The development of the contradictions which are at present unfolding in Germany constitutes a fundamental key to the evolution of the situation globally. We are printing below a report of our section in this country which draws out the international dynamic and the different possibilities that it opens up.
Whereas at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s the world economy got into ever greater problems, the German economy was still in the midst of a boom. Many records of production, in particular in the car industry, were broken several years running. A new record balance of trade-surplus was again attained in 1989. The capacity utilization rate of industry reached its highest point since the early seventies. For many sectors, the lack of available skilled labor has been the principle factor in the past months preventing an expansion of production. Many companies have had to refuse new orders because of this.
This boom is not an expression of the health of the world economy, but of the tremendous competivity of West German capital - the law of the survival of the fittest. Germany has expanded brutally at the expense of its competitors, as its export surplus amply shows.
The result has been that big capital today is 'swimming in money'. Whereas at the beginning of the 80s around two thirds of major companies' investments were financed through bank loans, today the top 40 businesses are capable of financing investments almost completely through their own means - a situation completely unique in Europe.
In addition to these financial means, the government has increased enormously the power of the bosses over their labor force - flexibility, deregulation, production around the clock in exchange for a minimal reduction of the working week.
"West-Germany is today the world's leading industrial country, and the one which needs the least amount of protective measures".
For example, whereas all other EEC countries have taken radical protective measures against Japanese car imports, Germany has been able to keep the Japanese percentage of the German car market to a little over 20%, and in value terms exports more cars to Japan than Japan does to Germany.
Despite this relative strength, the rationalization wave of the 1980s was supposed to be only the beginning. In the face of total global overproduction, of the perspective of recession, of the bankruptcy of the third world and of Eastern Europe, it was clear that the 1990s would pose a fight for survival for even the most highly industrialized countries. And this survival could only be at the expense of other industrial rivals.
In face of this challenge, West Germany is far from being so well prepared as would at first appear.
- The sector for the production of the means of production (machines, electronics, chemicals) is tremendously strong. Since Germany never had captive colonial markets, and being a classic producer of means of production, this sector has learned historically that survival is only possible through always being a step ahead of the others.
- Germany was initially much slower than the USA, GB or France, to develop mass production of consumer goods, and especially the car industry. It's essentially after the second world war, with the opening up of the world market for - German exports, while at the same time Germany was to a large extent excluded from the military sector, which allowed it to catch up and become one of the world's leading car nations. Today, in face of absolute overproduction, and with international competition in this area being the most intense, West Germany's extremely high dependence on the car industry (around one third of industrial jobs depend directly or indirectly on it) today opens up truly catastrophic perspectives for the German economy.
- The main area where Germany has suffered from the defeat in world war two has been the high tech sector which historically has been developed above all in connection with the military sector, and from which Germany has been largely excluded. The result is that today, despite its highly modern productive apparatus, Germany lags massively behind the USA and also Japan at this level.
- the existence of political stability both internationally (discipline of the US bloc) and internally, especially vis-a-vis the working class.
After the fall of the Berlin wall, the imperialist world trembled at the thought of a greater unified Germany. Not only abroad, in Germany itself the SPD (social democracy), the unions, the church, the media have all been warning against a new German revanchism, a danger apparently posed by Kohl's Oder-Neisse ambiguities. Such visions about a new Germany putting the frontiers of its neighbors in question, in the footsteps of Adolf Hitler, does not worry the German bourgeoisie very much. In fact, these warnings only serve to hide the real state of affairs: that with the course towards Europe '92 and the collapse of the Eastern bloc, the German bourgeoisie has today already achieved all the goals for which two world wars were fought.
Today, the triumphant German bourgeoisie has absolutely no need to put any frontiers in question in order to become Europe's leading power. The goals of German imperialism, already formulated before 1914, the establishment of a German dominated 'Gropraumwirtschaft' (large-scale economic and trade zone) in Western Europe, and the establishment of a German dominated reservoir for cheap labor and raw materials in Eastern Europe, is today practically a reality. This is why all the fuss about the Oder-Neisse border in fact only hides the real victory of German imperialism in Europe today.
But it should be clear: this victory of German imperialism, for which today the liberal foreign minister Genscher and not the right wing extremists are the best representatives, does not imply that Germany can today dominate Europe in the way Hitler had envisaged. There is no German-led European bloc presently being formed. Whereas in World War I and II Germany believed itself strong enough to dictatorially dominate Europe, this illusion is impossible today. While at that time Germany was the only important industrial country on the European continent, (not counting Britain), this is today no longer the case (France, Italy). German unification will only increase the German percentage of EEC production from 21% to 24%. Moreover, whereas the attempted German military takeover of Europe in World War I and II was only possible because of US isolationism, today US imperialism is massively and immediately present on the old continent and will take great care to prevent any such ambitions from emerging. Moreover, Germany today is militarily much too weak and possesses no weapons of mass destruction. For all these reasons, the formation of a European bloc is under the present conditions only possible if there is one force in Europe strong enough to make all the others submit. This is not the case today.
As opposed to the 1930s, Germany today is not the "proletarian nation" (KPD-formulation from the 1920s') excluded from the world market and out to overturn frontiers all around it. As long as it is not excluded from access to world markets and supplies of raw material, the German bourgeoisie has absolutely no ambitions or interest in forming a military bloc in opposition to the USA. In fact Germany today is in a certain sense more a 'conservative' power which has 'got what it wants', and which is mainly worried about 'losing what it has got'. And indeed, Germany is a power which has got everything to lose as a result of the present chaos and decomposition. Its main concern now is to avoid its victory' being turned into a catastrophe - a catastrophe which is very likely to happen.
These costs are not only gigantic enough to endanger the health of the state's finances and the immediate competitive position of Germany, what is worse, it is more than likely that the capital which will now have to be used for unification was the very instrument which was otherwise foreseen to finance the famous breakthrough to high-tech equality with the US and Japan. In other words, unification, far from being a strengthening at this level, may be the very factor destroying the hopes of the German bourgeoisie of remaining one of the world's leading industrial powers. A true catastrophe.
- the danger of a loss of technical edge for German industry, since the goods Eastern Europe will order will necessarily be of a more simple and sturdy construction than that demanded by the world market.
This poses the danger, in the long-term, of the falling apart of the lion's share of the world market previously held together by the bloc discipline and militarily policed by the USA. Such an eventuality would be a disaster for West Germany, as a leading export nation and having been, alongside Japan, the main industrial beneficiary of the post-war world order.
The European market, and above all the project of Europe '92 are today menaced by the increase of 'each for himself', by the wish to avoid sharing the costs of Eastern Europe, by French reactions against the loss of its joint leadership position with West Germany in Western Europe, which will now be held by Germany alone, etc.
If Europe 1992 (by which we mean the "normalization" and "liberalization" of trade, a certain organization of the battle of each against all, with rules which favor the strongest, and not an impossible "United States of Europe") were to fail, and if the European market were to break up, this would be a total catastrophe for West Germany, since herein lies its main export market. It is therefore an incorrect formulation, often put forward in the bourgeois press, that by going for a rapid reunification, Bonn has put its own interest above that of the EEC. Bonn's own main interest is the EEC. It has been obliged to make unification straightaway through the incredible acceleration of chaos.
As long as the USSR still stood on its feet, Eastern Europe was, on the one hand, enemy territory for West Germany and a military threat, but on the other hand, it also guaranteed a stable neighborhood on Germany's eastern borders. The terrible chaos today developing in the Soviet Union is a major preoccupation for the USA, is extremely worrying for France and Britain, but for the German bourgeoisie, which is closest to it, it is an absolute nightmare. In the new unified Germany, there will only be Poland separating it from the USSR. Genscher's Foreign Office is haunted by horrible visions of bloody civil wars, of lethal armament dumps and nuclear power stations exploding, of millions of refugees from the Soviet Union flooding towards the west, threatening to completely destroy German political stability.
But if this 'worst possible scenario' is to be avoided, the German bourgeoisie will have to accept an important responsibility to attempt to limit the anarchy in the Soviet Union - which will also represent an enormous economic burden. For example: the West German government has committed itself to respecting and fulfilling all East German delivery commitments to the Soviet Union, a promise which is politically inspired, and will only reluctantly be fulfilled.
Just as the break-up of the EEC would mean the disappearance of the first war-goal victory of German imperialism (Gropraumwirtschaft), the outbreak of total anarchy in the Soviet Union would destroy the second plank, that of Eastern Europe as a supplier of cheap raw materials. This would be all the more tragic for German capitalism, since the Soviet Union is the only suitable reservoir of raw materials not coming from overseas and therefore not depending on the benevolence of the USA.
An example of the negative effects of eastern anarchy on the ambitions of German imperialism: one of Gorbachev's favorite projects is the creation of a tax-free industrial zone in Kaliningrad, which is supposed to become the new Russian window to the west. He intends to transfer Volga-Germans to the ex-German town of Konigsberg in this area as a further incentive to draw German capital. Kaliningrad is thus intended to be Germany's window to the east: ie, a 'safe route' to Siberian raw materials, avoiding the Asiatic soviet republics. Today the separatism and midget imperialism of the Baltic republics is making a mess of such plans Landsbergis has already laid Lithuanian claim to Kaliningrad.
- Germany may completely lose its privileged place as the surf-rider on the wave of crisis at the expense of its rivals. On the contrary, the real danger is that Germany's position may even become particularly fragile, as in the 1930s, but this time in front of a working class historically undefeated.
- the famous German political stability may be shattered by world-wide decomposition and chaos.
The tendency towards total economic ruin and complete chaos is historically irreversible.
Nevertheless, every tendency has counter-tendencies, which in this case won't stop, but which can slow down or at all events influence the course of this movement at certain moments, and ensure that it does not develop equally in all countries. In particular, it necessary to examine the measures the German bourgeoisie is taking to protect itself.
The German bourgeoisie is not only economically the most powerful in Europe, and one rich in often bitter experience, but it also has the most modern political and state structures (eg: the political modernity of the German state by comparison with the British one is just as striking as the difference at the economic level).
The German bourgeoisie has been able to combine its 'traditional qualities' with everything it has learnt from its American mentor in the last 40 years (West Germany is in many ways undoubtedly the most 'Americanized' European country).
Through monetary union, Bonn plans to give the East Germans western money, but as little as possible, thereby having the political justification to stop them coming over to the west. The aim is to transfer as much of the burden of unification as possible to the GDR itself, to the EEC, and above all (and we will return to this point) to the working class in the East and West. The beneficial aspects of this unification, on the other hand, the West German bourgeoisie intends to try and keep entirely for itself: ie sources of incredibly cheap labour power with which it can also put pressure on the western wages, or access to Soviet raw materials or high-tech such as space programs through historically developed connections of East German companies.
- the interest of other European countries who are terrified by the danger of being overrun by Japan. Even if its true that the tendency is towards 'each for himself', gangsters still do tend to club together to face up to another gangster.
- the attempt of the West German bourgeoisie to make Europe 1992 acceptable to the USA.
Europe '92 is not a new bloc against the USA. And it probably has no chance of coming into being if the Americans decide to sabotage it.
Bonn is presently attempting to convince Washington that Europe '92 is essentially directed against Japan, not against the USA. The West German bourgeoisie is convinced that one of the main bases of the fearful Japanese competivity on world markets is the fact that Japan's internal market is completely closed, and that high internal Japanese prices finance dumping on the world market. Bonn claims that when Japan is obliged, by protectionist measures, to construct plants within Europe, these plants are not more competitive than European ones, or at least than German factories. The message is clear: if Europe 1992 can be used to oblige Japan to open up its internal markets, it is possible to vanquish the Asiatic giant. Moreover, Bonn repeatedly points out that the European market, which will then be the largest unified market in the world, is the only means through which the USA can overcome its gigantic trade deficits: in effect, Bonn is offering a joint German-American carve-up of the European market. And for the moment, in relation to this project, the policy of the Bush administration does seem to be to reduce its 'special relationship' with Thatcher, and move closer to the United Germany as the new 'strong-man' in Europe, as the best guarantee, for the moment, that European policies go in favor and not against the interests of the USA.
Before World Wars I and II, the marxist left warned the international working class about the coming massacre, and formulated which attitude the proletariat should take towards it. Today it is our task to warn the workers about the world commercial and trade war now breaking out on a scale unprecedented in history, and to equip the workers against the deadly danger of economic nationalism: i.e, of siding with its own bourgeoisie. The costs of this war for the working class will be truly horrendous.
Until now we have shown the gigantic implications of the present chaos and decomposition for German capital in the perspective of the 1990s. But there is also an immediate perspective, that of the effects of economic and monetary union in particular. These effects will be catastrophic in particular for the working class and especially in the GDR itself. It is difficult to predict the immediate outcome of this adventure since it is an unprecedented situation in history. But one possibility may be that it will temporarily put a break on the trend of the world economy to open recession, but at the expense of ruining German state finances, and making the global contradictions even sharper. The other possibility, which we must not exclude in view of the great fragility of the present world conjuncture, is that the monetary and interest rate disorders, the investment and stock exchange panics which could crop up, might be the straw which break the camel's back, tipping the world economy into open recession.
What we do know is that the arrival of the German Mark in East Germany is going to provoke millions of sackings and an explosion of mass pauperization which in its suddenness and brutality will perhaps be unprecedented in an industrialized country in the history of capitalism, outside war. It is equally true that the incalculable costs of this drastic measure cannot be covered without a massive burdening of the West German workers ... western unemployment and social security systems, for example, will be brought to the verge of insolvency, since they will have to fund a large part of what happens in the east. Moreover, there is absolutely no guarantee that the main immediate political aim of the monetary union - preventing the migration of East Germans to the west - will even succeed. And still, the dilemma of the West German bourgeoisie in face of a capitalist world crumbling under its feet is shown by the fact that the economic effects of NOT achieving immediate unification will certainly be even more disastrous.
Lambsdorff was not joking when he recently claimed that if all-German elections were not held soon, not only East but also West Germany would soon go bankrupt (he was referring to the continuing existence of the East German stalinist bourgeoisie, which is now dreaming of continuing its over-40 year mismanagement, but this time directly financed from the west).
- Bonn was briefly obliged to support both the Krenz and the Modrow governments as long as the power vacuum couldn't be filled.
The first axis of the re-stabilization offensive has been towards re-establishing the unity of the leading bourgeois currents. Despite all conflicts and chaos, very rapidly the feeling developed that this kind of historic crisis demanded some kind of national unity. Today there is a real agreement between CDU, FDP and SPD on the fundamental problems raised after the opening of the wall: rapid unification, immediate monetary union (supported politically even by the Bundesbank, although economically it considers it suicidal), anti-migration policy towards the east, continuing NATO membership, to be extended in stages to the GDR, recognition of Oder-Neisse border.
The other axis of "stabilization" simply deflects chaos from one level to another. Full speed unification is impossible without some chaos. It provokes conflicts with the great powers and threatens to further destabilize the USSR. And monetary union is one of the most adventurist policies in human history, perhaps comparable to Hitler's Barbarossa offensive against Russia. The economic massacre of GDR industry will be so bloody, mass unemployment so high (some expect up to 4 million!) that it may even fail totally in its main immediate goal - that of stopping the mass westward migration. The medicine against chaos will probably lead to ... chaos.
- it is the collapse of the USSR which automatically makes Germany Europe's leading power, leading to the disappearance of the imperative for Bonn to share western European leadership with Paris, etc. On the contrary, there is little evidence, and no proof, that actual German unification really leads to a strengthening of Germany as a major power. Economically, unification is certainly a weakening, and any strategic-military advantages will probably be more than compensated for by the effects of chaos from the east. It is the realization that unification does not at all automatically mean a strengthening of Germany which has helped to make it acceptable to the "allies".
After the opening of the wall, there was a nationalist explosion within the German bourgeoisie, from Kohl to Brandt - "We Germans are the greatest," etc despite the immediate warnings of more sober ones (eg Lafontaine). Panic, fear and envy among the "allies", symbolized by open opposition to unification and Mitterrand's flying visit to East Berlin and Budapest to ensure France got a slice of this delicious cake, were typical.
- the bourgeoisie awoke from its stupid illusions. The more clearly Bonn realized that 'the cake is poisoned', the more rapidly the German bourgeoisie is obliged to eat it through the development of chaos. Now it is Bonn which panics and is made furious by the new attitude of the allies, which is to leave West Germany alone with the problems and above all with the costs of this mess.
Bonn succeeds in convincing the others that it cannot cope with the problem alone and that if they don't participate actively the result may be the destabilization of the whole of western Europe.
In November '89, we noted that in the new situation, the necessity for the SPD to remain in opposition, to better control the working class, was no longer obligatory for the bourgeoisie in view of the retreat in workers consciousness provoked by events in the east, and that the continuation of the Kohl-Genscher government depends on it sorting out its divergences. At present it seems that not divergences, but the extension of stability, ie: West German political structures to the GDR, will be at the centre of the elections: CDU remaining slightly bigger than SPD in a united Germany, the FDP remaining "coalition maker", keeping the "Republikaner" out of parliament. There is no reason to believe that a Lafontaine-led government would be fundamentally different to the present one.
- disorientation within the leftists, most of who are clinging to a GDR state and a PDS which nobody in the east (except the remnants of Stalinism's functionaries) and nobody in the west wants any more (including the workers).
- the break-up of the NATO.
- a deeper impact, through greater proximity to the east, of democratic, reformist, pacifist and inter-classist illusions which in Germany today are still greater than elsewhere.
The questions of the unificat.ion of struggles and the contestation of the unions, although posed by the struggles at Krupp in December '87, were already posed less acutely than elsewhere, and thus for the moment are all the more weakened.
On the other hand, combativity - under the impact of migration from east - instead of retreating further after the opening of wall, as might have been expected, has actually begun to recover (as is shown recently by the token union negotiation stoppages). The absence of even the least sign, for the moment, of any preparedness for material sacrifice for unification on the part of West German workers is one of the central problems of the bourgeoisie. The very idea seems to drive the last vestiges of patriotism out of many workers.
The crisis plays an essential role towards unification, even when the bourgeoisie can prevent its immediate concretization in the struggles. The appearance of mass unemployment at the beginning, of a "new poverty" in the middle, and of the worst housing crisis since the war at the end of the '80s have powerfully increased the potential for a unification of struggles. But this development is contradictory and non-linear.
The modernization offensive in the '80s, the greatest 'rationalization' attack in Germany since the '20s, has partly transformed the world of labor. The modern industrial worker, often supervising several machines simultaneously, is faced with such murderous demands on energy, concentration, qualification and permanent requalification, etc, that an ever greater part of the population is automatically excluded from productive process (too old, too unhealthy, mentally not stable enough to stand the strain, not qualified enough etc).
This largely explains the paradox of mass unemployment on the one hand, but simultaneously hundreds of thousands of vacant jobs in qualified sectors on the other hand - total anarchy. Millions are unemployed, not only because there is no work, but also because they cannot match the present incredible demands. This ever-growing mass is no longer useful to capital as a pressure on wages and on those with jobs, so that there is no economic reason for keeping it alive. Thus, the most radical cuts have been in this sector; that's why Bonn stopped building public housing for this sector in the '80s.
- those who cannot match these demands, who are increasingly marginalized or outside production, who sink into ever-greater poverty, and are often the first victims of social decomposition (hopelessness, drugs, explosions of blind violence: ie Kreuzberg in Berlin), and feel themselves isolated from the rest of the class. Linked to this (though not identical with it), we have to see the failure of unemployed struggles and the absence of a link to the employed.
- the costs of the '90s, the enormous investment programs, the writing off of unpayable debts from peripheral countries, etc, demand further vast income transfers from the proletariat to capital.
- if 'rationalization' continues at the present pace, by the mid-1990s, millions of workers will be faced with total exhaustion and will "burn out" before their 40th birthday - the very substance of the class would be threatened.
The lessons of the past 20 years of crisis and of struggle have not disappeared, but have been made less accessible, buried under a pile of confusions. So there is no room for complacency, the treasure must be brought back to the surface; otherwise the class will fail in its historic task.
Although the GDR was part of Germany until 1945, the effects of Stalinism have been profoundly catastrophic on the working class. There is a fundamental backwardness which goes beyond even its lack of experience with democracy, 'free' unions, the violent hatred of 'communism', etc. The isolation behind walls has led to a real provincialization of the workers. The "shortage economy" has led to seeing foreigners as enemies who "buy up everything and leave us with nothing". Soviet "internationalism" and isolation from the world market have encouraged a powerful nationalism. Whereas in West Germany, perhaps 1 worker in 10 is racist, in the GDR 1 in 10 is not racist. The command economy has led to a loss of dynamism and initiative, to sluggishness and servility, forever "waiting for orders", a certain slavishness (not even attenuated by a thriving black market such as in Poland). And the technical backwardness: most workers aren't even used to using telephones. Stalinism has left the class terribly divided through nationalism, ethnic, religious conflicts, informing (probably 1 worker out of every five regularly informed the Stasi about his colleagues).
We have to be glad that when Germany was divided after the war, 63 million ended on the western, and only 17 million on the eastern side - and not the other way round.
The vast nationalist counter-revolutionary wave rolling from the east has, for the moment, broken on the rock of the West German proletariat. By this we do not mean that in the east the counter-revolution has gained an irreversible triumph. But if they may still participate in revolutionary movements in the future, this is only possible because the workers in the west have not been drawn onto the same bourgeois terrain which in the east today is as powerful as in Spain during the civil war. The working class in West Germany has shown that it does not for the moment have the same inclinations towards nationalism. The typical West German worker today associates nationalism with defeats in world war and terrible poverty, a certain prosperity on the contrary with the EC, the world market, etc. Every second West German industrial depends on the world market. And even the migration from the east has had strong dividing effects essentially on the weaker sectors not within the main 'battalions' of the class.
The proletariat remains a decisive force in the world situation. For example, if the German bourgeoisie, despite the unbelievable costs of unification, the battle for the world market etc, were to embark on a course of rearming to become a military super-power, the cost would be so high that it would probably lead to a civil war. The class in the western industrial countries remains undefeated, a force which the bourgeoisie permanently reckon with.
We don't know for sure if the working class can emerge from the present difficulties and re-establish its own class perspective. And we cannot even console ourselves with the deterministic illusion that "communism is inevitable". But we know that the proletariat today not only has its chains to lose - but that it still has a world to gain, and that for this it is not, yet too late.
 The economy is not automatically and immediately an antidote to the retreat on the question of the unification of struggles. But in the longer term, open recession is a powerful force towards unification. The situation of world capital today is ruinous, even without open recession.


If your little one cant wait until the summer for Mini Splash, then in the meantime we have 'Mini Paddlers'! This 'slightly damp' session will build confidence on water whilst having fun and exploring the lake. We will be paddling around on the bell boat, katakanu or rafted canoes.


Those ads you see on Twitter may look pretty different soon — and hopefully, for the better.
On Tuesday, the tech company announced it's taking steps to make ads, specifically political ads, more transparent.
According to the announcement, future electioneering ads on Twitter will be marked with special badges and information identifying the campaigns that paid for them.
With the help of a new "Transparency Center," users will also be able to see more information about who's funding a campaign, advertisers' total and historical ad spending, target demographics of the ad and all the other ads running on Twitter.
These changes will roll out in the U.S. first — which makes sense, considering recent political pressure following allegations of Russian meddling during the 2016 elections.
Just last week, a bipartisan group of senators introduced the Honest Ads Act, which would improve disclosure requirements for digital political advertisements.


You'll soon find that there's lots of nonsense written about heraldry.
This FAQ file was initially written by Gordon Findlay (gordon@chmeds.ac.nz).
2: What other newsgroups and mailing lists are there?
3: How can I find my coat of arms or my family's coat of arms?
4: What about those outfits in the malls that'll sell me my arms?
5: What is the difference between a coat of arms and a crest?
6: How do you blazon a coat of arms?
7: What's the SCA? How does it relate to rec.heraldry?
8: What do arms mean?
9: How inviolable is the rule of tincture?
10: Is the Court of Chivalry dead?
11: What heraldic software is available?
12: How do I unzip Blazons?
13: Is there a computerised Ordinary available to download?
14: Where can I find heraldic clip-art on the net?
15: What are some books I can turn to to learn more?
16: What tartan should I wear, and other tartan stuff.
17: Addresses of national heraldic and genealogical associations.
More generally, the SCA's Web site is at http://www.sca.org.
meanings of them; and to gather informations about flags' history."
which contains articles on a number of interesting heraldic topics.
real-world heraldry information as well.
Arms" and articles of interest.
regulation by European heralds and rulers.
countries, notably Scotland, this is not only dishonourable but illegal.
about it); but you have no particular right to those arms or any other.
have any claim on any actual arms. Most people in the world do not.
of arms borne throughout history by various people named "Smith."
simply by finding an armigerous family that happens to share your surname.
itself, or perhaps a badge.
- the crest, sitting on the torse.
or symbols of office (eg batons) behind it.
different selections of these elements.
over the heraldry used in the SCA's activities.
There are other such groups, but the SCA is by far the largest.
SCA-specific discussion in more appropriate fora (see question 2).
(grantee or herald) liked the design.
lion statant-guardant Or, which decodes to Conger-Leo-Tun.
original bearer chose an animal with such associations in mind.
among the pigeons", which is apparently how she sees her career.
of allegiance to the Imperial party in the conflicts which tore medieval Italy.
grant such an arrangement today.
The Court of Chivalry is a leading contender for "flame-bait of the year"
had a chequered history, going into abeyance more than once.
their opinion that the Court could still sit.
(2) Blazons! written by Bob Billard, is available at <http://www.blazons.com/>.
For Macintosh,Steven Solomon has written a program called Heraldry Primer.
your hard drive if necessary.
to create the correct directories.
at least move it someplace more appropriate than the root directory.
BLAZONS.DOC in that directory as well.
should any later versions. Earlier versions MIGHT work.
- you did ftp BLAXONS.ZIP in binary mode.
- you remembered the -D switch.
It is said that CorelDraw versions 4 through 7 has some heraldic clip-art.
the most often quoted references (Papworth, Woodward, Fairbairn).
See also the annotated bibliography at <http://www.heraldica.org/biblio/>.
Heraldry Today, Parliament Piece, Ramsbury, Wiltshire SN8 2QH, ENGLAND.
Get to know your local second-hand book dealer too!
Bedingfeld, H. and Gwynn-Jones, P.  _Heraldry_. London, Magna Books, 1993.
Dennys, R. _The Heraldic Imagination_. London, 1975.
Dennys, R. _Heraldry and the Heralds_. London, 1982.
Guide to Heraldry_. London, 1909; revised edition 1985.
Friar, S. (ed) _A New Dictionary of Heraldry_. Alphabooks, London, 1987.
Friar, S. and Ferguson, J. _Basic Heraldry_. Herbert Press, London, 1993.
Moncreiffe, Sir Iain, and Pottinger, D. _Simple Heraldry_. London, 1953.
Neubecker, O. _Heraldry: Symbols, Sources and Meaning_. London, 1976.
of Coats of Arms Belonging to Families in Great Britain & Ireland_.
Heraldry Today, Bath 1884, reprinted 1977.
Scott-Giles, C.W. _The Romance of Heraldry_. London, revised edition 1967.
von Volborth, C.A. _Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles_. Poole, 1981.
von Volborth, C.A. (ed. D.H.B. Chesshyre) _Heraldry of the World_.
Wagner, Sir Anthony. _Heraldry in England_. London, 1946.
Charles E Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vermont.
16: Which tartan should I wear, and other tartan stuff.
and alt.scottish.clans (which is badly propagated).
The following are addresses of heraldic associations and authorities.
able to put you in touch with them.
The Armorial & Heraldry Society of Australasia Inc.
Queen Victoria Street, London, EC4V 4BT.
Northgate, Canterbury, Kent CT1 1BA.
60, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, 75003, Paris.
Archivstraße 12-14, D-14196, Berlin (Dahlem) 33.
Elte University of Budapest, Budapest, v. Pesti Barnabas Utca 1.
4 bis, Bvd de Glatigney, F-78000, Versailles, France.
24, rue St-Louis-en-l'ile, 75004 Paris, France.
Werastr. 105, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, West Germany.
50 East Smith Temple St, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Castle Matrix, Rathkeale, Co. Limerick.
16 Via Santa Maria dell'Anima, Roma.
Palazzo della Scimma, 18 Via dei Portohesi, Roma.
3-88-26 Higashi Toyonaka, Toyonaka, Osaka.
PO Box 11755, 2502 The Hague.
60 Sayegh St, St Heliers, Auckland.
PO Box 68-051, Newton, Auckland.
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Travels, Campmeetings, and Off-Rez Settlements of the Western Oregon Tribes
General History Grand Ronde Reservation Uncategorized Willamette Valley
August 14, 2016 August 21, 2017 Ethnohistory Research, LLC | David G. Lewis, PhD
In recent years, histories of the Indians of Oregon have come under scrutiny by a cadre of historians and anthropologists. Questioned now are events that took place in Oregon, how the events unfolded and some of the "facts" of native history that most people have come to assume are the only history of Native peoples in Oregon.
My investigation into possible mis-characterizations of Native history in Oregon has led to numerous new discoveries about native history in the historic era. These discoveries place much of the written Native history from 1850 to 1970 in doubt. One of the most egregious problems is the manner in which there was an utter lack of writing by historians about off-reservation Indians in history after the removal of the Tribes to reservations (1856-1870s).the few accounts that do exist are in local newspapers and a few small press writings by local historians.
The common understanding for most people within Oregon is that tribes were removed to reservations. Once this claim is investigated in detail, it turns out that a good number of Tribal people did not go to reservations. As well many people did not remain on reservations after removal, but left, escaped, soon after their removal to return to their homelands. There is more than one hundred years of history of the tribal people who traveled about the countryside at various times of the year, and participated in various industries (mainly agriculture and logging) in Oregon, while maintaining a home on a reservation.
One of the most common stories in the Willamette Valley are those of the last of the Kalapuya tribes. In many communities there are local tales of the last man or woman of their local band of Kalapuyans. Two of the most significant are the stories of Quinaby from Salem, and Indian Eliza of Brownsville.
Quinaby (Standing) and unknown man, OHS collections
Quinaby
Quinaby was a significant figure around Salem in its early days. Salem residents called him Chief Quinaby and he would take donations from people and do odd jobs around the city.
In the early years, Native people were not American citizens (until 1924 with passage of the American Indian Citizenship Act) and were not allowed to freely leave the reservations, so Quinaby of the Chemeketa tribe, and his wife Eliza (said to have been from the Chemaway tribe) often received travel passes to visit Salem, as is noted in the Grand Ronde Pass book from the 1870s.
While in Salem, Quinaby and Eliza lived in a dwelling he built in the brush near the Salem Railroad Depot, and he often played Stick Game, a Native gambling game, all night with other natives, likely other native people traveling in the valley.
Quinaby spoke Chinuk Wawa (Chinook Jargon) in a friendly manner to all he met and often asked for muck-a-muck (food). He did not work regularly, as working was avoided by chiefs who lived in their traditional lifestyles. Still, Quinaby was known to do odd jobs for money and food. He promoted his status around Salem as the "last" of his people, regardless of the Kalapuyans at Grand Ronde, which brought sympathy to him from settlers.
On July 4, 1875, Quinaby and his wife Eliza "dressed in the National emblem—the Stars and Stripes—which were entwined about 'their' shoulders" and paraded around town proudly. Many of the native people in this period wanted to become Americans, and even though they were generally treated as racial minorities, they chose to exhibit their super patriotism to be accepted by the town-folk.
Quinaby died in Salem during Christmas week 1883. Eliza continued to visit Salem into her eighties. Quinaby was buried on the old grounds of the old Bush Elementary School, before the school was built (1936), under the old oak tree. The site for the burial has never been found. In about 1912, a small community north of Salem was named Quinaby in his honor.
Salem the Gathering Place
Salem was a hotbed of Indian activity. Previous to American settlement, Salem was a location of many important vegetable resources. Salem, or actually the Chemeketa Plains, had large fields of camas which attracted tribes from the area. Then North of the Chemeketa Plains was Lake Labish which had enormous resources, likely wapato, waterfowl, fish and many other food plants and animals. The local Chemaway village was just north of this and they would have been regular gatherers at the lake. The Chemeketa Indians would have accessed the lake and dug camas in the fields.
GLO maps 6s 2w, 6s 1w, depicting lake labish, 1852
During settlement of the valley by French-Canadians and Americans, Salem was at a crossroads of agriculture for the valley and there are two reservations not too far away. Tribes must have come to Salem to find supplies and meet friends, when traveling to their seasonal jobs at local farms. Salem was the location to find American medicines for the many illnesses on the reservations. Such medicines were not accessible on the reservations which were underfunded and poorly managed by the Indian Department.
Numerous accounts of Indians in Salem suggest that Salem was a regular location to hold campmeetings. These meetings would happen alongside the railroad tracks. the railroad owned lots of land alongside the tracks and it was impossible for them to monitor who was staying on their property. Indians set up temporary living quarters on railroad property. In addition, the Oregon State Fair attracted Indian people. Many Indians, choosing to show their patriotism would attend the fairs each year and camp at the fairgrounds, alongside all of the other campers, and attend events in their regalia. The stories of Quinaby suggest he did this every year.
The other major story is about the ceremony that was held in 1874 among the tribes, witnessed by John Minto.
Worship in the Ancient Form, John Minto November 6, 1874, Willamette Farmer
By the merest accident I was riding past the railroad depot at Salem in the evening of Oct. 11th and noticed many Indians coming from their camping grounds east of the depot.At first I thought it might be that one of their numbers had died, but observation soon dispelled that idea and my curiosity was aroused to learn what was going on. Men, women and children were coming from various directions; falling into line they took a course from the city, at a slow pace and in perfect silence. Riding up to the rear of the procession I asked an Indian man of my acquaintance what was going on? He said in a low voice that he did not quite understand; strange people had come among them. I pressed forward and asked another who was carrying a bucket of water, who said he did not know but "may-be it would be like a campmeeting." Reaching the head of the column, composed of the older men, I put the same question to another Indian to receive another indefinite answer, all speaking in the same subdued tone. Being assured that there was no objections to my seeing what they would do, I accompanied them by a narrow path, into a thicket, where the concourse entered single file. The path led past two tents, into an open circular space that had been cleared for the occasion. The men and boys ranging themselves around the South side, the women on the North, seating themselves, and the men and boys reverently uncovering their heads, excepting three or four young hoodlums who kept outside and occasionally made jeering remarks in an undertone, because as I afterwards learned, they did not believe in the rites about to be practiced. I became satisfied that I was about to witness devotional exercises in the Old Indian form of worship. I questioned George, the last man of the Chemeketas, who once owned the site of Salem, and he assured me that my presence was not offensive. The inner circle was complete and a second had formed outside of it, when a middle aged man of robust form and strongly marked features passed out of a tent nearby, bearing blankets that he spread down on the west side of the circle, inside, returning to come again with another man and two women. These women were painted with white marks down each cheek, edged with stripes of red. The man first mentioned had some red on his face, but, but the second had no paint, and his countenance, strong in its outlines, was sedate even to melancholy. Moving deliberately and without a word spoken, he shook hands with every adult person in the circle before seating himself on the blankets.
He was evidently the priest, preacher or teacher. He asked Jo Hutchins, head man of the North Santiams, to take a seat inside the circle. Joe's wife, of the chieftain line of the Molallas, and the last of that line, was seated on the left of her husband and the strangers, at the head of the female portion of the assemblage. The exercises commenced by the strangers lighting the calumet and passing it amongst the men. Then the priest commenced a series of questions in the Klamath language which were answered by Mrs. Jo. Hutchins in the Chinook Jargon. My knowledge of the Chinook wa-wa has grown rusty by disuse, but I have since learned that I was right in my idea of the questions and answers. One question was: "Do you remember when all this country belonged to your people?" The answer was in the affirmative. "Do you remember when your people were many in numbers; when you had many young men and many old men?" Do you remember when many of your people died? Did your heart sorrow for the death of your people? These questions evidently had allusion to the terrible "cold sick" that swept such numbers of the Indian off. In former conversations George has told me that when a boy he was at the falls of the Willamette during the prevalence of the cold sickness; that the sick were so numerous that many would jump from the sweat houses into the river, die in the water and float away down stream, no attempt being made to take them out for burial. It scarcely needed my knowledge of Chinook to understand the nature of the reply so full of pathos was tone of the answer. She spoke in particular of the death of a little boy as making her heart very sad. Being asked some questions about the sale of their lands by her people, she expressed an enduring love for her native land and an abiding sorrow that it had been parted with, by expressed herself free from malice or hate on that account. She was submissive but sorrowful. These questions seemed intended to revive the love of country, people and former condition in the hearts of the audience, and so make the coming form of worship more effective and impressive. The stranger then commenced a recital of traditional history, which was interpreted by the woman to her own people in her language (not the Chinook) and for nearly two hours he talked to them in that manner, then the pipe was again lit and passed around.
The other stranger now took the lead commencing a song in which the Indians all joined, the two stranger women placing themselves behind the two men. Eight pieces were thus sung, each in a different measure. Time was kept by striking hands; some of the women swayed the body in unison with the music. Then a stranger delivered a short exhortation and was followed by Jo Hutchin's in a similar strain and at greater length. The company up to this time had been seated, except one whose duty it was to feed the fire in the circle. They now arose to their feet, the drum was struck at intervals of about a minute, the people uttering a low sound after each stroke. After some time so spent, some of the Salem Indians commenced to sing, the women beat time, and the circle joined hands and swayed first to the right and then to the left, first partially and then entirely around the circle and back again. When the dance commenced many of the women adorned themselves with head dresses of painted features and some of the eldest entered into the spirit of the exercises with great enthusiasm, as if animated by recollection of other days. They preserved through all a solemnity of demeanor equaling that of Christians at their devotions. About one hundred persons participated and the exercises continued for about five hours, all was conducted "decently and in order" without indecorous act or sign of impatience.This was the first of a series of seven meetings held here by those people during the week of the State Fair, during which time these two men of the Klamath tribe, propagandists if the ancient Indian form of worship (as I have since learned from Jo. Hutchins, they were) did their best. I have no doubt to convince their bearers that God's revelations to man were not all made through books, as the white man believes, but that in times past the Great Spirit made himself manifest to Old men of their race by natural objects and by dreams, when they saw "Tawanamas," which I understand to mean spirits or angels. John Minto
This piece speaks for itself. The ceremony may very well have been an annual occurrence. The Klamath people were known for regularly coming into the Willamette valley and hunting the valley and camping with their friends in the tribes. Their history remembrance was a way to heal from the stress of losing everything to colonization.
Eliza Young
Eliza Young, Indian Eliza (c. 1820-1923)
Eliza Young was born in the Mohawk Valley, the Land of her father of either the Pee-yu or Calapooia Kalapuya Indians. Her mother was from the McKenzie River, the homelands of the Winfelly Kalapuya. In the 1830s, her parents died, like the many Kalapuya of this period, likely of introduced diseases in the valley which caused the deaths of some 97% of the tribes in the Willamette Valley. Jacob Spores, an early settler to the area, took Eliza in and raised her in the Coburg area.
Later Eliza moved to the town of Calapooia, now renamed Brownsville, and became the 3rd wife of a Pe-u (Mohawk) Kalapuya Indian. They were removed to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation in 1856 with some 27 other tribes. Eliza left her husband many times because of his brutal treatment of her and met Indian Jim (Jim Young). Indian Jim purchased Eliza from her husband for 15 ponies, a rifle and 15 dollars. They moved to the Calapooia River near Brownsville, built a house and had two children, both of whom died at an early age. Indian Jim treated Eliza badly when he drank and eventually ended up in prison. They continued to be attached to each other for many years despite Jim's drinking.
Eliza harvested traditional berries and materials for weaving throughout her life. She would sell the berries and woven baskets to the people in Brownsville to make a living. Eliza would also take on odd jobs and housework from the neighboring settlers. Local stories of Eliza state that she was neat and clean and was extremely intelligent. Later in her life she went blind and yet continued to harvest weaving materials and making baskets on the porch of her house (shown). Her specialty was purses. A local Brownsville family hosted her on their farm and she lived to be over 100 years old.
At her death in 1923 in Brownsville, the local papers stated that she was the "Last of the Calapooyas." This was of course incorrect as most of the Kalapuya Indians removed to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation and their descendants remain members there today. Eliza was one of the last of the Kalapuyans to live off of the reservation in her original homeland during the time when it was illegal for Indians to be off of a reservation. Eliza's baskets are now collected in museums and private collections throughout western Oregon.
Chief Halo
Chief Halo (Halo Tish) commonly shortened to Chief Halo (meaning "having little" or "needing little"), was leader of the Yoncalla Kalapuya Tribe and was married to Du-Ni-Wi, one of several wives. He remained on the Applegate family donation land claim in the Umpqua Valley after removal of other tribes to reservations. Halo and his family were prominent Native people in the community of Yoncalla and for generations were friends with the Applegate family.
The Yoncalla chiefs signed the Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya with the U.S. government on November 29, 1854, and the tribes removed to the temporary Umpqua Reservation, west of Roseburg. In January 1856, Superintendent of Indian Affairs Joel Palmer began removal proceedings to the permanent Grand Ronde Reservation. Jesse Applegate wrote that Halo refused to go to the reservation, saying
"I will not go to a strange land." This was not reported to the agent. When the tribe arrived on the reservation without the chief the agent was troubled, and came to our house to get father to go with him to visit the chief. We boys went with them. When Halo saw us coming he came out of his house and stood with his back against a large oak tree which grew near the door. We approached in our usual friendly fashion, but the chief was sullen and silent. He had lost faith in the white man. The agent said, "Tell the old Indian he must go to the reservation with the other people, that I have come for him." The chief understood and answered defiantly, "Wake Nika Klatawa," that is ," I will not go." The agent drew his revolver and pointed it at the Indian when the chief bared his breast, crying in his own tongue as he did so, "Shoot! It is good I die here and am buried here. Halo is not a coward, I will not go." "Shall I shoot him?" said the agent. "No!" cried father, his voice hoarse with indignation. The chief standing with his back against the giant oak, had defied the United States. We returned home leaving the brave man in peace. Father and my uncles protected the old chieftain and his family and they were allowed to remain in their old home. (Applegate Recollections of a Boyhood)
Halo and his family remained in Yoncalla, where the Applegates built a house for them.
Halo had a Native name, Cam-a-phee-ma, which in Yoncalla Kalapuya means "fern," which became the Fearn surname for the family. Chief Halo and his sons, Mack, Jake, and Sam (Be-el)— finally decided to live for a short time on the Grand Ronde Reservation. By 1891 they had returned to the Umpqua Valley, where they received off-reservation allotments
In the 1860s, Chief Halo went into business with a local settler, John Walker, who would found the town of Walker. They built a fish trap on the Row River, four miles east of Cottage Grove, where they alternated days to clear the trap of salmon, trout, and eels. Chief Halo remained active until his death in 1892. He is estimated have been at least seventy years years old.
"While living on Row River, he went into business with Halo Tish. They constructed a crude trap on Row River. Mr. Walker took the catch one day, Halo Tish the next. If Mr. Walker was too busy to go to the trap on his day, Halo Tish brought his fish to him." (Alice M. Fox, Community of Walker)
Indian Mary Fisherman
Cottage Grove Kalapuyans
"Several hundred Calapooya Indians lived within the area of present day Cottage Grove. Many small villages were located along the banks of the Coast Fork of the Willamette River and its tributaries. In addition to the Calapooyas, the Klamath Indians from Eastern Oregon often crossed the mountains to fish the Row River. They made their camp in the area of present Wildwood Park. The Klamath fished with spears and dip-nets to catch the fish that collected in the pool at the base of the falls. The fish were then dried and put into large baskets to be taken back over the mountains." (Gene Savage, Looking Back, Dec. 18 1991)
Cottage Grove was a known gathering location. In the summers, the local tribes would leave the reservations to travel about the Willamette Valley and take jobs harvesting the crops. The Indians who gain special travel letters and get signed out in the Passbook to allow them to travel off-reservation. Indian without the travel permission would be subject to being detained by law enforcement. The Indian agent would then get a note asking them to come get the Indians from the jail.
During these outings the tribes would have gatherings in specific locations. These places were called council grounds, or meeting grounds, or council trees. There was normally a large field where the tribes had been using the location for a long time. Pleasant Hill had such a location and Polk Scott, one of the last Native shaman at the Grand Ronde reservation, was the leader of the group there. Another gathering location was at the Cottage Grove fair grounds. the city has a heritage fair there every here even today. The Salem Fairgrounds site mentioned above was also probably a traditional gathering location. Most large tribal areas had sites to hold meetings, sometimes called campmeetings.
"The Calapooya Indians adapted to the White Man's ways very quickly. They soon were wearing the same clothing as the settlers. They learned and spoke the language of the whites. Indian and white children often played together and attended the same schools. Inevitably, the ever increasing numbers of white settlers caused the Indians to lose their lands. In Curry County, the Calapooya were removed to reservations." (Gene Savage, Looking Back, Dec. 18 1991)
Western Oregon Exposition Fairgrounds Cottage Grove and Original Kalapuya Village site
"a favorite local living place of the Calapooya was in the area of the Western Exposition Fairgrounds. The ground in the area had a hollow sound and the Indians believed that the Great Spirit spoke to them from the ground. Indian and white children alike enjoyed the sound of the ground as they raced their horses across the area." (Gene Savage, Looking Back, Dec. 18 1991)
"As late as 1871 there were small isolated tribes of Indians living near Oakridge and Cottage Grove. The two groups were related and often visited back and forth. During these visits, the Indians near Oakridge took all their ponies and dogs to the settlement near Cottage Grove. The Cottage Grove Indian returned the visit, and at these times the population of the Indians settlements would swell to almost 100. It was unlawful for the Indians to homestead land. a man by the name of Black changed the names of the Indians and after considerable difficulty two Indians, Charley Tufti and James Chuck Chuck, succeeded in homesteading and securing title to two parcels of land containing 80 acres each. This was the maximum acreage permitted under the Homestead law at the time." (Fred Macfarland)
"As late as 1910 there was a well established campground used by the Indians. The Indians of 1910 traveled by wagons and saddle stock… They hunted in the Calapooya Mountains." (Fred Macfarland)
"The Indians came in large numbers to Lowell to pick hops in the hop yards there. they would return across the summit with salmon, dried fruits, and some green fruits and clothing; pick huckleberries and hunt in the vicinity of Rigdon and cross the Willamette Pass just prior to the snow storms in the early fall." (Fred Macfarland)
Pleasant Hill Kalapuyans
Chief Fisherman Bristow was the grandfather of Indian Sam Fisherman, and father of Jack Fisherman, Kalapuya Indians of the Pleasant Hill area. This is the area of the Winfelly Kalapuyan Indians who were likely related to the Yoncalla Indians, according to this story.
"Chief Fisherman Bristow was a treacherous troublesome character here during the fifties and early sixties (1850s-1860s). This surely old chief was given the name of Bristow, after that grand old Pioneer Elijah Bristow, who settled Pleasant Hill, in 1846, and who exerted a powerful influence over this wily old brave who was chief of the Pleasant Hill tribe of Calapooias." … in 1878, there was quite a flourishing Indian Village just back of the McFarland Hill north of Town, among the most noted Indians being Jack, Polk Scott, Jerry and Bob, Indian Sam (Fisherman)… Enoch (Fearn) the sole survivor of the tribe. (Leader May 8 1903)
Grand Ronde Passbook, Oregon Historical Society
The Passbook
The Grand Ronde Passbook documents the coming and going of many tribal members over about 20 years(1860s-1880s). Native people, not being US citizens were not free to leave the reservation until 1924, without a pass from the Indian agent. In 1924 the United States made all Native Americans citizens by congressional act.
Much of the travel was for resources, money and food. After traveling the Willamette valley and earning some money, the people would also visit their traditional homelands to hunt, fish or gather in their traditional manner. Fishing locations like Willamette Falls was a prime area for this activity.
A few groups left the reservation to return to their homelands. At Grand Ronde and Siletz groups like the Rogue Rivers, Tolowas and Molallas left these reservations soon after they were removed. Much of their problem was that they were promised a number of things by the Indian Agents to induce them to move peacefully yet when agents like Joel Palmer resigned soon after, all of the verbal promises were forgotten.
Other evidence of off-reservation Indians continues to surface. In most communities there are known gathering sites and Council Trees. The trees are normally old growth and with them comes stories of gatherings of native peoples around or at the base of the tree.
Thanks to Cottage Grove Historical Society for their articles about the Kalapuyans
Various newspaper accounts
Melville Jacobs Kalapuya notebooks
Anthropology, Brownsville, eliza, General History, halo, Indians, Kalapuya, Klamath, minto, off-reservation, Oregon Tribes, Quinaby, Salem, Uncategorized, Willamette Valley History
American Complicity in Genocide In Oregon
20 Years of the Southwest Oregon Research Project
4 thoughts on "Travels, Campmeetings, and Off-Rez Settlements of the Western Oregon Tribes"
shichils
August 30, 2016 at 7:09 PMs Log in to Reply
My dad had been interested in Dick Johnson (Klickitat) and his umpqua inlaws -Johnson was murdered by white settlers – http://yachats.info/history/indigenous/HISTORY/DICK_JOHNSON.pdf
David G. Lewis' Ethnohistory Research, LLC
September 1, 2016 at 9:41 PMs Log in to Reply
I think i have quite about about him, there are a good number of letters from the Applegates regarding Johnson.
ina puustinen-westerholm
January 18, 2017 at 3:11 PMs Log in to Reply
Reading..this material..both new, or ..amplified history..is a lifeline..to understanding..the inner connections our family has..for so so many areas around us. 2 weeks ago..there was the tearing of our world..as a suicide..occurred in the friendship circle. Bereft..burned to our bones..by pain. I read..this morning..of how those who ..WOULD..have remained..hereabout our area..and what they..had to leave. Yes..I at 79..feel a true depth of pain. May we all work forward..to help heal..to bring new growth..to all of our cultures, and our cultural young..that they..may not face any repeat of these situations.
Pingback:Stingy American Settlers of the Willamette Valley – NDNHISTORYRESEARCH

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Lonzo Anderson Ball [Career & Favorite Shoes]
January 15, 2020 January 15, 2020 by Sam
Lonzo Anderson Ball was born on the 27th of October year 1997. His original birthplace is Anaheim, California, United States.
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He began playing the game for a season with UCLA Bruins and earned accord first team all American honors against the players of Los Angeles Lakers.
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The height of basketball player Lonzo Ball is 6 feet 6 inches.
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OutSystems and Phact Develop Wish Journey App for Make-A-Wish Netherlands
businesswire, October 10, 2019, 1:00 pm
On a mission to become the most digital charity in the Netherlands, Make-A-Wish, together with OutSystems and delivery partner Phact, has developed a Wish Journey app. Make-A-Wish grants the wishes of children with serious illnesses. With the new application, children can follow the preparations of their wishes each day and involve friends and family. The application was developed in just one week using the OutSystems low-code development platform.
(Photo: Business Wire)
Making the Wishes of Make-A-Wish Come True
Quick development and an easy-to-maintain application were the starting points of this project. Make-A-Wish also wanted the ultimate recipients involved in the creation of the app, so interested children were part of a sounding board session that kicked off the project. After the children described what they wanted, a hackathon was conducted with the Phact developers, OutSystems, Make-A-Wish, and the children. In just one week, a working application was delivered to the app stores for both Android and iOS devices.
"Make-A-Wish has a big goal. We want to become the most digital charity," said Hanneke Verburg, CEO at Make-A-Wish Netherlands. "Of course, this goal has everything to do with the fact that children are often online. We are enthusiastic about the application developed with OutSystems and Phact. This brings us one step closer to our goal. Even more important, this application brings together the children and their loved ones throughout their wish journey."
"In the past, it was unthinkable to develop a working application in just one week. Today, low-code development is making what used to be impossible — possible," said Willem van Enter, OutSystems vice president, EMEA. "With the OutSystems low-code platform, a company can innovate and collaborate with end users at lightning speed. Make-A-Wish is a progressive organization, and I am sure that children will have a great deal of fun with this application while on their wish journey."
"In order to develop a complete application including graphic design in one week, a platform like OutSystems is critical," said Marc Herruer, CEO at Phact. "I am enthusiastic about the end result of this project and proud of the efforts of Make-A-Wish, the wish children, OutSystems, and our team at Phact."
About Phact
Phact is an OutSystems partner for custom software solutions, integration issues and Internet of Things applications and offers innovative software and hardware solutions that make companies more efficient and agile. They develop applications that seamlessly connect to existing processes within organizations. Phact distinguishes itself by its people, who all have a passion for ICT and are involved in the success of their customers. For more information about Phact visit the website or follow Phact on LinkedIn.
About OutSystems
Thousands of customers worldwide trust OutSystems, the number one low-code platform for rapid application development. Engineers with an obsessive attention to detail crafted every aspect of the OutSystems platform to help organizations build enterprise-grade apps and transform their business faster. OutSystems is the only solution that combines the power of low-code development with advanced mobile capabilities, enabling visual development of entire applications that easily integrate with existing systems. Visit us at www.outsystems.com, or follow us on Twitter @OutSystems or LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/company/outsystems.
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The HMS Belfast, a World War II light cruiser, is moored across the Thames from the Tower of London. It opened as a London attraction in 1971. We plan on getting there by walking across the Tower Bridge and arriving fairly early in the morning – about 10:45. It is recommended to spend at least 90 minutes, with most people staying between 2 to 3 hours. We are going to try to squeeze it in to about an hour and a half. It will be easy enough to stay a little longer if we are interested. It will simply bleed into lunch.
The Royal Navy probably didn't have tourists in mind when the designed the Belfast. There are lot of steep ladders in this visit, spread out over 9 decks. This may be difficult for some people and you may also want to consider not wearing a skirt or kilt when going to visit. The museum is laid out in a pre-designed pattern to follow the tour and provided an audio guide included in the admission for those that are interested.
You enter the Belfast aft on the quarterdeck. In other words you come up on the back part of the ship on the main deck. The tour will bring you inside on this main level and bring you from the back to the front of the ship. There are 3 dips into the lower level to see the boilers, engines and shell rooms, before heading up to the upper deck. Eventually we will head up all the way to the top of the tower. In the tour you will see the admiral's bridge, the kitchen, hospital and even the insides of the gun turret. The operations room seems to have received the most positive comments.
Bathrooms and food are available on board at the Walrus cafe, which is conveniently located at the end of the tour. We will be skipping lunch there and heading back on land. The menu for the cafe can be found on the Belfast website. You can get a sandwich, chips and soda for £4.50.
An example of what the Belfast was capable of, this YouTube video shows a firing drill.


Don't start packing boxes until you've had a look through your belongings and made sure there isn't stuff in there that you don't want or need. Doing a clear out before you pack for moving house could save you money, as it may mean you need fewer packing boxes and accessories. Fewer boxes may also mean you can hire a smaller van, so could make your movers cost cheaper too. Evaluate the condition of your unwanted items before throwing them away. Could anything be sold online to give you a little extra cash towards your move? Could your items be donated to a charity shop? Every little helps.
Whatever you do, don't leave packing until last minute. Think about the items that you want to take to your new home but don't necessarily need every day and seasonal items you're not currently using. These are things that could be packed up ASAP so it's one less thing to do nearer the time. Try and do a little packing every day in the run up to your move. It'll make you feel so much better!
As a side note, don't make the boxes too heavy - remember someone has got to be able to lift them safely. If your box is starting to feel heavy but is only half full, you can always fill it up with something a little lighter, like pillows / cushions or your children's soft toys.
If you know you will be moving house in the near future, start saving any boxes and bubblewrap from deliveries you get that can be re-used. Although some moving companies supply boxes at an additional charge, it's worth saving money by using your own wherever possible. Think about what you already own too - clothes can be packed into suitcases and holdalls, your kids' toys can remain in their toy boxes etc etc.
Labelling your boxes is important as it'll make unpacking them in your new home so much easier. I recommend not only writing what's in the box but what room you'd like it to go in to. If you are using movers, it may be worth labelling the rooms at your new property, so they know where to put your boxes. Make labels big, obvious and easy to read. I'd also label both the top and side of each box, so you can see them no matter how they are stacked.
You could go to the extreme and actually create an inventory, so you know what's in each of your boxes. I started doing this for our big move to Devon but gave up half way through. I definitely think it could be useful, if you have chance to be super organised!
You will need to decide fairly early on how you are going to transport your belongings from your old property to your new home. You may be able to save money by getting friends and family to help you but if this isn't an option, you will need to consider hiring a van or using a moving company. We've done all three in the past but found that a moving company was essential when doing our biggest move from the Midlands to the South West. Although it was still a lot of hard work, they were there to load and unload the van, which meant that we didn't have to do all of the heavy lifting ourselves.
When choosing between moving companies, you will need to check their availability, the types of services they offer and compare their prices. It's worth shopping around for quotes to see who can offer you the best deal. I'd also advise asking any friends and family that have moved recently if they can recommend a company and reading some reviews online, just to make sure they offer a good service and can be trusted.
This may sound daft but trust me, a survival box will be your saving grace, your little glimmer of hope amongst the chaos, when you arrive at your new home. This is basically a bag or box containing essentials that you'll need AS SOON AS you move in. For example, a kettle, cups, tea bags, milk and biscuits. Because let's face it, everyone needs a cup of tea and a biscuit after a stressful move don't they? Oh and toilet roll. You don't want to be without toilet roll. Your toiletries should go in this bag, so you don't have to root around for your toothbrush at god knows what time and if you're a parent, pack a separate bag full of things to keep your children entertained (and snacks...always snacks) because there's nothing more boring than moving house for kids (well once the initial, yay, exciting new home bit has run it's course)!
Have you got any tips to share from your own experience of moving house? I'd love to hear them and you never know, I may need to put them into practice within the next year or so...exciting stuff!
Currently in the process of packing up our house and totally agree with your list!
I hadn't thought about an essential box though and it's such a brilliant idea. Cutlery would be a saviour in there too. I had friends who packed it all up and only had a tea spoon between them.


An interview is an exchange in which one or more people question another person to gain insights. The purpose of an interview in the college or job search process is to help people understand your unique value so they can determint the next steps.
We help you develop objectives & strategies and review 25 questions and answers for interviewing success.
You build focus and confidence to move forward by identifying your value to others and crafting your "Elevator Pitch". You also review communication skills (verbal, nonverbal, tone of voice), etiquette, attire, researching, planning, budgeting, resumes, letters, LinkedIn profiles — and more.
What are your goals and interview prep objectices?
What are your "core" and "targeted" interview needs?


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10 Years After Katrina, New Orleans' Tourism Industry Reborn
Biz New Orleans Site Staff,
NEW ORLEANS – Ten years after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, the city's tourism has not only rebounded. It's practically been reinvented.
New Orleans had just 3.7 million visitors in 2006, the first full year after Katrina. Last year, there were 9.5 million visitors. The city has 600 more restaurants than 10 years ago. And hotel occupancy rates are higher than they were before the levees broke Aug. 29, 2005, flooding 80 percent of the city and killing hundreds.
Attractions have blossomed beyond classics like the French Quarter, Garden District and The National World War II Museum. Today's must-sees include the hipster Bywater neighborhood, the new Crescent Park along the Mississippi River and a rebuilt historic market, St. Roch, that was destroyed by the flood. Bourbon Street is still packed with tourists, and live music once more spills out of seemingly every door on Frenchmen Street in the nearby Marigny neighborhood. But now visitors flock to the art houses on St. Claude Avenue too.
"It's a fantastic time to go there," said Diana Schwam, author of the travel guidebook "Frommer's EasyGuide to New Orleans." ''The post-Katrina energy that has emerged is insane. It's just really fun and exciting."
Scott Berman, U.S. hospitality & leisure practice leader at accounting firm PwC, noted that New Orleans was not only a leisure tourist destination but also one of the country's biggest convention destinations. "The group business has come back, too," Berman said, adding that the city's challenges were not limited to rebuilding post-Katrina: "Their rebirth has also come post-recession."
Here's a look at New Orleans' tourism comeback, including new attractions and Katrina commemoration plans.
NEW ORLEANS TOURISM BY THE NUMBERS
The city's population is down 18 percent from 2004, from roughly 460,000 to 378,000. But its tourism statistics are almost as high — and in some cases stronger — than 10 years ago.
The city had 9.5 million visitors last year compared to 10.1 million in 2004, the year before Katrina, according to the New Orleans Convention and Visitors Bureau.
The city now has nearly 39,000 hotel rooms, according to the visitors bureau, a few hundred more than it had in 2004 and 10,000 more than at the end of 2005.
Hotel revenue is up from nearly $1 billion in 2004 to $1.37 billion last year, according to STR, which compiles hotel industry data. Hotel occupancy is also up, STR said, from 63 percent for 2004 to 69 percent for 2014.
THE FOOD SCENE
New Orleans has always been known for its unique food: Gulf seafood, Creole cuisine, beignets, po'boys and gumbo. But now the ethnic and contemporary restaurant scenes, less noticed by many visitors before the storm, are booming too, making the city even more of an international foodie mecca.
Its string of James Beard award winners has continued unabated since the storm. New Orleans now features 1,400 restaurants, from holes in the wall to high-end, from classic Creole cooking to contemporary, ethnic and fusion cuisine. Latin and Vietnamese eateries, long established in certain pockets in and around the city, have modernized and gone mainstream.
The craft cocktail trend has helped fuel the renaissance of the bar scene in New Orleans, birthplace of the Sazerac. Classic restaurants like Galatoire's, Brennan's and Antoine's are thriving, but so are those run by newer chefs. One of the biggest superstars now is Alon Shaya, an Israeli who left the city after Katrina to hone his skills in Italy.
A TEXTBOOK EXAMPLE OF RECOVERY
Berman said this isn't the first time a destination has used a catastrophic event to reinvent itself. For example, Miami's rebuilding after Hurricane Andrew in 1992 helped turn it from an old-school winter getaway to a stylish luxury destination. Even the rebuilding of Lower Manhattan post-9/11 recast New York's financial district as a tourist hub.
But that doesn't mean New Orleans' renaissance was inevitable. It took the vision, hard work and commitment of residents and officials. But it also wouldn't have happened without government funding, private investment, media attention and the millions of tourists who came not just for Mardi Gras and Jazz Fest, but to intentionally support the city by spending their money there and participating in service trips to help rebuild.
"We couldn't have gotten where we've gotten in the past 10 years without a lot of support around the world and we're eternally grateful for that," said Kristian Sonnier, spokesman for the New Orleans Convention and Visitors Bureau.
Hotels have played a role in the comeback. "Their hotel inventory has expanded, modernized and succeeded," Berman said, adding that the city has also "become a bit of a test kitchen for new products and new brands," especially properties with an urban chic sensibility designed to appeal to millennials. For example, Marriott opened its first AC hotel in the U.S. in New Orleans and plans its first U.S. Moxy hotel there too.
Of course, New Orleans isn't without problems, including the highest murder rate of any big city in America. Tourists aren't usually victims of violent crime, but shootings and the city's reduced police force have made headlines. And while economic development has lured millennials and entrepreneurs, that's led to higher living costs that threaten the very mix of race, class and culture that makes the city so unique.
NEW ATTRACTIONS AND KATRINA COMMEMORATIONS
New attractions include Crescent Park on the Mississippi riverfront; a streetcar spur into the trendy Bywater area; a permanent Katrina exhibit at The Presbytere museum and the Lower Ninth Ward Living Museum, which tells the neighborhood's story of devastation and rebuilding. The new Lafitte Greenway, a linear park built on an old railway, will offer bike paths and strolls through a series of neighborhoods. And the Viking River Cruises company is opening its first U.S. offices in New Orleans in 2017 with two ships for Mississippi cruises.
The Aug. 29 anniversary will be marked with a day of service, a wreath-laying, a "Resilience Festival" and celebration of neighborhoods, along with a traditional "second line" brass band parade. Hundreds of other events, from burlesque shows to art exhibits, are also planned.
– by AP Reporter Beth J. Harpaz
Categories: Today's Business News, Top Business News


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Dollar Tree store to open at vacant site in…
Dollar Tree store to open at vacant site in Santa Fe Springs
The Dollar Tree in the Willow Tree Shopping Center in Laguna Woods is expected to open by the end of December. (Photo by Emily Rasmussen, contributing photographer)
By Mike Sprague | msprague@scng.com | Whittier Daily News
A Dollar Tree store will open Thursday in Santa Fe Springs at the location of a Smart & Final closed since 2015.
Smart & Final shuttered the store at 11460 E. Washington Blvd. to move to its site at the northeast corner of Greenleaf Avenue and Whittier Boulevard.
The Dollar Tree store is 14,800 square feet, a size that typically employs 12 to 20 associates, according to a news release. Interested applicants can apply online at www.DollarTree.com or in person at the store location.
Dollar Tree has two stores in Whittier and one in Pico Rivera.
La Serna High student killed in car crash remembered as one of 'teachers' favorites'
Mike Sprague
Mike Sprague started at the Whittier Daily News in April 1984. Since then, Sprague has covered every city in the Whittier Daily News circulation area, as well as political and water issues. Sprague received a bachelor's degree in communications and a master's degree in political science, both from Cal State Fullerton.
Follow Mike Sprague	@Whitreporter


Oscar nominated actor Heath Ledger was found dead from an accidental prescription drug overdose in New York City on January 22, 2008. The Australian born actor was 28.
A trailer for Heath Ledger's much-hyped final role is finally here.
The Academy Award-winner filmed half the fantasy film "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus" before he died in 2008 of an accidental drug overdose at age 28.
Production of the movie, about a traveling theater company, was suspended for several months in the wake of his death.
Johnny Depp, Colin Farrell and Jude Law -- who took over Ledger's unfinished scenes -- also appear in the 90-second trailer. The three actors said they would give the money they earned for the roles to Ledger's young daughter, Matilda.


This specimen was lot 24076 in Heritage sale 3020 (Long Beach, September 2012), where it sold for $3,818.75. The catalog description noted, "George IV gold Sovereign 1829, Bare Head, MS63 NGC, sharp details, satiny luster. Rare date in this series." This type was struck for George IV 1825-30 and despite substantial mintages, all the dates are scarce.
Specification: 7.98 g, .917 fine gold, .235 troy oz AGW.
Catalog reference: S-3801, KM 696.
This page was last modified on 2 July 2018, at 17:52.


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I, Hardwired
Pareidol
Pareidol 001
I have now watched I, Robot.
As a sci-fi movie, it is not awful, although it contains a few points where my brain was attempting to knock on the door of my subconscious pointing out a number of reasonably large plot holes. Will Smith is good in it, Wash is good as the robot, and the actiony bits are nicely done.
Also, I like Audi TTs, and it appears that in the future, everyone drives Audi TTs.
Also, in the future there will be robots.
As an Asimov story it provides weight to my Hollywood Is An Environmentalist Conspiracy argument, which I will expand in Pareidol at a later date.
(I have a week's worth of Pareidol ready, and a further week scripted, and two weeks after that plotted. Go go gadget Aquarion)
I also watched Heist this week, which was a movie far too interested in the twists and turns of its plot and not enough in the details of the plot itself. I assume it resolves eventually, but my rented DVD crapped out four minutes before the end, leaving the plot unfinished.
Not, incidentally, a problem I, Robot would have suffered from, apparently the entire population of LA worked on it.
The credits, however, were at least shorter than the trailers at the start. Also, it forces you to watch not only the Movie Studio Idents, but that bloody "Piracy Is A Crime" thing. Argh. I'm willing to bet that every single movie pirate in existence strips that. Those watching pirated videos will never see it, like the people who will never be troubled by copy protection because they use pirated games, it's inconveniencing the wrong people entirely.
(The reason for the title is that what became "I, Robot" was originally a film called "Hardwired" and that and the rights to I, Robot got mooshed together as an, I quote, theoretical tenth story to the original book. The More You Know. (Swooshing star))
Other things I'm watching right now (This Entry Brought To You By Lovefilm and the number 3) is mostly Las Vegas, because I caught an episode while staying with my parents a little while ago and liked the look of it. It's reasonably mindless and action packed, and has Nikki Cox, which is something of an advantage.
Beyond that I'm mostly writing Pareidol, playing Oblivion and occasionally coding Breakfast. Oh, and LARP. Life continues.
Also, via Miss Maluple herself, Shiny Happy Monsters, which is greatness.
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