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Q: Why can't programs be proven? Why can't a computer program be proven just as a mathematical statement can?  A mathematical proof is built up on other proofs, which are built up from yet more proofs and on down to axioms - those truths truths we hold as self evident.
Computer programs don't seem to have such a structure.  If you write a computer program, how is it that you can take previous proven works and use them to show the truth of your program?  You can't since none exist.  Further, what are the axioms of programming?  The very atomic truths of the field?
I don't have good answers to the above.  But it seems software can't be proven because it is art and not science.  How do you prove a Picasso?

A: Proofs are programs.
Formal verification of programs is a huge research area.  (See, for example, the group at Carnegie Mellon.)
Many complex programs have been verified; for example, see this kernel written in Haskell (repaired 404 link is for seL4, see also the moved to location and the project's website).

A: If you're really interested in the topic, let me first recommend David Gries' "The Science of Programming", a classic introductory work on the topic.
It actually is possible to prove programs correct to some extent.  You can write preconditions and postconditions and then prove that given a state that meets the preconditions, the resulting state after execution will meet the postconditions.
Where it gets tricky, however, is loops.  For these, you additionally need to find a loop invariant and to show correct termination you need to find an upper bound function on the maximum possible number of iterations remaining after each loop.  You also have to be able to show that this decreases by at least one after each iteration through the loop.
Once you have all this for a program, the proof is mechanical.  But unfortunately, there's no way to automatically derive the invariant and bound functions for loops.  Human intuition suffices for trivial cases with small loops, but realistically, complex programs quickly become intractable.

A: First, why are you saying "programs CAN'T be proven"?
What do you mean by "programs" anyway?
If by programs you're meaning algorithms don't you know Kruskal's? Dijkstra's? MST? Prim's? Binary Search? Mergesort? DP? All those things have mathematical models that describe their behaviors.
DESCRIBE. Math doesn't explain the why of things it simply draws a picture of the how. I can't prove to you that the Sun will rise tomorrow on the East but I can show the data where it has been doing that thing on the past.
You said:
"If you write a computer program, how is it that you can take previous proven works and use them to show the truth of your program? You can't since none exist"
Wait? You CAN'T?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm#Algorithmic_analysis
I can't show you "truth" I a program as much as I can't show you "truth" on language. Both are representations of our empirical understanding of the world. Not on "truth". Putting all gibberish aside I can demonstrate to you mathematically that a mergesort algorith will sort the elements on a list with O(nlogn) performance, that a Dijkstra will find the shortest path on a weighted graph, or that Euclid's algorithm will find you the greatest common divisor between two numbers. The "truth in my program" in that last case maybe that I'll find you the greatest common divisor between two numbers, don't you think?
With a recurrence equation I can delineate to you how your Fibonacci program works.
Now, is computer programming an art? I sure think it is. As much as mathematics.

A: I don't come from a mathematical background, so forgive my ignorance, but what does "to prove a program" mean?
What are you proving? The correctness? The correctness is a specification that the program must verify to be "correct". But this specification is decided by a human, and how do you verify that this specification is correct?
To my mind, there are bugs in program because humans have difficulties expressing what they really want.
alt text http://www.processdevelopers.com/images/PM_Build_Swing.gif
So what are you proving? Bugs caused by lack of attention?

A:
Further, what are the axioms of programming? The very atomic truths of the field?

I've TA'ed a course called Contract Based Programming (course homepage: http://www.daimi.au.dk/KBP2/).  Here what I can extrapolate from the course (and other courses I've taken)
You have to formally (mathematically) define the semantics of your language.  Let's think of a simple programming language; one that has global variables only, ints, int arrays, arithmetic, if-then-else, while, assignment and do-nothing [you can probably use a subset of any mainstream language as an "implementation" of this].
An execution state would be a list of pairs (variable name, value of variable).  Read "{Q1} S1 {Q2}" as "executing statement S1 takes you from execution state Q1 to state Q2".
One axiom would then be "if both {Q1} S1 {Q2} and {Q2} S2 {Q3}, then {Q1} S1; S2 {Q3}".  That is, if statement S1 takes you from state Q1 to Q2, and statement S2 takes you from Q2 to Q3, then "S1; S2" (S1 followed by S2) takes you from state Q1 to state Q3.
Another axiom would be "if {Q1 && e != 0} S1 {Q2} and {Q1 && e == 0} S2 {Q2}, then {Q1} if e then S1 else S2 {Q2}".
Now, a bit of refinement: the Qn's in {}'s would actually be statements about states, not states themselves.
Suppose that M(out, A1, A2) is a statement which does a merging of two sorted arrays and stores the result in out, and that all the words I use in the next example were expressed formally (mathematically).  Then "{sorted(A1) && sorted(A2)} A := M(A1, A2) {sorted(A) && permutationOf(A, A1 concatened with A2)}" is the claim tha M correctly implements the merge algorithm.
One can try to prove this by using the above axioms (a few others would probably be needed.  You're likely to need a loop, for one).
I hope this illustrates a bit of what proving programs correct might look like.  And trust me: it takes a lot of work, even for seemingly simple algorithms, to prove them correct.  I know, I read a lot of attempts ;-)
[if you read this: your hand-in was fine, it's all the other ones that caused me headaches ;-)]

A: Programs absolutely can be proven to be correct.  Lousy programs are hard to prove.  To do it even reasonably well, you have to evolve the program and proof hand-in-hand.
You can't automate the proof because of the halting problem.  You can, however, manually prove the post-conditions and preconditions of any arbitrary statement, or sequence of statements.
You must read Dijsktra's A Discipline of Programming.
Then, you must read Gries' The Science of Programming.
Then you'll know how to prove programs correct.

A: Of course they can, as others have posted.
Proving a very small subroutine correct is a good exercise that IMHO every undergraduate in a programming-related degree program ought to be required to do.  It gives you great insight into thinking about how to make your code clear, easily reviewable and maintainable.
However, in the real world it is of limited practical use.
First, just as programs have bugs, so do mathematical proofs.  How do prove that a mathematical proof is really correct and doesn't have any errors?  You can't.  And for counter-example, any number of published mathematical proofs have had errors discovered in them, sometimes years later.
Second, you can't prove that a program is correct without having 'a priori' an unambiguous definition of what the program is supposed to do.  But any unambiguous definition of what a program is supposed to do is a program.  (Although it may be a program in some sort of specification language that you don't have a compiler for.)  Therefore, before you can prove that a program is correct, you must first have another program that is equivalent and is known in advance to be correct.  So QED the whole thing is futile.
I would recommend tracking down the classic "No Silver Bullet" article by Brooks.

A: Theres much research in this area.. as others have said, the constructs within a program language are complex, and this only gets worse, when trying to validate or prove for any given inputs.
However, many languages allow for specifications, on what inputs are acceptable (preconditions), and also allow for specifying the end result (post conditions).
Such languages include: B, Event B, Ada, fortran.
And of course, there are many tools which are designed to help us prove certain properties about programs. For example, to prove deadlock freedom , one could crunch their program through SPIN.
There are also many tools out there that also help us detect logic errors. This can be done via static analysis (goanna, satabs) or actual execution of code (gnu valgrind?).
However, there is no one tool which really allows one to prove an entire program, from inception (specification), implementation and deployment. The B method comes close, but its implementation checking is very very weak. (It assumes that humans are infalible in the translation of speicficaiton into implmentation).

As a side note, when using the B method, you'll frequently find yourself building complex proofs from smaller axioms. (And the same applies for other exhasustive theorem provers).

A: They can.  I spent many, many hours as a college freshman doing program correctness proofs.
The reason it's not practical on a macro scale is that writing a proof of a program tends to be a lot harder than writing the program.  Also, programmers today tend to build systems, not write functions or programs.
On a micro scale, I sometimes do it mentally for individual functions, and tend to organize my code to make them easy to verify.
There's a famous article about the space shuttle software.  They do proofs, or something equivalent.  It's incredibly costly and time-consuming.  That level of verification may be necessary for them, but for any kind of consumer or commercial software company, with current techniques, you'll get your lunch eaten by a competitor who delivers a 99.9% solution at 1% of the cost.  Nobody's going to pay $5000 for an MS Office that's marginally more stable.

A: If you are looking for confidence, the alternative to proving programs is testing them. This is easier to understand and can be automated. It also allows for the class of programs for which proofs are mathematically not possible, as described above.
Above all, no proof is a substitute for passing acceptance tests:*

*

*Just because a program really does do what it says it does, doesn't mean it does what the user wants it to do.

*

*Unless you can prove that what it says it does is what the user says they want.

*

*Which you then have to prove is what they really want, because, being a user, they almost certainly don't know what they want. etc. Reductio ad absurdum.

*not to mention unit, coverage, functional, integration and all the other kinds of tests.
Hope this helps you on your path.

A: Something that has not been mentioned here is the B - Method which is a formal method based system. It was used to develop the safety system of the Paris underground.
There are tools available to support B and Event B development, notably Rodin.

A: Not only can you prove programs, you can let your computer construct programs from proofs. See Coq. So you don't even have to worry about the possibility of having made a mistake in your implementation.

A: The halting problem only shows that there are programs that cannot be verified.  A much more interesting and more practical question is what class of programs can be formally verified.  Maybe every program anyone cares about could (in theory) be verified.  In practice, so far, only very small programs have been proven correct.

A: Just a small comment to those who brought up incompleteness -- it is not the case for all axiomatic systems, only sufficiently powerful ones.
In other words, Godel proved that an axiomatic system powerful enough to describe itself would necessarily be incomplete.  This doesn't mean it would be useless however, and as others have linked to, various attempts at program proofs have been made.
The dual problem (writing programs to check proofs) is also very interesting.

A: You can in fact write provably correct programs. Microsoft, for example, has created an extension of the C# language called Spec# which includes an automated theorem prover. For java, there is ESC/java. I'm sure there are many more examples out there.
(edit: apparently spec# is no longer being developed, but the contract tools will become part of .NET 4.0)
I see some posters hand-waving about the halting problem or incompleteness theorems which supposedly prevent the automatic verification of programs. This is of course not true; these issues merely tell us that it is possible to write programs which cannot be proven to be correct or incorrect. That does not prevent us from constructing  programs which are provably correct.

A: Godel's Theorems notwithstanding...What would be the point?  What simplistic "truths" would you like to prove?  What would you want to derive from those truths?  While I may eat these words...where's the practicality?

A: Programs CAN be proven. It's quiet easy if you write them in language like for example Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ).

A: Your statement is wide so it's catching lots of fish.
The bottom line is: some programs can definitely be proven correct. All programs can not be proven correct.
Here's a trivial example which, mind you, is exactly the same kind of proof that destroyed set theory back in the day: make a program which can determine whether itself is correct, and if it finds that it is correct, give an incorrect answer.
This is Gödel's theorem, plain and simple.
But this is not so problematic, since we can prove many programs.

A: Let us assume a purely functional language (ie Haskell). Side effects can be taken quite cleanly into account in such languages.
Proving that a program produces the right result requires you to specify:

*

*a correspondance between data types and mathematical sets

*a correspondance between Haskell functions and mathematical functions

*a set of axioms specifying what functions you are allowed to build from others, and the corresponding contruction on the mathematical side.

This set of specifications is called denotational semantics. They allow you to prove the reason about programs using mathematics.
The good news is that the "structure of programs" (point 3 above) and the "structure of mathematical sets" are quite similar (the buzzword is topos, or cartesian closed category), so 1/ the proofs you do on the math side will easily be transferred into programmatic constructions 2/ the programs you write are easily shown to be mathematically correct.

A: Read up on the halting problem (which is about the difficulty of proving something as simple as whether a program completes or not).  Fundamentally the problem is related to Gödel's incompleteness theorem.

A: Some parts of programs can be proved. For example, the C# compiler that statically verify and guarantee type safety, if the the compilation succeeds.
But I suspect the core of your question is to prove that a program performs correctly. Many (I do not dare say most) algorithms can be proved to be correct, but a whole program probably cannot be proved statically due to the following:

*

*Verification requires all possible branches (calls, ifs and interupts) to be traversed, which in advanced program code has super-cubic time complexity (hence it will never complete within reasonable time).

*Some programming techniques, either through making components or using reflection, makes it impossible to statically predict execution of code (i.e. you don't know how another programmer will use your library, and the compiler has a hard time predict how reflection in a consumer will invoke functionality.

And those are just some...

A:
Further, what are the axioms of programming? The very atomic truths of the field?

Are the opcodes the "atomic truths"? For example on seeing ...
mov ax,1

... mightn't a programmer assert as axiomatic that, barring a hardware problem, after executing this statement the CPU's ax register would now contain 1?

If you write a computer program, how is it that you can take previous proven works and use them to show the truth of your program?

The "previous work" then might be the run-time environment in which the new program runs.
The new program can be proven: apart from formal proofs, it can be proven "by inspection" and by various forms of "testing" (including "acceptance testing").

How do you prove a Picasso?

If software is more like industrial design or engineering than like art, a better question might be "how do you prove a bridge, or an airplane?"

A: If the program has a well defined objective and initial assumptions (ignoring Godel...) it can be proven.  Find all primes,x, for 6<=x<=10, your answer is 7 and that can be proven.  I wrote a program that plays NIM (the first Python program I ever wrote) and in theory the computer always wins after the game falls into a state in which the computer can win.  I haven't been able to prove it as true, but it IS true (mathematically by a digital binary sum proof)  I believe unless I made an error in the code.  Did I make an error, no seriously, can someone tell me if this program is beatable?
There are some mathematical theorems that have been "proven" with computer code like the four color theorem.  But there are objections, because like you said, can you prove the program?

A: proving a program correct can only be done relative to the specification of the program; it is possible but expensive/time-consuming
some CASE systems produce programs more amenable to proofs than others - but again, this relies on a formal semantics of the specification...
...and so how do you prove the specification correct? Right! With more specifications!

A: I read a bit about this, but there are two problems.
First, you can't prove some abstract thing called correctness.  You can, if things are set up properly, prove that two formal systems are equivalent.  You can prove that a program implements a set of specifications, and it's easiest to do this by constructing the proof and program more or less in parallel.  Therefore, the specifications must be sufficiently detailed to provide something to prove against, and therefore the specification is effectively a program.  The problem of writing a program to satisfy a purpose becomes the problem of writing a formal detailed specification of a program to satisfy a purpose, and that's not necessarily a step forward.
Second, programs are complicated.  So are proofs of correctness.  If you can make a mistake writing a program, you sure can make one proving.  Dijkstra and Gries told me, essentially, that if I was a perfect mathematician I could be a good programmer.  The value here is that proving and programming are two somewhat different thought processes, and at least in my experience I make different sorts of mistakes.
In my experience, proving programs isn't useless.  When I am trying to do something I can describe formally, proving the implementation correct eliminates a whole lot of hard-to-find errors, primarily leaving the dumb ones, which I can catch easily in testing.  On a project that must produce extremely bug-free code, it can be a useful adjunct.  It isn't suitable for every application, and it's certainly no silver bullet.

A: As others pointed out, (some) programs can indeed be proven.
One problem in practice however is that you first need something (i.e. an assumption or theorem) that you want to prove. So to prove something about a program you first need a formal description of what it should do (e.g. pre- and post-conditions).
In other words, you need a formal specification of the program. But getting even a reasonable (much less a rigorous formal) specification is already one of the hardest things in software development. Therefore it is generally very difficult to prove interesting things about a (real-world) program.
There are however some things which can be (and have been) more easily formalized (and proven). If you can at least prove that your program will not crash, that's already something :-).
BTW, some compiler warnings/errors are essentially (simple) proofs about a program. E.g., the Java compiler will prove that you never access an uninitialized variable in your code (otherwise it will give you a compiler error).

A: I haven't read all of the answers, but the way I see it, proving programs is pointless, that's why no one does it.
If you have a relatively small/medium project (say, 10K lines of code), then the proof is probably gonna be also 10k lines, if not longer.
Think about it, if the program can have bugs, the proof can also have "bugs". Maybe you'll need a proof for the proof!
Another thing to consider, programs are very very formal and precise. You can't get any more rigorous and formal, because the program code has to be executed by a very dumb machine.
While proofs are going to be read by humans, so they tend to be less rigorous than the actual code.
The only things you'll want to prove are low-level algorithms that operate on specific data structures (e.g. quicksort, insertion to a binary tree, etc).
These things are somewhat complicated, it's not immediately obvious why they work and/or whether they will always work. They're also basic building blocks for all other software.

A: Most answers focused on the practice and that's ok: in practice you don't care about formal proofing. But what's in theory?
Programs can be proven just as a mathematical statement can. But not in the sense you meant!
In any sufficient powerful framework, there are mathematical statements (and programs) which cannot be proven! See here

A: So much noise here, but I am going to shout in the wind anyhow...
"Prove correct" has different meanings in different contexts. In formal systems, "prove correct" means that a formula can be derived from other proven (or axiomatic) formulas. "Prove correct" in programming simply shows code to be equivalent to a formal specification. But how do you prove the formal spec correct? Sadly, there is no way to show a spec to be bug-free or a solution any real-world problem other than through testing.

A: Just my 2 cents, adding to the interesting stuff already there.
Of all the programs that can't be proven, the most common ones are those performing IO (some unpredictible interaction with the world or the users). Even automated proofs sometimes just forget that "proven" programs" run on some physical hardware, not the ideal one described by the model.
On the other side mathematic proofs don't care much of the world. A recurring question with Maths is if it describes anything real. It is raised every time something new like imaginary numbers or non-euclidian space is invented. Then the question is forgotten as these new theories are such good tools. Like a good program, it just works.

A: From a less abstract point fo view, proving something is a matter of reducing the field of uncertainty to a proven null set. That's wishful thinking because perfection just cannot be reached in the real world.
A computer program can be provably correct and fail in the real world if its environment are not (or cannot be) proven:

*

*the OS kernel, drivers and all user-mode libraries and concurrently executed programs must be proven, including their direct and indirect short-term and long-term side-effects,

*the hardware must always behave as expected (including with power-outages, water floods, earthquakes, EMF interferences, etc.),

*end-users must always behave as expected (the famous factor 'X').
Automatic error-correction is implemented in various hardware components (RAM, disks, controllers, etc.) but nevertheless hardware failures still happen - creating cascading errors and/or failures in... provably correct programs.
And I am not even trying to epilogue about end-user creativity...
So, a program (correctly) rated provably correct does not means that it is provably safe in the real-life.
It means that, for the set considered in a defined study (which can only be a subset of the real world), this program will behave as expected.


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March 8, 2015 by Earl
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Earlier this year we saw the thrilling contest take place between Premier League teams Arsenal and Hull City who fiercely battled their way through into extra time in order to get their hands on that prestigious cup. And it was Arsenal who managed to get their noses out in front in the 109th minute to help secure their 11th FA Cup win and whom now join Manchester United as the two most successful clubs in FA Cup history.
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The Owen Good Pump Station collects flow from 7 sub-areas. It is designed for a 7.78 MGD capacity, but currently pumps on average 0.7 MGD, resulting in up to.
In the 17,000ft long 24″ force main, which discharges at a manhole in the parking lot of a bank near city hall.
As many other cities around the country, the City of Raymore designed their force mains for future growth. The Owen Good Pump Station has a capacity of over 7 MGD, but pumps less than 1 MGD, resulting in less than optimum velocities in the force main and hydraulic retention times of up to 17 hours. Sewage goes septic after approx. 1 hour in a force main, at which point the sulfide formation begins. City staff measured H2S concentrations of 123 ppm avg. with daily spikes of up to 600-900 ppm at the discharge of the over 3 mile long 24'' force main.
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text:
Jennifer Lawrence Is Engaged to Cooke Maroney
TOPICS:celebrity engagementsJennifer Lawrence
Actress Jennifer Lawrence attends the premiere of Cohen Media Group's "Faces Places" at the Pacific Design Center on October 11, 2017 in West Hollywood, California. (Photo by Amanda Edwards/WireImage)
It's really happening! Oscar winner Jennifer Lawrence is engaged to her boyfriend Cooke Maroney, her rep confirmed to People Tuesday, February 5.
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selenatiger » Classic » André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo 1980
Cbs Masterworks Impressionist Baroque Classical Romantic
Performer: André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy
Title: Live In Tokyo 1980
Style: Impressionist, Baroque, Classical, Romantic
Label CBS Masterworks
Catalog Number MK 37792
Genre: Classic
Record From: CD, Album, Reissue
André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo 1980 mp3
1 Intermezzo In E Minor, Op. 119, No. 2 / Intermezzo In C Major, Op. 119, No. 3
Written-By – Brahms
2 II - Jumbo's Lullaby
Written-By – Debussy
3 I - Doctor Gradus Ad Parnassum
4 V - The Little Shepherd
5 "Oiseaux Tristes" From Miroirs
Written-By – Ravel
6 Sonata In F Minor, L. 187 / Sonata In A Major, L. 391
Written-By – Scarlatti
7 Sonata For Piano In C Major, Hob. XVI: 48
Written-By – Haydn
8 The Children's Corner
9 VI - Golliwog's Cake-walk
10 IV - The Snow Is Dancing
11 III - Serenade For The Doll
IP-7614 André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo (LP, Album, Dig) CBS Masterworks Digital IP-7614 US 1980
38DC 25 André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo 1980 (CD, Album, RE) CBS/Sony 38DC 25 Japan 1982
IM 37792 André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo (LP) CBS Masterworks Digital IM 37792 US 1980
D 37792 André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo (LP, Album) CBS Masterworks Digital D 37792 Netherlands 1980
Engineer – Ken-Ichi Handa
Liner Notes – Peter Eliot Stone
Photography By [Cover] – Akira Kinoshita
Piano – André Watts
Producer – Juro Yokoyama
Recorded in concert in Tokyo
Barcode: 0 7464-37792-2
SPARS Code: DDD
Manufactured By – CBS/Sony Inc.
Mastered At – CBS Studios, New York
Посмотреть сведения об участниках альбома, рецензии, композиции и приобрести альбом CD от Live In Tokyo 1980 на In This Album. Sonata In F Minor, L. 187, Sonata In A Major, L. 391 - André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy. Sonata For Piano In C Major, Hob. XVI: 48 - André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy. Intermezzo In E Minor, Op. 119, No. 2, Intermezzo In C Major, Op. 3 - André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy. Oiseaux Tristes From Miroirs - André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice. My favorite Andre Watts CD I like the Ravel best on here. If you only want one CD to be familiar with Watts and his playing, I recommend this one over the rest. After that, the 19691970 recording of Liszt B minor Sonata, Paganini Etudes not the 1985 re-makes. Read more. One person found this helpful. Live in Tokyo 1980. composer: Johannes Brahms in 1893. part of: Klavierstücke, op. Maurice Ravel classical composer from 1904 until 1905. orchestrations: Oiseaux tristes orchestrated by Matthews. part of: Miroirs. Maurice Ravel. Jimbos Lullaby original piano version in 1980. composer: Claude Debussy from 1906 until 1908-07. André Watts Live in Tokyo. Andre Watts. Watts by George Andre Watts. Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-Flat Minor, Op. Beethoven: Piano Works. Schubert: 38 Walzer, Ländler & Ecossaises, Piano Sonata No. 14 in A Minor & Fantasie in C Major. André Watts The Complete Columbia Album Collection. Brahms: Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-Flat Major, Op. 83 & Variations on a Theme by Haydn, Op. André Watts, New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein. Album 1992 13 Songs. Keyboard Sonata in A Major, K. 39 Live. By Domenico Scarlatti. Keyboard Sonata in C Major, Hob. XVI:48. By Franz Joseph Haydn. Andante con espressione Live. Oiseaux tristes Live. By Maurice Ravel. The Children's Corner, L. By Claude Debussy. Composers: Domenico Scarlatti. Sonata in A Major, K. André Watts. Andante con espressione. Composers: Joseph Haydn. Rondo - Presto. Intermezzo in E Minor, Op. The Snow is Dancing. Composers: Claude Debussy. The Little Shepherd. Please write a minimum of 10 characters. Tokyo, Kōsei Nenkin Kaikan. Submit Corrections. André Watts: The Complete Columbia Album Collection. Franz Joseph Haydn. Claude Debussy. Listen to online André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo, or download mp3 tracks: download here mp3 release album free and without registration. On this page you can not listen to mp3 music free or download album or mp3 track to your PC, phone or tablet. This album was released in 1980 year. Format of the release is. See also releases of André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy: Click to release cover to see details: Live In Tokyo. Скачать André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo mp3 release album free and without registration. On this page you can listen to mp3 music free or download album or mp3 track to your PC, phone or tablet
Albums related to André Watts, Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy - Live In Tokyo 1980
Rudolf Firkušný - Haydn, Brahms, Schubert
Johannes Brahms, bruce hungerford - Brahms Hungerford
Johannes Brahms / Hélène Grimaud - Piano Sonata No.3; 6 Klavierstucke, Op.118
Brahms / Dvořák - Brahms: Hungarian Dances/Dvořák: Slavonic Dances
Domenico Scarlatti – Tedi Papavrami - Violin Transcriptions
Domenico Scarlatti, Luciano Sgrizzi - 32 Sonatas For Harpsichord
Horowitz Plays Scarlatti - Horowitz Plays Scarlatti
Igor Kipnis - Domenico Scarlatti - Twelve Sonatas
Bach, Debussy, Scarlatti, Mozart, Albéniz, Chasins, Palmer, William Kapell - Partita No. 4 / Suite In A Minor / Children's Corner
Mariya Yudina – Schubert / Brahms - Sonata B-dur D.960 / Drei Intermezzi Op.117, Sechs Klavierstücke Op.118, Rhapsodie G-moll Op.79-2


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Home » Business » Hardware » VR Headsets » You are reading »
CES 2020: Pimax Has Announced New Virtual Reality Headsets for Artisan Beginners
Sam Ochanji January 9, 2020 CES 2020: Pimax Has Announced New Virtual Reality Headsets for Artisan Beginners2020-01-09T23:12:21+00:00 Business, Hardware, VR Headsets No Comment
Pimax has showcased improvements for its two well-known virtual reality models during this year's CES 2020. These includes the company's previous cheap "Artisan" model: Pimax Vision Artisan.
The new entry-level virtual reality headset offers users a maximum field of view of 170 degrees as well as a resolution of 1,700 by 1,440 pixels per eye (or full resolution of 3,400 x 1,440). The company did not issue any statements regarding the headsets' built-in display. Their high refresh rate of 120Hz certainly suggest an LC display.
Pimax Vision Artisan
The Artisan headset will cost from $449 and supports SteamVR 1.0 as well as 2.0 tracking. If you are planning to use the Pimax Vision Artisan glasses for more than just cockpit simulation, then you have to dig deeper into your pockets and spend more: the SteamVR base station retail for about $150 and compatible controllers go for between $240 and $300.
The company has been developing high-end virtual reality headsets for four years now since it first unveiled its Pimax 4K VR headset. Its fortunes changed with a $4.2 million Kickstarter that it used to fund the development of the Pimax 8K headsets. Since then, the company's fortunes has been soaring and it has been making waves in the industry with new product options.
With the new headsets announced during the CES 2020, the Pimax is now shifting its attention to the consumer market after directing its efforts at the enterprise market for years. The Pimax Artisan will be its consumer headset.
On the enterprise side, Pimax also unveiled a new business virtual reality headset during the CES 2020. The new enterprise-focused virtual reality headset is known as Pimax 5K SUPER. Its superb specs are yet to be realized in VR headsets so far and it is only logical that it is built for the enterprise and business market.
Below is a look at both of these headsets, including their specs and potential use-cases. We also look at where this new hardware will potentially fit in a rapidly overcrowding virtual reality headset market.
While it is not primarily a consumer headset, the Pimax Artisan can deliver all the functions of a typical consumer virtual reality headset. It is a versatile headset that can also give out much more and be used as a business VR headset. It will find wide uses ranging from playing games to designing in an enterprise use-case scenario.
Its display is impressive and clocks 1600 x 1400 per eye in terms of the resolution. The refresh rate is fixed at 72Hz, 90Hz and 120Hz and it has a fairly impressive field of view of 140 degrees.
Pimax has stated that the minimum PC requirements for this virtual reality headset are similar to that of an Oculus Rift S headset which means it would consistently run at 72Hz.
On top of the headset price, you still need to purchase controllers for the Pimax Artisan VR headset. These should be controllers with the Nolo positional tracking system and they cost about $200. They aren't exclusively for Pimax headsets; they can be used with almost all virtual reality headsets. The positional tracking system is quite similar to the PSVR tracking and relies on a front-facing camera. You won't get the capacities you would have with inside-out tracking or SteamVR tracking, though. If you already have these controllers, you can purchase the headset for $449. However, if you want to purchase the Pimax Artisan virtual reality headset with the Steam tracking, then you will spend more than $1,000 which is about the same price as a complete Valve Index hardware package.
Pimax 5K SUPER
The Pimax 5K SUPER has been billed as one of the best enterprise VR headsets. It's an improved version of Pimax's main seller 5K Plus. It offers a similar field of view and resolution as the 5K Plus of 170-degrees and 1440p LCD panel resolution respectively.
However, it doesn't have native foveated rendering and eye tracking but it does have the specs that will position it as one of the top-of-the-line business headsets. It has a resolution of 1440p per eye on LCD panels with a wide field of view of 170 degrees. Its whopping 180Hz refresh rate is quite the clincher. These are top-end specs that even experienced VR users will find quite impressive.
In comparison, the current top end consumer VR hardware piece -Valve Index- has a maximum refresh rate of 144Hz. The refresh rate in Facebook's top-selling Oculus lineup was reduced to 80Hz and 72Hz from 90Hz.
A higher refresh rate is more desirable as it enables a more solid virtual reality experience. With higher refresh rates, objects in motion also appear more smooth. Additionally, it minimizes the motion sickness in VR and eye strain during virtual reality experiences.
The Pimax 5K SUPER will have similar tracking as the Artisan: one based on the inside-out tracking from Nolo VR. The latest inside-out tracking by Nolo utilizes a mix of sound waves and infrared light. The tracking is more privacy-friendly than the camera-based tracking in the Facebook/Oculus headsets but just how precise it will be is yet to be seen. It will be interesting to see how this tracking will work and whether it will match the precise tracking seen in Oculus Quest and Oculus Rift S headsets.
You can also use the HTC Vive or Valve Index controllers and base stations to track this VR headset. The headset will also have compatibility with the Nolo positional tracking. The Valve controllers with the SteamVR 2.0 base stations will give you a near-perfect tracking accuracy with the 5K SUPER. Nolo positional tracking is good but still doesn't have the power and capacities of SteamVR tracking.
The Refresh Rates Have Increased Across Models
Pimax also announced higher refresh rates for its older models of VR headsets. The Pimax 5K Plus runs 120Hz with a 180-degree field of view. The Pimax Vision 8K Plus is now up to 110Hz while its 4K headsets the Pimax Vision 8K Plus have been upscaled to 120Hz. Previously, the resolutions were as follows:-90Hz for 5K Plus and 80Hz for the 8K and 8K X headsets.
For the new higher refresh rates, the Pimax software "Brainwarp" will necessarily have to be updated.
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https://virtualrealitytimes.com/2020/01/09/ces-2020-pimax-has-announced-new-virtual-reality-headsets-for-artisan-beginners/https://virtualrealitytimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Pimax-Artisan-Headset-600x343.pnghttps://virtualrealitytimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Pimax-Artisan-Headset-150x90.png 2020-01-09T23:12:21+00:00 Sam OchanjiBusinessHardwareVR HeadsetsPimax has showcased improvements for its two well-known virtual reality models during this year's CES 2020. These includes the company's previous cheap "Artisan" model: Pimax Vision Artisan. The new entry-level virtual reality headset offers users a maximum field of view of 170 degrees as well as a resolution of 1,700...Sam OchanjiSam Ochanjisochanji@yahoo.comAdministratorVirtual Reality Times
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Jane, a young Toronto girl, tries to reunite her estranged parents during the 1930's, sick of her strict private school and abusive, nasty grandmother.
A man enjoys the afternoon on a park bench when he is suddenly greeted by a woman that knows everything about him, yet he doesn't recall ever meeting her in his life.
The adventures of a young farm mouse and his friends and family.
Chef Michael Smith invites you into the country kitchen of the Inn at Bay Fortune and shows how easy a dish can be made. Smith emphasizes the importance of high quality ingredients by visiting local farmers and the Inn's own gardens.
Follows Kevin, a small town business owner, who always enlists the help of his best friend and bodyguard, Kane. Even in the most useless situations.
A man runs as quick as he can through his house, running for his life, but who's chasing him and what will the outcome be?
Gus, Sara and the King children are drawn into a mystery involving a beautiful woman and her potentially evil pursuer.
Always searching for a new money-making scheme, Felix , with the help of Izzy , wants to start his own fox farm. Learning that he needs an adult co-signer for his bank loan, Felix enlists Nat Lester as his new business partner.
When Davey Keith inadvertently lands Sara in trouble at school, she discovers his "shameful" secret.
Felicity loses her space for the next term at university, so she takes a job as assistant to a doctor.
Abigail coerces Janet into planning a huge party for Great Aunt Eliza's 90th birthday. Aged cousin Winifred arrives for the party, bringing with her memories of Owen Briar, a lost love that both Eliza and Winifred had shared.
Olivia misinterprets Jasper's interest in a female scientist, who has come to the island to study bats, and worries over the state of their marriage.
The town is surprised by the engagement of Hetty and Tremayne , her partner in the White Sands Hotel.
Gold fever strikes in Avonlea. Sara Stanley finds a Spanish gold coin and throws everyone in to a tizzy about finding treasure.
When Alec is elected to the School Board, Hetty quits teaching and Alastair Dimple,an out-of-work actor posing as a substitute teacher, is hired. His unorthodox teaching methods impress the children but bother Hetty.
Janet takes up the cause of women's suffrage, sending the town of Avonlea into an uproar. Her efforts to get votes for women bring up questions about the working conditions and pay of the Avonlea Cannery employees.
As penance for a careless accident he caused, Hetty orders Davey to perform three good deeds, the first being directed towards Jasper Dale. despite his best intentions, Davey causes another accident, this time with exciting results.
A clash between Clive Pettibone and Alec King affects Avonlea's newly-formed volunteer fire department.
At the sanitarium, Cecily befriends a streetwise paperboy from Brooklyn who gets her into trouble with the administrators.
Sara wants to go to school in Paris, but both Hetty and Nanny Louisa have other plans for her.
When a carnival visits, Davey falls under the spell of the beautiful sideshow mermaid, Melusina, but soon realizes something fishy is going on with the double-dealing owner and his no-good chums.
The townspeople are put off by the free-spirited ways of the new minister and his family. Aunt Hetty is especially perturbed when Sara takes an interest in the minister's son.
When Alec's friend dies in a boating accident, Alec feels obligated to take care of his widow and their infant son, setting the Avonlea gossip circle into a tizzy.
When Andrew's father, Roger King, comes home to Avonlea he clashes with Alec over the running of the farm. Meanwhile, Andrew is let down by the lack of attention his absent father pays to him.
Felix is in dilemma. Alec is trying to prepare him for the day he will take over the farm and he can't bring himself to tell him that's not what he wants. Meanwhile, Mr. Tremayne has assigned him to take special care of an obnoxious guest.
Clive Pettibone's oldest son Arthur shows an interest in Felicity, much to Gus's dismay. Felicity seems to enjoy having two men fight over her.
Felix starts a delivery business using a beat-up cart pulled by the family's old horse, Blackie.
Alec is not supportive of Janet's desire to run a business from their home and is too busy to listen to her reasoning. The men's club and the women's group are at odds when the two organizations run simultaneous raffles.
The men go on an ice fishing expedition while the women go to an auction at the White Sands hotel.
Against Hetty's wishes, Davey helps two misbehaved orphans reunite with their older brother.
When Davey refuses to go to school, Hetty thinks that some time in the working world will help change his mind about education. She sends him to work at the Dale Cannery, but her plan backfires when Davey actually enjoys the work.
As Valentine's Day approaches, Hetty buys a half-interest in the White Sands hotel, and Chef Pierre LaPierre's niece takes an interest in Gus.
As valentine's Day approaches, Hetty buys a half-interest in the White Sands Hotel. Chef Pierre Lapierre's niece takes an interest in Gus Pike.
Felicity is interviewed by Kingsport Ladies College, while Gus tries to become a real gentleman.


This afternoon, I decided to take myself off down to the beach to read a little, to watch the waves of the ocean, and as is always more than likely, to swim. I just cannot keep myself out of the water, it has always been mesmerising to me. It lures me in, calling softly to me, until I can resist it no more. It has always been this way and it always will be. As I cycled along the short stretch of road that runs alongside the beach of Playa Potrero, a thought came unbidden to my head, which caused me to smile and then I found that I could not stop myself from grinning.
The thought was a simple one: I was cycling barefoot and wearing only a pair of board shorts, while cycling along the side of a beautiful beach in Costa Rica, with a hot sun shining down upon my naked skin.
No matter how big or small you may think your dream, by realising it you will find happiness and contentment. You will experience emotions that come from the very core of your soul. You will know the truth of it because your heart will speak of it to you. And you will not stop from smiling when you realise it.
There are always bigger dreams. There are always other paths to walk. Every once in a while though, you have to take a moment to give thanks for all the achievements that you have made, all of the battles that you have won, and for all of the steps that you have taken along your chosen path.
In these moments, I give thanks to the Creator for all that I have experienced. I give thanks for having the courage to set out and for having the courage to continue, even in those times when the road becomes difficult and the future is uncertain and hidden from my view.


How did the British Council help you pursue your dreams?
When I was applying for university, there was always one constant thought that nagged me. How would I afford an education abroad? Nevertheless, this thought never stopped me from pursuing my dreams of studying Architecture in the UK. When I saw the advertisement for the British Council IELTS Prize, I did not hesitate to take my chances, and the rest is history. I'm very grateful to the British Council for enabling me to pursue my dreams of studying abroad, as these two years have truly been an amazing experience that has broadened my horizons and opened new doors for me. In these two years alone, I have had the opportunity of meeting so many people from diverse backgrounds, been challenged daily by the academic rigour at university, seen and experienced amazing works of architecture that my mind cannot comprehend, and of course, ticked some items off my bucket list!
Tell us about some of the positive changes in your life and how you intend to inspire others.
Besides having the honour to be a recipient of the British Council IELTS Prize, the guidance and assistance given by the British Council was a priceless resource when it came to applying for visas and universities in the UK, which I believe that many students like myself truly appreciated. Moreover, my involvement as an IELTS ambassador had provided me the opportunity to (hopefully) inspire and encourage other students who are thinking of pursuing an education in the UK.


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Kallan Benson, 14, of Crownsville, sits in the center of her first parachute, depicting a monarch butterfly and covered in 1,600 signatures of local youth, that has sparked a worldwide movement, Parachutes for the Planet.
While many young people are concerned about our environment, 14-year-old Kallan Benson has taken her passion for saving the planet from climate change and turned it into a worldwide movement.
Philip Favero, co-founder of the Climate Stewards of Greater Annapolis, is impressed with Kallan's talents.
"Kallan has a scientist's understanding of the interdependence between humans and nature, an artist's talent for expressing emotions about environmental challenges of our times and a community organizer's determination to change the world for the better," Favero said.
Kallan canvassed and lobbied for the fracking ban in Maryland. After the 2016 election, she set out to do more.
Kallan was inspired to activism by monarch butterflies. It takes five generations of butterflies to migrate the 3,000 miles from Mexico to Canada, and only the fifth butterfly born reaches the final destination, she said.
In April 2017, Kallan attended the People's Climate March in Washington, D.C., and brought a parachute depicting a monarch butterfly and 1,600 signatures of youth obtained by traveling to schools and informing children of climate change.
"I made the first parachute because it worked well to carry (in the march), but it also represents how I hope we have a safe landing from climate change and I want us to bounce back up," she said.
It was at the 2017 event she met Ari Rubenstein, son of the Mother Earth Project co-founder, Barton Rubenstein.
It was this chance meeting and the help of the MEP that encouraged Kallan to start Parachutes for the Planet, an initiative to expand her parachute theme worldwide.
With only a few months planning, Kallan and Rubenstein were able to create the Parachutes for the Planet inaugural exhibition in Washington's Waterfront Park.
Two hundred parachutes depicting art directed at saving the earth and made exclusively by youth from six continents, 30 countries and 29 states were displayed in the exhibition.
Few 14-year-olds have such well-formed ideas about how they think the world should work, said Rich Barclay of the National Museum of Natural History.
"Even fewer have taken those ideas and created a worldwide movement," he said.
Kallan said she hopes Parachutes for the Planet gets bigger and expands to global reach.
"We can view and learn (from the parachutes) without a debate," she said.
She has also become a member of Zero Hour, a youth-led climate change organization. The organization is comprised of high school students, and Kallan is a member of the advocacy team lobbying and speaking to senators about climate change.
Her actions have gotten her invited to this past September's Global Climate Action Summit in San Francisco representing Zero Hour. Parachutes for the Planet won her the Promise for the Planet Youth Award from the National Aquarium and garnered an invitation to the Parliament of the World's Religions in Toronto where she will be a speaker on climate change and youth activism.
"My goal is to raise youth voices on climate change," Kallan said. "Kids can do incredible things together because it's our future. I would also like to have concrete action taken on climate change. We need to move away from fossil fuels.
While Kallan is unsure of a future profession, she plans to maintain her advocacy.
"She is an unstoppable force and wants to take everyone with her to a sustainable future," Fink said.


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Feb 09, 2018 · Organization is a key component of project management. When creating a project schedule, managers will find both Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Gantt charts to be essential tools for successfully completing the project .
Our PERT chart software comes . Create great-looking PERT charts, Gantt charts, and project . Dozens of professionally-designed PERT and project charts examples .
Project management tools and strategies: Gantt charts .
Project managers often use Gantt charts, PERT charts and other graphics to schedule tasks, organize resources and gain a greater understanding of their projects.


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Science advisors urge EPA to complete 1-BP risk assessment.
The Chemical Safety Advisory Committee is urging the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to complete and publish its risk assessment of 1-bromopropane without delay, due to "the high risks of adverse effects" in occupational and consumer use scenarios that have already been evaluated. In meeting minutes [PDF] submitted to EPA last week, some Committee members commented that these risks might have been under-estimated. The chemical, also known as 1-BP, is used in spray adhesives, dry cleaning, and degreasing, and was among the chemicals identified in the 2012 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Work Plan.
The Committee, an independent panel of scientific advisors comprised of experts in toxicology, environmental risk assessment, exposure assessment and related fields, met in May to review the scientific and technical merit of EPA's draft risk assessment for 1-BP, which was released in March 2016.
Overall, the Committee praised the draft risk assessment, concluding that "the conceptual model appropriately considers worker exposures and consumer uses, with the majority of exposure occurring via inhalation." The Committee stressed the importance of including consumer uses with acute exposures, and several members called for better consideration of exposure from co-residence and community-level exposures near dry-cleaning facilities. The Committee provided recommendations "intended to improve the clarity and transparency of the scientific analyses," including the adoption of systematic review processes to clarify how studies were selected and evaluated. Other recommendations include ways to refine occupational and consumer exposure assessments.
Under the new requirements of the Lautenberg Act, EPA must identify 10 Work Plan chemicals for risk evaluations to be initiated by December 2016. EPA will revamp the prioritization process for risk evaluations in 2017 and 2018, using new criteria to be established, through rule-making, by mid-June 2017.
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EPA releases initial analysis for TSCA Work Plan assessment of 1,4-dioxane.
EPA today announced the release of its Problem Formulation and Initial Assessment for 1,4-dioxane, a widely used industrial solvent and ingredient in a variety of products, including cleaners, cosmetics, dyes and paint strippers, which the EPA has classified as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." The Problem Formulation and Initial Analysis, part of the agency's Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Work Plan risk assessment program, concludes that there is no concern for inhalation exposure of ambient air emissions by the general population. However, EPA plans to further assess potential risks to both workers exposed via inhalation during product formulation and use as a cleaning agent and to workers and consumers that use products containing 1,4-dioxane as a contaminant, such as paints, varnishes, adhesives, cleaners and detergents. EPA intends to use existing data and methods to conduct additional risk analysis, review previous health and exposure studies, and "develop margins of exposure and cancer risk estimates." The Problem Formulation and Initial Assessment also concluded that assessing risk from drinking water exposure is not currently necessary due to ongoing monitoring by EPA's Office of Water, so "decisions as to whether or not to regulate the contaminant in drinking water will be considered as part of the EPA's Regulatory Determination process." In addition, the agency announced that further environmental risk analysis would not be pursued because of the low hazard profile for 1,4-dioxane to aquatic organisms and the lack of hazard data for sediment and soil organisms.
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Elementis Chromium appeals $2.6 million penalty in TSCA 8(e) reportable data case.
In a case that may have broad implications for chemical manufacturers, Elementis Chromium has appealed the $2.57 million penalty handed down by an EPA Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) in November 2013. The ALJ ruled that Elementis, one of the world's largest chromium manufacturers, had violated section 8(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which requires reporting information about serious health risks to EPA. In addition to the hefty penalty at stake, the Elementis case is worth watching because it signals that EPA is continuing to pursue a very broad interpretation of what constitutes reportable data under TSCA § 8(e).
In its appeal [PDF] to the Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), Elementis makes two arguments: (1) EPA's enforcement action was barred by the federal five-year statute of limitations; and (2) the epidemiological study at issue was not required to be submitted under TSCA § 8(e).
Furthermore, Elementis argues that the Supreme Court's decision in SEC v. Gabelli, declining to apply the "discovery rule" in the case of an SEC civil enforcement action for an alleged fraud, means that the EPA's enforcement action is time-barred here. In Gabelli, the Supreme Court relied on public policy reasoning in criticizing "grafting the discovery rule onto" the federal five-year statute of limitations in actions for penalties. Elementis argues that the continuing violation exception functions like the discovery rule in Gabelli, and thus was applied by the ALJ in error.
The Response Brief from EPA Region 8 to Elementis' Appeal Brief has not yet been posted to the EAB docket, although it is expected soon.
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RoHS working group will consider restricting five substances.
The European Commission will present proposals to restrict five additional substances under the EU's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS), which applies to electrical and electronic equipment. Four of the substances – hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and the phthalates DEHP, BBP and DBP – have already been assessed by the Austrian Environment Agency (UBA). These assessments are part of the RoHS 2 Annex II report, which UBA released on February 5. The consultancy Öko Institut is currently reviewing the fifth substance, the phthalate DIBP, and is expected to release results by the end of April.
The UBA's assessments found that HBCDD, DEHP, BBP, and DBP pose unacceptable risks to workers' health or the environment and thus should be added to Annex II of RoHS2. The report noted that the proposed bans would not be cost prohibitive, and safer alternatives are technical and economically feasible.
Under RoHS2 – a recast of RoHS adopted in 2011 – a first review of the list of restricted substances is required by July 2014. The Commission will establish a working group to review the priority list of substances, which was developed by UBA. Chemical Week reports that, according to the RoHS policy officer at the Commission's Environment Directorate-General (DG Environment), the working group will include representatives from approximately three member states, various industries, DG Environment, and the Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry.
In addition, the working group will consider the procedure for reviewing substances. The Directive does not require updating the review process, but the Annex II report examines issues associated with the methodology used for the substance assessments and makes recommendations for a four-year review cycle going forward. The report also discusses lessons learned from the substance review process, such as the scarcity of relevant information, the lack of integration of exposure estimates from waste treatment facilities, and overlaps with other legislation, like REACH. The Commission plans to release non-binding guidance on the review process near the end of the year.
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Download "Radiotherapy to the Pituitary"
2 This leaflet is intended for patients attending for radiotherapy treatment to the pituitary region of the brain. We treat each paient as an individual and the effects of treatment may vary from one patient to another, therefore specific details will be given to you by your doctors, radiographers and nurses. Before agreeing to this treatment we would like to feel sure that you understand its nature, and some of the possible consequences. This leaflet also contains some general advice about what to expect, and how best to cope with your radiotherapy treatment. Remember, if you are in doubt about anything, check with a member of staff. Preparation for Treatment The first step in the planning process is to construct a perspex shell ( also called a Beam Directed Shell BDS, or mask ) which will be custom made to fit the shape of your face. This is important for your treatment because; it enables the radiographers to give your treatment in exactly the correct area each day. it helps to support and keep your head from moving during treatment. we put the marks necessary to guide us onto the shell and not your skin. The whole process of making the shell will be explained to you in detail by our Mould Room staff when you attend for your first appointment. Once your shell is made, you will receive an appointment for a CT scan of your brain. This is similar to the scan you have already had, but as we will be using it to plan your treatment you will wear a mask during the actual scan. We may need to give you an injection of contrast fluid (dye) which will show up on your scan. This will be explained in detail if necessary. The scanning process takes about 10 minutes. Before your next visit, your doctor will mark out the area to be treated on these scans. Our physics staff will then compute this and produce a plan to give the treatment as your doctor intended. Before treatment starts, you will visit the simulator. This is a special x-ray machine similar to the treatment units used to give your radiotherapy treatment. The radiographers will take a set of x-rays as a final check to make sure your doctor is satisfied with the planned treatment.
3 How Is Treatment Given? Tou will have treatment on a linear accelerator, which is a type of x-ray machine. The staff who operate these machines are called therapy radiographers. They are specially trained professionals who are responsible for delivering treatment. The radiographer will explain everything to you before treatment starts and check that you know what to expect and how many treatments you will have. The radiotherapy will be given in small daily doses, Monday to Friday. The radiographers will help you lie on the couch, just as you were in the simulator. Once they have put your mask on they will dim the lights in the room while they position you for treatment. Your radiographers will leave the room while the machine isswitched on but this is only for a minute or so. They will be watching you the whole time on closed circuit TV. When the machine switches off the radiographers will come back into the room and move the machine into the correct position for the next part of the treatment. Radiotherapy treatment is painless and you should feel no different afterwards. The whole process only takes between 10 and 15 minutes. If you have any questions or are unsure about anything to do with your treatment, please speak to the radiographers. Effects of Treatment (Early) Each patient is individual and effects of treatment can vary. Generally, You may get tired as your treatment progresses. This tends to be 2-3 weeks into your course of treatment and will last for several weeks after treatment has ended. Skin in the treated area will be more sensitive and may become slightly pink or red as your treatment goes on. Again this tends to occur a couple of weeks into treatment and settles down after treatment ends. As the treatment progresses, hair within the treated area will gradually fall out. This tends to be 2-3 weeks into treatment. In most cases this is minor and hair will regrow during the months after treatment.
5 As explained earlier, hair loss from the treated area is usually temporary, but a few people may experience long-term hair loss where the hair does not grow back. As we are giving radiotherapy to your pituitary, there is a significant chance that there will be damage to this at some time in the future. For that reason you will be given regular check-ups by an endocrine (hormone) doctor after your treatment. If you show signs of pituitary failure you will be offered drug therapy to correct any problems. If you do not have an appointment with an endocranologist?, please let us know. To give the necessary treatment to your pituitary area, some small parts of the normal brain tissue will be contained within the x-ray fields. There have been reports of visual deterioration (eyesight becoming worse) or some damage to normal parts of the brain. However, it is important to know that these side effects are very rarely described with the treatment proposed here. By dividing the total radiotherapy dose into many small doses (treatments) given daily over a number of weeks, the possibility of damage is greatly reduced. A very rare but potentialy important effect is that radiation can cause tumours. Although this is a serious possible consequence of your radiotherapy, it is important to bear in mind that the effects are very rare. Also, if they do occur it is likely to be years after your treatment. Remember, we believe that the benefits of your radiotherapy treatment far outweigh the risks described here. After Treatment Ends Any effects of treatment will wear off in the weeks after treatment ends, however you may still be tired for a number of weeks. Normal washing can be resumed once your skin no longer looks red or feels itchy. Your radiotherapy doctor will arrange to see you 6 weeks or so after treatment ends.
6 Where can I get help? Information and Support All our staff are here to make sure your treatment gose as smoothly as possible and will try to help with any questions you may have. Further specialist help and information is available from: Macmillan Information Radiographer and Counsellor Tel: Information and Support Radiographer Tel: The Centre has a Radiotherapy Advice Line available for patients who have completed treatment. It is an answer phone service, where you can leave a message and your call will be returned by the Information Support Radiographer as soon as possible. Radiotherapy Advice Line Tel: Counselling and Clinical Psychology This leaflet deals with the physical aspects of your treatment, but your emotional well being is just as important to us. Being diagnosed with cancer can be a deeply distressing time for you and those closest to you. Within the department we have a counselling and clinical psychology service that can help with worries and difficulties you might be having. There is also a service for children and young people who are having difficulty coping with their relative s illness. If you think this may be helpful to you, please ask staff to put you in touch. Other Support There are also voluntary organisations providing information and support. These include: Maggies Centre: provides information and support and a regular programme of courses. Cancerbackup: provides information and support about all aspects of cancer. Macmillan Cancer Support: Develops services to provide specialist care at every stage of illness. Provides an information line and financial help through grants. Tak Tent providing information and support and access to some complimentary therapies. Benefits Enquiry Line: provides information on benefits and social security.


Standard deviation and Mean both the term used in statistics. Standard deviation is statistics that basically measure the distance from the mean, and calculated as the square root of variance by determination between each data point relative to mean. Standard deviation plays a very important role in the world of finance. In finance standard deviation is a statistical measurement, when its applied to the annual rate of return of an investment. It sheds the volatility of historical volatility of that investment. The greater the standard deviation greater the volatility of an investment. Standard deviation is the best tool for measurement for volatility. Which help you to know the better and larger price range. Volatile stock has a very high standard deviation and blue chip stock have a very low standard deviation due to low volatility.
Mean is a simple mathematical average of the set of two or more number. There are different types for calculation of mean, including the arithmetic mean method, which uses sums of all number in the series and geometric mean method. The simple method of mean is to make the total of all data and divide it by the number of data, then we reach to mean. Mean is nothing but the simple average of data. The mean is a statistical indicator which is used to judge the performance of a stock over a period of time through its earning over a period of time by assessing its fundamental such as P/E ratio, balance sheet, and the portfolio by estimating its average rate of return over a period of time. So both Standard Deviation vs Mean term is used in statistics for calculation purpose.
Standard deviation is statistics that measure the dispersion of dataset relative to it is mean and its calculated as the square root of variance.it is calculated as the square root of variance by determining the variation between each data point relative to the mean.
Mean is a mathematical average of the set of two or more number, the mean for the given number can be computed in more than one way.
In fiancé standard deviation is used for calculation of an annual rate of return, whereas mean is calculated for the use of calculating the average with the help of historical data.
Standard deviation used to measure the volatility of a stock, higher the standard deviation higher the volatility of a stock. Blue chip stock has low standard deviation so that have low volatility.
It is the simplest form the mean is an average of all data point. Standard deviation is one of the key fundamental risk measures that analytics, portfolio managers, wealth management and financial planner used.
Standard deviation is calculated based on the mean. In the stock market both the tool play a very important role in measuring the stock price and future performance of stock price and large price range.
Meaning Standard deviation is basically used for the variability of data and frequently use to know the volatility of the stock. A mean is basically the average of a set of two or more number. Mean is basically the simple average of data.
Use Standard deviation is used to measure the volatility of a stock. Mean used to judge the performance of company stock price over a long period of time.
Application in finance Standard deviation has very importance in finance, it is used to calculate the annual rate of return on investment over a period of time. Used to calculate the p/e ratio and through mean judge the estimate the fundamental of a company forex balance sheet etc.
Application Standard deviation used in for measuring volatility, so it is used for short term analysis purpose. Mean is used to measure the average of stock though available fundamental data, so it is used for long term analysis of a stock.
Dependency We have to calculate the standard deviation with the help of covariance. Standard deviation is nothing but the square root of the variance. We have to calculate the mean with the help of standard deviation.
Benchmark For measuring the volatility of the fund. We have compared with the benchmark. For measuring the average of a data. And we have to compare with the historical data of a company.
Volatility Standard deviation measures the volatility of the stock over a certain period of time.
Mean measure the average of stock by assessing the fundamental attribute of a stock.
Standard deviation vs mean both the tool used for statistical valuation of stock price, both have their own importance in the field of finance. Big investor and companies apply these term for valuation of stock price and future prospectus. Standard deviation is the deviation from the mean, and a standard deviation is nothing but the square root of the variance. Mean is an average of all set of data available with an investor or company. Standard deviation used for measuring the volatility of a stock. So both Standard Deviation vs Mean plays a vital role in the field of finance. Standard deviation is easier to picture and apply. So both the tool used for strategies which can be used for application in trading and investment activity.
This has a been a guide to the top difference between Standard Deviation vs Mean. Here we also discuss the standard Deviation vs Mean key differences with infographics and comparison table. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more.


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text:
Monzino ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Giacomo Monzino (1772–1854), italienischer Gitarrist und Komponist
 Guido Monzino (1928–1988), italienischer Bergsteiger und Forscher; leitete 1973 die erste italienische Expedition zur Besteigung des Mount Everest

 die Handelskette Standa wurde 1931 von der Familie Monzino gegründet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Woman who accused actor Karan Oberoi of rape arrested
ANI | Updated: Jun 17, 2019 20:29 IST
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], June 17 (ANI): Woman, who had accused actor Karan Oberoi of raping and extorting money from her, was arrested by police and presented before the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court in Andheri on Monday.
The woman had allegedly orchestrated an attack on herself and was trying to frame the actor. The police first arrested her lawyer and based on his statement arrested her.
The woman alleged that Oberoi had raped her on the pretext of marrying her. An FIR was registered against the actor under Sections 376 (rape) and 384 (extortion) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
The FIR also stated that Oberoi not only raped the woman and filmed the act but also demanded money from the victim and threatened to release the video if she did not pay the requisite sum.
Oberoi was arrested on May 6 by Mumbai Police and was sent to 14 days of judicial custody by an Andheri court. However, Bombay High Court later granted him bail on a surety of Rs 50,000.
A case has been registered against the woman under the following IPC Sections, 120 (concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment), 182 (false information with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person), 203 (giving false information respecting an offence committed), 324 (voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means), 506 (2) (punishment for criminal intimidation). (ANI)
Actor Karan Oberoi
Updated: Jul 17, 2019 20:05 IST
ICJ asks Pak to review conviction, sentencing of Jadhav and...
The Hague [Netherland], July 17 (ANI): In a major victory for India, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Wednesday continued its stay on the execution of Indian national Kulbhushan Jadhav, held in a Pakistani jail on allegations of spying, and called for an effective review and reconsideration
Hyderabad: Infant dies 48hrs after heart surgery, kin allege foul play
Hyderabad (Telangana) [India], July 17 (ANI): An eight-month-old boy who had a hole in his heart died 48 hours after he underwent surgery here on Wednesday.
Lucknow: SP holds meeting ahead of assembly session in state
Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) [India], July 17 (ANI): Samajwadi Party (SP) held a legislature party meeting on Wednesday, in the wake of the upcoming assembly session in the state.
India welcomes ICJ ruling in Kulbhushan Jadhav case
New Delhi [India], July 17 (ANI): India on Wednesday welcomed the International Court of Justice (ICJ) verdict in the Kulbhushan Jadhav case with several ministers from the Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led government terming it "a big victory".
LeT terrorist gunned down in Sopore encounter
Sopore (Jammu and Kashmir) [India], July 17 (ANI): A terrorist affiliated to terror outfit Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) was killed in an encounter with Jammu and Kashmir Police and security forces in Gund Brath area of Sopore on Wednesday, police said.
13 killed in Dongri building collapse, confirms NDRF
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], Jul 17 (ANI): As many as 13 people were crushed to death under the debris of the building that collapsed in Dongri area of the city this week, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) said on Wednesday.
ICJ verdict on Kukbhushan Jadhav a big win for India: Dalbir Kaur
Jalandhar (Punjab) [India], July 17 (ANI): The verdict of International Court of Justice (ICJ) further staying the sentencing of Kulbhushan Jadhav is a big win for India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi led government at the Centre, said Dalbir Kaur on Wednesday, sister of Sarabjit Singh, who was kill
Guwahati: Brahmaputra water level remains above danger level
Guwahati (Assam) [India], July 17 (ANI): With Assam reeling under massive floods triggered by heavy downpour, the water level in Brahmaputra River continues to flow above the danger mark in Guwahati on Wednesday.
Deogarh: Shravani Mela, Kanwar Yatra begins, CM Raghubar Das...
Deogarh (Odisha) [India], July 17 (ANI): The annual Month-long Shravani Mela and Kanwar Yatra were commenced in Deoghar by Chief Minister Raghubar on the first day of Shravan month on Wednesday.
ICJ asks Pakistan to review conviction, sentencing of Kulbhushan Jadhav
The Hague [Netherland], July 17 (ANI): In a major victory for India, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Wednesday called for an effective review and reconsideration of the conviction and sentencing of Indian national Kulbhushan Jadhav, facing death in Pakistan on charges of spying, and hel
Devoid of basic amenities, locals in this MP village still...
Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) [India], July 17 (ANI): Locals in Sarotipura village near Bhopal claim that they still defecate in the open, despite the city having been declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) in 2017.
CCEA approves Rs 1,600 cr for Dibang power project in Arunachal Pradesh
New Delhi [India], July 17 (ANI): The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) on Wednesday approved the expenditure on pre-investment activities and various clearances for Dibang Multipurpose Project (MPP) in Arunachal Pradesh for an amount of Rs 1,600 crore, said an official statement.