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The Sun Flares Up
November 5, 2013JPEG
On November 5, 2013, the Sun brightened when an X-class solar flare—the largest so far this year—burst from a large, active sunspot. The flare followed a series of more than a two dozen flares that have occurred since October 21, though the November 5 flare originated in a different active region. The event was classified an X3.3 flare, falling into the category of most intense explosions.
This view of the flare comes from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and it shows the Sun in extreme ultraviolet light (blending 193 and 131 angstrom observations). The long streak of light is likely due to solar protons saturating the imager. The unusual color is due to the blending of false colors that are assigned to each wavelength by solar physicists to distinguish the different bands. The image is from 5:12 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (22:12 UTC), the peak of the short flare.
A solar flare is a burst of light and radiation from the Sun's magnetic atmosphere. The energy travels at the speed of light to reach Earth just eight minutes after the flare; at Earth, a part of the atmosphere called the ionosphere absorbs it. Normally, that's the end of the story, but this flare was unusual. It had a very quick rise and a very quick decay, says Alex Young, associate director for science in the heliophysics division of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The burst of energy triggered electric currents in the ionosphere, which in turn generated a magnetic field. TThe quick burst of energy caused a surge of electric currents in the ionosphere. All electric currents generate magnetic fields, and the fast surge caused by the flare creates a magnetic field strong enough to be measured from the ground. This rare bump in the magnetic field from a solar flare is called a magnetic crochet.
Since solar flares heat and distort the ionosphere, they can interfere with radio communication. The NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center warned of a potential blackout of shortwave radio communication for about an hour after the November 5 flare. This type of communication is often used for long-range aviation, amateur radio, and emergency communication. Beyond radio interference, the flare did not affect Earth.
The eruption that produced this flare also sent out a coronal mass ejection (CME), which is a mass of charged particles and magnetic field energy that bursts from the Sun like a volcanic eruption. Material from a coronal mass ejection takes two to three days to reach Earth, but in this case, the coronal mass ejection is going to miss Earth. Coronal mass ejections interact with Earth's magnetic field to generate auroras and magnetic storms.
The recent burst of solar activity is part of a natural 11-year cycle that may be nearing its peak, says Young. It comes after an extended quiet period, with the last significant flares in May. While the November 5 flare isn't significant on its own, each flare is valuable to scientists trying to understand the Sun. "Every flare is different," says Young. "They are complicated because so much is going on. Because of that, each flare gives us more insight into what is happening. The more flares we see, the more we can sample the different variations."
NASA image by Scott Wiessinger, Solar Dynamics Observatory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Caption by Holli Riebeek.
After months of quiet, the Sun burst in to activity in late October and early November 2013.
Image of the Day for November 7, 2013
Australian Government Radio and Space Weather Services (2013, November 6) A solar flare effect. Accessed November 6, 2013.
NASA (2013, November 6) Sun sends out a significant solar flare. Accessed November 6, 2013.
NASA (2013, October 31) Something flare-y this way comes: The mini-Halloween storms of 2013. Accessed November 6, 2013.
NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory (2013) Dynamic active region up close. Accessed November 6, 2013.
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (2013, November 6) Alerts issued in November. Accessed November 6, 2013.
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (2013, November 4) Space weather highlights. Accessed November 6, 2013.
NOAA Space Weather Predication Center (2013, October 28) Space weather highlights. Accessed November 6, 2013.
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (2013, November 6) Top news of the day. Accessed November 6, 2013.
Young, Alex (2013, November 6) The X3.3 solar flare from ARI 1890 produced a rare event, a Magnetic Crochet. Accessed November 6, 2013.
The Sun Erupts
A solar flare and coronal mass ejection in mid-July 2012 raised the possibility of geomagnetic storms and auroras.
Image of the Day Heat Unique Imagery
Biggest Solar Flare on Record
Image of the Day Heat
Solar Flare and Coronal Mass Ejection
This ultraviolet image, captured by NASA's Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) Ahead spacecraft on February 12, 2010, shows solar storms brewing in two active areas of the Sun.
The Sun's Magnetic Field


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Tag: mount vernon
Baltimore's Walters Art Museum Gets a Bunch of Money to Digitize Its American Collection
Robert OBrien
Richard Caton Woodville's "Politics in an Oyster House", 1848
Wait, didn't the Walters just get $265,000 to digitize their illuminated manuscripts? Yes, yes they did. And now they've got another $112,000 to scan and upload more than 600 artworks from their American collection. Plus, some of the money will go toward an exhibition of works by hella-American (just look at that those guys!) painter Richard Caton Woodville, as well as educational programs.
Station North
Charles Street: Thoughts on Urban Duality
Moses Hubbard
Baltimore Fishbowl intern Moses Hubbard, Mt. St. Joe '11, wrote the following essay as part of his high school senior project. Moses and friends collaborated on "a multimedia artistic rendering of Baltimore," ultimately completing a short movie with music. Moses's writing served as the film's poetic narration. "We felt a weird sort of pull from the city, like gravity, that none of us could ignore," he says. Moses is a rising sophomore at Fordham University.
Charles Street begins undramatically. It sprouts out where I-95 runs through the south side of Federal Hill, after a stretch of water and some train tracks, between two gutted warehouses. This first block is more parking lot than road, and a few abandoned cars can usually be found parked at haphazard angles along the street or in the grass beside it. It's a humble origin for what becomes one of Baltimore's most dynamic and important streets.
House of Cards in Bolton Hill
I walked out of my house the other day and saw a couple cop cars parked in the street. At first I just thought, "Ah, Baltimore," and focused on a kid running down the concrete, but then I noticed caution tape, and several big black vans, and… stage lights?
Nerds Rejoice: Walters Art Museum to Digitize Another 113 Illustrated Manuscripts
It seems that more and more libraries and museums are finally realizing how to use the power of the Internet to give people greater access to their collections. Or at least they are finally getting the money they need to make it happen.
Baltimore's Walters Art Museum just received a $265,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to digitize 113 medieval Flemish manuscripts. No small task when those manuscripts total "45,000 pages of text with over 3,000 pages of illumination." And remember, every manuscript is inherently one of a kind, so for non-nerds: think of each one of these manuscripts — each page, even — as essentially a previously unreleased track by whatever awesome dead musician people who don't spend all their free time memorizing constellations and identifying fonts are listening to these days. But instead of the whole thing coming out as a prohibitively-priced boxed set, it's made available for free to everyone with an Internet connection.
Eventually, the Walters hopes to have digitized all of its 850 medieval manuscripts. And it's already been the recipient of two other grants from the NEH to translate their Islamic, English, German, Armenian, Dutch, Byzantine, and Ethiopian manuscripts into ones and zeros, so looks like some day we'll get there!
You can view the manuscripts they've already digitized at art.thewalters.org
Gary Vikan, Director of Walters Art Museum, to Step Down Next Year
Edited from Press Release
After more than 27 years of service, including 18 years as director, Gary Vikan announced Tuesday that he will step down from his leadership position at the Walters at the end of the next fiscal year, June 30, 2013. Board President, Douglas Hamilton, Jr. shared the announcement with the board of trustees at its regular meeting yesterday afternoon.
"Gary will be leaving the Walters a very different museum from the one that he entered," said Hamilton. "Those of us who care deeply about this jewel and about our community owe him an enormous debt of gratitude."
"We are especially fortunate that Gary stayed on to guide the Walters though the recession," added Andrea Laporte, board chair. "He leaves the museum with a solid financial foundation and poised for future growth."
Gary Vikan joined the staff of the Walters Art Museum in 1985 as director of curatorial affairs; he was appointed director in 1994. During his tenure, Vikan has led many transformative strategic initiatives at the museum, including:
The elimination of the Walters' general admission fee, resulting in an increase in attendance of more than 45% and a nearly three-fold increase in the diversity of the museum's audiences;
The change in name from "Gallery" to "Museum," with an associated shift in the museum's mission from object to audience focus;
The oversight of two major building renovation and collection reinstallation projects, while helping to raise more than $65 million in associated capital and endowment funds;
The endowment of 24 staff positions in the museum's curatorial, conservation, and education divisions, nine through Mellon Foundation challenge grants;
The development of an award-winning Education Division with greatly expanded school and family programs;
The development of a ground-breaking exhibition program which regularly garners national critical press;
The creation of the museum's Touring Exhibition Program, which has served more than 3.2 million visitors world-wide;
The initiation of an ambitious program of exhibition and collections publications, with nearly three dozen titles since 2000;
The expansion of the museum's website open-source art offerings, resulting in a more than five-fold increase in on-line visitors to more than 1.8 million annually;
The expansion of the museum's collections, through gifts and purchases, in the arts of Asia, the ancient Americas, Russia, and Ethiopia;
The creation of a Center for the Arts of the Ancient Americas, with a $7.25 million endowment;
The initiation of an innovative exhibition partnership with Johns Hopkins University's Brain Science Institute in exploring the emerging field of neuroaesthetics.
Gary Vikan has also brought the story of the Walters Art Museum to people throughout the region by way of WYPR's "Postcards from the Walters."
His many awards and honors include an appointment by President Clinton to the Cultural Property Advisory Committee, and Knighthood in the Order of Arts and Letters (Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres) conferred by the French Minister of Culture and Communication.
In support of his strong commitment to Baltimore and the arts, Vikan has served on several boards, including Maryland Citizens for the Arts, the Maryland Humanities Council, the Greater Baltimore Cultural Alliance, and the Baltimore Area Convention and Visitors' Association, now Visit Baltimore.
Throughout his time at the Walters he has taught courses in the Master of the Liberal Arts program of Johns Hopkins University, of which he is a board member.
Vikan, who celebrated his 65th birthday in November, reflected on his upcoming departure after nearly three decades: "I was drawn to the Walters by its magnificent collections but I stayed on because of the people: the staff, the Board and volunteers, and the public we all serve." What's next? "The word 'retirement' is not in my vocabulary," said Vikan. "I look forward to the next chapter in my career, without yet knowing what it will be. In the short term, I have two books looking for publishers."
A trustee search committee will be formed in the coming weeks to begin the process of recruiting Vikan's successor.
Yoga in the Park: A Pro/Con Meditation
Mikita Brottman
1. Getting a tan while in lying in corpse position
2. Don't have to leave the dog at home
3. Using the butt crack of a statue as your Drishti
4. Feeling super healthy compared to junkies nodding out on the bench
5. Easy to sneak in if you arrive late
6. Easy to sneak away if you've had enough
7. In Tree position, you can actually hold on to a tree.
8. In Pigeon, you can actually watch the pigeons.
1. Stepping on dog poop
2. Cool hipsters gazing at you with contempt
3. Losing your glasses in the grass
4. Getting ogled by old men
5. Dogs licking your feet in corpse position
6. Ants in your shorts
7. Possibly stepping on a needle
8. Worrying somebody might steal your shoes
This summer, I've been excited to take part in the free yoga class that takes place every Saturday morning, 8.30-9.30am, in West Mount Vernon park. The class is sponsored by Merritt Athletic Club, and the instructor, Jude, is super-friendly and non-intimidating. Participants are all ages and levels, and there are four more classes left. Just bring your own mat and water bottle.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Italy and Malta have agreed to cooperate more on migration by embarking 'on a more intense and systematic consultations' which include policy aspects related to the management of migratory flows.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the talks started following up on a previous meeting held in Rome for which Foreign Minister Carmelo Abela met with his Italian counterpart Enzo Moavero Milanesi.
The Ministry announced that Italy and Malta will also undertake joint initiatives in the negotiations on the Multiannual Financial Framework for the period 2021-2027.
According to the Ministry, the joint initiatives will ensure greater allocations for more incisive action in the cooperation and development of the countries of origin and transit of migration flows.


Over the last couple of months, there have been two interesting news items emanating from Mentor Graphics (now officially part of Siemens). They're largely unrelated to each other, one dealing with system design and the other with IC emulation. We'll take them in order of announcement.
The first story comes from their SystemVision side of things (one aspect of which we looked at a few years ago). Once a desktop application, it has now migrated into the cloud. Not all features accompanied it on this ascent – and one of the critical missing ones is a price tag. Yup, SystemVision Cloud is free.
This, of course, immediately raises three obvious questions.
The first is, "Where's the money?" The money comes from component suppliers that want to engage with designers using SystemVision Cloud. They can subscribe to create a private interaction "room" where users can contact them and conduct secure, private conversations with apps engineers and such. Such vendors would presumably have an advantage amongst designers that aren't completely self-sufficient.
The second question takes note of the fact that Mentor has a pretty good little business going in simulation with their Questa offering. Doesn't this cut that off at the knees?
The obvious answer to this question is, "No" – because, why would Mentor intentionally do that? The less obvious (but not obscure) reason is that this isn't for IC design; this is for system design. "But it says you can enter HDL – that sounds like an IC thing." Yeah, it is an IC thing, but, in this case, it's assumed you're going to use standard logic chips (those still exist?) or an FPGA. You can enter the HDL for simulation purposes.
And yet, after all that rejection by designers, here we are again, proposing the cloud for design work. I asked about this, and the response was somewhat surprising. And yeah, a piece of it is generational.
In the software world, cloud tools abound. When Mentor talked to some newer designers that readily use, say, Github, it hadn't occurred to the designers that these are cloud apps. So much happens in the cloud these days that, for engineers that have grown up this way, that big distinction between local hardware and the cloud is less of a thing. The resistance is gradually easing – especially with these younger designers.
For companies that are still concerned, they can wall off "private" areas of the cloud – presumably eliminating so-called "multi-tenanting," where more than one company might be using the same box. With a private cloud setup, companies can have more control and more, well, privacy.
This private cloud notion – which maybe should be called a private public cloud – should not be mistaken, however, for what is often referred to as a private cloud: one that uses the purchasing company's own private server farm to host a cloud – and, within that, a cloud app. This is something that Mentor is not offering.
15 billion gates is a lot of gates. For perspective, they say that current designs are in the 1.5 – 2 billion-gate range (some of which are multi-chip designs). So they're setting themselves up for designs in 2022 that are 10 times larger than what they're seeing today.
So how did these guys wake up one day and decide that they could do 10X the design size? Well, ok, it wasn't just a momentary crepuscular inspiration. There are three basic enablers: a chip, a connector, and an OS.
You may recall that each of the major emulation companies has a different approach to the root technology. Cadence uses "processors"; Synopsys uses Xilinx FPGAs; and Mentor uses a custom FPGA-like chip (called Crystal). By doing their own FPGA, rather than relying on a commercial version, they have focused on observability – a big deal for debug. This is a requirement that's specific to emulation, so commercial FPGA makers aren't likely to go as far in that direction – most other customers would likely not be interested (and wouldn't want to pay the extra price).
So Mentor gets complete control – both of the logic and the accessibility. They've done a few generations of the chip, and this announcement augurs in the latest Crystal version. That's enabler number 1.
The second enabler is the fabric that allows multiple Veloce Strato boxes to be connected together to emulate a design larger than fits in a single box. The first offering, StratoM, can handle up to 2.5 billion gates. The scale-up to 15 billion isn't necessarily within the box; it's the ability to interconnect multiple boxes, and that is done via their new Strato Link interconnect. It's effectively a very complex switch – which is necessary to handle all of the signals that might need to go between boxes at very high speeds.
The third enabler is their latest version of their emulation OS, which they call Veloce Strato OS. It will be a common denominator for all of their emulators and prototyping solutions.
One of the major hitches when scaling up is performance, and the OS and tools have an enormous impact on that. Mentor is saying that, with their latest edition, they've sped up throughput by 5 times as compared to Veloce 2. Throughput is something Cadence featured front and center (and takes credit for); Mentor has raised the visibility of it this time as well.
The idea is that productivity is determined by the time it takes to get a design ready to emulate (compilation), then emulate it, and then perform debug to see what needs to change – starting a new cycle. The faster that cycle, the sooner you'll converge on the correct design. Now, it's been pointed out before that, from a single compile, it's common for multiple emulation runs to happen – not just one – before you go back and start changing the design. Nonetheless, the faster all three components are, the better.
All of this is what's supposed to take them to 15 billion gates. Yeah, there are no designs that big yet (and I recall from experience years ago that trying to fill a device with multiple instantiations of a smaller design to emulate a larger design doesn't work reliably – Rent's Rule issues if nothing else). And this is an aggressive, long(ish)-term roadmap, so we'll see if anything needs tweaking when we get out into that range.
Of course, I also checked in with the two main competitors to see if they had any comment. Synopsys didn't (which is consistent; they normally don't comment on competition – at least not officially.) (And no, I don't have any juicy unofficial sound bites.) Cadence reviewed what they see as the overall Palladium advantages over Veloce – which isn't really particular to Strato (especially since they presumably haven't seen an actual Strato box).
Which reinforces the point that this launch is being slow-rolled. You're not going to find a dedicated Strato page on the Mentor website; they're cherry-picking lead customers (and even lead industries – networking) as they ramp. So it will bear watching over the next couple of years.
What do you think of Mentor's cloud-based system design tool? Or, if you're an IC designer, what do you think about the 15B-gate roadmap?


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Brian Johnson rapidly increases velocity ahead of final season pitching for Springfield College baseball
By Jack Margaros March 12, 2019 April 9, 2019
Leave a Comment on Brian Johnson rapidly increases velocity ahead of final season pitching for Springfield College baseball
By Jack Margaros
SPRINGFIELD – Brian Johnson walked away from a scout day in August with one goal in mind before he started pitching his senior season for the Springfield College baseball team – break 90 miles per hour with his fastball.
During his August workout, he topped out at 87 mph, so adding three miles per hour wasn't too tall of a task to accomplish before Opening Day in March.
Before the fall season started for the Pride in September, Johnson threw a bullpen and was tested with the radar gun for the first time since summer.
On the second pitch, he hit 90 mph.
"Damn," he thought to himself.
By the second week of fall season, he was up to 92. By the time Springfield scrimmaged Elms at the end of October, Johnson pumped 94 miles per hour.
Seven miles per hour in just under three months.
"I just kept throwing and every week it went up," Johnson said.
Although, there is much more to Johnson's rapid increase than simply throwing a baseball.
In the months preceding that bullpen he worked with Dr. Josh Heenan, president of Advanced Therapy Performance. Heenan has developed a list of criteria — dubbed the 90 mph Formula— that, if completed, allows pitchers to reach that plateau, but more importantly protect their arm from any injury.
Photo courtesy joshheenan.com
If the pitcher hits those metrics, he can throw 90 mph. If he can hit that speed but fails to reach the metrics, the odds of requiring Tommy John Surgery to repair a torn ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) somewhere down the line are significantly increased.
Heenan created a healthy way for young pitchers to throw fast by giving specific data points they must reach. Johnson bought into this ideology.
In addition, he incorporated Driveline Baseball, the first ever data driven baseball training facility, founded in 2007 and utilized by Major League ball players. Although he was unable to travel to Kent, Wash. to get the full experience, he was able to accomplish a training program remotely that helps with mechanics.
"I really wanted to [travel west] in December over Winter Break," Johnson said. "That's something I want to do maybe summer of this year."
Johnson purchased an array of training aides including plyo balls, weighted baseballs, a recovery trampoline and wrist weights.
"My bag is like 30 pounds," Johnson said. "The guys make fun of me all the time because I got so much stuff."
All of this for three months, and the radar gun soared past his expectations come fall season.
"Some guys they ask 'how do you throw hard?' Johnson said. "Sometimes you just have to say just throw hard. You have to get that intent…It's a different mindset."
That's something Johnson has changed throughout his preparations for the spring – you need to throw with intent all the time, not just when you're penciled in as the starting pitcher that day.
"You can't just throw softly for a week then expect to throw 90," he said. "In between starts [my whole career] I didn't really throw as hard as a I can. Now on my side bullpens, I continue to throw as hard as I can every bullpen."
Now that he's in-season, Driveline has been limited, although he still uses it to supplement head coach Mark Simeone's delivery-oriented prescription.
"How our program has helped him with his delivery allows some of the Driveline stuff to supplement what we're doing," Simeone said. "I always want these guys to talk to me about those types of things. Tell me what they're doing, why they're doing it and why they think it helps them. I feel good about endorsing it."
Some other members of the team have hopped on board as well. Duncan Satterlee has been employing Driveline for a couple of seasons, while Dakota Aldrich and John Daley do the exercises how they see fit.
"You don't have to follow it fully. Some of the drills I tell guys to do just because it cleans up your arm path and strengthens your shoulder," Johnson said.
As a top thrower on Springfield's pitching staff, Johnson hopes to stay healthy this season. The velocity increase has, in turn, increased the effectiveness of the rest of his repertoire.
"I've been using the two-seam a lot more this year because I've noticed it has a lot of tail on it," Johnson said. "The changeup I've always worked on all four years and it's become pretty much my best pitch now."
In his season opener, Johnson had a strong first outing. The senior ace struck out 10 batters and allowed only one run through 4.2 innings against Western New England last Saturday.
"I always knew Johnson had talent," Simeone said. "Brian has improved each and every year he's been in the program. He's a focused worker."
Photo courtesy Springfield College Athletics
Tags: 90MPH Formula baseball brian-johnson Driveline Baseball featured Josh Heenan scstudentmedia
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He walked into history an obscure, flat footed, bantamy little fellow in a light gray suit, the inhabitant of an eloquence-free zone who gave boring speeches in a flat voice. He was not compelling. This was more obvious because he followed a charismatic leader who did big things and filled the screen. He was quickly defined and dismissed by the opinion elite as "a first-rate second-rate man." And maybe at the beginning he feared the appraisal was correct, for when he became president he said very frankly that he felt the moon and the stars had fallen upon him.
Why would he expect people to be impressed by him, to see him as a leader? His background: a failed businessman who wanted to rise in politics but was forced to do it through a corrupt local political machine. He worked and rose within it, doing his best to hold onto his integrity. He achieved local office, and then shocked everyone when the machine picked him to run for the U.S. Senate and he actually won. He served a term with mild distinction and then through an accident of history became president because—well, because history can be antic, unknowable, full of tricks.
His name of course was Harry Truman, and to him fell the hard and hellish job of keeping the world up at a terrible time. He made tough decisions at the toughest moments—admitting, as his predecessor never did or could, exactly who "Uncle Joe" Stalin was and what he wanted, stopping him in Greece, pushing through the Marshall Plan to save Europe and getting the money for it from a depleted American public, fighting a land war in Korea. All this when his exhausted nation—we had been through two world wars in 25 years—did not want another war, and needed to be rallied.
He stopped or thwarted communism wherever he could, fought like a tiger, faced down the most admired American general of the day and canned him for overstepping his bounds, made the crucial and horrific decision to drop the atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and took the responsibility himself to the extent that when the head of the Manhattan Project came to him and said he feared he had blood on his hands, Truman took out his handkerchief and wiped J. Robert Oppenheimer's hands, and said no, I made the decision, the responsibility is mine.
Harry Truman was a great man. And I believe we are seeing the makings of a similar greatness in George W. Bush, the bantamy, plain-spoken, originally uninspiring man who through a good heart and a good head, through gut and character, simple well-meaningness and love of country is, in his own noncompelling way, doing the right tough things at a terrible time.
And he faces stakes as high as Truman faced, if not, as many think, higher. Truman had to stand for freedom and keep the West together while keeping Stalin from getting and then using weapons that he could, in his evil, use to blow up half the world. Mr. Bush has to stand for freedom and keep an alliance together while moving against a dozen madmen who have it within their power to deploy weapons of mass destruction that can blow up half the world. He has to see to it that this great mission doesn't end with getting or killing Osama and his men. He must lead the civilized world now to root out, get and remove every weapon of mass destruction—every chemical and bio depot and laboratory in every rogue nation—and banish this scourge from the world. It will be hard to keep the allies on board and supportive, hard to keep the American people behind him, because it's going to be a long war.
Mr. Bush also followed a charismatic leader, and I do not mean Mr. Clinton. Mr. Clinton, whose eight years in the presidency could be compressed like an accordion into one inch of meaning, was no FDR. The charismatic figure Mr. Bush follows is the last big American president, the last who had the massive presence of a battleship, Ronald Reagan.
People kept wondering last year during the election if Mr. Bush had it in him to be a Reagan. I thought maybe he did. But now as I watch him I think: Truman.
Harry Truman did it all through gut and instinct and character. He was a good man who loved his country. He loved to read history and could quote Ovid, but he was no intellectual, not a man of strikingly original thought; his mind wasn't so much creative as quick, and solid as a rock. He grew into the job, on a steep learning curve, forced by history to absorb facts and decide quickly. He didn't know about the atom bomb until the first week of his presidency.
Mr. Bush has been on a similar steep curve, forced to absorb and decide quickly, and his decisions too seem to have been issued from a mind that's quick and solid as a rock.
In the early days of the current struggle he immediately understood the situation—"We are at war"—but did not immediately strike back. He seemed, at first, in the day after Sept. 11, to have been as shocked by history as Harry Truman—the moon and the stars had fallen upon him. He was eight months into a new presidency, and now all the facts of the world changed. But he righted himself as Truman did, and he made his plans. There were no showy and meaningless kabooms with our missiles hitting aspirin factories in the desert. Instead Mr. Bush prepared, pushed, waited and struck—and now the Taliban are on the run and Afghanistan is teetering on something that whatever it is will surely be better than what it had been. Al Qaeda is not done, but as Mr. Bush said again yesterday in his news conference with President Vladimir Putin, we will not rest until it is.
It was in that remarkable news conference that Mr. Bush displayed once again in public what is reported of him in private—that he has an instinctive command in his private dealings, a way of appealing to his guests with a well-meaning warmth that is both ingenuous and . . . yet another little weapon in the Bush armory, an armory whose job it is to provide him with what he needs to get what he wants. In this case and for some time now what he wants has been a personal bond with President Putin that both reflects and promotes a new and deep alliance between America and Russia.
Harry Truman couldn't have said it better himself.
He meant it sincerely, and would not have said it to me if he did not think it. And it reminded me of something. I spent a lot of the year 2000 writing about Mr. Bush when he was running for president, and stating in these pages and elsewhere that I felt he had potential greatness in him. This seemed to some of my friends absurd. He didn't look great or act great; he looked like an aging preppy fortunate son.
But there's an odd thing about presidents. Sometimes you can meet a man on his way up in politics and you can see the president within. There were people who met Ronald Reagan in the 1950s and '60s and who saw—one wrote a notarized letter so he could prove decades hence that he had seen it—that Ronald Reagan would be president one day, and a great one. There were people who met Jack Kennedy and thought: president.
But no one met young Harry Truman and started hearing "Hail to the Chief," and no one even 13 years ago, in 1988, met George Bush Jr., as he was then called, and saw the president within. I certainly didn't.
But life is funny, and what matters is that Mr. Bush has found the president within. I think he knows he's going to be a great one, and that's significant because all the great ones always know it somewhere inside. Even Truman did, eventually.


Automatic updates are available to all Pro users with an active license key. It means that you can update new version of Content Views Pro with a single click, from your WordPress Admin dashboard. This post will cover the steps to update, the problems (and solutions) you may encounter when update Content Views Pro.
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Economics viewpointEconomics
We've been warned: the system is ready to blow
Larry Elliott
Only a new way of managing the global economy can prevent more mayhem in the markets and on the streets
Traders work at the New York Stock Exchange on 9 August. Photograph: Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images
Sun 14 Aug 2011 14.55 EDT
For the past two centuries and more, life in Britain has been governed by a simple concept: tomorrow will be better than today. Black August has given us a glimpse of a dystopia, one in which the financial markets buckle and the cities burn. Like Scrooge, we have been shown what might be to come unless we change our ways.
There were glimmers of hope amid last week's despair. Neighbourhoods rallied round in the face of the looting. The Muslim community in Birmingham showed incredible dignity after three young men were mown down by a car and killed during the riots. It was chastening to see consumerism laid bare. We have seen the future and we know it sucks. All of which is cause for cautious optimism – provided the right lessons are drawn.
Lesson number one is that the financial and social causes are linked. Lesson number two is that what links the City banker and the looter is the lack of restraint, the absence of boundaries to bad behaviour. Lesson number three is that we ignore this at our peril.
To understand the mess we are in, it's important to know how we got here. Today marks the 40th anniversary of Richard Nixon's announcement that America was suspending the convertibility of the dollar into gold at $35 an ounce. Speculative attacks on the dollar had begun in the late 1960s as concerns mounted over America's rising trade deficit and the cost of the Vietnam war. Other countries were increasingly reluctant to take dollars in payment and demanded gold instead. Nixon called time on the Bretton Woods system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates, under which countries could use capital controls in order to stimulate their economies without fear of a run on their currency. It was also an era in which protectionist measures were used quite liberally: Nixon announced on 15 August 1971 that he was imposing a 10% tax on all imports into the US.
Four decades on, it is hard not to feel nostalgia for the Bretton Woods system. Imperfect though it was, it acted as an anchor for the global economy for more than a quarter of a century, and allowed individual countries to pursue full employment policies. It was a period devoid of systemic financial crises.
Utter mess
There have been big structural changes in the way the global economy has been managed since 1971, none of them especially beneficial. The fixed exchange rate system has been replaced by a hybrid system in which some currencies are pegged and others float. The currencies in the eurozone, for example, are fixed against each other, but the euro floats against the dollar, the pound and the Swiss franc. The Hong Kong dollar is tied to the US dollar, while Beijing has operated a system under which the yuan is allowed to appreciate against the greenback but at a rate much slower than economic fundamentals would suggest.
The system is an utter mess, particularly since almost every country in the world is now seeking to manipulate its currency downwards in order to make exports cheaper and imports dearer. This is clearly not possible. Sir Mervyn King noted last week that the solution to the crisis involved China and Germany reflating their economies so that debtor nations like the US and Britain could export more. Progress on that front has been painfully slow, and will remain so while the global currency system remains so dysfunctional. The solution is either a fully floating system under which countries stop manipulating their currencies or an attempt to recreate a new fixed exchange rate system using a basket of world currencies as its anchor.
The break-up of the Bretton Woods system paved the way for the liberalisation of financial markets. This began in the 1970s and picked up speed in the 1980s. Exchange controls were lifted and formal restrictions on credit abandoned. Policymakers were left with only one blunt instrument to control the availability of credit: interest rates.
For a while in the late 1980s, the easy availability of money provided the illusion of wealth but there was a shift from a debt-averse world where financial crises were virtually unknown to a debt-sodden world constantly teetering on the brink of banking armageddon.
Currency markets lost their anchor in 1971 when the US suspended dollar convertibility. Over the years, financial markets have lost their moral anchor, engaging not just in reckless but fraudulent behaviour. According to the US economist James Galbraith, increased complexity was the cover for blatant and widespread wrongdoing.
Looking back at the sub-prime mortgage scandal, in which millions of Americans were mis-sold home loans, Galbraith says there has been a complete breakdown in trust that is impairing the hopes of economic recovery.
"There was a private vocabulary, well-known in the industry, covering these loans and related financial products: liars' loans, Ninja loans (the borrowers had no income, no job or assets), neutron loans (loans that would explode, destroying the people but leaving the buildings intact), toxic waste (the residue of the securitisation process). I suggest that this tells you that those who sold these products knew or suspected that their line of work was not 100% honest. Think of the restaurant where the staff refers to the food as scum, sludge and sewage."
Finally, there has been a big change in the way that the spoils of economic success have been divvied up. Back when Nixon was berating the speculators attacking the dollar peg, there was an implicit social contract under which the individual was guaranteed a job and a decent wage that rose as the economy grew. The fruits of growth were shared with employers, and taxes were recycled into schools, health care and pensions. In return, individuals obeyed the law and encouraged their children to do the same. The assumption was that each generation would have a better life than the last.
This implicit social contract has broken down. Growth is less rapid than it was 40 years ago, and the gains have disproportionately gone to companies and the very rich. In the UK, the professional middle classes, particularly in the southeast, are doing fine, but below them in the income scale are people who have become more dependent on debt as their real incomes have stagnated. Next are the people on minimum wage jobs, which have to be topped up by tax credits so they can make ends meet. At the very bottom of the pile are those who are without work, many of them second and third generation unemployed.
Deep trouble
A crisis that has been four decades in the making will not be solved overnight. It will be difficult to recast the global monetary system to ensure that the next few years see gradual recovery rather than depression. Wall Street and the City will resist all attempts at clipping their wings. There is strong ideological resistance to the policies that make decent wages in a full employment economy feasible: capital controls, allowing strong trade unions, wage subsidies, and protectionism.
But this is a fork in the road. History suggests there is no iron law of progress and there have been periods when things have got worse not better. Together, the global imbalances, the manic-depressive behaviour of stock markets, the venality of the financial sector, the growing gulf between rich and poor, the high levels of unemployment, the naked consumerism and the riots are telling us something.
This is a system in deep trouble and it is waiting to blow.
larry.elliott@theguardian.com
theguardian.com/business/economics
Economics viewpoint


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Added on October 15, 2013 Wallace Wylie David Cameron , haim , Oasis , pop music , Realpop , The Guardian , Tony Blair , Wallace Wylie
Realpop – An Introduction
By Wallace Wylie
What is Realpop? Realpop is an approach to music criticism which accepts as reality the corporate and capitalist mechanisms which control and manipulate pop music. It imposes limits in terms of what is acceptable and reasonable discussion, and delegitimises anything which falls outside the limits of acceptability. In order to be successful, Realpop has to be internalised to the point where those who adhere to the principles of Realpop do so without knowledge of their actions. They would swear under duress that no such philosophy exists and even if it did they are not one of its adherents. This is vital, as only those who deny its existence can vehemently defend its principles without fear of conforming to an ideology. The main aspects of Realpop which need to be understood are who its advocates are and what tools they will use to deligitimise their opponents. Both of these aspects will now be made clear.
Realpop – Its Advocates
Those who espouse the fundamental principles of Realpop will more often than not fit a very specific category. They will be young (as their careers begin), highly educated and left-wing. Youth speaks for itself, inasmuch as the young are typically eager to find a grounding through which their personalities can unfold. Those with a higher education will have internalised the principles of the "limits of acceptability": the limits of acceptable speech, the limits of acceptable opinion. In higher education, success depends on internalising these limits. Left-wing thinkers are essential as the "boots on the ground" soldiers of Realpop (those of the right-wing persuasion will be the ones making money from the process). They must internalise the principles of Realpop to the point where right-wing dogmas become the cornerstone of left-wing thinking. This is done by adding an ideological tinge to the idea of pop.
Pop music represents the tastes of "the masses". The general public must be thought of as the proles, the exploited masses struggling to make ends meet. As far as the general public and their tastes are concerned, the enemy is not some corporate CEO but the archetypal snobbish critic who dismisses the superficiality of pop and therefore the preoccupations of everyday working people. In this context the Realpop writer is a defender of the masses in the acceptable left-wing tradition. With a mere flick of the switch, the left-wing firebrand becomes a defender of market principles and does so without believing themselves to be compromised in any way. Quite the opposite. Realpop writers are Old Labour in thought but New Labour in deed.
Realpop – Its Application
Once the corporate reality of Realpop is internalised, then any criticism of pop which includes a critique of the corporate nature of pop music can be dismissed as an asinine act of naivety and obviousness. The corporate reality is so ubiquitous that to point it out is unnecessary. This presents an unarguable limit on the ability to critique the corporate structure of pop. Given that Realpop writers are left-wing, they are able to dismiss critiques of the structure of corporate pop with relish, and with more bite than any right-wing writer could summon up. This is because the left-wing writers view themselves as principled, educated individuals who have merely accepted the reality of our current situation. They are well read in Marx, in post-structuralism, in Žižek. Nobody need point out the capitalist nature of pop to them. Realpop writers alone will decide when it is acceptable to use political theories to attack the corporate agenda behind pop music. That time is never.
Even though pop music has scored countless cultural victories and has billions of dollars to market and defend it, the image of the snobbish critic must hang over proceedings and colour how people interpret attacks on pop music. The Realpop writer will employ terms such as 'easy target' when delegitimising critiques of pop music as pop must always be viewed as the underdog. The angry voice which questions the mechanics of pop will be metamorphosised into the disapproving cry of the out-of-touch, elitist professor who refuses to see value in pop music, or they will be accused of shooting fish in a barrel, taking obvious, uncontroversial stances against music that is enjoyed by "the masses". Those who condemn pop become the objectionable voice of the establishment, a reactionary, an enemy of the people, safe in their ivory tower but cut off from the tastes and opinions of real working men and women.
The fact that Realpop writers are highly educated here becomes an extra benefit. They face pop music detractors with a feeling of knowledgeable pride. These people who dare to criticise pop don't know that it is the Realpop writers who define the terms of the debate. Realpop writers will flaunt their higher education in the defence of pop, thereby showing enemies that they have one foot in the academy and the other on the street. They will shame the ignorance of those who slander pop, they will out-namedrop the snobbish critic, and they will paint all dissenters as orthodox and ordinary. Alternately, they will attack the obsequious and immature mind of the student, labelling ideological attacks on pop music to be "sixth form" in nature. This is not the time for your angry, half-thought-out political rhetoric. The privileged and classist nature of higher education can always be invoked to score ideological points and derail potential criticisms, but the corporate reality of pop must remain unmentionable. This is pop music, the music of the masses. The left-wing ideologue also becomes class enemy.
The Realpop writer knows when to employ the right kind of smear. By ignoring the content of all attacks on the pop establishment and instead carefully shuffling them into boxes marked "sexist", "reactionary", "sixth form", "snob", or "hipster" the Realpop critic retains the moral high ground and remains the reasonable voice of the people. All attacks become laughable and predictable. Endorsement of pop remains refreshing and unexpected. If too much anger is shown by a pop detractor they will be portrayed as wildly hysterical and unreasonable. It is, after all, only pop music. Even though the images of pop culture dominate our lives and fuel exploitative industries that reinforce stereotypes of race, class, gender, and sexuality, these are but the realities that the Realpop writer knows they must overlook. Compared to the calm, nuanced reasonableness of the Realpop writer, outbursts of anger, frustration, and disappointment seem furiously out of proportion. It's only pop music, and nothing is at stake. A pop song isn't going to change the world. The soothing voice of the educated, left-wing, concerned Realpop writer tells us to simply accept and endorse.
The Realpop writer must perform with limited interference or censorship. They must internalise the principles of Realpop so that their writing appears fresh and enthusiastic, without the strain of fabricated zeal that renders propaganda inept. The Realpop writer will endorse or they will not exist. On other topics and in other writings they may reveal their true political leanings but corporate pop must remain off-limits. Realpop writers will not be paid very well (they are the left-wing footsoldiers not the right-wing capitalists) but they will be given free drinks, they will mingle with the stars, they will wander the streets of London with the knowing look of the insider, the tastemaker, the cultural ambassador. They will live with the knowledge that an intern would gladly write their articles for free to get a foot in the door, so they must continuously reaffirm the Realpop agenda if they are to secure that book deal which they dream of. No censorship, no arm twisting, just a willingness to be accommodating and reasonable.
On the surface, it may seem like Realpop depoliticises the mechanics of pop, but this is patently untrue. Realpop has politicised the mechanics of pop so that they may be defended and endorsed from a left-wing perspective. Realpop as an approach was never invented, it emerged from the trauma of left-wing capitulation to market forces. It was birthed by the same type of people who now endorse it. In pop, as in politics, reality should be our guiding principle. Realpop defines reality by what it endorses, and by what it excludes, and one does not make the choice as to whether one is in or out. Choice implies cynical acceptance. The Realpop writer believes every word they write. This is the single most important aspect of Realpop. It succeeds because those who endorse it are enthusiastic and sincere. Opponents seem cynical, egotistical, and unreasonable by comparison. Censorship becomes obsolete under the guiding principles of Realpop. The Realpop writer remains ever loyal to the people, knowing that opponents of the capitalist mechanisms of pop are merely class enemies in disguise. The tastes of the masses must be elevated to the level of dogma. Realpop still has work to do.
Although he grew up in a remote Scottish fishing village, Wallace had a destiny even he could not foresee. One day he would be living in an American city that birthed two of the most overrated bands of all time, and a stone cold musical genius. Can you figure it out? Each week is filled with sexy and exciting adventures overflowing with intrigue and ambiguity. In his spare time he writes for Collapse Board.
23 Responses to Realpop – An Introduction
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IIT JEE Chemistry
Electrochemical Series
Characteristics of Electrochemical Series
Applications of Electrochemical Series
Reactivity of Metals
Electropositive Character of Metals
Displacement Reactions
Reducing Power of Metals
Oxidising Nature of Nonmetals
Thermal Stability of Metallic Oxides
Products of Electrolysis
Increasing Order of Deposition
Increasing Order of Discharge
Corrosion of Metals
By measuring the potentials of various electrodes versus standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), a series of standard electrode potentials has been established.
When the electrodes (metals and non-metals) in contact with their ions are arranged on the basis of the values of their standard reduction potentials or standard oxidation potentials, the resulting series is called the electrochemical or electromotive or activity series of the elements.
By international convention, the standard potentials of electrodes are tabulated for reduction half reactions, indicating the tendencies of the electrodes to behave as cathodes towards SHE.
Electrodes with positive E° values for reduction half reactions do in fact act as cathodes versus SHE, while those with negative E° values of reduction half reactions behave instead as anodes versus SHE. The electrochemical series is shown in the following table.
Standard Aqueous Electrode Potentials at 25°C 'The Electrochemical Series'
Electrode Reaction (Reduction)
Standard Electrode Reduction potential Eo, volt
Li+ + e- →  Li
K+ + e- → K
Ca2+ + 2e- → Ca
Na+ + e- → Na
Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg
Al3+ + 3e- → Al
Zn2+ + 2e- → Zn
Cr3+ + 3e- → Cr
Fe2+ + 2e- → Fe
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni
Sn2+ + 2e- → Sn
2H+ + 2e- → H2
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
I2 + 2e- → 2I-
Ag+ + e- → Ag
Hg2+ + 2e- → Hg
Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-
Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-
Au3+ + 3e- → Au
F2 + 2e- → 2F-
The negative sign of standard reduction potential indicates that an electrode when joined with SHE acts as anode and oxidation occurs on this electrode.
For example, standard reduction potential of zinc is -0.76 volt.
When zinc electrode is joined with SHE, it acts as anode (-ve electrode) i.e., oxidation occurs on this electrode. Similarly, the +ve sign of standard reduction potential indicates that the electrode when joined with SHE acts as cathode and reduction occurs on this electrode.
The substances which are stronger reducing agents than hydrogen are placed above hydrogen in the series and have negative values of standard reduction potentials.
All those substances which have positive values of reduction potentials and placed below hydrogen in the series are weaker reducing agents than hydrogen.
The substances which are stronger oxidising agents than H+ion are placed below hydrogen in the series.
The metals on the top (having high negative values of standard reduction potentials) have the tendency to lose electrons readily. These are active metals.
The activity of metals decreases from top to bottom.
The non-metals on the bottom (having high positive values of standard reduction potentials)
have the tendency to accept electrons readily. These are active non-metals.
The activity of non-metals increases from top to bottom.
The activity of the metal depends on its tendency to lose electron or electrons, i.e., tendency to form cation (M"+). This tendency depends on the magnitude of standard reduction potential.
The metal which has high negative value (or smaller positive value) of standard reduction potential readily loses the electron or electrons and is converted into cation. Such a metal is said to be chemically active.
The chemical reactivity of metals decreases from top to bottom in the series. The metal higher in the series is more active than the metal lower in the series. For example,
Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals having high negative values of standard reduction potentials are chemically active. These react with cold water and evolve hydrogen. These readily dissolve in acids forming corresponding salts and combine with those substances which accept electrons.
Metals like Fe, Pb, Sn, Ni, Co, etc., which lie a little down in the series do not react with cold water but react with steam to evolve hydrogen.
Metals like Cu, Ag and Au which lie below hydrogen are less reactive and do not evolve hydrogen from water.
The electropositive character also depends on the tendency to lose electron or electrons. Like reactivity, the electropositive character of metals decreases from top to bottom in the electrochemical series. On the basis of standard reduction potential values, metals are divided into three groups:
Strongly electropositive metals: Metals having standard reduction potential near about -2.0 volt or more negative like alkali metals, alkaline earth metals are strongly electropositive in nature.
Moderately electropositive metals: Metals having values of reduction potentials between 0.0 and about -2.0 volt are moderately electropositive. Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Co, etc., belong to this group.
Weakly electropositive metals: The metals which are below hydrogen and possess positive values of reduction potentials are weakly electropositive metals. Cu, Hg, Ag, etc., belong to this group.
To predict whether a given metal will displace another, from its salt solution: A metal higher in the series will displace the metal from its solution which is lower in the series, i.e., the metal having low standard reduction potential will displace the metal from its salt's solution which has higher value of standard reduction potential. A metal higher in the series has greater tendency to provide electrons to the cations of the metal to be precipitated.
Displacement of one nonmetal from its salt solution by another nonmetal: A nonmetal higher in the series (towards bottom side), i.e., having high value of reduction potential will displace another nonmetal with lower reduction potential i.e., occupying position above in the series. The nonmetal's which possess high positive reduction potentials have the tendency to accept electrons readily. These electrons are provided by the ions of the nonmetal having low value of reduction potential. Thus, Cl2 can displace bromine and iodine from bromides and iodides.
Oxidation Half reaction
Reducation half reaction
Cell reaction
2I- → I2 + 2e-
Cl2 + 2KI →  2KCl + I2
[The activity or electronegative character or oxidising nature of the nonmetal increases as the value of reduction potential increases.]
Displacement of hydrogen from dilute acids by metals: The metal which can provide electrons to H+ ions present in dilute acids for reduction, evolve hydrogen from dilute acids.
Mn →  Mnn+ + ne-
2H+ + 2e- → H2
The metal having negative values of reduction potential possess the property of losing electron or electrons.
Thus, the metals occupying top positions in the electrochemical series readily liberate hydrogen from dilute acids and on descending in the series tendency to liberate hydrogen gas from dilute acids decreases.
The metals which are below hydrogen in electrochemical series like Cu, Hg, Au, Pt, etc., do not evolve hydrogen from dilute acids.
Displacement of hydrogen from water: Iron and the metals above iron are capable of liberating hydrogen from water. The tendency decreases from top to bottom in electrochemical series.Alkali and alkaline earth metals liberate hydrogen from cold water but Mg, Zn and Fe liberate hydrogen from hot water or steam.
Reducing nature depends on the tendency of losing electron or electrons. More the negative reduction potential, more is the tendency to lose electron or electrons. Thus, reducing nature decreases from top to bottom in the electrochemical series. The power of the reducing agent increases as the standard reduction potential becomes more and more negative.
Sodium is a stronger reducing agent than zinc and zinc is a stronger reducing agent than iron.
Reduction Potential
Alkali and alkaline earth metals are strong reducing agents.
Oxidising nature depends on the tendency to accept electron or electrons. More the value of reduction potential, higher is the tendency to accept electron or electrons. Thus, oxidising nature increases from top to bottom in the electrochemical series. The strength of an oxidising agent increases as the value of reduction potential becomes more and more positive.
F2 (Fluorine) is a stronger oxidant than Cl2, Br2 and I2.
Cl2 (Chlorine) is a stronger oxidant than Br2 and I2.
The thermal stability of the metal oxide depends on its electropositive nature.
As the electropositivity decreases from top to bottom, the thermal stability of the oxide also decreases from top to bottom.
The oxides of metals having high positive reduction potentials are not stable towards heat.
The metals which come below copper form unstable oxides, i.e., these are decomposed on heating.
In case two or more types of positive and negative ions are present in solution, during electrolysis certain ions are discharged or liberated at the electrodes in preference to others. In general, in such competition the ion which is stronger oxidising agent (high value of standard reduction potential) is discharged first at the cathode.
The increasing order of deposition of few cations is:
K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+, Au3+
Similarly, the anion which is stronger reducing agent (low value of standard reduction potential) is liberated first at the anode.
The increasing order of discharge of few anions is:
SO42-, NO3-, OH-, Cl-, Br-, I-
Thus, when an aqueous solution of NaCl containing Na+, Cl-, H+ and OH" ions is electrolysed, H+ ions are discharged at cathode and CF ions at the anode, i.e., H2 is liberated at cathode and chlorine at anode.
When an aqueous solution of CuS04 containing Cu2+, , H+ and OH- ions is electrolysed, Cu2+ ions are discharged at cathode and OH- ions at the anode.
Cathodic reaction
Anodic reaction
Cu2+ + 2e-  →  Cu-
4OH- →  O2 + 2H2O + 4e-
Cu is deposited on cathode while O2 is liberated at anode.
Corrosion is defined as the deterioration of a substance because of its reaction with its environment. This is also defined as the process by which metals have the tendency to go back to their combined state, i.e., reverse of extraction of metals.
Ordinary corrosion is a redox reaction by which metals are oxidised by oxygen in presence of moisture. Oxidation of metals occurs more readily at points of strain. Thus, a steel nail first corrodes at the tip and head. The end of a steel nail acts as an anode where iron is oxidised to Fe2+ ions.
Fe →  Fe2 + 2e-       (Anode reaction)
The electrons flow along the nail to areas containing impurities which act as cathodes where oxygen is reduced to hydroxyl ions.
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- →  4OH- (Cathode reaction)
The overall reaction is
2Fe + Oz + 2H2O = 2Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)2 may be dehydrated to iron oxide, FeO, or further oxidised to Fe(OH)3and then dehydrated to iron rust, Fe203.
Several methods for protection of metals against corrosion have been developed. The most widely used are (i) plating the metal with a thin layer of a less easily oxidised metal (ii) allowing a protective film such as metal oxide (iii) galvanising-steel is coated with zinc (a more active metal).
A more electropositive metal can displace a less electropositive metal from its salt's solution. This principle is applied for the extraction of Ag and Au by cyanide process.
Silver from the solution containing sodium argento cyanide, NaAg(CN)2, can be obtained by the addition of zinc as it is more electro-positive than Ag.
2NaAg(CN)2 + Zn →  Na2Zn(CN)4 + 2Ag
Question 1: Which of the following metals has most negative value of standard electrode reduction potential?
a. Na
b. Ca
c. Mg
d. K
Question 2: Which of the following metals is least electropositive one?
a. Al
b. Cu
c. Fe
d. Zn
Question 3: Which of the following metals is most reactive one ?
Question 4: Which of the following metals will not displace Cu from aqueous solution of CuSO4?
a. Ag
b. Zn
c. Ni
d. Fe
Question 5: Which of the following metal ions will discharge first at electrode?
a. K+
b. Ca2+
c. Mg2+
d. Na+
Click here for the detailed Syllabus of IIT JEE Chemistry
Look into the Papers of Previous Years for an idea about type of questions asked in IIT JEE
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You can also refer to Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cell
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Home Forums > Life > Art & Culture >
William Hung - Exploitation of a Stereotype
Discussion in 'Art & Culture' started by nbachris2788, Jan 12, 2005.
nbachris2788 Registered Senior Member
William Hung represents the most base aspect of the ultra-conservative entertainment industry (you know, the industry which gave its first Best Actor Oscar to a black man just a few years ago). I admit I was entertained for a week or so by Hung's painfully earnest rendition of Ricky Martin's song, just like how I was entertained by Keith's disturbing Madonna cover. But the troubling thing is that Hung has been signed to a record deal, and is becoming somewhat of a staple on the American entertainment industry. Why is this all so insidious, one may ask? That is because what this tells America is that minorities are only welcomed in popular media as imbecilic sideshows. There are thousands of talented Asian singers out there who would die for a chance at a record deal, yet its the stereotypical "Chinaman" William Hung who is raking in millions (even more stereotypically, Hung was, or is, a Berekeley engineering student). Why? Because perhaps people find him funny. No they don't love him for his wit or his comedic timing. They are laughing at the racial identity he exudes, an identity which ranks right up there with the worst of them. Of course, the identity I'm talking about is the ineffectual, ugly, and all-around socially undesirable Asian male.
It wouldn't be so bad if there was at least one major Asian male star in the media to at least give a contrast to Hung. But there isn't. For every stereotypically black rapper, there's at least Denzel Washington, Sidney Poitier, etc. Men of dignity and strength. But the only counterparts to Hung are probably, to the average person, Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan, who in themselves are living embodiments of old Asian stereotypes (martial arts masters). There are no Asian politicians, newscasters, game show hosts, etc., or any job of high visibility to offer any contrast. Now I'm not saying people are stupid and racist enough to see one glimpse of William Hung and assume all Asian males are like that, although there are some who will probably be content to believe it. But is the industry telling the country that the only way to succeed is to fill that niche that's simply too undesirable for the ruling class to fill?
According to David Ng's anti-Hung article, many of Hung's fans are Asians. But does that in any way justify exploiting tired stereotypes? Aren't Asian fans like any other group of fans? Don't they deserve a gifted and charismatic talent to call their own, as opposed to a racial caricature? In fact, many are probably only fans because William Hung is the only Chinese pop star in the Western world right now.
Generally, when most people talk about racism, Asians don't really figure into it. For the most part, Asians have done well in North America (at least since many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigrants were already middle-class professionals in their home countries before immigrating; the refugee Asians have naturally fared much worse), and despite some historical grievances, there has not been a racial divide like slavery and lynching to seriously harm relations and trust. The flip side to this, of course, is that making fun of the Asian race is the most acceptable form of race-based humour (although making fun of Hispanics is sadly quite common too). Mocking blacks and Jews is tantamount to social ostracization (at least in enlightened circles). You know, every ethnic group has its peccadilloes, and it's okay to laugh at them sometimes. But it shouldn't be so one-sided. For a William Hung, there's no Asian Mel Gibson, or Russell Crowe, or whatever. There's just Wiliam Hung, and Bruce Lee, and those A&F t-shirts...
Maybe I'm just too distrusting and cynical, and people would have been digging William Hung is he was of any race. But the fact remains that he is a Chinese guy, and a very negatively stereotypical one at that. As long as caricatures like him are propped up in American media as the lone image of the Asian male, there is plenty of ground to make grievances.
It may be silly to dwell so much on a lame "talent" from a now utterly pathetic and uninteresting game show, but as an Asian guy growing up in Canada, I'm increasingly learning the subtle limits of race. My parents are ever so slightly pushing me to socialize with kids whose parents they can identify with (aka Korean kids). When I start dating, I can only imagine the furor over girls of another race. And at my school, I see the racial blocs of white kids, black kids, Chinese kids, Filipino kids, Vietnamese kids, and it utterly sickens me. People talk high and mighty about equality, but when it hits home, they're as narrow-minded and conservative as the worst of them.
nbachris2788, Jan 12, 2005
Neildo Gone Registered Senior Member
You mean you have something against an average person being able to make it big and live the American dream? I suppose we should just continue to make all famous people out to be talented and beautiful people? Which one is the bigger stereotype? William Hung or him not being good enough to be where he's at?
I originally intended for this to be sarcasm but hey, there's some truth to it though.
Neildo, Jan 12, 2005
Xev Registered Senior Member
Fear is respect.
Whites don't respect y'all because you're not violent like African-Americans are.
You must remedy that.
Riot! Loot! Burn down your own grocery stores!
Xev, Jan 15, 2005
CounslerCoffee Registered Senior Member
William Hung represents the most base aspect of the ultra-conservative entertainment industry (you know, the industry which gave its first Best Actor Oscar to a black man just a few years ago).
Yeah, it's funny how that works. You see shows like Friends and you figure "Hey, Jennifer Aniston is a pregnant white woman living in New York City and making it big without a college education and living completely on her own!" Yeah fucking right, that is a liberal ideal and you know it. In real life the baby was aborted, Jen is still a waitress, and she's a whore. But somehow--somewhere--liberals want to step in and tell the public that single white women, without educations, but with babies, are going to be okay.
CounslerCoffee, Jan 15, 2005
guthrie paradox generator Registered Senior Member
Hey, they can be reasonably OK in this country, we have a welfare state. They may never reach whatever heights you like to see people reach, but they still manage to get along ok, as long as they avoid drugs and dangerous boyfriends.
guthrie, Jan 15, 2005
Hey, they can be reasonably OK in this country, we have a welfare state.
Yes, they can be okay. But they do not live a life of luxury. These things are injected into American culture. I see it everyday. I'll break it down with a few examples:
The TV show Friends. Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) was a waitress who ended up running part of a fashion company. She made it big even though she got knocked up by her man-whore friend Ross. Rachel is whore, too. The message that people get: "I don't need know edu-cauation. I can make it big on me own."
It doesn't end there, though. The women on the show can't keep their legs shut. They're portrayed as whores. Women accept that garbage as acceptable entertainment and then go out and bitch "A woman can have sex once and she's a whore, but a man can have sex multiple times and he's a stud." Well, blame Friends. It gives the impression that every girl fucks every guy she knows. This leads me onto…
The TV show Sex in the City. Really, here is one show that makes women look like whores, big time whores. I do not have to explain how this hurts the image of women. These rich women who have an education, and a good job, are portrayed as the biggest sluts on the block. So what message is that? Well, apparently, women who have an education are bigger sluts than the ones who don't have an education.
The movie Star Wars. Chewbacca is portrayed as a moron. We can't understand what he's saying either (But his white friend Harrison Ford can). The country boy (Luke) doesn't understand Chewy, and neither does his sister, the overly white Princess. God, don't you people know that Star Wars is all about race and color? Chewy is the token black guy and no one understands what the fuck he's saying. Vader is the evil black race traitor manipulating his fellow white Storm troopers into doing his bidding (This is an obvious reference to Clarence Thomas).
Yoda is Chinese, obviously, and is trying to end all this because he's green and that's a neutral color. Mace Windu is like Martin Luther King trying to end the race war and make everyone equal. All that "Bring balance to the force" is a lot like saying "Equal rights". Star Wars is the most liberal movie ever, when you get down to it.
And don't get me started on the Death Star.
Bowser Namaste Valued Senior Member
You forgot to mention the Ewak uprising...
Bowser, Jan 15, 2005
top mosker Ariloulaleelay Registered Senior Member
I would think Lando Calrissian fit the "token black guy" image a little better.
top mosker, Jan 15, 2005
Lando acted white. He talked white. He represents what some black people try to be, the white-black guy. He grew up in the hood, and ended up a business man in the WHITE Cloud City. Lando is the classic example of a black man coming out of the slums and into a white controlled world and adapting to it.
Lando is not the token black guy, as the token black guy just hangs around white people and keeps his blackness. Lando lost his blackness; he is the white-black guy.
I just wrote out a very long blog about this. Here is the entry:
Star Wars and Race
God, don't people know that Star Wars is all about race and color? Here it is and no one knows the truth behind George Lucas' movie.
Let's break it down by analyzing the characters:
Chewbacca is portrayed as a moron. We can't understand what he's saying either, which makes him a blathering moron. The country boy (Luke) doesn't understand Chewy, and neither does his sister, the overly white Princess (Who wears a lot of white). Basically, Chewy is the token black guy and no one understands what the fuck he's saying.
Princess Leia wears white and made out with her brother in the back of the Millennium Falcon. This is to show that white honky people from the country make out with their sisters, brothers, and cousins--even if they didn't know they were related. Also, her being a princess is representative of the power that white people are trying to hold onto. She's a deposed white rebel who made out with her brother. It's the south trying to rise again.
Vader is the evil race traitor, who wears black, and is in the process of manipulating his fellow white Storm troopers into doing his bidding (This is an obvious reference to Clarence Thomas). In the end, Vader, who is represented as a big brother-ish type republican, throws off his mental shackles and confronts the Sith. They duke it out with light sabers and mental powers, and it really reminds me of the LA riots (All that black on black fighting).
Yoda is Chinese, obviously. He's old to, because old Chinese people remind people of Mr. Muagee from Karate Kid. All that "Bring balance to the force" is a lot like saying "Equal rights".
Mace Windu is like Martin Luther King trying to end the race war and make everyone equal, which includes gays. That's why his light saber is purple…
C3PO is gay, but what you don't realize is that he's a robot programmed to be gay. This shows that being gay is not a choice--you're born with it. Lucas is telling us that people are created gay.
Lando Calrissian acted white. He talked white. He represents what some black people try to be: the white-black guy. He grew up in the hood, and ended up a business man in Cloud City (A very WHITE city if you ask me). Lando is the classic example of a black man coming out of the slums and into a white controlled world and adapting to it. Lando is not the token black guy, as the token black guy just hangs around white people and keeps his blackness. Lando lost his blackness; he is the white-black guy.
Luke is a redneck. Pure and simple. You don't even have to interpret his character.
Han Solo is the white token guy. These are rare. His two friends, Lando and Chewy, are both black. Token white guys were just created because black people started living around white people, and he has to adapt. His attempting to be black comes in the form of tricking out his Millennium Falcon and trying to bang a white girl that really wants to have incestuous sex with her brother. His only problem, though, is that he's slowly turning his black friends white. But Solo really wants to be black, which is why he carries a gun and shoots up bars (Sounds a lot like P. Diddy if you ask me).
Star Wars is the most liberal movie ever. And don't get me started on the Death Star.
Tiassa Let us not launch the boat ... Staff Member
Remind me to never watch a movie with you conservative elitists.
Tiassa, Jan 15, 2005
Those Star Wars comments are funny as hell, lol!
Well, blame Friends. It gives the impression that every girl fucks every guy she knows. This leads me onto…
())====D Oh yeah, I don't know if you were being serious with those parts, but hey, this is how every girl I know is and what's wrong with it? Too many people make sex out to be such a bad thing and if you enjoy it, you're somehow a slut. Ever hear of "friends with benefits"? And Sex in the City has nothing to do with their successful education somehow making them bigger sluts, but rather their age if anything. The only part their jobs and education have anything to do with is that they happen to have more money to afford better toys and such to make their sexual environment more fun. And hey, with all the work those educated women have to do, they gotta take advantage of their limited time and make it the best it can be. And since sex is probably the more fun leisurely activity, there ya go. ( @ Y @ )
Tiassa:
Remind me to never watch a movie made by a liberal elitist. Looks like I won't be going to the movies for a while!
Neildo:
you're somehow a slut.
Somehow? Somehow? She/he is a slut. If you fit the description of a slut, then you're a slut.
Slut is a slang term used to indicate a person who has frequent sexual relationships with different people, especially short term affairs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slut
Famous sluts include: the cast of Sex in the City, Bill Clinton, Ashlee Simpson, and Michael Moore...
Edit: Strike that last name. Moore is a slut for fast-food, not women. The Marquis de Sade can't fit as many dicks in his mouth as Moore can hamburgers.
It's the scotch talking, really.
CounslerCoffee said:
But there's nothing wrong with a quiet evening at home getting hammered and watching Schwarzeneggar DVD's, right? That's not a slam, either. I just mean you won't be completely bored.
Never would have guessed.
Do you consider Predator a conservative movie? It really does give me one more example on why I should own a gun. Oh, and Jesse "Organized Religion is a sham" Ventura is in it too.
I would not be bored. Really, I haven't seen a good movie in months. I just saw The Village, Spider Man 2, and Resident Evil 2. They all sucked.
Is that sarcasm I detect? Are you, behind your sarcasm, attempting to call me an alcoholic?
Okay, Tiassa, in all seriousness... You're the only one in the world with free will. Everyone else is a robot.
That or "Eraser"
Actually, I was thinking you could watch Commando over and over again.
Is that sarcasm I detect?
Yes. Did I forget the odd punctuation?
Well, then, you have my sincerest apologies¡
Are you, behind your sarcasm, attempting to call me an alcoholic?
Where does this hostility come from? The scotch?
"Too many people make sex out to be such a bad thing and if you enjoy it, you're somehow a slut. "
What people? I've never heard this in my life.
P.S:
Sex is filthy and vile. If you enjoy sex, you are a bad person.
I love that moviei
No. My sarcasm detector picked up on it. It was a stupid question to indicate that I picked up on your sarcasm.
Good, because I ain't.
Well, in a non-gay-way... I was reading that book today. It made me think of the thread you posted in Free Thoughts. I thought you would get a chuckle out of me saying that. My apologies if you didn'ti
Counsler Coffee said:
I thought you would get a chuckle out of me saying that.
Once upon a time I was, in fact, amused by enraged impotence. Or was it impotent rage? Either way, I didn't want to be elitist.


text:
Q: Ruby range: operators in case statement I wanted to check if my_number was in a certain range, including the higher Value.
In an IF Statement I'd simply use "x > 100 && x <= 500"
But what should I do in a Ruby case (switch)?
Using:
case my_number
when my_number <= 500
    puts "correct"
end

doesn't work.
Note:
The standard Range doesn't include the case if my_number is exactly 500, and I don't want to add the second "when", as I would have to write double Content
case my_number
# between 100 and 500
when 100..500
    puts "Correct, do something"
when 500
    puts "Correct, do something again"
end

A: It should just work like you said. The below case construct includes the value 500.
case my_number
# between 100 and 500
when 100..500
    puts "Correct, do something"
end

So:
case 500
  when 100..500
    puts "Yep"
end

will return Yep
Or would you like to perform a separate action if the value is exactly 500?

A: when -Float::INFINITY..0

Would do the trick :)

A: You could just do:
(1..500).include? x

which is also aliased as member?.

A: Here's a case way to capture "x > 100 && x <= 500 as desired: a value in a closed range with the start value excluded and the end value included. Also, capturing the ranges before and after that is shown.
case my_number
when ..100;         puts '≤100'
when   100..500;    puts '>100 and ≤500'
when        500..;  puts '>500'
end

Explanations:

*

*Ranges with one end left out start from -Infinity resp. go to Infinity. This was introduced in Ruby 2.6.

*Ranges x..y include the end value, ranges x...y exclude the end value.

*All ranges include the start value. To create the equivalent of a range without the start value, you can capture the start value in a preceding when case. That is how the second when case is equivalent to your "x > 100 && x <= 500 even though (100..500).include? 100. Similarly for the third case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Wire Belt, a local company out of Londonderry NH, offers many styles of conveyor belts to suit specific applications and improve process efficiencies. They provide conveyor belts for industries such as Food Processing, Textiles, Electronics, Agriculture, Automotive, and more with fast and simple distribution around the world.
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NEW YORK (October 7, 2015) – GLSEN, the leading national education organization focused on ensuring safe and affirming schools for all students, today released an evaluation of the impact of its Safe Space Kit. The evaluation surveyed educators who received GLSEN's Safe Space Kit during a recent campaign to send Kits to every middle and high school in the country. The majority of the educators surveyed reported that the Kit increased their knowledge and skills regarding issues faced by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) students. Each Kit is made up of the Guide to Being an Ally to LGBT Students, two Safe Space posters and 10 Safe Space stickers.
According to Evaluation of GLSEN's Safe Space Kit: The Utility of an Educator Resource for Improving School Climate for LGBT Youth, educators also engaged in efforts to support LGBT students. Three-quarters provided direct support to an LGBT student and intervened when witnessing anti-LGBT behavior, such as bullying and biased remarks, and nine in 10 taught about the importance of respecting all people.
Additionally, almost nine in 10 educators surveyed found all portions of the Kit to be useful. More than 90 percent read all or part of the Guide to Being an Ally to LGBT Students, while more than half displayed the Safe Space posters (65 percent) and displayed the Safe Space stickers (60 percent) or shared them with other staff (57 percent).
The evaluation found differences in how likely educators were to use the Kit and find it useful in their work based on existing school climate, administrative support, and whether they previously displayed visual support for LGBT students. In addition, educators who received training along with the Kit were more likely to use it, although there were no differences in how useful they rated the Kit, indicating that although training can enhance its value, the Kit can serve as a valuable resource without accompanying training.
The evaluation of GLSEN's Safe Space Kit was funded by Wells Fargo. A printable version of the GLSEN Safe Space Kit is available free to download on GLSEN's website.


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text:
Jobs: Modern History of the Middle East, Oxford
Departmental Lecturership in the Modern History of the Middle East
Salary Grade 7, £29,099 – £35,788 per annum
The University proposes to appoint a full-time Departmental Lecturer in the Modern History of the Middle East to provide teaching, administration and examining during the academic year 2011-2012.
This is a temporary appointment to provide interim cover during the research leave of the permanent post holder, Dr Eugene Rogan. The principal duties of the post are to give lectures, classes and tutorials in the Modern History of the Middle East; to supervise dissertations; to examine; to carry out research; and to play a part in administrative work relating to the Islamic World Subject Group.
Applicants must hold a doctorate in the field of the Modern History of the Middle East; have a primary expertise in one or other aspect of modern Arab history, and be able to demonstrate competence to teach late Ottoman, modern Turkish, and Israeli history at undergraduate and graduate levels; have a research command in Arabic and/or another modern Middle Eastern language, and in at least one European language (in addition to English); be able to demonstrate a commitment to publishing research of the highest calibre; be able and willing to undertake limited administrative responsibilities; and have good communication, interpersonal and organisational skills.
Applicants are asked to arrange for three letters of reference to reach the Faculty by the closing date for applications, which is 12 noon on Friday 13 May 2011.
Applications for this vacancy are to be made online. To apply for this role and for further details, including the job description and selection criteria, please click on the link below:
https://www.recruit.ox.ac.uk/pls/hris.liverecruit/erg_jobsepc_version_4.jobspec?p_id=100209
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