text:
Der Begriff Kognitive Dysphasien wurde von Heidler (2006) geprägt und bezeichnet Sprachverarbeitungsstörungen infolge beeinträchtigter Aufmerksamkeits-, Gedächtnis-, Wahrnehmungs- und Exekutivfunktionen.
Abzugrenzen sind Kognitive Dysphasien von Aphasien, die durch direkte Schädigung der Zentren für Sprachproduktion und Sprachverstehen in den perisylvischen Arealen der linken Gehirnhälfte hervorgerufen werden – allerdings gibt es zahlreiche Überschneidungen, da linkshemipshärische Hirnläsionen meist zahlreiche weitere Regionen schädigen, die für kognitive Leistungen zuständig sind (z. B. linksfrontale Areale für diverse attentionale und exekutive Funktionen). Patienten mit Aphasie leiden daher häufig gleichzeitig unter einer Kognitiven Dysphasie, während eine Kognitive Dysphasie auch ohne Aphasie auftreten kann(bspw. nach rechtshemisphärischer Hirnschädigung). Bei Patienten mit Kognitiver Dysphasie ist das Sprachsystem als solches also oft intakt. Gestört sind vielmehr die kognitiven "Werkzeuge", die für eine effektive Verwendung des Werkzeugs "Sprache" erforderlich sind (Aufmerksamkeit, Gedächtnis, Wahrnehmung, Exekutivfunktionen).

Ursachen
Kognitive Dysphasien können viele Ursachen haben, unter anderem Schlaganfälle (teilweiser oder kompletter Verschluss von Blutgefäßen im Gehirn), Tumore, Hypoxien, langjähriger Alkoholabusus, Schädel-Hirn-Traumata oder Entzündungen des Gehirns. Entscheidend ist, dass hierbei Gebiete im Gehirn geschädigt werden, die zuständig sind für Aufmerksamkeit, Wahrnehmung, Gedächtnis und/oder Exekutivfunktionen.

Solche Hirnregionen sind für Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen unter anderem die Formatio reticularis im Hirnstamm, der Thalamus und das Frontalhirn. Die rechte Hirnhälfte ist für die allgemeine Wachheit und die linke Hirnhälfte für spezifische Konzentrationsleistungen bedeutsam.

Für unterschiedliche Gedächtnisfunktionen sind neben anderen Regionen Teile des limbischen Systems zuständig, das auch "Gefühlssystem" genannt wird. Es umfasst u. a. den Hippocampus und die Mandelkerne, die eine wichtige Rolle bei der emotionalen Bewertung und beim Wiedererkennen von Situationen spielen. Außerdem sind für Gedächtnisleistungen das Frontalhirn und die Langzeitgedächtnisspeicher in der linken Hirnhälfte (Wortspeicher) und in der rechten Hirnhälfte (Episodenspeicher) bedeutsam.

Exekutivfunktionen sind mentale Prozesse höherer Ordnung – z. B. Aufmerksamkeitslenkung, kognitive Flexibilität, Antizipationsvermögen, sprachlogisches Denken oder das Planen, Initiieren, Sequenzieren und Kontrollieren von Handlungen. Solche Funktionen werden vorrangig durch das Frontalhirn gesteuert, das zu allen anderen Regionen des Gehirns Verbindungen hat, so dass es Verhalten effektiv beeinflussen kann. Störungen von Exekutivfunktionen treten deshalb nicht nur auf, wenn das Frontalhirn selbst geschädigt ist, sondern auch, wenn die Verbindungen zu anderen (vor allem subkortikalen) Gebieten unterbrochen werden (z. B. zwischen Frontalhirn und Thalamus, Basalganglien oder Kleinhirn).

Für die Sprachverarbeitung relevante Wahrnehmungsfunktionen sind vor allem auditive und visuelle Perzeptionsleistungen, die durch temporale, parietale und okzipitale Regionen gesteuert werden. Läsionen in diese Arealen können visuo- und auditiv-perzeptive Störungen wie bspw. visuelle oder auditive Agnosien hervorrufen.

Formen Kognitiver Dysphasien
Kognitive Dysphasien können einerseits hinsichtlich der ihnen zugrunde liegenden kognitiven Funktionsstörungen eingeteilt werden in Kognitive Dysphasien attentionaler, mnestischer, perzeptueller und/oder dysexekutiver Genese, andererseits können sie in Bezug auf die Erkrankung beschrieben werden, in deren Rahmen sie auftreten, z. B. Kognitive Dysphasien bei Schädel-Hirn-Traumata, nach hypoxischen Hirnschädigungen, im Rahmen psychiatrischer Erkrankungen usw.; bei bestimmten Erkrankungen dominieren oft bestimmte Formen Kognitiver Dysphasien (z. B. Kognitive Dysphasien mnestischer Genese nach hypoxischen Hirnschädigungen oder Kognitive Dysphasien dysexekutiver Genese bei affektiven Psychosen).

 Kognitive Dysphasien attentionaler Genese (infolge gestörter Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen): Störungen der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität (Wachheit) führen vor allem zur Verlangsamung der Informationsverarbeitung. Dies verringert die Geschwindigkeit der Sprachverarbeitung und führt zu verzögerten Antworten und einem verlangsamten Redefluss. Da Umweltveränderungen nicht mehr zeitgerecht wahrgenommen und verbale Reize nur noch oberflächlich verarbeitet werden können, kommt es zu Kohärenzbrüchen in den Äußerungen. Störungen der Aufmerksamkeitsselektion (Konzentration) beeinträchtigen vor allem das Ausfiltern irrelevanter verbaler Informationen. Dies führt bspw. in Gesprächssituationen zu Schwierigkeiten, sich von einem aktuellen Fokus zu lösen und auf einen neuen Fokus einzustellen (z. B. auf ein neues Thema oder einen anderen Gesprächspartner). Zudem kann die Wahrnehmung von Sprache unter Geräuschbedingungen erschwert sein, so dass relevante Informationen aus konkurrierenden akustischen Reizen nicht mehr sicher herausgefiltert werden können.

 Kognitive Dysphasien mnestischer Genese (infolge gestörter Gedächtnisleistungen): Zwischen Gedächtnis- und Sprachverarbeitungsprozessen besteht eine konstitutive Wechselwirkung, da ohne funktionierende Gedächtnissysteme keine sprachliche Strukturerzeugung möglich ist. Wichtig sind das Langzeitgedächtnis (semantisches und episodisches Wissen), prozedurale Gedächtnissysteme (syntaktische Verarbeitung) sowie verbale Arbeits- und Kurzzeitgedächtnisprozesse. Sprachverarbeitung ist ihrerseits für viele Gedächtnisfunktionen (zum Beispiel Enkodierprozesse) Voraussetzung, so dass bei Sprachsystemstörungen (Aphasien) der Neuerwerb von Wissen erschwert sein kann. Kognitive Dysphasien mnestischer Genese können bspw. das Langzeitgedächtnis betreffen. Schwere Altgedächtnisstörungen führen vor allem zu einer Verarmung des sprachlichen Ausdrucks, da meist erst die Erinnerung an bestimmte Episoden eine sprachliche Äußerung lebendig macht. Zudem kann es zu Konfabulationen kommen, d. h. falschen Äußerungsinhalten ohne bewusste Täuschungsabsicht ("Am Wochenende war ich Eis essen auf dem Mars."). Ist hingegen die Einspeicherungsfunktion des Gedächtnisses beeinträchtigt (Neugedächtnisstörung), wird im Extremfall das im Gespräch Gesagte bereits nach kurzer Zeit vergessen. Die Folgen sind Sprachverständnisprobleme, die meist eingebettet sind in allgemeine Störungen der Orientierung zu Ort, Zeit und Situation.

 Kognitive Dysphasien dysexekutiver Genese (infolge gestörter Exekutivfunktionen): Sprachverarbeitungsstörungen infolge gestörter Exekutivprozesse wirken sich auf das Planen, Starten, Stoppen und Kontrollieren von Sprachhandlungen aus. So können Störungen des Antriebs und der Initiierung dazu führen, dass der Betroffene seine Sprachproduktion gar nicht erst starten kann (Hemmung). Eine fehlende Kontrolle kann bewirken, dass eine begonnene Sprachproduktion nicht mehr gestoppt werden kann (Enthemmung). Oft können auch Assoziationen nicht inhibiert werden, so dass es dem Betroffenen schwerfällt, sich auf das Wesentliche zu beschränken und er viel und häufig zusammenhanglos und tangential (am Thema vorbei) redet. Gestörte Kontrollprozesse führen dazu, dass Fehler (falsche Wortauswahl, Erzählen von irrelevanten Details usw.) nicht bemerkt und dementsprechend auch nicht korrigiert werden können.

 Kognitive Dysphasien perzeptueller Genese (infolge beeinträchtigter Wahrnehmungsfunktionen): Eine häufige Ursache für Kognitive Dysphasien perzeptueller Genese sind materialspezifische oder generalisierte apperzeptive und/oder assoziative Agnosien, bei denen entweder die Phase des Erkennens beeinträchtigt ist (apperzeptiv) oder die Anknüpfung an die Bedeutung misslingt (assoziativ). Bei visuellen Agnosien können die Patienten bspw. Gegenstände oder Gesichter nicht mehr erkennen (und entsprechend nicht korrekt benennen), bei auditiven Agnosien können sie sinntragende Umweltgeräusche (Hundebellen, Handyklingeln) oder gesprochene Sprache nicht mehr erkennen/verstehen.

Diagnostik Kognitiver Dysphasien
Für die Erfassung gestörter attentionaler, mnestischer, perzeptueller und exekutiver Funktionen stehen zahlreiche standardisierte neuropsychologische Testverfahren zur Verfügung.

Therapie Kognitiver Dysphasien
Die Behandlung Kognitiver Dysphasien sollte vor allem durch Neuropsychologen erfolgen, die auf das Training gestörter Aufmerksamkeits-, Gedächtnis-, Wahrnehmungs- und Exekutivfunktionen spezialisiert sind. Da es jedoch kaum niedergelassene Neuropsychologen gibt, müssen und können solche Leistungen auch im Rahmen der Logopädie mit Hilfe einer speziellen kognitiv orientierten Sprachtherapie trainiert werden. Ziel ist entweder eine störungsspezifische oder aber kompetenzerhaltende Behandlung derjenigen kognitiven Funktionen, welche die Sprachverarbeitung des Patienten im Alltag am meisten beeinträchtigen. Priorität hat generell die Erzeugung eines ausreichenden Aktivitätsniveaus durch Training von Exekutivfunktionen, selektiver Aufmerksamkeit, Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung und mentaler Umstellfähigkeit, da erst durch ausreichende Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen sprachverarbeitungsrelevante Hirnareale gezielt aktiviert werden können.

Literatur
 H. Ackermann, D. Wildgruber: Der Beitrag des Stirnhirns zur Sprachproduktion. In: "Neurolinguistik" 1997, 11, S. 77–119.
 R. Drechsler: Sprachstörungen nach Schädelhirntrauma. Diskursanalytische Untersuchungen aus textlinguistischer und neuropsychologischer Sicht. Gunter Narr, Tübingen 1997.
 M.-D. Heidler: Kognitive Dysphasien. Differenzialdiagnostik aphasischer und nichtaphasischer zentraler Sprachstörungen sowie therapeutische Konsequenzen. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2006.
 M.-D. Heidler: Aufmerksamkeit und Sprachverarbeitung. In: "Sprache – Stimme – Gehör" 2008, 32, S. 74–85.
 M.-D. Heidler: Kognitive Dysphasien – erkennen und behandeln. memo, Stuttgart 2020.
 M.-D. Heidler: "Kognitive Dysphasien – Neuer Wein in alten Schläuchen?" In: "Aphasie und verwandte Gebiete" 2017, 1, S. 3–9.
 M.-D. Heidler, & P. Eling: "Puzzling confabulations – an overview of classifications and theories." In: "Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie" 2015, 26, S. 257–270.
 B. Schneider: Kognitive Dysphasie und Angst: linguistische Untersuchungen bei Patienten mit Epilepsie und Angsterkrankung. (online)
 L. S. Turkstra, C. Coelho, M. Ylvisaker: Use of standardized tests for individuals with cognitive-communication disorders. In: "Seminars in Speech and Language" 2005, 26, S. 215–222.

Krankheitsbild in der Psychiatrie


text:
Scott Valley Bank supports Mt. Shasta Sisson Museum project
MOUNT SHASTA – On Friday, Jan. 25, Heather Erickson, Scott Valley Bank's Mount Shasta Branch services manager, presented a check for $1,000 to Mt. Shasta Sisson Museum.
The money will be used to help fund the museum's newest exhibit, "A Man and The Mountain – Messages From Joaquin Miller's Shasta Years," according to a recent press release from Jean Nels, the museum's executive director. Erickson said this support helps fulfill Scott Valley Bank's principle of maintaining strong community relationships by showing support for regional events.
The Mt. Shasta Sisson Museum project on Joaquin Miller will open on April 5. Nels said that the project will take people back in time to understand and appreciate the rich history of the region, as seen through the eyes of a boy, young Joaquin Miller, who arrived in Yreka in 1853 as a 16-year-old.
The project will display quotes from Miller's books and include videos of stories from current community members on how Joaquin Miller's words are still relevant today. Miller's stories describe the beauties and wonders of the area and give a true depiction of the 1850s decade that include the love, war, trials and tribulations of the immigrant settlers, miners and Native American tribes of the Mt. Shasta region.
According to their website, Scott Valley Bank's roots also run deep in these local communities. In fact, just a year prior to Joaquin Miller's arrival in Yreka, Adam Baker Carlock, the founder of Scott Valley Bank, arrived here in 1852, and got his start as a gold miner. After some time, he realized that there was greater profit in providing supplies to the miners. Carlock gained a reputation as a dependable and honest merchant, becoming the "personal banker" for many locals. Nels said it would not be beyond imagination that Adam Carlock and Joaquin Miller might have crossed paths in the muddy streets of Yreka or along the mining paths in the area.
With Scott Valley Bank's support of the Joaquin Miller project, Nels indicated that the museum would be able to meet the matching funds required for the Cal Humanities Community Stories Grant Award. Community Stories is a competitive grant program of Cal Humanities. Grants are awarded to projects that give expression to the extraordinary variety of histories and experiences of California's places and people to ensure that the stories can be shared widely.
As stated on the Cal Humanities website, these narratives help us find our commonalities, appreciate our differences, and learn something new about how to live well together. Cal Humanities is an independent nonprofit state partner of the National Endowment for the Humanities. For more information, visit www.calhum.org.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Even when you are careful about your diet and exercise regularly, there are some areas that just won't improve.
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This blog is about one thing - the most important thing that any individual can experience. You can't touch it, you can't buy it, you can't steal it, can't conjure it up or make it happen. It's the thing that sets us apart from the apes. It's a moment.
That moment when you're set free from all worry, all responsibility, all guilt, regret and doubt. It's that moment when you forget how old you are, how inexperienced you are, how limited you are. You feel mentally and physically unleashed – free. You are overwhelmed with the raw primal sensation of being alive, connected, engaged and deeply content. Every sense is alert and saturated with input.
For some of us it's when we catch the perfect wave, when we go for a winter run on an empty road with a fresh playlist, ski down fresh powder with crisp mountain air on our face, catch that elusive, uncatchable fish. When your body is infiltrated by your favourite music and you dance like you've never danced before. For others it's when your child tells you they love you with a smile, you make a key breakthrough in meaningful work or simply watch the beauty of real life play out.
We call it our sweet spot.
The place we go when our mind and body experience the uniquely human sensation produced by a combination of physical and brain biochemistry, physical energy and natural energy colliding into one spectacularly emotional sensory moment.
The quest for the experience of this moment is what should drive us all every day. It's the difference between thriving and existing. To thrive is a birthright that goes unrealised by many. Life and people can be cruel at times. We can get kicked around. After a while if we allow ourselves to – we can lose hope. We can lose the hope that we will ever experience this incredibly intoxicating moment again. Some go looking for it in drugs, alcohol and food. But the hit is never the same. Some self harm and abuse their bodies. We choke our sweet spot potential unwittingly with every choice. Our bodies become swollen and sad, our minds and hearts forlorn.
This blog is here to help restore hope. The aim is to inspire and offer direction and drive to get you back in touch with your natural sweet spot on a regular basis.
There are things we can control and things we cannot. At 'The Sweet Spot' we focus on tools and quality information that help develop the things we can control.
These include: physical health, mental health, perspective, resilience, vulnerability, belonging, movement and exercise and nourishing functional food. Once we have these things we open ourselves up to all kinds of different opportunities and experiences that have 'Sweet Spot' potential!
Our objective is to inspire purpose, positivity, directed discipline and consistent practice in training, be it mental or physical training. Purposeful positive, disciplined and consistent practice and training are the key ingredients required to produce your next sweet spot experience.
We're going to explore, introduce and present many new modes and styles of mental and physical training tools to enhance your key 'Sweet Spot ingredients'. We're going to analyse and explain the latest research relating to the body, so you can move and live free. Free of pain and injury, free from mental distress so you can engage in stimulating and challenging activities. So you can thrive.


text:
José Berreyesa, Jose Berreyesa, José Berryessa, Jose Berryessa, José Berrelleza, or Jose Berrelleza may refer to:

 José de los Reyes Berreyesa (1785–1846), also written José R. Berreyesa and José Reyes Berreyesa
 José de los Santos Berreyesa (1817–1864), alcalde of Sonoma, California

See also
 The José Berreyesa families of California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Currently viewing Global edition
Monarch hits encouraging results for Beaufor mine restart...
Friedland says premium trades near for low-carbon miners...
Glencore sells Mopani to Zambia in debt-funded deal...
Canada dropping the ball on resource investment, says...
Yukon mining to thrive post-COVID, says deputy premier...
Court rules against BHP in Cerro Colorado water issue...
Currently viewing Globaledition
Last week global mining company OceanaGold made a commitment to immediate climate action, releasing a new statement of position on climate change that sets a net zero operational greenhouse emissions goal by 2050.
According to S&P Global, nearly 1.0 tonnes of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) was emitted per ounce of gold produced globally in 2019[1], so it comes as no surprise that climate change has become a critical focus for the gold mining industry.
OceanaGold is already on track to reduce its carbon footprint. At 0.53 tonnes of CO2e per ounce of gold produced in 2019, OceanaGold's emissions are much lower than the global average.
With increasing concerns about the industry's impact on climate change and a growing environmental and social governance (ESG) focus from investors around the world, many organisations are planning for a just process to move to a net zero economy and society.
Climate change also presents a financial risk to the global economy. The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) provides a framework to help organisations effectively report on climate risk, becoming the benchmark for ESG reporting on climate risk management and performance.
OceanaGold has established a roadmap of strategic actions to help reduce the company's carbon footprint and improve energy management, including:
Setting the goal to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050
Establishing milestone interim emission targets by the end of 2021
Establishing a climate change Technical Coordinating Committee to identify opportunities to reduce GHG emission intensity, and identify risks, opportunities, priorities and associated costs
Undertaking climate change management and reporting to meet the requirements of the TCFD.
Setting the foundation
OceanaGold has a solid understanding of its current carbon emission and is a low greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter compared to the global gold mining average.
Michael Holmes, President and Chief Executive Officer at OceanaGold said the company had been deeply committed to responsible mining for 30 years and was proud to be taking action to manage its carbon footprint.
"There is a long way to go, and our journey to net zero emissions won't be linear. It will vary depending on production cycles, national infrastructure constraints and company growth opportunities," Michael said.
OceanaGold aims to achieve the carbon reduction goal through the implementation of four key strategic areas:
Improved energy efficiency and energy reduction
Decarbonisation of electrical energy supply
Decarbonisation of mobile equipment fuel
Carbon sequestration.
"Deliberate and timely implementation of the four key carbon reduction strategies can reduce GHG emission intensity in line with OceanaGold's goal and targets," Michael said.
Macraes, a journey to a low-emissions gold mine
At the Macraes mine on the South Island of New Zealand, OceanaGold has already started scoping what a possible net zero carbon mine looks like.
Matthew Hine, General Manager for the Macraes Operation said this included the opportunity to implement a partial conversion of its fleet to electricity and biodiesel, and offset carbon dioxide emissions by increasing forestry offsets.
"Electrifying some of the mining fleet and blending biodiesel into the existing diesel consumption would reduce Scope 1 emissions by as much as 43 per cent" Matthew said.
"Macraes has partnered with the New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) to bring on an Energy Engineer who will work with us to integrate renewables and identify opportunities to continuously reduce our environmental impact," he said.
Setting a goal is only the first step. OceanaGold will now turn its focus to implementing the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and set clear actions and activities for the future.
Michael Holmes, President and Chief Executive Officer at OceanaGold said since 2018, OceanaGold had been implementing a company-wide program of automation, digital and process transformation called ADaPT, which was helping the company define its journey to operate the mines of the future.
"Digital transformation presents an industry-wide opportunity to enhance performance and reduce impact. Our commitment for 2020 was to develop strategies to mitigate the risks associated with climate change and establish measures and targets to improve the efficiency of our energy use and to minimise our greenhouse gas emissions intensity," Michael said.
"A central part of the industry's commitment to reducing its impact on climate is technology, this is where the opportunity lies. Rapid advances in technology innovation, including automation, digitisation and electrification are central to the mining industry's commitment to reducing its environmental impact," he said.
[1] https://pages.marketintelligence.spglobal.com/greenhouse-gas-and-gold-mines-EMC.html
OceanaGold is a multinational gold producer with global operating, development and exploration experience.
Level 3, 99 Melbourne St, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
Email: info@oceanagold.com
Web: www.oceanagold.com/
Partner band
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Japan power co to close 'inefficient' coal plants by 2030


text:
Major Changes Announced for Boise State Football Conference Play
Mateo Published: May 23, 2022
Photo courtesy of Billy Jenkins
Major changes are coming to conference play for Boise State football--along with every other team in the Mountain West. Conference play just won't be the same...but it won't take place until 2023.
The schedule for this upcoming 2022 season has already been released!
Boise State's 2022 Football Schedule Released
After a lack-luster year for the football team at Boise State University, fans aren't sure what to expect this year. Of course, most fans expect greatness--and a trip to a major bowl game! With more stability in the coaching world and a senior Hank Bachmeier, could the Broncos return to the major stage? Here is their official schedule for fall of 2022!
Which game are you most excited for!?
For the last several years, Boise State fans have wished they were in a different conference--be it the Big 12, the Pac 12, or otherwise--Boise State fans really think that the Mountain West is holding the program back.
What critics see, however, is a decent Boise State program with a strong history--that still can't win out the conference. Maybe the Mountain West isn't so bad after all?
So what's up with these "changes"?
Starting in the 2023 season, the Mountain West will do away with their two "divisions" and just let the conference rankings stand conference-wide.
One concern with fans is that this "expansion" may cut back on the number of non-conference games for the season-- but that has yet to be determined.
Perhaps the football team can hire some of these security guards from basketball season if they're in need of linebackers!
Security Slams Boise State Students to Ground After Win
History was made at ExtraMile Arena on the night of Tuesday, March 1st. When you think of the arena--you may think of your favorite concerts or acts. No, a sell out crowd didn't set a record. The Boise State men's basketball team did. One might think that a major celebration was in order. Clearly, some security folks had a different idea.
10 Must See Away Games For Boise State Football
Ten Stadiums That Deserve Boise State Football
Boise State's Blue Field Celebrating 35 years
Boise State's Blue Field
Source: Major Changes Announced for Boise State Football Conference Play
Filed Under: newsletter
More From Idaho's Talk Station
Idaho Senators Seek to Stop Biden's: "Vendetta Against Gun Rights"
Idaho Republicans Move To Ban Transitional Surgeries for Minors


text:
package appinfo_test

import (
	"os"
	"path/filepath"

	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
	"github.com/redforks/appinfo"
	"github.com/redforks/osutil"
	"github.com/redforks/testing/iotest"
	"github.com/redforks/testing/reset"
)

var _ = Describe("appinfo", func() {
	var (
		tempDir iotest.TempTestDir
	)

	BeforeEach(func() {
		reset.Enable()

		tempDir = iotest.NewTempTestDir()
		Ω(os.Setenv("_root_dir", tempDir.Dir())).Should(Succeed())
	})

	AfterEach(func() {
		_ = os.Setenv("_root_dir", "")
		reset.Disable()
	})

	It("SetInfo", func() {
		appinfo.SetInfo("foo", "abcdef")
		Ω(appinfo.CodeName()).Should(Equal("foo"))
		Ω(appinfo.Version()).Should(Equal("abcdef"))
	})

	It("Generate InstallID", func() {
		appinfo.SetInfo("foo", "ver")
		Ω(appinfo.InstallID()).ShouldNot(Equal(""))
	})

	It("Restore InstallID", func() {
		idFile := filepath.Join(tempDir.Dir(), "var/lib/spork/foo.id")
		Ω(osutil.WriteFile(idFile, []byte("3456"), 0700, 0700)).Should(Succeed())
		appinfo.SetInfo("foo", "ver")
		Ω(appinfo.InstallID()).Should(Equal("3456"))
	})

})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
«There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe» — популярная английская детская потешка. Согласно «Индексу народных песен Роуда» () имеет номер 19132.

Наиболее распространённая версия
Английский оригинал:

 There was an old woman
 who lived in a shoe.
 She had so many children,
 she didn't know what to do;
 She gave them some broth
 without any bread;
 Then whipped them all soundly
 and put them to bed.

Вариант русского перевода:

 В ботинке на опушке
 жила-была старушка
 С оравою детей,
 что ж делать с ними ей? —
 Похлёбкой без хлеба
 дала пообедать,
 Ремня всем ввалила,
 и спать уложила.

Ещё один вариант перевода:

 Жила-была бабка в большом башмаке.
 У бабки внучат — что горошин в стручке.
 Давала им бабка без хлеба бульон
 И шлёпала на ночь, чтоб крепче был сон.

Ещё один вариант перевода (приведён Самуилом Маршаком в статье «Воспитание словом»):

 Жила-была бабушка
 В старом башмаке,
 У ней было деточек -
 Что воды в реке.
 Она суп для них варила,
 Ложкой по лбу колотила.
 Чтоб не смели баловать,
 Отправляла рано спать.

Ещё один вариант перевода:

 Жила с детьми старушка
 В забытом башмаке,
 Детей кормила хлебом
 И мыла их в реке.

 А было у старушки
 Одиннадцать ребят.
 Измучалась бедняжка:
 Все время есть хотят.

 (перевод Бориса Далматова)

Самая первая печатная версия Джозефа Ритсона в сборнике 1794 года «Gammer Gurton's Garland» имела более грубую концовку: She whipp'd all their bums, and sent them to bed. (Отхлестав их всех по задницам, она отправила их спать.) По сравнению с версиями, напечатанными в XVIII—XIX веках в современной имеются и другие изменения.

Происхождение и интерпретации
Иона и Питер Опи указали на версию 1797 года, опубликованную в «Infant Institutes», которая заканчивалась строками:

 Then out went th' old woman to bespeak 'em a coffin,
 And when she came back, she found 'em all a-loffeing.

 (Затем старушка вышла, чтобы заказать для них гроб,
 А когда она вернулась, то обнаружила их всех смеющимися.)

Термин «a-loffeing», по их мнению, принадлежит творчеству Шекспира, что предполагает значительно более ранний возраст потешки, чем тот, которым датированы её первые печатные версии. Затем они предположили, что если данное предположение верно, то потешка может содержать фольклорные мотивы, указывая на связь между обувью и браком: по английской традиции, когда невеста отправлялась в свой медовый месяц, ей вслед бросали башмачок.

Дебаты о значении стишка в основном вращаются вокруг соответствия «старушки» историческим фигурам, но, как отмечает Питер Опи для этого сопоставления нет никаких особых причин, кроме размеров их семей. Среди прототипов «старушки» назывались:
 Каролина, жена короля Георга II, у которой было восемь детей.
 Элизабет Вегус (Vergoose) из Бостона, который имела шесть своих детей и десять приемных.

Не существует никаких доказательств, чтобы идентифицировать любого из этих кандидатов с неназванным субъектом потешки.

Культурное влияние
 «There Was an Old Woman» — название романа Эллери Куина (1943 год).
 Старушка в ботинке появляется как второстепенный персонаж в серии мультфильмов про Шрека: её дом с детьми видно, когда лорд Фаркуад высылает всех сказочных персонажей в болото Шрека.
 «The Kids in the Shoe» (1935 год) — анимационный короткометражный фильм Макса Флейшера показан в серии фильмов Color Classics.
 С первых двух строчек этой потешки начинается песня «All Mama's Children» Карла Перкинса и Джонни Кэша.
 Эта песенка включена в компьютерную игру «Mixed-Up Mother Goose» (1991 год) компании «Sierra Entertainment». Однако песня была отредактирована: «наказание» изменено на «поцелуи», чтобы создать добрую семейную атмосферу.
 Рэпер B.o.B упоминает «старушку, которая жила в обуви» в своей песне под названием «Cold as Ice».
 Фиби Буффе, персонаж американского комедийного телесериала Друзья поёт песенку про «старушку из ботинка» в 1 сезоне, в третьем эпизоде («Эпизод с большим пальцем»), хотя путает слова потешки с другой.
 В книге «Оптом дешевле» (1948 год), её авторы Фрэнк Гилбрет — младший и Эрнестина Гилбрет Кэри утверждают, что их отец, Фрэнк Гилбрет — старший, назвал летний домик «Туфля» в честь своей жены Лилиан Моллер Гилбрет, матери двенадцати детей, которая, по его словам, напомнила ему ту самую старую женщину, которая жила в ботинке.

Примечания

Песни по алфавиту
Детские песни
Английские детские песни
Народные песни Великобритании


Can crystal structure prediction guide experimentalists to a new polymorph of paracetamol?
The results of an extensive in silico polymorph screen with the program GRACE of paracetamol in all 230 space groups with one and two molecules in the asymmetric unit are presented. The three experimentally known forms I, II and III are found in the list of predicted crystal structures in the correct stability order with rank 1, 3 and 6, respectively. Structures with ranks 3 to 8 exhibit the same motif of 2-D hydrogen-bonded sheets. The hydrogen-bonding scheme of the rank 2 structure is markedly different from the known forms, consisting of two interpenetrating 3-D hydrogen-bonded networks. The excellent agreement with experiment and the prediction of one and only one new packing motif within the lattice energy window delimited by the known forms confirms the fitness for crystal structure prediction of the employed methodology. Analysis of the structure at rank 2 is used to propose experimental strategies that may lead to a new form IV of paracetamol.


text:
View All Festival 5th anniversary
Wholemeal Bagel 4pcs (Frozen)
Contains dairy-free product.
"I'm not a donut, I'm bagel!"
The bagel was introduced to the United States by Jews from Eastern Europe and is now popular across the streets of New York! Bagels in New York are as classic as baguettes in Paris.
We will spray a layer of soda water on the bagels before entering the oven,
which not only locks the moisture in the dough but also makes it chewier! After baking, the surface will show a beautiful luster~
In fact, the bagel was a full round bread at the earliest time, but later the Jews made a hole in the middle of the bread for the convenience of carrying, and put on a rope! A bagel can be regarded as a clear stream, round and chubby, cute and lovely, symbolizing fullness, the most important thing is that its healthy light food idea is refreshing everyone's perception of breakfast, and the outer crispy and tough taste become the first choice for people who respect the concept of health!
Flour, Water, Syrup, Salt, Yeast, Wheat Bran.
Storage Temperature: -18°C
Chia Seed Bagel 4pcs (Frozen)
Purple Sweet Potato Patty (Frozen) - vburg
Sesame Burger Bun 4pcs (Frozen)
Rye Toast (5pcs)


text:
Everyday Health Lung & Respiratory Allergies
Treating Allergies Naturally with Butterbur
Can butterbur help in allergy relief?
By Krisha McCoy
Medically Reviewed by Lindsey Marcellin, MD, MPH
Your Guide to Managing Allergies
How Stress Makes Your Allergies Worse
Sign Up for Our Asthma and Allergies Newsletter
Petasin is the active ingredient in butterbur, which is a member of the daisy family.
Nigel Cattlin/Alamy
Some preliminary studies show that butterbur may offer the same type of allergy relief as antihistamine medications, but other research has found that it's no more effective than a placebo.
The Food and Drug Administration does not ensure that dietary supplements like butterbur are safe before they are marketed.
Since some herbal supplements can react with other supplements or medications, it's important to tell your doctor and pharmacist everything you are taking.
If you have allergic rhinitis or another type of allergy, you have probably talked with your allergist about such allergy treatment options as allergy shots (immunotherapy) and medications to help manage your symptoms.
While medications and immunotherapy can be very effective in relieving allergy symptoms, some people tend to prefer "natural" remedies over traditional ones when dealing with an allergy or other health problem.
If you are looking for a natural allergy remedy, you may have heard of butterbur. Butterbur is a plant that is thought to be effective against different types of allergy. Some preliminary studies have indicated that butterbur may offer the same type of allergy relief as antihistamine medications in people who have allergic rhinitis, says Corinna Bowser, MD, a fellow at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. But other research has found that butterbur is no more effective than a placebo (sugar pill) in controlling symptoms of an allergy.
Should You Take Butterbur for Allergy Relief? Allergic rhinitis is a common allergy, affecting more than 35 million people in the United States. In allergic rhinitis, exposure to such allergens as pollen, mold spores, dust mites, or pet dander can lead to a runny nose, sneezing, and itching of the eyes and nose. This type of allergic reaction occurs because your body's immune system releases histamine and leukotrienes, which can cause inflammation of the lining of the nose.
The active ingredient in butterbur, a member of the daisy family which is also known as Petasites hybridus, is called petasin. Petasin is thought to combat the leukotrienes and histamines that lead to an allergic reaction in people with allergic rhinitis. But the evidence supporting the benefits of butterbur is still preliminary, and more research is needed to determine butterbur's effectiveness, as well as the optimal dosage and whether it is safe.
Safety is a serious concern, because butterbur "may contain a certain type of chemical, or an alkaloid, that has liver and kidney toxicity, may be cancer-causing, and may cause blood clots," says Dr. Bowser, who works at Narberth Allergy & Asthma in Narberth, PA. Bowser cautions that you cannot be completely sure what you're getting when purchasing a supplement. Unlike medications, the Food and Drug Administration does not ensure that a dietary supplement is safe before it is marketed. "Since it is not FDA-controlled, you can have varying amounts of the active ingredient in a supplement," she says.
Bowser also notes that individuals who have a ragweed allergy should avoid butterbur, which is related to ragweed. "It may cause an allergic reaction in a ragweed-sensitive person," she says.
Before taking butterbur or any other herbal remedy, it's important to talk with your doctor, Bowser says. Some herbal supplements can react with other supplements or medications, so it is important to tell your doctor and pharmacist everything you are taking.
And remember, because the manufacturers of a supplement advertise their product as being natural does not necessarily mean that it is safe. "Natural does not mean safe or without side effects," Bowser says.
For now, waiting for more research on butterbur's possible effectiveness may be the safest policy.
The Latest in Allergies
Think You're Allergic to Penicillin? Think Again
Misdiagnosis leads to increased health risks and costs.
All Allergy Expert Q&As
FDA Approves Generic Version of EpiPen
New drug from Teva Pharmaceuticals expected to cost less.
Best Over-the-Counter Treatments to Ease Seasonal Allergy Symptoms
Runny nose? Sneezing? Watery eyes? These can help treat those pesky allergy symptoms.
5 Things You Should Know About the EpiPen Shortage
The FDA and manufacturer report limited availability of the common allergy treatment.
10 Myths About Allergies
Don't be fooled by these common allergy myths. The first step to getting relief from allergy symptoms is to learn the facts.
Allergy Symptoms and Diagnosis
Diagnosis of allergies involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and testing.
Treatment for Allergies
There is no cure for allergies, but there are effective treatments that can reduce symptoms and improve your quality of life.
Do You Live in One of the Worst Cities for Spring Allergies?
Annual report names "allergy capitals" based on exposure to allergens and access to healthcare specialists.
Justin Verlander's Top Tips for Allergy Relief
With spring allergy season just around the corner, Houston Astros pitcher and allergy-sufferer Justin Verlander offers tips for striking out allergy s...
Winter Allergies: What Causes Them and How You Can Get Relief
Yes, you can suffer symptoms of seasonal allergies in winter, too.
Kids' Food Allergies, Especially to Peanuts, Are on the Rise
Yes, You Can Do Yard Work If You Have Fall Allergies — Here's How
Keeping on top of yard work can help reduce fall allergens like ragweed and mold, but you need to take precautions while working outdoors.
8 Tips for Fall Allergy Relief
Do fall allergies have you hiding out in your home? Get back to enjoying the great outdoors with these allergy management tips.
Making Friends at School: Can Food Allergies Hinder Your Child?
Educating all children at a young age about severe allergies can help kids with allergies feel less isolated at school.
Anaphylaxis at School: Are You Ready?
Rehearsing for this medical emergency will help you be prepared and keep your child safe should anaphylaxis ever happen at school.
Food Labels: What to Look For When Avoiding Allergens
Do you or your child have a food allergy? Always study the ingredients list before that first bite.
How I Help My Children With Allergies Prepare for School: Molly's Story
For one Indiana mom, staying on top of her children's seasonal allergies means talking with their teachers and working with their doctor.
7 Tips to Manage Your Child's Pet Allergy
It can be a tough situation when your child is allergic to the family dog or cat. However, you may be able to ease symptoms with these strategies.
How to Throw an Allergy-Friendly Outdoor Party
Want to be a great host to guests with seasonal allergies? Follow these allergy-friendly tips.


text:
Q: gdb equivalent for VC++ cl compiler? I am in the process of porting my application from "MinGW/GCC/make" to "cl compiler/nmake" chain tool.
I extensively used "gdb" for debugging in Linux/MinGW environments.
What is the command-line tool for debugging applications compiled with "cl compiler" ?

A: That would be CDB(although I never used it).
But you should take a look at windbg. The tool is bundled with the platform SDK and is IMHO the best debugger for the windows platform.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Don't Just Live Life… Live Life SupHERBally!
When we established SupHERBals, our intention was to create a sacred CBD oil that nourishes the body, mind, and soul. From working with our high-quality Oregon hemp, we knew we wanted people to have an experience that embodied the spirit of the plant as well. The result is a blessed, vibrationally attuned, reiki infused product that is always crafted with love and compassion. CBD has been used since ancient times—aiding with healing and restoring homeostasis throughout the body. We are honored to share the comfort and benefits of this sacred oil with you all.
Greg Prasker
The healing journey of Greg Prasker started in 2012 after over twenty years of being on heavy doses of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, amphetamines and sleeping pills. One night, he decided to go for a drive after taking a bunch of pills. Although no one was hurt, including himself, Greg was devastated and nervous about his future and the future of those around him.
Prasker decided to take a course on hypnosis that changed his life forever. Simply from practicing in class, he was able to give up all of his medications, replacing them with self-hypnosis and meditation. During this time, he had also begun to explore other natural healing modalities such as homeopathy, sound healing, energy work, and plant medicine.
As his life evolved almost immediately and dramatically, he finally understood his purpose: to help others heal. But, he felt like hypnosis wasn't enough. He knew there was so much more out there to learn and experience.
"It's as if we forgot what the ancient and indigenous tribes have known since the beginning…plants and herbs are medicine…breath is medicine...energy is medicine…frequency is medicine."
Over the next few years, Greg worked with healers from all around the world. He learned about a plethora of healing modalities, including how to heal through sound, energy, breath and plants. When he was ready, he felt he should use his experiences by helping people clear their minds and bodies of any present or past negativity and suffering.
In 2017, after seeing testimonial after testimonial about CBD as well as doing immense amounts of research, he knew he had to get involved with this beautiful medicine to help humanity further heal their minds, bodies and souls. He was soon introduced to Lee Regenbogen who quickly became his friend, brother and business partner.
When Greg explained his vision surrounding the magical Hemp plant, the concept of CBD oil, and the breakthroughs people have been having, Lee was immediately on board. They knew what they had to do, and felt as if they were divinely guided from the start. When Lana, Lee's wife started getting involved as well, the game truly changed. Greg always says that if Lana hadn't gotten involved, there would be no SupHERBals. She is truly the backbone of this company.
Today, Greg spends his time sharing SupHERBals Sacred CBD Oil as well as an arsenal of healing modalities with the world. He has recently started the Spiritual Badasses Healing Community where he offers breathwork, hypnosis, sound healing and reiki to help individuals and groups ditch anxiety, fear and insecurities to live a life of confidence, freedom and purpose. All while continuing to research other plant medicines and modalities that he could incorporate into his life of service.
"We are going through a medicinal renaissance. Our eyes are being opened to more and more previously hidden remedies and treatments that work towards healing as opposed to just masking symptoms. I am so grateful and blessed to be part of it."
Lee & Lana Regenbogen
Vice President & Chief Operating Officer
Lee and Lana are a husband and wife team; reason being why they felt it was appropriate to share their story as one. They have two beautiful sons who are at the center of their world. Lee and Lana both work as teachers for the NYC Board of Education. Lana has been teaching general ed elementary students for the past 16 years whereas Lee has been teaching students with special needs for the past 12 years while coaching various youth sports teams. Each of them have a love for children and a passion for what they do! They both pursued careers as educators in hopes to fulfill their longing to help others and have been doing so ever since.
This husband and wife team first heard about CBD back in 2012 after having watched Lee's mother deteriorate from breast cancer that metastasized to the bone. Unfortunately, it was too late for his mother, however, it sparked an interest in both Lee and Lana to learn more about this miraculous plant. As CBD became more popular and available around the country, they began to experiment with various companies in hopes to find the perfect product. Through their experiences, some positive and some negative, they knew that they wanted to get further involved with CBD in some way. That's when Lee met Prasker.
"When I first met Greg, I could feel his passion and see the fire in his eyes as he discussed how powerful CBD is with me. I never realized how truly powerful this plant was on such a wide spectrum. I started seeing people get relief from everything from anxiety to inflammation, from insomnia to tremors. So as soon as Greg and I sat down to discuss, I instantly knew we were about to embark on something truly magical. And that we did."
Interested? Shop all categories!
Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolore ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt.


text:
Home / Business / Former NBA commissioner David Stern weighs in on sports gambling
Former NBA commissioner David Stern weighs in on sports gambling
By Erik Gibbs
Tags: adam silver, david stern, National Basketball Association, nba, sports betting
Bring on the sports gambling, says former NBA commissioner David Stern. The former basketball kingpin was in charge of the league from 1984 to 2014, before handing the reigns over to its current commissioner, Adam Silver, but leaving the NBA's top position doesn't mean that left the game. He spoke at the Sports Innovation Conference held at Citizens Bank Park in Pennsylvania this month and said that sports gambling will help "supercharge" the league.
The sports ecosystem as a whole is changing drastically. There was a time when the NBA didn't have many options to try to attract more fans, so it decided to squeeze in more games and draw them out as long as possible in order to benefit from ad revenue. The NBA season has 82 games crammed into less than seven months, a move that was implemented about 50 years ago, and the squads have to face off against each other, on average, about four times a season.
Things could change now, especially since emphasis is being placed on "load management," the term used to describe a team's decision to bench a star player for a game in order to allow him to remain strong for longer runs in the season. Stern sees sports gambling as a possible catalyst to alter how the league operates and said during the conference:
"Where some people who might never watch a game decide they are going to watch the last quarter or make a prop bet. You get others who are going to watch it longer because there is action throughout the game.
"Who hasn't noticed the entry of sponsors? FanDuel and DraftKings are beating each other's brains out. When you enter William Hill and others there is a whole new sponsor category. In the intermediate run, it's going to make sports leagues more valuable, increase players' salaries and be a super-charge for the league."
Stern certainly isn't the only one to embrace the idea of sports betting. Jeff Morad, the former CEO and minority owner of the San Diego Padres and the Arizona Diamondbacks, both MLB teams, believes that all sports leagues should adopt sports gambling as quickly as possible. He said during the conference, "As sports betting rolls into each state and becomes legal, there's a huge opportunity in the U.S. The U.S. leagues are on to it. They get it. It's a real potential profit center for sports. Some teams are already there. All the leagues have turned the corner."
When Silver took over in 2014, he almost immediately pounced on the sports gambling ball, asserting that it should be legalized. However, his stance was most likely driven by what many leagues had seen as a way to develop a direct revenue stream from all wagers placed. Silver was one of the league leaders who had pushed for an "integrity fee" on all wagers to ensure the NBA could combat potential game-fixing. That, in theory, was already part of the league's responsibilities well before the subject of legal sports gambling hit prime time.
Sports betting is now here, and more states are expected to craft their own legislation over the next couple of years, integrity fee be damned. The leagues will simply have to figure out other ways to boost their revenues, and they already have.
Roger Goodell clams up when colleagues' talk turns to gambling
Jasmine Solana
NFL, DOJ past argument shows sports betting to be a "game of skill"
Criz Hombrebueno
Jeff Ifrah: NBA on sports betting in the United States
Adam Silver says sports gambling is "good for business", confirms talking to other commissioners
Kirby Garlitos
NBA owners support Silver's gambling stance; Proposed Vegas NHL team would be an expansion franchise
Sports gambling hot topic at Sloan Conference


Garage punk from South Wales. Twisted's debut/only full length, Utopia.
Self recorded in Porthcawl in the summer of 2014. Twisted sings about the existential crisis in its bones. It is terrified of the tremendous force of love. It knows about being young and lost, the push and pull of pleasant towns. Twisted is angry at street harassment and the stigmatisation of mental health.
Taking influence from many eras of punk's history, Twisted carefully mold these influences to give Utopia a true depth and intensity.
This is split release with Art For Blind in Ireland.


Victory! The custody battle is over; Lorelai, Rory, Paris, and Lane sheep and Luke donkey are a permanent part of the Farm Sanctuary family!
The five were rescued earlier this year from a cruelty case in upstate New York where they were found sick, emaciated, and terrified.
While cleared to take these animals home temporarily, we had to fight for legal custody and the ability to protect them from further abuse and neglect.
Yesterday, we arrived at the courthouse armed with these before-and-after photos.
When the defendant saw these animals' transformations, he shook his head and admitted his guilt in their mistreatment.
We're breathing a big sigh of relief for our newest residents, who will only know the peace and safety of sanctuary from here on out.


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Home Page > Classified Index > Draw and Discard Games > Rummy Games > Hand
This page is based on information from Sultan Ratrout.
Players and Cards
Melds
End of the Play and Scoring
Other Websites, Software and Online Games
Hand is a popular Rummy game played in Arab countries in the Middle East. This page describes the form played in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, with notes at the end on other known variants.
As in all Rummy games the objective is, by drawing and discarding, to collect groups and sequences of cards. These combinations can be placed on the table as "melds". The round ends when a player wins by disposing of all the cards from their hand by placing them in melds and discarding their final card. The term "hand", which gives its name to the game, refers to the case where a player melds all their cards in one turn.
The game is played for penalty points. At the end of a round the winner's opponents add penalty points for the cards remaining in their hands, while the winner is rewarded by subtracting some points from their score. The objective is to have the lowest score at the end of seven rounds.
Hand can be played by 2, 3 or 4 players playing as individuals, or by 4 players in fixed partnerships with partners sitting opposite each other.
It is played with 2 standard international 52-card packs and 2 jokers (106 cards in total). The two Jokers or two of the Aces are used as wild cards, as explained below.
The cards have point values, which are used to check that a player's first meld meets the minimum requirement of 51 points, and count as penalty points for cards remaining in a player's hand at the end of the play. The values of the natural cards are A=11, K=10, Q=10, J=10, pip cards (10 to 2) face value. The value of wild cards varies and is explained below.
Deal and play are counter-clockwise.
Each player has an area in front of them in the table for melding cards. During their turn, players may meld valid combinations of three or more cards from their hand by placing them face up in their own area. After they have put down their first meld they can also add cards to any melds on the table, in their own area or other players' areas.
There are two types of meld: sequences (runs) and groups (sets).
A sequence (or run) consists of three or more consecutive cards of the same suit. The Ace can be either the highest or the lowest card of a suit, but not both in the same sequence. So an Ace can be at the top end of a run next to the King or at the bottom end next to the Two, but an Ace cannot be in the interior of a sequence (K-A-2) and it is not possible to have a sequence of more than 13 cards. Examples of valid sequences are A- 2- 3, 8- 9- 10- J, and Q- K- A. It is customary to arrange the cards of a melded sequence in ascending order in a row from left to right as seen by the player and some players insist on this.
A group (or set) consists of three or four cards of the same rank and different suits. Valid examples would be 5- 5- 5 or Q- Q- Q- Q. A set cannot contain two identical cards - for example 9- 9- 9 would not be valid.
Initial Meld
Each player's first meld in each round must consist of valid sequences and groups whose cards have a total value of at least 51 points. For this purpose Aces count 11, kings, Queens and Jacks 10 each, and cards from 10 to 2 face value. Note that an Ace is always worth 11 even when used in the sequence A-2-3. So for example the following is a valid initial meld: A- 2- 3- 4- 5, 9- 9- 9 (11+2+3+4+5+9+9+9=52).
After a player has laid down their initial meld they can in the same or a later turn add cards to their own meld and to melds belonging to other players (their opponents' melds and their partner's melds) in such a way that each meld remains valid. The next consecutive card of the same suit can be added to either end of a sequence or the fourth card can be added to a group of three. They can also put down additional melds of their own irrespective of point value.
Exception. If a player who has not yet melded is able to get rid all their cards in a single turn by forming melds and possibly adding some cards to other players' melds, they are allowed to do so even if the value of the melds they put down is less than 51.
The wild cards are determined during the deal by an indicator card placed face up on the table. The wild card indicator cannot be a Joker. If the card initially revealed as the indicator card is a Joker, it is buried in the middle of the stock pile and the top card of the stock is turned up is a new indicator card.
If the wild card indicator is not an Ace, the two Aces of the same suit as the indicator are the wild cards. In this case the two Jokers are used as the natural Aces of the indicator suit. For example if the wild card indicator is the 8 then the Aces of clubs are wild and the Jokers are used exactly as though they were natural Aces of clubs.
If the wild card indicator is an Ace, then the two Jokers are the wild cards, and all the Aces are natural cards, including the Ace of the same suit as the indicator.
A player may use one wild card in any meld to replace any natural card. It is not possible to use both wild cards in the same meld.
Examples, with 7 as the indicator card, so that the A is wild;
7- A- 9 is then a valid sequence, with the A representing the missing 8.
5- 5- A is a valid group with the wild A representing the missing fives. Either a 5 or a 5 can be added to this group.
J- A- K-Joker is a valid sequence. Here the wild A represents the Q and the Joker functions as a natural A.
Q- K- A is also valid, using the A as a wild card representing the A.
However, A- K- A is not a valid sequence, because a combination cannot contain more than one wild card and the A is wild.
A- A- A-Joker is a valid natural set of four Aces.
A- A-Joker is also valid. Here the natural club Ace is already present in the form of a Joker, so the wild club Ace represents the other Aces, the A and the A, and the natural versions of either of these can be added to the group later.
Examples, with the A as the indicator card. This is easier: both Jokers are now wild and the other cards are all natural.
7-Joker- 9 is a valid sequence.
5- 5-Joker is a valid group, with the Joker representing the missing fives. Either a 5 or a 5 can be added to this group later.
5- 5- A is not valid now, because the club Ace is just a natural Ace, not a wild card.
Value of Wild Cards
When a wild card is used in a player's initial meld the value of the wild card is equal to the value of the natural card it represents. So for example if Q is the wild card indicator, 5- A- 7 is worth just 18 points, counting 6 for the wild Ace in this case.
If a wild card is placed at one end of a sequence, its position determines what card it represents and therefore its value. Still with Q as the wild card indicator, the sequence 9- 10- A counts as 29 for the purpose of an initial meld, whereas A- 9- 10 is worth only 27.
A wild card in a three-card group has a value equal to one natural card of that group. So for example with Q as the wild card indicator, the group 7- 7- A is worth 21 points, the same as a natural group of three sevens. The wild A is worth 7 points (not 14) here, even though it may be thought of as replacing both missing sevens.
A wild card remaining in a player's hand at the end of the play has a value of 15 points.
Replacing Wild Cards
A player who has already put down their initial meld and who holds the natural card(s) represented by a wild card in their own meld or another player's meld can replace the wild card with the corresponding natural card(s) from their hand during their turn.
A wild card in a sequence can be replaced by the natural card corresponding to its position. For example if the sequence 7-wild- 9 is on the table a player who holds a 8 can place it in the sequence and take the wild card in exchange.
In a group consisting of two equal cards and a wild card, the wild card can be replaced by the two natural cards of the same rank in the missing suits, creating a four-card group. For example if the group 5- 5-wild is on the table, a player who holds both a 5 and a 5 can place these two cards in the group and take the wild card in exchange.
In a group consisting of three equal cards and a wild card, the wild card can be replaced the natural card of the missing suit. For example if the group K- K- K-wild is on the table, the holder of a K can place it in the group and take the wild card in exchange.
The player who takes the wild card can reuse it as part of an existing meld on the table or in a new meld with cards from hand, or can keep the wild card in their hand for later use.
Note that melds on the table cannot be manipulated or rearranged. In particular it is not possible to move a wild card from one place to another unless the player first replaces the wild card with the appropriate natural card(s) from hand. For example if the sequence 9- 10-wild is on the table, a player who holds a 7 is not allowed to add it to the sequence, treating the wild card as a 8. Since the wild card was originally placed as a J it must remain in that position unless and until it is replaced by a real J. However, a player who holds both a J and a 7 could first exchange the J for the wild card and then add the wild card and the 7 to the lower end of the sequence.
The first dealer is chosen by any convenient method. Usually the cards are spread face down, each player draws one card, and the player who draws the lowest card deals first. Subsequently the the player with the highest (worst) score for the previous round is the dealer for the next round. In case of a tie for highest score, if the dealer is involved in the tie, the same player will deal again. If not, the new dealer will be the first player involved in the tie in counterclockwise order from the previous dealer. In a round that ends with no score, the same dealer deals again.
The cards are shuffled by the dealer and cut by the player to dealer's left. The dealer then deals 14 cards to each player, two cards at a time, and then a single extra card to the player to dealer's right, so that this player begins with 15 cards. The remainder of the deck is stacked face down at one side of the table to form a stock pile from which cards will be drawn during the game.
Next the dealer takes the top card from the stock pile and places it face up on the table next to the stock. This is the wild card indicator.
If it is a Joker, the dealer must insert it back into the stock pile and draw another card to be the wild card indicator.
If it is an Ace, it indicates that the Jokers will be the two wild cards for this deal.
If it is a suit card other than an Ace, it indicates that the Aces of that suit will be the two wild cards for this deal, and that the printed Jokers will act as the natural Aces of that suit.
The players look at their cards. Any player who has four pairs of identical cards (for example 5- 5- 7- 7- J- J-Joker-Joker) may show them and demand a redeal. In this case the dealer must collect all the cards and they are shuffled, cut and dealt again. A hand with pairs of identical cards is normally bad because identical cards cannot be used together in any group or sequence, and the duplication reduces the chance of collecting cards that form a valid meld. However, a player with four identical pairs is not obliged to ask for a redeal. The player has the option not to show them and to let the play continue as usual.
A player who has three pairs of identical cards and a wild card is also entitled to demand a redeal. This is not so bad as four pairs of identical cards, but the logic here is presumably that the player can use the wild card to represent a card identical to some other natural card from their hand, and thus claim the privilege of demanding a redeal if they wish. In the same way, a redeal can be demanded by a player with two pairs of identical cards and two jokers.
The player to dealer's right, who has 15 cards, starts the play by discarding any one card from hand face up to start a "discard pile" in the middle of the table. The turn then passes anti-clockwise.
A player's turn consists of the following actions:
Draw one card, either from the top of the face down stock pile or from the top of the face up discard pile.
Optionally, place some cards from hand face up on the table as meld.
Discard one card from hand face up on top of the discard pile.
There are some restrictions, as follows.
A player who takes the top card from the discard pile in step 1 must place it on the table in step 2 together with at least two cards fro hand to form a new meld. If this is not possible, either because the card does not fit with any meld the player can make or because the player has not yet melded and cannot satisfy the minimum meld requirement, the player must draw from the stock pile.
A player's first meld laid down during a round must have a value of at least 51 points. This can be made up of one or more groups or sequences of three or more cards. The cards must come from the player's own hand, optionally including the card just drawn from the stock or discard pile. A player who has not yet laid down their first meld is not allowed to add cards to other players' melds nor to take a wild card from the table in exchange for a natural card. These options of adding to meld and reclaiming wild cards become available as soon as a player has satisfied the initial meld requirement, even during the same turn that the initial meld was laid down.
A player's turn must always be ended by discarding a card. Therefore a player must always keep one card in hand after melding, so as to be able to discard. A player with only two cards in hand who draws a third card that forms a group or sequence with those two is not allowed to put down the three cards as a meld, because that would leave the player with nothing to discard.
Note. It is unusual, but not illegal, to discard a wild card or a natural card that could have been melded. When this does happen, because of restriction #1 above, the next player is not allowed to take the discarded card and add it to a meld on the table. If the card is taken from the discard pile it must be used immediately with cards from the player's hand to form new meld. Discarded wild cards are subject to an additional restriction:
If a wild Ace is discarded, the player taking it can only use it as a natural Ace of the suit printed on it. If a wild Joker is discarded, the player taking it can use it as an Ace of any suit, but not as any other card.
The round ends in one of two ways:
1. A player wins
If a player melds all but one of their remaining cards and discards their last card, so that they have no cards in their hand, the play ends immediately, and the player with no cards is the winner. The scores are then calculated as explained below.
A player who has three cards or fewer remaining in hand after discarding must warn the other players by saying "one card", "two cards" or "three cards" as appropriate. A player who has three or fewer cards and has not announced this is not allowed to end the play on their next turn. Instead, on their next turn they must keep at least one card after discarding, announce the number of cards held, and wait until their following turn before they can end the play.
2. The stock is exhausted
For the play to continue, there must be more cards in the stock than there are players in the game. If at the end of a player's turn the number of cards remaining in the stock is equal to the number of players, the round ends. In this case there is no score and no winner. The same player deals again.
A player is not allowed to meld all their cards and win on their first turn to play: they must wait until everyone has completed one turn and can then end the play by melding all their cards on their second turn.
When a player wins by melding their cards over the course of more than one turn, this is known as a "partial hand" or "dhamoon". The winner scores -30 points, and the winner's opponents calculate their penalty points as follows:
A hand of 14 cards, belonging to a player who has not melded, has a fixed value of 100.
Players who have melded add up the values of the cards remaining in their hands. For this purpose wild cards count 15 points and other cards have their usual values: natural Aces count 11, court cards (K, Q, J) count 10, and pip cards (10-2) count as face value.
If the winner ends the play by melding their entire hand of 14 cards in one turn, without adding any cards to other players' melds, and having previously melded nothing, this is known as a "hand" or a "full hand" and the winner scores -60 points. In this case the opponents' calculate their penalty points as above and double them. So an opponent who has not melded scores 200 penalty points and those who have melded score twice the value of the cards in their hands.
If the winner, without having previously melded, melds some of their cards in combinations from their hand, and then disposes of the remainder of their cards in the same turn by adding them to other player's melds, this counts as a partial hand. The winner scores only -30 and the opponents' penalties are not doubled.
As mentioned above, the 51-point minimum for the initial meld does not apply to a player who melds all their 14 cards in a single turn. In this case the player's meld can be worth less than 51 points, irrespective of whether it is a full hand (no cards added to other player's melds) or a partial hand (at least one card added to other players' melds.
In an individual game, a cumulative score is kept for each player, and the player with the lowest score at the end of seven rounds is the winner. Cumulative scores can be negative.
In a partnership game, a cumulative score is kept for each team. At the end of a round the winner's team subtracts 30 or 60 points for a partial or full hand. The the opposing team add the values of both players' hand to their score. (So in the case of a full hand where neither opponent has melded, the losing team will score 400 penalty points - that is 200 for each player.) The winner's partner's cards are not counted and have no effect on the score. The team with the lower score at the end of seven rounds wins.
Rounds which are not scored, either because the cards are thrown in by a player with identical pairs or because the stock is exhausted, do not count towards the seven rounds that make up a game. However, if the final round cannot be dealt more than three times. That is, if six rounds have been scored, and two attampts have been made to play the seventh round but ended with no score, then the third deal of the seventh round must be the last deal of the game. If this ends with no score the seventh round is abandoned and the winner is the player who had the lowest score after six rounds.
If there is a tie for lowest total score at the end of the game, in order to determine the winner further rounds are played until there is a single player or team with the lowest score.
Some play that the players take turns to deal. After each round that ends with a score, the turn to deal passes to the right.
Wild card selection
Some people play Hand with Jokers as the only wild cards. In that case, Aces are natural cards and no wild card indicator is revealed in the beginning. This arrangement is much more straightforward than the normal game and makes no significant difference to the play. The motive for the usual more complicated arrangement where the wild card can be either a Joker or an Ace is presumably to reduce the temptation for a dishonest player to try to recognise the wild cards from their backs. If the wild card changes from round to round, this kind of cheating becomes significantly more difficult.
Some people play with a deck of 104 cards without Jokers. In this case the wild cards are always the Aces of the suit shown by the wild card indicator and there are no natural Aces of this suit. If the indicator card is an Ace there are two possibilities:
The Ace is replaced in the stock and a new indicator card is displayed.
The other identical Ace of the same suit is the only wild card in the game.
Value of Aces
Some play that an Ace in the hand of a player at the end of a round counts 10 points rather than 11.
Some play that an Ace used in a sequence A-2-3 counts as only 1 point rather than 11 for the purpose of valuing a player's initial meld.
Some play that an Ace used in a sequence Q-K-A counts as 10 points rather than 11 for the purpose of valuing a player's initial meld.
Taking a discarded card
Some players allow a card taken from the discard pile to be added to an existing meld on the table, either alone or together with a card or cards from the player's hand, provided always that the player already has meld on the table or can satisfy the initial meld requirement.
If a wild card is discarded, some players allow it to be taken by the next player only if it is melded in a group of Aces, not in a sequence A-2-3 or J-Q-K.
Some players do not allow a discarded wild card to be taken by the next player in any circumstances.
On the other hand, some allow the next player to take the discarded wild card and use it in any meld where a wild card could normally be used (always provided that they already have meld or can satisfy the initial requirement).
Exhausted stock
Some allow the play continue until the face down stock is completely empty. In this variant, if the player who draws the last card of the stock does not meld all their cards and win, the round ends without a score and the same dealer deals again.
Winning on the first draw
Some allow a player to win by melding all their cards on their first turn to play.
Egyptian Hand
In Egypt, and maybe in some countries of the Arabian Peninsula, scores are doubled for winning with certain special types of hand.
If a player goes out with a Full Hand of 14 cards by discarding a wild card as their 15th card, the scores are twice those for a Full Hand - that is -120 for the winner, 4× the value of their cards for players who have melded, and +400 points for those who have not melded and still hold 14 cards.
Some play that if a player goes out with a Full Hand of 14 cards of one colour (all red or all black), the Full Hand score is doubled (-120 for the winner, 4× the card value for players who have melded, and +400 points for players who have not melded). Such a hand may include one or two wild cards, whose colour is irrelevane.
Some play that a Full Hand of a single suit (all hearts or all diamonds or all clubs or all spades, possibly with wild cards) scores twice as much as a Full Hand of one colour (-240, 8×, +800).
Some play that a player who goes out with 13 natural cards that form valid combinations plus two wild cards that are not needed can discard the two wild cards and score twice as much as for a full hand discarding one wild card (-240, 8×, +800).
These doubles for ending with wild card discards, single colour and single suit can be combined. For example a single colour Full Hand with a wild card discarded would score four times as much as an ordinary Full hand (-240, 8×, +800). The maximum score would be for a single suit Full Hand with two wild cards discarded: -960 for the winner, and 32× card values or +3200 for the losers.
The Jawaker website has rules in English. Hand can be played online on their website or using their Hand app for Android or iOS. Hand is also available within their games bundle for Android or iOS.
The Kuwaiti website Koutbo6 has rules in English. They also offer a Hand app for iOS.
There is a Hand Wikipedia page in Arabic.
Bojacob offer a Hand app for iOS.
This page is maintained by John McLeod, john@pagat.com © John McLeod, 2019. Last updated: 15th July 2019


text:
tst	in 111 Books in 2011	| December 21, 2011
#103/111: The Rational Optimist
A better title, but less appealing one, would probably be A history of markets. Matt Ridley tells us about the economic history from the beginning human kind till today. How does it come, that we build cities, have markets for food, internet services or books and can communicate easily over thousands of miles. How come that other creatures can't do this? Ridley begins about 500,000 years ago where some humans haven't just traded equal things but rather unequal things. We can see, for example, for some races of apes that clean themselves mutually. But they don't exchange cleaning for food. When this began, the humans could specialize. We know that specialization leads to efficiencies and surplus.
This was the beginning of our modern history. It was the first time humans really advanced. Ridley states that for millions of years the design of axes haven't changed, because nobody had the possibility to invest time in trying better design and doing everything else, only specialization allowed that. The next thing is exchanging ideas. He tells about a tribe which knew how to build boats and lived in isolation. Some generations, nobody knew how to build boats and they switched back into more primitive technology. That is, without the exchange of ideas, technology will be lost.
The next big thing were traders. For the first time, people haven't produced but rather solely transported goods and traded it with others. Why is this so important? The traders not only transported goods, the transported ideas. The bought ideas from India to Europe and vice versa. Furthermore, they often lead to building of cities which were often later destroyed by people obsessed with power.
So we have specialization, exchange of ideas and traders. What happened in these centuries where our progress seems to stop or even shrink. The same that happened to the tribe with their boat. States decided to become nationalistic and to close their boarders. This stopped trade and with it the exchange of ideas and for some part specialization. Furthermore, this lead to decreasing specialization and people moved back to rural areas and became farmers again.
The last part talks about the Malthusian fallacy which hasn't happened but could if we move back to more primitive technologies, nationalization or generalization. If you haven't informed you about the last 100 – 200 years of economic history, this part is pretty interesting.
In conclusion, I really liked The Rational Optimist. Matt Ridley took lots of time for researching this topic and introduces you to economic history. If you are interested in this, this book is a great choice.
exchange of ideas
specialzation
the rational optimist