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Additive Manufacturing of Turbine Blades
Additive manufacturing is a technology of transforming a 3D prototype to a physical one directly by successive addition of the required material in a layer-by-layer manner. This technique helps to manufacture the turbine blade which is the revolution of green technology for high temperature engine parts.
additive manufacturing (AM);turbine blade
Initially, the technology was aimed at making prototypes of the design as quick as possible and was known as rapid prototyping (RP). Eventually, the scope of RP extended to tooling as well as the manufacturing of parts and products. Today, AM has become an integral part and an important contributor to Industrial Revolution 4.0. The fabrication of functional prototype can sometimes take up to several months as engineers have to design and produce tooling such as molds. This can be reduced by considering AM, where the processing time can be reduced to more than 50%. The best example would be the development of turbine blades at Siemens in 2017 [3][1]. By incorporating 3D printing to develop and test functional prototypes of gas turbine blades, the development and validation time for the component was significantly reduced from two years to just two months. The other key benefits of AM that make it a choice of manufacturing in the case of critical applications are the design freedom of AM, reduced wastage of material compared to subtractive manufacturing, and significant weight reduction in the parts by the application of principles of 'Design For Additive Manufacturing' (DFAM). Such contributions are essential for aerospace applications. Through the application of DFAM principles, part consolidation can be achieved. Such parts are made in solitary constructions by the consolidation of structural and functional parts. Incorporating parts in this way reduces the number of hurdles in assembling these complicated designs. Some of the literature [4][2] has shown this result in a report in which 855 single parts were combined into 12 parts. As a result, it significantly reduced the weight by 45 kg, a 20% improvement in fuel consumption, resulting in a 10% increase in power output, greatly simplifying engine maintenance. The reduction in material waste was ensured by the application of DFAM and this exact material waste reduction promoted the decrease in cost production [5][3]. As a consequence, there has been a shift toward additive manufacturing for the production of complex engine parts and components including turbine blades. The overall ease in assembly simplifies the maintenance of these engines, leading to benefits associated with the higher availability of spare parts. AM allows for the design of different types of inbuilt cooling ducts or parts inside the turbine blade. Figure 1 shows various types of AM processed turbine blades as the design approach is incompatible with many conventional manufacturing techniques due to the constraints for producing the optimized design.
Figure 1. Various additive manufactured turbine blades. (a) Blade with the cooling passage at the edge, (b) blade with the cooling passage at both edge and middle part, (c) high-pressure turbine (HPT) blade [6][4], and (d) complex efficient cooling blade [7][5].
2. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) as an Initial Powder Bed Fusion Process
During the 1980s, with the support of DARPA, Dr Deckard and Dr Beaman of the University of Texas at Austin developed and patented the additive manufacturing technique of selective laser sintering (SLS). As the SLS patent expired in 2014, the technology has been open to research. Sintering in SLS fabricates the 3D structure from the fused state layer with micro-sintering. Necking is a phenomenon observed during sintering that occurs due to the reduction in viscosity. The surface coating that acts as a binder is melted with the help of a laser. Here, the materials attempt to reach the minimum free energy state, which results in a diffusion that takes into account the movement of molecules between particles, becoming a major driving force in this process. SLS uses a laser (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to join small particles of various material powders into one piece with a designed three-dimensional shape. However, the SLS process uses lower laser power, typically used for polymers and nylons in recent days. An advanced version of this process with high laser powers is used in the case of metals, which is discussed in the next section.
The laser selectively sinters the powder material while scanning the cross-sections onto the powder spread by the CAD file. Since the density of the final part is subject to process parameters such as the maximum laser power, instead of the laser duration, pulsed lasers are typically used in the SLS process. A Gaussian distribution is observed in the size distribution of the powder particles, although the process can be adapted to suit the thicknesses of the layers in the process. Figure 2 shows the SLS manufactured fixture and an unassembled single turbine engine. However, these parts have porous surfaces; these can be treated using various post-processing techniques such as metallization, oven enameling, vibrating grinding, tank coloring, gluing, powdering, coating, and flocking [82][6].
SLS manufactured (
) fixture and (
) single part turbine.
3. Selective Laser Melting (SLM)/Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) as Currently Used for Metals
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder bed process that uses a high-intensity laser to melt the powder in a layer. The structure is generated from a CAD file that is sliced into thin cross-sections or layers. These data are converted to an STL file readable by the printing machine that supports any complex design. The build process begins with a thin layer of metal powder spread on the substrate plate in a build chamber. The high-energy laser scans the cross-section to fuse the powder into the regions described in the STL file. When the scanning is complete, the build platform lowers and another layer of powder is spread over the substrate and the process is repeated until all the layers are scanned and built one on another to create the 3D physical model. During the process, high temperature is required for melting, the production chambers maintain an inert or vacuum atmosphere to control the oxygen content to avoid oxidation and other problems affecting the properties of the produced turbine blade. Laser power, hatch distance, layer thickness, scan strategy, and scan speed are the parameters primarily used to optimize the process. When heating and fusing occur, the heating capacity depends on the mass and materials. When the energy is insufficient due to the mixing of low laser power, large layer thickness, and high scanning speed, it generates a balling phenomenon due to insufficient surface wetting. This deteriorates the quality of the product. Additionally, increasing the hatching distances results in regular porosity because the powder does not fuse well together. To achieve complete densification of the part, optimized minimum energy is required. A certain degree of overlap also ensures sufficient densification. SLM operating parameters are modified to improve surface quality. Figure 3 shows the steps involved in the SLM process to build the products. The final parts require post-processing techniques such as sand blasting, machining, and electro-machining. The tensile properties of SLM parts can be superior compared to traditionally manufactured parts. Compared to casting, SLM reduces building time, which is of high value in aero-structures [83][7]. Not only printing the products, SLM also offers the ability to assist in the repair and maintenance of the worn and burn-out parts faster and easier than the traditional repair methods. An example of this is the repair of the worn-out burner tip exposed to hot gas in the combustion chamber developed by Siemens in 2013. Siemens has developed a customized SLM machine that can repair the parts quickly and also economically. Such a method of SLM-based repair leads to a much smaller area of the burner tip being removed and replaced. As a result, the repair time is reduced to 90% of the usual time.
SLM process sequence in the building unit.
Recently, Siemens designed newer turbine blades to be manufactured using DMLS technology [3,84][1][8]. In collaboration with Material Solutions, the turbine blades were successfully 3D printed on an Eosint DMLS machine using a nickel super-alloy powder. The 3D printed blades were tested on a 13-megawatt SGT-400-type industrial gas turbine under full-load conditions. The blades were found to withstand extreme pressures and temperatures of about 1250 °C at 13,000 rpm. With the adoption of AM, the design and development of the blade went from component design to testing in just 18 months, which otherwise would have consumed six months. These blades had improved internal cooling geometry, which was possible because of the design flexibility of AM. The 3D printed turbine blade made up of a Ni-based super alloy developed by Siemens is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. 3D printed Ni alloy based turbine blade by Siemens [85].
3D printed Ni alloy based turbine blade by Siemens [9].
4. Electron Beam Melting
Electron beam melting (EBM) is an additive manufacturing process that uses an electron beam to melt and fuse the metal powders spread on the platform in a controlled atmosphere. The energy density in the electron beams is controlled by electromagnetic coils to increase the melting capacity, thus leading to an increase in productivity compared to SLM machines. Absorption of the electron into the material generates a negative charge, which can generate a repulsive force around the powder particles that can throw the finer particles from the powder bed, creating a powder cloud. In addition, the increased negative charge can also reflect the incoming electrons, creating more beams for diffusion. Consequently, the powder bed must be conductive to be processed with this method. Adjacent scanning strategies must also reduce the formation of these negatively charged particles in a particular location. As a result, the size of the melt pool increases, which decreases the resolution of the parts produced. In the aerospace industries, EBM is used to produce the quasi-shaped component and electric discharge machining (EDM) is applied to obtain the final shape [86][10]. EBM is associated with a greater thickness for each layer of powder; while increasing production rate creates an inferior surface finish, the powder remains in the 45 µm to 150 µm ranges. However, using smaller particles can produce a higher surface finish while productivity suffers. Therefore, the EBM process results in lower resolution and higher surface roughness than SLM. The remaining loose powder can be recycled in EBM, which contributes to effective use of the material. One of the advantages of EBM over SLM is that EBM parts are always produced in a vacuum chamber, resulting in less absorption of impurities throughout the entire process. Fewer impurity uptake facilitates the production of highly reactive materials. Residual thermal stresses are a major concern due to the increase in the cooling rate and the temperature gradient. This involves heating the powder bed to reduce the temperature gradient. In the case of EBM, minimal residual stress is observed compared to the SLM manufactured parts. However, preheating the powder bed can increase powder size by sintering. In this case, the size of the powder is reduced by prior grinding, which is a part of EBM processing, to maintain the optimum particle size [87][11]. Figure 5 shows a turbine blade fabricated using the EBM technique.
Figure 5. Turbine blade fabricated using the EBM technique [88].
Turbine blade fabricated using the EBM technique [12].
Recently, Avio Aero, a General Electric (GE) Aviation company, has installed 35 ARCAM EBM machines in the USA and Europe, which will be primarily focused on printing TiAl turbine blades on the LPT of the latest massive GE9X engine [9][13]. The GE9X engine was developed for Boeing's 777X Jet engine, the world's largest jet engine. These Arcam EBM machines use a powerful 3-kilowatt electron beam to melt the final grains of TiAl powders to build 40 cm long blades. The TiAl is a high melting point alloy and is also a strong material. GE has observed that the additively manufactured TiAl blades weighed 50% less compared to the traditional Ni-based alloy blades. Such weight reductions are expected to reduce the fuel consumption by 10% as well as the emissions compared to its GE90 engine. Such contributions are significant achievements in the aerospace industry. At their facility, GE can print six TiAl blades per batch using Arcam EBM machines. The additively manufactured TiAl blades spin at 2500 rpm inside the engine and withstand searing heat with a huge amount of force. The 3D printed GE that made TiAl LPT blades is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The 3D-printed TiAl blades for LPT of the GE90X engine [89].
The 3D-printed TiAl blades for LPT of the GE90X engine [14].
5. Binder Jetting Process
The binder jetting process is another family of additive manufacturing processes in which the selected binder is deposited onto the powder bed selectively. The binder creates bonds between the particles to form a solid part in a layer. Using this process, granules of metals, sand, and ceramics are processed to form solid parts [90,91,92][15][16][17]. Since the raw materials are not processed directly to form the solid product, but rather the binder only binds the powder particles, leading to low sinterability of the particles. Hence, the density of the products is not up to the mark, especially in the case of ceramic powder based products, and thus the properties of the products are not adequate. Several attempts have been made to improve the density of the product, which depends on the powder particle size that relates to the flowability, choice of binder, building parameters, equipment specifications and parameters, and design of the product to be built, etc. [93][18]. Recently, Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in the USA has collaborated with Exone, a binder jetting 3D printer manufacturer. The contract was given to qualify AF-9628, a high-strength steel produced by the U.S. Air Force, for binder jetting. Although AF-9628 parts were produced by other additive manufacturing techniques such as PBF, the binder jet process was found to print the parts more economically. Interestingly, these binder jet printed parts were 20% stronger than those processed by other AM techniques [94][19].
6. Laser Cladding
The principle of laser cladding is to use a metal filler in a very thin layer to fuse different layers and ensure a metallurgical bond between the different substrate surfaces. The laser beam can distribute a precise and localized heat input to the fillers. In industrial applications, laser cladding is used for rapid manufacturing, part repair, surface coating, and the development of innovative alloys. In particular, laser cladding is a flexible process that can fabricate functionally graded materials and heterogeneous components due to its ability to mix more than one type of powder by controlling the feed rate of each process. In addition, the technology enables the design at a microstructural level by varying the gradient of the material with localized fusion and the strong mixing motion present in the melt pool. Thus, the materials can be structured for flexible functional performance in their respective applications. The complex thermal history associated with the rapid heating and cooling rates of the technique allows for prolonged solid solubility in metastable phases or the production of non-equilibrium phases. CLAD requires accuracy as the part is produced by finer deposits, an optimized setting, and exact geometric control over the features of the deposits. The CLAD nozzle ensures that the input of metal powder melts them to generate the maximum yield of multidirectional deposits while ensuring optimal gas coverage [95][20]. Figure 7 shows the morphology of the laser coating of Stellite Grade 6 on carbon steel [96][21].
Figure 7. Side view of the morphology of laser cladding in grade 6 Stellite on carbon steel [97].
Side view of the morphology of laser cladding in grade 6 Stellite on carbon steel [22].
7. Laser Engineering Net Shape
Laser powder forming, also known as proprietary (Laser Engineering Net Shaping, LENS), is a sub-category of direct energy deposition (DED) process, focused on manufacturing metal components directly from the CAD file using a metal powder injector directed to the molten pool. The molten pool is made using the laser heat source. The process can produce structures with near-net-shape parts with complex geometries where, conventionally, it is difficult to manufacture parts with exact specifications. The greatest advantage of LENS over SLS, SLM, and EBM is the size of the product that can be printed. The build volume in LENS can go up to several feet, while it is a maximum of 40 cm in the latter cases. A laser melts the injected metal powder at the focal point of its heating source with a deposition head. The laser beam usually travels through the center of the head. The laser is further focused using lenses [98][23]. The X–Y table moves with patterns defined to produce the different layers of the part. A new layer of powder is sprinkled on the last layer and the platform is lowered. Gravity or pressurized carrier gas are suitable means for dispensing and distributing metal powders around the circumference. Layer-to-layer adhesion improves from a higher wetting surface. Shielding gases protect the weld pool from oxidation and other atmospheric impurities during production. Selective laser sintering is similar to LENS in many ways and contrasts metallic powder as a powder applied directly to the deposition location at that moment. A wide range of alloys including titanium, stainless steel, aluminum, and other special materials can be made from composite materials and functionally graded materials [99][24]. In addition, Optomec's laser cladding technology and LENS metal AM systems that are based on a directed energy deposition (DED) process are also used in turbine blade applications to repair turbine blade tips. Figure 8 shows the repair of a turbine blade using an Optomec made AM machine system [100][25].
Figure 8. The Optomec DED technology to repair a turbine blade [101].
The Optomec DED technology to repair a turbine blade [26].
8. Electron Beam Free-Form Fabrication
Electron beam free-form fabrication (EBF3) is another process of the DED family, a method that fabricates parts, which are close to near-net-shape (Figure 9). This saves raw materials, which offers a great advantage over traditional practices. On a metal substrate, a focused electron beam creates a molten pool in a vacuum environment that helps to generate a cross-section. The practice of electron beam welding for additive manufacturing was first founded by Vivek Davé in 1995 in his doctoral thesis at MIT. However, EBF3 was a name given by the NASA team that developed the process. Karen Taminger, materials research engineer for NASA's LaRC, was primarily responsible for developing the use of electron beams in additive manufacturing to further improve the manufacturing process. Therefore, EBF3 is a NASA patented additive manufacturing technique used to fabricate near-net-shape parts with less material and workmanship. EBF3 is a method that can build metal parts in zero gravity environments. This additive process uses a solid feed stock that is melted using an electron beam to produce metal structures [102][27]. The advantages and capability of the process make it interesting to fabricate parts in space. Currently, the titanium spars for the vertical tails of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter are manufactured using this manufacturing technique. Reduced titanium waste and shorter processing times have led to an increase in production rate and resource savings for the company, Lockheed Martin, and Ferra Engineering, based in Brisbane, Australia, intend to open the first factory in the world for the production of the F-35 components. EBF3's ability to control the performance of its aircraft components by controlling material properties has drawn a lot of attention to this process. The EBF3 method is scalable for various applications as it can accommodate sizes ranging from inches to a few feet depending on the size of the chamber [103][28].
Figure 9. Electron beam freeform fabrication technique showing the first layer building in the layer-by-layer process [104].
Electron beam freeform fabrication technique showing the first layer building in the layer-by-layer process [29].
9. Aerosol Jet Process
The aerosol jet process is a patented technique of electronic and metal 3D printer manufacturer, Optomec, which is based in New Mexico. It is a trademark of Optomec, which is a company that has been developing AM solutions since 1997. The company offers an exciting area of 3D printing that includes the printing of sensors. Such sensors that are part of advanced control and monitoring systems can be printed on the turbine blades. This increases the efficiency of monitoring the turbine blades during operation. Figure 10 shows the 3D printed turbine blade that is integrated with creep sensors to monitor the structural health of turbine blades [105][30]. Such advanced design features can be brought into reality only by additive manufacturing.
Figure 10. Aerosol jet process [106].
Aerosol jet process [31].
Optomec Company offers an exciting area of 3D printing that includes the printing of sensors. Such sensors that are part of advanced control and monitoring systems can be printed on the turbine blades. This increases the efficiency of monitoring the turbine blades during operation. Figure 11 shows the 3D printed turbine blade that is integrated with creep sensors for monitoring the structural health of turbine blades [105][30]. Such advanced design features can be brought into reality only by additive manufacturing.
Figure 11. 3D printed sensors integrated turbine blade [105].
3D printed sensors integrated turbine blade [30].
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COVID-19: eCampusOntario has gathered resources to support the pivot to remote course delivery. Visit Page
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30.11.2020 - 4 min. Read
Making the leap from classroom to biomanufacturing center: How one micro-credential is helping bridge the gap for science students
For industries that produce products for human consumption, such as food, beverages or medication, adhering to a comprehensive set of regulations is crucial. That's why a team from Algonquin College, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) and BioCanRx came together to create a micro-credential tailor-made to provide training in this very specific area. BioCanRx, a cancer biotherapeutic network that collaborates to research, develop and manufacture cancer immunotherapies, has matched support from eCampusOntario to help make this micro-credential a reality. The micro-credential, which focuses on Good Manufacturing Practices – or GMP – is part of eCampusOntario's current set of pilots.
GMP is a system for ensuring certain products are produced in a way that complies with agency standards. Dr. Jennifer Quizi, Director of the Biotherapeutics Manufacturing Centre- Virus Manufacturing Facility at the OHRI, explains how GMP is used in biological manufacturing:
"All biotherapeutics are produced under GMP. GMP production is regulated by strict guidelines to ensure the product is safe and effective and is overseen by a Quality System. By being so meticulous and following these guidelines carefully while continually looking for ways to improve quality, whether it is in relation to the operation of the facility, training of the staff or the actual process itself, we are building quality into the product. This is the ultimate goal of a GMP facility."
Algonquin College had been interested in adding micro-credentials to its offerings for a while, so when eCampusOntario put out a call in June 2020 for industry/education teams to develop pilots, they jumped at the chance to collaborate with BioCanRx and OHRI. Algonquin co-op students are often placed within the OHRI's Canadian Partnership for Research in Immunotherapy Manufacturing Excellence (CanPRIME) program. The existing relationship made it easier for the team to co-develop a credential both reflective of Algonquin's existing curriculum and targeted towards specific skills employers in biomanufacturing look for in new hires. Rudy Jones, Biotechnology Program Coordinator at Algonquin, explains how they learned about those industry needs:
"We arranged for a series of focus groups where we had several companies that rely on GMP, including the cannabis industry, radiopharmaceuticals and the food industry," he says. "We sat down and had four one-hour sessions where we asked the people employing graduates about gaps they were seeing in new hires. What came across very clearly was this disconnect between the classroom and the big brain thinking required to make it in industry, to understand the perspectives of a company, the importance of quality, and to live those virtues."
Jennifer says the micro-credential partnership was a win-win for everyone on the project team and will benefit students coming out of biotech or other science programs, looking to set themselves apart. "We thought it would be great to have this actual credential where we introduce the principles GMP ahead of time with an eye to increasing the marketability of folks coming out of the biotech program," she says. "We are also an organization that makes products used in clinical trials, so retention is a big concern because it's a very specialized individual interested in and skilled at doing this sort of job."
According to Dr. Megan Mahoney, Director of Scientific Affairs and Training Programs at BioCanRx, it's as much about filling skills gaps for individuals as it is about strengthening manufacturing capacity in Canada. "This a great opportunity to increase accessibility to individuals across Canada," she says. "I believe once this is developed, we have an opportunity to promote this micro-credential with organizations where it would really help, including academic institutions and industry partners."
The micro-credential is expected to be ready for learners in the spring of 2021. With campuses offering limited in-person delivery due to COVID-19, the credential's first iteration will be delivered online, but this could be an unexpected benefit. "I think it's a great opportunity to increase accessibility to individuals across Canada," says Megan. "I think once this is developed, we have an opportunity to really promote this micro-credential. We've got organizations across Canada it would really help, including academic institutions and industry partners."
The Government of Ontario recently announced a significant investment in micro-credential development over three years and a partnership with eCampusOntario designed to strengthen the province's micro-credential strategy. Click this link to read more about eCampusOntario's work with micro-credentials.
Ontario Invests in Virtual Learning Strategy 11.12.2020
Province strengthens its position as a global leader in postsecondary education December 11, 2020 TORONTO — The Ontario government is investing $50 million in virtual learning and educational technologies to …
eCampusOntario, City of Toronto, the Government of Ontario and the Government of Canada support new partnership model with Toronto's higher education institutions 09.11.2020
TORONTO – November 9, 2020 – Today, Dr. Robert Luke, CEO of eCampusOntario joined the Governments of Canada and Ontario and the City of Toronto to announce the launch of a …
Educators explore social annotation in eCampusOntario pilot to boost student engagement 29.09.2020
In eCampusOntario's latest educational technology pilot, educators are exploring social annotation, the use of a digital tool to enable students to collaboratively engage in otherwise static course readings. As part …
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Coming into the music industry was not because every other person out there is doing music, nor because of the financial gain,nor the fame. Rather it is a calling.,and he has proven so beyond every reasonable doubt. For him, music brings healing. It draws him closer to the person of God. He gets intimate personally with God through music.
QDot, Pelepele fighting Over Girlfriend?


Article 1 — The purpose of this Act is to lay down incorporation, branches, management, duties, powers and responsibilities as well as the procedures and rules applicable to the functioning of the special provincial administration.
Article 2 — This Act applies to the special provincial administration.
b) 'branches of special provincial administration' shall mean the general provincial assembly, the provincial council and the governor.
Article 4 — Special provincial administration shall be incorporated through the act on the incorporation of the province, and its legal nature shall come to en end upon the termination of the province.
Article 5 — The jurisdiction of the special provincial administration shall include the provincial boundaries.
Powers and responsibilities vested in the Ministry of Industry and Trade and organized industrial zones by the Organized Industrial Zones Act No. 4562 are not subject to this Act.
a) Carrying out any activities to fulfill the duties and services assigned to it by laws, and issuing and supervising the authorizations and licenses specified in laws for the activities of natural and legal persons.
b) Issuing regulations, issuing orders, introducing and implementing prohibitions and imposing the punishments set out in laws within the framework of the power vested in the special provincial administration by relevant laws.
c) Purchasing, selling, renting and renting out, exchanging or establishing limited rights in kind on real properties and chattels, with a view to providing the services.
d) Borrowing and accepting donations.
e) Deciding on the settlement of litigated disputes up to twenty five billion Turkish Liras, insofar as they are excluded from taxes, levies and charges.
f) Imposing, assessing and collecting taxes, levies and charges of the special provincial administration in pursuance of special legislation.
g) Licensing and supervising the non-sanitary institutions as well as public refreshment and recreational facilities.
Special provincial administration may organize public opinion polls and research with a view to identify the opinions and thoughts of the people.
Those who perpetrate offences to the detriment of the properties of the special provincial administration shall be deemed to have perpetrated those offences against the State-owned properties.
Revenues of the special provincial administration, generated by way of borrowing in consideration of projects, its taxes, levies and charges, conditional donations and its properties used directly for public services may not be seized.
Article 8  — All non-profit-oriented real properties of the special provincial administration, which are allotted for public use or open to public benefit, and their construction and use shall be exempt from any taxes, levies, charges and contributions and participation shares.
Article 9 — The general provincial assembly is the decision-making branch of the special provincial administration and is composed of the members elected by the electors in accordance with the rules and procedures specified in the relevant legislation.
Article 11 — General provincial assembly shall convene spontaneously on the fifth day following the announcement of the election results. This meeting shall be presided over by the oldest member. The Assembly shall elect the president of the assembly and second vice-presidents, and four clerk members, two of them being alternate members, in such meeting for two years among from its members and through secret ballot. The presidential board to be elected following the first two years shall continue to serve until the first local administration elections.
Election of the presidential board of the assembly shall be completed within three days.
Where the seat of the president of the assembly or the presidential board is vacant, such vacant seat shall be filled to complete the remaining term of office.
The general provincial assembly shall be chaired by the president of the assembly, or the first vice-president, in his/her absence, or the second vice-president in the latter's absence.
President of the assembly shall be required to ensure the order in the studies of the assembly.
Rules and procedures to apply to the operations of the general provincial assembly shall be laid down in a regulation to be issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Article 12 — The general provincial assembly shall convene in the customary place of meeting on a date set by the general provincial assembly in the first week of every month, except the one-month holiday to be determined by the assembly. The meeting of November shall be the opening meeting of the term.
Duration of the meeting coinciding with the budget negotiations shall be twenty days at most, and other shall last five days at most.
Where convention at a place other the customary one proves obligatory, meeting shall be held at a place to be selected by the president of the assembly, provided that members and the governor is informed in advance. Furthermore, the place and date of the meeting shall be made public through customary methods.
Meetings of the general provincial assembly shall be open. Upon a reasoned proposal of the president or any member of the assembly, closed session may be agreed by the absolute majority of the attendants of the meeting. Absolute majority shall mean the majority which is no less than half of a certain number.
Meetings of the general provincial assembly shall be recorded by the officials in minutes, which is to be signed by the president and clerk members. Meetings may be recorded by means of audio or visual devices upon the decision of the assembly.
Staff of the special administration or the chief officers of the public institutions and organizations in the province may be invited to meetings of the assembly, in regard to the issues on the agenda, and their opinions may be obtained.
Article 13 — The agenda shall be set out by the president of the assembly and be communicated to members in advance of at least three days. Matters proposed by the governor shall be placed on the agenda. The agenda shall be made public via various means.
Members of the general provincial assembly may propose the placement of issues concerning works of the special provincial administration on the agenda. Such proposal shall be placed on the agenda, if it is accepted by the absolute majority of attendants of the meeting.
Article 14 — The general provincial assembly shall convene with the absolute majority of the whole number of members and take its decisions by the absolute majority of the attendants. However, the quorum for decision may not be less than one-fourth of the whole number of members. In case of equality of votes, the party for which the president of the assembly votes shall be deemed as the majority. In case of equality of votes in secret ballots, voting shall be repeated, and lots shall be drawn by the president of the assembly in case the equality is maintained.
If the majority of whole number of members is not attained in the meetings of the assembly, the president shall adjourn the assembly, setting the date and time of the next meeting to be held within three days at the latest. The next meeting shall be held by a number of members which is no less than one fourth of the whole number of members.
If during the meeting it is found that the quorum for decision is not attained in a counting to be made upon the request of the president or members, provisions of paragraph two shall apply.
Members shall cast their votes in person. Members who are physically disabled to cast secret votes may cast their votes by the hand of persons they will designate.
Decisions shall be signed by the president and clerk members of the assembly, and be distributed to members in the following meeting.
Article 15 — Full texts of the decisions taken by the general provincial assembly shall be forwarded to the governor within five days at the latest. The governor shall be entitled to return the decisions s/he finds contrary to the law to the general provincial assembly within seven days, stating the grounds therefor, so that they are discussed again. Assembly decisions not submitted to the governor shall not enter into force.
Decisions not desired to be discussed again and those which are desired to be discussed again but are insisted on by the absolute majority of the whole number of members of the general provincial assembly shall finalize.
The governor shall be entitled to contest the decisions finalized through the insistence of the assembly in administrative courts.
Summaries of the decisions taken by the general provincial assembly shall be made public through various ways within seven days subsequent to the meeting at the latest.
Article 16 — During each opening meeting, the general provincial assembly may set up specialization commissions to comprise minimum three and maximum five persons to be selected from among the members. Planning and Budgeting, and Reconstruction and Public Works commissions may comprise seven persons at most.
Specialization commissions shall be composed by way of proportioning the number of members of each political party group and independent members in the general provincial assembly to the whole number of the assembly. It is obligatory to set up the education, culture and social services commission, the reconstruction and public works commission, the environment and health commission and the planning and budgeting commission.
Working times of the commissions other than the reconstruction and public works commission shall be limited to the duration of meeting of the assembly. Following the assembly meeting, the reconstruction and public works commission shall convene for maximum ten working days, and other commissions shall convene for maximum five working days, and they shall conclude the works entrusted to them. If the report is not submitted to the assembly at the end of this period, the issue shall be directly put on the agenda of the assembly by the president.
District administrators and the chief officers of the public organizations in the province and the professional organizations in the capacity of public institutions, universities and labor unions as well as quarter and village administrators, and non-governmental organizations may participate in and express their opinions to the meetings of specialization commissions where issues falling under their jurisdiction and scope of activity are discussed, but they shall not have the right to vote.
Works falling under the jurisdiction of specializations commissions shall be discussed in these commissions and they shall be concluded in the general provincial assembly.
The commission may utilize experts in its studies.
Commission reports shall be accessible, be made public via various means and may be provided to those who request them in return for a price to be fixed by the general provincial assembly.
The commission shall carry out its activities in a place determined by the governor within the special provincial administration's building, may utilize expert persons and organizations and also the staff of public institutions upon the approval of the governor. Information and documentation requested by the commission must be provided on condition that they are returned.
The commission shall complete its studies until the end of February and submit its relevant report to the president of the assembly until the fifteenth day of the succeeding month.
As regard the issues constituting offences, the presidency of the assembly shall indict before competent authorities.
Article 18 — The general provincial assembly shall exercise its power to information and supervision by means of questions, general meeting and assessment of activity reports.
Assembly members may ask verbal or written questions for issues regarding the activities of the special provincial administration, making motions to the presidency of the assembly. The question shall be responded to by the governor or a person to be designated by him/her verbally or in writing.
At least one third of the general provincial assembly may file a request with the presidency of the assembly to hold a general meeting for a matter regarding the activities of the special provincial administration. Such request shall be placed on the agenda, only if it is accepted by the assembly.
During the March meeting, the governor shall submit the activity report of the preceding year to the assembly.
If the explanations in the activity report are not satisfactory to three-fourths of the whole number of members of the assembly, the minutes including the lack of quorum and the discussions made shall be sent by the President of the Assembly to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, so that the required action is taken.
Article 19 — The president and members of the general provincial assembly may not attend the meetings in which issues relating exclusively to them or their blood relatives, including the second degree, and relatives-in-law.
Article 20 — Members of the general provincial assembly may not undertake commitments, be involved in brokerage and representation works for the special provincial administration and its affiliated organizations during their term of office and for two years after their term of office expires.
Article 21 — Membership in the general provincial assembly shall be automatically expire upon death and resignation.
For members who attend three consecutive meetings or half of the meetings held in a year without an excuse or leave, the absolute majority of members may decide on the termination of their membership after taking their defense is heard.
Where eligibility to be selected as a member of the general provincial assembly is somehow lost, the Council of State may decide on the termination of the membership upon the notification of the governor.
b) it takes decisions on political issues that are not relevant to the duties entrusted to the special provincial administration.
Where the Ministry of Internal Affairs deems necessary, it may request that meetings of the assembly are postponed until a decision is taken, along with its notification on the dissolution of the assembly. Council of State shall decide on the postponement of meetings within one month at the latest.
The assembly to succeed the dissolved assembly shall complete the remaining term of office.
functions of the general provincial assembly shall be fulfilled by the incumbent members of the council, until the assembly restores to its former operable condition or the new assembly is elected.
Article 24 — For each day of attendance in assembly meetings, the president of the general provincial assembly shall be paid an attendance fee to be found by multiplying the indicator 2600 by the coefficient applied to public servant salaries; and other members of the assembly shall be paid an attendance fee to be found by multiplying the indicator 2200 by the same coefficient.
Members of the general provincial assembly shall be deemed on leave while they are sick. Furthermore, they may be given leaves not exceeding the half of the meetings held within a year, provided that they have reasonable excuses.
Article 25 — The provincial council shall be chaired by the governor and comprise five members to be elected by the general provincial assembly every year from among its own members for one year through secret ballot and five members to be selected by the governor every year from among the chief officers, one being a chief officer of the financial services unit.
Meetings of the council not attended by the governor shall be chaired by the secretary general.
As regards the issues on the agenda, concerned chief officers may be invited to the meetings of the council by the governor, for their consultation and without any right to vote.
Article 27 — The council shall convene at the pre-specified place and time for at least once a week. The president may call the council for meeting in urgent situations.
The council shall convene with the absolute majority of the whole number of members and take decisions by absolute majority of attendants. In case of equality of votes, the party for which the president votes shall be deemed the majority. No abstentious votes may be cast.
Agenda of the council shall be prepared by the governor. Members of the council may propose items for the agenda.
The council shall discuss and agree on the items of the agenda within one week at most.
Decisions taken shall be signed by the president and attendants of the meeting. Those who object to decisions shall explain the reasons for such objections.
The governor may request that the council decisions s/he founds contrary to regulations and the general provincial assembly's decisions are revised. If the council persists in its decision, the decision finalizes. In this case, the governor shall suspend the implementation of the council decisions and shall file a claim to suspend the execution with the administrative courts within ten days. Such contest shall be decided on by the Council of State within sixty days at the latest.
The president and members of the council may not attend the meetings in which issues relating exclusively to them or their blood relatives, including the second degree, and relatives-in-law.
Article 28 — The president of the council shall be paid a monthly fee to be found by multiplying the indicator 14000 by the monthly coefficient specified for Public servants; and members of the assembly shall be paid a monthly fee to be found by multiplying the indicator 12000 by the same coefficient. Incumbent members of the council shall be paid the half of the indicator specified for council members.
Article 29 — The governor shall be the chief of the special provincial administration and the representative of its legal personality.
a) As the highest ranking chief of the special provincial administration, steering and managing the special provincial administration, and protecting the rights and interests of the special provincial administration.
b) Managing the special provincial administration in line with the strategic plan; developing institutional strategies of the special provincial administration; developing and implementing, monitoring and assessing the budget, performance criteria for the activities and staff of the special provincial administration in accordance with such strategies; submitting reports in this regard to the assembly.
c) Representing the special provincial administration in Public departments and ceremonies, or representing it as a defendant or claimant at law or designating attorneys.
d) Presiding over the provincial council.
e) Managing the real properties and chattels of the special provincial administration.
f) Follow up and collect the incomes and receivables of the special provincial administration.
g) Making contracts on condition that agreement of competent authorities is obtained.
h) Implementing the decisions taken by the general provincial assembly and the council.
i) Implementing the budget, and making the transfers in the budget, which are not subject to the jurisdiction of the assembly and the council.
j) Appointing the staff of the special provincial administration.
m) Taking necessary measures required for the peace, well-being, health and happiness of the people of the province.
n) Using the appropriation allotted for the poor and dependants in the budget.
o) Fulfilling the tasks and using the powers vested by laws in the special provincial administration, which do not require a decision by the general provincial assembly or the provincial council.
Article 31 — Within six months as from the general elections for local administrations, the Governor shall prepare development plans and programs, and strategic plans, in line with the regional plans, if any, and develop a yearly performance plan prior to the beginning of the relevant year, and submit them to the general provincial assembly.
The strategic plan shall be developed in consultation with universities and chambers of profession, if any, and non-governmental organizations concerned with the issue; it shall take effect after being adopted at the general provincial assembly.
Development of the budget shall be based on the strategic plan and the performance plan. The strategic plan and the performance plan shall be discussed and adopted in the general provincial assembly before the budget.
Article 32 — The governor may assign some of his/her duties and powers to the officials of the special provincial administration, who are in the capacity of a manager/director, or to district administrator in districts, wherever s/he may deem necessary.
Article 33 — Where first- and second-degree blood relatives or relatives-in-law of the governor are in dispute with the special provincial administration, initiation of legal proceedings and representation of the special provincial administration in such legal proceedings shall be undertaken by the president of the assembly, and in his/her absence, by the vice-president and the persons to be designated by them.
Article 34 — Branches of the special provincial administration against which investigations or prosecution has been initiated due to an offence relating to their duties, or members of such branches may be suspended from their offices as an interim measure until the final order.
The suspension from office shall be reviewed every two months. Suspension from office whose continuation is not considered conducive to public benefit shall be cancelled.
Suspension from office of the branches of the special provincial administration or members of such branches, due to investigations or prosecutions, shall be repealed where investigation is not allowed under the Law No. 4483 on Trial of Public Servants and Other Public Officers, where proceedings are dismissed, public action is rejected or a verdict of acquittal is rendered; where proceedings are lifted due to amnesty or in case of a conviction not necessitating suspension from office.
Article 35 — Organizational Structure of the Special Provincial Administration shall consist of the general secretariat, financial affairs, health, agriculture, reconstruction, human resources, legal affairs departments. Establishment, abolition or combination of other departments according to the norm staffing system and existing needs shall be made upon a decision of the general provincial assembly, in regard to the population, physical and geographical nature, economic, social, cultural characteristics as well as the potential development of the province.
Secretary general shall organize and provide the services of the general provincial assembly on behalf of the governor and in line with his/her commands, in accordance with legislative provisions, the decisions of the general provincial assembly, the purpose and policies of the special provincial administration, the strategic plan and the annual work program. To this end, s/he shall issue the relevant commands to the organizations of the special provincial administration, and supervise and ensure their implementation.
Secretary general shall be answerable against the governor for the provision of the above services.
In provinces with a total population of up to 3.000.000, maximum two assistant secretary generals may be appointed; and in provinces with a population of more than the above, maximum four assistant secretary generals may be appointed.
In districts, special district administration to act under the district administrator may be established to carry out the procedures of the special administration.
Article 36 — Principles and standards for norm staffing shall be jointly specified by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Presidency of Public Personnel. Norm staffing works shall be undertaken by or delegated to others by the special provincial administration within the framework of these principles and standards.
Staff of the special provincial administration shall be appointed by the governor, and this shall be submitted for the information of the general provincial assembly in the first meeting.
Special provincial administrations may employ on contracts experts and technical staff they need, such as physicians, specialist physicians, veterinaries, lawyers, engineers, analyzers and software developers, architects, midwives, nurses, technicians, etc. involved in environment, health, veterinary medicine, technical, social and economic fields, culture and arts, information and communication, planning, research and development, training and consulting, insofar as the number and positions under the norm staffing system allows such employments. Those who will be employed on contracts in this way shall be obliged to fulfill the qualifications as required for the services they are to provide. No further appointments shall be made to the vacant seats or offices regarding services provided through contractual staff.
Amount of wages of those who are to be employed in accordance with paragraph three shall be determined by the general provincial assembly respecting the limits specified by the Council of ministers, provided that it does not exceed the ceiling wages to be fixed in the Budget Law. Those who are to be employed in this way shall in no way be paid a wage under whatever name other than the contractual wage or not be given an interest in cash or in kind as a wage. Provisions on those who are employed under paragraph (B) of Article 4 of the Public Servants Act No. 657 dated 14.7.1965, excluding endorsement requirements, shall apply to said staff, where this Act does not have any provision applicable thereto.
Those who are appointed to the Secretariat general shall enjoy exactly the same rights granted to directors general in ministries, included in the general administrative services class, in provinces with metropolitan municipalities, and the rights granted to exclusive chief officers, included in the general administrative services class, in other provinces. They shall be appointed upon proposal of the governor and approval of the Minister of Internal Affairs.
Public servants employed at public institutions and organizations may be appointed department director or top managers of special provincial administrations upon their request and the agreement of their institutions. Where such appointments are concerned, the requirements laid down in point (B) of Article 68 of the Public Servants Act No. 657 shall be taken into consideration. Those members of staff of public institutions and organizations who are thus employed in special provincial administrations shall be considered on leave from their institutions. During the period of time for which those members of staff are appointed, all financial rights belonging to the office they are appointed to as well as social security costs and other similar rights required to be met by their institutions shall be covered by the special provincial administration. The period of time during which they are on leave shall be taken into account in their promotions and retirement procedures; and those who are entitled to promotions shall be promoted without any further formality. Those who are appointed in this way shall be reappointed to their positions/ offices within maximum one month provided that they file an application with their previous institutions; or to other appropriate positions/ offices, if the previous positions/ offices have been lifted or indispensable appointments have been made to them.
As regards local administrators appointed as a secretary general, the period of time they spend in this duty shall be considered to have been spent in their professional ranking. Those who are appointed in this way shall be appointed to duties appropriate to their professional ranking by the Ministry of Internal Affairs within one month following the expiry of their office.
Officers of the special provincial administration, except the employees working on a contractual basis and workers, may be paid maximum two bonuses a year according to their status of achievement upon a council decision, which shall not exceed the amount to be found after multiplying the salary coefficient applied to Public servants by the indicator number 20000, in proportion to their periods of service (excluding sick and annual leaves), provided that it does not exceed 10% of the total number of officers. The above number shall be applied as 30000 where metropolitan municipalities exist.
Article 37 — Purpose of inspection of special provincial administrations is to analyze, compare and appraise impartially processes and outcomes of services with regard to their accordance with the legislation, preset goals and objectives, performance criteria and quality standards, evaluate them on concrete evidence and report attained results to the concerned authorities, with a view to assisting in the prevention of failures in their activities and operations, and guiding the special provincial administration organization through its development process and evolution of its management and control systems into a valid, reliable and consistent status.
Article 38 — Internal and external inspection shall be carried out in special provincial administrations. Inspection shall encompass inspections for the accordance of works and operations with the law, financial and performance inspections.
Internal and external inspections shall be performed in accordance with the provisions of the Law No. 5018 on Public Financial Management Control.
Furthermore, administrative acts/ operations of the special provincial administration other than financial ones shall be inspected by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the governor or officers to be delegated by them in regard to their compatibility with the integrity of the administration and development plans and strategies.
Organizations and establishments affiliated to special provincial administrations shall be inspected in accordance with the above rules.
Results of inspections shall be announced to public and submitted for the attention of the assembly.
Article 39 — The Governor shall develop an activity report to describe the activities performed according to strategic plans and performance goals, realization of goals according to the set performance criteria and reasons for occurring deviations, as specified under paragraph four of Article 41 of the Law on Public Financial Management and Control.
The activity report shall be submitted by the governor or the secretary general to the assembly in the meeting in March. A copy of the report shall be sent to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and be made public.
a) Request the special provincial administration to correct the impediments taking place in services within a reasonable period of time, depending on the nature of the concerned service.
b) Request the governor of the province to fulfill the concerned service, if impediments are not corrected. In this case, the governor shall in the first place correct the impediments by means of the equipment, tools, staff and other resources of the special provincial administration. Where this is not a viable alternative, s/he may make use of the facilities of other public institutions and organizations. Any cost to be incurred accordingly shall be communicated by the governor to the Bank of Provinces; and the Bank of Provinces shall, in turn, appropriate a share from the allotments of the special provincial administration over the total collection of general tax revenues of the special provincial administration of the concerned province for the following month, and send such appropriation to the governor.
Article 41 — Where this Act does not have any provision for the performance of inspections and development of activity reports, Law No. 5018 on Public Financial Management Control and provisions of other laws shall be applicable.
a) Taxes, levies, charges and participation shares of the special provincial administration as specified in laws.
b) Shares from the tax revenues allotted in the general budget.
c) Payments from administrations with private and general budget.
d) Revenues to be generated from the rental, sale and otherwise evaluation of real properties and chattels.
e) Fees in consideration of services, which are to be collected in accordance with the tariffs to be determined by the general provincial assembly.
f) Interest and penalty revenues.
h) Revenues in return for any undertaking, participation and activities.
a) Costs incurred for the supply, construction, maintenance and repair of the buildings, facilities as well as vehicles and materials of the special provincial administration.
b) Wages, fees, payments, attendance fees, travel allowances, training expenses paid to the staff of the special provincial administration and members of its elected bodies, and other costs.
c) Any costs for infrastructure, construction, repair and maintenance.
d) Costs to be incurred due to the follow-up and collection of taxes, levies, charges, participation shares, fees in consideration of services and other revenues.
e) Aids to the villages and unions of villages within the framework of the principles to be set out by the general provincial assembly.
f) Partnership shares, membership payment costs regarding the companies, corporations and unions to which the special provincial administration participates.
g) Interests, other payments incurred for borrowing and insurance costs.
h) Social services and assistance for the poor, the needy, the homeless and the disabled.
i) Legal proceedings and executive costs.
j) Costs for representations, celebrations, hosting and demonstration.
k) Payments in consideration of the services of legal representation, consultancy, and inspection.
l) Costs resulting from joint services conducted with public and private and non-governmental organizations both in Turkey and abroad, and other projects.
m) Costs incurred for socio-cultural and scientific activities.
n) Costs for public opinion polls and inquiries in regard to services of the special provincial administration.
p) Other costs incurred for the fulfillment of tasks and services entrusted by the law.
Article 44 — The budget developed in accordance with the strategic plan of the province shall indicate the revenues and expenditure estimations for the fiscal year and following two years; it shall authorize collection of revenues and expending of costs.
The budget shall be attached detailed spending schedules and financing schedules.
The budgetary years shall be the same as the State's fiscal year.
No expenditures may be made out of the budget.
The governor and other officials entitled to expend shall be accountable for efficient, economical and proper expending of budget appropriations.
Article 45 — The governor shall prepare the budget and submit it to the provincial council at the beginning of September. The Council shall review the budget and submit it to the general provincial assembly before the first day of November as accompanied by its opinion thereon.
The general provincial assembly shall adopt the draft budget exactly the same or with alternations before the new year. Notwithstanding, the assembly may not make alterations, which may upset the budget's equilibrium, and thus increase expenditure and decrease revenues.
Article 46 — The highest ranking administrator of each expenditure department for which an appropriation is allotted in the special provincial administration budget shall be entitled to make expenditure. This entitlement shall be enjoyed by the district administrator in districts.
Appropriations to be sent to districts should be endorsed by the financial controller of the special provincial administration. In the course of expending such appropriations, no further controlling shall be made prior to the expending.
Article 47 — Final accounts of the budget of each year shall be submitted by the governor to the council within March following the end of the accounting term. Final account shall be discussed and concluded in the meeting of the general provincial assembly in March.
Budgetary provisions shall apply to the discussion and conclusion of the final account.
Article 48 — Rules and procedures applicable to the budget and accounting operations of the special provincial administration shall be set out in a regulation to be issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in consultation with the Ministry of Finance.
Article 49 — Where the budget of the new year is not finalized for any reason whatsoever, the past year's budget shall be implemented until the new budget is finalized.
Operations performed until the adoption of the budget shall be considered to have been performed according to the new year's budget.
a) External borrowing may be made within the framework of the Law No. 4749 on Public Financing and Debt Management, only if it serves the purpose of financing the projects included in the investment program of the special provincial administration.
b) Using investment loans and loan in cash from the Bank of Provinces, the special provincial administration must present its repayment plan to this bank. If the Bank of Provinces does not find the repayment plan satisfactory, it shall reject the loan demand of the special provincial administration.
c) Issuance of bonds shall serve the purpose of financing the projects included in the investment program and be in accordance with the relevant legislation.
d) Internal and external debt stock, including interests, of the special provincial administration and its affiliated organizations as well as the companies in which they hold more than 50% of the total shares may not be more than the last finalized budget revenues, as increased by the revaluation rate specified in the Tax Procedures Act No. 213. This amount shall be applied after it is multiplied by one and a half, for special provincial administrations of the provinces having a metropolitan municipality.
e) The special provincial administration and its affiliated organizations as well as the companies in which they hold more than 50% of the total shares may undertake an internal borrowing not exceeding 10%, in total, of their last finalized budget revenues, as increased by the revaluation rate specified in the Tax Procedures Act No. 213, upon a general provincial assembly decision, and where this amount exceeds 10%, upon decision of the absolute majority of the whole number of members of the assembly and approval of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
f) For those infrastructural investments of special provincial administrations which necessitate advanced technology and a large amount of funds, borrowings to be accepted by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Undersecretariat for State Planning Organization shall not be taken into account in the calculation of the amount referred to in the point (d). For projects necessitating external funds, the Undersecretariat of Treasury shall be consulted.
For officials of special provincial administrations who incur debt in contradiction with the procedures and rules above, Article 240 of the Turkish Penal Code shall apply, where their acts does not require a heavier penalty.
The special provincial administration shall submit its financial statements including detailed illustrations of its assets and liabilities to the ministries of Internal Affairs and Finance as well as the State Planning Organization and the Undersecretariat of Treasury on a quarterly basis.
Article 52 — The special provincial administration may incorporate capital stock companies in the filed of activities and duties assigned to it, in accordance with the procedures laid down in the applicable legislation.
Article 53 — The special provincial administration may conduct its services, which brings special revenues or costs, by setting up establishments under the budget appropriations with the authorization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Such establishments shall be inspected in accordance with the procedure applicable to the special provincial administration.
Article 54 — Except the Treasury receivables under the Law No. 4749, receivables and debts of the special provincial administration, subject to private law or public law, against the general-budget organizations, social security organizations, local administrations and other public institutions and organizations shall be exchanged and offset. Adequate and necessary appropriations shall be included in the budgets of these institutions and organizations.
Rules and procedures applicable to exchange and offset transactions under this article shall be laid down in regulation to be issued by the Ministry of Finance, obtaining the affirmative opinion of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Article 55 — Those who act in contradiction with the decisions taken and duly announced by the general provincial assembly under the authority granted by laws, for the issues falling under the jurisdiction of the special provincial administration, shall be sentenced to a monetary penalty of up to three hundred million Turkish Liras, where legislation does not provide for any other penalty. Where the offence is perpetrated on behalf of any corporation, the penalty shall be doubled.
Where the offences referred to in paragraph one above are perpetrated by those who are involved in trade, arts and professions regarding certain needs such as eating, drinking, entertainment, resting, sleeping, care and cleaning, the workplace shall be closed for three to seven days as an additional penalty.
If the facilities under the jurisdiction and responsibility of the special provincial administration are damaged howsoever, the costs incurred by the special provincial administration to restore them to their previous conditions shall be collected from the damager with a 30% excess.
Article 56 — Penalties envisaged in Article 55 shall be imposed by the provincial council. However, where the governor or the district administrator identifies the perpetration of an offence, s/he may impose a penalty of up to one hundred million Turkish Liras and close down the workplace for up to three days.
Article 57 — Authorized personnel of the special provincial administration shall draw up a fact sheet for those who commit acts and actions that necessitate penalties. The sheet shall indicate the place, time and quality of the act or action committed against the prohibition; it shall also indicate the breached legislative provision. The sheet shall be drawn up in the place where the act and action was committed, be signed by parties and one copy of it shall be given to the concerned person and the other copy shall be delivered to the special provincial administration within ten days. Where the concerned person refrains from signing or receiving the sheet, this shall be recorded in the sheet. In this case, the fact sheet shall be delivered to the relevant village/ quarter administrator, and thus be considered to have been made to the concerned person.
Article 58 — Those for whom a fact sheet has been issued may file an objection with the special provincial administration within fifteen days following the date notification. Objections may be made through the agency of district administrators in districts. Objections filed with district administrators shall be forwarded to the special provincial administration within seven days.
Contested or non-contested fact sheets shall be concluded by the provincial council within fifteen days.
Article 59 — Decisions of penalty under this Act shall be notified in accordance with the Notifications Law No. 7201 of 11.2.1959.
Application to administrative judicial authorities shall not suspend implementation of monetary penalties.
Article 60 — If monetary penalties are not deposited in the account of the special provincial administration within thirty days following the date of notification, they shall be collected in accordance with the procedures of the Law No. 6183 on the Procedures for Collection of Public Claims.
The penalty to close down the workplace shall be implemented by sealing the workplace during term of penalty.
Article 61 — Without prejudice to the provisions of the General Public Health Law No. 1593, materials prohibited for use and sale by the special provincial administration shall be withdrawn. Those materials which are found harmful to health as a result of examinations and analyses shall be disposed of. Others shall be delivered to their owner. Goods not received by their owners within thirty days shall be treated properly by the special provincial administration.
Article 62 — The special provincial administration may be a founder member or an ordinary member of international organizations and institutions acting in fields relating to its scope of activity, subject to the general provincial assembly decision.
The special provincial administration may undertake activity and service projects in conjunction with such organizations and institutions.
The activities to be performed under paragraph one and two must be conducted in accordance with the foreign policy and international agreements, and prior consent of the Ministry of Internal Affairs must be obtained.
Article 63 — District administrators shall be obliged to fulfill the tasks of the special provincial administration assigned by the governor and answerable against the governor for such fulfillment. In consideration of the fulfilled tasks, district administrators shall be paid a monthly payment to be found by multiplying the indicator 12000 by the salary coefficient applied to Public servants.
Provisions of paragraph (c) of Article 5 of the Law No. 4505 on Making Amendments to Certain Laws Concerning Social Security and on Payment of Representation Security as well as the Decree No. 631 on Making Amendments to Regulations on Financial and Social Rights of Public Servants and other Public Officers and Certain Laws and Decrees shall not apply to the disbursement of the payments specified in this Article and Article 28.
a) undertake, in return for a fee or free of charge, construction, maintenance, repair and transportation works of other public institutions and organizations or perform joint service projects with these organizations and carry out necessary fund transfers to this end. In such a case, the work shall be completed in accordance with the legislative provisions applicable to the organization undertaking the performance of the work.
b) may meet the needs for buildings, facilities, plots of land and needs in kind, or employ vehicles and personnel temporarily, with a view to the fulfillment of principal duties and services of the central administration.
c) may undertake joint service projects in cooperation with professional organizations, associations, foundations, serving as a public institution, and chamber of profession falling under the Law No. 507 on Tradesmen and Craftsmen.
d) may allocate their own real properties to other public institutions and organizations so that they are used in their principal duties and services, provided that duration of such allocations does not last more than twenty five years. If such real properties are used out of their intended use, the allocation shall be cancelled. At the end of the allocation, reallocation on the same terms shall be possible. Such properties may be rented out to the same institutions.
Real properties afforded or allocated by special provincial administrations in accordance with points (b) and (d) may not be used as a public residence and social facility.
Article 65 — The special provincial administration shall implement programs intended for the participation of volunteers for the purpose of ensuring solidarity and participation in the provision of health, educational, sports, environmental, traffic and cultural services as well as services toward the elderly, the women and children, the disabled, the poor, etc. and increasing the effectiveness, savings and efficiency in such services.
Qualification of volunteers and the rules and procedures applicable to their employment shall be laid down in a regulation to be issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Article 66 — The special provincial administration may communicate directly to public institutions and organizations.
Article 68 — The monetary amounts in this Act, except fees, attendance fees and bonus payments, shall be increased every year according to the revaluation rate to be specified in accordance with the Tax Procedures Law No. 213.
Article 69 — The special provincial administration shall develop necessary disaster and emergency plans and prepare required teams and equipment in order to guard against fire, industrial accidents, earthquakes and other natural disasters or mitigate their effects, considering the characteristics of the province.
During the development of emergency plans, coordination with other provincial emergency plans, if any, shall be ensured and relevant ministries, public institutions, professional organizations as well as universities and other local administrative bodies shall be consulted.
After taking necessary measures toward the training of the people in line with plans, programs may be made in collaboration with the administrative bodies, institutions and organizations referred to in paragraph two.
In the event of fires and natural disasters outside the province, the special provincial administration may provide aid and support to such regions.
Article 70 — As regards the duties and services to which the special provincial administration is assigned, in the case of discrepancies between this Act and the General Public Health Law No. 1593 of 24.4.1930, Law No. 2559 on the Duties and Powers of the Police dated 4.7.1934, Provincial Administration Act No. 5442 dated 10.6.1949, Law on Charges No. 492 dated 2.7.1964, Public Servants Act No. 657 dated 14.7.1965, Reconstruction Law No. 3194 dated 3.5.1985, Law No. 3572 on Amendment and Adoption of the Decree on Licenses for Opening Workplaces and Working Licenses dated 3.5.1985, Law No. 5179 on Amendment and Adoption of the Decree on Production, Consumption and Inspection of Foodstuff dated 27.5.2004 and the Highway Transportation Law No. 4925 dated 10.7.2003, provisions of this Act shall prevail.
Article 71 — The Special Provincial Administration Act of 13 March 1329 and the annexes and amendments to this Law shall be repealed.
Provisional Article 1 — Election of presidential board of the assembly to be made in accordance with Article 11 of this Act shall be made within one month at the latest from the publication of this Act.
The existing provincial council shall continue to serve until a council in accordance with Article 25 of this Act is set up.
Provincial Article 2 — Creation and cancellation of officer seats/offices until the norm staffing is introduced in special provincial administrations and affiliated organizations as well as local administrative bodies shall be made upon a Council of Ministers Resolution in consultation with the Ministry of Finance and State Personnel Department and upon a proposal from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Permanent worker offices and temporary worker positions shall be subject to the endorsement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs within this period.
Provisional Article 3 — The six-month period for the development of strategic plans provided for in Article 31 of this Act shall be applied as one year for initial strategic plans that are required to be developed following the entry into force of this Act.
Article 72 — This Act shall enter into force on the date of its publication.
Article 73 — Provisions of this Act shall be enforced by the Council of Ministers.


A post-mortem on my Wal-Mart bet, discussed June 5 and June 9.
1. I had to be right that Wal-Mart v. Dukes would result in reversal. Check.
If I was right about those two things, my expected return was 15% to 60% depending on the size of the bump, minus the 4-5% transactions cost, plus or minus variance from other market factors.
First, there were eight or so possible days when the decision would be released; I had to hope the decision wasn't released on June 20, when I would be at a hearing in a courtroom, unable to act upon any rise in the stock price. Oops. By the time I learned of the decision at 1:30 PM, the day-trading bump from the news had disappeared.
Second, I needed the world to produce less bad economic news than good economic news. I was unlucky here: I purchased options June 1 to June 3, and there was bad economic news almost immediately; still, my break-even price was around $54, and I was ahead mid-day June 9. Then the Greek crisis hit, the stock dropped to $52.70 by the opening of June 20, and it was going to be hard for me to make my money back. And, indeed, the 1.5% bounce in the stock only went up to $53.50.
Coverage: WSJ, proving that no publicity is bad publicity so long as they spell your name right; Frankel @ Reuters; Severino @ NRO; Ribstein; Blackman.


text:
Q: Haskell: Concurrent data structure guidelines I've been trying to get a understanding of concurrency, and I've been trying to work out what's better, one big IORef lock or many TVars. I've came to the following guidelines, comments will be appreciated, regarding whether these are roughly right or whether I've missed the point.

Lets assume our concurrent data structure is a map m, accessed like m[i]. Lets also say we have two functions, f_easy and f_hard. The f_easy is quick, f_hard takes a long time. We'll assume the arguments to f_easy/f_hard are elements of m.
(1) If your transactions look roughly like this m[f_easy(...)] = f_hard(...), use an IORef with atomicModifyIORef. Laziness will ensure that m is only locked for a short time as it's updated with a thunk. Calculating the index effectively locks the structure (as something is going to get updated, but we don't know what yet), but once it's known what that element is, the thunk over the entire structure moves to a thunk only over that particular element, and then only that particular element is "locked".
(2) If your transactions look roughly like this m[f_hard(...)] = f_easy(...), and the don't conflict too much, use lots of TVars. Using an IORef in this case will effectively make the app single threaded, as you can't calculate two indexes at the same time (as there will be an unresolved thunk over the entire structure). TVars let you work out two indexes at the same time, however, the negative is that if two concurrent transactions both access the same element, and one of them is a write, one transaction must be scrapped, which wastes time (which could have been used elsewhere). If this happens a lot, you may be better with locks that come (via blackholing) from IORef, but if it doesn't happen very much, you'll get better parallelism with TVars.
Basically in case (2), with IORef you may get 100% efficiency (no wasted work) but only use 1.1 threads, but with TVar if you have a low number of conflicts you might get 80% efficiency but use 10 threads, so you still end up 7 times faster even with the wasted work.

A: Your guidelines are somewhat similar to the findings of [1] (Section 6) where the performance of the Haskell STM is analyzed:

"In particular, for programs that do not perform much work inside transactions, the commit overhead appears to be very high. To further observe this overhead, an analysis needs to be conducted on the performance of commit-time course-grain and fine-grain STM locking mechanisms."

I use atomicModifyIORef or an MVar when all the synchronization I need is something that simple locking will ensure. When looking at concurrent accesses to a data structure, it also depends on how this data structure is implemented. For example, if you store your data inside a IORef Data.Map and frequently perform read/write access then I think atmoicModifyIORef will degrade to a single thread performance, as you have conjectured, but the same will be true for a TVar Data.Map. My point is that it's important to use a data structure that is suitable for concurrent programming (balanced trees aren't).
That said, in my opinion the winning argument for using STM is composability: you can combine multiple operations into a single transactions without headaches. In general, this isn't possible using IORef or MVar without introducing new locks.
[1] The limits of software transactional memory (STM): dissecting Haskell STM applications on a many-core environment.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1366230.1366241
Answer to @Clinton's comment:
If a single IORef contains all your data, you can simply use atomicModifyIORef for composition. But if you need to process lots of parallel read/write requests to that data, the performance loss might become significant, since every pair of parallel read/write requests to that data might cause a conflict.
The approach that I would try is to use a data structure where the entries themselves are stored inside a TVar (vs putting the whole data structure into a single TVar). That should reduce the possibility of livelocks, as transactions won't conflict that often.
Of course, you still want to keep your transactions as small as possible and use composability only if it's absolutely necessary to guarantee consistency. So far I haven't encountered a scenario where combining more than a few insert/lookup operations into a single transaction was necessary.

A: Beyond performance, I see a more fundamental reason to using TVar--the type system ensures you dont do any "unsafe" operations like readIORef or writeIORef.  That your data is shared is a property of the type, not of the implementation. EDIT: unsafePerformIO is always unsafe.  readIORef is only unsafe if you are also using atomicModifyIORef.  At the very least wrap your IORef in a newtype and only expose a wrapped atomicModifyIORef
Beyond that, don't use IORef, use MVar or TVar

*

*The first usage pattern you describe probably does not have nice performance characteristics.  You likely end up being (almost) entirely single threaded--because of laziness no actual work happens each time you update the shared state, but whenever you need to use this shared state, the entire accumulated pile of thunks needs to be forced, and has a linear data dependency structure.

*Having 80% efficiency but substantially higher parallelism allows you to exploit growing number of cores.  You can expect minimal performance improvements over the coming years on single threaded code.

*Many word CAS is likely coming to a processor near you in the form of "Hardware Transactional Memory" allowing STMs to become far more efficient.

*Your code will be more modular--every piece of code has to be changed if you add more shared state when your design has all shared state behind a single reference.  TVars and to a lesser extent MVars support natural modularity.

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