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Collapse of the Documentary Hypothesis (1) & Comparing the Bible with Classical Greek Literature
Filed under: Biblical Studies, Old Testament
Tags: Documentary Hypothesis, Wajdenbaum: Argonauts of the Desert
This post recapitulates earlier posts on the Documentary Hypothesis and introduces Philippe Wajdenbaum's case for comparing the Bible with Classical Greek literature and finding the biblical author's (sic) sources of inspiration there.
Late last year I wrote Who Wrote the Bible? Rise of the Documentary Hypothesis.
That post outlined the milestones towards the DH as set out by Philippe Wajdenbaum in Argonauts of the Desert:
Baruch Spinoza's views of single authorship behind the historical books of the Bible;
the way biblical studies were influenced by the early Homeric studies evolutionary model that hypothesized disparate oral traditions being stitched together by later editors to create a final canon;
the failure of biblical studies to keep abreast of Homeric studies when they confronted the problems with their evolutionary hypothesis;
the contribution of Julius Wellhausen and the labeling of the J, E, D and P sources and the final redactor R;
Gerhard von Rad's fleshing out of these sources into historical provenances: J to the southern Kingdom of Judah, E to the kingdom of Israel, D to the time of Josiah, P to the period of Exile;
Martin Noth's qualifications and modifications to the Documentary Hypothesis: a Deuteronomist historian wrote Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings during the Exile, and a Redactor later found a way to harmonize the Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers with these Deuteronomist books;
F. M. Cross and R. E. Friedman who decided Noth's Deuteronomist historian was rather two historians, one writing in the time of Josiah and the other during the Exile;
Thomas Römer's criticism of
Wellhausen's hypothesis for its nineteenth-century German Protestant and royalist assumptions;
Noth's views for their subjective mirroring of his personal situation with Nazi Germany;
Cross's subjective transfer of American optimism and idealism of the founding fathers into the period of King Josiah.
I then wrote Who Wrote the Bible Part 2: Challenging the Documentary Hypothesis.
In this post I turned back to my earlier reading about the history and criticisms of the DH as found in works by Lester Grabbe, Thomas L. Thompson, Philip Davies, Niels Peter Lemche. That post covered:
A synopsis of the four primary sources (composed over a period of centuries) at the heart of the DH;
The significance of the dates of the sources;
Challenges to the DH were being made from the mid-1970s, but 1992 was a pivotal year with three major publications:
The Anchor Bible Dictionary's article on the history of Israel authored by Lemche, Dever and Carroll;
Early History of the Israelite People from the Written and Archaeological Sources by Thomas L. Thompson;
In Search of Ancient Israel by Philip R. Davies — thought intended to be an introduction of recent trends for his students, this book had the greatest impact in challenging the standard views of biblical history and the DH.
Other works followed:
The Tel-Dan 'Ben-David' inscription was published (1993) with a great flurry of claims and counterclaims
The History of Ancient Palestine from the Palaeolithic Period to Alexander's Conquest, 1993, by G. Ahlström.
The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History, by Keith Whitelam (1996)
Several works by Lemche and then Silberman and others.
Central criticisms of most of these publications:
The circularity of the consensus arguments for the dating of the biblical works;
Rejection of the assumption that the narratives alone of biblical works are prima facie reliable historical sources —
archaeology should not be used to confirm the narratives but to understand the primary evidence in its own right;
The archaeological evidence in its own right has led to a reconstruction that:
makes a united kingdom of Israel in the tenth century (David and Solomon) an economic, demographic and technological impossibility;
dates the rise of the Jerusalem-based kingdom of Judah to a period after the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel.
Criticisms associated with the circularity of dating methods:
it is "extremely naive" to think biblical books can be understood without knowledge of their date and setting of composition; we cannot assume a narrative about the time of Josiah was written in the time of Josiah and is a true historical source;
the DH, with its different dates for the sources, has resulted in "an enormously complicated structure, sometimes ridiculed because of its seeming absurdity. . .";
Result: scholars no longer read the books as literary wholes, as coherent literature.
Criticisms associated with alternative dating methods:
first material evidence for the bible's books is from the Hellenistic period (the time of Greek expansion throughout the Near East);
the date of a text must be determined by the latest material it contains, not its earliest (Lemche); e.g. Numbers 24:24 can only refer to the Greek invasion of the Middle East yet scholars have generally dated this chapter to one of the oldest strata in the Bible.
Criticisms associated with archaeological evidence and more valid dating methods:
The Bible's narrative of the history of Israel appears to be a theological construct that addresses the ideology of a newly established colony from the Persian and Hellenistic eras;
Not until the Persian and Hellenistic eras do the requisite cultural, economic and infrastructural conditions to produce the biblical literature appear;
The many Hellenistic features in the Bible, hitherto largely overlooked or dismissed, are given appropriate recognition.
The DH is, in effect, a rationalization of the Bible's historical narrative itself (Wajdenbaum).
Okay, I found it harder to summarize my own contribution to this discussion, so the above is not very succinct.
I finally tried to catch up with this series many months later with Did a Single Author Write Genesis–II Kings? (Demise of the Documentary Hypothesis?)
This post revisited Spinoza's case for many of the historical books of the Bible having a single author, but especially dwelt upon the Homeric scholarship that at first led biblical studies and then left them way behind in the dust. This was primarily through the lens of John van Seters' The Edited Bible. The message of that post is that biblical scholars have let themselves and their parishioners down badly by not keeping up with Classical studies.
I then thought it useful to post on the criticisms of the oral-tradition model that underlies major facets of both Old and New Testament studies. These criticisms hit the DH in the jugular, too.
So I posted Oral Tradition Behind Gospels and Old Testament: Unfounded, Unworkable and Unnecessary, and three related posts addressing in turn the "un-foundedness", the "un-workability" and the "un-necessity" of this model.
That brings us up to the present. And a return to the volume that prompted this discussion in the first place, Argonauts of the Desert: Structural Analysis of the Hebrew Bible, by Philippe Wajdenbaum.
Some of the following will overlap with what has been covered above. But we need to get back on track somewhere with this book.
Collapsing of the Consensus
When the Documentary Hypothesis first made its mark — with its assertion that the Old Testament Scriptures derived from disparate human sources distinctly composed over centuries — conservative Jewish and Christian scholars immediately cried, "Foul!"
Result? Liberal scholars immediately smelled a friend to help them oppose these religious conservatives. They embraced it.
Very little dispute arose among scholars, to the point that the documentary hypothesis slowly grew into a theological dogma that could not be questioned. (p. 25, Argonauts)
Abram Journeying into the Land of Canaan
Then in the mid-1970s two publications seriously challenged the DH model:
1974, The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives, Thomas L. Thompson;
demonstrated that the patriarchal narratives could not have been invented earlier than the sixth century BCE.
1975, Abraham in History and Tradition, John Van Seters;
argued the biblical narratives should be compared with Greek and Roman historiographies, such as those of Herodotus and Livy (the notion of a 'redactor' needs to be replaced by that of a real 'author').
But here's another problem:
The dissension among scholars grew more intense as none would agree on the exact attribution of biblical passages to the alleged sources of documentary hypothesis.
Rolf Rendtorff suggested that the focus be on the final form of the text rather than on its sources, proposing to replace these non-existent 'sources' with the term 'fragments' — big narrative units — like Genesis 1-11, Genesis 12-50, and Exodus 1-15, and so on.
As Römer comments, the aforementioned authors precipitated a 'crisis of the Pentateuch' that led to a period of anarchy such that no new consensus has arisen even today. By demolishing the evolutionary model of the documentary hypothesis, biblical studies entered the post-modern era. Römer divides the field into four main streams:
the 'traditionalists', who still hold the documentary hypothesis as valid;
the 'progressives', who also maintain the model but suggest later dates for the sources;
the 'post-moderns', who admit the existence of divergent theologies in the Pentateuch but reject the evolutionist model;
and the 'pragmatics', who think that the diachronic reconstruction of the sources is too uncertain, and suggest focusing on the final form, taking their inspiration from structuralist methods.
Pierre Bordreuil and Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet lament that today no one agrees, so that there are as many theories about the origins of the Bible as there are scholars. Flemming A. J. Nielsen argues that since all the variants of the documentary hypothesis are mutually exclusive, none can be verifiable or scientific. (pp. 26-27, my formatting and bolding.)
Well, maybe if they are all mutually exclusive then at most only one of them can be right.
Keith Whitelam
Wajdenbaum then turns to Keith Whitelam's analysis of the state of Old Testament studies since the 1980s. Whitelam's The Invention of Ancient Israel: the Silencing of Palestinian History is one of those books that I would like to see read and debated by everyone with an interest in biblical studies. Whitelam exposes the raw ideological (and political) nature of both biblical and archaeological studies of ancient Israel. But here I outline the key points Wajdenbaum draws from Whitelam's book in relation to the DH:
Keith Whitelam even speaks of a 'collapsing of the consensus' in biblical studies since the 1980s. According to him, biblical scholars have invented an ancient Israel by projecting their way of thinking onto the past; the Bible was the work of archivists of the State, who wrote only history. Biblical scholars tend to present themselves as their spiritual heirs, seen as being objective and pious. These scholars can be viewed almost as a new clergy, whose dogma is the documentary hypothesis. Whitelam bases his criticism on Edward Said's Orientalism, one of the first works of post-colonial studies. Said demonstrated how the 'Orient' was a scholarly invention opposed to the Western world and serving a colonial agenda. (p. 26)
I break into Wajdenbaum's words here and turn to Keith Whitelam's own text where he pre-empts objections to this claim that biblical studies has served this Orientalist agenda.
It is not easy to make these connections between biblical scholarship and the political context in which it is conducted and by which it is inevitably shaped. The connections will be denied by many decrying any such analysis as politically motivated, as part of the modern fad of deconstruction and revisionism in history, or as an outrageous attack upon the objectivity of biblical scholarship. Biblical studies has remained aloof, a kind of academic ghetto, from many of the contemporary movements which have swept through academia questioning and undermining its claim to disinterested objectivity. The study of the social and political context in which it has been undertaken, which inevitably compromises its critical distance, is in its infancy. . . . (p. 23, The Invention of Ancient Israel, my bolding)
Whitelam explores in depth some of the flaws in the pioneers of the DH that I have briefly mentioned in earlier posts (e.g. Wellhausen's predisposition to find in the Bible's Israel the ideal royally led nation-state that was, in reality, his own Germany of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries). The DH has served to rationalize the Bible-story with which Western nations have culturally and religiously identified and sought their own roots. That is, the DH has been a tool by which scholars have been able to offer a secular explanation for the story that is assumed to be fundamentally historical and the spiritual foundation of our own culture.
The less religion is seen the more powerful religion becomes
Many scholars thus agree that there is no more agreement, that all previous models have reached their limits. . . . .
We have seen how the great paradigms of Wellhausen and Noth reflected their political situations unintentionally. . . .
Most faculties dealing with biblical scholarship are theology faculties; therefore they seek a rational version of the divine inspiration of the Bible. Even though the documentary hypothesis seemed to shatter the belief in the Bible being inspired by God and even though it was originally decried by the Jewish and Christian faiths, it slowly became acceptable to believers; in fact, Pope Pius XII explicitly promoted it in his encyclical of 1943. (p. 26-28, my bolded text)
By offering a secular rationalization or interpretation of the Bible's myth, Philippe Wajdenbaum, following Claude Lévi-Strauss, asserts that scholars are in fact writing a new version of that myth.
But has not Western society become increasingly secular? Is not religion less visible as a force in Western society today than it once was? Yes, but Wajdenbaum says it "still remains the major moral reference point." He continues:
As the philosopher Michel Onfray stated, even if the practising of religion is in constant diminution there exists a Judeo-Christian episteme (as Michel Foucault would call it) that actually reinforces itself as religion becomes less visible. As Onfray explains, the very fact that religion becomes more and more abstract and private — detached from ritual and mythology — is what makes it more powerful that ever. The weight of religion is most likely the prime explanation for understanding why biblical scholarship has long been focused on trying to prove the authenticity of the Bible. Indeed, most biblical scholars come into the field guided by faith. (p. 28)
Comparison with Classical Greek Literature
The DH has thus closed the door to any possibility of comparing the Bible with Greek literature.
Römer could discern the ideologies fueling the hypotheses of Wellhausen, Noth and Cross, but Wajdenbaum asks:
What ideology has prevented biblical scholars from comparing the Bible with a text so obviously similar to it, Plato's Laws? (p. 27)
Wajdenbaum will argue that there never were any sources that scholars have identified as J, E, D and P. The source texts used by the author of Genesis to Kings were, primarily, the Greek classical texts.
Even though my theory contradicts the documentary hypothesis, it does indicate that there were sources that preceded the Bible, so it could be called, quite ironically, the 'Hellenic documentary hypothesis'. The main difference with the traditional hypothesis is that with mine I am able to render these sources, which allows me to break the logical circle in which biblical scholarship has been held for centuries, which sought the Bible's sources only within the Bible itself. Moreover, the sources are not considered to be previous authentic sacred texts that would have been edited by redactors, but simply as sources of inspiration for an original literary work. (p. 27, my bolding)
Römer showed us the way Wellhausen and Noth imputed their own political situations into their paradigms.
By reading the Bible, we can see that it tells the story of political change. First the twelve-tribe Ideal State was founded, governed only by the law (Joshua), but because that organisation was not tenable (Judges) a monarchy was instituted (Samuel), which cause the country to split and eventually fall (Kings). None of these periods is held to be more representative of the 'true' Israel than another. The opposition between the 'nomocratic' State and monarchic State stands at the core of the narration imagined by the biblical writer; which we will argue is based on Plato's political dialogues —
the Statesman (criticism of tyranny),
the Republic (foundation of an imaginary State, being the definition of justice,
the Laws (foundation of a more concrete State, as opposed to the abstract Republic)
and the Critias (or the Atlantis, the myth of an Ideal State destroyed by Zeus because its kings gave up the divine laws received by their ancestors).
We will find very accurate parallels that make that hypothesis certain. Therefore one must ask why such a comparative study with Plato has not been done before. (pp. 27-28, my formatting)
Wajdenbaum says the answer is simple:
The Bible could not resist such an analysis [comparing the Bible with classical Greek literature] as it demonstrates how almost every biblical narrative finds accurate parallels with Greek myths. If believers of Jewish and Christian faiths were aware of this, then the Bible could lose its credibility. Biblical scholarship has done all it could to maintain the Bible as a sacred text that is still relevant to modern society, as Hector Avalos argues. (p. 29)
To be continued . . .
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2012-11-06 20:30:22 GMT+0000 2019-08-15 15:33:48 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, Old TestamentTags Documentary Hypothesis, Wajdenbaum: Argonauts of the Desert
6 thoughts on "Collapse of the Documentary Hypothesis (1) & Comparing the Bible with Classical Greek Literature"
David Hillman says:
It does seem ridiculous to break up the finely constructed novel of Joseph and his brothers into sources. The story makes sense as a whole: not as a joining together of fragments, and if the sources are but variant versions of the same novel it takes away the whole point of the source theory anyway.
The author of Genesis to Kings does seem to have used some slightly earlier sources, as well as the Joseph novel, including stories of the mythical Saul ("called"), sentimental stories about Rachel and Benjamin, and other pro Benjamin stories (perhaps made up in Assyrian times when Benjamin-Judah was ruled from Benjamin) as well as satirical stories about the mythical early kings of Judah and of Jerusalem, even though the surface of the finished story is supposed to look like (but is not) a praise of the David dynasty and includes nasty stories against Saul. the Hebronites, and the children of Benjamin too.The story ends anticlimatically not with a call to loyalty to any particular rulers, but emphasising the necessity of keeping true to the teaching of Yahweh's Torah.
I say he SEEMS to have used earlier sources (not histories but earlier stories and two cleverly manipulated king lists added on to made up earlier kings whose names show a source not in history) but we can not really know since we have only the completed post post Persian work.
The classic case presented is usually the story of Noah's Flood. Trying to imagine how a "redactor" chooses to incorporate a piece of this story and a piece of that one together — a lot of energy would go into working out where to edit and how to join the bits. It is much easier to rely mostly upon one source and only occasionally give a wink to another (as was indeed the case, I believe). The final result does not always read like a clumsily connected quilt. Worse — and this is a serious objection in my view — scholars have not been able to agree on what sections clearly belong to the different sources. Pointing to the Flood story does not fix the bigger problem, as far as I can see. (Though Tim may differ.)
Ironically, where we do have what look like obvious clumsy seams, as in the Gospel of John, we have a few scholars finding reason to believe that these are literary pointers to a single author and unity of text that seeks to "shock" or "awake" readers to thematic developments within the narrative.
mP says:
Just thought id share this. Noted scholar Robert M Price has a podcast on http://www.ustream.tv/user/thebiblegeek and you can ask him questions which he answers on the show. You get a black screen but who cares its something to think about.
woodbridgegoodman says:
I notice that you or Waj mentioned a lot of books by Plato here, as having an influence on early Christianity. But there's a lot of different material in these books. While by far, overwhelmingly, the major influence from Plato and Platonism that most scholars traditionally note, is from Plato's theory of "Forms" specifically. In Philosophy in fact, the word "Platonism" is used as a simple synonym for Plato's "ideas" or "forms."
Is there any particular reason for Waj not stressing what scholars normally stress here? Is it just because "everybody already knows it"?
The author's name is Wajdenbaum. You failed to notice that the post is about the influence of Greek classical texts on the books of the Old Testament, not early Christianity as you for some strange reason "noticed". You appear to be concerned that a scholar would research literature through a perspective different from the traditional approach and notice something new. I suggest you don't bother with this blog if you are not interested in new ideas.
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Chelsea secure 2015 EPL title, favourite for back-to-back in 2016
Betting Planet > Sports Betting News > Chelsea secure 2015 EPL title, favourite for back-to-back in 2016
By: Dominic Ciconte
NEWLY crowned English Premier League champions Chelsea have been installed as $2.50 favourites for next year's title by online bookmaker sportsbet.com.au.
But punters think the real value lies with Arsenal, with the bookie's Will Byrne telling AustralianGambling.com.au that the Gunners are nearly equal in the betting with Chelsea, despite being on the fourth line at $6.
Despite a lacklustre season, Manchester City are still second favourites at $3.75, while Manchester united are $5.50.
"Chelsea and Arsenal nearly equal in early betting and Manchestr United are third," Byrne said.
"There's been no love for Manchester City as yet.
"The $12 for Liverpool, though, looks value as surely they will have a better season than this one and have money to invest."
Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho lauded his charges after their 1-0 win over Crystal Palace sealed a 10 point gap on second placed Arsenal and gave them their first title in five years.
"I am very happy and very proud of the boys," Mourinho said.
"New group, new team a lot of players without a Premier League title.
"With the heavy weight of succeeding a fantastic generation that Chelsea had.
"No more Frank Lampard, no more Ashley Cole, (no more Michael) Essien – all these big boys that were crucial in the last decade.
"New team, new people, new kids and so, so much work we did together in the last two years and obviously I am so happy but, as I was saying, when I was asked what I would do after the game – go home."
He might have gone home, but the Chelsea boys partied hard.
The Gunners are a good bet for next season if you ask manager Arsene Wenger.
He told reporters his charges were title contenders next season and would focus on giving the Blues a run for their money, following the team's 3-1 win over Hull City yesterday morning.
The Gunners have won nine of their last 10 league matches and Wenger hopes they can carry that superlative form into next season.
"I feel that we have made progress," Wenger said.
"Chelsea have won the premiership because they have been the most consistent but let's prepare well for next season and give them a good fight.
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Wenger said he would have an eye on bringing talent to the squad during the transfer window.
"We do not need to buy numbers, if we find top world class players we look at it but we have a very good squad in numbers," he said.
Meanwhile, there are still a few things to be decided in the Premier League this season.
Byrne reports there is a stack of cash on Manchester City to finish second – 10 times more than next best Arsenal – despite the fact they're a $2.75 outsider. Arsenal has a game in hand on the Sky Blues and a relatively easy run home. both teams are equal on 70 points, with City holding a two goal advantage on goal difference.
There is also the matter of the Golden Boot, with City's Sergio Aguero the hot favourite at $1.20.
But Byrne reports Harry Kane's recent goal scoring drought for Tottenham is doing it a big favour, with the young English striker at one stage $51.
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"Kane is a horrible result, having been $51 at the start of the season and is the best backed, with Chelsea's Diego Costa and Arsenal's Alexis Sanchez also in the market."
Kane and Aguero went head to head on the weekend, with Aguero finding the net, while the former missing two golden chances to draw level with the City superstar.
Aguero leads the Premier League with 22 goals, two ahead of Kane, with Costa, who might have cost himself the Golden Boot due to injury, one back on 19. Sanchez banged a double on the weekend, but he still only has 16, one behind Queens Park Rangers stud Charlie Austin, on 17. Those two would need a miracle – or injuries at the top – to somehow take home the league's top goal scoring award, considering how far back they currently sit with such a short period of time to go before the end of the season.
Despite leading the league in goals, Aguero – who has battled injury this season – was somehow left out of the PFA Team of the Year.
And that did not sit well with team mate Eliaquim Mangala.
"Kun is amazing. He shows us every week what he is like in the Premier League and Champions League – he is so important for us," Mangala said.
"His goal against Tottenham was another big one.
"I am surprised he wasn't voted into the best team – I see him every day in training, and in every game, and he has so much quality.
"He has scored a lot of goals for this club, but will score a lot more."
As far as the relegation battle goes, there are still eight teams who are a mathematical possibility of going down, but you'd be silly to back West Bromwich Albion at $276.
Both Burnley and Queens Park Rangers are all but dead, $1.005 to make the drop.
It gets interesting after that, with Sunderland $1.67 to be the other team to fall, and then Hull City ($4.50) and Newcastle United ($5.50) next on the line of betting. Leicester City are $8.50 and Aston Villa is $14, but both are tipped to stay in the top flight next season.
2016 English Premier League title market
Chelsea ($2.50)
Manchester City ($3.75)
Manchester United ($5.50)
Arsenal ($6)
Liverpool ($12)
Tottenham ($41)
Everton ($151)
Southampton ($151)
Hull City ($501)
Crystal Palace ($501)
Aston Villa ($501)
Newcastle United ($501)
Leicester City ($501)
Stoke City ($501)
West Ham United ($501)
Sunderland ($501)
Swansea City ($501)
Bournemouth ($501)
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* Odds provided by sportsbet.com.au
Other notable Premier League markets
Relegation battle
Queens Park Rangers ($1.005)
Burnley ($1.005)
Sunderland ($1.67)
Hull City ($4.50)
Newcastle United ($5.50)
Leicester City ($8.50)
Aston Villa ($14)
Golden boot
Sergio Aguero (Manchester City) ($1.20)
Harry Kane (Tottenham) ($4.33)
Diego Costa (Chelsea) ($21)
Alexis Sanchez (Arsenal) ($51)
Charlie Austin (Queens Park Rangers) ($81)
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Dominic Ciconte
Dominic is an editor and writer at AustralianGambling.com.au and lives for all things sport. He completed a cadetship in journalism for Fairfax many moons ago and went on to cover a wide range of sporting codes, both in Australia and around the globe. He's right at home at AG and is always on the look out for the next great bet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Good Morning, Happy Friday- and Happy First Day of Fall, everyone! While I am undoubtedly thrilled that my favorite time of year is *officially* underway and am excited for all the seasonal activities that come with it- I understand that these past couple of weeks haven't exactly been joyous for others in different parts of the world, and wanted to offer some suggestions for those- like me, who is beyond grateful to be somewhere safe – and who may be feeling helpless during this frightening and horrifying string of non-stop global/weather-related disasters and don't want to just sit back and do nothing.
As most of you know, Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma left parts of Texas and Florida underwater and millions of people without power in recent weeks- and in the past couple of days we saw a 7.1 magnitude earthquake strike near Mexico City and a category 5 hurricane batter Puerto Rico. While the frantic search to find survivors and restore power sources continue- I know that it can be overwhelming to want to help as much as possible- especially if you live far away from the affected areas and aren't sure where to start.
The most predominant and well-known relief comes from The Red Cross and UNICEF, of course- and I don't want to knock any of their hard workers who are truly trying their best to accommodate and assist so many people in such vast areas of destruction- but it's well-documented that both of these organizations can't always be relied upon to get the donated funds where they need to be in a timely fashion.
For that reason, should anyone be weary but don't know where else to turn- I've found a handful of non-profit agencies who are working tirelessly 'round-the-clock to help out. If you're looking for something to put some money into- these are great options.
Project Paz Mexico Earthquake Relief – This group is getting supplies where they can as quickly as they can.
Topos México – Founded after the 1985 earthquake that left over 10,000 people dead, this group is leading a search and rescue team in the affected areas near Mexico City to find as many survivors as they can.
Save The Children – Mexico – Focused on finding safe homes/shelters for children who have been displaced in the earthquake.
OneBlood – If you can't donate money and won't faint at the sight of a needle- then donating blood is always incredibly helpful after global/weather disasters. You can save lives!
ConPRmetidos (Puerto Ric0-based) – Dedicated to re-building and providing relief to devastated communities in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria.
Puerto Ricans in Action – A Los Angeles-based Puerto Rican community looking to raise funds to distribute among non-profit organizations assisting those affected by Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria.
Those are just a few to get started- but there's a lot more out there!
If you know of any other non-profit organizations who are helping with the ongoing disaster reliefs- please feel free to leave a comment or contact me directly to share! The more help- the better.
Hang in there, everyone- and enjoy your weekend.


PXIe, 2.6 GHz Dual Core Processor PXI Controller—The PXIe‑8821 is an Intel Core i3‑based embedded controller for PXI systems. You use it to create a compact and/or portable PC-based platform for industrial control, data acquisition, and test and measurement applications. The PXIe‑8821 includes a 10/100/1000 BASE‑TX (Gigabit) Ethernet port, two Hi‑Speed USB ports, two USB 3.0 ports, as well as an integrated hard drive, serial port, and other peripheral I/O.


(Critical) In the kitchen observed the following phf items not held 135 degrees or greater: 1. On a shelf under the grill , observed three pans of rice with an internal temperature ranging from 70 degrees f to 120 degrees f. The rice was finished cooking at 11am today. Item corrected by rapidly heating the rice to 165 degrees f. 2. At the hot holding units nearest the upright cooler observed two pans of cooked chicken and one pan of cooked steak sitting on top of the holding unit. The food was finished cooking at 1 pm today. The internal temperature of each food item ranges from 110 degrees f to 130 degrees f. Item corrected by rapidly reheating the food to 165 degrees f. Item corrected.
Observed the door gaskets on the following pieces of equipment broken: 1. On the main make line the reach in portion of both prep top coolers 2. At the end of the main make line the upright refrigerator. 3. In the kitchen the two door upright refrigerator used to store chicken. Correct by replacing these door gaskets.
Observed several clean pans stacked wet after dishwashing. Correct by air drying prior to stacking.
The light shield in the rear prep area, needs to be replaced.
(Critical) I found two boxes of tortillas stored on the same shelf as dishwashing chemicals. As discussed at the time of inspection, there must be complete separation between toxic items and food. Storage areas must be inspected frequently to ensure that cleaning products, degreasers and other hazardous chemicals are properly stored as described above. Corrected at the time of inspection. The dishwashing chemicals have been relocated as directed above.
The cold water faucet on this hand sink is not working. This faucet must be repaired right away. Hand sink fixtures must be maintained to facilitate hand washing.
I found an unlabeled large food storage container. Foods and working food containers must be clearly identified by their common name. Corrected at the time of inspection. The container of salt is now labeled.
The floor under the storage racks, needs cleaning.


This was one of those days in Maine where we have one kind of weather in one spot and an entirely different scene 30 minutes away. When I left my house it was bright and sunny. A half hour later I was in Cape Elizabeth surrounded by fog.
When I saw Lizzie at Wentworth Lodge she was definitely watching out the windows, hoping it would burn off and leave us all in some sun. However, the 10 day forecast had said it would rain, so we were all thankful that wasn't still in the mix.
Lizzie did her own makeup and her dress was made by her mother, Joyce. It blows my mind that anyone who isn't a professional can do this! My mom used to make my Halloween costumes, but geez. This bride looked stunning as we all loaded into a school bus to head to Spurwink Church for the ceremony.
The sun was finally coming through as we arrived and Lizzie and Ben said their I Do's at this most adorable, New England church. Guests lingered outside to blow bubbles as the couple exited and got into a bright yellow, vintage VW Beetle. It was a super fun way to get to Kettle Cove for some formal photos.
This was the place to be for wedded bliss! We came across one wedding in progress and another couple having portraits done when we arrived. The sun was still with us, but the fog was rolling in. Halfway through photos I warned everyone that we might have to finish them elsewhere because there was enough haze between the wedding party and me that it was getting tricky to see them clearly. Wild.
Lizzie and Ben rolled by their guests enjoying cocktail hour in the Bug to a huge round of applause back at Wentworth Lodge. Nautical touches were everywhere, from the buoy place markers to the navy and white stripes on the linens. Churchill Caterers provided the yummy food that was thoroughly enjoyed as toasts were given and this couple waltzed through their first dance.
The fog was with us for most of the night, but as the sun was setting we could all see the line of the front moving through out over the ocean. I don't know that I've ever seen anything quite like it. Dancing and merriment followed and the celebrating continued on after even I left, I'm sure.
Lizzie and Ben, thank you so much for having me and thanks to Andrea Simmons for second shooting!
We meet while at Eastern Virginia Medical School, Ben was an Emergency Medicine Resident and Lizzie was an Emergency Medicine Fellow. We are both finally done with all of our training and are currently working and living in Norfolk, Virginia. We are hoping to be moving back to Virginia Beach, closer to the water next year.
Lizzie grew up in Maine (Raymond) and spent we summer on their family boat in Casco Bay. She loves being on the ocean and everything nautical, some much so that she spent a semester in college on a tall ship sailing from Cape Code down to South American. Ben grew on on the water in Virginia Beach and summered with his family in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. He too loves the water and boating. We choose Wentworth Lodge for its location on the ocean and relaxed environmental. Lizzie's father grew up in Cape Elizabeth and it only seemed appropriate to stay close to home for such a big celebration.


Very nice double strand pearl necklace with matching bracelet. Fancy matching clasps on each. Very heavy like real pearls, beautiful irridescent sheen like real pearls and is knotted between each pearl. I am not knowledgeable about pearls so maybe this is what they call cultured pearls. But hard to tell these from real ones. Necklace 22" long, Bracelet is 8". Beautiful condition.
Pretty and elegant green jelly belly cabochons set in gold tone. Clip backs Marked Weiss. Beautiful condition. Measures 1 1/2 long.
Pretty 1" wide rhinestone bracelet with a pair of cascading earrings that has post backs and hangs 2 1/2" long. Composed of pale pink, clear and pale blue crystal rhinestones that are all prong set in silver tone. Bracelet 1" wide and 7 1/2" long plus the clasp. (1 stone appears darker). The earrings are on a CAPRI brand card. Not sure if this is the original card or not, but if it is.. earrings was purchased at Bullocks for 27.50 according to the tag. Post backings.
BETSEY JOHNSON long pendant necklace with uniquely adorable pavé bear and bow is created in rose gold-tone mixed metal. Approximate length: 19" + 3" extender. Approximate drop: 1-3/4". Lobster clasp closure. Head,arms,legs all move. By Betsey Johnson. Imported. Approximate measurements: Length: 19" + 3" extender, 1 3/4" drop. Worn once. Whoops photo has backside showing. Front side is entirely covered in pave stones like the rest of the bear.
Wonderful well made pair of clip earrings with A Egyptian King or Pharoh and long swingy beads that hang from the bottom of each earring. Appears to have never been worn. This may be King Tut, not sure but does have an Egypt theme. No makers mark but nicely made and has clip backs. Measures 1 7/8" from top to bottom over all. I have an awesome pin listed that would compliment these nicely.
A wonderful well made heavy gold tone Egyptian Pharoh pin with bottom row of long gold filigree beads. Maybe this is King Tut or just another King from Egypt. Pin measures 2 5/8" from top to the bottom of the longest bead. Excellent condition, with no flaking or damages. Pin back works well.No makers marks. I will be listing some earrings that would accessorize well with this pin.


text:
Piotr Małachowski (Żuromin, 7 de junio de 1983) es un atleta polaco de lanzamiento de disco. Durante su carrera ha ostentado un título mundial y dos medallas de plata en los Juegos Olímpicos.

Trayectoria
En sus años juveniles Małachowski fue  parte del Club Deportivo Militar Śląsk de la ciudad de Breslavia, y sus primeros éxitos en el lanzamiento de disco los obtuvo en el año 2006, durante el Torneo de Invierno de Tel Aviv (65,01 m) y la Copa Europea en Málaga, así como el Campeonato Europeo de Gotemburgo con un sexto lugar (64,57 m). Sin embargo, en su debut en el Campeonato Mundial de 2007, consiguió un opaco décimo segundo puesto. Por otra parte, cuando se preparaba para la temporada del 2008, sufrió una lesión que le mantuvo alejado por  medio año.

A pesar de todo logró competir en los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín y conquistó la medalla de plata con un lanzamiento de 67,82 m. Este resultado le atrajo la atención de los medios de comunicación en su país. Para el 2009, con el recuerdo del 50 aniversario del récord mundial impuesto por su compatriota Edmund Piątkowski, llegó al Campeonato Mundial de Berlín con la mira en el título, pero se ubicó en el segundo puesto superado por el alemán Robert Harting. No obstante, superó el récord nacional (69,15 m) en posesión de él mismo, a pesar de que le habían recomendado suspender su temporada por la lesión en un dedo.

El año 2010 resultó exitoso para Małachowski, pues impuso otro récord nacional en Gateshead (69,83 m), superó a Harting en el Campeonato Europeo de Barcelona, y se adjudicó el primer lugar de la Liga de Diamante.

Para el año 2011, logró arribar nuevamente a la final de la prueba en el Campeonato Mundial de Daegu, pero apenas realizó tres lanzamientos que le ubicaron en la novena posición con una marca de 63,37 m.

En los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012, se ubicó en el quinto puesto de la final con un tiro de 67,19 m. Sin embargo, el 8 de junio de 2013 mejoró su marca personal en Hengelo con una distancia de 71,84 m que además se posicionó como la quinta mejor marca de la historia. Con este precedente se presentó en Moscú para su tercer campeonato mundial en el que se colgó nuevamente la medalla de plata por detrás del alemán Harting.

El 2014 se hizo de su segunda Liga de Diamante al ganar tres de las siete reuniones en las que participó, aunque en ninguna de ellas compitió el alemán Robert Harting, que acudió  a cuatro, todas con victorias. Sin embargo, logró la mejor marca del año con un lanzamiento de 69,28 m en Halle donde sí estuvo Harting quien se posicionó segundo.

Para la temporada del año 2015, se adjudicó triunfos en la Liga de Diamante en Shanghái (64,65 m), Eugene (65,59 m), París (65,57 m) y Estocolmo (65,95 m) antes de su quinta presentación en un mundial de atletismo, esta vez en la ciudad de Pekín, donde alcanzó la cúspide de su carrera atlética al proclamarse campeón absoluto con un lanzamiento de 67,40 m. En el tercer puesto se ubicó su compatriota Robert Urbanek (65,18 m). Días después finalizó su participación en la Liga de Diamante en Zúrich en la que se ubicó en el segundo puesto con un lanzamiento de 65,04 m que sin embargo le brindó su tercera victoria en dicha competición.

El 2016 Małachowski triunfó en cuatro de cinco presentaciones de la Liga de Diamante por lo que se presentó a los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro como serio contendiente para ganar su primera medalla de oro en estas lides. En esta oportunidad el polaco realizó el mejor registro de la fase clasificatoria con 65,89 m, mientras que Robert Harting, campeón en Londres 2012, quedó fuera de la final. En la disputa por las medallas el campeón mundial de Pekín dominó la prueba hasta la quinta ronda con un lanzamiento de 67,55 m, logrado en su tercer lanzamiento, pero el primer puesto se le escapó de las manos en el último tiro del hermano de Robert, Christoph Harting, quien lanzó el disco a 68,37 m.

Pese a la contrariedad del resultado hizo un gesto humanitario con su medalla de plata: la puso en subasta para cubrir el tratamiento de cáncer ocular de un niño polaco. El 9 de septiembre cerró su participación en la Liga de Diamante en Bruselas donde se ubicó en el segundo puesto, aunque los puntos le brindaron su cuarto «Trofeo de diamante».

El 2017 acudió a su sexto campeonato del mundo con la intención de defender su título mundial del 2015, pero acabó en la quinta posición de la final con una marca de 65,24 m. En Doha 2019, su séptimo mundial de atletismo, no logró pasar de la ronda de clasificación.

Małachowski formó parte del Orlen Team junto a sus compatriotas, el campeón olímpico Tomasz Majewski y la lanzadora de martillo Anita Włodarczyk; quienes fueron patrocinados por la empresa petrolera Orlen de Polonia. Asimismo, fue parte del cuerpo de bomberos de la ciudad de Bieżuń, e integró la orquesta de esa entidad tocando la trompeta.

Marcas personales

Referencias

Atletas de Polonia
Atletas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008
Atletas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012
Atletas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de atletismo
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Polonia
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Pekín 2008
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Río de Janeiro 2016
Lanzadores de disco

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Apple today updated its "Shot on iPhone 6" site to add five new videos to the film section of the gallery. First added to the site in early June, the gallery showcases videos that were created using the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, incorporating camera features like Slo-Mo, Time-Lapse, and more.
In addition to featuring these videos on its site, Apple also uploads them to YouTube and shows them on television. At least one of the videos added to the site today was previously used in a television commercial. Videos that Apple uploads come from iPhone users around the world, and today's videos are from Bolivia, Alaska, Hawaii, and Papua New Guinea, with two videos coming from the last location.
The first video features a car racing across salt flats in Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, while the second depicts a train in Anchorage, Alaska. All of the videos have music playing in the background, which is listed in the videos description, and they each end with the tagline "Shot on iPhone 6."
A third video features a massive wave cresting at Sandy Beach in Hawaii, while two videos from Papua New Guinea depict a Time-Lapse sunrise and an underwater shot of a school of fish near a coral reef.
Apple's Shot on iPhone 6 series has been running since March and has featured photographs and videos from more than 70 photographers in 24 countries. The image have been used in print media, transit posters, billboards, and television commercials around the world.
Just recently, Apple's Shot on iPhone 6 campaign won an Outdoor Lions Grand Prix award in advertising during the Cannes Lions International Festivity of Creativity, with one of the judges saying, "It's not just a great idea. It's a game changer. It's really opening a new way of doing things and changing behavior.
2 Underwater Videos while the iPhone is not water-resistant? Risky, Apple.
Great ads with lush white borders.
Actually, my first thought was "Why this huge white border? Can't the iPhone record full-screen video?"
I think the white border is a mistake.
Wake me up when they finally bump up the camera resolution. 8mp is sooo 2010.
Do you develop pictures taken with your phone? For Facebook viewing, even a 2MP camera will do. Also, sensor is more important than MP. My DSLR is only 10MP but it beats every smartphone. I wonder why!
I agree; my original post was sarcastic which I've attempted to make more obvious.
Well, I thought the thick white border was beautiful. And it never went out of focus, thought the fish and the waves did. From here on out I'm just taking my iphone for my white border projects.
I don' t really believe these videos were actually shot with the Iphone 6/Plus.
I honestly think that if the videos were displayed in full resolution you will see artifacts. Shrinking them under 1080 hides them.
I "shot" some doe deer yesterday in the wild. Female + 2 kids. Original sound. I didn't even know that they can bark like dogs. It was quite a surprise. It's awesome how quick and silent you can start a video recording.
I will admit that shots do look good for online posting (if your into that). I don't have Facebook or instagram or any of those stupid sites.
Personally I like to still print photos for around the home and as gifts to people in nice picture frames.


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Real home: a stylist's summery seaside home full of vintage pieces
We stepped inside Francine Kay's Brighton home to find out how she created her serene summer scheme
(Image credit: China Cooper)
By Ellen Finch 2019-08-12T09:39:26Z
You might imagine that stepping inside the home of an interior stylist is an intimidating experience. Francine Kay's minimalist Victorian house, then, just a stone's throw from the beaches of Brighton, comes as a surprise. Painted in soft white tones, with plenty of meaningful trinkets and antique pieces that all have a backstory, you're struck by how relaxed, calming and trend-neutral her home is.
It turns out that styling is all about confidence. During my conversation with Francine, it was clear that while she has strong opinions – like the no gadgets in the kitchen rule, for example – those are opinions that work exclusively for her own house. She was keen to emphasise that your home is a reflection of your personality, so you'll naturally get out what you put in. Whether you want colour and visual stimulation when you walk through the door or prefer to keep it muted and serene, creating a scheme that works for you is key.
Read on to find out more about Francine's home, then check out our other completed projects.
'The living room is where I snuggle down with the girls. Everything has meaning in here, and the decorations are either gifts or specially chosen from galleries. The armchair is from 1910 and it used to be leather, but when the girls were younger, they'd pick at
it – so I had it upholstered.'
Walls painted in Cotton, Paint & Paper Library. Jute rug, Ebay. Coffee table, Ercol. Side table, Habitat. Mirror, Ardingly Antiques Fair. Chandelier, Portobello Market
The owner: Francine Kay, an interior stylist and photographer, lives with her daughters Hannah, 15, and Alber, 13
The property: A three-bedroom Victorian semi-detached house in Hove, Brighton
Project cost: £29,000
Q: Your home is such a considered, calming space, but I imagine it wasn't quite like that when you bought it…
A: There was a great deal of pine wood and a lot of bright sickly colours. The kitchen was purple and lime green – you can imagine what I thought! The previous owners had done a lot of the structural work, so we didn't have to change much there. Overall, the shell of the house was quite true to its Victorian design. The kitchen probably used to be two small rooms on different levels, but we inherited it as one long room.
'I used to commute to London for work, so I wanted my house to be as close to the sea as possible to make the commute worth it,' Francine says. 'Naturally, I was inspired by the beach when it came to decorating my house.' The 1920s sofa was reupholstered by Francine using muted blue fabric.
Teak cabinet, Ebay. Mirror, Three Angels of Brighton
Q: That kitchen décor sounds like an interior design nightmare! Where did you start?
A: We ripped up the carpets in the house very quickly, but the main design started in the lounge. The first thing I bought was the blue chandelier and I used that as inspiration. I tiled the hallway floor and whitewashed everything to get a feel for the space, then started building on tones.
'The kitchen is such a big space and it's so bright that it's lovely in the daytime,' Francine says. 'We spend a lot of our time in here, but I don't want to sit around a table all day – I'm lazy and I like to lie down! The lounge is cosy with a warm glow, so we'll snuggle down in there in the evenings.'
Walls painted in All White and floorboards painted in Dimpse, both Farrow & Ball. Oven, Smeg. Pendant lights, Heal's. Unit curtains, The Irish Linen Company. Table, vintage G-Plan. Chairs, 1960s Ercol
Q: I'm intrigued by the chandelier. What was it about that piece that made you think, 'That's the starting point'?
A: It's a vintage chandelier, but the colour stops it from being too twee, I think. When I found it, it wasn't in its full glory – it had lost some droplets. I liked that, though – it's a sort of 1940s faded glamour. It's that softened grandeur that I wanted to use across the whole house. The kitchen is one example – I like the modern rustic feel, but it's also got some slightly glamorous lampshades. I love the old French linen over the units, too.
'The floor tiles are from Morocco. They're very thick, encaustic, and they needed treating a lot otherwise they'd stain. They look very individual – like they're hand-painted. I love the green on the floor – it reminds me of nature, of grass, but the tiles are also a nod towards the more graphic side of Victorian
interior design.'
Encaustic tiles, Dar Interiors. Bench, Three Angels of Brighton. Pendant light, Ardingly Antiques Fair
Q: The whole house is quite minimalist. Was that something you wanted to get across?
A: Yes, definitely. The cupboards in the kitchen hide the dishwasher, washing machine and boiler, and we have a larder under the stairs. The only other storage is one big cupboard. I wanted a soft feel, without too many cupboard doors, which is why I chose dark linen as a sort of curtain instead. It has a more romantic feel to it. The good thing about it is that I never have piles of washing around, and I can't have dirty dishes out – it forces you to tidy up quickly.
'I never set out to do anything all in one go – it's a slow, natural process. There's always things that need doing and you're never finished anyway, so why rush? I change things as they get tatty and never redecorate for the sake of it. I've been here for 17 years and I've never changed my style.'
Bed, Ikea. Linen covers, Christy. Wall mural by Ella Doran, Surface View. Walls painted in Ammonite, Farrow & Ball. Throw, White Company. Anglepoise lamp, After Noah
Q: There's a lot of antique furniture throughout the house, I noticed. Was that a conscious choice?
A: It's something I've loved since I rented my first house. I'd collect art pieces for projects I did while I was working in fashion, and go around lovely markets like Portobello and Greenwich. In general, I rarely buy new things, and everything I put in my home has got to appeal to me. I love 1950s furniture – it reminds me of my grandma.
'Hannah loves plants, so there's lots of nature-inspired things around the room. She's green-fingered.'
Floor painted in Cotton, Paint & Paper Library
More from Real Homes
(Image credit: Future)
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Q: I know what you mean – it does feel good when you track down something really special or find a new use for an old piece. How do you apply that philosophy to all the tech we have in our homes today?
A: I'm not one for gadgets, as you can see from my kitchen. I use a hob kettle, paper filters instead of a coffee machine, and I have a 1940s ceramic cone that I use to put the coffee in. I don't want to keep buying new stuff that needs replacing. The one gadget we do enjoy is Google Home. I like sharing music with the girls – we all like listening to folk, Joni Mitchell, that sort of thing – so if I can force them to have a dance with me in the kitchen without them getting too embarrassed, I love to do that.
'We had the garden studio built when I'd finished the house, mainly to practise yoga as I started taking it more seriously. It's blissful – very quiet and chilled.'
Flooring, Amtico. Jute rug, Ebay. Curtains, handmade with linen from Sanderson. Coffee table, Ercol
Q: It sounds like you're all quite close – and I imagine this is a lovely, chill-out home to grow up in. How have you made the house work for you as a family?
A: Our home is very relaxed – I didn't want any formal rooms – and the kitchen is a nice big space. As teenagers, the girls tend to want to go up to their rooms, but when I can get them out, we easily share the space together. We all cook in the kitchen and listen to music together. We'll chat in there before school, and the bench in the hallway is a nice place to rest and catch up while we're taking our shoes off at the end of the day.
'I had to lose half the garden to create the outdoor room,' says Francine, 'but as a family we all use it far more than we ever would a garden. It's such a flexible space to have in our home.'
Rug, Ebay. Coffee table, Ercol
Q: You have a background in interior styling, so obviously I'd love to hear your words of wisdom. Do you have any tips from a styling point of view for anyone doing a room or house makeover of their own?
A: I love to layer fabrics, like in our living room – I made my own cushion covers from coloured linens. My main tip is that things tend to look a little out of place if you do too much in one go, so I always recommend building rooms up slowly so everything looks natural. It's never as fun doing it all at once anyway. Know your personality – if you enjoy having a big quirky painting on the wall, that's good. Some people want
a home that's stimulating; others want one that makes them feel calm. Personally, I want mine to be a sanctuary.
Bathroom fittings Bathstore
Encaustic tiles Dar Interiors
Accessories Three Angels of Brighton
Wall mural Surface View
More project advice:
17 ways to get the coastal look
How to upcycle furniture for a vintage look
9 stunning coastal homes


Space-Craft Manufacturing, Inc. was founded on February 5, l970 in Milford, Connecticut as a machine shop for gas turbine engine parts. Space-Craft has since developed into a manufacturer of precision-machined parts for aircraft and land-based gas turbine engines, as well as airframe components and other commercial items.
From the beginning our founder and present owner, John Soto, introduced and nurtured a culture that has emphasized and demanded a quality performance by each and every employee regardless of their responsibility. This culture, which has always fostered a dedicated group of employees, along with a continuous plan of investing in the latest and most advanced equipment available, has been at the center of our success.
In 1993 Space-Craft Manufacturing, Inc. relocated to a newer and larger facility in New Haven, Connecticut. This move allowed Space-Craft to incorporate the practical aspects of all the latest methods of efficiency and productivity in establishing the new production floor and supporting operations.
Space-Craft's long list of customers include General Electric Transportation Systems, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, Sikorsky Aircraft, Volvo Aero and the United States Air Force and Navy.
Space-Craft Manufacturing, Inc. has prospered over the years by the simple philosophy of thoroughly fulfilling the needs of our customers.
Space-Craft Manufacturing Inc. provides a range of precision parts for the aerospace industry. Operating computer numerical control (CNC) turning and five-axis milling capabilities.


An overview of the projects I am working on.
My main interest is in finding ways to adapt fact-learning to individual learners and thereby yield better learning outcomes. Throughout my PhD project, I have worked with Hedderik van Rijn on the system we call SlimStampen (all projects mentioned in this category are in collaboration with Hedderik). The model uses input from the learner recorded during learning to continuously update item-level parameters that indicate how quickly this learner is expected to forget the item being studied. It uses these estimates to make sure items are repeated before they are forgotten.
A lot of the work in this context focuses on investigating these estimated parameters in more detail. We looked at the stability of the parameter estimates over time and across different materials and found that the parameters could be estimated reliably over a three-week period. The results from this project were published in Topics in Cognitive Science.
We also explored how those estimated parameters are related to established measures of individual differences: working memory capacity and general cognitive capacity. Preliminary results indicated that there is no correlation between our model's parameters and those two measures – we reported these findings in the CogSci conference proceedings and presented results at the annual meeting in August 2016. A manuscript discussing the full dataset has been submitted in May 2018 (also see Chapter 4 in my PhD thesis).
Another interesting question is to which extent motivation plays a role when studying with our adaptive method. To learn more about this aspect, we pre-registered an experiment to test the effect of different levels of rewards on the model's parameters. The details about this project are documented on the Open Science Framework. We completed data collection at the end of the academic year 2015/16. Preliminary results of this project were presented as a poster at Psychonomics 2016 [blog post; link to poster on the OSF]. This work is conducted in collaboration with Berry van den Berg and Don van Ravenzwaaij.
On top of that, we are currently revising a manuscript from a study in which we compared our adaptive learning method to a decently effective flashcard "control" condition in a within-subject design. Previous work suggests that performance on a subsequent test is better when studying with the adaptive method but comparing the methods in a within-subject design will hopefully allow us to say more about who benefits the most from studying with a personalized learning system.
Together with Maarten van der Velde and Jelmer Borst, we are now starting to mine big datasets to explore ways to improve the adaptive system. A first exploration of this line of work will be presented at ICCM 2018 in Madison in July.
An alternative line of research that we (Hedderik and I, together with Sarah Maass) embarked on is that of learning complex skills that require more than declarative knowledge. We received a grant from the European Office of Aerospace Research and Development to learn more about how declarative and procedural learning interact when learning a complex skill. The complex skill we chose to investigate is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) which is part of first aid. This project is a collaboration with Kevin Gluck's group at the Air Force Research Laboratory. We showcased initial findings at ICCM 2016 (poster as PDF) and ICCM 2017.
Data collection for a large study with retention intervals of multiple months was completed by Sarah in late May of 2018 and we are now digging into the data to prepare a manuscript with our main findings. This work is conducted with collaborators from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), specifically Micheal Krusmark and Kevin Gluck (with help from Matt Walsh and Siera Martinez).


In 1980, a huge complex of monuments was built beside the Syr Darya, 18 kilometres beyond Zhosaly. The Khorkhyt-Ata Monument is dedicated to Khorkhyt (or Korkut), the legendary musician, philosopher, narrator and inventor of the kobyz, who is known to many Turkic nations. The architect Bek Ibrayev joined forces with physiologist S. Isatayev to construct an ingenious musical image in concrete. Comprised of four identical, eight- metre-high "half-tubes" made of reinforced concrete, each section of the monument points in a different direction, towards the four winds. The shape of this modern stele recalls the kobyZ-but in more than simple form. The wind, which never fails to blow here, is caught by the concrete sections and produces a moaning tune, which can often be heard from far away. This is facilitated by the organ-like interiors of the four sections, which consist of a sound box made of 40 metal tubes. The stele is decorated with ornaments that symbolize the cosmic images of the ancient nomadic peoples.
A mausoleum is said to have been located on this spot until 1950, about which legend tells the following story: in the 9th Century, a woman in an aul along the Syr Darya bore a child, the sight of whom made all the women who had gathered in the yurt shriek and run away, since the newborn creature looked like a shapeless sack. But the mother opened the amniotic sack and a tiny baby appeared and immediately started to cry. On hearing this, the women returned to the tent and were reassured. They recommended that the mother name the child Khorkhyt, meaning terrifying. The boy grew up a clever and perceptive child, with a remarkable level of sensitivity. This characteristic remained with him, and when Khorkhyt was 20 years old, he had a bad dream, in which white-robed figures told him that he had only 20 more years to live.
Khorkhyt decided to search for immortality. He roamed the world on his female camel, Zhelmaya, and one day he met some people who were digging a grave. They answered his question by telling him that this grave was meant for Khorkhyt. He understood that he would not find immortality here. Restlessly he travelled to all points of the compass, but everywhere he met signs of death. Finally, he returned home. He sacrificed his camel Zhelmaya, built a musical instrument and covered its sound box with his beloved camel's skin.
Thus was born the kobyz. Khorkhyt drew sad melodies from the instrument made front the hide of his beloved animal. This "sound from the afterlife" turned into a magic force. Death appeared but could not take Khorkhyt, who sat on the banks of the Syr Darya and played the song of life on his kobyz day and night. But eventually he fell asleep and death appeared in the shape of a poisonous adder and took him after all. The kobyz is said to have lain there for a long time, the wind drawing soft tones from it. Ever since, music has been successfully fighting death. Where it resounds, death has no power.
Not far from the monument there is a museum and a small amphitheatre. Sitting on its stone benches, groups of travellers can see and hear prearranged performances by musicians and dancers-the melancholy sound of a kobyz at sunset makes a deep impression.


text:
Allomaieta es un género con ocho especies de plantas con flores pertenecientes a la familia Melastomataceae. Es originario de Sudamérica.  Comprende 8 especies descritas y de estas, solo 3 aceptadas.

Taxonomía

El género fue descrito por Henry Allan Gleason y publicado en Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 56(2): 98-99 en el año 1929.

Especies aceptadas
A continuación se brinda un listado de las especies del género Allomaieta aceptadas hasta febrero de 2013, ordenadas alfabéticamente. Para cada una se indica el nombre binomial seguido del autor, abreviado según las convenciones y usos:

Allomaieta hirsuta (Gleason) Lozano
Allomaieta strigosa (Gleason) Lozano
Allomaieta villosa (Gleason) Lozano

Referencias

Melastomataceae


Bengal cats are beautiful, exotic, and as explosively popular as a fairly new breed can be. A breeder is a great resource for expert tips on how to choose a Bengal kitten for a pet.
Meet Alisa Coffey, breeder and Bengal lover of Belrouge Bengals. Alisa agreed to sit down and answer our burning questions about this most unusual breed.
Alisa, would you explain exactly what Bengal cats are for the benefit of any readers who aren't familiar with the breed?
The Bengal cat is a hybrid named after its beautiful wild ancestor, the Felis Bengalensis or "Asian Leopard Cat." They have been called Living Room Leopards for the exotic beauty and movement they bring to a home environment. The Bengal's long legs, striking patterns and elegant stride remind us of a much larger wild cat, but they are a fully domesticated breed with the most amiable of personalities. They are smart, social, energetic and playful.
How do they compare to the average house cat?
Your average house cat may be willing to give you a kitty kiss or two, run after a ball or jump up to catch a toy, but Bengals are the movie star house cats. They give kitty kisses in excess amounts, play fetch, and jump up even 6 feet in the air to catch a toy. Our house record is 6 feet 8 inches!
Bengals aren't much bigger than the typical house cat, ranging from 12-15 pounds for females and 15-18 pounds for a male, but they are sometimes much longer. They can endure hours of stimulation without needing a kitty nap.
I have heard them called the dog lover's cat. You know the way a dog comes to you with their favorite toy to say, "Hey, let's go play"? Bengals do the same thing. Whatever you train them to do becomes a part of their personality.
When my alarm clock goes off at 7:00 a.m., I can expect kitty kisses and at least one toy to be brought to me to start the day. If you take a walk at 3:00 p.m. they are ready to go with you. Playing fetch in the pool? It's a real possibility that they will join you. Taking a shower? You can be guaranteed a visitor, if you didn't remember to lock the door; shutting it won't suffice, because they are excellent locksmiths.
Since Bengals were originally bred from wild stock, are there any temperament issues with this breed?
No. Sometimes people will exclaim to new Bengal owners, "You are buying a wild cat!" This just isn't the case! Bengal lines are carefully selected to insure the most loving, loyal, energetic and enthusiastic kitty to ever prowl the living room rug. When visitors come over there is no "Oh, the cat is somewhere in the back". A Bengal is the first to greet you at the door, instantly sociable. While they are loyal to their owners, they are very hospitable to their visitors.
They also make excellent therapy cats. For someone who is having a difficult time starting their day, a kiss on the nose might be just what they need! Our Belrouge Bengals have a fairly regular schedule. When the alarm sounds they are instantly by your bedside attempting to wake you up.
Bengal cats make sure to spread all the love they have around the entire family. If we ask where one of the cats spent the night, we can all be guaranteed to exclaim that the cat slept with us. At some point in the night he/she was with one of us, making sure we each got our own bit of Bengal love.
Tell us a little about your own experience as a Bengal cat breeder.
My favorite part of being a Bengal cat breeder is watching the queens as their motherly instincts take over. They clean their new babies, love on them and teach them to play. We have a drawer where we keep all of our kitty toys. All of the moms know where it is; it is easy to smell the waft of the catnip.
When their babies are about a week old, the moms go and get toys for their babies from the drawer. All twelve toy mice, the glow in the dark balls, the catnip stuffed carrots and hearts, foil teasers, feather teasers, tail chasers and even the laser chaser all are delivered by mom to the kitten birthing area. My daughters and I laugh at how much each mom is ready to play while the babies are just opening their eyes.
"Look at the way they walk just like a leopard."
"Oh, it looks just like a wild cat, but it's so sweet."
"It is so soft, it's like a mink."
"I can't believe they come right to me".
People are surprised by the way these cats will let us hold them on their backs like babies and rub their spotted tummies. A couple weeks ago I was showing a new owner how to trim her kitten's nails and he fell asleep in my hands. It is so much fun to introduce our cats to people.
Of course there are challenges; a breeder needs to know quite a bit about birthing to assist the mom, if she has difficulty. We often adjust our plans to accommodate a birthing. I just hate to leave them alone during that.
We screen our clients to try to make sure that they will be a good match for one of our Bengals, but letting the kittens go to their new homes can be hard. There is usually at least a few from each litter that steal our hearts. Fortunately, we get to see most of them again either at shows, in pictures or around town.
We want to enjoy breeding and we want all of our kittens to find new homes before they are adolescents, so we don't breed litter after litter. In fact, we subscribe to a code of ethics that emphasizes discriminate breeding based on strong evidence for finding suitable homes for our kittens, as well as ensuring good health, stable temperament, intelligence and desirable appearance. That means that we really do have to use a waiting list to plan future litters.
In your estimation, is the breed gaining popularity?
They are probably the most popular show cat in the USA right now. The Bengal is represented at any TICA cat show, and it is likely to be the majority.
A lot of really famous people own them and carry them around town in pet bags, on leashes and on their shoulders. It's been reported that Paris Hilton, Leila Ali, Lord Archer, Jonathan Ross, Kevin Bacon and Hugh Grant's girlfriend Jemima Kahan are all Bengal cat owners.
Bengals are found on the front of cat food bags, on cat litter commercials and in print. I have new clients who tell me they saw a Bengal walking around on a leash and now they must have one. Bengals are definitely stars.
Tell us about Snow Bengals.
Reminiscent of the big Snow Leopards, Seal Lynx Point Snows were the first snows that breeders started to develop. The Lynx Point carries the recessive color point gene that comes from the Siamese cat. They are born with striking blue eyes that they keep even as adults. This is the only type of Bengal with blue eyes.
In the late eighties, the Burmese cat was introduced into some of the Bengal cat lines. This produced a line of darker Snows, the Seal Mink and the Seal Sepia, which is the darkest Snow.
The Snows are very beautiful, but they are only one of the colors of Bengals. There is an article on my website that goes into greater detail about Snows and how to tell them apart. One of the newer things available through UC Davis is DNA testing, which is a good way to verify type and lineage.
All of our Bengal cats, including our Snows, come from Supreme Grand Championship lines. We do a lot of screening to weed out traits that we don't think should be passed on, and to really enhance the good qualities that we see emerging. We are very happy with the long athletic build, puffy whisker pads and prominent chin that our cats have.
What is the average price range for a Bengal kitten?
Prices can be all over the board for this rapidly developing breed. In 1998, a foundation Bengal was sold in England for over $40,000.00. That was the world's record for the most expensive cat ever sold. Time has made prices a little more reasonable and varies greatly depending on the type and quality of kitten you want. A nice show quality cat will probably run $2,500.00 - $5,000.00 or even more. Pet prices run $650.00 at the low end to about $1,250.00 for a very nice pet. The thing to remember is that you usually get what you pay for. For a pet that is healthy, well bred and well socialized, $1,000.00 should do the trick.
What advice do you have for anyone considering bringing a Bengal into his/her life?
Be sure this is the kind of cat that you want. Don't buy on impulse. Bengals are beautiful, but they are not accessories.
Visit the cattery and meet your cat in person, if at all possible. This will be a new member of your family.
Choose a good breeder. There are some tips on my website about how to do that.
Make time and take the time to introduce your cat into your home the right way. Welcome them like a new baby, with love, attention and toys.
Follow the breeder's guidelines for feeding, health and training, so that your kitten will be healthy and have good habits. Whatever you train them to do they will want to do, because they want to be a part of your life.


text:
Q: Global Variables with threading in python By threading a process as in this code:
import threading
import time

def loop():
    global bbcount
    bbcount = 0
    while True:
        bbcount += 1
        print "This is a Loop"
        time.sleep(1)

if __name__ == '__main__':

    t = threading.Thread(target=loop)
    t.start()
    while True:
        user_input = raw_input("Please enter a value:")
        print "User input: " + user_input
        print "Current count: " + str(bbcount)
    t.join()

Do I run the risk of bbcount being corrupted by trying to print a partially updated/incremented memory space while being incremented the loop?
I thought about this after reading:
Since all threads of a process share the same global variables, a problem arises with synchronization of access to global variables. For example, let's assume you have a global variable X and two threads A and B. Let's say threads A and B will merely increment the value of X. When thread A begins execution, it copies the value of X into the registers and increments it. Before it gets a chance to write the value back to memory, this thread is suspended. The next thread starts, reads the same value of X that the first thread read, increments it and writes it back to memory. Then, the first thread finishes execution and writes its value from the register back to memory. After these two threads finish, the value of X is incremented by 1 instead of 2 as you would expect.
from: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3138

A: Because of GIL, this program would run expectedly.
More about GIL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Interpreter_Lock
So the global variables will be thread-safe editing in a short time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

namespace SVG\Nodes\Filters;

use SVG\Nodes\SVGNodeContainer;
use SVG\Rasterization\SVGRasterizer;

/**
 * Represents the SVG tag 'feGaussianBlur'.
 */
class SVGFEGaussianBlur extends SVGNodeContainer
{
    const TAG_NAME = 'feGaussianBlur';

    public function __construct()
    {
        parent::__construct();
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function rasterize(SVGRasterizer $rasterizer)
    {
        // Nothing to rasterize.
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A landing page, also known as a lead capture page, exists to get your visitors to fill in the form. To convert them into your customers or subscribers. You often offer an information that your visitors need (e.g. free downloads) in exchange for signing up with you. A landing page can also be called a "squeeze page" because the purpose is (a) to squeeze out your visitors' information (i.e. email address), and/or (b) to squeeze the visitors into the list of your subscribers.
Landing page, lead capture page or squeeze page - the definition is often discussed by many, but they're fundamentally the same. The one and only objective of the page is to get your visitors to sign up with you. A home page can be a landing page, but rarely so if it has "distractor" elements such as menus, side bar with links to other pages/sites. There should ideally be only one exit provided to your visitors, which is your call-to-action button.
Thrive Landing Page Builder - fast WordPress plugin with the latest design templates, as part of its content builder, price starting from $67.
Instabuilder 2.0 - fast and flexible WordPress plugin, price from $77.
GetResponse - as part of the monthly email marketing membership.
They will scroll your page and may leave within 10 seconds.
Each section should be brief and just adequate enough to impress the readers. If you think it's absolutely necessary to display a lot of sentences/sections to explain, you could create another page and place a link in your landing page. But it means you're sending your visitors away from the landing page...so the linked page should always open in a new tab/window. Using a tabbed content function (see the example below) is an alternative way to compact an information within a small space.
Quicksprout explains that a headline should be unique, specific, convey a sense of urgency, and should be useful. The copywriting technique explained in this Quicksprout page is very useful to remember. Not only it should be sharp, brief and contains some attention-grabbing words, it should also have a personality and there's a matching content to follow.
The call-to-action button should be your visitors' final destination, therefore it should always be placed at the bottom of your landing page. However when a landing page is long and has a lot of information, there's a chance that the reader can "get bored" as they scroll down the mid-way.
If a content in the above-fold is impressive enough for reader to read on, that's great. But it's not always the case and therefore there should be an extra call-to-action button or two mid-way the page pointing at the same destination URL, or the opt-in form. So that the readers are clearly notified of what they're requested to do.
Introducing your business or products using a video clip is considered effective. Real person talking to the visitor adds a credibility to the campaign, adds friendliness, spontaneity and it's persuasive for some.
Some find it more convenient to watch a video campaign while commuting, for instance. While others find it more difficult because of the signalling condition.
I personally rarely watch video campaigns - I prefer to read. I don't like when a video (sound) starts unexpectedly as soon as I open a web page. I would put a pause on the video and search for a written article instead. Adding a video to your landing page may be effective but may not be enough to convince every visitor - it's always a good idea to add a written summary elsewhere (either within the landing page, or a link to another page).
It's becoming an essential norm to place social media links in a webpage, but bearing in mind that they are other "exit points", the media icons should not be in-your-face but should be sat discreetly in the corner. And each link should open in a new tab/window.
No absolutely necessary, but a countdown timer is proven to help increase conversion rates. My optin rate increased by >35% after I added a timer to one of my landing pages. Either cookie based or IP address based, you can't fool users who know how it works on a landing page, but a timer does provide an urgency effect psychologically.


text:
Catalogue » Complete Title Listing » Pedestal
The convoy that saved Malta
Author: Peter C Smith
In the summer of 1942 one of the main issues in the balance was the fate of Malta. The island was still a bastion of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and a constant threat to the supply route for the enemy land forces in North Africa.
It bravely resisted every onslaught of the Axis powers, but food supplies were desperately short and fuel oil running low. In August of that year Operation Pedestal was launched – a last attempt to relieve Malta. Fourteen merchant ships were allocated to it and the Royal Navy provided the most powerful force ever to escort a convoy including four aircraft carriers. Operating from Sardinia and Sicily, the Germans and Italians let fly with their shore-based aircraft on an unprecedented scale. The losses on the British side were appalling, but the objective was achieved and the blockade of Malta was finally lifted.
Dimensions: B Format
Photos/Illus: 24 page b&w section
Faith, Hope and Malta GC
Wings Aflame
Shark Squadron Pilot
Blue Skies and Dark Nights


Have you taken a look at your property tax assessment lately? You may be paying too much in property taxes and the time to appeal your assessment is now.
With the economic downturn, prices in most neighborhoods have gone down and that means that the value of your house has gone down with it. However, local governments are counting on every dime of your taxes and are reluctant to respond to market changes quickly. So it is up to you to be proactive, if you believe they have valued your property too high.
How are taxes determined? The assessed value is multiplied by the amount of tax millage that has been voted for your neighborhood...those numbers include school taxes, county taxes and special assessments for libraries, zoo, museums, etc. So take a look at your tax bill and your assessment and evaluate comparable neighboring sales.
Give us a call...we will be glad to do a market analysis of your home and help you prepare the documents you might submit with an appeal.


text:
Your current location:HOME > News > Industry News
Application of closed cooling tower in electroplating industry
When it comes to the application of closed cooling towers in the electroplating industry, we actually also pay attention to the basics, which is to directly cool the electroplating bath in the electroplating tank. In this case, for the choice of a closed cooling tower or a chiller? As far as the cooling method is concerned, it can actually be directly divided into two types.HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
As far as the two methods of closed cooling towers are used in closed cooling towers, they actually include direct cooling methods and their indirect cooling methods. To put it simply, we will actually find that, on its own terms, it actually means that the water in the bottom basin of the cooling tower is directly sent to the condenser of our chiller through the water pump. In terms of it, it actually cools down after the condenser passes.HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
Then, when it actually flows back to the spray in our closed cooling tower, as far as the fan on the top of the cooling tower is concerned, it actually cools down after the water passes. Then, it will actually flow directly back to the bottom of our cooling tower, forming a relatively extensive cycle of work.HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
But as far as the condenser in the closed cooling tower is concerned, when it is cooling down, the refrigerant inside it will liquefy, and then when it flows into the evaporator in our water tank, it will proceed directly. Evaporation, but when it evaporates, it actually needs to absorb heat. At this time, the water in the precipitation tank will pass through and cool down.HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
When the closed cooling tower has carried out the above steps, we actually need to pay attention to the water after it is cooled, in fact, it must be pumped, and then, after it is delivered to the heat exchanger, when it is overheated When it flows in, it actually cools the sulfuric acid directly. It is precisely because of this that we will actually find that it is actually a cyclic process for a closed cooling tower.HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
Because the water in the bottom basin of the cooling tower is transferred to the cooler of the industrial chiller by the water pump, the cooler will be cooled accordingly. Then it flows back into the cooling tower under the condition of spouting down. The cooling fan on the top of the cooling tower cools the water according to the temperature, and then flows back to the bottom of the cooling tower to produce such a circulating work. When the temperature of the cooler is lowered, the internal refrigerant vaporizes, and then volatilizes on the air-conditioning evaporator injected into the water storage tank. However, it is necessary to receive heat in the case of volatilization, so that the water inside the tank will be reduced. Cooling, the water after cooling is carried out by a pump and then transferred to the heat exchanger, and then the over-temperature injection process will cause the hydrochloric acid to cool down, and it is such a cycle of procedures.
Cooling tower utilization industry has
The cooling tower is mainly used in the central air-conditioning cooling management system, refrigerated products, injection molding processing, tannery, polyurethane foaming, power generation, steam turbine generators, profile processing, air compressors, industrial chain water cooling and other areas. Most of them are central air-conditioning cooling, refrigeration, and plastic chemical manufacturing industries. The actual divisions are as follows:HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
A, gas indoor temperature adjustment category: air conditioning and ventilation equipment, freezer, refrigerator, cold storage, heating and air conditioning, etc.;HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
B. Processing, manufacturing and production processing: food industry, medicine, metal material forging, plastics industry, vulcanized rubber industry, textile industry, smelter, chemical industry, petrochemical products, etc.;HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
C, mechanical equipment operation cooling category: generator set, steam turbine generator, air compressor, four-column hydraulic press, module, etc.;HDQCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer
D, other manufacturing industries...
Article Address:https://www.trlen.com/news/207.html
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Noise pollution under the epidemic has led to a surge in sales of noise reduction products
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text:
> Home > San José State University > Special Collections and Archives
∞ https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8w66rzk/
San José State University Special Collections and Archives Records
MSS.2017.10.17
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Contact San José State University::Special Collections and Archives
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Biographical / Historical
Language of Material: English
Contributing Institution: SJSU Special Collections & Archives
Title: San José State University Special Collections and Archives Records
Identifier/Call Number: MSS.2017.10.17
Physical Description: 2 boxes (2 linear feet)
Date (inclusive): 1958-2019
Abstract: Records of San José State University Special Collections Department from the late 1950s to 2019.
This collection is arranged into five series: Series I. Department Records, 1958-1981; Series II. Cathy Bissell Records, 1981-1991; Series III. Jack Douglas, 1986-1995; Series IV. Danelle Moon Records, 2004-2015, Series V. Craig Simpson Records, 2017-2019.
The San José State University Department of Special Collections and Archives acquires, preserves, and provides access to primary resources and rare materials that support the diverse teaching and research needs of undergraduates, graduates, faculty, staff, and the larger community. The Special Collections and Archives collects and houses maps, periodicals, manuscripts, art, photographs, film, rare books, and sound records materials related to the history, politics, and literature of the city of San José. The department also collects faculty publications, administrative records, photographs associated with the history of San José State University.
Copyright has been assigned to San José State University Library Special Collections & Archives. All requests for permission to publish or quote from materials must be submitted in writing to the Director of Special Collections & Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of Special Collections & Archives as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the reader. Copyright restrictions also apply to digital reproductions of the original materials. Use of digital files is restricted to research and educational purposes.
San José State University Special Collections and Archives Records, MSS-2017-10-17, San José State University Library Special Collections & Archives.
Collection processed and finding aid encoded in EAD by Samira Habibi in November 2017. Series IV and V added by Kate Steffens in August 2019.
The San José State University Special Collections and Archives Records collection is comprised of documents written, collected, and used by Special Collections and Archives Librarians between 1958 and 2015. The materials in this collection primarily reflect and document the daily operations of the Special Collections department. This collection consists of newspaper clippings, booklets, preliminary statements, newsletters, policies, department procedures, and exhibit posters.
Series I consists of records created and maintained by the librarians who were in charge of the department between 1958 and 1985. Materials in Series II primarily relate to the years 1980 to 1991, when Cathy Bissell was head of the department. Series III primarily consists of materials created, collected, and used by Jack Douglas, who was Special Collections Librarian from 1986 to 2000. Series IV consists of a binder of procedural manuals, and a MPLP processing manual, both created under Danelle Moon, who was Special Collections Librarian from 2004-2015. Series V consists of exhibit posters created under Craig Simpson, who is the Director of Special Collections from 2017-the present.
San José State University and the San José Public Library System Joint Library Project Records, MSS-2009-08-05
San José State University Library Records, MSS-2009-03-03
Subjects and Indexing Terms
San José State University -- Special Collections & Archives
San José State University -- Library
Series I. Department Records
Series II. Cathy Bissell Records
Series III. Jack Douglas Records
Series IV: Danelle Moon Records
Series V: Craig Simpson Records


text:
Home › Litigation News
Civil Procedure »
Supreme Court Reminds Bar of Limits on Counsel's Duty to the Client
By Charles S. Fax, Litigation News Associate Editor
The dust has settled in Sigram Schindler Beteiligungsgesellschaft MBH v. Lee. In this patent case, the U.S. Supreme Court, in denying the petition for writ of certiorari, ordered the petitioner's counsel to show cause why he should not be sanctioned for his conduct in connection with the filing. What had he done to warrant sanctions? The answer is found in reading the petition, which I tried to do. I got lost in the question presented:
Does the U.S. Constitution, in legal decisions based on 35 USC §§ 101/102/103/112, require instantly avoiding the inevitable legal errors in construing incomplete and vague classical claim constructions—especially for "emerging technology claim(ed invention)s, ET CIs"—by construing for them the complete/concise refined claim constructions of the Supreme Court's KSR/Bilski/Mayo/Myriad/Biosig/Alice line of unanimous precedents framework, or does the U.S. Constitution for such decision entitle any public institution to refrain, for ET CIs, for a time it feels feasible, from proceeding as these Supreme Court precedents require—or meeting its requirements just by some lip-service—and in the meantime to construe incomplete classical claim constructions, notwithstanding their implied legal errors?
The body of the petition is equally incomprehensible. Moreover, a footnote above counsel's signature line states "Prof. Sigram Schindler, the primary inventor of the '453 patent, should be recognized for significant contributions to this Petition." The Supreme Court blogosphere speculated that the petition thus violated Supreme Court rules requiring that arguments be presented directly and concisely, and that nonlawyers should not be credited with having contributed to the petition.
In fact, as former Solicitor General Paul Clement acknowledged in his response on behalf of the errant practitioner, the petition was effectively written by Schindler. Clement called the petition "unorthodox . . . right down to the client's favored locutions and acronyms employed in his other writings about the patent system. . . . It undoubtedly reflects his client's wishes and instructions." In sum, Schindler dictated the petition and counsel signed it.
In prior proceedings below, Schindler disapproved of an argument counsel included in the brief (which Schindler had not seen before it was filed) and instructed him to move for leave to file an amended brief that struck that argument and substituted Schindler's own. Schindler signed a declaration appended to the motion that said as much. Clearly, when they got to the Supreme Court, counsel did not want to go through THAT again.
Clement argued that counsel was torn between two duties—one to the client, to faithfully represent his interests and dutifully make the arguments he wanted to make, and one to the Court, to submit a petition that satisfied the rules. Clement further argued that counsel could not have resigned the representation, as that would have prejudiced Schindler; there was no time to obtain substitute counsel. In fact, that begs the underlying question. Schindler had no right to submit an incoherent petition (and surely it was not persuasive)—and thus would not have been prejudiced by the failure to file it. Nonetheless, the Court was evidently satisfied with the extent of the mea culpa that Clement did offer, as it issued a brief order on March 23, 2015, discharging the order to show cause with this coda: "All Members of the Bar are reminded, however, that they are responsible—as Officers of the Court—for compliance with the requirement of Supreme Court Rule 14.3 that petitions for certiorari be stated 'in plain terms' and may not delegate that responsibility to the client."
That seems to be the lesson that lawyers have drawn from this episode. I remain troubled, however, by the underlying facts: Schindler apparently did not retain his lawyer for legal counsel and guidance; rather, he used his lawyer as a scribe. He may have paid handsomely for that service, but it is not the practice of law. It is one thing to make, in good faith, an "unorthodox" argument on behalf of a client, but it is quite another to allow the client to override the lawyer's professional judgment and duty to the court. With the financial pressures of business as acute as they are, the temptation to do so—in a substantial matter—is great. That should be the lesson learned.
Keywords: patent case, sanctions, Supreme Court Rule 14.3
» Order to Show Cause, (Dec. 8, 2014).
» The petition for writ of certiorari is not available online for free. The question presented is quoted in full at http://bit.ly-petition-quoted.
» Response to Order to Show Cause issued on December 8, 2014 (filed Feb. 19, 2015).
» Supreme Court Rule 14.3.
» Mark Wilson, "Details on SCOTUS' Sanction of Patent Attorney Howard Shipley," FindLaw (Feb. 23, 2015).
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