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Sabbath in Christianity
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This article is about the Sabbath as understood and practiced in Christianity. For other uses, see Sabbath.
A Ten Commandments monument which includes the command to "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy".
Sabbath in Christianity is the inclusion or adoption in Christianity of a Sabbath day. Established within Judaism through Mosaic Law, Christians inherited a Sabbath practice that reflected two great precepts: the commandment to remember the Sabbath and keep it holy (Exodus 20:8, the "Sabbath commandment"), and God's blessing of the seventh day (Saturday) as a day of rest (Genesis 2:2-3). The first of these provisions was associated in Judaism with the assembly of the people to worship in the temple or synagogues.
The position held by most Western Christian denominations is that observance of the Lord's Day, Sunday, supplanted the Jewish Sabbath, Saturday, in that the former "celebrated the Christian community's deliverance from captivity to sin, Satan, and worldly passions, made possible by the resurrection on the first day of the week."[1][2] Early Christians observed the seventh day with prayer and rest, but they also gathered on the first day. By the 4th century, Christians were officially observing the first day, Sunday, as their day of rest, not the seventh. However, beginning about the 17th century, a few groups of Protestants arose to take issue with some of the practice of the churches around them, sometimes also questioning the theology that had been so widely accepted throughout 16 centuries. Mostly Sabbatarians, they broke away from their former churches to form communities that followed Sabbath-based practices that differed from the rest of Christianity, often also adopting a more literal interpretation of law, either Christian or Mosaic.
1.1 Sabbath timing
1.2 Early Christianity
1.3 Corporate worship
1.4 Day of rest
1.5 From ancient times to Middle Ages
1.5.1 Continuations of Hebrew practices
1.6 Reformation
2 Common theology
2.1 Spiritual rest
2.2 Weekly rest
3 Non-sabbatarian churches
3.1 Roman Catholicism
3.2 Orthodoxy
3.2.1 Eastern Christianity
3.3 Lutheranism
3.4 Baptists
3.5 Latter Day Saints
4 First-day sabbatarian organizations
5 Seventh-day sabbatarian churches
5.1 Seventh-day Adventist Church
6 Other definitions
8.1 Works cited
Main article: Early Christianity
Sabbath timing
The Hebrew Sabbath, the seventh day of the week, is often spoken of loosely as "Saturday". In the Hebrew calendar, however, the new day begins at sunset, not midnight. The Sabbath therefore coincides with what the modern civil calendar identifies as Friday sunset to Saturday sunset. Similarly, the first day of the week ("Sunday") coincides with Saturday sunset to Sunday sunset. The Sabbath remained on the seventh day in the early Christian church.[note 1] To this day, the Sabbath continues to coincide with the Hebrew Sabbath timing in the church calendars in Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Oriental Orthodoxy.[3][4]
Early Christians continued to pray and rest on the seventh day.[5] They also observed Sunday, the day of the week on which Jesus had risen from the dead and on which the Holy Spirit had come to the apostles.[6] Paul and the Christians of Troas, for example, gathered on Sunday "to break bread," [7] Soon Christians were observing only Sunday and not the Sabbath.[6] Patristic writings attest that by the 2nd century AD, it had become commonplace to celebrate the Eucharist in a corporate day of worship on the first day.[8] A Church Father, Eusebius of Caesarea, stated that for Christians, "the sabbath had been transferred to Sunday".[9]
In his noteworthy[10] book From Sabbath to Sunday, Adventist theologian Samuele Bacchiocchi contended that the transition from the Saturday Sabbath to Sunday in the early Christian church was due to pagan and political factors, and the decline of standards for the Sabbath day.[11]
While the Lord's Day observance of the Eucharist was established separately from the Sabbath, the centrality of the Eucharist itself made it the commonest early observance whenever Christians gathered for worship. In many places and times as late as the 4th century, they did continue to gather weekly on the Sabbath, often in addition to the Lord's Day, celebrating the Eucharist on both days.[12][13][14] No disapproval of Sabbath observance of the Christian festival was expressed at the early church councils that dealt with Judaizing. The Council of Laodicea (363-364), for example, mandated only that Sabbath Eucharists must be observed in the same manner as those on the first day.[14] Neander has suggested that Sabbath Eucharists in many places were kept "as a feast in commemoration of the Creation".[14]
The issues about Hebrew practices that continued into the 2nd century tended to relate mostly to the Sabbath. Justin Martyr, who attended worship on the first day,[15] wrote about the cessation of Hebrew Sabbath observance and, echoing the apostles, stated that the Sabbath was enjoined as a temporary sign to Israel to teach it of human sinfulness (Gal. 3:24-25),[16] no longer needed after Christ came without sin.[17] He rejected the need to keep literal seventh-day Sabbath, arguing instead that "the new law requires you to keep the sabbath constantly."[18] With Christian corporate worship so clearly aligned with the Eucharist and allowed on the seventh day, Hebrew Sabbath practices primarily involved the observance of a day of rest.
Day of rest
A common theme in criticism of Hebrew Sabbath rest was idleness, found not to be in the Christian spirit of rest. Irenaeus (late 2nd c.), also citing continuous Sabbath observance, wrote that the Christian "will not be commanded to leave idle one day of rest, who is constantly keeping sabbath",[19] and Tertullian (early 3rd century) argued "that we still more ought to observe a sabbath from all servile work always, and not only every seventh-day, but through all time".[20] This early metaphorical interpretation of Sabbath applied it to the entire Christian life.[21]
Ignatius, cautioning against "Judaizing" in his letter to the Magnesians,[22] contrasts the Jewish Sabbath practices with the Christian life which includes the Lord's Day: "Let us therefore no longer keep the Sabbath after the Jewish manner, and rejoice in days of idleness .... But let every one of you keep the Sabbath after a spiritual manner, rejoicing in meditation on the law, not in relaxation of the body, admiring the workmanship of God, and not eating things prepared the day before, nor using lukewarm drinks, and walking within a prescribed space, nor finding delight in dancing and plaudits which have no sense in them. And after the observance of the Sabbath, let every friend of Christ keep the Lord's [Day, Dominicam] as a festival, the resurrection-day, the queen and chief of all the days."[23]
The 2nd and 3rd centuries solidified the early church's emphasis upon Sunday worship and its rejection of a Jewish (Mosaic Law-based) observation of the Sabbath and manner of rest. Christian practice of following Sabbath after the manner of the Hebrews declined, prompting Tertullian to note "to [us] Sabbaths are strange" and unobserved.[24] Even as late as the 4th century, Judaizing was still sometimes a problem within the Church, but by this time it was repudiated strongly as heresy.[25][26][27]
Sunday was another work day in the Roman Empire. On March 7, 321, however, Roman Emperor Constantine I issued a civil decree making Sunday a day of rest from labor, stating:[28]
All judges and city people and the craftsmen shall rest upon the venerable day of the sun. Country people, however, may freely attend to the cultivation of the fields, because it frequently happens that no other days are better adapted for planting the grain in the furrows or the vines in trenches. So that the advantage given by heavenly providence may not for the occasion of a short time perish.
While established only in civil law rather than religious principle, the Church welcomed the development as a means by which Christians could the more easily attend Sunday worship and observe Christian rest. At Laodicea also, the Church encouraged Christians to make use of the day for Christian rest where possible,[27] without ascribing to it any of the regulation of Mosaic Law, and indeed, anathematizing Hebrew observance on the Sabbath. The civil law and its effects made possible a pattern in Church life that has been imitated throughout the centuries in many places and cultures, wherever possible.
From ancient times to Middle Ages
Augustine of Hippo followed the early patristic writers in spiritualizing the meaning of the Sabbath commandment, referring it to eschatological rest rather than observance of a literal day. Such writing, however, did serve to deepen the idea of Christian rest on Sunday, and its practice increased in prominence throughout the early Middle Ages.[29]
Thomas Aquinas taught that the Decalogue is an expression of natural law which binds all men, and therefore the Sabbath commandment is a moral requirement along with the other nine. Thus in the west, Sunday rest became more closely associated with a Christian application of the Sabbath, a development towards the idea of a "Christian Sabbath" rather than a Hebrew one.[29] While Sunday worship and Sunday rest combined powerfully to relate to Sabbath commandment precepts, the application of the commandment to Christian life was nevertheless a response within the law of liberty, not restricted to a single day but continuous, and not a displacement of the Sabbath in time.
Continuations of Hebrew practices
Seventh-day Sabbath was observed at least sporadically by a minority of groups during the Middle Ages. An Eastern body of Christian Sabbath-keepers mentioned from the 8th century to the 12th is called Athenians ("touch-not") because they abstained from uncleanness and intoxicating drinks, called Athinginians in Neander: "This sect, which had its principal seat in the city of Armorion, in upper Phrygia, where many Jews resided, sprung out of a mixture of Judaism and Christianity. They united baptism with the observance of all the rites of Judaism, circumcision excepted. We may perhaps recognize a branch of the older Judaizing sects.[30]
Cardinal Hergenrother says that they stood in intimate relation with Emperor Michael II (AD 821-829), and testifies that they observed Sabbath.[31] As late as the 11th century Cardinal Humbert still referred to the Nazarenes as a Sabbath-keeping Christian body existing at that time. But in the 10th and 11th centuries, there was a great extension of sects from the East to the West. Neander states that the corruption of the clergy furnished a most important vantage-ground on which to attack the dominant church. The abstemious life of these Christians, the simplicity and earnestness of their preaching and teaching, had their effect. "Thus we find them emerging at once in the 11th century, in countries the most diverse, and the most remote from each other, in Italy, France, and even in the Harz districts in Germany." Likewise, also, "traces of Sabbath-keepers are found in the times of Gregory I, Gregory VII, and in the 12th century in Lombardy."[32]
A recreation ground on Raasay displaying a sign "Please do not use this playing field on Sundays".
Protestant reformers, beginning in the 16th century, brought new interpretations of Christian law to the west. According to Bauckham, while Martin Luther and John Calvin repudiated the idea that Christians are bound to obey the Mosaic law, including the fourth commandment of the Decalogue concerning Sabbath, they did follow Aquinas's concept of natural law. They viewed Sunday rest as a civic institution established by human authority, which provided an occasion for bodily rest and public worship.[33] In his work against the Antinomians, Luther rejected the idea that he had taught the abolition of the Ten Commandments.[34] Another Protestant Reformer, John Wesley, stated "This 'handwriting of ordinances' our Lord did blot out, take away, and nail to His cross (Col. 2:14). But the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, and enforced by the prophets, He did not take away .... The moral law stands on an entirely different foundation from the ceremonial or ritual law .... Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind and in all ages."[35]
Sabbatarianism arose and spread amongst both the continental and English Protestants during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Puritans of England and Scotland brought a new rigorism into the observance of the Christian Lord's Day, in reaction to the customary Sunday observance of the time, which they regarded as lax. They appealed to Sabbath ordinances with the idea that only the Bible can bind men's consciences in whether or how they will take a break from work, or to impose an obligation to meet at a particular time. Their influential reasoning spread to other denominations also, and it is primarily through their influence that "Sabbath" has become the colloquial equivalent of "Lord's Day" or "Sunday". Sunday Sabbatarianism is enshrined in its most mature expression, the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), in the Calvinist theological tradition. Chapter 21, Of Religious Worship, and the Sabbath Day, sections 7-8 read:
7. As it is the law of nature, that, in general, a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God; so, in his Word, by a positive, moral, and perpetual commandment binding all men in all ages, he hath particularly appointed one day in seven, for a Sabbath, to be kept holy unto him: which, from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, was the last day of the week; and, from the resurrection of Christ, was changed into the first day of the week, which, in Scripture, is called the Lord's day, and is to be continued to the end of the world, as the Christian Sabbath.
8. This Sabbath is then kept holy unto the Lord, when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering of their common affairs beforehand, do not only observe a holy rest, all the day, from their own works, words, and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations, but also are taken up, the whole time, in the public and private exercises of his worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy.
The confession holds that not only is work forbidden in Sunday, but also "works, words, and thoughts" about "worldly employments and recreations." Instead, the whole day should be taken up with "public and private exercises of [one's] worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy."
Strict Sunday Sabbatarianism is sometimes called "Puritan Sabbath", which may be contrasted with "Continental Sabbath".[36] The latter follows the continental reformed confessions, such as the Heidelberg Catechism, which emphasize rest and worship on the Lord's Day, but do not explicitly forbid recreational activities.[37] However, in practice, many continental Reformed Christians also abstain from recreation on the Sabbath, following the admonition by the Heidelberg Catechism's author Zacharaias Ursinus that "To keep holy the Sabbath, is not to spend the day in slothfulness and idleness".[38]
Though first-day Sabbatarian practice declined in the 18th century, the evangelical awakening in the 19th century led to a greater concern for strict Sunday observance. The founding of the Lord's Day Observance Society in 1831 was influenced by the teaching of Daniel Wilson.[33]
Common theology
See also: Biblical law in Christianity
Many Christian theologians believe that Sabbath observance is not binding for Christians today,[39][40] citing for instance Col. 2:16-17.[41]
Some Christian non-Sabbatarians advocate physical Sabbath rest on any chosen day of the week,[42] and some advocate Sabbath as a symbolic metaphor for rest in Christ; the concept of "Lord's Day" is usually treated as synonymous with "Sabbath". This non-Sabbatarian interpretation usually states that Jesus's obedience and the New Covenant fulfilled the laws of Sabbath, the Ten Commandments, and the Law of Moses, which are thus considered not to be binding moral laws, and sometimes considered abolished or abrogated. While Sunday is often observed as the day of Christian assembly and worship, in accordance with church tradition, Sabbath commandments are dissociated from this practice.
Non-Sabbatarian Christians also cite 2 Cor. 3:2-3, in which believers are compared to "a letter from Christ, the result of our ministry, written ... not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts"; this interpretation states that Christians accordingly no longer follow the Ten Commandments with dead orthodoxy ("tablets of stone"), but follow a new law written upon "tablets of human hearts". 3:7-11 adds that "if the ministry that brought death, which was engraved in letters on stone, came with glory ..., will not the ministry of the Spirit be even more glorious? .... And if what was fading away came with glory, how much greater is the glory of that which lasts!" This is interpreted as teaching that New Covenant Christians are not bound by the Mosaic Law, and that Sabbath-keeping is not required. Further, because "love is the fulfillment of the law" (Rom. 13:10), the new-covenant "law" is considered to be based entirely upon love and to rescind Sabbath requirements.
Spiritual rest
Non-Sabbatarians who affirm that Sabbath-keeping remains for God's people (as in Heb. 3:7-4:11) frequently regard this as present weeklong spiritual rest or future heavenly rest rather than as physical weekly rest. For instance, Irenaeus saw Sabbath rest from secular affairs for one day each week as a sign of the way that Christians were called to permanently devote themselves to God[43] and an eschatological symbol.[44] One such interpretation of Hebrews states that seventh-day Sabbath is no longer relevant as a regular, literal day of rest, but instead is a symbolic metaphor for the eternal salvation "rest" that Christians enjoy in Christ, which was in turn prefigured by the promised land of Canaan.
"The NT indicates that the sabbath followed its own channel and found its goal in Christ's redemptive work [John 5:17, cf. 7:23, Colossians 2:16, Matthew 11:28–12:14, Hebrews 3:7–4:11]. It is true to the NT to say that the Mosaic sabbath as a legal and weekly matter was a temporary symbol of a more fundamental and comprehensive salvation, epitomized by and grounded in God's own creation sabbath, and brought to fulfillment (in already–not yet fashion) in Christ's redemptive work. Believers are indeed to 'keep sabbath,' no longer by observance of a day of the week but now by the upholding of that to which it pointed: the gospel of the [Kingdom of God]."[45]
Weekly rest
Lutheran writer Marva Dawn keeps a whole day as Sabbath, advocating for rest during any weekly complete 24-hour period[42] and favoring rest from Saturday sunset to Sunday sunset,[46] but regarding corporate worship as "an essential part of God's Sabbath reclamation."[47]
Non-sabbatarian churches
See also: Sabbatarianism and Lord's Day
Much of Western Christianity came to view Sunday as a transference of Sabbath observance to the first day, identifying Sunday with a first-day "Christian Sabbath". While first-day Sabbatarian practice declined during the 18th century, leaving few modern followers, its concern for stricter Sunday observances did have influence in the west, shaping the origin of the Christian Sabbath. The term no longer applies to a specific set of practices, but tends to be used to describe the general establishment of Sunday worship and rest observances within Christianity. It does not necessarily imply the displacement of the Sabbath itself, which is often recognized as remaining on Saturday. As such, the Christian Sabbath generally represents a reinterpretation of the meaning of the Sabbath in the light of Christian law, emphases of practice, and values.
In 1998 Pope John Paul II wrote an apostolic letter Dies Domini,[48] "on keeping the Lord's day holy". He encourages Catholics to remember the importance of keeping Sunday holy, urging that it not lose its meaning by being blended with a frivolous "weekend" mentality.
In the Western Catholic Church, Sunday is kept in commemoration of the resurrection of Christ and celebrated with the Eucharist (Catholic Catechism 2177).[49] It is also the day of rest. Lord's Day is considered both the first day and "the eighth day" of the seven-day week, symbolizing both first creation and new creation (2174).[49] Roman Catholics view the first day as a day for assembly for worship (2178, Heb. 10:25),[49] but consider a day of rigorous rest not obligatory on Christians (Rom. 14:5, Col. 2:16).[50] Catholic recommendations to rest on Sunday do not hinder participation in "ordinary and innocent occupations".[51] In the spirit of the Sabbath, Catholics ought to observe a day of rest from servile work, which also becomes "a day of protest against the servitude of work and the worship of money" (Catholic Catechism 2172). This day is often (traditionally) observed on Sunday in conjunction with the Lord's Day (Catholic Catechism 2176).[52]
Cardinal Gibbons affirmed Sunday observances as one of the examples of the Roman Catholic Church's sufficiency as guide:
Now the Scriptures alone do not contain all the truths which a Christian is bound to believe, nor do they explicitly enjoin all the duties which he is obliged to practice. Not to mention other examples, is not every Christian obliged to sanctify Sunday and to abstain on that day from unnecessary servile work? Is not the observance of this law among the most prominent of our sacred duties? But you may read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation, and you will not find a single line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday. The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Saturday, a day which we never sanctify.
— Faith of Our Fathers, Cardinal Gibbons, p. 72 [53]
Orthodox Sunday worship is not a direct Sabbath observance. The Eastern Orthodox Church observes the first day (liturgical Sunday, beginning Saturday evening) as a weekly feast, the remembrance of Christ's resurrection, and a mini-Pascha. As such, it tends to hold the first place within a week's observances, sharing that place only with other major feasts which occur from time to time. The Divine Liturgy is always celebrated, joining the participants on earth with those who offer the worship in God's kingdom, and hence joining the first day to the eighth day, wherein the communion of the whole Church with Christ is fully realized. As such, it is never surpassed as a time for the Orthodox to assemble in worship.
The Church affirms its authority to appoint the time of this feast (and all observances) as deriving from the authority given to the apostles and passed to the bishops through the laying-on of hands, for the sake of the governance of the Church on earth, and under the guidance of the Holy Spirit (John 20:22, John 14:26, Rom. 6:14-18, Rom. 7:6). It does not treat Sunday worship as a transference of Sabbath worship, but identifies the Sabbath, still on Saturday, as a Biblical "type", a precursor, realized fully only after Christ's fulfillment of the Mosaic Law (Mat. 5:17-18). Thus, the Sabbath and the Mosaic Law both remain as a teacher, reminding Christians to worship in holiness, but now according to grace, in Christian observations and Sunday worship.
The grace received in baptism binds the Church to Christ, Who has given his people the freedom to seek him directly in relationship, not to pursue whatever suits one's fancy. The goal of that freedom is always union with Christ in theosis, and the maintenance of that union all the time, throughout this life and into the next, which is sometimes described as the "sanctification of time". Grace therefore never permits of whatever is sinful or unhelpful to salvation, such as laziness or hedonistic revelry. Rather, it becomes a stricter guide for behavior than any legal code, even the Mosaic, and disciplines the believer in some degree of ascetic endeavor (Rom. 6:14-18).[54]
Orthodoxy recognizes no mandated time for rest, a day or any other span, but the Church leads the individual to holiness in different ways, and recognizes the need for economy and for rest. Activities such as sleep, relaxation, and recreation become a matter of balance and proper handling, and acceptance of God's mercy. St. Basil the Great expresses thanks for this in a prayer often said by Orthodox Christians in the morning, after rising: "You do we bless, O Most High God and Lord of mercy, ... Who has given unto us sleep for rest from our infirmity, and for repose of our much-toiling flesh."[55] In recognition of God's gifts, therefore, the Church welcomes and supports civil laws that provide a day away from labor, which then become opportunities for Christians to pray, rest, and engage in acts of mercy. In grace do Christians respond, remembering both the example of the Sabbath rest, and Christ's lordship (Mk. 2:21-28).
Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches distinguish between the "Sabbath" (Saturday) and the "Lord's Day" (Sunday), and both continue to play a special role for the faithful. Many parishes and monasteries will serve the Divine Liturgy on both Saturday morning and Sunday morning. The church never allows strict fasting on any Saturday (except Holy Saturday) or Sunday, and the fasting rules on those Saturdays and Sundays which fall during one of the fasting seasons (such as Great Lent, Apostles' Fast, etc.) are always relaxed to some degree. During Great Lent, when the celebration of the Liturgy is forbidden on weekdays, there is always Liturgy on Saturday as well as Sunday. The church also has a special cycle of Bible readings (Epistle and Gospel) for Saturdays and Sundays which is different from the cycle of readings allotted to weekdays. However, the Lord's Day, being a celebration of the Resurrection, is clearly given more emphasis. For instance, in the Russian Orthodox Church Sunday is always observed with an All-Night Vigil on Saturday night, and in all of the Eastern Churches it is amplified with special hymns which are chanted only on Sunday. If a feast day falls on a Sunday it is always combined with the hymns for Sunday (unless it is a Great Feast of the Lord). Saturday is celebrated as a sort of leave-taking for the previous Sunday, on which several of the hymns from the previous Sunday are repeated.
In part, Eastern Christians continue to celebrate Saturday as Sabbath because of its role in the history of salvation: it was on a Saturday that Jesus "rested" in the tomb after his work on the cross. For this reason also, Saturday is a day for general commemoration of the departed, and special requiem hymns are often chanted on this day. Orthodox Christians make time to help the poor and needy as well on this day.
Lutheran founder Martin Luther stated "I wonder exceedingly how it came to be imputed to me that I should reject the law of Ten Commandments...Whosoever abrogates the law must of necessity abrogate sin also."[56] The Lutheran Augsburg Confession, speaking of changes made by Roman Catholic pontiffs, states: "They refer to the Sabbath-day as having been changed into the Lord's Day, contrary to the Decalog, as it seems. Neither is there any example whereof they make more than concerning the changing of the Sabbath-day. Great, say they, is the power of the Church, since it has dispensed with one of the Ten Commandments!"[57] Lutheran church historian Augustus Neander[58] states "The festival of Sunday, like all other festivals, was always only a human ordinance".[59]
The Baptist Church Manual states "We believe that the law of God is the eternal and unchangeable rule of His moral government."[63] As a result of this belief, a small group of Seventh Day Baptists also arose in the early 17th century.[citation needed]
See also: Sacrament meeting and Worship services of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In 1831, Joseph Smith published a revelation commanding his related movement, the formative Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, to go to the house of prayer, offer up their sacraments, rest from their labors, and pay their devotions on the Lord's day (D&C 59:9–12). Latter-day Saints believe this means performing no labor that would keep them from giving their full attention to spiritual matters (Ex. 20:10). LDS prophets have described this as meaning they should not shop, hunt, fish, attend sports events, or participate in similar activities on that day. Elder Spencer W. Kimball taught that mere idle lounging on Sabbath does not keep the day holy, and that Sabbath calls for constructive thoughts and acts (Miracle of Forgiveness, pp. 96–97).
Latter-day Saints are encouraged to prepare only simple foods on Sabbath (D&C 59:13, Is. 58:13) and believe the day is only for righteous activities. In most areas of the world, Latter-day Saints worship on Sunday, but in parts of the world where traditional Sabbath is on another day, such as in Israel or in Saudi Arabia, Latter-day Saints observe local Sabbath.[64]
Most other Latter Day Saint sects also observe Sunday as the Sabbath.
The members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), which followed James Jesse Strang after he produced a letter from Joseph Smith appointing him as his successor, changed to observing Saturday as the Sabbath after Strang claimed a revelation to this effect. A few other small sects which have separated from this group maintain this teaching also.
First-day sabbatarian organizations
The founder of the Moody Bible Institute states, "Sabbath was binding in Eden, and it has been in force ever since. This fourth commandment begins with the word 'remember,' showing that the Sabbath already existed when God wrote the law on the tables of stone at Sinai. How can men claim that this one commandment has been done away with when they will admit that the other nine are still binding?"[65]
Organizations that promote Sunday Sabbatarianism include Day One Christian Ministries.
Seventh-day sabbatarian churches
Oldest Sabbatarian Meeting House in America (Seventh Day Baptist), built in 1729 in Newport, Rhode Island, now owned by Newport Historical Society.
Main article: Sabbath in seventh-day churches
Seventh-day Protestants regard Sabbath as a day of rest for all mankind and not Israel alone, based on Jesus's statement, "the Sabbath was made for man" (i.e., purposed for humankind at the time of its creation, Mark 2:27, cf. Heb. 4), and on early-church Sabbath meetings. Seventh-day Sabbatarianism has been criticized as an effort to combine Old Testament laws, practiced in Judaism, with Christianity, or to revive the Judaizers of the Epistles or the Ebionites.
Seventh-day Sabbatarians practice a strict seventh-day Sabbath observance, similar to Shabbat in Judaism. John Traske (1586–1636) and Thomas Brabourne first advocated seventh-day Sabbatarianism in England. Their ideas gave rise to the Seventh Day Baptists, formed in early 17th-century in England. Samuel and Tacy Hubbard began the first American congregation on Rhode Island in 1671.
The Worldwide Church of God (Armstrongism) taught seventh-day Sabbath observance. The United Church of God teaches seventh-day Sabbath observance.
See also: Seventh-day Adventist worship, Armstrongism and Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
The Seventh-day Adventist Church arose in the mid-19th century in America after Rachel Oakes, a Seventh Day Baptist, gave a tract about the Sabbath to an Adventist Millerite who passed it on to Ellen G. White.
Fundamental Belief # 20 of the Seventh-day Adventist Church states:
The beneficent Creator, after the six days of Creation, rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation. The fourth commandment of God's unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest, worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one another. It is a symbol of our redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification, a token of our allegiance, and a foretaste of our eternal future in God's kingdom. The Sabbath is God's perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and His people. Joyful observance of this holy time from evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God's creative and redemptive acts. (Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 20:8-11; Luke 4:16; Isa. 56:5, Isa. 6; Isa. 58:13, Isa. 14 ; Matt. 12:1-12; Ex. 31:13-17; Eze. 20:12, Eze. 20; Deut. 5:12-15; Heb. 4:1-11; Lev. 23:32; Mark 1:32.)
— Seventh-day Adventist Fundamental Beliefs[66]
Members of the Strangite Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints changed to observing Saturday as the Sabbath after James Strang, whom they believe to be the rightful successor of Joseph Smith, claimed to have received a revelation about this. Some other groups which have separated from this movement keep this teaching as well.
Main article: Seven-day week
By synecdoche the term "Sabbath" in the New Testament may also mean simply a "se'nnight"[67] or seven-day week, namely, the interval between two Sabbaths. Jesus's parable of the Pharisee and the Publican describes the Pharisee as fasting "twice a week" (Greek dis tou sabbatou, literally, "twice of the Sabbath").
Main article: High Sabbaths
Seven annual Biblical festivals, called by the name miqra ("called assembly") in Hebrew and "High Sabbath" in English, serve as supplemental testimonies to Sabbath. These are recorded in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy and do not necessarily occur on Sabbath. They are observed by Jews and a minority of Christians. Three of them occur in spring: the first and seventh days of Passover, and Pentecost. Four occur in fall, in the seventh month, and are also called Shabbaton: Trumpets; Atonement, "Sabbath of Sabbaths"; and the first and eighth days of Tabernacles.
Main article: Shmita
The year of Shmita (Hebrew שמיטה, literally, "release"), also called Sabbatical Year, is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah for the Land of Israel. During Shmita, the land is to be left to lie fallow. A second aspect of Shmita concerns debts and loans: when the year ends, personal debts are considered nullified and forgiven.
Main article: Shabbat
Jewish Shabbat is a weekly day of rest cognate to Christian Sabbath, observed from sundown on Friday until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night; it is also observed by a minority of Christians. Customarily, Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles shortly before sunset, at halakhically calculated times that change from week to week and from place to place.
Main article: New moon
The new moon, occurring every 29 or 30 days, is an important separately sanctioned occasion in Judaism and some other faiths. It is not widely regarded as Sabbath, but some Messianic and Pentecostal churches, such as the native New Israelites of Peru and the Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church, do keep the day of the new moon as Sabbath or rest day, from evening to evening. New-moon services can last all day.
Main article: Day of the Vow
In South Africa, Christian Boers have celebrated December 16, now called the Day of Reconciliation, as annual Sabbath (holy day of thanksgiving) since 1838, commemorating a famous Boer victory over the Zulu.
Main article: Millennialism
Many early Christian writers from the 2nd century, such as pseudo-Barnabas, Irenaeus, Justin Martyr and Hippolytus of Rome followed rabbinic Judaism (the Mishna) in interpreting Sabbath not as a literal day of rest, but as a thousand-year reign of Jesus Christ, which would follow six millennia of world history.[21]
Main article: Blue law
Secular use of "Sabbath" for "rest day", while it usually refers to Sunday, is often stated in North America to refer to different purposes for the rest day than those of Christendom. In McGowan v. Maryland (1961), the Supreme Court of the United States held that contemporary Maryland blue laws (typically, Sunday rest laws) were intended to promote the secular values of "health, safety, recreation, and general well-being" through a common day of rest, and that this day coinciding with majority Christian Sabbath neither reduces its effectiveness for secular purposes nor prevents adherents of other religions from observing their own holy days.
↑ The civil calendar of the ancient Roman Empire, the Julian calendar (founded in 45 BC), marked days loosely in general practice, since the timing of midnight was difficult to determine widely at that time. Thus, the early church easily adopted for its own use the Hebrew calendar's sunset-to-sunset formula for marking the days, even after it began to calculate Easter according to the Julian calendar. Its daily cycle of church services began with Vespers, which was often celebrated just after sunset, in the early evening. This pattern made its way into both Roman and Eastern liturgical practice, and continues in use in the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day.
↑ Donato, Christopher John (15 March 2011). Perspectives on the Sabbath. B&H Publishing Group. p. 149. ISBN 9781433673375. The fathers did not regard the Christian Sunday as a continuation of, but as a substitute for, the Jewish Sabbath. |access-date= requires |url= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Ferguson, Everett (8 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, Second Edition. Routledge. p. 1007-1008. ISBN 9781136611582. |access-date= requires |url= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Sabbath", Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1913, retrieved 25 Jun 2015 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Canon of Holy Saturday (Orthodox), Kontakion: "Exceeding blessed is this Sabbath, on which Christ has slumbered, to rise on the third day."
↑ "Sabbath." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sabbath
↑ "Sunday." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑ Bauckham, R.J. (1982). "The Lord's Day". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 221–50. ISBN 978-1-57910-307-1. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Guy, Laurie (4 November 2004). Introducing Early Christianity: A Topical Survey of Its Life, Beliefs and Practices. InterVarsity Press. p. 213. ISBN 9780830826988. Significantly, the first Christian writer to suggest that the sabbath had been transferred to Sunday is Eusbius of Caesarea (post 330). |access-date= requires |url= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/books/sabbath_to_sunday/
↑ Socrates Scholasticus, "Ecclesiastical History, Book V, Chapter 22", Philip Schaff et al., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2, Vol 2) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Sozomen, "Ecclesiastical History, Book VII, Chapter 19", Philip Schaff et al., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2, Vol 2) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.), "Synod of Laodicea, Canon 16", Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2, Vol 14), [Editorial notes of Van Espen]: Among the Greeks the Sabbath was kept exactly as the Lord's day except so far as the cessation of work was concerned <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Justin Martyr. "First Apology". 67. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Justin Martyr. "Dialogue with Trypho". 21. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 12:3 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Irenaeus (late 2d cen.). "Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching". 96. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Tertullian, Adv. Jud. 4:2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 21.0 21.1 Bauckham, R.J. (1982). "Sabbath and Sunday in the Post-Apostolic Church". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 252–98. ISBN 978-1-57910-307-1. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Ignatius of Antioch, The Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians, chapters 8,10, New Advent <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Ignatius. "Epistle to the Magnesians". 9. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Tertullian, On Idolatry, 14 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Sozomen. "Ecclesiastical History, Book VII, Chapter 18". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.), "The Synodal Letter (of the First Council of Nicea)", Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2, Vol 14), Christian Classics Ethereal Library External link in |publisher= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 27.0 27.1 Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.), "Synod of Laodicea, Canon 29", Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2, Vol 14), retrieved 25 Jun 2015 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Ayer, Joseph Cullen (1913). A Source Book for Ancient Church History. 2.1.1.59g. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 284–5. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 29.0 29.1 Bauckham, R.J. (1982). "Sabbath and Sunday in the Medieval Church in the West". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 299–310. ISBN 978-1-57910-307-1. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Neander, fourth period, 6, 428.
↑ Kirchengeschichte, I, 527
↑ See quotation of Strong's Cyclopedia, New York, 1874, I, 660
↑ 33.0 33.1 Bauckham, R.J. (1982). "Sabbath and Sunday in the Protestant Tradition". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 311–42. ISBN 978-1-57910-307-1. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Martin Luther, Wider die Antinomer (Against the Antinomians), secs. 6, 8, in his Sämmtliche Schriften, ed. by Joh[ann] Georg Walch, Vol. 20 (St. Louis: Concordia, 1890), cols. 1613, 1614. German.
↑ John Wesley, "Sermons on Several Occasions," 2-Vol. Edition, Vol. I, pages 221, 222.
↑ Marsden, George (1991). Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism. Eerdmans. p. 25. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Heidelberg Catechism, Q & A 103.
↑ Ursinus, Zacharias (1956). Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism. Eerdmans. p. 558. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ S. Bacchiocchi, From Sabbath to Sunday (Rome: The Pontifical Gregorian University Press, 1977); R. J. Bauckham, "The Lord's Day" and "Sabbath and Sunday in the Postapostolic Church" in From Sabbath to Lord's Day, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982), 221–98; R. T. Beckwith and W. Stott, This Is the Day (London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1978); H. Bietenhard, "Lord, Master," NIDNTT, 2:508–20; R. H. Charles, Revelation of St. John (2 vols.; ICC; Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1920); J. S. Clemens, "Lord's Day" in Dictionary of the Apostolic Church, ed. J. Hastings (2 vols.; Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1915), 1:707–10; A. Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1965, repr.); J. D. G. Dunn, The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon (NIGTC; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996); T. C. Eskenazi et al., eds., The Sabbath in Jewish and Christian Traditions (New York: Crossroad, 1991); J. A. Fitzmyer, "κύριος, κυριακός", EDNT 2:331; W. Foerster, "κυριακός", TDNT 3:1095–96; C. N. Jefford, "Did Ignatius of Antioch Know the Didache?" in The Didache in Context, ed. C. N. Jefford (NovTSup 77; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995), 330–51; J. Jeremias, "πάσχα," TDNT 5:896–904; P. K. Jewett, The Lord's Day (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971); J. Laansma, "'I Will Give You Rest': The Background and Significance of the Rest Motif in the New Testament with Special Reference to Mt 11 and Heb 3–4" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1995; Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, forthcoming); Martin, R. P., & Davids, P. H. (2000) [1997], Dictionary of the later New Testament and its developments (electronic ed.), Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press; J. Murray, "Romans 14:5 and the Weekly Sabbath" in Epistle to the Romans (NICNT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959, 1965) 257–59; W. Rordorf, Sabbat und Sonntag in der Alten Kirche (Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1972) [texts of primary sources]; W. Rordorf, "Sunday" (London: SCM, 1968); W. Rordorf, "Sunday: The Fullness of Christian Liturgical Time," StudLit 14 (1982) 90–96; W. R. Schoedel, Ignatius of Antioch (Herm; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985); C. Spicq, "κυριακός" in Theological Lexicon of the New Testament (3 vols.; Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson, 1994) 2:338–40; W. Stott, "A Note on the Word ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗ in Rev. 1:10", NTS 12 (1965) 70–75; W. Stott, "Sabbath, Lord's Day," NIDNTT 3:405–15; K. A. Strand, ed., The Sabbath in Scripture and History (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1982); M. M. B. Turner, "The Sabbath, Sunday and the Law in Luke-Acts" in From Sabbath to Lord's Day, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982) 99–157.
↑ P. S. Alexander, "Aqedah", in Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, ed. R. J. Coggins and J. L. Houlden (Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990) 44–47; J. Behm, "θύω κτλ," TDNT III.180–90; R. J. Daly, The Origins of the Christian Doctrine of Sacrifice (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978) 59–65; R. J. Daly, "The Soteriological Significance of the Sacrifice of Isaac", CBQ 39 (1977) 45–75; P. R. Davies and B. D. Chilton, "The Aqedah: A Revised Tradition History", CBQ 40 (1978) 514–46; G. D. Fee, "II Corinthians vi.14—vii.1" NTS 23 (1976–77) 140–61; E. Ferguson, "Spiritual Sacrifice in Early Christianity and Its Environment", ANRW 2.23.2.1151–89; Hawthorne, G. F., Martin, R. P., & Reid, D. G. (1993), Dictionary of Paul and his letters (857), Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press; M. Hengel, The Atonement: The Origins of the Doctrine in the New Testament (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1981); J. Jeremias, "πάσχα" TDNT V.896–904; E. L. Kendall, A Living Sacrifice (London: SCM, 1960); H.-J. Klauck, "Kultische Symbolsprache bei Paulus" in Gemeinde—Amt—Sacrament: Neutestamentliche Perspektiven, ed. H. J. Klauck (Würzburg: Echter, 1989), 348–58; J. Lambrecht, "'Reconcile Yourselves' ... A Reading of 2 Cor 5:11–21" in The Diakonia of the Spirit (2 Cor 4:7–7:4) (Rome: Benedictina, 1989); S. Lyonnet and L. Sabourin, Sin, Redemption and Sacrifice (AnBib 48; Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1970); L. Morris, The Atonement (Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity, 1983) 43–67; F. Thiele and C. Brown, "Sacrifice etc.," NIDNTT 3.415–38; H. Thyen, "θυσία, θύω" EDNT 2.161–63; R. K. Yerkes, Sacrifice in Greek and Roman Religions and Early Judaism (New York: Scribners, 1952); F. M. Young, Sacrifice and the Death of Christ (London: SCM, 1975).
↑ "Colossians 2:16, 17, notes". ESV Study Bible. The false teachers were advocating a number of Jewish observances, arguing that they were essential for spiritual advancement. On 'new moon,' see note on Num. 28:11–15 .... The old covenant observances pointed to a future reality that was fulfilled in the Lord Jesus Christ (cf. Heb. 10:1) .... Christians are no longer obligated to observe ... 'a festival ... new moon ... Sabbath' [Col. 2:16], for what these things foreshadowed has been fulfilled in Christ. It is debated whether the Sabbaths in question included the regular seventh-day rest of the fourth commandment, or were only the special Sabbaths of the Jewish festal calendar. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 42.0 42.1 Dawn, Marva J. (2006). The Sense of the Call: A Sabbath Way of Life for Those Who Serve God, the Church, and the World. pp. 55–6. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Against Heresies". 3.16.1. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Martin, R. P., and Davids, P. H. (2000) [1997]. Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments (electronic ed.). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Dawn, Marva J. (1989). "Appendix". Keeping the Sabbath Wholly: Ceasing, Resting, Embracing, Feasting. Grand Rapids. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> In Bacchiocchi, Samuele (1998). "7". The Sabbath Under Crossfire: A Biblical Analysis Of Recent Sabbath/Sunday Developments. Biblical Perspectives. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Dawn, Marva J. (2006). The Sense of the Call: A Sabbath Way of Life for Those Who Serve God, the Church, and the World. pp. 69–71. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_05071998_dies-domini_en.html
↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 U.S. Catholic Conference 1997, pp. 580–6.
↑ "Sabbath". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Sabbatarians". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Celebrating the Lord's Day (PDF), U.S. Council of Catholic Bishops, retrieved 8 July 2015 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Gibbons, James. "VIII. The Church and the Bible". Faith of Our Fathers. p. 72. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Orthodox Study Bible, St. Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology, 2008, p. 1533 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ A Prayer Book for Orthodox Christians, Holy Transfiguration Monastery, Boston, MA, 1987, p. 7 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Martin Luther, Spiritual Antichrist. pp. 71–2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ The Augsburg Confession, 1530 AD. (Lutheran), part 2, art 7, in Philip Schaff, the Creeds of Christiandom, 4th Edition, vol 3, p64
↑ Biography of Augustus Neander
↑ Augustus Neander, "History of the Christian Religion and Church," Vol. 1, page 186
↑ Dawn 2006, pp. 55–6.
↑ Dawn 1989, Appendix. In Bacchiocchi, Samuele (1998). "7". The Sabbath Under Crossfire: A Biblical Analysis Of Recent Sabbath/Sunday Developments. Biblical Perspectives. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Dawn 2006, pp. 69–71.
↑ Baptist Church Manual, Article 12
↑ LDS.org - Study by Topic - Sabbath
↑ D.L. MOODY, "Weighed and Wanting," page 47
↑ Seventh-day Adventist Fundamental Beliefs
↑ Strong's Concordance.
First-day:
Dawn, Marva J. (1989). Keeping the Sabbath Wholly: Ceasing, Resting, Embracing, Feasting. Grand Rapids. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Dawn, Marva J. (2006). The Sense of the Call: A Sabbath Way of Life for Those Who Serve God, the Church, and the World. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
United States Catholic Conference, Inc. (1997). "You Shall Love the Lord Your God with All Your Heart, and with All Your Soul, and with All Your Mind, Article 3, The Third Commandment". Catechism of the Catholic Church (2d ed.). New York City: Doubleday. 2168–2195. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Seventh-day:
Bacchiocchi, Samuele (1977). From Sabbath to Sunday. Pontifical Gregorian University Press; Biblical Perspectives. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Bacchiocchi, Samuele (June 1980). Divine Rest for Human Restlessness. Biblical Perspectives. ISBN 978-99946-1-024-2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Bacchiocchi, Samuele (1998). The Sabbath Under Crossfire: A Biblical Analysis Of Recent Sabbath/Sunday Developments. Biblical Perspectives. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Ford, Desmond (1981). The Forgotten Day. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Strand, Kenneth A., ed. (July 1982). The Sabbath in Scripture and History. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. ISBN 978-0-8280-0037-6. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Tonstad, Sigve K. (November 2009). The Lost Meaning of the Seventh Day. Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University Press. ISBN 978-1-883925-65-9. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Non-Sabbatarian:
Brinsmead, Robert (June 1981). Sabbatarianism Re-examined. Verdict Publishing 4:4. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Ratzlaff, Dale; Muth, Don; Tinker, Richard; Fredericks, Richard (2003) [1990]. Sabbath in Christ. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Carson, Don A., ed. (1982). From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. ISBN 978-1-57910-307-1. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Cotton, John Paul. From Sabbath to Sunday: a study in early Christianity (1933)
Kraft, Robert A. "Some Notes on Sabbath Observance in Early Christianity." Andrews University Seminary Studies (1965) 3: 18-33. online
Land, Gary. Historical Dictionary of the Seventh-day Adventists (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014)
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Kitagata has two hot springs adjacent to each other approximately 50 sq. km According to the locals, one of the springs was used by the former Omugabe (King of Ankole) and is known as Ekyomugabe. The other spring is believed to have healing powers and is known as Mulago.
The spring water can warm up to 80 °C (176 °F).
Kitagata is a vernacular for warmth and surrounding is dotted with small houses, some grass thatched, others roofed with corrugated iron sheets, which act as private rooms for patients to hire. The scene of people almost naked resting in water in a pond-like formation is the first to inform you that you have arrived at the healing place. Women and men of all ages seem to be enjoying the water.
People with ailments on the body dip in the water to get healed. If someone is having stomach problems, they draw the water directly from the burble source locally called Akaswonswo and let it cool to the temperature they can drink it.
It is indeed as busy as a hospital. As other patients come in, others go out, admitting themselves to the hospital and discharging themselves after treatment.
The hot springs are located on the Ishaka–Kagamba Road, in Sheema District, Western Uganda.


text:
Ліфтова колона (, , ) — колона труб, що використовуються для підйому пластових флюїдів (нафти, газу, води) на поверхню при освоєнні, фонтанній та газліфтній експлуатації свердловин.

Опис
Використовуються насосно-компресорні труби діаметром до 114 мм, а у свердловинах великого діаметра — обсадні труби.

Ліфтова колона може бути оснащена пусковими муфтами з отворами для аерування стовпа рідини, а також клапанами для освоєння свердловини, введення хімічних реаґентів (інгібітори корозії, соле- і парафіновідкладання та ін.), циркуляції рідини та ін. обладнанням.

Див. також
 Обсадна колона
 Фонтанне видобування нафти

Література

 Орловський В. М., Білецький В. С., Вітрик В. Г., Сіренко В. І. Бурове і технологічне обладнання. Харків: Харківський національний університет міського господарства імені О. М. Бекетова, НТУ «ХПІ», ТОВ НТП «Бурова техніка», Львів, Видавництво «Новий Світ — 2000», 2021. — 358 с.

Бурове обладнання

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Father Gerard (Ged) Walsh was ordained priest by the Rt. Rev.
felt called by God to enter the religious life. He studied for the priesthood in Dublin.
them welcome and keep them in your prayers.
year! Thank you very much.
and the talks will begin at 7.30pm in the Gatehouse.
stories in Mark's Gospel. As we begin Lent, it will be an occasion to ponder upon the love, mercy and healing of God.
was Anne Hayden from Bearsted.
on 17th October 2015 when there will be a special celebration here. Also of note this year is the 750th Anniversary of St Simon Stock and there will also be a special celebration for this on Saturday 16th May.
that meant very few people were able to see it.


text:
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/**
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{
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	 * @return void
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		$user = JFactory::getUser();

		$this->state  = $this->get('State');
		$this->item   = $this->get('Data');
		$this->params = $app->getParams('com_akrecipes');

		$this->recipes = $this->get('Items', 'recipes');
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	{
		$app   = JFactory::getApplication();
		$menus = $app->getMenu();
		$title = null;

//error_log("_prepareDocument params --> " .  print_r($this->params,true));
		// Because the application sets a default page title,
		// We need to get it from the menu item itself
		$menu = $menus->getActive();

		if ($menu)
		{
			$this->params->def('page_heading', $this->params->get('page_title', $menu->title));
		}
		else
		{

			//$this->params->def('page_heading', JText::_('COM_AKBRANDS_DEFAULT_PAGE_TITLE'));
			$this->params->def('page_heading', $this->item->contest_name);
		}

		if ( $menu ) {
			$menu_page_title = $menu->params->get('page_title') ;
		}

		if ( isset($menu_page_title) && !empty($menu_page_title)) {
			$title = $menu->params->get('page_title');
		} else {
			$title = $this->item->contest_name ;
		}

		if ($app->get('sitename_pagetitles', 0) == 1)
		{
			//$title = JText::sprintf('JPAGETITLE', $app->get('sitename'), $title);
			$title = JText::sprintf('JPAGETITLE', $this->item->contest_name, $title);
		}
		elseif ($app->get('sitename_pagetitles', 0) == 2)
		{
			//$title = JText::sprintf('JPAGETITLE', $title, $app->get('sitename'));
			$title = JText::sprintf('JPAGETITLE', $title, $this->item->contest_name);
		}

		$this->document->setTitle($title);

		if ($this->params->get('menu-meta_description'))
		{
			$this->document->setDescription($this->params->get('menu-meta_description'));
		} else {
			$contest_desc = strip_tags(AkrecipesHelper::splitToIntroAndFullText($this->item->contest_description)->introtext);
			$this->document->setDescription($contest_desc) ;
		}

		if ($this->params->get('menu-meta_keywords'))
		{
			$this->document->setMetadata('keywords', $this->params->get('menu-meta_keywords'));
		}

		if ($this->params->get('robots'))
		{
			$this->document->setMetadata('robots', $this->params->get('robots'));
		}

		//$this->document->addStylesheet('media/com_akrecipes/css/recipe.css');
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In today's post I'd like to tell you 10 of the things you need to hear right now. In this life – it's easy to forget to look after yourself, and the stresses and worries of everyday can get to you to the point you feel so bad about yourself. Mental health is nothing to be ashamed of – and unless we start the conversations about it, unless we talk about our experiences then the stigma attached to mental illnesses will remain.
There is no one like you out there – and that's an amazing thing. You are unique and it's ok to be yourself. If you want to wear quirky clothes – go for it, if you want to wear bright make up- go for it, if you want to wear no make up – go for it. Never feel like you have to hide your true self – because you are amazing.
Someone, somewhere loves you. They love the bones of you, and love all the little things that you hate. They love you so much their heart is so full of joy it might burst-and all because you're in their life.
You can do anything you put your mind to. You can be a writer or an actress or a doctor. Whatever you want to do – if you have the drive and determination – you can get there. Don't let anyone, ever crush your dreams into pieces, and go for your dreams with your whole heart.
That includes you with the hair that hasn't been washed in days and the pyjamas you haven't gotten out of since last week. Whatever you look like, however you're feeling – you are beautiful.
Making mistakes doesn't mean you've failed. Everyone make mistakes, no matter who they are. Mistakes are how we learn and how we grow in ourselves – be proud of them and let them influence where you go from here.
You don't have to be okay all the time. Sometimes society makes us feel that we have to be happy all the time and if you're not happy you're weak or attention seeking or a misery guts. In reality, whether you've got a mental illness or not – you can't be alright everyday of your life. And that's okay – you don't have to hide how you feel, ever. We wouldn't be human beings if we were happy all of the time.
When life has gotten so stressful and exhausting and you're not even sure if you can carry on – you are not alone. Feeling alone in a room full of people- when you're so sure that no one can understand what you're going through – you are not alone. It's easy for people to tell you it's stupid to feel like you're alone when you have people around you who care, but in reality, sometimes we need a reminder there are people out there who understand what we're going through – because they themselves have been through it too.
I know it's hard to believe people's opinions don't matter – but in reality no one has ever been in your shoes, and experienced the world or a situation the way you have. No one else has the right to judge you for how you respond to situations, how you cope and how you live your life.
Life isn't a race and just because it might take you longer to do things doesn't mean you'll never get there. At 25 years old – I'm only just halfway through my university degree when many people my age have already completed their degrees and have a job. If you don't want to go to university then that's ok to. You take your life at your pace and do what makes you happy and fulfilled.
Even if it doesn't feel like it right now – everything will be okay. Life is hard – and sometimes it can feel overwhelming and scary. But in the end things will work the way you need them to, life won't always feel this hard.
What are some of the things you would like people to hear right now?
This entry was posted in Mental Health and tagged anxiety, Chronic Illness, depression, inspirational, Mental Health, mental illness, positive, spoonie on September 22, 2018 by Charleighwrites.


Chicago Tribune columnist David Haugh discusses the news about Bears' offensive coordinator Aaron Kromer being a source in an NFL.com article bashing Jay Cutler.
As Bears offensive coordinator Aaron Kromer prepared to talk to reporters during a news conference on Friday, current and former NFL players and coaches and others weighed in on whether Kromer is still welcome in the team's locker room after admitting Monday that he criticized quarterback Jay Cutler during a conversation with an NFL Network reporter.
The firestorm has played out over airwaves and online, with most NFL watchers saying it was a cardinal sin for Kromer to share his frustrations outside of Halas Hall. Others have just marveled at the controversy or used it as an excuse to mock the Bears' 5-8 record.
Billick went on to call Kromer's action an "unforgivable sin."
"No matter how heartfelt the apology by Coach Kromer ... how do you stand in front of your team in tough times and say, 'Guys, we've got to stick together now.' It's almost impossible to do," Billick said.
Former Bears safety Matt Bowen echoed those feelings on WSCR-AM 670 The Score's "Mully and Hanley" show Friday morning.
"It's one thing to talk about a player to his face .. but it's another thing to go behind a quarterback's back and say it's the media," Bowen said. "It's not going to sit well with the players, they're going to check out. I would. I would. I would look at Coach Kromer and say, You gotta be kidding me, man. ... If you've got something to say, say it the quarterback's face. He's a grown man, he's a big boy, he can take it."
Bears wide receiver Brandon Marshall tweeted a response to Tribune columnist David Haugh's article, which seems to advise him not to blow Kromer's miscue out of proportion.
Marshall and others with ties to the Bears had a lot more to say.
What an embarrassment for Aaron Kromer. What kind of person would admit to being offensive coordinator for the Bears?
#Bears cannot tolerate this breach of trust by Aaron Kromer. They must fire Mel Tucker immediately.
If any of my anonymous sources is thinking of outing him/herself to his/her co-workers, Aaron Kromer-style... I'd recommend sleeping on it.
Seeing some blast Cutler for shaking his head in disgust over Kromer...Wouldn't you? For once, this shouldn't be about him.


We never hesitate to be teaming partners with other contractors. We have a network of dependable contractors of all specialties, and when called upon we incorporate whatever resources it takes to provide the superior product we've become famous for.
AHAV has been called to participate in partner projects all over the country, something we take pride in and (in most cases) gladly assist in.


Lisa joined the Franklin Law Commercial Team in August 2015 and works alongside one of the Partners, Glen Low, assisting with subdivisions, company incorporation, private client conveyancing, leases, financing, wills, and retirement village occupation licences.
Born and raised in Auckland, Lisa has worked for law firms in Auckland, Tauranga, Christchurch and Queensland, with the last four years spent as custodian of the property portfolio for Mount Isa Mines. She now resides locally in Glenbrook with her husband and two daughters.
Lisa is a member of the New Zealand Institute of Legal Executives and has a Diploma in Office Administration through TAFE Queensland.


Our Next Meeting.....will be a BIGGIE! It's our 5th Annual Spring "Coming Out Of Hibernation And Bring Your Mini/MINI To The Meeting" & Swap Shop. Al Tyszelman has been our genial and generous host for this meeting every year, and he'd like to have a picture of as many Minis as possible in front of his shop, so let's dust off and shine up our Minis/MINIs and drive them down to Al's place........As usual, bring a few $$$$ for Pizza.
Saturday, April 24th, '02 from 1 to 4 pm at Al Tyszelman's A&T Upholstery, 5615 Hwy. 169, in Plymouth, MN (Phone: 763-541-1968). The shop is on the West side of Hwy. 169, between 49th and Bass Lake Rd....in front of Walser Chevrolet and Superior Ford.
If you have any Mini/MINI or automotive items you'd like to swap or sell, bring 'em along. Please bring your own table, and please have the items price marked.


text:
Q: Is there any way to create a video element with just an image in it? I need to create a video feed with just an image in it. In other words the video will play for like 5 mins but all you'll see is an image.
I tried the <video poster=""> attribute but I need the video to play and show the image.
This could be in html with javascript or jquery.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I dont even know where to start with these two! They are some of the sweetest and in love people I've ever worked with! They just radiate happiness and you cant even tell that it was like negative fifty degrees when we shot these haha. Witney is on Dancing With the Stars and I'm convinced that she is by far one of the most talented dancers in the world! I seriously cant wait to shoot their wedding this new year! Congrats you two!
See this featured on The Knot, and check out Witney's post about our shoot!


text:
Tomás Braulio Platero IV (1857 - 1925) fue uno de los fundadores de la Unión Cívica Radical (UCR), el partido político más antiguo de Argentina, y una de las más prominentes figuras afroargentinas de su tiempo.

Platero nació en Buenos Aires en 1857 y, aunque la esclavitud había sido abolida en Argentina en 1812, sufrió la discriminación local hacia personas de color. Se unió a la Unión Cívica original en 1890, y se transformó en un partidario leal del primer líder del partido, Leandro Alem, convirtiéndose en un prominente miembro del comité de La Plata tras la escisión de 1891 en la Unión Cívica, llevando al establecimiento de la UCR (que tenía un mayor activismo hacia el logro del voto masculino universal).

También fue el fundador de la Asociación Profesional de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, y presidente de la Sociedad de Cooperativas Eléctricas. Nombrado como jefe y director del Registro Civil por el  y 5.º distrito de Buenos Aires, legó un sistema de contabilidad por el los nacimientos negros, casamientos y defunciones eran anotados en diferentes libros contables, y eventualmente ayudó a terminar la práctica. En 1877 fue fundador y presidente de la sociedad de socorros mutuos La Protectora. También fue una persona de fuertes convicciones religiosas, y un hermano de la Orden Franciscana.

Tras el suicidio de Alem en 1896, Platero se convirtió en partidario del dr. Hipólito Yrigoyen, cuyo activismo llevó a la aprobación de la ley Saenz Peña en 1912, y las primeras elecciones presidenciales de Argentina, en 1916. Como firme defensor del presidente Yrigoyen, Platero era un opositor de los antipersonalistas (un ala más conservadora de la UCR).

Platero murió en La Plata el 17 de febrero de 1925, y a su funeral asistieron las máximas autoridades de la UCR, entre ellos el gobernador de la provincia de Buenos Aires, José Luis Cantilo, Federico Zelarrayán (llevando condolencias de Yrigoyen) y otras figuras de la UCR. Sus restos descansan en el Cementerio de La Plata.

Bibliografía

Referencias

Fallecidos en 1925
Nacidos en 1857
Poetas de Argentina del siglo XIX
Poetas de Argentina del siglo XX
Poetas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Políticos de la Unión Cívica Radical
Afroargentinos
Sepultados en el Cementerio de La Plata


G8 aim to 'develop dementia cure' Jump to media player The goal of finding a treatment to cure or halt dementia by 2025 is "within our grasp", Prime Minister David Cameron has said.
Pratchett on living with Alzheimer's Jump to media player Sir Terry Pratchett talks to BBC Breakfast about living with Alzheimer's disease.
One man's 'frustration' with dementia Jump to media player Tom Coppins had to sell his haulage business when he was diagnosed with dementia at the age of 57. He and his family speak about the challenges they face.
Norway pioneers dementia scheme Jump to media player A dementia care scheme known as 'Green Care' is becoming increasingly popular in Norway as it allows sufferers to remain in the community for longer.
Diabetes drug may slow Alzheimer's Jump to media player A trial has begun to see whether a drug used to treat diabetes can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
'He's not going to know who I am' Jump to media player Viv Galley, whose husband Bill has advanced Alzheimer's disease, had told the BBC her story.
'Sensors help me watch my sweetheart' Jump to media player BBC News looks at a pilot project in Norway, looking at how technology can be used to make life easier for those living with Alzheimer's Disease in their own homes.
The goal of finding a treatment to cure or halt dementia by 2025 is "within our grasp", Prime Minister David Cameron has said.
Mr Cameron was addressing scientists, politicians and campaigners from around the world who have gathered in London for a G8 dementia summit.
He announced a doubling in UK funding for research into the disease.


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text:
Cancer drug maker wants 4000% Spanish price hike
Drug manufacturer Aspen Pharmacare has reportedly threatened to stop selling its leukaemia and ovarian cancer treatments in Spain if Health Minister Ana Mato refuses to raise fixed purchase prices by up to 4,000 percent.
Published: 12 February 2014 12:21 CET
Price-fixing negotiaions between the manufacturer and Spain's government are said to be in critical condition. Photo: JEAN-PIERRE MULLER/AFP
According to online daily El Confidencial Digital, the habitual bargaining between Aspen and the Ministry of Health has taken a turn for the worse.
The South African manufacturer of generic medicines is currently undergoing a rapid expansion in international markets.
The company is allegedly insisting on massive price increases for a number of drugs but the Ministry has flatly refused.
Sources close to the negotiations reportedly told El Confidencial that the company might refuse to continue supplying the Spanish market in the next few weeks because of lack of profitability.
Spanish law, however, states that companies must continue to supply pharmacies or run the risk of incurring penalties.
Prices for medicines in Spain are usually set after a deal is struck between the government and pharmaceutical manufacturers.
"The companies speak with the Ministry of Health and they ask for the green light to sell a drug at a given price. Then the Ministry strives to set a lower or higher fixed price depending on the cost of production and the drug's therapeutic importance," a source reportedly told the website.
They added: "If they don't agree with the decision they can take it to a tribunal. They can file a claim and see how it's resolved. Otherwise they're obliged by law to supply pharmacies."
Five drugs sold in Spain are said to be at the centre of the squabble.
One of them is Melphalan Aspen, an ovarian cancer treatment which Aspen wants to sell for €150 ($205) per package – a 1000 percent increase on its current price of €15.25.
And Aspen purportedly wants to sell 2mg Leukeran (Chlorambucil), a leukaemia treatment, for €100 instead of €2.16 – a 4,000 percent price rise.
Other drugs being haggled over include Mercaptopurine Aspen and Thioguanine Aspen (both leukaemia treatments), plus Busulfan Aspen, used to treat blood disorders.
Aspen, which is partially owned by so-called 'big pharma' giant GlaxoSmithKline, reportedly declined to comment.
Don't miss stories about Spain, join The Local on Facebook and Twitter.
Steve Tallantyre [email protected] @thelocalspain
CANCERMEDICINEPHARMACEUTICALS
Spain fines drugmaker for grossly overcharging for medicine
Why cancer patients in Spain are changing address to stay alive

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Queen of The Seas Cookut will begin at 2pm and conclude at 4pm at the Kappa Sigma Fraternity House. Food will be provided for all with a ticket. Last second T-Shirt and Raffle sales will also be available. The raffle winners and the winners of the Sandcastle Contest will be announced. The week will conclude with the announcement of Queens of The Sea (Sorority Chapter who wins the week).


We are always looking for partners that compliment what we do. This makes our community stronger. In the area of web site acceleration Aptimize is the best.
Aptimize is LinkTiger ready. The LinkTiger team recently added full link checking support for Aptimize accelerated websites, so we're happy to recommend them to our customers. If you have customers all over the world and you want to enhance the performance of page loads then consider using them.
It's year 4,708 on the Chinese calendar and what makes it more impressive is that this year is the year of the Tiger. We think that this year is the year of LinkTiger as well 🙂 . It is the year where all of our planning, designing, building and release of LinkTiger 2.0 will come together. We have spent the last 6 months on developing our new strategy and we have begun the operational execution with the launch of our new website. It also includes a major investment in marketing and service delivery enhancements and will include additional feature upgrades planned for the third quarter of 2010. We are proud to launch LinkTiger 2.0 and are excited about our growth potential going forward.
We have spent a lot of time discussing our business model and what makes the most sense for us going forward. We want to be number #1 in the automated broken link checking category on the internet. We think our delivery model is unique. For example, we are the only broken link checker on the internet that delivers our software-as-a-service, in an automated way with an extremely user friendly GUI. Our service can be used by business people (marketing, sales, e-commerce) and technical people (web masters, developers and designers) a like. No other tool can do this. We also offer amazing functionality that provides for versatility and productivity to most effectively deal with managing single or multiple web presences.
We think our focus is also unique. We want to do one thing and do it very well. There are other tools available that offer broken link checking amongst a number of other features. But, being in the software business we know that users typically only use 5-10% of a tool's capabilities. So why pay 100% when you only use 10%?
I'm not saying we're not going to improve and add to LinkTiger's features and capabilities. We will continue to enhance our offering over time but our focus will be on link validation. We think this is key because broken links lead to lost traffic, lost revenue, and poorer SEO results. Your links are vital to your on-line success and LinkTiger wants to be at the center of protecting this investment.
The one thing that was missing from our business model was long-term commercial viability. We want to be the best, we strive to provide the ultimate user experience and provide excellent customer support. This is what differentiates us. If we don't our customers will leave and go to the competition. It's that simple. Our model allows for flexibility but customers can cancel anytime. We don't want to give them a reason to 🙂 .
So, after careful thought, consideration, analysis and customer consultation we have decided to retire our Freemium service. As of July 1, 2010 we will no longer offer a free version of LinkTiger. Our Existing Freemium Users will have until October 1, 2010 to convert to a monthly plan. We will offer major discounts and incentives to our loyal and long time User base. We want to make this as painless as possible.
Thank you for all your support and we are looking forward to The Year of the Tiger!


Interracial dating is increasingly becoming popular. One reason behind this encouraging trend is interracial dating sites, which makes dating easy and more fun. If you are a black women wanting to date white men or white men interested in black women, you surely would want a genuine online platform offering great features and having hundreds of thousands members. Well, your search for such an online dating site ends at BlackwomenWhitemen.dating, considered as the numero uno interracial dating websites by many.
Read the detailed review of BlackwomenWhitemen.dating to learn what makes it stands out from the rest.
Blackwomenwhitemen.dating is a perfect site for busy singles. Within seconds, you can sign-up for free and start searching for a match.
Click the Join Free button on the top right-hand corner if you are a new user. Fill in your basic details and you are all set to start dating. How cool is that!
After you have signed up for free, if you wish, you can upgrade your membership with a few clicks. The site offers three membership plans, and you can pick the one that suits you best. As paid members enjoy many additional benefits, it is recommended that you take a gold membership.
You can pay your membership fee via credit card/debit card/check card/charge card, PayPal, or Bank Check/Money order.
As a standard user, you will get basic features. You can upload photographs; create an attractive profile; search with gender, age, and location; send free winks; and reply to emails and instant messages received from other members.
Gold members enjoy all these benefits, plus many more. Gold members can initiate contacts through emails as well as online instant messages. They can search using advanced features, receive free dating advice, reply to any user's whose first date idea they like, and enjoy full mobile access.
As a gold member you can not only view and contact site members who have been verified on several things but can also become a verified member.
Why would you want to verify different things, like your photo, income, age, education, etc.?
Well, because verified members usually receive more invitations as they are more trustable.
You can verify your photo by directly uploading a copy of your driver license, passport, military ID, or state ID card. You can also email or fax any of these documents to verify your photo.
Gold members can verify their income by sending a current W-2 along with a copy of the company ID.
Similarly, you can verify your education by sending a copy of a document with your education qualifications.
Meeting a perfect match by checking a photo of other users is one feature that busy people will enjoy. How does it work? Well, just click on the button present in the lower left-hand corner and check out the photos of other members.
Want to meet people from a particular ethnicity? If yes, you would just love this advanced search feature. True to its name, ethnicity search allows you to search members from your favorite ethnicity. Thanks to this feature, you don't have to waste your time and effort on checking out the profile of members of other ethnicities. Straightaway search for members belonging to a particular ethnicity and send a chat message or email to those whose profile you like the best.
The site does not claim of doing a background check on its members. You are recommended to follow the best online dating practices.
This site backs great features with an equally efficient customer service. You can contact the customer service team via phone or email. Their customer service team is available round the clock, every day of the week for assistance, and provides quick and efficient solution to customers' queries and concerns. The site also has a detailed FAQ section. Browse through it to get answers to common questions and concerns.
Without a doubt, BlackwomenWhitemen.dating is a top-notch interracial dating site, suitable for people serious about interracial dating. When it comes to features, you will be hard pressed to find another site offering the range and quality of features it offers. Its customer service, too, is second to none, and the price is most reasonable.
All in all, Black women White men dating is a winner. Join it and give your love life the direction it has been missing till now.


text:
Fall Friends of the Library Book Sale
Friday Oct. 22 - Sunday Oct. 24
The Friends of the Arlington Public Library (FOAL) are excited to host their first community book sale since fall 2019, stocked with thousands of books, games and puzzles for all ages and interests.
Friday, Oct. 22, 10 a.m. - 7 p.m. — Friends of the Arlington Public Library Members Only Day (FOAL memberships available online)
Saturday, Oct. 23, 10 a.m. - 7 p.m.
Sunday, Oct. 24, 11 a.m. - 6 p.m. — Everything is half off!
Cash, checks and credit cards will be accepted.
Masks will be required by all visitors.
What's Different This Year?
This sale is three days instead of four.
Friday is for FOAL Members only, all day.
FOAL Membership:
Forms will not be available by cash or check at the door. Join online.
Location: Central Library, 1015 N. Quincy St.
Adult books, games and puzzles available in the Barbara M. Donnellan Auditorium
Children's books available in the atrium lobby on the first floor at Central Library. Please note: On Friday, Children's books will not be available until 12 p.m., when the Library opens.
Because of space limitations:
Shoppers will be strictly limited to two boxes each visit.
Shoppers must carry or move books with them as they shop.
Piling or sorting books is not permitted.
Please limit each visit to one hour.
Shop at a Friends of the Library Bookstore Any Time
Can't wait for the big Fall Book Sale? There are FOAL Bookstores at every Library location, where you can find great books in all genres year round. The two largest FOAL Bookstores are at the Central and Shirlington Libraries.
The FOAL Bookstore at Central Library will be closed October 21-24.
Volunteer with the Friends of the Library
Want to help out? FOAL depend on the generosity of volunteers to support their book sales and other activities, and they would love your help!
Volunteer with FOAL
October 12, 2021 by Web Editor
Katharine F. Stewart says
Hello, I see you have a FOAL book sale starting on the 22.
I have 2 bags of books to donate. Are you still accepting donations?
Katharine Stewart
Web Editor says
Hi Katharine,
At the moment, the FOAL volunteers are still receiving and processing donations, although they do usually stop taking donations close to the big Sale itself. You are welcome to bring 2 bags of books.
Brian Morrissey says
Will DVD and CD's be included in the book sale?
There will be no DVDs or CDs at the sale this fall, due to space.
J. Taylor says
I see from an earlier response that donations may be closed close to the sale. Will donations be accepted tpmorrow?
I have just learned that the Friends will continue taking donations throughout this sale, so bring your books in!


Carrick Futures is supported by ScottishPower Renewables community benefit funds for Arecleoch and Mark Hill Windfarms in South Ayrshire.
The fund primarily support projects located within or directly benefiting one or more of the six community council areas of Ballantrae, Colmonell & Lendalfoot, Barr, Barrhill, Pinmore & Pinwherry and Girvan & District. Some funds are also available for projects located within or directly benefiting the wider Carrick area. Priority will be given to applications which also benefit one or more of the main beneficiary communities listed above.
Carrick Futures supports a range of community activity in accordance with its own purposes as laid down in its Articles and Memorandum of Association. It is expected that ScottishPower Renewables will continue to make this annual donation for the operating life time of each wind farm.
The membership of Carrick Futures is up to 60 individuals, with up to 10 nominated by each of the six primary Community Council areas. Those members then elect up to 12 Directors, two from each of the six community council areas.
More information on the fund, including how to apply, donwloadable application forms, guidance and fund deadlines can be found on the Carrick Futures website.
Please refer to the Carrick Futures website for more information on exclusions.
Carrick Futures is now open for grant making.
Visit www.carrickfutures.org.uk for more information and to apply now.
To contract professional web designers to develop the Ballantrae community website, including ticketing facilities.
To contribute to the cost of running the 2019 Ballantrae Festival of Food and Drink over 2 days.
To continue the moss eradication project that was begun last year.
To contribute to the costs of a members day out to the theatre, including transport and food.


Tahbilk Winery was formed in 1860 and is currently owned by fifth-generation Purbrick Family. Located in the Nagambie Lakes region of central Victoria, some 75 miles north of Melbourne, the winery is one of the oldest in Australia and forms part of the Australia's First Families of Wine. The boutique estate is controlled today by Alister Purbrick, who has taken the Carbon Neutral route, when in 2012 he achieved his goal. The name speaks of the region itself and means 'place of many wateringholes', with the Nagambie Lakes Region being one of six regions in the world, where the unique meso-climate is influenced by the numerous Lakes and Lagoons, all driven by the Goulburn River.
The handpicked fruit for the Tahbilk Cabernet Sauvignon was sourced from 28 hectares of Purbrick family estate owned vines planted between the 1949 and the 2000's. The parcels of fruit were harvested by hand and fermented in open top oak vats and then passed to 100 year old French oak barrels for a further 18 months maturation, prior to bottling, with the Cabernet Sauvignon showing over extended cellaring capability.
The fruit for the Tahbilk ESP Cabernet Sauvignon was predominately sourced from vines dating back to 1949, with only the best fruit from each vintage is used. The reserve cuvee named after the late Eric Stephens Purbrick(ESP) who was winemaker at Tahbilk from 1931 to 1978, when he stood aside for grandson Alister Purbrick. He remained a strong influence at the estate until he passed away in 1991.
The parcels of fruit for the Tahbilk ESP Shiraz was sourced from vines dating back to 1933, 1936 and 1937, with the label dedicated to the late Eric Stephens Purbrick. The fruit was handpicked from the specific low yield vines and carefully fermented in open oak vats before being aged in 100 year old French oak barrels, prior to bottling, with only the best fruit from each vintage used in the Reserve Cuvee.


text:
First look at this year's Bachelorettes
The Bachelor Sam Wood, centre, pictured with the show's 2015 Bachelorettes. Channel 10
by scronin
Seanna Cronin APN Entertainment Editor
A US ex-pat, Seanna has been writing about the Australian entertainment industries for the past six years and is also a documentary producer, photographer and scuba diver.
5th Jul 2015 12:30 PM
CHANNEL 10 has released the first glimpse of the women to feature on the new season of The Bachelor.
This year 19 'bachelorettes' will vie for the attention of Melbourne-based fitness company owner Sam Wood.
The women, aged between 24 and 34, come from a range of professions including a vet, a filmmaker and a dietician.
One of the women is Queenslander Krystal. The blonde beauty is 30 years old and hails from Cannonvale near Airlie Beach.
In the show's debut, the 19 women will meet Wood one by one as they enter a cocktail party.
The 2015 Bachelorettes who will feature in the TV series The Bachelor. Channel 10
After trying to get to know as many of the women as possible, 34-year-old Wood will have to give out red roses to the women he wants to stay on the show.
"Being the Bachelor is a real privilege and a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. I plan on embracing the experience with an open mind, while wearing my heart on my sleeve," Wood said.
"I hope to find a woman with whom I share a sense of fun, an undeniable chemistry and a mutual respect. Ultimately I'm searching for the love of my life. I'm going to throw myself into the adventure and I'm prepared to have the absolute time of my life."
Last year's Bachelor finalist Sam Frost will also star in the first season of The Bachelorette Australia later this year.
Osher Gunsberg returns as The Bachelor host.
Sam Frost named first Australian Bachelorette
First look at The Bachelor: rose petals and selfies
Meet Australia's new 'fit' Bachelor: Sam Wood
Gowns, roses and desperation: The Bachelor is back
What it's really like living in The Bachelor mansion
sam frost
the bachelor australia
the bachelorette australia
channel 10 sam frost sam wood the bachelor australia the bachelorette australia


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Мо́рган () — округ в США, штате Индиана. Официально образован в 1822 году. По состоянию на 2010 год, численность населения составляла 68 894 человек. Получил своё наименование в честь американского политического и военного деятеля Даниэля Моргана.

География
По данным Бюро переписи США, общая площадь округа равняется 1 060,4 км², из которых 1 046,3 км² суша и 14,1 км² или 1,33 % это водоемы.

Население
По данным переписи населения 2000 года в округе проживает 66 689 жителей в составе 24 437 домашних хозяйств и 19 036 семей. Плотность населения составляет 63,00 человека на км2. На территории округа насчитывается 25 908 жилых строений, при плотности застройки около 25,00-ти строений на км2. Расовый состав населения: белые — 98,59 %, афроамериканцы — 0,07 %, коренные американцы (индейцы) — 0,22 %, азиаты — 0,25 %, гавайцы — 0,02 %, представители других рас — 0,16 %, представители двух или более рас — 0,69 %. Испаноязычные составляли 0,73 % населения независимо от расы.

В составе 36,90 % из общего числа домашних хозяйств проживают дети в возрасте до 18 лет, 65,20 % домашних хозяйств представляют собой супружеские пары проживающие вместе, 8,60 % домашних хозяйств представляют собой одиноких женщин без супруга, 22,10 % домашних хозяйств не имеют отношения к семьям, 18,40 % домашних хозяйств состоят из одного человека, 7,30 % домашних хозяйств состоят из престарелых (65 лет и старше), проживающих в одиночестве. Средний размер домашнего хозяйства составляет 2,70 человека, и средний размер семьи 3,06 человека.

Возрастной состав округа: 27,20 % моложе 18 лет, 7,70 % от 18 до 24, 30,60 % от 25 до 44, 23,80 % от 45 до 64 и 23,80 % от 65 и старше. Средний возраст жителя округа 36 лет. На каждые 100 женщин приходится 98,90 мужчин. На каждые 100 женщин старше 18 лет приходится 96,50 мужчин.

Средний доход на домохозяйство в округе составлял 47 739 USD, на семью — 52 851 USD. Среднестатистический заработок мужчины был 39 701 USD против 26 311 USD для женщины. Доход на душу населения составлял 20 657 USD. Около 5,30 % семей и 6,60 % общего населения находились ниже черты бедности, в том числе — 7,30 % молодежи (тех, кому ещё не исполнилось 18 лет) и 9,90 % тех, кому было уже больше 65 лет.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт правительства округа Морган, штат Индиана

Округа Индианы


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