text:
Were You at the Rock?
by James Bemis
James Bemis gives a beautiful and stirring account of the fierce English persecution of Irish Catholics from 1536 to 1829, and how the Irish struggled to keep their faith alive. Because the Catholic faith was banned and attending Mass would incur the death penalty, faithful Catholics would gather at midnight at a secret "Mass Rock" in the countryside to celebrate Sunday Mass. The courage and faith of the priests and laity during this time was astounding. Bemis explains how the Catholic faith survived in Ireland and urges his readers to be thankful for all those who sacrificed their lives for the Faith.
Publisher & Date
Keep the Faith, Inc., Ramsey, NJ, Winter 2005
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Mass Rocks and the Survival of the Faith in Ireland
Did you go then to the grey rocks,
And behind a wind-swept crevice there,
Did you find Our Mary gently waiting,
Our Lady, sweet and fair?
Did the sun shine gently round her,
Making gold darts through her hair?
And will you stay silent as the day
When the wind has left the air?
— "Were You At the Rock?"
(traditional Gaelic hymn)
Ireland, 1649. The Catholic faith is banned by English invaders, churches are desecrated, then closed. A bounty of ten pounds — twice that of a wolf — is placed on each priest's head. Those captured are hung until nearly dead, their stomachs cut open with cleaving knives, disemboweled while still alive and then beheaded. Finally, their bodies are chopped into four pieces. Anyone found harboring a priest is hanged immediately.
Nevertheless, it is Sunday and you owe an obligation to God that is higher than any to the English government. Arising at midnight, your wife readies the children for the long, chilly walk outdoors. In darkness the family silently marches out the back gate, down the grassy trail toward the mountain and then disappears into the thick green trees.
Before a massive rock, Irish men, women and children kneel on the heather of the hillside. Sentries stand watch on the surrounding mountain peaks for the approach of British troops. A curtain is pulled around an altar built of loose stones but noises come from within as a man and a boy prepare the implements for Mass: book, tablecloth, wine, water, bread. No one can see those behind the sanctuary curtain — and thus could never be forced to identify who offered them the Blessed Sacrament. In the black stillness, a baby's cries are muffled by a soft maternal hand. Then, it is quiet.
"Introibo ad altare Dei," intones the older voice. "Ad deum qui laetificat juventutem meam," replies a younger one.
After the consecration, a line forms quietly behind a protruding rock near the sanctuary curtain. Each takes a turn kneeling on the cold stone, as a voice says, "Corpus Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiat animam tuam in vitam aeternam. Amen." A hand reaches out from behind the veil and places a Communion Host on every tongue.
After the reading of the Last Gospel, most scatter in different directions to escape detection. A few stay behind to have their confessions heard. Afterwards, only a boy and a man remain, hiding any evidence of what occurred. With the man's blessing, the youngster heads off into the woods. Finally, the man, his priest's kit stowed safely under his arm, slips into the forest, disappearing like a thief in the night.
Scattered throughout Ireland, often found hidden deep within lush, green forests in remote mountains, what appear to be ancient open air amphitheaters carved into the mountainside can still be found, and intrepid travelers occasionally stumble across them. At the center of each is a large pile of loose stones resembling a makeshift altar. Frequently, a small box-like structure, looking not unlike a confessional booth, is nearby.
These are no ordinary rustic relics. Rather, they are "Mass Rocks," vestiges of the persecution of Catholics by English Protestants from 1536 to 1829. Here, when the Faith was outlawed and priests hunted down like criminals, Mass was celebrated secretly for the faithful. For several periods in Irish history, it was at these Mass Rocks where the light of the Faith continued to flicker, even unto the darkest of nights.
For Catholics, this is Holy Ground.
Under the English Yoke
To understand the significance of Mass Rocks, one must understand Irish history. Ireland's long, torturous relationship with England began with the granting of Ireland by Pope Adrian IV to King Henry II in 1155 after the king promised to reform and protect the Church there. This was the first but by no means the last of the British monarchy's broken promises regarding Ireland.
Centuries later, when King Henry VIII broke with Rome, a diabolical attack was launched against the Catholic Church. The king appointed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. Cranmer was deeply influenced by the Protestant ideas sweeping the Continent, especially regarding the sacrifice of the Mass. In 1534, the English Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, making Henry head of the Church. The Irish Parliament passed a similar act in 1536, bring the Protestant Reformation to Ireland by making Henry Supreme Head of the Church. Although many Irish chiefs accepted the act, neither the clergy nor most commoners followed them in their apostasy.
After Henry's death in 1547 and the succession of the ten-year-old Edward VI, Cranmer began revising the liturgical books as part of this theological revolution. For the Reformation to take place, he observed that two primary elements of the Catholic faith must be rooted out: "the doctrine of transubstantiation, of the real presence of Christ's flesh and blood at the altar . . . and the sacrifice and oblation of Christ made by the priest for the salvation of the quick and the dead."
Thus if the sacrilegious rebellion was to succeed, the Mass had to be eradicated. All references to a sacrifice were eliminated from the service. Altars were torn down and replaced by communion tables. Belief in transubstantiation was considered a heresy punishable by death. Cranmer's assault on the Holy Eucharist provided the impetus for laws passed by parliaments to exterminate the Mass from England and later from Ireland.
But Cranmer's plans were interrupted when Henry's Catholic daughter, Mary, became queen in 1553. She repealed the Act of Supremacy in 1554 and punished those who spread national discord through heretical teachings. Catholics hoped for a respite from the years of brutal persecution experienced under the last two monarchs.
Unfortunately, Mary's short reign ended in 1558. Her sister, Elizabeth, picked up where Henry VIII left off. In 1559, Queen Elizabeth reinstated the Act of Supremacy, making herself Supreme Governor of the Church in England. While the effort to "Protestantize" England proceeded apace, attempts to displace Irish culture and religion had been unsuccessful.
But "Good Queen Bess" was not to be deterred: She commanded that Ireland be brought completely under her authority and that the Protestant religion supplant the Catholic one. She was prepared to use strong measures — to say the least — to enforce her directives. As Protestant author William Cobbett observed, "The Protestant religion was established by the gibbets, the racks, and the ripping knives."
In 1560, a compliant Dublin parliament passed the Acts of Supremacy (establishing Elizabeth as head of the Irish Church) and Uniformity (abolishing the Mass). The Pope's claim to spiritual jurisdiction was declared treasonable, and any priest caught saying Mass was liable to severe punishment. Catholics refusing to attend the new Protestant service incurred substantial financial penalties.
Naturally, the surest way to stamp out the Mass was to eliminate priests. But the English found that these brave men, though imprisoned, starved, tortured and executed, were not so easily exterminated. When the door to educate priests in Ireland closed, a window in Europe opened.
Young men wanting to train for the priesthood attended seminaries in France, Italy, and Spain specifically established to provide for the persecuted Irish Catholics. With great courage, these men returned to Ireland knowing their lives would be continually in grave danger. Nevertheless, "a strong and enthusiastic Irish world was being built up abroad," writes historian Edmund Curtis, "and as the idea of a Counter Reformation grew, the Irish abroad, acting with leaders at home, determined on a Crusade to recover Ireland for the Faith. The easy-going religion of the old sort was replaced by zeal, determination, and the conscious knowledge of the grounds for one's religion."
The First Mass Rocks
Once back in Ireland, an underground sustained the Catholic clergy. Many befriended the priests, hiding them in their homes and caring for their material needs. Through concealment and subterfuge, sacraments were offered in private houses. But a venue to allow larger groups to receive them was needed.
Thus, the use of Mass Rocks arose. Because of the persecution, the banned Holy Sacrifice had to be celebrated outdoors on a mountainside or in a remote field. The faithful were secretly notified of the meeting place where they could come to Confession, hear Mass and receive the Blessed Sacrament.
Virtually every parish in Ireland has at least one Mass Rock. These sites were especially common in Northern Ireland because of Cromwell's plan to displace Catholics with Protestant farmers. Mass Rocks — the Irish word for Mass is An Aifrean — have given names to towns such as Ardanaffrin, Mullachanafrin, and Lugganafrin.
As one might expect, their locations varied greatly. Far from the main roads, some were hidden in the mountains, some in rough wooden glens, while others could be found in well-known landmarks like old forts. Some were close together so that the priest and congregation could shift the altar during bad weather to provide respite from wind and rain. Many were near streams so footprints could not be traced.
Configurations varied also. Many of the best-known sites such as Donegal's Croaghlin and Limerick's Doneraile were hidden away in natural grottos. The well-preserved Cappabane Mass Rock contains a low wall used as a Communion rail and a stone box that served as a Confessional. Near many, such as the famous one in Ballyshannon, are "holy wells" blessed by St. Patrick and probably used for baptisms.
The Protestant Ascendancy
By the end of the sixteenth century, Protestantism had become the religion of England. In Ireland, however, it was clear that attempts to impose the new religion were a failure, largely because of local resistance. As Edmund Curtis writes, "To the common man of the time no doubt the pope and theories of religion were far-off things, but the old familiar Mass and sacraments were what touched him close, and when the service in St. Patrick's was in English and the altar was removed from the east and a communion table put in the center, the majority of Irishmen felt this was not the old religion which they believed Christ founded and committed to Peter."
Elizabeth was followed to the throne by James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England in 1603. Under James I and later Charles I, despite the latter's efforts to seek toleration for Catholics, little improvement occurred for the Irish.
However, after defeating the British in the 1646 battle of Benburb, the Irish once again tasted religious freedom. "Mass-houses" (the word "church" was reserved for Protestant sites) were tolerated and priests free to go about their business. But this brief respite ended in 1649 when fanatical, Catholic-hating Puritans took control of the English government. With the arrival of Oliver Cromwell in Dublin in August 1649, the most furious assault yet on Irish Catholics began.
No mercy was shown under Cromwellian rule. Catholics were massacred and whole towns razed. Entire tracts of land were confiscated and given to soldiers and Protestant ne'er-do-wells. Irish landowners were presented with the option of going "to Hell or to Connacht."
Catholic clergy were ordered to leave Ireland, and put to death if they refused. Those who sheltered them were liable to receive the death penalty. As the Catholic Encyclopedia states, "To such an extent was the persecution carried that Catholic churches were soon in ruins, a thousand priests driven into exile, and not a single bishop remained in Ireland but the old and helpless Bishop of Kilmore."
Use of Mass Rocks became common again. According to writer Seamus MacManus, "While the priest said Mass, faithful sentries watched from the nearby hilltops to give timely warning of the approaching priest hunter and his guard of British soldiers. But sometimes the troops came on them unawares, and the Mass rock was splattered with his blood, and men, women and children caught in the crime of worshipping God among the rocks were frequently slaughtered on the mountainside."
The Penal Laws
Following the Battle of the Boyne in 1691, the Treaty of Limerick guaranteed Catholics freedom to exercise their religion. Soon after, however, the Protestant ascendancy cynically disregarded the treaty. They persuaded King William of Orange that passing a substantial body of anti-Catholic legislation, known as the Penal Laws, was the only way to subdue the Irish natives. Edmund Curtis observes, "The majestic and world-wide system of the Church of Rome could not be tolerated like some Protestant sect seeking a modest toleration; the very greatness of her empire and the completeness of her claims over the souls and minds of believers marked her out for special persecution form the narrow Protestant and English nationalism of the age."
Under the odious Penal Laws, the Catholic faith was banned and priests exiled. If they didn't leave they could be put to death. Laity were no better off. Catholics could not teach or attend Catholic schools. They were excluded from Parliament, the army and navy, the legal profession, and from all civil offices. They could not vote, carry arms or own a horse worth more than five pounds.
No Catholic could act as a guardian or marry a Protestant. A Catholic could not acquire land or hold a mortgage. If the wife or son of a Catholic became a Protestant, she or he immediately obtained a separate income, providing a strong incentive to apostatize.
Mass Rocks Used Again
Under oppression again, Catholics adapted. Denied official education, the Irish young learned literature and religion in secret hedge schools, whose teachers were often fugitive priests. Meanwhile, underground agrarian societies formed to protect peasants against Protestant landlords and their punitive rents.
At ordinations, not only the bishop but also several others together with him laid hands on the priest so that the episcopacy member could not be identified. Seumas MacManus observes, "Bishops and Archbishops, meanly dressed in rough clothing trudged on foot among their people, and often dwelt and ate and slept in holes on the ground. Thus, in the bogs and barren mountains, whether wolfhounds and bloodhounds trailed them, the Catholic clergy sheltered all that was noble, high, and holy in Ireland."
Once more, sacraments were received and the Faith sustained at the Mass Rock's improvised altars. Masses were confined now to secret places, lonely valleys or the shelter of a hill, but always with a lookout ready to ring the alarm. The belief of some hardy souls can survive for extended periods without the sacraments, but for most, access to these avenues of grace is vital. Thus, Mass Rocks again proved to be essential in sustaining the Old Faith in the Olde Sod.
A Modern Revival
By 1730, active persecution of Catholics tapered off and it became clear even to the most hardened Protestants that laws to prevent the growth of "Popery" had been a resounding failure. Catholic emancipation eventually came in 1829 and the faithful finally were allowed to use their Mass houses in peace. Yet even after emancipation, the liturgy continued to be celebrated often at Mass Rocks because of the refusal of Protestant landlords to allow Catholic churches to be built on their property.
Interestingly, Mass Rocks are currently experiencing a bit of a revival. Thanks to a number of history-minded priests, occasional Masses are held at many famous sites such as Doneraile, Tabernault, Ballyshannon, and Croaghlin to commemorate those — especially the priests — who kept Holy Mother Church alive in Ireland during the terrible years of persecution.
Our Lord tells us, "Greater love than this no man has, than to lay down his life for his friends." This is as true today as when He said it two thousand years ago. It may be too late now to thank those who laid down their lives for the Faith, but it's never too late to remember them.
Oh, my Mary, long we wait here
While the hunter combs the mountain high,
And the soft wind whispers "Guard her,"
Though as hunted we must die.
Oh, the dawn is longtime coming,
And the long night clings with care,
But they shall not find with their chains to bind
My Mary, pure and fair.
James Bemis is an editorial board member and columnist for California Political Review, and a columnist for Catholic Exchange's The Edge.
© Keep the Faith, Inc.
This item 6414 digitally provided courtesy of CatholicCulture.org
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Новокалу́зька сільська́ ра́да — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця та орган місцевого самоврядування в Великоолександрівському районі Херсонської області. Адміністративний центр — село Нова Калуга.

Загальні відомості
 Територія ради: 2,019 км²
 Населення ради: 608 осіб (станом на 2001 рік)

Населені пункти
Сільській раді підпорядковані населені пункти:
 с. Нова Калуга
 с. Веселе
 с. Нова Калуга Друга
 с. Червона Людмилівка

Склад ради
Рада складається з 12 депутатів та голови.
 Голова ради:
 Секретар ради: Міщенкова Галина Андріївна

Керівний склад попередніх скликань

Примітка: таблиця складена за даними сайту Верховної Ради України

Депутати
За результатами місцевих виборів 2010 року депутатами ради стали:

За суб'єктами висування

За округами

Примітки та джерела

Адміністративний устрій Великоолександрівського району
Сільські ради Херсонської області

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A Wikibookian suggests that The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/printers/scanners be merged into this book or chapter.
Society is continually attempting to increase speed and efficiency. This, too, applies to methods of inputting data into computer systems. Why keep the old, slower, antiquated and less efficient systems of data entry if there are alternatives?
Keyboard entry of some form was once the only means of inputting data into a computer. A person would enter the data by typing in the information or data using a keyboard. Today, this has changed significantly.
The interim step of typing in data has often been removed from the process and digital or "machine-readable data" maybe created by "source data-entry devices" and, as a result, input directly into the processor. Alternatively, the data maybe created and put on magnetic media or output directly onto paper. This is achieved through the use of source data-entry devices (Williams & Sawyer, 2007, Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications, 7th ed., Montreal: McGraw-Hill Irwin, p. 265). While few, if any, keystrokes maybe required to achieve data input (depending upon the application and equipment), in general, the keyboard entry process is eliminated and information is automatically entered in digital form from the "source" itself – whether that is a document, bar code, etc.
Scanning and reading devices are types of source data entry machines to input automatically data (i.e. prices, code, etc.) in digital form from external sources like bar code to the computer. These types of machine-readable data differ from keyboard data-entry. The main difference between keyboard entry and source data entry is the form of entering data, while scanning devices scan data automatically, in the keyboard you need to type or enter prices or data on the keyboard.
Other scanning devices (source data-entry devices) different than scanners are bar-code readers, mark- and character-recognition devices, fingerprint scanners, and fax machines.
The word "Fax" in Latin terms means – make a copy or make similar. The first fax machine was invented in 1843 by an inventor by the name of Alexander Bain a Scottish mechanic (http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/fax_machine.htm). Alexander received the first patent to improve and produce electric currents used in electric telegraph. Alexander's first fax machine consisted of a pendulum with a stylus mounted on top which would scan a metal surface. Alexander Bain was also fascinated with clocks so he combined parts of a clock as well as features of the telegraph to come up with the first fax machine (http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/fax_machine.htm).
After Alexander Bain invented the first fax machine other inventors decided to further develop the product. The second inventor who made additions to the fax machine was Giovanni Caselli who was an Italian Physicist. In 1862 he built on to Bain's creation and built a "Pantatelegraph", which was a synchronizing agent http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story051.htm. In 1924 The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)developed the telephotography machine (a type of fax machine) that was used to send political convention photos long distance for newspaper. In 1926, RCA invented the Radiophoto that faxed by using radio broadcasting technology. It wasn't untill 1947 when Alexander Muirhead invented a very successful fax machine. On March 4, 1955, the first radio fax transmission was sent across the continent. In 1966 a company that was known as Magnovox developed a more savvy version of a fax machine called a Magnafax Telecopier. Marketed by Xerox, it was a more compact machine that could transmit signals and be connected to the phone line (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story051.htm). It took approximately 6 minutes to send a letter which was an amazing improvement from the earlier versions.
A scanner is a machine that helps enable in the reading of data and information printed on paper such as text, image, drawings, and photos by using optical (light-sensing) technology. This data can be converted into digital form to the computer. A scanner is commonly connected to the computer through of USB, Firewire, Parallel or SCSI port. Electronic imaging technology is used by scanner to digitalize images.
Users can store on a storage device, display on a monitor, transmit to another computer, and process by a computer. The files produced by a scanner are images as bit map so that you can not directly edit text that has been scanned if the scanner has an optical character recognition (OCR) system to convert the image into the ASCII characters.
Dot and Bitmap: Images are conjunction of light, dark or colour dots. A dot is the smallest identifiable part of an image. A grid of dots stored as digital code is called bitmap. Bitmap defines a display space and the colour for each pixel.
Types of Scanners: There are larger scanners as sheet-fed and flatbed scanners, and half-page scanners. Also, there are other available scanners such as business-card, slide, photo scanners, and DocuPen that can scan text from books and articles.
Consumers have become accustomed to the use of bar codes on products in the retail industry. Although oftentimes frustrating, especially when missing or unreadable, the use of bar codes on consumer products is commonplace.
These are the vertical marks on most products. While there are various kinds of bar code systems, the system most often in use in North America is called the UPC or Universal Product Code as established by the UCC (Uniform Code Council).
There are also different types of codes, including 1D, 2D and 3D.
1D is the conventional or ordinary vertical style of bar code most of us would recognize on the majority of our purchases.
2D bar codes are less familiar, and exist in two forms (1) a series of hexagons and (2) different-sized rectangles. These bar codes may be found on our medicine bottles/containers or used by such companies as UPS. The rectangular format for 2D bar codes is more appropriate for items with limited space considerations, because the data maybe stored or recorded along the height as well as the length of the rectangles.
One of the most commonly used 2D bar codes today is the QR (quick response) code. This is the code that can be scanned by a consumer on their mobile phone which links the consumer and that particular brand. Consumers are able to find more information about that brand simply by using the camera on the mobile phone to scan the QR code. Consumers might also obtain coupons for that brand or even purchase tickets for an event by scanning the QR code.
3D bar codeshave surface height differences and are most appropriate for "… metal, hard rubber, and other surfaces to which ordinary bar codes will not adhere" (Williams & Sawyer, pp. 266-268).
In order to make these bar codes usable, it is necessary to read them with a bar-code reader. The "photoelectric or optical scanners … translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code – a source data entry system -- thereby eliminating the need – in most cases -- for check-out clerks or inventory checkers having to enter prices or quantities into the computer system via a keyboard" (Williams & Sawyer, p. 267).
An item's bar code and corresponding information (price, description, etc.) is stored in the company's computer. When the bar code is scanned the details saved to that bar code are retrieved by the point-of-sale terminal. These details will be condensed and printed on your receipt. The details of the sale are recorded in the computer for accounting, inventory counts and assists with management decision-making with respect to product lines (Williams & Sawyer, p. 267).
"Bar code technology saves … loads of money in the long and short term and provides … computer data that's both accurate and timely beyond expectations … [and] a field known as AIDC or "Automated Identification and Data Collection [can] eliminate relatively-ancient forms of data collection like writing on paper (1,000 years old) and keyboarding (100+ years old) and replace them with computerized and automated strategies" (http://www.aurorabarcode.com/ Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006).
The use of bar codes and readers has enabled businesses, especially retail enterprises, to advance to a more automated process, the self-scanning checkout. This will be examined in more detail below.
This software converts characters from an image into actual text for computer processing. Optical character recognition is visual scanning tool that will read text in hard data and convert it into a text that the computer can read (http://www.auditmypc.com/acronym/OCR.asp).
How do you use this technology?
1. Simply glide over the text, Data or Image.
2. The pen is attached through your USB port and information is tranfered to Microsoft Word, Excel etc.
Do you hate those long lineups at the checkout counter? Are you frustrated with the checkout clerk that takes too long … in your opinion? Well, maybe the answer lies in the ever-increasing use of self-service or self-scanning checkouts.
The use of self-service systems is becoming more prevalent, especially in light of the decreasing availability, and increasing costs, of labour.
At the self-serve gas bar you may encounter the credit or debit card payment option and at the larger, local retail establishment, you may be able to scan and pay for your purchases using a NCR FastLane self-service scanning system. The latter system uses bar codes and associated readers in addition to a means of checking or weighing items to verify one's purchase(s) with the bar code and price (Williams & Sawyer, p. 268).
3D printers are capable of physically producing a model with obvious applications in the product development industries. The printers are capable of being made with in a few minutes (depending on the size) in shop. The printer itself looks like a scaled up version of the common office document printer.
Flatbed Scanners scan flat objects, one page at a time. They are the most common type of scanner. Flatbed scanners work a bit like photocopiers, which means that what is being scanned has to be kept perfectly still so as to let the scanning mechanism do its work and capture the image. They can also scan slides and film negatives. Scanners used in high-volume businesses have automatic document feeders to scan large amounts of paper documents with just one command.
Portable Scanners capture text and other data while on the move. There are full-page portable scanners that allow it to capture entire documents and handheld scanners that scan text one line at a time. These scanners are powered by batteries and the content they store is transferred to a computer using either a cable or a wireless connection.
The KeyScan keyboard scanner scans a variety of paper documents and plastic cards up to 1mm thickness. The unique "No-Touch AutoScan" software allows you to place the document on the feeding tray of the imaging keyboard without touching any buttons. This multi-function sheet-feed scanner has a single USB connection for both the keyboard and built-in scanner. 600-dpi optical resolution provides high-quality images, high scan speeds and exceptional monochrome performance. This integrated KeyScan keyboard scanner saves you a lot of workspace in your workplace. The function keys provide easier access to internet connectivity. Scanning type: Sheet-feed scanner.
A Wikibookian suggests that this book or chapter be merged into The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/scanners.
Scanners take images like text, photographs or even small objects and convert them into digital images. The scanner most of us have probably used is the Flatbed. For office use this by far the most cost efficient and relibale scanner.
The Hand Held is type of scanner that relies heavily on the steadiness of the hands doing the scanning. Unsteady hands dragging the device could result in the image distorting. The hand held's images are normally reproduced in monochrome. Due to it's inefficiency the hand held's popularity declined in the 90's.
One of the earliest but still useful incarnations of the scanner is called the Drum. Scanning is done by first soaking the image in oil, then wrapping it around the drum and rotating it in front of a photomultiplier tube. Although, the drum can create higher resolution and shaper images, it is not used as widely used as the flatbed due to the cost and size. However, it is still used for high end scanning tasks like archiving photos in a museum.
The 3D scanner records "points" on the surface of an object to create a 3 dimensional effect like that found in video games. 3D scanning often requires numerous scans from several different angles. Like a camera it cannot record images that are unclear.
And then of course there are the "Scanners" with telepathic and telekinektic abilities, like those in the infamous David Cronenburg film Scanners, where people with the abiility to scan minds are used to aquire sensitive information on security systems. The movie begins with a Scanners head exploding prusumably from trying to scan the brain of someone with too much info in it.


text:
Vaccine mandate news – live: Republicans 'will not comply' with DC mandate after Supreme Court blocks Biden – The Independent
Joe Biden gives an update on federal surge response to Omicron
The Supreme Court has tossed out a Biden administration vaccine mandate that would have required 80 million workers to either get vaccinated or submit to regular testing.
In a blow to the president's push to get more Americans vaccinated, the ruling comes as health experts believe that the US may be approaching the peak of the latest wave of Covid-19 brought on by the highly contagious Omicron variant.
While the political right is praising the decision, there is an outcry from the medical community, and from the left. MSNBC host Joy Reid called the justices who chose to strike down the mandate "right-wing ideologues".
Meanwhile, a number of Republican politicians have vowed that they will defy Washington, D.C.'s own proposed vaccination mandate for businesses.
The mandate, which was announced by Mayor Muriel Bowser in December, will force many establishments — from gyms and theatres to bars and restaurants — to require that patrons over the age of 12 show proof of COVID-19 vaccination before entering.
Show latest update
Ronald McDonald House denies evicting family for refusing vaccine
A charity for sick children backed by McDonald's has denied claims that it is evicting a four-year-old boy with leukaemia because his parents refuse to be vaccinated against Covid-19.
Families staying at Ronald McDonald House (RMH) in Vancouver, Canada, were told on Monday that they must get at least one dose of coronavirus vaccine before the end of the month in order to stay.
Io Dodds reports.
Oliver O'Connell14 January 2022 17:46
SCOTUS decision latest bad news for Biden
White House maintains they are still fighting to fulfil promises to voters.
Biden to hold news conference
President Joe Biden will hold a news conference on 19 January, marking a year since he took office.
'Hey Joe, we told you to let the mandate go'
The Job Creators Network is taking a victory lap on the overturned vaccine mandate with a giant billboard in New York's Times Square.
It reads: "Hey Joe, we told you to let the mandate go."
"You lost. America won."
"You need to think twice when declaring war on small business."
New York mayor: Bring workers back in and send kids to school
New York City Mayor Eric Adams used a press conference on Friday morning at Steinway & Sons factory in Astoria, Queens to urge businesses to bring employees back in from remote working, and for parents to send their kids to school.
Mr Adams is keen to return the city to regular activity despite a daily average number of Covid-19 cases in excess of 25,000 due to the Omicron variant.
"We cannot run a city as complex as New York remotely," Mayor Adams said.
He also urged all New Yorkers to make sure they had all their vaccinations and booster shots up-to-date and outlined the city resources available for both physical and mental health problems related to the pandemic.
WHO recommends two new drugs to treat Covid
The World Health Organization has recommended two new drugs for Covid-19, providing yet more options for treating the disease. The extent to which these medicines will save lives depends on how widely available and affordable they will be.
The first drug, baricitinib, is strongly recommended for patients with severe or critical Covid. It is part of a class of drugs called Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors that suppress the overstimulation of the immune system. WHO recommends that it is given with corticosteroids.
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text:
MMT On Inflation
June 22, 2020 /24 Comments/in Economics, Left Theory /by Ed Walker
Posts in this series
The Deficit Myth By Stephanie Kelton: Introduction And Index
Debunking The Deficit Myth
The second chapter of Stephanie Kelton's The Deficit Myth deals with inflation. In Chapter 1, Kelton explains that the deficit is not a constraint on government spending. Instead, inflation is the important constraint. A deficit does not prove that the federal government is overspending. Only an increase in inflation proves Congress is overspending. Kelton says Congress shouldn't tax and spend so as to deliver a balanced budget. Congress should spend and tax so as to deliver a balanced economy, one that serves all of us. She says that historically we have not done this, that we have chosen to focus of deficits and in so doing our economy has not served us well.
Definition and Description of Inflation
Inflation means a continuous rise in the price level. A bit of inflation is considered harmless and even something economists like to see in a healthy, growing economy. But if prices start rising faster than most people's incomes, it means a widespread loss of purchasing power. Left unchecked, this would mean a decline in society's real standard of living. In extreme cases, prices can even spiral out of control, gripping a country in hyperinflation. P. 44.
The danger of eroding incomes explains why everybody worries about inflation, and explains why politicians can use the threat of inflation to terrorize voters. It works, even though the problem for more than a decade hasn't been too much inflation, it's been too little. Ever since the Great Crash inflation has been less than 2% annually despite efforts of the Fed.
Kelton says that economists think of inflation as either cost-push or demand-pull. Demand-pull inflation occurs when consumer spending rises faster than the economy can produce goods and services. That hasn't been a problem for a long time. Cost-push inflation can arise from disasters, which reduce the supply of something; from pricing power, as in the case of Big Pharma with its patents and trade secrets; or from workers gaining market power and demanding higher wages which businesses pass on to consumers. That last one is the only fear mainstream economists suffer, as far as I can tell.
The dominant theory of inflation stems from Milton Friedman's monetarism:
According to Friedman, "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon." What he meant was that too much money is the culprit in any inflationary episode. If prices weren't stable, it was because the central bank was trying to force the economy to create too many jobs by allowing the money supply to increase too rapidly.
The early neoliberal Friedman insisted that the Fed must never interfere with the workings of the market. Specifically, the Fed should not try to reduce unemployment below a certain level, which came to be called NAIRU, the non-accelerating inflationary rate of unemployment. Friedman thought there had to be some minimum level of unemployment in the economy. [1] The Fed bought into this view, as did politicians of all stripes. They all agreed that to keep prices stable, the US has to accept a certain level of unwanted unemployment. And to be on the safe side, maybe a bit higher level of unemployment. In practice, Congress dumped the problems of inflation and unemployment on the Fed.
But problems arose. The NAIRU isn't visible or measurable. It can only be seen in retrospect. And now we are pretty sure there isn't a clear relationship between inflation and unemployment, as the Fed assumed. [2] The Fed Chair, Jerome Powell, freely admitted to Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez that the Fed has been wrong about NAIRU, but defended its use on the grounds that "We need to have some sense of whether unemployment is high, low or just right." P. 53.
2. The Problem of Unemployment
It turns out that the Fed used the purported correlation between inflation and unemployment as its primary tool for controlling inflation, ignoring all other causes of inflation. When the economy heated up and unemployment dropped, workers gained market power, and their share of national income increased. That led the Fed to raise interest rates leading to a tightening of the economy and usually a recession, as the following chart shows.
Gray bars indicate recessions.
Kelton calls this a "human sacrifice", forcing some people out of the workforce when they want to work and can be productive. She thinks we are asking too much of the Fed. It can't spend money into the system; only Congress can do that. All the Fed can do is change the cost of borrowing. If unemployment is too high, the Fed can make borrowing cheaper, but it can't force anyone to borrow. Usually when unemployment is high, no one wants to borrow. I note that this was what happened after the Great Crash. The Fed cut interest rates to zero and lowered bank reserve requirements, hoping to increase money going into the economy. It didn't work.
3. The Job Guarantee
Kelton argues that a better way to deal with unemployment is a job guarantee. Every person who wants to work should be able to get a decent job with decent pay and decent benefits. If the private sector won't provide those jobs, the government should. [3] Kelton discusses this idea and its foundations.
It would probably be impossible for Congress to monitor the economy closely enough to manage full employment by tweaking taxes and spending. A job guarantee would act as a safety-valve and an automatic stabilizer for the economy and help solve this problem, leaving the Fed free to focus on inflation. If the private sector needs all the workers it can find them. If not, the government hires people to do jobs that need doing. There is plenty of work that needs doing, and, as Kelton pointed out elsewhere, we can always use more flowers in our parks and boulevards.
4. Preventing Inflation
So how should Congress budget knowing that the only effective constraint on spending is inflation? What would change? The way Congress currently works is that every bill that calls for expenditures gets a score from the Congressional Budget Office that assesses the impact of the expenditure on the deficit over a ten-year period. If inflation were the constraint, then the CBO would offer a score based on the probable impact of the expenditure on inflation. If the economy is, as now, operating well below its capacity for producing goods and services, the possibility of inflation would be low.
If the economy is close to capacity, either as a whole or in part related to the area of expenditures, then Congress has to make hard calls. How important is the expenditure? Can we create "fiscal space" for the expenditure with taxes? For example, in the case of the entire economy humming along, a general income tax hike would take money out of most people's hands so they would not be buying as much, leaving room for the government to buy more. If there is a bottleneck, a more focused tax or some other step might be necessary.
MMT recognizes that inflation is a crucial problem. It shows how it arises and how we should protect ourselves from it.
[Graphic via Grand Rapids Community Media Center under Creative Commons license-Attribution, No Derivatives]
[1] Marx said that the reserve army of labour is a necessary part of capitalism. Hmmm.
[2] This relationship is embodied in the Philips Curve. I discuss it here.
[3] Other economists favor a universal basic income. Both have the added benefit of freeing workers from abusive or irritating employers. Your family won't starve if you walk out on a bad situation.
Tags: Congress, cost-push inflation, Federal Reserve, inflation, spending, taxes, unemployment
https://www.emptywheel.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Hands-2_GrandRapidsCommunityMediaCenter_CC-AttribNoDev_12JUN2020_1500x1000.jpg 1000 1500 Ed Walker https://www.emptywheel.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Logo-Web.png Ed Walker2020-06-22 16:50:502020-06-29 18:11:58MMT On Inflation
Bruce Olsen says:
Thanks for taking this book up now, Ed. I've been immersed in MMT for about 3 years and it finally seems to be getting some attention.
Before someone brings up Zimbabwe, Weimar, and the rest I think it's worth restating Adam Eran's remark (on your previous post) about hyperinflation, which has never been caused by government overspending.
PhoneInducedPinkEye says:
It sounds like NAIRU was accepted without any peer reviewed studies backing its hypothesis. Is this a common theme in applying an economics education from a particular school towards policy decisions? "My grand puba thought this, therefore it is?"
Most current thinking in economics tends to favor business because that's who commonly pays for studies, chairs, buildings, etc. It's not a conspiracy as much as it is a "neoliberal thought collective" as Philip Mirowski uses the term.
The rise of neoliberal thought, as told by Quinn Slobodian in "Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism" is highly revealing.
Ed Walker says:
NAIRU is based on the Phillips Curve, which in turn is based on work done by William Phillips. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_curve As I note in my discussion (linked at FN 2 above), it doesn't seem to work any more, if it ever did. Nevertheless, it's one of Mankiw's Ten Things Economists Agree About. https://newworldeconomics.com/greg-mankiws-ten-principles/
I think the problem is that once an idea gets put into an economics textbook, people assume it's true. There was some empirical evidence for the Phillips Curve, and economists ran with it. Now that it's being questioned, it has many defenders, including the Fed, which incorporates it into the models.
This is a general problem, which gives rise to the idea that science proceeds one funeral at a time. The textbook problem was identified by Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. I devoted a good bit of effort to understanding Kuhn in the context of economics. Here's a summary post with lots of links. https://www.emptywheel.net/2015/06/28/kuhn-and-economics-a-summary/
There's some debate about JG vs. UBI but there's a place for both.
Step 1 is to implement universal healthcare that includes vision, dental, hearing, behavioral/psychological, long-term care, physical therapy, etc. So everyone receives the same level of benefits. If you have more money, pay more out-of-pocket if you want to.
With that in place, a subsistence-level UBI would replace (roughly) Medicaid and disability programs. If you're disabled, or want to stay home and raise your kids, you get paid to stay alive. Or if you're an entrepreneur and want to put 100% of your time into a startup, or write a book, or sit in a tree and learn to play the flute.
A higher-paying JG would replace unemployment. It pays more (a living minimum wage) because society would get value out of you every day. I fractured my ankle last summer because of a badly-maintained public planting strip (coupled with stupidity) and Medicare pumped over $5000 into physicians, exams, therapy, and so on to fix it. Market failures such as that abound.
Alan K says:
I support UBI and JG, and universal healthcare, and the right to shelter. Come to think of it, I am even in favor of eliminating borders. Yes, really I am.
But what does any of that have to do with MMT? The Fed *is* doing MMT now – buying almost every US Treasury bill/bond it can find. It's not a simple thing this buying bonds and shifting prices in huge money markets – $10T traded daily – and trying to figure out who is leveraged to the hilt – and trying to figure out how to divert the money to useful causes – and not to the stock markets and the most recent billionaire's umpteenth mansion in the latest fashionable tax haven.
MMT is not really about money. It's a political anthem. I hated it when Friedman covered his political siren songs with the label "monetarism". But I'm afraid that MMT is of the same ilk. We do run deficits. That's fine, that's as it should be. And we also print money and that's fine and as it should be.
The argument is really about who gets to spend the money. The really big spending is the military-industrial complex. A nice old-fashioned word. That plus energy mining subsidies and industrial agriculture subsidies is what keeps the red states afloat. That's the real budget deficit. No wonder they think elections are war. Without government spending they are yesterday's cold toast.
Sorry, MMT really is about money. Nothing more. It has no political agenda.
But you're correct when you say the Fed is using their knowledge of how deficits work (as described accurately by MMT) to benefit the military, energy, finance, large corporations. It's patently obvious that the GOP has understood for decades how fiat money works (whether you call it MMT, or chartalism, or whatever)–Dick Cheney famously pointed out to Paul O'Neill "Reagan proved deficits don't matter". They gin up fear of deficits but spend the money anyway, for items on the GOP's political agenda.
Polls show most Americans believe in taking care of other people but political leadership has them convinced it'll be too expensive. It's that false fear of deficits that Stephanie Kelton's book is attempting to dispel.
"false fear of deficits" – completely agree.
"MMT is really about money" – no, MMT is about managing government debt. What the government actually buys with it has nothing to do with money – or the Fed, for that matter.
IMO, both MMT and monetarism are too simplistic to argue about. The real argument is about spending, what to spend it on.
Sonso says:
I agree with just about everything said here, vis-a-vis UBI and JG. I would add that colleges and universities, contrary to the RWNJs, are generally conservative as it applies to economics. I remember well, being scolded while an Econ TA in the early 80's, for stating the obvious that "reaganomics " and the Laffer Curve were empirically disingenuous and simply slogans for redistribution from the poor to the rich.
To me, the problem Alan K. raises is the difference between two poles of thinking: normative and empirical. To me, MMT is an empirical answer to a simple question: how does money work in a nation sovereign in its currency as compared to one that is less than fully sovereign, or totally not sovereign. It seeks to answer basic questions about the exact way money is generated and used in each.
That should be contrasted with normative thinking about the economy: what should it do?
The link comes when we decide what we want to do as a society. Then we can use the insights of MMT to decide how best to accomplish our ends.
Kelton argues that a nation should pursue a balanced economy, one that works for everyone. Neoliberals disagree. They say the society doesn't get to choose, that the "market", an undefined term, should be used to decide what to do and how to do it.
madwand says:
Not an economist, but this theory fits in with actually funding infrastructure, rebuilding highways, bridges, airports, ports, water pipelines, etc. In other words people get employed to build and improve upon this infrastructure. It might even be possible to reopen the US steel industry to provide the necessary steel (more employment) for these projects. Anything is possible if the deficit is not a constraint.
With the caveat that inflation is still a constraint, then yes.
Tin Man says:
Things the GOPer Power Elite Don't Want You to Know:
#1. Infrastructure pays you back. Handsomely.
We should have a standing WPA constantly bidding for workers to upgrade our infrastructure. And if we were really smart, a politically independent oversight body to set its priorities.
The GOP doesn't like infrastructure because its donors don't like public spending, which wastes money producing assets that don't provide private benefits (read: revenue streams) to those donors. They prefer public-private partnerships, where the public is essentially funding the creation of a privately-owned asset/revenue stream.
The WPA was much more than mere infrastructure, and the JG should include a variety of jobs as wide as the WPA did. It helped support Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Jackson Pollock, John Cheever, Arthur Miller, Orson Welles, John Houseman, Elia Kazan, and many more. It interviewed thousands of ex-slaves, and recorded folk music all over the country.
The HUAC complained bitterly about the supposed pro-communist attitudes of some of the artists and most of the programs lasted only about 4 years, from 1935-1939. Plus ça change…
BobCon says:
One question mark for me relates to carbon taxes and how policy would account for inflation.
We obviously need a massive carbon tax, either directly or via some kind of more complicated system. But to be effective, it ought to hit hard and fast — people will move a lot more slowly and haphazardly if it is slowly phased in. The cost push effect has to be significant.
Which in the short run may have a significant inflationary effect. The transition to cheap non-carbon energy may well be a major dampener on inflation down the road, but in the short term rising transportation, manufacturing, heating and cooling costs will probably ripple through the economy in unpredictable ways.
I realize there are worthwhile proposals to offset the effects of the taxes themselves — offering a per capita refund on taxes collected, for example, which would reward people who don't drive 1,000 miles a week.
But that's partially a separate issue from the inflationary potential of carbon taxes. The reality is that there is a fair amount of uncertainty how the economy will react.
Which is not an argument against some kind of major carbon tax. We absolutely need one. But we also need to take this into account and think about how to limit the harm it might do in the near term. Funding a counterinflationary national healthcare plan with carbon taxes may be higher priority than a simple tax rebate, for example.
In the context of the four purposes of taxation, the carbon tax is to discourage the burning of carbon and the poisoning of the atmosphere. The design of a carbon tax is the next problem. The good news is that there isn't any connection between the money raised by the tax and the efforts to ameliorate the problems it will create. We have the fiscal space to fix it as we want to, but I'll leave the design to others.
earlofhuntingdon says:
The idea of using tax policy as a spur to business conduct should seem routine to neoliberals. I think they object when it's used to penalize investment rather than to encourage it, and when it's used to promote any ends but those of big capital. But I think that's also an argument of convenience, because they're not consistent.
Neoliberals claim, for example, that large tax cuts spur investments. They don't. They encourage payouts to investors, because lower taxes cut the cost of taking money out of a business. (Given the surprisingly large percentage of the economy owned by private equity, that should be cause for systemic concern.) I think the record's clear that businesses invest more during periods of high taxation. They are a deductible expense, which is worth more at, say, a 60% tax rate than a 15% tax rate.
Higher, directed taxes also encourage systematic investment patterns, because a profitable business needs to keep thinking of tax shielded uses for its profits, lest they be taxed in a later year.
During 40+ years in tech, I've seen many projects being mischaracterized to capture tax benefits. And I haven't seen any projects undertaken solely due to the tax benefits.
On the other hand, large-scale real estate development, with its built-in cycles of boom and bust, exists almost solely because of tax benefits. An overwhelming majority of development projects probably shouldn't be undertaken, but the tax benefits (and the ability to package and resell those benefits) enable them nonetheless.
So, as you can imagine, I don't see the real-world benefits to this type of encouragement.
If there are customers who need it, the project (whether software or condos) will be funded. The government shouldn't be involved.
Take that money (heh) and spend it directly on real R&D. There will never be enough top scientists to cause inflation.
The fact that you're in favor of a market-based solution (a carbon tax) shows how thoroughly neoliberal thought has dominated the discussion. Neoliberals like markets because they can be manipulated.
Mandating electric vehicles, as some European countries have, would reduce carbon pollution dramatically, without needing a complex market solution.
JamesJoyce says:
"Congress should spend and tax so as to deliver a balanced economy, one that serves all of us. "
Congress serves the donor class as antebellum protected same.
Money = Speech
Dred Scott = 0
Never mind how much money we waste in systemic servitude (money wasted) to an energy business model which we are as dependent as slaveowner was on human labor…
We the people?
More perfect Union?
Enlighten is elusive for the brutally conditioned who will expend no energy to think?
Just respond to stressor like pavlov's dog.
They have done it again..
Figure out folks.
I'm certain George Washington would call bullshit on the protection of another Kings monopoly as he told King George and his pandering money addicts…
Go "F" yourself…
vvv says:
Who are you talking to?
Philip S. Webster says:
Interesting discussion. Thank you.
Followed that Kuhn link from 2015 you posed above, Ed.
There is a reason the Social Sciences are called the Dismal Sciences.
Suggestion for the next book discussion: Katharina Pistor. 2019. The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality. Pistor, an expert on comparative law, is on the Columbia Law faculty, and writes about money, finance, property rights, and corporate governance. A review is here.
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2019/09/26/book-review-the-code-of-capital-how-the-law-creates-wealth-and-inequality-by-katharina-pistor/
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when we hear the art movement impressionism we usually imagine, European masters and not American.
he is am american impresionist, and unlike many artists he was sofisticated, well trained and well traveled.
and documented all of his travels by his work.
Styrofoam cups, useful, white, who hasn't written on one?
and he takes in on to a whole different level. maybe we should try it someday.
notice the mirror on the back so you can see the whole cup.
imagine Santa clause, now imagine new year... you imagined Santa as a chubby man, red cheeks long white beard?
and new years as a chubby baby in diapers?
he worked for the Saturday Evening post, from him we have the ideas as Santa and new year as well as held with the arrow collar brand.
or even 106, million cans used in the usa each 30 seconds. can you picture them?
he thinks no one can imagine or understand such big quantities.
so he decided to do something with those statistics and put them in a visual understanding.
water color is sometimes difficult to achieve, now combine it with quick sketching and you can make a huge mess of things.
yet many are talented at it.
she has a talent with sketches as well as her more detailed work. she works with simple forms, splash of color, and she gets the idea though.
she has published book and you can buy some of her prints online as well.
usually one name pops up rapidly.
and the objects with them.


2014 has been a slow and forgettable year for horror so far* - with the only real stand-outs being the passable (and we use that term loosely) Paranormal Activity: The Marked Ones and Hammer Film's chilling The Quiet Ones. Hoping to join these stand-outs is upcoming horror As Above, So Below.
Directed by Quarantine's John Erick Dowdle, this chiller takes us below the streets of Paris as a group of archaeologists search for lost treasure in the city's labyrinthine catacombs.
We hope that As Above, So Below isn't resting on the novelty value of its creepy Parisian setting and there will be some genuine scares and well-executed tension to keep us on-board.
As Above, So Below hits UK and USA cinemas on August 15 with European dates to follow in September.
* We should add that the highly anticipated Stage Fright hasn't yet reached us in the UK - and we've still to check out the much-lauded Borderlands. Plus there is The Town That Dreaded Sundown, Rosemary's Baby, and Deliver Us From Evil to come - so who knows, there might be some excellent surprises.


Strip 1541 - Click on page above to goto the next page.
Back to the 'present' in Alyss' living room.
Alyss: Dro-o-o-ga, Hugo, you haven't changed a bit.
Hugo: They invaded our home and shot Murphy. What was I supposed to do, kiss them?
Alyss: So how badly were you hurt?
Murphy: The energy blast disrupted all my systems, and there was extensive damage to my shoulder skin and servos.
Three-shot, Murphy leans over and holds Hugo's hand.
Murphy: Fortunately meu caro was able to nurse me back to health.
Hugo: The auto-doc was able to reset her systems and repair the damage.
Hugo: I was busy with other work.


text:
#ifndef __ActionEaseEx_H__
#define __ActionEaseEx_H__

#include "cocos2d.h"
#include "cocostudio/CocoStudio.h"

namespace cocostudio {

/**
@brief Ease Bezier
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseBezierAction : public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseBezierAction* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseBezierAction* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseBezierAction* reverse() const override;

	virtual void setBezierParamer( float p0, float p1, float p2, float p3);

protected:
	EaseBezierAction() {}
	virtual ~EaseBezierAction() {}

	float _p0;
	float _p1;
	float _p2;
	float _p3;

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseBezierAction);
};

/**
@brief Ease Quadratic In
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuadraticActionIn:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuadraticActionIn* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuadraticActionIn* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuadraticActionIn* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuadraticActionIn() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuadraticActionIn() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuadraticActionIn);

};

/**
@brief Ease Quadratic Out
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuadraticActionOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuadraticActionOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuadraticActionOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuadraticActionOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuadraticActionOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuadraticActionOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuadraticActionOut);

};

/**
@brief Ease Quadratic InOut
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuadraticActionInOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuadraticActionInOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuadraticActionInOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuadraticActionInOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuadraticActionInOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuadraticActionInOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuadraticActionInOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Quartic In
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuarticActionIn:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuarticActionIn* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuarticActionIn* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuarticActionIn* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuarticActionIn() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuarticActionIn() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuarticActionIn);
};

/**
@brief Ease Quartic Out
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuarticActionOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuarticActionOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuarticActionOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuarticActionOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuarticActionOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuarticActionOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuarticActionOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Quartic InOut
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuarticActionInOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuarticActionInOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuarticActionInOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuarticActionInOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuarticActionInOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuarticActionInOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuarticActionInOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Quintic In
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuinticActionIn:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuinticActionIn* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuinticActionIn* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuinticActionIn* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuinticActionIn() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuinticActionIn() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuinticActionIn);
};

/**
@brief Ease Quintic Out
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuinticActionOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuinticActionOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuinticActionOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuinticActionOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuinticActionOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuinticActionOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuinticActionOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Quintic InOut
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseQuinticActionInOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseQuinticActionInOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseQuinticActionInOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseQuinticActionInOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseQuinticActionInOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseQuinticActionInOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseQuinticActionInOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Circle In
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseCircleActionIn:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseCircleActionIn* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseCircleActionIn* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseCircleActionIn* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseCircleActionIn() {}
	virtual ~EaseCircleActionIn() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseCircleActionIn);
};

/**
@brief Ease Circle Out
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseCircleActionOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseCircleActionOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseCircleActionOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseCircleActionOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseCircleActionOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseCircleActionOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseCircleActionOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Circle InOut
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseCircleActionInOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseCircleActionInOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseCircleActionInOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseCircleActionInOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseCircleActionInOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseCircleActionInOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseCircleActionInOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Cubic In
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseCubicActionIn:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseCubicActionIn* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseCubicActionIn* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseCubicActionIn* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseCubicActionIn() {}
	virtual ~EaseCubicActionIn() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseCubicActionIn);
};

/**
@brief Ease Cubic Out
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseCubicActionOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseCubicActionOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseCubicActionOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseCubicActionOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseCubicActionOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseCubicActionOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseCubicActionOut);
};

/**
@brief Ease Cubic InOut
@ingroup Actions
*/
class EaseCubicActionInOut:public cocos2d::ActionEase
{
public:
	/** creates the action */
	static EaseCubicActionInOut* create(cocos2d::ActionInterval* action);

	virtual void update(float time) override;
	virtual EaseCubicActionInOut* clone() const override;
	virtual EaseCubicActionInOut* reverse() const override;

protected:
	EaseCubicActionInOut() {}
	virtual ~EaseCubicActionInOut() {}

private:
	CC_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EaseCubicActionInOut);
};

}

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Stuck in the office and can't watch the eclipse? Just want to read a bunch of funny tweets about the eclipse? This is your place, folks.
Here in Indy, the eclipse will start at 12:58 p.m., reach peak at 2:25 and the sun will return to normal at 3:48 p.m.
Watch the eclipse live from Evansville.
How much of the eclipse will we really see?
Fishers Fire Department issues hilarious list of "safety clarifications"
Kinda worried that the country couldn't keep enough 10 cent eclipse glasses in stock for everyone.
Yah I got my #solareclipse glasses. It's called clouds.
Meanwhile, in Wyoming, just watch the eclipse from anywhere.
This blog is going to contain an inordinate number of dogs wearing eclipse glasses. Sorry not sorry.
There will also be many jokes about the super powers gained during an eclipse. You've been warned.
In case you were hoping for other news, nope.
Follow this thread for so many pets wearing eclipse glasses.
Meanwhile, some brands got into a fight.
Things are getting INTENSE out in Oregon.
There are people who believe the earth is flat. They're wrong, but here's how they're explaining the eclipse.
Twitter, of course, had jokes. Lots and lots of jokes.
And in Indy, it begins.
Buzz Aldrin was trying to rub it in all our faces.
Some found Biblical explanations for the darkness.
THE DEVIL'S GOT HIS THUMB ON THE SUN.
The moon continued to devour the sun.
Watching eclipse with sunglasses on through the Model S glass roof. Wow!
Likewise, Neil deGrasse Tyson was true to form.
But Twitter still had jokes so it was OK.
In political news, Todd Rokita wasn't going to miss an opportunity to jab his Senatorial rival.
Meanwhile, I sustained an injury in the service of this live blog and my mom was worried.
And in a continuing theme: SO MANY NERD JOKES.
Eclipse sunglasses make a very effective fashion statement.
Or an owl. An owl works too.
Washington Post is seeing if some goats will faint because sure.
Also did you know that shadows are all crescents? This is so cool!
People are Indiana continued to get excited as maximum eclipse neared.
We're pretty sure these aren't approved eclipse glasses, but we'll allow it because of adorableness.
Can't believe it took us this far into the blog for a "Total Eclipse of the Heart" reference.
IT'S HERE AND IT'S SO COOL.
The sun has advanced as far as it's going in Indy. Now it will slowly roll back.
Let's check in with our flat earth friends.
And slowly, social media returns to normal. Twitter is political snark; Facebook is your grandma; Instagram is feet. But man, that was cool.
Follow Allison Carter on Twitter for her own stupid eclipse tweets.


The SP PNG Hunters have slipped to third place in the Queensland Cup rugby league standings, after their three-match winning streak was snapped by the Burleigh Bears at the Gold Coast in Australia yeserday.
The visitors trailed 14-0 at half-time, but finally got on the score sheet two minutes into the second spell with a converted try.
The Bears restored the home side's 14-point advantage, before the Hunters mounted a late surge with tries to Timothy Lomai and Justin Olam cutting the deficit to two points with six minutes remaining.
The Bears held on to win 20-18, PNG's second defeat of the season, and leapfrogged the Northern Pride into fourth spot in the overall standings, behind the Hunters on points differential.
Townsville still lead all-comers with seven wins from eight while the Hunters can regain second spot if they beat the Redcliffe Dolphins in Port Moresby on Sunday.


Situated in Mandeville, this vacation home is 6.3 mi (10.2 km) from Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum and 6.8 mi (10.9 km) from Fontainebleau State Park. Global Wildlife Center and Louisiana Children's Discovery Center are also within 32 mi (52 km).
Shabby Chic Home was reproduced on Premium Heavy Stock Paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original. The overall paper size is inches and the image size is inches. This print is ready for hanging or framing. Brand New and Rolled and ready for display or framing. Print Title: Shabby Chic Home. Paper Size: inches. Product Type: Fine Art Print. Artist: Tara Moss.
Situated in Moab, this condo building is within 1 mi (2 km) of Moab Information Center, Museum of Moab, and Amasa Back Trail. Swanny City Park and Rotary Park are also within 2 mi (3 km).


Players can now enter to win two tickets to Superbowl 2017, by playing Madden NFL 17 between August 18th and 22nd, 2016.
Microsoft's Window's 10 anniversary update is coming to consumers August 2nd, 2016 with several new features in security, gaming and tools for the classroom.
Microsoft is set to acquire LinkedIn.
Microsoft and Facebook are in partnership to build an undersea cable to connect the U.S with Southern Europe.
Filed under All Stories · Tagged with data cables U.S to Europe, facebook, microsoft, microsoft and facebook to build cable to europ, Telxius, underwater data cables, who builds data cables for our internet?
Microsoft is introducing various ways of cracking down on terrorist activity on its consumer services.
Microsoft has discontinued making the gaming console, Xbox 360.
This April, Microsoft SQL Server 2005 will be coming the end of its life, forcing organizations that use it to rethink how they want to operate.


If you are thinking of buying a home theatre, then look further than our exclusive database, we have great links to the best distributors in the U.K. A brand new home theatre is a great asset to have and there are many types available. Home theatres come at in array of sizes and quality and by using our site you will find exactly what you are looking for, from flat screen, to wide screen to digital projectors.
It is the perfect way to enjoy that great movie experience in the comfort of your own home. A sporting event will make you feel as if you really are in the stadium cheering your team on! Feel free to search on lifestyle- shopping.co.uk where our excellent links will make your home feel like a movie theatre!


Article 21 of the Indian Constitution of 1949 provides for the fundamental rights to protection of life and personal liberty, stating that "[n]o person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." The Indian Supreme Court in a series of decisions has connected Article 21 with a right to a healthy environment.
See Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihari (1991): http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1646284/; M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (2004): http://www.ielrc.org/content/e0409.pdf; RLEK v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others (1988): http://indiankanoon.org/doc/104313664/.


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SHOREWOOD – Businesses are starting to open on the ground floor of Shorewood's new six-story Mosaic building, 4175 N. Oakland Ave.
Wisconsin Vision was the first to open on April 10, followed by OrangeTheory Fitness on April 14. Mod Pizza is slated to open May 5, and Bentley's Pet Stuff is expected to open May 8. Two other ground-floor spaces remain available for lease. The stores are topped with 90 luxury apartments. The apartments are nearly ready for occupancy, and nearly 60 percent of the units are leased. Joseph Property Development expects to have all units leased by Labor Day.


text:
Latest News & Coming Events
Curious about the history of our nation and its national capital? At the Canberra & District Historical Society's Book Fair we will be offering a wide range of local, regional and national histories and biographies. A feature of the sale will be valuable and 'hard to find' titles sourced from private collections. If you have questions about local history please come and ask. Bring your friends. FREE
Running for the length of the ACT Heritage Festival (9 April to 1 May) during CDHS normal opening hours we will be displaying some of the more curious and unusual items and stories about the history of Canberra and district. Many items are rarely displayed. No booking needed - bring your friends.
Until June 2022. After a successful exhibition in partnership between the Hall School Museum and Heritage Centre and CDHS the storyboards can now be seen at the Cook Community Hub, thanks to Family History ACT. This is as much a social history as sporting history because cricket was woven into the social life of early European settlers in the region.
Annual Dinner and CDHS Birthday
We will be celebrating our 68th birthday a day early on Thursday the 9th of December.
After dinner speaker: Dan Bourchier. Dan presents the ABC TV Canberra news and hosts the ABC Radio Breakfast Program.
We will also be holding our famous raffle!
Venue: Helenic Club, Matilda St, Woden
7pm for 7.30pm
Bookings essential on 6281 2929 or email
Cost: Members $70. Non-members $80.
Payment can be made by bank transfer: BSB: 633 000, account 146 738 141.
Please include your name and 'CDHS Dinner' and let us know by email.
Members' Night CANCELLED DUE TO COVID
Hear from members about their recent projects.
THE ALIA CONFERENCE ROOM IS UNAVAILABLE.
CANCELLED. St Andrew's Church, History and Heritage Group
Ann Logan and David Bull from the St Andrew's History and Heritage group were to talk about their work and the development of tours in their Open Church, Open House Program.
Now closed. This fascinating exhibition was curated in partnership with the Hall School Museum and Heritage Centre, Palmer Street Hall.
See link on home page for the comprehensive catalogue.
This exhibition was made possible by an ACT Heritage Grant.
News Archive >
PHOTOGRAPH: Canberra Grammar School
PHOTOGRAPH: Captains Flat


I was diving on a weekend in the beautiful waters of Malapascua when I heard a loud explosion. At first I thought this must be an emergency, maybe a blasted valve of the tanks of one of my fellow divers. But then I saw our dive-master seemingly unperturbed, he was apparently already used to this kind of noise. That was both reassuring – no emergency – but also quite unsettling because it was clear then that it came from dynamite fishing. A few more explosions followed and the wonderful dive ended on a somewhat sad note. I couldn't help wondering how the situation must be in more remote places when dynamite fishing happens even in the sea close to this tourist hotspot.
The number of sharks has been reduced massively all over the world due to the cruel trade in shark fins just to satisfy the craving of reckless consumers in certain countries. If this continues, an estimated 25 percent of shark species could become extinct in the next 10 years. Sea-horses, giant clams and sea cucumbers have already disappeared from many reefs for the same reason. The tuna and mackerel populations have seen a nearly 75 percent decline and Bluefin tuna in the Pacific are on the brink of extinction.
The sheer scale of the destruction is terrifying. According to the last "Living Planet Index" report the number of vertebrate animals living on Earth is set to fall by two-thirds by 2020. The collapse of wildlife is part of a mass extinction that is destroying the natural world upon which humanity depends.
The Philippines are still an important global hotspot for biodiversity, both on land and under water. The natural beauty of the country is something many Filipinos are very proud of - and with good reason. However, this treasure is under a lot of pressure from many sources. To concentrate forces to protect nature and the remaining biodiversity is certainly important. During my visits to many of the beautiful provinces in the Philippines it was often one of the most inspiring experiences for me to meet truly dedicated and committed representatives of the local authorities or members of NGOs who are trying to protect that heritage. Incidentally, before I spent the weekend in Malapascua, I visited a project in Bogo Bay in Northern Cebu supported by Germany to protect the marine environment.
Germany is in fact since many years a close partner of the Philippines in the fight against climate change and in the protection of biodiversity. These are focal areas of our official cooperation with the Philippines. One regional project financed by Germany for example supports the efforts to protect the unique Sulu-Sulawesi marine ecoregion in the Coral Triangle. The European Union also has an important regional program for the protection of biodiversity.
The protection of marine resources must be a priority for everyone. In the end we shouldn't forget: If we don't learn to treat the oceans and the whole environment with more care and respect it might well be humanity that could become extinct someday.


text:
The 1923 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1923 college football season.

Schedule

References

Kansas State
Kansas State Wildcats football seasons
Kansas State Wildcats football


text:
Movie Buffs
Does Logan Transcend the Super Hero Genre?
Rob Young
With very few exceptions, movies in the super hero genre are branded with a sort of disclaimer. There seems to be a difference between a good movie and a good super hero movie, as if the superhero genre is held to a lower standard. For instance, if you said to the critics that Captain America: Civil War was a great super hero movie, most would probably agree. However, if you said it was a great movie—without the disclaimer of being a "super hero" movie—they would probably shake their heads and say, "The Godfather is a great movie. Citizen Kane is a great movie. Civil War is not a great movie. It's a great super hero movie."
Other than Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight, movies categorized in the comic book genre remain pigeon-holed. Ironically, bad super hero movies don't have that same disclaimer. Fantastic Four and Batman v Superman are just called terrible movies, not terrible "superhero movies". Good super hero movies seem to hit a cinematic glass ceiling that apparently only Christopher Nolan knows how to pass. Until now.
That brings us to Logan. With a 93% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and fans giving it a 95% positive rating, can director James Mangold's excellent film escape the stigma of being grouped as just a "great super hero movie" and be considered a great movie?
ABC Radio called Logan "The Dark Knight of the X-Men film universe". As NPR writes, "The only problem with calling it the boldest and most affecting superhero flick in many years is that it's barely a superhero movie at all." The San Diego Reader compares Logan to classic westerns, saying "Mangold drags Wolverine – -much older, if not much wiser — into a Western, and ends up with the best superhero movie in recent memory". The Detroit News equates Hugh Jackman's lead performance to the work of Clint Eastwood, saying "Jackman's performance is Clint Eastwood-esque, and the lines in Jackman's face tell the story of his worn character; he plays Wolverine as a man at the end of his line, adding at least a decade to his 48 years." The Wall Street Journal described it as "A model of ambition, complexity and old-fashioned showmanship."
With all this praise, can Logan transcend the glass ceiling of being a "good super hero movie"? The super hero genre is a sub-category of the sci-fi genre, and even there, if you look back at the long history of science fiction, you'll see that most movies in this field of cinema also suffer from the disclaimer syndrome. When film historians and experts argue about whether Star Wars episode 5: The Empire Strikes Back or The Godfather: Part 2 is the best sequel ever made, the answer most industry experts would give is "The Empire Strikes Back is the greatest science fiction sequel ever made. The Godfather 2 is the greatest sequel ever made". In the past 100 years, only four sci-fi films seem to have broken through the disclaimer glass ceiling…Metropolis, King Kong, 2001: A Space Odyssey and Star Wars. These are the Mount Rushmore of sci-fi which are called great without the disclaimer.
Can Logan join the Dark Knight in starting a Mount Rushmore of comic book films that are called "Great" without the disclaimer label of "super hero"? (What will the other two be?) In the years to come, will Logan be seen as a great movie or a great super hero movie?
Christopther Nolan
comic book movie
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