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The warlord looks sadly at his map of the battlefield. "Thank goodness you're here," he exclaims. "I need a combat strategy. My enemy and I have exhausted every angle, every avenue for attack. It's all so complicated: Where should I attack next? How will my enemy respond?" He collapses in a heap, overwhelmed by the pressure. It doesn't look like he'll be able to win this war on his own.
Whom can you recruit to help the warlord?


Was my B'day on the 26'th, I really dunno why everyone makes such a big deal of their birthdays. After all, it's all such a luzer thing about "Hey man, I'm a year closer to death, I'm Gonna have _fun_ today! There's loads of stuff, but the underlining thing here is the optimism and expectation of the day in question being marked '_special_'!
Now frankly, That's not what I see in a Birthday! It's not, I repeat - _not_ at all special. If anything, it's all the hype that really kills the days specialty.
I believe every day is a special day. The day I was born was indeed something I lay great attribute to, But that day is a good 22 years in my past. Frankly speaking, there's no need to be reminded about my mortality. That, I am aware of without being told. I'd rather spend every day of my life regarding them as special and I'm not gonna change that just to make a special day of my date of birth + 365 odd days. If every single day in my life is special, so is my B'day.
So.... I think I'm done here. why did I even try to put this up on my journal? I don't even wanna do it! uggh! this is sick! ewww!
u sick and toxic wid a 104 temp yet???
I'm toxic, but farrrr from sick. lol!
Methinks you shudn't be so harsh on b'day's. After all its just a b'day. I look at it as a time to remember the joy of being yourself, for this one day in the year people remind you that you do exist. One day when you have no choice but to call it a good day. Peace.
I liked some of your thoughts. Yes, everyday is a special day indeed. Yet most of us forget it when busying our selves in day to day activities. That is why we need to assign special days like b'day, mother's day, father's day, friendship day... the list goes on, just to remind us we need to celebrate life and people.
So here is a warm Happy Birthday hug...:) Now please put a smile on your face...you need not try to be different, you are infact different and unique person.
If one can smile and celebrate life everyday, what more can one ask for... Have a great day!


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Jillian Marsh writes: I met Dr. Ramtin Kassir when I asked him to be the expert on a story I was writing. I had to write realistic plastic surgery scenes, and with patients and his permission I was allowed to watch him perform surgical procedures. I was able to see the patients before, during and after their healing. I was so impressed with the results these patients achieved. None of them looked "done." They looked refreshed and rested and they were all thrilled with their results. They looked like themselves….just much better. Truthfully, I never thought I would make the decision to have facial surgery, but it turns out that meeting Dr. Kassir was such a great blessing in my life, I will never be able to thank him enough.
Ultimately Dr. Kassir would use his exceptional surgical skill to restore my face after a series of tragic events threatened to leave me disfigured, depressed and unable to feel comfortable in public. After my mother died, I spent many hours of every day crying in bed. I lay on my left side and cried for 8 hrs. a day. After a month of this I noticed there were no more tears and a drastic change in my appearance. The skin under my left eye hung away from the eyeball, as if weighted down. The right upper lid hung over my eye. I happened to go the eye doctor for my normal appointment and she touched the skin under my eye and said…."have you been crying a lot….and what position were you in?" I told her that my mother had died and all the crying I had done and she explained that she had seen this before from excessive crying and that I had no choice but to fix it surgically.
In addition, the year before, I had had a right thyroidectomy, and a side effect of surgery is that swallowing can be difficult. 8 months after surgery I would have to use my hand to hold the side of my neck up in order to swallow a piece of bread or any food with any texture. It was difficult to eat. I told Dr. Kassir this and he told me he could do a suspension lift on my neck and I would be able to swallow. He could also fix my eyes without anesthesia at the same time. Because of my experience, watching his surgical procedures, and the subsequent wonderful results of Dr. Kassir's patients, I knew he would do an excellent job. I had both done using lidocaine in a quiet comfortable room. I walked away from the table being able to swallow with my eyes symmetrical and refreshed. I ate bread that night with no problem! Within 5 days, you could not see bruising or scars. It was amazing! I felt ready to face the world again.
I had done some fillers with Dr. Kassir but I had hoped that the eye and neck surgery would be my first and last entrance into Dr. Kassir's surgical world… because I don't take surgery lightly…but alas it was not meant to be.
In October I woke up paralyzed on the left side of my face and my chin. I called Dr. Kassir immediately and he told me it sounded like Bells Palsy and I should get to my doctor right away. He also sent me the list of protocol medication if it was Bells Palsy and my doctor agreed with his protocol. Then I went to a rheumatologist because everyone suspected Lyme Disease and that was the diagnosis…facial paralysis from neurological Lyme Disease. This was horrific. I was depressed and in excruciating pain. The nerves in my face were irritated and sending pain throughout my face. My face was stretched downward on a diagonal to the lower left. My left eye was paralyzed and infected from being open for several weeks with dust and dirt flying into the eye, and my not being able to feel it. I had to patch the eye and put medication in it. I was drooling and choking. I slurred my words and couldn't make myself understood. The bottom line is…I looked like I had had a stroke. Dr. Kassir encouraged me and told me to be patient.
that it would go away with the medication and time.
It did go away….but I was on a lot of medication for the Lyme Disease for many months….and the paralysis took its toll on my face. Months later, I was left with a hole under my left cheek bone and rows of diagonal lines on my chin to across my neck. My rheumatologist kept asking me to go look in the mirror and tell her what I saw. I thought I looked okay…but the truth is my smile never really returned to what it was…and the slack skin on the left side of my face made me start to age asymmetrically. My smile was crooked because of the strong pull on my face during the time it was paralyzed.
Four months later, I had a devastating accident in my home. I tripped over my opened treadmill and whiplashed backwards and forwards face first, three times into the top of the treadmill…the same eye that had been paralyzed was smashed into the treadmill, as was my nose. Somehow, I found a phone, and called Dr. Kassir's office. As luck would have it, he answered the phone and kept me talking to make sure that I stayed conscious while I called for help on my other phone. I was rushed to the hospital and given a cat scan or MRI of my face. My nose was fractured…but it didn't show just how really bad it was. My eyes became infected from the trauma to my eyes and tear ducts….and it just seemed that every time I turned around…another problem developed from the fall. I had cervical and thoracic whiplash and hitting my face so many times irritating the already irritated nerves on the left side of my face to send needles of shooting pain from my neck to my eye.
The next day, I went to see Dr. Kassir, and he told me that I was lucky to be alive. I had had a life threatening fall and my nose now was a mess and needed to be fixed for both medical and esthetic reasons. He told me that he thought we should fix the ravages of the paralysis at the same time. I didn't care what surgery it took to bring me back to normal…I just knew that I could place the surgery of my face in the capable hands of Dr. Ramtin Kassir, and be 100% sure that I would be returned back to my former self….only better.
The day of surgery, Dr. Kassir revealed that my nose had been shattered in my fall. He had to re-build it completely. I was devastated to have to get a new nose, but amazed at the results the day of the reveal. He worked his magic on my face to restore it to what it looked like before my paralysis from neurological Lyme Disease…only better. The fatique from the stress of continued trauma showed blatantly on my face. He wiped all that away on the day of my surgery.
Here's the best part….the changes were subtle so that most people just thought I looked refreshed and rested… and younger. I was symmetrical and even and my nose was perfect. My smile was restored after the surgery with fillers injected into various areas of the corners of my mouth. I heal quickly, so within a few weeks I was comfortable to go out in public.
I cannot say enough how grateful I am to Dr. Kassir. My opinion of plastic surgery is completely open. The aging process happens to all of us. Sometimes, like in my case a tick bite and an accident speed up the process abnormally and thank God there is a gifted surgeon, who cares about his patients and can reverse that damage.


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Review: Martin Sherman's Rose @ HOME, Manchester
02 Jun 2017 - 03:35PM | By Matthew Calderbank
Oscar-nominated actress, Dame Janet Suzman, delivers a poignantly hypnotic performance as Rose, the eponymous character in HOME's timely revival of Martin Sherman's 1999 play of the same name.
Rose is a solo tour-de-force. From the moment she appears immersed in a narrow halo of white light on an otherwise darkened stage, Suzman possesses the character with such vigour and authenticity that you discover yourself drawn into the shadowy chasms of her memory.
Rose is a one-actor performance and Suzman effortlessly seizes your attention from the get-go only to release her grip once she has unburdened Rose's tortured soul.
Alone on an empty stage, Rose begins her story. It is the story of one woman's struggle to survive the atrocities of the Second World War. The story of a Jewish refugee desperately seeking a place to belong, whether in the biblical holy land of Palestine or the newly appointed promised land of America.
This is Rose's story but it speaks volubly for the invisible multitudes who suffered similar fates in the Europe of the 1940s, and for those who continue to seek shelter and mercy in our unified Europe of today.
Rose revisits her earliest memories of a relatively happy childhood in the impoverished shtetls (rural Jewish villages) of Ukraine before reliving in vivid detail the series of events that came to define the Jewish struggles of the twentieth century.
SOLO: Dame Janet Suzman works her magic on stage
Rose recounts her experiences of Russian pogroms, fleeting young love in the ghettoes of Warsaw, the horrors of the holocaust, the doomed voyage of the Exodus refugee ship to Palestine, the birth of the state of Israel, emigration to a booming post-war United States and the return of hostilities and bloodshed on Israel's West Bank.
The 80-year-old Rose sits on a bench dressed in black and begins her moving biographic monologue by confiding that she is sitting Shiva, the week-long mourning period in Judaism to honour the death of a loved one.
The quiet intimacy in which Rose confides in the audience gives the impression that she is confiding in you alone, as if she has appointed you as her sole witness to the exorcism of these ghosts from her haunted past.
The minimalism of the set is perfectly appropriate. It gives the impression that you are in the tortured psyche of Rose and the lack of any distraction keeps the audience transfixed on the brilliantly expressive and animated Suzman.
Despite the heavy subject matter, Rose is unexpectedly funny. In fact, Rose views life with a welcome sense of cynicism and applies the Jewish tradition of anecdotal humour to devastatingly funny effect.
Rose's self-deprecating wit is intelligently employed as an ice-breaker to bring temporary relief from the weight of her troubling confessions. It is this humility and candour that makes Rose so tragically human and real.
We learn that Rose is a survivor; a survivor of the holocaust and a survivor of the cruel indifference that greeted European Jews who sought refuge in that barbarous age of empire.
After the indomitable Rose escapes the nightmare of war-mad Europe and finds refuge in the United States, she struggles to adapt to the mundanities of modern American life.
In the Florida resort town of Miami Beach, Rose marries and remakes herself as a successful hotelier but still experiences the myriad frustrations of everyday life.
She treats her comically inept husband with a regretful measure of contempt and pity and aches for her first love whom she left behind in the ruins of Warsaw.
MINIMALIST: The set is simple and perfectly appropriate
Rose is an old battle axe, hardened by her life's journey. But what makes Rose's redemption so remarkable is her refusal to concede to bitterness and despair.
Rose refuses to become desensitised to another person's suffering. She regrets the Zionist inclinations of her only son when he decides to join the settler movement in the West Bank of Israel. She pleads with him to see the Palestinians as people rather than enemies to be occupied or exiled.
The title character is powerless as she observes the escalating cycle of violence revisited in what was supposed to be the 'promised land' and Suzman's towering performance reaches its apex in the closing 20 minutes when she reveals a final tragic twist of fate.
There is a universal humanism that poignantly defines Rose. Her survival is a victory of humanity in the face of the inhumane. She is the triumph of humanity against a battery of blunt-force nationalism, intolerance and inconceivable acts of evil.
Martin Sherman's Rose is probably more relevant now than it was in 1999.
The story, with the force of Dame Suzman's impassioned performance behind it, cautions us that even though the threat of global war may no longer be realisable, the danger is in our indifference; the indifference that creeps with small, sinister steps from out of our TV screens.
Ultimately the production reminds us that we can't afford to become desensitised to others' suffering. The survival of our common humanity depends on it.
*Rose runs at HOME, Manchester until June 10. Tickets can be bought at HERE.
INTERVIEW: Dame Janet Suzman chats to MM about starring in 'incredibly resonant' play at HOME
'Simon and Garfunkel really were song writing pioneers': Theatre director chats to MM as hit show lands in Stockport
Review: Jack Rooke: Good Grief @ HOME, Manchester
Dame Janet Suzman
Martin Sherman
matthew calderbank

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home » Early Church Fathers » ANATOLIUS AND MINOR WRITERS » Malchion
Malchion
I — The Epistle Written by Malchion, in Name of the Synod of Antioch, Against Paul of Samosata
To Dionysius and Maximus, and to all our fellows in the ministry throughout the world, both bishops and presbyters and deacons, and to the whole Catholic Church under heaven, Helenus and Hymenaeus and Theophilus and Theotecnus and Maximus, Proclus, Nicomas, and Aelianus, and Paul and Bolanus and Protogenes and Hierax and Eutychius and Theodorus and Malchion and Lucius, and all the others who are with us, dwelling in the neighbouring cities and nations, both bishops and presbyters and deacons, together with the churches of God, send greeting to our brethren beloved in the Lord.
1. After some few introductory words, they proceed thus:–We wrote to many of the bishops, even those who live at a distance, and exhorted them to give their help in relieving us from this deadly doctrine; among these, we addressed, for instance, Dionysius, the bishop of Alexandria, and Firmilian of Cappadocia, those men of blessed name. Of these, the one wrote to Antioch without even deigning to honour the leader in this error by addressing him; nor did he write to him in his own name, but to the whole district? of which letter we have also subjoined a copy. And Firmilian, who came twice in person, condemned the innovations in doctrine, as we who were present know and bear witness, and as many others know as well as we. But when he (Paul) promised to give up these opinions, he believed him; and hoping that, without any reproach to the Word, the matter would be rightly settled, he postponed his decision; in which action, however, he was deceived by that denier of his God and Lord, and betrayer of the faith which he formerly held. And now Firmilian was minded to cross to Antioch; and he came as far as Tarsus, as having already made trial of the man's infidel iniquity. But when we had just assembled, and were calling for him and waiting for his arrival, his end came upon him.
2. After other matters again, they tell us in the following terms of what manner of life he was:–But there is no need of judging his actions when he was outside (the Church), when he revolted from the faith and turned aside to spurious and illegitimate doctrines. Nor need we say any thing of such matters as this, that, whereas he was formerly poor and beggarly, having neither inherited a single possession from his fathers, nor acquired any property by art or by any trade, he has now come to have excessive wealth by his deeds of iniquity and sacrilege, and by those means by which he despoils and concusses the brethren, casting the injured unfairly in their suit, and promising to help them for a price, yet deceiving them all the while and to their loss, taking advantage of the readiness of those in difficulties to give in order to get deliverance from what troubled them, and thus supposing that gain is godliness. Neither need I say any thing about his pride and the haughtiness with which he assumed worldly dignities, and his wishing to be styled procurator rather than bishop, and his strutting through the market-places, and reading letters and reciting them as he walked in public, and his being escorted by multitudes of people going before him and following him; so that he brought ill-will and hatred on the faith by his haughty demeanour and by the arrogance of his heart. Nor shall I say any thing of the quackery which he practises in the ecclesiastical assemblies, in the way of courting popularity and making a great parade, and astounding by such arts the minds of the less sophisticated; nor of his setting up for himself a lofty tribunal and throne, so unlike a disciple of Christ; nor of his having a secretum and calling it by that name, after the manner of the rulers of this world; nor of his striking his thigh with his hand and beating the tribunal with his feet; nor of his censuring and insulting those who did not applaud him nor shake their handkerchiefs, as is done in the theatres, nor bawl out and leap about after the manner of his partisans, both male and female, who were such disorderly listeners to him, but chose to hear reverently and modestly as in the house of God; nor of his unseemly and violent attacks in the congregation upon the expounders of the Word who have already departed this life, and his magnifying of himself, not like a bishop, but like a sophist and juggler; nor of his putting a stop to the psalms sung in honour of our Lord Jesus Christ, as the recent compositions of recent men, and preparing women to sing psalms in honour of himself in the midst of the Church. in the great day of the Paschal festival, which choristers one might shudder to hear. And besides, he acted on those bishops and presbyters, who fawned upon him in the neighbouring districts and cities, to advance the like opinions in their discourses to their people.
3. For we may say, to anticipate a little what we intend to write below, that he does not wish to acknowledge that the Son of God came down from heaven. And this is a statement which shall not be made to depend on simple assertion; for it is proved abundantly by those memoranda which we sent you, and not least by that passage in which he says that Jesus Christ is from below. And they who sing his praise and eulogise him among the people, declare that their impious teacher has come down as an angel from heaven. And such utterances the haughty man does not check, but is present even when they are made. And then again there are these women–these adopted sisters, as the people of Antioch call them–who are kept by him and by the presbyters and deacons with him, whose incurable sins in this and other matters, though he is cognisant of them, and has convicted them, he connives at concealing, with the view of keeping the men subservient to himself, and preventing them, by fear for their own position, from daring to accuse him in the matter of his impious words and deeds. Besides this, he has made his followers rich, and for that he is loved and admired by those who set their hearts on these things. But why should we write of these things? For, beloved, we know that the bishop and all the clergy ought to be an example in all good works to the people. Nor are we ignorant of the fact that many have fallen away through introducing these women into their houses, while others have fallen under suspicion. So that, even although one should admit that he has been doing nothing disgrace fill in this matter, yet he ought at least to have avoided the suspicion that springs out of such a course of conduct. lest perchance some might be offended, or find inducement to imitate him. For how, then, should any one censure another, or warn him to beware of yielding to greater familiarity with a woman, lest perchance he might slip, as it is written: if, although he has dismissed one, he has still retained two with him, and these in the bloom of their youth, and of fair countenance; and if when he goes away he takes them with him; and all this, too, while he indulges in luxury and surfeiting?
4. And on account of these things all are groaning and lamenting with themselves; yet they have such a dread of his tyranny and power that they cannot venture on accusing him. And of these things, as we have said already, one might take account in the case of a man who held Catholic sentiments and belonged to our own number; but as to one who has betrayed the mystery (of the faith), and who swaggers with the abominable heresy of Artemas,–for why should we hesitate to disclose his father?–we consider it unnecessary to exact of him an account for these things.
5. Then at the close of the epistle they add the following words:–We have been compelled, therefore, to excommunicate this man, who thus opposeth God Himself, and refuses submission, and to appoint in his place another bishop for the Church Catholic, and that, as we trust, by the providence of God–namely, the son of Demetrianus, a man of blessed memory, and one who presided over the same Church with distinction in former times, Domnus by name, a man endowed with all the noble qualities which become a bishop. And this fact we have communicated to you in order that ye may write him, and receive letters of communion from him. And that other may write to Artemas, if it please him; and those who think with Artemas may hold communion with him, if they are so minded.
II — Fragments Apparently of the Same Epistle of the Synod of Antioch; To Wit, of that Part of It which It is Agreed that Eusebius Left Unnoticed
He says, therefore, in the commentaries (they speak of Paul), that he maintains the dignity of wisdom.
And thereafter:
If, however, he had been united according to formation and generation, this is what befalls the man. And again: For that wisdom, as we believe, was not congenerate with humanity substantially, but qualitatively.
In what respect, moreover, does he mean to allege that the formation of Christ is different and diverse from ours, when we hold that, in this one thing of prime consequence, His constitution differs from ours, to wit, that what in us is the interior man, is in Him the Word.
If he means to allege that Wisdom dwells in Him as in no other, this expresses indeed the same mode of inhabitation, though it makes it excel in respect of measure and multitude; He being supposed to derive a superior knowledge from the Wisdom, say for example, twice as large as others, or any other number of times as large; or, again, it may be less than twice as large a knowledge as others have. This, however, the catholic and ecclesiastical canons disallow, and hold rather that other men indeed received of Wisdom as an inspiration from without, which, though with them, is distinct from them; but that Wisdom in verity came of itself substantially into His body by Mary.
And after other matters:
And they hold that there are not two Sons. But if Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and if Wisdom also is the Son of God; and if the Wisdom is one thing and Jesus Christ another, there are two Sons.
Moreover understand (Paul would say) the union with Wisdom in a different sense, namely as being one according to instruction and participation; but not as if it were formed according to the substance in the body.
Neither was the God who bore the human body and had assumed it, without knowledge of human affections in the first instance; nor was the human body without knowledge, in the first instance, of divine operations in him in whom He (the God) was, and by whom He wrought these operations. He was formed, in the first instance, as man in the womb; and, in the second instance, the God also was in the womb, united essentially with the human, that is to say, His substance being wedded with the man.
III — From the Acts of the Disputation Conducted by Malchion Against Paul of Samosata
The compound is surely made tip of the simple elements, even as in the instance of Jesus Christ, who was made one (person), constituted by God the Word, and a human body which is of the seed of David, and who subsists without having any manner of division between the two, but in unity. You, however, appear to me to decline to admit a constitution after this fashion: to the effect that there is not in this person, the Son of God according to substance, but only the Wisdom according to participation. For you made tiffs assertion, that the Wisdom bears dispensing, and therefore cannot be compounded; and you do not consider that the divine Wisdom remained undiminished, even as it was before it evacuated itself; and thus in this self-evacuation, which it took upon itself in compassion (for us), it continued undiminished and unchangeable. And this assertion you also make, that the Wisdom dwelt in Him, just as we also dwell in houses, the one in the other, and yet not as if we formed a part of the house, or the house a part of us.
IV — A Point in the Same Disputation
Did I not say before that you do not admit that the only-begotten Son, who is from all eternity before every creature, was made substantially existent in the whole person of the Saviour; that is to say, was united with Him according to substance?
Fragments of the Books on Arithmetic of Anatolius of Alexandria
Pierius of Alexandria
The Paschal Canon of Anatolius of Alexandria
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SWEDISH FILM WINS TOP PRIZE AT VENICE FILM FESTIVAL
September 8, 2014 by admin · Leave a Comment
A movie with a title that could not fit on most theater marquees has won the Venice Film Festival's top Golden Lion award. Accepting the trophy Saturday night for A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence, Swedish director Roy Andersson said that it was "a great honor to receive this award at the Venice Film Festival in Italy, a country which has delivered so many masterpieces in film history." Russia's Andrey Konchalovskiy won the festival's best director award for The Postman's White Nights, which was the festival's closing-night film. America's Joshua Oppenheimer received the Grand Jury Award for his documentary, The Look of Silence, a follow-up to his 2012 film The Act of Killing about the Indonesian genocide of the 1940s and '50s. Another American, Adam Driver, took the festival's Coppa Volpi Best Actor award for his performance in Hungry Hears, while the Best Actress award went to costar Alba Rohrwacher. Iranians Rakhshan Banietemad and Farid Mostafavi received the Best Screenplay award for their Ghesse-ha. Somewhat surprisingly the makers of Birdman, starring Michael Keaton, which opened the festival to ecstatic reviews, went home empty handed.
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Watch: The Powers Behind 'She-Ra' Celebrate International Women's Day
VIEW Adds Peter Ramsey, Siobhan Reddy, Sergio Pablos & More Speakers
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In recognition of International Women's Day, DreamWorks Animation has assembled the cast, crew and young fans of She-Ra and the Princesses of Power to remind girls around the world they have the power to achieve anything they set their mind to, on our shared quest to create a #BalanceForBetter!
In a newly released video, voice stars Aimee Carrero (Adora/She-Ra), Lauren Ash (Scorpia), Marcus Scribner (Bow), Karen Fukuhara (Glimmer), Merit Leighton (Frosta), Krystal Joy Brown (Netossa) and executive producer Noelle Stevenson open up about what She-Ra and its positive portrayals of women and girls means to them and the impact it has on the young audience who watches the show.
Led by Stevenson, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power features a wide variety of female characters brought to life by a diverse voice cast, with an all-female writers room, majority female crew, and a dedication to centering the stories of women in a way that both children and adults can relate to. The series is showing young audiences that no matter how they look or who they choose to be, they are worthy of love, respect, and a starring role in the stories they adore.
DreamWorks Animation has also created resources and activity sheets for parents, teachers and caregivers to utilize in reinforcing the important messages that International Women's Day aims to spread:
She-Ra IWD Video Discussion Guide – stimulate important discussion with children
My Hero Book – find your inner balanced hero Balance for Better Labyrinth Game – call upon the strengths and skills of others
Heroic Support Pyramid Game – strive for greater balance in our world
Download these resources on the International Women's Day website.
Related Topics:Aimee Carrero, DreamWorks Animation, featured, International Women's Day, Karen Fukuhara, Krystal Joy Brown, Lauren Ash, Marcus Scribner, Merit Leighton, Noelle Stevenson, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power
FMX Adds Oscar Winner 'First Man,' 'Dumbo,' 'Alita' & More
News Bytes: Updates on Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, Amazon's 'Lord of the Rings', 'Vox Machina' & More


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Rock Tech Lithium to raise $40 million for German, Ontario projects
Rock Tech Lithium (TSXV: RCK) is raising C$59.1 million to build a high-grade lithium hydroxide converter and refinery in Guben, Germany, and to advance its Georgia Lake lithium project in Ontario, 145 km northeast of Thunder Bay.
Rock Tech is offering a private placement of 9.5 million units to certain U.S. and international investors at a price of $4.20 (C$54.2) for approximately $40 million (C$51.9 million). Each unit will consist of one common share and one share purchase warrant. Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase a Rock Teck common share for C$6.77 for a period of 30 months after closing.
About $31.5 million will be used to advance the company's lithium hydroxide converter and refinery in Germany. Funds will go toward long-lead items such as pyro-kilns and crystallizers and general project costs.
The converter-refinery project has initial capital costs of $560.2 million and is estimated to produce revenues totalling $7.6 billion over the 20-year projected life. The project has a payback period of 64 months. Nameplate annual production will be 24,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide from approximately 178,000 tonnes of spodumene concentrate sourced from multiple third parties. By-products including alumino-silicate, gypsum and sodium sulphate will also be produced.
Rock Tech has engaged Evercore Group to assist in securing financing for the converter and refinery project. It is anticipated that an independent expert's report on the converter and a front-end engineering design study will be completed in the first half of 2022 with a final investment decision made mid-year. If approvals are received in a timely manner, construction could begin in mid-to-late 2022 with production in 2024.
The Georgia Lake property is 100%-owned by Rock Tech, which produced a preliminary economic assessment for the project in March 2021. Sporadic drilling occurred on the property during the 1950s and 1980s, then again from 2009-11 and 2016-18.
The Georgia Lake spodumene deposit has measured and indicated resources of 6.6 million tonnes grading 1.16% lithium oxide (Li2O). The inferred resource is 6.7 million tonnes grading 1.16% Li2O. A cut-off grade of 0.65% Li2O was used for both categories. Several pegmatite zones have been identified for open pit and/or underground mining.
Metallurgical tests using a combination of gravity separation (heavy liquid separation lab tests) and flotation recovered 81.5% of the lithium in a 6.2% Li2O concentrate.
At an 8% discount, the project carries a post-tax net present value of $299 million and an internal rate of return of 19.6%. Rock Tech puts the initial capex at $353 million and the sustaining capex at $75 million over the 11 years of mining.
(This article first appeared in the Canadian Mining Journal)
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package com.wjiec.tinder.springinaction.scopebean.prototypebean.pencil;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

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public class Crayon implements Pencil {
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Regular Colleges or Institutions Engineering Civil Engineering
KK Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research
Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari, Amrutdham, Panchavati , Nashik - 422001
District: Nashik (Maharashtra)
Established : 1984
Affiliated to : Savitribai Phule Pune University
Approved By : All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi
Courses Offered by KK Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research
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The K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education & Research was established in year 1984. K.K.Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research is approved by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi and Government of Maharashtra, and is affiliated to the University of Pune. The institute is adjudged as Grade 'A' by Government of Maharashtra. NBA-AICTE, New Delhi has accredited Five UG Courses.
UPDATE Admission Notification of KK Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research
Library:The institute has a library of area 24, 250 Sq. M that includes reference section E-Library facility and study zone for students. It has a rich collection of more than 50,000 books costing over one crore rupees. These include text books, reference books, National and International Journals and Magazines.
Training and placement department offers good job for the students in reputed companies even before the final results.
0253-2512876, 2512867, 2516671
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SND College of Engineering and Research Centre (SNDCOE)
Bhabulgaon, Tal-yeola, Nashik - 423401 District: Nashik
Krantiveer Vasantrao Narayanrao Naik Institute of Engineering Education and Research
Dongre Vastigruha, Canada Corner, Nashik - 422002 District: Nashik
Sanghavi College of Engineering
Mhasrul, Warvandi Road, Nashik - 422202 District: Nashik
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Visa is one of the world's largest retail electronic payments networks and best-known brands. Visa has an ongoing initiative to speed the deployment of new IT services while maintaining the company's robust availability and security capabilities.
Despite big investments in virtualization, Visa's private cloud infrastructure utilization was still below 15 percent, and patching, maintenance, and system refresh cycles created unacceptable downtime.
With Docker Enterprise, Visa has refactored two critical payment processing applications and now runs them on Docker's enterprise container platform, supporting millions of transactions per day.
After just six months in production, Visa achieved a 10x increase in scalability for two customer-facing payment processing applications. Visa processes $5.8 trillion in transactions, while maintaining the company's robust availability and security capabilities.


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28° Cloudy Severe Weather Alert
Astrid Martinez
Posted Nov 1, 2018
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Astrid Martinez is a reporter and host of Astrid in ATL. The segment focuses on everything Atlanta has to offer, from movies being filmed in the city to arts, food, music, entertainment and culture.
She joins CBS46 after spending time as a reporter at the NBC station (KXAS) in Dallas, TX.
Before reporting in Dallas, Astrid worked three years at WBTV, the CBS affiliate in Charlotte, NC where she was a reporter and fill in anchor. Prior to landing in Charlotte, Astrid was the anchor for the KGBT 5 p.m. newscast and Spanish language 8pm newscast in South Texas.
While working along the Texas-Mexico border Astrid tackled topics ranging from immigration, homeland security, drug cartels, violence along the border and human trafficking. She also covered several national stories including the Democratic National Convention in 2012 and the murder of ICE Agent Jaime Zapata in Mexico.
This former Miss Colombia USA 2000, began her broadcast growing up in Medellin, Colombia. Astrid saw first-hand the civil and political unrest that plagued her country. It was this type of upheaval and the people's lives it affected that first ignited her passion for storytelling and a career in journalism.
After moving to the United States, Astrid and her family settled in New Jersey, where she graduated with top honors from Montclair State University with a degree in Broadcast Journalism and a concentration in Latin American Studies.
Astrid is honored to be in Georgia, where her family now resides. When she is not at work you will find her spending quality time with her daughter and family, traveling and watching sports.
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The G-cat
Dive head-first into the science of conservation, ecology, evolution and genetics
hybridisation
What's yours is mine: evolution by adaptive introgression
August 14, 2019 August 14, 2019 thegcatblogLeave a comment
Gene flow and introgression
Genetic variation remains a key component of not only understanding the process and history of evolution, but also for allowing evolution to continue into the future. This is the basis of the concept of 'evolutionary potential' – the available variation within a population or species which may enable them to adapt to new environmental stressors as they occur. With the looming threat of contemporary climate change and environmental transformations by humanity, predicting and supporting evolutionary potential across the diversity of life is critical for conserving the stability of our biosphere.
Adaptation, Biodiversity, Conservation, DNA, Evolution, Genetics, GenomicsAdaptation, adaptive potential, butterfly, evolutionary potential, Gene flow, genetic rescue, Heliconius, human, hybridisation, Introgression, melanism, outbreeding depression, wolf
Islands of speciation and speciation on islands
July 17, 2019 July 17, 2019 thegcatblogLeave a comment
The concept of a species
We've spent some time before discussing the nature of the term 'species' and what it means in reality. Of course, answers to questions in biology are always more complicated than we wish they might be, and despite the common nomenclature of the word 'species' the underlying definition is convoluted and variable.
Adaptation, DNA, Evolution, Genetics, Genomics, SpeciationDobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, ecological speciation, hybrid speciation, hybridisation, islands of speciation, reproductive isolation, ring species, Speciation, species, species diversity
Lost in a forest of (gene) trees
October 4, 2018 thegcatblog2 Comments
Using genetics to understand species history
The idea of using the genetic sequences of living organisms to understand the evolutionary history of species is a concept much repeated on The G-CAT. And it's a fundamental one in phylogenetics, taxonomy and evolutionary biology. Often, we try to analyse the genetic differences between individuals, populations and species in a tree-like manner, with close tips being similar and more distantly separated branches being more divergent. However, this runs on one very key assumption; that the patterns we observe in our study genes matches the overall patterns of species evolution. But this isn't always true, and before we can delve into that we have to understand the difference between a 'gene tree' and a 'species tree'.
A gene tree or a species tree?
Our typical view of a phylogenetic tree is actually one of a 'gene tree', where we analyse how a particular gene (or set of genes) have changed over time between different individuals (within and across populations or species) based on our understanding of mutation and common ancestry.
However, a phylogenetic tree based on a single gene only demonstrates the history of that gene. What we assume in most cases is that the history of that gene matches the history of the species: that branches in the genetic tree mirror when different splits in species occurred throughout history.
The easiest way to conceptualise gene trees and species trees is to think of individual gene trees that are nested within an overarching species tree. In this sense, individual gene trees can vary from one another (substantially, even) but by looking at the overall trends of many genes we can see how the genome of the species have changed over time.
A (potentially familiar) depiction of individual gene trees (coloured lines) within the broader species tree (defined b the black boundaries). As you might be able to tell, the branching patterns of the different genes are not the same, and don't always match the overarching species tree.
Gene tree incongruence
Different genes may have different patterns for a number of reasons. Changes in the genetic sequences of organisms over time don't happen equally across the entire genome, and very specific parts of the genome can evolve in entirely different directions, or at entirely different rates, than the rest of the genome. Let's take a look at a few ways we could have conflicting gene trees in our studies.
Incomplete lineage sorting
One of the most prolific, but more complicated, ways gene trees can vary from their overarching species tree is due to what we call 'incomplete lineage sorting'. This is based on the idea that species and the genes that define them are constantly evolving over time, and that because of this different genes are at different stages of divergence between population and species. If we imagine a set of three related populations which have all descended from a single ancestral population, we can start to see how incomplete lineage sorting could occur. Our ancestral population likely has some genetic diversity, containing multiple alleles of the same locus. In a true phylogenetic tree, we would expect these different alleles to 'sort' into the different descendent populations, such that one population might have one of the alleles, a second the other, and so on, without them sharing the different alleles between them.
If this separation into new populations has been recent, or if gene flow has occurred between the populations since this event, then we might find that each descendent population has a mixture of the different alleles, and that not enough time has passed to clearly separate the populations. For this to occur, sufficient time for new mutations to occur and genetic drift to push different populations to differently frequent alleles needs to happen: if this is too recent, then it can be hard to accurately distinguish between populations. This can be difficult to interpret (see below figure for a visualisation of this), but there's a great description of incomplete lineage sorting here.
A demonstration of incomplete lineage sorting, generously adapted from a talk by fellow MELFU postdocs Dr Yuma (Jonathon) Sandoval-Castillo and Dr Catherine Attard. On the left is a depiction of a single gene coalescent tree over time: circles represent a single individual at a particular point in time (row) with the colours representing different alleles of that same gene. The tree shows how new mutations occur (colour changes along the branches) and spread throughout the descendent populations. In this example, we have three recently separated species, with a good number of different alleles. However, when we study these alleles in tree form (the phylogeny on the right), we see that the branches themselves don't correlate well with the boundaries of the species. For example, the teal allele found within Species C is actually more similar to Species B alleles (purple and blue) than any other Species B alleles, based on the order and patterns of these mutations.
Hybridisation and horizontal transfer
Another way individual genes may become incongruent with other genes is through another phenomenon we've discussed before: hybridisation (or more specifically, introgression). When two individuals from different species breed together to form a 'hybrid', they join together what was once two separate gene pools. Thus, the hybrid offspring has (if it's a first generation hybrid, anyway) 50% of genes from Species A and 50% of genes from Species B. In terms of our phylogenetic analysis, if we picked one gene randomly from the hybrid, we have 50% of picking a gene that reflects the evolutionary history of Species A, and 50% chance of picking a gene that reflects the evolutionary history of Species B. This would change how our outputs look significantly: if we pick a Species A gene, our 'hybrid' will look (genetically) very, very similar to Species A. If we pick a Species B gene, our 'hybrid' will look like a Species B individual instead. Naturally, this can really stuff up our interpretations of species boundaries, distributions and identities.
An example of hybridisation leading to gene tree incongruence with our favourite colourful fish. A) We have a hybridisation event between a red fish (Species A) and a green fish (Species B), resulting in a hybrid species ('Species' H). The red fish genome is indicated by the yellow DNA, the green fish genomes by the blue DNA, and the hybrid orange fish has a mixture of these two. B) If we sampled one set of genes in the hybrid, we might select a gene that originated from the red fish, showing that the hybrid is identical (or very similar) the Species A. D) Conversely, if we sampled a gene originating from the green fish, the resultant phylogeny might show that the hybrid is the same as Species B. C) If we consider these two patterns in combination, which see the true pattern of species formation, which is not a clear dichotomous tree and rather a mixture of the two sets of trees.
Paralogous genes
More confusingly, we can even have events where a single gene duplicates within a genome. This is relatively rare, although it can have huge effects: for example, salmon have massive genomes as the entire thing was duplicated! Each version of the gene can take on very different forms, functions, and evolve in entirely different ways. We call these duplicated variants paralogous genes: genes that look the same (in terms of sequence), but are totally different genes.
This can have a profound impact as paralogous genes are difficult to detect: if there has been a gene duplication early in the evolutionary history of our phylogenetic tree, then many (or all) of our study samples will have two copies of said gene. Since they look similar in sequence, there's all possibility that we pick Variant 1 in some species and Variant 2 in other species. Being unable to tell them apart, we can have some very weird and abstract results within our tree. Most importantly, different samples with the same duplicated variant will seem similar to one another (e.g. have evolved from a common ancestor more recently) than it will to any sample of the other variant (even if they came from the exact same species)!
An example of how paralogous genes can confound species tree. We start with a single (purple) gene: at a particular point in time, this gene duplicates into a red and a blue form. Each of these genes then evolve and spread into four separate descendent species (A, B, C and D) but not in entirely the same way. However, since both the red and blue genetic sequences are similar, if we took a single gene from each species we might (somewhat randomly) sequence either the red or the blue copy. The different phylogenetic trees on the right demonstrate how different combinations of red and blue genes give very different patterns, since all blue copies will be more related to other blue genes than to the red gene of the same species. E.g. a blue A and a blue C are more similar than a blue A and a red A.
Overcoming incongruence with genomics
Although a tricky conundrum in phylogenetics and evolutionary genetics broadly, gene tree incongruence can largely be overcome with using more loci. As the random changes of any one locus has a smaller effect of the larger total set of loci, the general and broad patterns of evolutionary history can become clearer. Indeed, understanding how many loci are affected by what kind of process can itself become informative: large numbers of introgressed loci can indicate whether hybridisation was recent, strong, or biased towards one species over another, for example. As with many things, the genomic era appears poised to address the many analytical issues and complexities of working with genetic data.
DNA, Evolution, Genetics, Genomics, PhylogeneticsCoalescent, Gene tree, Gene tree species tree incongurence, Genetics, Genomics, Horizontal transfer, hybridisation, incomplete lineage sorting, Introgression, paralogous genes, paralogy, Phylogenetics, Species tree
An identity crisis: using genomics to determine species identities
July 18, 2018 thegcatblog5 Comments
This is the fourth (and final) part of the miniseries on the genetics and process of speciation. To start from Part One, click here.
In last week's post, we looked at how we can use genetic tools to understand and study the process of speciation, and particularly the transition from populations to species along the speciation continuum. Following on from that, the question of "how many species do I have?" can be further examined using genetic data. Sometimes, it's entirely necessary to look at this question using genetics (and genomics).
Cryptic species
A concept that I've mentioned briefly previously is that of 'cryptic species'. These are species which are identifiable by their large genetic differences, but appear the same based on morphological, behavioural or ecological characteristics. Cryptic species often arise when a single species has become fragmented into several different populations which have been isolated for a long time from another. Although they may diverge genetically, this doesn't necessarily always translate to changes in their morphology, ecology or behaviour, particularly if these are strongly selected for under similar environmental conditions. Thus, we need to use genetic methods to be able to detect and understand these species, as well as later classify and describe them.
An example of cryptic species. All four fish in this figure are morphologically identical to one another, but they differ in their underlying genetic variation (indicated by the different colours of DNA). Thus, from looking at these fish alone we would not perceive any differences, but their genetic make-up might suggest that there are more than one species…
The level of genetic differentiation between the fish in the above example. The phylogenies on the left and top of the figure demonstrate the evolutionary relationships of these four fish. The matrix shows a heatmap of the level of differences between different pairwise comparisons of all four fish: red squares indicate zero genetic differences (such as when comparing a fish to itself; the middle diagonal) whilst yellow squares indicate increasingly higher levels of genetic differentiation (with bright yellow = all differences). By comparing the different fish together, we can see that Fish 1 and 2, and Fish 3 and 4, are relatively genetically similar to one another (red-deep orange). However, other comparisons show high level of genetic differences (e.g. 1 vs 3 and 1 vs 4). Based on this information, we might suggest that Fish 1 and 2 belong to one cryptic species (A) and Fish 3 and 4 belong to a second cryptic species (B).
Genetic tools to study species: the 'Barcode of Life'
A classically employed method that uses DNA to detect and determine species is referred to as the 'Barcode of Life'. This uses a very specific fragment of DNA from the mitochondria of the cell: the cytochrome c oxidase I gene, CO1. This gene is made of 648 base pairs and is found pretty well universally: this and the fact that CO1 evolves very slowly make it an ideal candidate for easily testing the identity of new species. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA tends to be a bit more resilient than its nuclear counterpart; thus, small or degraded tissue samples can still be sequenced for CO1, making it amenable to wildlife forensics cases. Generally, two sequences will be considered as belonging to different species if they are certain percentage different from one another.
The full (annotated) mitochondrial genome of humans, with the different genes within it labelled. The CO1 gene is labelled with the red arrow (sometimes also referred to as COX1) whilst blue arrows point to other genes often used in phylogenetic or taxonomic studies, depending on the group or species in question.
Despite the apparent benefits of CO1, there are of course a few drawbacks. Most of these revolve around the mitochondrial genome itself. Because mitochondria are passed on from mother to offspring (and not at all from the father), it reflects the genetic history of only one sex of the species. Secondly, the actual cut-off for species using CO1 barcoding is highly contentious and possibly not as universal as previously suggested. Levels of sequence divergence of CO1 between species that have been previously determined to be separate (through other means) have varied from anywhere between 2% to 12%. The actual translation of CO1 sequence divergence and species identity is not all that clear.
Gene tree – species tree incongruences
One particularly confounding aspect of defining species based on a single gene, and with using phylogenetic-based methods, is that the history of that gene might not actually be reflective of the history of the species. This can be a little confusing to think about but essentially leads to what we call "gene tree – species tree incongruence". Different evolutionary events cause different effects on the underlying genetic diversity of a species (or group of species): while these may be predictable from the genetic sequence, different parts of the genome might not be as equally affected by the same exact process.
A classic example of this is hybridisation. If we have two initial species, which then hybridise with one another, we expect our resultant hybrids to be approximately made of 50% Species A DNA and 50% Species B DNA (if this is the first generation of hybrids formed; it gets a little more complicated further down the track). This means that, within the DNA sequence of the hybrid, 50% of it will reflect the history of Species A and the other 50% will reflect the history of Species B, which could differ dramatically. If we randomly sample a single gene in the hybrid, we will have no idea if that gene belongs to the genealogy of Species A or Species B, and thus we might make incorrect inferences about the history of the hybrid species.
A diagram of gene tree – species tree incongruence. Each individual coloured line represents a single gene as we trace it back through time; these are mostly bound within the limits of species divergences (the black borders). For many genes (such as the blue ones), the genes resemble the pattern of species divergences very well, albeit with some minor differences in how long ago the splits happened (at the top of the branches). However, the red genes contrast with this pattern, with clear movement across species (from A and C into B): this represents genes that have been transferred by hybridisation. The green line represents a gene affected by what we call incomplete lineage sorting; that is, we cannot trace it back far enough to determine exactly how/when it initially diverged and so there are still two separate green lines at the very top of the figure. You can think of each line as a separate phylogenetic tree, with the overarching species tree as the average pattern of all of the genes.
There are a number of other processes that could similarly alter our interpretations of evolutionary history based on analysing the genetic make-up of the species. The best way to handle this is simply to sample more genes: this way, the effect of variation of evolutionary history in individual genes is likely to be overpowered by the average over the entire gene pool. We interpret this as a set of individual gene trees contained within a species tree: although one gene might vary from another, the overall picture is clearer when considering all genes together.
Species delimitation
In earlier posts on The G-CAT, I've discussed the biogeographical patterns unveiled by my Honours research. Another key component of that paper involved using statistical modelling to determine whether cryptic species were present within the pygmy perches. I didn't exactly elaborate on that in that section (mostly for simplicity), but this type of analysis is referred to as 'species delimitation'. To try and simplify complicated analyses, species delimitation methods evaluate possible numbers and combinations of species within a particular dataset and provides a statistical value for which configuration of species is most supported. One program that employs species delimitation is Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP): to do this, it uses a plethora of information from the genetics of the individuals within the dataset. These include how long ago the different populations/species separated; which populations/species are most related to one another; and a pre-set minimum number of species (BPP will try to combine these in estimations, but not split them due to computational restraints). This all sounds very complex (and to a degree it is), but this allows the program to give you a statistical value for what is a species and what isn't based on the genetics and statistical modelling.
The cryptic species of pygmy perches identified within my research paper. This represents part of the main phylogenetic tree result, with the estimates of divergence times from other analyses included. The pictures indicate the physiology of the different 'species': Nannoperca pygmaea is morphologically different to the other species of Nannoperca vittata. Species delimitation analysis suggested all four of these were genetically independent species; at the very least, it is clear that there must be at least 2 species of Nannoperca vittata since A is more related to N. pygmaea than to other N. vittata species. Photo credits: N. vittata = Chris Lamin; N. pygmaea = David Morgan.
The end result of a BPP run is usually reported as a species tree (e.g. a phylogenetic tree describing species relationships) and statistical support for the delimitation of species (0-1 for each species). Because of the way the statistical component of BPP works, it has been found to give extremely high support for species identities. This has been criticised as BPP can, at time, provide high statistical support for genetically isolated lineages (i.e. divergent populations) which are not actually species.
Improving species identities with integrative taxonomy
Due to this particular drawback, and the often complex nature of species identity, using solely genetic information such as species delimitation to define species is extremely rare. Instead, we use a combination of different analytical techniques which can include genetic-based evaluations to more robustly assign and describe species. In my own paper example, we suggested that up to three 'species' of N. vittata that were determined as cryptic species by BPP could potentially exist pending on further analyses. We did not describe or name any of the species, as this would require a deeper delve into the exact nature and identity of these species.
As genetic data and analytical techniques improve into the future, it seems likely that our ability to detect and determine species boundaries will also improve. However, the additional supported provided by alternative aspects such as ecology, behaviour and morphology will undoubtedly be useful in the progress of taxonomy.
DNA, Evolution, Fish, Genetics, Genomics, Phylogenetics, SpeciationBarcode of Life, Biological Species Concept, Cryptic species, Gene tree, Gene tree species tree incongurence, Genomics, hybridisation, integrative taxonomy, science, Speciation, speciation continuum, Species delimitation, species diversity, Species tree, taxonomy
What is a species, anyway?
June 27, 2018 June 26, 2018 thegcatblog9 Comments
This is Part 1 of a four part miniseries on the process of speciation; how we get new species, how we can see this in action, and the end results of the process. This week, we'll start with a seemingly obvious question: what is a species?
The definition of a 'species'
'Species' are a human definition of the diversity of life. When we talk about the diversity of life, and the myriad of creatures and plants on Earth, we often talk about species diversity. This might seem glaringly obvious, but there's one key issue: what is a species, anyway? While we might like to think of them as discrete and obvious groups (a dog is definitely not the same species as a cat, for example), the concept of a singular "species" is actually the result of human categorisation.
In reality, the diversity of life is spread across a huge spectrum of differentiation: from things which are closely related but still different to us (like chimps), to more different again (other mammals), to hardly relatable at all (bacteria and plants). So, what is the cut-off for calling something a species, and not a different genus, family, or kingdom? Or alternatively, at what point do we call a specific sub-group of a species as a sub-species, or another species entirely?
This might seem like a simple question: we look at two things, and they look different, so they must be different species, right? Well, of course, nature is never simple, and the line between "different" and "not different" is very blurry. Here's an example: consider that you knew nothing about the history, behaviour or genetics of dogs. If you simply looked at all the different breeds of dogs on Earth, you might suggest that there are hundreds of species of domestic dogs. That seems a little excessive though, right? In fact, the domestic dog, Eurasian wolf, and the Australian dingo are all the same species (but different subspecies, along with about 38 others…but that's another issue altogether).
Morphology can be misleading for identifying species. In this example, we have A) a dog, B) also a dog, C) still a dog, D) yet another dog, and E) not a dog. For the record, A-D are all Canis lupus of some variety; A and B are domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), C is a dingo (Canis lupus dingo) and D is a grey wolf (Canis lupus lupus). E, however, is the Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis.
How do we describe species?
This method of describing species based on how they look (their morphology) is the very traditional approach to taxonomy. And for a long time, it seemed to work…until we get to more complex scenarios like the domestic dog. Or scenarios where two species look fairly similar, but in reality have evolved entirely differently for a very, very long time. Or groups which look close to more than one other species. So how do we describe them instead?
A), a fox. B), a cat. C), a foxy cat? A catty fox? A cat-fox hybrid? Something unrelated to cat or a fox?
Believe it or not, there are dozens of ways of deciding what is a species and what isn't. In Speciation (2004), Coyne & Orr count at least 25 different reported Species Concepts that had been suggested within science, based on different requirements such as evolutionary history, genetic identity, or ecological traits. These different concepts can often contradict one another about where to draw the line between species…so what do we use?
The Biological Species Concept (BSC)
The most commonly used species concept is called the Biological Species Concept (BSC), which denotes that "species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups" (Mayr, 1942). In short, a population is considered a different species to another population if an individual from one cannot reliably breed to form fertile, viable offspring with an individual from the other. We often refer to this as "reproductive isolation." It's important to note that reproductive isolation doesn't mean they can't breed at all: just that the hybrid offspring will not live a healthy life and produce its own healthy offspring.
For example, a horse and zebra can breed to produce a zorse, however zorse are fundamentally infertile (due to the different number of chromosomes between a horse and a zebra) and thus a horse is a different species to a zebra. However, a German Shepherd and a chihuahua can breed and make a hybrid mutt, so they are the same species.
A zorse, which shows its hybrid nature through zebra stripes and horse colouring. These two are still separate species since zorses are infertile, and thus are not a singular stable entity.
You might naturally ask why reproductive isolation is apparently so important for deciding species. Most directly, this means that groups don't share gene pools at all (since genetic information is introduced and maintained over time through breeding events), which causes them to be genetically independent of one another. Thus, changes in the genetic make-up of one species shouldn't (theoretically) transfer into the gene pool of another species through hybrids. This is an important concept as the gene pool of a species is the basis upon which natural selection and evolution act: thus, reproductively isolated species may evolve in very different manners over time.
An example of how reproductive isolation maintains genetic and evolutionary independence of species. In A), our cat groups are robust species, reproductively isolated from one another (as shown by the black box). When each species undergoes natural selection and their genetic variation changes (colour changes on the cats and DNA), these changes are kept within each lineage. This contrasts to B), where genetic changes can be transferred between species. Without reproductive isolation, evolution in the orange lineage and the blue lineage can combine within hybrids, sharing the evolutionary pathways of both ancestral species.
Pitfalls of the BSC
Just because the BSC is the most used concept doesn't make it infallible, however. Many species on Earth don't easily demonstrate reproductive isolation from one another, nor does the concept even make sense for asexually reproducing species. If an individual reproduced solely asexually (like many bacteria, or even some lizards), then by the BSC definition every individual is an entirely different species…which seems a little excessive. Even in sexually reproducing organisms, it can be hard to establish reproductive isolation, possibly because the species never come into contact physically.
This raises the debate of whether two species could, let alone will, hybridise in nature, which can be difficult to determine. And if two species do produce hybrid offspring, assessing their fertility or viability can be difficult to detect without many generations of breeding and measurements of fitness (hybrids may not be sustainable in nature if they are not well adapted to their environment and thus the two species are maintained as separate identities).
An example of unfit hybrids causing effective reproductive isolation. In this example, we have two different bird species adapted to very different habitats; a smaller, long-tailed bird (left) adapted to moving through dense forest, and a large, longer-legged bird (right) adapted to traversing arid deserts. When (or if) these two species hybridised, the resultant offspring would be middle of the road, possessing too few traits to be adaptive in either the forest or the desert and no fitting intermediate environment available. Measuring exactly how unfit this hybrid would be is a difficult task in establishing species boundaries.
Integrative taxonomy
To try and account for the issues with the BSC, taxonomists try to push for the usage of "integrative taxonomy". This means that species should be defined by multiple different agreeing concepts, such as reproductive isolation, genetic differentiation, behavioural differences, and/or ecological traits. The more traits that can separate the two, the greater support there is for the species to be separated: if they disagree, then more information is needed to determine exactly whether or not that should be called different species. Debates about taxonomy are ongoing and are likely going to be relevant for years to come, but form critical components of understanding biodiversity, patterns of evolution, and creating effective conservation legislation to protect endangered or threatened species (for whichever groups we decide are species).
Adaptation, Biodiversity, Evolution, Genomics, SpeciationAdaptation, Biological Species Concept, Conservation, Evolution, fitness, Genetics, Genomics, hybridisation, integrative taxonomy, morphology, natural selection, Phylogenetics, reproductive isolation, science, species diversity, taxonomy
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With summer around the corner, and the weather improving it's a great time to spruce up any furniture or accessories that have seen better days with paint. Even your house can look like a million dollars with a fresh coat of paint. Since we aren't sure where we will be living this fall, I am not sure what I should do with my patio furniture. I think they could use a fresh coat of paint and new cushions. But I don't want to invest in the time right now. I have a '"thing" for lanterns and a few of my lanterns have been exposed to the elements over the years looking rusty, dusty and a few insects have moved in.
After dusting off the cobwebs, sanding down the old layer of paint and a fresh coat of Rustoleum's black spray paint in a flat finish, I took my dilapidated lantern from blah to wow! It also received the glam treatment with a bit of Rub'N'Buff! A bit of gold always gives black a bit of zip!
What painting projects have you tackled? Show us your stuff below!
My love for gold and silver leafing runs deep. Those of you who have followed along my blog know I have an affinity with giving things the Midas' touch. You can pop over here, here, here and here just to see a few.
Not only do I use the real stuff aka "gold leaf", I luuuuuuuv Rub'N'Buff. Many an object in my home has been given the Rub N' Buff treatment. If you haven't tried the stuff, I recommend it. You will want to Rub'N'Buff everything....before you know it your home might look like Liberace moved in.
I have had this lantern kicking around for a few years.
Originally it was silver, I got it on an end-of-summer clearance a few years ago. I had spray painted it black but after being in the elements for at least 3 years it was looking a tad sad. I decided to give it a cleaning, sand away the rust and a fresh coat of Rustoleum's black in a flat finish. But not wanting my lantern to look like a boring black lantern I decided to glam it up a bit with some Rub'N'Buff just along the top edge and the handle.
I quite like how it turned out.
I was hoping for some clear weather but we have had nothing but rain for this past week, so these shots were taken while dodging rain drops.
A few weeks ago we had such hot weather, but Mother Nature is playing a cruel joke....nothing by clouds, chillly temps and rain. Boo.
Come back tomorrow to share your outdoor paint projects. Maybe you did something grandiose like paint your house or fence? Or something small like me?
Today I get the pleasure (note my sarcasm) of participating in my school's Sports Day. Picture this......over 300 children screaming on a field, where there they eat donuts, candy and hot dogs, not my idea of a calm Friday activity.
This week has also been quite a stressful one on the home front. My husband is currently interviewing for two different jobs. He has been offered a job at one company, and endured 2 incredibly challenging interviews for the second job. The first job offer would require us to move. Not to move to some bustling exciting locale, but to a small community nestled in the Rocky Mountains, near the Montana and Alberta borders. I have always lived in or near a major city....Vancouver, Edmonton and Washington DC. A move to a small town terrifies me. Next week I get to visit the said town, to help us make a decision. Fingers crossed he gets an offer from the second job - I secretly want him to get that, because we wouldn't have to move! Life is the ^%$* sometimes.
So this week I say TGIF, screaming it from the rooftops!
Love, love, love this apartment designed by Orlando, Emily Henderson's assistant.
And Kristin from The Hunted Interior knocks it out of the park on this studio suite she re-designed for Room Service Atlanta, a women's shelter. The after is stunning, especially when you see the before!
Kristen from 6th Street Design School has an inspiring series focussing on children's rooms.
A good tip by Emily in how to buy "to the trade" fabrics.
My sweet blog designer, Brittany has been working on designing fonts, check out her newest font - I love it! I have to admit, I am a bit of a font nerd. I was one of those kids that doodled and created letters instead of listening to the teacher.
And a little shout-out to two talented friends, whose incredible talents never cease to amaze me. Once again they are published! I have had the privilege of watching them work their magic!
I am running a 10 km race with my daughter on Sunday. "You are a runner?" you might ask. Well, no.... I used to run quite a bit but since working almost full time, I just manage one or two runs a week, which involves a lot of huffing and puffing. So lets just say I bit off more than I could chew on this one!
So glad you stopped by and joined myself, Carmel from Our Fifth House. Tiffany from Living Savvy, Shauna from Satori Design for Living and Dawn from Inspired Living in our second week of the Outdoor Extravaganza Link Party. We can't wait to see what you have dreamed up and created! The link is below.
Like with holidays, I don't go overboard decorating our outdoor space. But what I think really adds ambience and a bit of sparkle to an outdoor dining space it candle light. Yesterday I showed you my quick and easy, 5 minute decor tip, using Mason jars and tea lights to create an extra layer of light to my already present lantern collection.
What did you create, decorate, design? Link up below!
I have been wracking my brain, trying to come up with some fabulous DIY project for my backyard to wow you all with my outdoor decor panache.
I was thinking of recovering my patio cushions but that required gads of time, something I lack right now. Six weeks of school left baby - then I can recover to my heart's content.
In the meantime, I am going to show you my stupendous outdoor decor trick. Nothing adds instant pizzazz to an outdoor setting than lanterns and candles.
Thank goodness it is Friday! I just LOVE Fridays, don't you? This weekend is a long weekend in Canada, as we celebrate Victoria Day (the late Queen Victoria's birthday). It is also a kick-off to summer here, just like Memorial Day is in the US. I am looking forward to an extra day off and am hoping to work on the backyard patio, getting it lounge worthy!
This week I featured my garden tour with a few plant tips, as it is right now, all green with little blooms. This time of year, I find my garden just explodes, almost overnight!
In between gardening, cleaning the house, reading blogs, driving kids to and from track meets, this is what has tickled my fancy this week.
I am positive many of you have seen this amazing DIY but I am floored that this chandelier was a DIY!
An ingenious way to create an outdoor hanging sphere from ivy.
Craigslist tips for finding fabulous vintage furniture.
Love this fabulously chic and homey bedroom that is entered in the Small Cool Contest at Apartment Therapy. The room has a chevron ottoman, what is not to love?
Kelly created an amazing space to lounge in her unused loft space.
Love this porch makeover on Canadian House and Home online television.
I say this evening needs a glass of vino and a good movie. Maybe I can persuade the hubs to go to The Great Gatsby with me. I re-read the novel and am dying to see the movie! Anyone else?
Glad you stopped by for the Outdoor Extravaganza Linky Party that is being hosted by myself, Tiffany, Carmel, Shauna and Dawna.
This week's party is Plants and Flowers!
Link up below to join in the PART-AY, your link will show up on all of our blogs!
My garden is starting to grow like crazy! As a frugal gardener I love using the plants I have by dividing up the various perennials I have. It has been so much fun adding a few small purchases (from Walmart or Superstore) mixed with transplants from my mom and neighbours, and watching them grow and flourish in the garden beds. In case, you missed yesterday's post, where I shared a tour of my garden, here are my must-have perennials!
Here is how taking a small cutting of a hosta plant can eventually grow into a lush green plant with stunning floral blooms!
Hope you won't overlook the perennials in your garden, at your neighbours or at the nursery. They are like the energizer bunny, they just keep on ticking!
Link up down below, your link will link up to all the other 4 blogs!
Now it's your turn! Link up as many outdoor plants & flowers projects as you like- old and new. Your project will show up on all 5 blogs! Please include a backlink to this post, and be sure to take a look around and show some blog love. No items for sale please!
I like to think I have a pale green thumb, not a full on green thumb, but slight green. Digging in the dirt has always been something I enjoyed. But I really don't have a lot of know-how. I just garden and move plants without much plan. I love watching everything unfold, turn green and flourish.
My mom is a gardener extraordinaire and I grew up watching and helping in the garden, not always happily, but those years really taught me alot. She was also known for not spending very much but yet her garden was spectacular. The key to her success and now mine, is to use perennials, share with neighbours, divide and fill in bare spots with cheap annuals.
Since we are renting, I have spent very little on our yard. The landlady, who lived in the house a few years before we moved in is a keen gardener, so the yard had some fabulous perennials when we moved in. When we moved in though, the garden was half dead, so many perennials didn't survive. She had a plethora of roses (which I loathe, but kept because she keeps count!) and a few great bulb plants! My mom gave me several perennials from plants she had divided. I have now divided many of those plants several times, spreading the, throughout the front and back flower beds.
I love perennials. They are so easy to care for and can give you such a variety of foliage, colour and height. If you know a bit about bloom times, you can plan your garden to have something blooming throughout the growing season. I love having a variety of foliage for visual interest. Any bare spots I fill in with a flat of petunias or impatiens from Costco. Real cheap and you get great bang for your buck.
So I have been busy dividing up plants and moving them to create a more lush garden this year. Even though we might be moving, it doesn't matter as the plants are free (in my garden) and I can always dig up my favourites, pot them and take them with me!
My garden is just starting to grow like mad. It is turning a lush green and a few plants are starting to bloom. Come late June, it will a gorgeous display of colour.
I'll give you a tour!
Again, I had one of those weeks where I have half written posts but none published!! The weather was spectacular here.
Can I say it again? SPECTACULAR!
It was such warm summer weather, weather we don't normally get early in May. It reminded me of our life in Virginia, when May can be incredibly warm, as the humidity hasn't set in or the bugs come out.
Life is going at warp speed, school is keeping me busy as is my garden. Life is also still so up in the air. My husband is the midst of interviews for two different companies. Both which would require a move. One more immediate and the other job would let us wait for our second daughter to graduate high school next year.
So much uncertainty has me not interested in doing too many projects around the house. The walls need a fresh coat of paint, but I am not doing my landlord's any favours....they keep asking us if we want to buy the house every time there is a major repair. Really? Bad sales tactic...trying to sell the house when the pipes burst in the crawl space, not a good idea.
But this week were here in western Canada experienced a little retail excitement! Tarjay is now open!
Yesssssss! My daughter and I hit the store late last night. Half the shelves are empty from the shopping frenzy that took place earlier in the week. We Canadians are very shopping deprived.