsuits targeting the program. He has argued the program is necessary to help keep U.S. residents safe from terrorism.
The House passed one surveillance bill Thursday, but the Senate failed to act. The House bill would allow federal law enforcement officials to spy on U.S. residents for up to 90 days without a court order in the period after a terrorist attack.
The Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), a civil liberties and privacy advocacy group, said it was happy to see the surveillance and broadband bills stall.
Republicans supporting the surveillance bill were pushing it as a way to show they were focused on national security during the last weeks of the congressional campaign, said Nancy Libin, a staff counsel at CDT. "Now that they've gone home, I'm not sure what kind of priority it will be when they come back," she said.
Several civil-liberties groups had opposed the broadband bill, as it lacked protections for so-called net neutrality. Net neutrality advocates want a law that would prohibit broadband providers from blocking or slowing service to websites offering competing content, and they have successfully halted the Senate version of the broadband bill, despite heavy lobbying from large broadband providers.
-Grant Gross, IDG News Service (Washington Bureau)
Pretexting Legislation May Move Ahead in Congress
HP Spying Scandal
Check out our CIO News Alerts and Tech Informer pages for more updated news coverage.


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$46.50, seven letters and/or numbers are allowed. Vehicle must be 35 years old or older and registered as an antique.
$1.50 at the time of order. Copy of ARO license is required.
You must first become a collector with the state of Kansas. We process transactions for your collector number for $20.00, then you order the Special Interest Plate for $6.50. The vehicle must be 20 years or older and NOT modified. You pay registration and property tax annually.
You must first become a collector with the state of Kansas. We process transactions for your collector number for $20.00, then you order the Street Rod Plate for $6.50. Same as the Special Interest Plate, but the Street Rod must be 20 years or older and CAN be modified. You pay registration and property tax annually.
Show proof that you are an honorably discharged veteran with 180 days of active duty (DD214), $0.50 at renewal or $6.50 to exchange at any other time.
Must show a certificate from US Government that you are a recipient of the Purple Heart, $0.50 at renewal or $6.50 to exchange at any other time.
$46.50, plus a royalty fee, exchange for current plate.
Certificate of eligibility annually, $46.50, plus a royalty fee,exchange for current plate.
Certificate of eligibility annually, $46.50, exchange for current plate.


How much do EBRD employees make? Glassdoor has salaries, wages, tips, bonuses, and hourly pay based upon employee reports and estimates.
See EBRD Salaries, EBRD Hourly Wages, or check out salaries for EBRD Internship or EBRD Contractor.


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Company Less
to get instant updates about 'AeroVironment' on your MyPage. Meet other similar minded people. Its Free!
AeroVironment Inc. (AV) is a technology company in Monrovia, California, and Simi Valley, California, that is primarily involved in energy systems, electric vehicle systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Paul B. MacCready, Jr., a famous designer of human powered aircraft, founded the company in 1971. The company is probably most well-known for developing a series of lightweight human-powered and then solar-powered vehicles.
Vehicles developed
Among the vehicles the company built are:
Gossamer Condor - The first successful human-powered airplane. The Gossamer Condor is on display at the National Air and Space Museum, since it won the first Kremer Prize in 1977.
Gossamer Albatross - In 1979 this human-powered plane flew across the English Channel and claimed the largest prize in aviation history. Another of these planes is displayed at the National Air and Space Museum.
Gossamer Penguin - A solar-powered variant of the Gossamer Albatross.
Solar Challenger - This plane flew from Paris France to England on solar power.
Pathfinder and Pathfinder Plus - This unmanned plane, built by AeroVironment as a part of the NASA ERAST Program, demonstrated that an airplane could stay aloft for an extended period of time fueled purely by solar power. After initial successes, the Pathfinder was rebuilt into the larger Pathfinder Plus, which is also on display at the National Air and Space Museum.
Centurion - The Centurion was an......


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Дристор () — станция Бухарестского метрополитена. Расположена в одноименном районе.

Открыта в 1981 году в составе участка линии M1 «Тимпурь Ной» — «Република». Платформа линии M3 открыта в 1989 году в составе участка «Гара де Норд 1» — «Дристор 2».

Часть станции в конце линии метро 1 называется «Дристор 2»; другая половина станции — «Дристор 1», где проходят поезда линий метро M1 и M3. Наличие двух отдельно названных частей станции может вызвать путаницу для людей, потому что обе части станции имеют линию метро M1 либо проходящую через, что происходит на «Дристоре 1», либо завершающую и начинающую обслуживание на «Дристоре 2». Из-за плохих указателей это может вызвать путаницу для пассажиров, желающих добраться до станций на линии метро M1, не зная, какую станцию на «Дристоре» использовать.

Обе станции имеют одну островную платформу. Станция линии M1 является конечной станцией. Проход в южном конце платформы соединяет его со станцией «Дристор 1».

Примечания

Ссылки
 metrorex.ro
 urbanrail. net

Станции Бухарестского метрополитена
Станции метрополитена, построенные в 1981 году
Станции метрополитена, построенные в 1989 году
1981 год в Румынии
1989 год в Румынии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Filter truecaller spam contacts (saved with name "Identified as Spam") while importing contacts from phonebook on ios As per the behaviour of truecaller on iOS, it creates a contact named "Identified as spam" for its list of spam contacts.
While importing contacts in my app, I want to avoid importing this contact.
Is there any(localization safe) way to do it on iOS?

A: kABPersonNoteProperty property value on contact created by Truecaller always remains the same irrespective of localization. Its value is always equal to dont_remove_this_truecaller_id.
So, you can filter the contacts comparing this property value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Combine Graham crackers, 1/4 cup sugar and butter. Press into bottom of a 9-inch square pan.
In a bowl, combine beaten eggs and sugar.
Add cream cheese and vanilla extract. Blend well. Pour over crust.
Remove from oven and sprinkle cinnamon over top.
When cool, pour blueberry pie filling over baked mixture.


Lion Bill Levins (#3) won the Tail Twisters pot on the first drawing. We had 31 members and no guests this week.
Lion Bill Dickens advises you can now log onto our University Heights Lions Club web site for our weekly bulletin and other information pertaining to our Lions Club. The web site address is http://www.universityheightslionsclub.com. Thanks to Lion Bill and his brother Joe for putting this together for our club.
Lion Gary Glisson is collecting information on each member to put together a U-H Lions Club directory. If you have not given him your personal information, please do so now. He also asks for those members who write like doctors to please print the information.
Lion Bobby Wood reported that Lion Claud Cash is still in Little Rock at the UAMS undergoing chemo treatment for some form of leukemia. Please continue to pray for Lion Claud.
Our car show is now only 2-1/2 weeks away. Its most imperative that we get every member involved in securing goody-bag items, door prizes and being prepared to work on the 19, 20, and 21 at the Convocation Center. Sign up next week for the shifts you can work. Next week is our regular business meeting and we will have more information on the car show.
March 30 Coach Bryan Boyer and the 2003-4 Lady Indians Sun Belt Champion Womens Basketball Team.
This week our speaker was Rev. Ron Deal, Family Life Center Director of the Southwest Church of Christ. He talked about his work with step families and the Better Life Council Center. He has written several books about step family homes and successful step families overcoming personal problems.