This article investigates possible use of waste gypsum (synthetic), recovered via flue-gas desulfurization from coal-fired electric power plants, in foundries. Energy sector, which in Eastern Europe is mostly composed from coal-fired electric power plants, is one of the largest producers of sulfur dioxide (SO2). In order to protect the environment and reduce the amount of pollution flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is used to remove SO2 from exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants. As a result of this process gypsum waste is produced that can be used in practical applications. Strength and permeability tests have been made and also in-depth analysis of energy consumption of production process to investigate ways of preparing the synthetic gypsum for casting moulds application. This paper also assesses the chemical composition, strength and permeability of moulds made with synthetic gypsum, in comparison with moulds made with traditional GoldStar XL gypsum and with ceramic molds. Moreover examination of structure of synthetic gypsum, the investigations on derivatograph and calculations of energy consumption during production process of synthetic gypsum in wet flue-gas desulfurization were made. After analysis of gathered data it's possible to conclude that synthetic gypsum can be used as a material for casting mould. There is no significant decrease in key properties, and on the other hand there is many additional benefits including low energy consumption, decreased cost, and decreased environmental impact.
Abstract An attempt has been made to determine the effect of an addition of colloidal suspensions of the nanoparticles of magnesium oxide on the structure of water glass, which is a binder for moulding and core sands. Nanoparticles of magnesium oxide MgO in propanol and ethanol were introduced in the same mass content (5wt.%) and structural changes were determined by measurement of the FT-IR absorption spectra.
Modern investigation methods and equipment for the quality estimation of the moulding sands matrices with organic binders, in their circulation process, are presented in the paper. These methods, utilising the special equipment combined with the authors investigation methods developed in the Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH the University of Science and Technology, allow for the better estimation of the matrix quality. Moulding sands systems with organic binders require an in-depth approach to factors deciding on the matrix technological suitability as well as on their environmental impact. Into modern methods allowing for the better assessment of the matrix quality belongs the grain size analysis of the reclaimed material performed by means of the laser diffraction and also the estimation of the moulding sand gas evolution rate and identification of the emitted gases and their BTEX group gases content, since they are specially hazardous from the point of view of the Occupational Safety and Health.
This paper presents a new perspective on the issue of reclamation of moulding and core sands. Taking as a premise that the reclamation process must remain on the surface of grains some not separated binding materials rests, it should be chosen the proper moulding sand's composition that will be least harmful for the reclaim quality. There are two different moulding and core sands taken into examinations. The researches prove that a small correction of their compositions (hardener type) improves the quality of the received reclaims. Carried out in this article studies have shown that such an approach to the problem of reclamation of the moulding and core sands is needed and reasonable.
The demand for castings of high quality and sound work is nowadays very high. The production of sound castings without foundry errors is the big issue in modern foundries. Foundry simulation software can do a lot to help improve the disposition of castings, gating system and feeder system, and assure good filling and solidification conditions, and also produce sound casting without the need of the old method of "try and error". One can easily change a lot of parameters for filling and solidification, and create the best proposal for production. Connor inlets have two functions. One is that it serves as an ingate, through which molten metal passes and comes into the mould cavity. The second function is that it serves as a feeder and substitutes the metal contracted during solidification and cooling of the castings. It can also save quite a lot of metal in comparison to classic feeders.
Definition of a composite  describes an ideal composite material with perfect structure. In real composite materials, structure is usually imperfect – composites contain various types of defects [2, 3–5], especially as the casted composites are of concern. The reason for this is a specific structure of castings, related to course of the manufacturing process. In case of metal matrix composite castings, especially regarding these manufactured by saturation, there is no classification of these defects [2, 4]. Classification of defects in castings of classic materials (cast iron, cast steel, non-ferrous alloys) is insufficient and requires completion of specific defects of mentioned materials. This problem (noted during manufacturing metal matrix composite castings with saturated reinforcement in Institute of Basic Technical Sciences of Maritime University Szczecin) has become a reason of starting work aimed at creating such classification. As a result, this paper was prepared. It can contribute to improvement of quality of studied materials and, as a consequence, improve the environment protection level.
In this paper the results of studies of polymeric binders on the example of the new BioCo2 binder, including the problem of its renewability, are presented. The results of structural studies (FT-IR) for the BioCo2 binder before and after crosslinking, and bending strength tests Rg u fresh and renewed cured molding sands with BioCo2 binder are discussed. The cross-linking binder and curring of moulding sand was carried out by physical agents (microwave radiation, temperature). On the basis of obtained results was shown that it is possible to restore the initial properties of the adhesive of BioCo2 binder. The initial properties of moulding sand can be achieved, after the cross-linking binders and after curing in the moulding sands with bioCo2 binder , by supplementing the moulding sand composition by the appropriate amount of water.
Increasing demands on the utility properties of materials used for castings have led to the production of cast iron with a modified shape of graphite, where the required properties are achieved by a change in graphite shape, its size and layout, and a change in the basic structure of the metal. This paper is focused on the continuous method of producing spheroidal graphite FLOTRET. In the introductory section is summarized the theoretical foundations of the secondary treatment of cast irons, especially the FLOTRET flow method, describes the advantages and disadvantages of the method. The practical part is divided into laboratory and operational tests. Laboratory experiments were conducted on a laboratory-type modifier FLOTRET chamber, which was designed and hydraulically optimized. Experiments were focused on the effects of pressure altitude and amount of modifier on the residual values of magnesium, as conditions for a successful modification. The method was tested in two foundries under operating conditions and in one of them was observed a long-term modification process.
In earlier works were described trends in the production of tools for die casting (hot work). Almost the entire set of issues dealt with may seem insignificant when incompletely assembled acceptance of the material and the associated risks of processing a material with an inappropriate structure, leading to a very early defect of the die. Therefore, further work will focus particularly on identifying the causes of thermal cracks and preventing a suitable choice of acceptance criteria conditions and heat treatment.
The results of investigations of the granulation process of foundry dusts generated in the dry mechanical reclamation process of used sands, where furan resins were binders are presented in the paper. Investigations concerned producing of granules of the determined dimensions and strength parameters. Granules were formed from the dusts mixture consisting in 50 mass% of dusts obtained after the reclamation of the furane sands and in 50 mass % of dusts from sands with bentonite. Dusts from the bentonite sands with water were used as a binder allowing the granulation of after reclamation dusts from the furane sands. The following parameters of the ready final product were determined: moisture content (W), shatter test of granules (Wz) performed directly after the granulation process and after 1, 3, 5, 10 days and nights of seasoning, water-resistance of granules after 24 hours of being immersed in water, surface porosity ep and volumetric porosity ev. In addition the shatter test and water-resistance of granulate dried at a temperature of 105oC were determined. Investigations were performed at the bowl angle of inclination 45o, for three rotational speeds of the bowl being: 10, 15, 20 rpm. For the speed of 10 rpm the granulation tests of dusts mixture after the preliminary mixing in the roller mixer and with the addition of water-glass in the amount of 2% in relation to the amount of dust were carried out. The obtained results indicate that the granulator allows to obtain granules from dusts originated from the reclamations of moulding sands with the furane resin with an addition of dusts from the bentonite sands processing plants.
The aim of the present study was to develop a modifier for water glass. The method of thermal generation of metal oxide nanoparticles was adapted and used in the research. Nanoparticles of ZnO from the thermal decomposition of basic zinc carbonate were used. A method for the modifier introduction was developed, and the effect of modifier content and organic solvent type on the physico-chemical properties of binder (viscosity) and quartz wettability was determined. Binder viscosity was examined from the flow curves plotted with the help of a RHEOTEST 2 rotational rheometer equipped with proper software. Quartz wettability was determined examining timerelated changes in the value of the contact angle in a quartz-binder system, until full stabilisation of the angle value has been achieved. Binder modification was carried out on sodium water glass designated as R"145". The water glass modifiers were suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles in propanol and methanol at a fixed concentration of c = 0.3 M and with the size of nanoparticles comprised in a range of <61 - 981 nm>. Water glass modification with the suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles in methanol and propanol showed the effect of modifier on the water glass viscosity and quartz wettability. This effect depends on the type of alcohol used. The ZnO suspension in propanol (alcohol with a longer hydrocarbon chain) affects more strongly the viscosity of binder and quartz wettability than the methanol suspension.
The subject of this study is the presentation of relation between the degree of structure fineness and ultrasonic wave damping coefficient for the high-zinc aluminium alloys represented in this study by the sand mould cast alloy Al - 20 wt% Zn (AlZn20). The studied alloy was refined with a modifying (Al,Zn)-Ti3 ternary master alloy, introducing Ti in the amount of 400 pm into metal. Based on the analysis of the initial and modified alloy macrostructure images and ultrasonic testing, it was found that the addition of (Al,Zn)-Ti3 master alloy, alongside a significant fragmentation of grains, does not reduce the coefficient of ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 1 MHz.
Suitability of the given binding agent for the moulding sands preparation depends on the one hand on the estimation of technological properties of the sand and the mould made of it and the obtained casting quality and on the other hand on the assessment of this sand influence on the natural and working environment. Out of moulding sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. If in the initial state these resins are not very dangerous for people and for the environment, thus under an influence of high temperatures they generate very harmful products, being the result of their thermal decomposition. Depending on the kind of the applied resin (phenol-formaldehyde, urea, furfuryl, urea–furfuryl, alkyd) under an influence of a temperature such compounds as: furfuryl alcohol, formaldehyde, phenol, BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be formed and released. The aim of the study was the development of the method, selection of analytical methods and the determination of optimal conditions of formation compounds from the BTEX group. An emission of these components constitutes one of the basic criteria of the harmfulness assessment of binders applied for moulding and core sands. Investigations were carried out in the specially designed set up for the thermal decomposition of organic substances in a temperature range: 5000 C – 13000 C at the laboratory scale. The object for testing was alkyd resin applied as a binding material for moulding sands. Within investigations the minimal amount of adsorbent necessary for the adsorption of compounds released during the decomposition of the resin sample of a mass app. 15 mg was selected. Also the minimal amount of solvent needed for the desorption of compounds adsorbed in the column with adsorbent was found. The temperature range, in which the maximal amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene and xylenes are released from the resin, was defined. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of compounds from the BTEX group were performed by means of the gas chromatography combined with the mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
The research focused on the production of prototype castings, which is mapped out starting from the drawing documentation up to theproduction of the casting itself. The FDM method was applied for the production of the 3D pattern. Its main objective was to find out whatdimensional changes happened during individual production stages, starting from the 3D pattern printing through a silicon mouldproduction, wax patterns casting, making shells, melting out wax from shells and drying, up to the production of the final casting itself. Five measurements of determined dimensions were made during the production, which were processed and evaluated mathematically. A determination of shrinkage and a proposal of measures to maintain the dimensional stability of the final casting so as to meet requirements specified by a customer were the results.
The paper presents results of preliminary examinations on possibility of determining binder content in traditional moulding sands with the microwave method. The presented measurements were carried-out using a special stand, the so-called slot line. Binder content in thesandmix was determined by measurements of absorption damping Ad and insertion losses IL of electromagnetic wave. One of main advantages of the suggested new method of binder content measurement is short measuring time.
The paper presents measurement results of standing wave ratio to be used as an efficiency indicator of microwave absorption by used moulding and core sands chosen for the microwave utilization process. The absorption measurements were made using a prototype stand of microwave slot line. Examined were five used moulding and core sands. It was demonstrated that the microwave absorption measurements can make grounds for actual microwave utilization of moulding and core sands.
The mechanical properties of steel components are controlled by the chemical composition and mechanical treatment to which the steel is submitted. Non-metallic inclusions have a very high influence on the steel quality but secondary metallurgy enables to reduce their content in the steel. Possibilities of secondary metallurgy are relatively extensive but financial situation in Slovak foundries does not enable to make investments in secondary metallurgy in the near future. Accessible means for influencing of steel quality is injection of aninert gas. Main goal of experiments described in the article was verify the influence of blowing of argon into the steel in an electric induction furnace on its cleanness. Duration and flow-rate of argon blowing have a very clearly influence on the final content of non-metallic inclusions. Minimum time of argon blowing necessary for reducing of content of non-metallic inclusions in one tonne electric induction furnace was more than 6 minutes and recommended argon flow rate was 10 litters per minute.
Reason for and risks of using of cast iron with vermicular graphite for typical construction parts. Ultrasound checking of graphite shape. Factors influencing plausibility of result. Difference between laboratory and operation application. Roughness, parallelism, stabilityand size dimension of walls. Conditions, proposals for simplification and productivity enhancement of castings checking. Recommendation.
The development of economy and industry introducing new technologies and materials often means the increased threat of occurrence of factors harmful to humans and environment. Workers employed in foundries as mould pourers are the group of high professional risk. Foundry moulding sands when poured with liquid metal are a source of the emission of harmful, toxic and carcinogenic (benzene, PAHs) compounds. The paper presents the results of studies on the concentration of chemical compounds emitted in the process of casting aluminium alloy and brass using moulding sands with the new inorganic binders. The specific values of the exposure indices were compared with the limit values. This enabled an assessment of the impact of moulding sands on work environment. The obtained results were compared with the values of contaminants emitted when pouring foundry moulds made from furan sands and bentonite sands with an addition of coal dust. Studies were carried out under the project POIG.01.01.02-00-015/09 "Advanced materials and technologies."
Foundry resistance furnaces are thermal devices with a relatively large time delay in their response to a change in power parameters. Commonly used in automation classical PID controllers do not meet the requirements of high-quality control. Developed in recent years, fuzzy control theory is increasingly being used in various branches of economy and industry. Fuzzy controllers allow to introduce new developments in control systems of foundry furnaces as well. Correctly selected fuzzy controller can significantly reduce energy consumption in a controlled thermal process of heating equipment. The article presents a comparison of energy consumption by control system of foundry resistance furnace, equipped with either a PID controller or fuzzy controller optimally chosen.
The results of testing of the selected group of wax mixtures used in the investment casting technology, are presented in the paper. The measurements of the kinetics of the mixtures shrinkage and changes of viscous-plastic properties as a temperature function were performed. The temperature influence on bending strength of wax mixtures was determined.
The criteria, with which one should be guided at the assessment of the binding properties of bentonites used for moulding sands, are proposed in the paper. Apart from the standard parameter which is the active bentonite content, the unrestrained growth indicator should be taken into account since it seems to be more adequate in the estimation of the sand compression strength. The investigations performed for three kinds of bentonites, applied in the Polish foundry plants, subjected to a high temperature influences indicate, that the pathway of changes of the unrestrained growth indicator is very similar to the pathway of changes of the sand compression strength. Instead, the character of changes of the montmorillonite content in the sand in dependence of the temperature is quite different. The sand exhibits the significant active bentonite content, and the sand compression strength decreases rapidly. The montmorillonite content in bentonite samples was determined by the modern copper complex method of triethylenetetraamine (Cu(II)-TET). Tests were performed for bentonites and for sands with those bentonites subjected to high temperatures influences in a range: 100-700ºC.
The solution of applications for air pollution control in foundries for iron and non-ferrous metals may not only be understood as the observance of requested emission limit values at the stack outlet. An effective environmental protection already starts with the greatest possible capture of pollutants at the source with at the same time minimisation of the volume flow necessary for this. Independent of this, the downstream installed filtration system has to realise a degree of separation of definitely above 99%. Furthermore, when selecting the filter construction, attention has to be paid to a high availability. An even temporarily production without filter will more and more no longer be accepted by residents and authorities. Incidents at the filter lead to a shutdown of the whole production. Additional measures for heat recovery while preparing concepts for filtration plants help to reduce the energy consumption and serve for a sustained conservation of environment. A consequent consideration of the items above is also condition for the fact that environmental protection in foundries remains affordable. The lecture deals with the subjects above from the point of view of a plant constructor.


text:
package org.apache.gobblin.data.management.conversion.hive.utils;

import com.linkedin.avroutil1.compatibility.AvroCompatibilityHelper;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.avro.AvroRuntimeException;
import org.apache.avro.LogicalType;
import org.apache.avro.LogicalTypes;
import org.apache.avro.Schema;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.avro.AvroSerDe;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.avro.AvroSerdeException;

import com.google.common.base.Optional;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import org.apache.gobblin.util.HiveAvroTypeConstants;

/**
 * Utility class that deals with type conversion between Avro and Hive.
 */
@Slf4j
public class AvroHiveTypeUtils {
  private AvroHiveTypeUtils() {

  }

  public static String generateAvroToHiveColumnMapping(Schema schema, Optional<Map<String, String>> hiveColumns,
      boolean topLevel, String datasetName) {
    if (topLevel && !schema.getType().equals(Schema.Type.RECORD)) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(String
          .format("Schema for table must be of type RECORD. Received type: %s for dataset %s", schema.getType(),
              datasetName));
    }

    StringBuilder columns = new StringBuilder();
    boolean isFirst;
    switch (schema.getType()) {
      case RECORD:
        isFirst = true;
        if (topLevel) {
          for (Schema.Field field : schema.getFields()) {
            if (isFirst) {
              isFirst = false;
            } else {
              columns.append(", \n");
            }
            String type = generateAvroToHiveColumnMapping(field.schema(), hiveColumns, false, datasetName);
            if (hiveColumns.isPresent()) {
              hiveColumns.get().put(field.name(), type);
            }
            String flattenSource = field.getProp("flatten_source");
            if (StringUtils.isBlank(flattenSource)) {
              flattenSource = field.name();
            }
            columns
                .append(String.format("  `%s` %s COMMENT 'from flatten_source %s'", field.name(), type, flattenSource));
          }
        } else {
          columns.append(HiveAvroTypeConstants.AVRO_TO_HIVE_COLUMN_MAPPING_V_12.get(schema.getType())).append("<");
          for (Schema.Field field : schema.getFields()) {
            if (isFirst) {
              isFirst = false;
            } else {
              columns.append(",");
            }
            String type = generateAvroToHiveColumnMapping(field.schema(), hiveColumns, false, datasetName);
            columns.append("`").append(field.name()).append("`").append(":").append(type);
          }
          columns.append(">");
        }
        break;
      case UNION:
        Optional<Schema> optionalType = isOfOptionType(schema);
        if (optionalType.isPresent()) {
          Schema optionalTypeSchema = optionalType.get();
          columns.append(generateAvroToHiveColumnMapping(optionalTypeSchema, hiveColumns, false, datasetName));
        } else {
          columns.append(HiveAvroTypeConstants.AVRO_TO_HIVE_COLUMN_MAPPING_V_12.get(schema.getType())).append("<");
          isFirst = true;
          for (Schema unionMember : schema.getTypes()) {
            if (Schema.Type.NULL.equals(unionMember.getType())) {
              continue;
            }
            if (isFirst) {
              isFirst = false;
            } else {
              columns.append(",");
            }
            columns.append(generateAvroToHiveColumnMapping(unionMember, hiveColumns, false, datasetName));
          }
          columns.append(">");
        }
        break;
      case MAP:
        columns.append(HiveAvroTypeConstants.AVRO_TO_HIVE_COLUMN_MAPPING_V_12.get(schema.getType())).append("<");
        columns.append("string,")
            .append(generateAvroToHiveColumnMapping(schema.getValueType(), hiveColumns, false, datasetName));
        columns.append(">");
        break;
      case ARRAY:
        columns.append(HiveAvroTypeConstants.AVRO_TO_HIVE_COLUMN_MAPPING_V_12.get(schema.getType())).append("<");
        columns.append(generateAvroToHiveColumnMapping(schema.getElementType(), hiveColumns, false, datasetName));
        columns.append(">");
        break;
      case NULL:
        break;
      case BYTES:
      case DOUBLE:
      case ENUM:
      case FIXED:
      case FLOAT:
      case INT:
      case LONG:
      case STRING:
      case BOOLEAN:
        // Handling Avro Logical Types which should always sit in leaf-level.
        boolean isLogicalTypeSet = false;
        try {
          String hiveSpecificLogicalType = generateHiveSpecificLogicalType(schema);
          if (StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(hiveSpecificLogicalType)) {
            isLogicalTypeSet = true;
            columns.append(hiveSpecificLogicalType);
            break;
          }
        } catch (AvroSerdeException ae) {
          log.error("Failed to generate logical type string for field" + schema.getName() + " due to:", ae);
        }

        LogicalType logicalType = LogicalTypes.fromSchemaIgnoreInvalid(schema);
        if (logicalType != null) {
          switch (logicalType.getName().toLowerCase()) {
            case HiveAvroTypeConstants.DATE:
              LogicalTypes.Date dateType = (LogicalTypes.Date) logicalType;
              dateType.validate(schema);
              columns.append("date");
              isLogicalTypeSet = true;
              break;
            case HiveAvroTypeConstants.DECIMAL:
              LogicalTypes.Decimal decimalType = (LogicalTypes.Decimal) logicalType;
              decimalType.validate(schema);
              columns.append(String.format("decimal(%s, %s)", decimalType.getPrecision(), decimalType.getScale()));
              isLogicalTypeSet = true;
              break;
            case HiveAvroTypeConstants.TIME_MILLIS:
              LogicalTypes.TimeMillis timeMillsType = (LogicalTypes.TimeMillis) logicalType;
              timeMillsType.validate(schema);
              columns.append("timestamp");
              isLogicalTypeSet = true;
              break;
            default:
              log.error("Unsupported logical type" + schema.getLogicalType().getName() + ", fallback to physical type");
          }
        }

        if (!isLogicalTypeSet) {
          columns.append(HiveAvroTypeConstants.AVRO_TO_HIVE_COLUMN_MAPPING_V_12.get(schema.getType()));
        }
        break;
      default:
        String exceptionMessage =
            String.format("DDL query generation failed for \"%s\" of dataset %s", schema, datasetName);
        log.error(exceptionMessage);
        throw new AvroRuntimeException(exceptionMessage);
    }

    return columns.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Referencing org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.avro.SchemaToTypeInfo#generateTypeInfo(org.apache.avro.Schema) on
   * how to deal with logical types that supported by Hive but not by Avro(e.g. VARCHAR).
   *
   * If unsupported logical types found, return empty string as a result.
   * @param schema Avro schema
   * @return
   * @throws AvroSerdeException
   */
  public static String generateHiveSpecificLogicalType(Schema schema)
      throws AvroSerdeException {
    // For bytes type, it can be mapped to decimal.
    Schema.Type type = schema.getType();

    if (type == Schema.Type.STRING && AvroSerDe.VARCHAR_TYPE_NAME
        .equalsIgnoreCase(schema.getProp(AvroSerDe.AVRO_PROP_LOGICAL_TYPE))) {
      int maxLength = 0;
      try {
        maxLength = Integer.parseInt(AvroCompatibilityHelper.getSchemaPropAsJsonString(schema,
            AvroSerDe.AVRO_PROP_MAX_LENGTH, false, false));
      } catch (Exception ex) {
        throw new AvroSerdeException("Failed to obtain maxLength value from file schema: " + schema, ex);
      }
      return String.format("varchar(%s)", maxLength);
    } else {
      return StringUtils.EMPTY;
    }
  }

  /***
   * Check if the Avro Schema is of type OPTION
   * ie. [null, TYPE] or [TYPE, null]
   * @param schema Avro Schema to check
   * @return Optional Avro Typed data if schema is of type OPTION
   */
  private static Optional<Schema> isOfOptionType(Schema schema) {
    Preconditions.checkNotNull(schema);

    // If not of type UNION, cant be an OPTION
    if (!Schema.Type.UNION.equals(schema.getType())) {
      return Optional.<Schema>absent();
    }

    // If has more than two members, can't be an OPTION
    List<Schema> types = schema.getTypes();
    if (null != types && types.size() == 2) {
      Schema first = types.get(0);
      Schema second = types.get(1);

      // One member should be of type NULL and other of non NULL type
      if (Schema.Type.NULL.equals(first.getType()) && !Schema.Type.NULL.equals(second.getType())) {
        return Optional.of(second);
      } else if (!Schema.Type.NULL.equals(first.getType()) && Schema.Type.NULL.equals(second.getType())) {
        return Optional.of(first);
      }
    }

    return Optional.<Schema>absent();
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: why does ls -d also list files, and where is it documented?
*

*when specifying ls --directory a* it should list only directories starting with a*

*BUT it lists files AND directories starting with a
Questions:

*

*where might I find some documentation on this, other than man and info where I think I thoroughly looked?

*does this work in BASH only?

A: The a* and *a* syntax is implemented by the shell, not by the ls command.
When you type
ls a*

at your shell prompt, the shell expands a* to a list of existing all files in the current directory whose names start with a. For example, it might expand a* to the sequence a1 a2 a3, and pass those as arguments to ls. The ls command itself never sees the * character; it only sees the three arguments a1, a2, and a3.
For purposes of wildcard expansion, "files" refers to all entities in the current directory. For example, a1 might be a normal file, a2 might be a directory, and a3 might be a symlink. They all have directory entries, and the shell's wildcard expansion doesn't care what kind of entity those entries refer to.
Practically all shells you're likely to run across (bash, sh, ksh, zsh, csh, tcsh, ...) implement wildcards. The details may vary, but the basic syntax of * matching zero or more characters and ? matching any single character is reasonably consistent.
For bash in particular, this is documented in the "Filename expansion" section of the bash manual; run info bash and search for "Filename expansion", or see here.
The fact that this is done by the shell, and not by individual commands, has some interesting (and sometimes surprising) consequences.  The best thing about it is that wildcard handling is consistent for (very nearly) all commands; if the shell didn't do this, inevitably some commands wouldn't bother, and others would do it in subtly different ways that the author thought was "better". (I think the Windows command shell has this problem, but I'm not familiar enough with it to comment further.)
On the other hand, it's difficult to write a command to rename multiple files. If you write:
mv *.log *.log.bak

it will probably fail, since*.log.bak is expanded based on the files that already exist in the current directory. There are commands that do this kind of thing, but they have to use their own syntax to specify how the files are to be renamed. Some commands (such as find) can do their own wildcard expansion; you have to quote the arguments to suppress the shell's expansion:
find . -name '*.txt' -print

The shell's wildcard expansion is based entirely on the syntax of the command-line argument and the set of existing files. It can't be affected by the meaning of the command. For example, if you want to move all .log files up to the parent directory, you can type:
mv *.log ..

If you forget the .. :
mv *.log

and there happen to be exactly two .log files in the current directory, it will expand to:
mv one.log two.log

which will rename one.log and clobber two.log.
EDIT: And after 52 upvotes, an accept, and a Guru badge, maybe I should actually answer the question in the title.
The -d or --directory option to ls doesn't tell it to list only directories. It tells it to list directories just as themselves, not their contents. If you give a directory name as an argument to ls, by default it will list the contents of the directory, since that's usually what you're interested in. The -d option tells it to list just the directory itself. This can be particularly useful when combined with wildcards. If you type:
ls -l a*

ls will give you a long listing of each file whose name starts with a, and of the contents of each directory whose name starts with a. If you just want a list of the files and directories, one line for each, you can use:
ls -ld a*

which is equivalent to:
ls -l -d a*

Remember again that the ls command never sees the * character.
As for where this is documented, man ls will show you the documentation for the ls command on just about any Unix-like system. On most Linux-based systems, the ls command is part of the GNU coreutils package; if you have the info command, either info ls or info coreutils ls should give you more definitive and comprehensive documentation. Other systems, such as MacOS, may use different versions of the ls command, and may not have the info command; for those systems, use man ls. And ls --help will show a relatively short usage message (117 lines on my system) if you're using the GNU coreutils implementation.
And yes, even experts need to consult the documentation now and then. See also this classic joke.

A: To be very explicit, it is documented in the ls(1) manual page:
-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links
to be fair, "entries instead of contents" could probably be more explanatory:

If FILE is a directory, show the directory entry itself instead of listing the contents of that directory. If FILE is a symbolic link, show the link entry itself instead of the file pointed to by the link.

A: Globbing
As has been explained, the expansion of * (and similar expansions) is called globbing in Unix jargon, and is usually a feature of the command processor (known as the "shell" in Unix parlance). So globbing can be used in many other places too; type man 7 glob at the shell of a classic Linux distribution (or see this) for more about globbing.
In early Unix, glob was actually implemented by a separate program called /etc/glob (see page 10 of this old UNIX manual for documentation for that). Nowadays, it is a code routine supplied by code libraries, and is commonly used by shells. Source: Wikipedia.
Directories
As to why ls -d lists files as well as directories...
The ls man page explains why this happens, but with a very terse explanation. So here is an attempt at an expanded explanation:
By default ls lists the contents of directories when given their names, and will do the same thing for symlinks to directories. The -d option means, "when given name(s) of directory(ies)" (which can also be given implicitly by globbing), only show the _name_s of the directory(ies), but not their contents. Similarly, when provided with (explicitly or implicitly) name(s) of symlinks to directories, show the file name of the symlink, not the contents of the directory which it references.
The -d option has nothing to do, as far as I can tell, with which items are listed; this can be done (source: here) with find, like so: find . -maxdepth 1 -type d. I am not sure if there is a good way to do so only with GNU ls. Here are some examples of how to use the find command.
So to sum up: By default ls shows the contents of directories when given their path name. -d changes this behavior, only showing the directory name itself, as would be done for a standard file.

A: Documentation doesn't say it lists only directory entries bur rather when ls receives directory name it lists dir entry instead of it's content. Best way to understand is by example:
> {ice} ~ :10:47 % ls -l /
total 97
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May  3 00:27 bin
drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 May  3 14:17 boot
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Apr 29 13:44 cdrom
drwxr-xr-x  18 root root  4420 May  9 09:58 dev
...
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    33 May  3 14:16 vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.9.0-030900-generic
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    29 May  3 11:07 vmlinuz.old -> boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic
> {ice} ~ :10:47 % ls -ld /
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 May  3 14:16 /

A: See Keith Thompson's answer; but to explain why ls --directory a* shows files and directories: The --directory option does not suppress non-directory files. Instead, it lists the directories as such, while it would otherwise list their content. Example:
$ mkdir foo
$ touch foo/bar
$ ls foo
bar
$ ls --directory foo
foo

A: The documentation is part of the shell. In particular the shell performs various expansions and substitutions in a particular order before executing a command.
The sequence of word expansions for a Bourne compatible shell is

*

*Tilde Expansion

*Parameter Expansion

*Command Substitution

*Arithmetic Expansion

*Field Splitting

*Pathname Expansion

*Quote Removal

So, the ls command doesn't even see the * characters, the arguments are already expanded with all files matching the a* glob pattern. This is unlike on Windows, where each command needing file name globbing has to implement this feature itself.

A: The key word you need (man bash) is "Pathname Expansion".

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Reports & Briefings
Publications, Reports & Briefings | August 5, 2021
Aligning Demands for a Just Recovery
We organized two community calls with partners and allies from across the social, economic, and environmental justice movements. In this brief publication, you can find out more about what we learned about working together for a rights-based economic transformation in the wake of COVID-19.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | October 26, 2020
A Rights-Based Economy: Putting people and planet first
What would it would look like if we had an economy based on human rights? CESR and Christian Aid explore this question in A Rights-Based Economy: Putting people and planet first.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | September 17, 2020
Spotlight on Sustainable Development 2020
The 2020 edition builds on the previous years' analysis of structural obstacles to sustainable development and proposals for transformative change, but unpacks them with relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | September 9, 2020
All Risk and No Reward: How the Government and Mine Companies Fail to Protect the Right to Health of Miners and Ex-Miners in Botswana
CESR partnered with the Botswana Labour Migrants Association (BoLAMA) and Northwestern Pritzker School of Law Center for International Human Rights to investigate enjoyment of the right to health by the people who built Botswana's wealth – miners and their communities.
The Next Act for OPERA
Consultations with partners who use the OPERA framework found that users need practical guidance and creative models.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | May 10, 2016
Política Fiscal y Derechos Humanos en Tiempos de Austeridad
Documento de síntesis: Diálogo auspiciado por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) en el marco del 157 periodo de sesiones.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | March 2, 2016
The Measure of Progress: how human rights should inform SDG indicators
As the dust settles on the UN Sustainable Development Summit, a new CESR briefing explores how human rights should inform the selection of SDG indicators that are currently being debated.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | February 2, 2016
Redistributing unpaid care work: why tax matters for women's rights
Tax policies need to focus on women's human rights and unpaid care work.
Publications, Reports & Briefings, Submissions | January 20, 2016
Fiscal policy and human rights in the Americas
For the first time, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has played host to a thematic hearing specifically focused on fiscal policy and human rights.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | August 19, 2015
Taking stock of two decades of economic and social rights advocacy
Publication: Leading figures from the economic and social rights movement take stock of the state of the field.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | June 9, 2015
Egypt: Widespread rights retrogression exposed before UPR
The 11 briefing papers in this series were prepared by CESR and the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights
Fiscal Fallacies: 8 Myths about the 'Age of Austerity'
This briefing challenges eight widespread yet misguided perceptions about economic policy in times of crisis, and suggests human rights-centered policy alternatives.
National Human Rights Institutions can help ensure post-2015 goals deliver
Briefing: A new document from CESR and the Danish Institute for Human Rights explains the role NHRIs should play in post-2015 development.
Responsibilities beyond borders: unlocking the post-2015 stalemate
Briefing: Human rights can provide a fresh lens in post-2015 negotiations
Manuals & Guides, Publications, Reports & Briefings | March 16, 2015
Accountability for the post-2015 agenda: A proposal for a robust global review mechanism
CESR and its partners have developed a proposal for a robust monitoring mechanism for post-2015 development.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | January 28, 2014
New Zealand earthquake recovery: empowering rights claiming
A new report from the New Zealand Human Rights Commission in collaboration with CESR analyses human rights issues in the Canterbury earthquake recovery.
Publications, Reports & Briefings, Submissions | October 9, 2013
Egypt: new report brings economic and social rights deficits to attention of UN
UN submission: CESR has joined forces with a broad coalition of 57 organizations on a joint parallel report taking the Egyptian government to task at the United Nations.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | July 22, 2013
'Who Will Be Accountable' for the SDGs?
Proper accountability mechanisms must be incorporated into post-2015 development plan if it is to avoid the pitfalls of the MDGs.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | March 18, 2013
A Matter of Justice: securing human rights in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda
The human rights framework can provide operational principles and standards of conduct to ensure the post-2015 development plan delivers on its promises.
The Group of 20, Financial Regulation and Human Rights
Briefing: The fourth publication in the 'Righting Financial Regulation' series examines how human rights should inform the G20's role in managing the financial system.
Spanish civil society submits parallel report to CESCR
CESR has coordinated a parallel report which has been submitted to the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) ahead of its 48th session in May 2012.
Mauled by the Celtic Tiger: Human rights in Ireland's economic meltdown
A new CESR report finds that human rights in Ireland are being undermined by response measures implemented in the wake of the country's financial crisis.
Bolivia goes hungry on World Food Day
CESR has collaborated on a new report addressing hunger and food insecurity in Bolivia.
National Human Rights Institutions and Economic and Social Rights
This 2011 briefing examines national human rights institutions as monitors of economic, social and cultural rights.
The MDGs, A Decade On: Keeping the Promise, Fulfilling Rights
A new CESR review of the latest MDG data finds progress has been too slow even to meet the MDGs' modest 2015 targets.
Development and human rights: lessons learned from the MDGs
Guest briefing written for CESR by author Rick Rowden.
Publications, Reports & Briefings | December 27, 2009
Guatemala: Rights or Privileges?
Fiscal commitments and the rights to food, health and education in Guatemala (2009).
Human Rights and the Economic Crisis
A new CESR briefing explores the human rights dimensions of the global economic crisis: its consequences, causes and responses.
Bringing Human Rights to Bear in Times of Crisis
A human rights analysis of government responses to the economic crisis

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BabyFirst is an Indonesian-American TV channel that produces and distributes content for babies through television, the internet, and mobile applications. The channel is owned by First Media. The content is intended to develop an infant's skills, such as color recognition, counting and vocabulary. There are about 90 BabyFirst TV shows and 41 apps for mobile devices. As of 2014, the network is distributed to 81 million homes, and is based in Los Angeles, California.
BabyFirst was founded in 2003 by Guy Oranim and Sharon Rechter. Its first broadcast was through DirecTV in 2006. It was founded by Regency Enterprises, Kardan, and Bellco Capital. Distribution expanded through agreements with the Echostar Dish Network, Comcast, AT&T U-verse and others. It also developed a premium BabyFirst YouTube channel, and mobile apps. One app developed with AT&T U-verse allows babies to interact with the television programming by drawing on a mobile device.
Regency Enterprises owns 30% of BabyFirst.
BabyFirst was founded in 2004 by Guy Oranim and Sharon Rechter. The network was launched on May 11, 2006 on DirecTV and made available through EchoStar's Dish Network that June. The network is based in Los Angeles and was initially funded by Regency Enterprises (a Hollywood movie studio), Kardan (a holding company) and Bellco Capital (a private fund). BabyFirst was controversial as the first 24-hour channel for children six months to three years in age,  but it was popular among parents and grew quickly.
In 2011, BabyFirst obtained agreements to distribute the channel in the United Kingdom through the BSkyB satellite network as well as in Mexico through Sky Mexico and Cablevision. A French version was introduced with CanalSat in 2011. By the end of 2011, it had arranged broadcasting agreements throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Canada.
By 2008, it was broadcasting in ten territories in the Asia Pacific, such as China and Korea. In October 2008, SingTel started distributing the channel to the Singapore audience. It was also being broadcast in Africa and Latin America. In May 2008, it signed a distribution agreement with Time Warner Cable. In 2009, HBO Asia became the exclusive distributor for the channel in Asia. A bilingual Latin/English channel, BabyFirst Americas, was launched with Comcast in 2012. A premium BabyFirst YouTube channel was introduced in June 2013.
In the early 2000s, the Federal Trade Commission responded to a complaint by the Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood alleging that BabyFirst's advertising that it helped babies develop skills was misleading. The FTC did not impose any sanctions. As of 2014, it has 81 million viewers and is broadcast in over 100 territories, in thirteen languages.
In 2013, former ABC Network President Steven McPherson and Rich Frank, the former chairman of Disney Channel became investors and board members as the company worked to develop new content and improve advertising revenues. In May 2014, BabyFirst and AT&T U-verse released a co-developed second-screen app for mobile devices for children to interact with the television programming through tablets or smartphones.
BabyFirst's television channel provides 24-hour programming for babies. About 90 percent of the 90 shows BabyFirst produces are original content created at its studios. Acquired programs include Shape A Majigs, Mio Mao, , Ready Dress Go, Squeak!, Tec the Tractor, Suzy's Zoo, Color Crew, Rainbow Horse, and . The format of the network limits each of the network's presentations to three to five minutes of length that are either live-action or animated.
There are also 41 BabyFirst apps for mobile devices. An app available to AT&T U-verse viewers allows children to draw on a mobile device and have the drawing appear on the television screen.
Some experts argue that exposing children to television at such an early age is taking technology too far or that parents are using BabyFirst as a digital babysitter. Parents in-turn refute that argument, claiming that experts have lost touch with the realities of raising a child. BabyFirst suggests the programming is intended to be watched by parents and their children together in an interactive way. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against exposing children under the age of two to television, while a 2003 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that most children under two years of age are already watching TV. According to The Washington Post, very little is known about whether young children watching television has a negative or positive effect on them.
^ "BABYFIRST Now on Verizon Fios". Multichannel. Media Financial Management Association. April 25, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
^ "Round-the-Clock Channel for Infants Debuts on DirecTV". Associated Press. 2015-03-25. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
^ a b Guid, Elizabeth; Leffler, Rebecca (December 21, 2011). "Fox, CanalSat members of a baby boom". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
^ a b c d Miller, DiAngelea (June 6, 2013). "BabyFirst, with premium YouTube channel and new investor, expands". Los Angeles Times.
^ a b c d e Carvaja, Doreen (May 19, 2008). "What can TV do for your baby? 2 channels specialized in child fare are thriving, but critics cite risks of too much viewing". International Herald Tribune.
^ Robinson (May 12, 2006). "'Screen Test' Toddler - Kid & Folks Rate Baby TV". The New York Post. p. 8.
^ a b c d e Davis, Joyzelle (June 14, 2006). "EchoStar to offer BabyFirst channel". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ a b c d Itzkoff, Dave (May 21, 2006). "TV Moves A Step Closer To the Womb". The New York Times. p. 1.
^ a b Shin, Annys (February 24, 2007). "Diaper Demographic; TV, Video Programming for the Under-2 Market Grows Despite Lack of Clear Educational Benefit". The Washington Post.
^ Karen B. TV for tots a turnoff. Courier Mail, The (Brisbane) [serial online]. October 14, 2009;:33. Available from: Newspaper Source Plus, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 22, 2014.
^ Clemetson, Lynette (25 May 2006). "Parents Making Use of TV Despite Risks". The New York Times. p. 16.
^ a b c Proudfoot, Shannon (July 27, 2012). "24-hour TV for kids under 3 is on the air". Winnipeg Free Press.
^ Vlessing, Etan (July 26, 2012). "BabyFirst crawling onto Canadian TV". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ Wong, Christine (November 1, 2008). "Crossing the channels: despite the economic crisis, this year has seen a slew of new channels roll out in the region, with some still set to launch". Television Asia.
^ "BabyFirstTV on SingTel's mio TV". Television Asia. October 1, 2008.
^ Schneider, Michael (May 9, 2008). "Time Warner to carry BabyFirst". Retrieved May 23, 2014.
^ "HBO Asia strikes agreement to represent BabyFirst, WarnerTV across Asia". Television Asia. December 1, 2009.
^ Moore, Frazier (February 21, 2012). "Comcast to start new minority-owned cable channels". Associated Press.
^ "Comcast Outlines Plan to Carry 4 Minority-Owned Channels". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
^ Lafayette, Hayes (September 2, 2013). "McPherson Seeks More Carriage for Kid-TV Net". Broadcasting & Cable.
^ Jackson, Cherese (February 22, 2014). "KneeBouncers Joins BabyFirst to Develop Interactive TV Series". Retrieved June 2, 2014.
^ a b c d "Baby Boom: Profile: BabyFirst". Spring 2014.
^ a b Getzler, Wendy (December 9, 2013). "With Rich Frank on-board, BabyFirst kicks into ad mode". Kidscreen. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
^ a b Baumgartner, Jeff (May 8, 2014). "AT&T, BabyFirst Team On U-verse App". Multichannel News.
^ Taylor, Kate (August 8, 2007). "Ok, I admit it: Treehouse is a parent's dream". Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Proudfoot, Shannon (July 27, 2007). "New network for the newly born; Commercial-free, 24-hour station for babies to launch in Canada". The Star Phoenix. pp. B8. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09.
^ Karen Brooks (2008). Consuming Innocence: Popular Culture and Our Children. Univ. of Queensland Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7022-3645-7.
^ Villalpando, Nicole (August 24, 2012). "BabyFirst develops baby's first apps". The Statesman. Retrieved May 23, 2014.


I just wanted to say hello, I have been a forum lurker for a couple of years and joined officially last week.
I have been studying the JFK/RFK/MLK murders for many years and have learned so much from the postings on this forum.
I hope to add intelligent thoughts and comments!
Hi Bigjohnaz, welcome to the forum and enjoy your stay m8!


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text:
Rockbox Development
Album Art 'scribbled' over...
Author Topic: Album Art 'scribbled' over... (Read 1492 times)
Anvil2k12
may I suggest an opt-out option
of all screen information leaving the
embedded mp3-picture only?
gevaerts
Re: Album Art 'scribbled' over...
If you want to only see album art, why don't you use a theme that only shows album art?
which is?
yapper
See here http://themes.rockbox.org/ for themes.
G2 iPod 20GB / Sansa c240 v1 + 2GB microSD / Sansa c250 v1 / Sansa e250 v1 + 8GB microSDHC / Sansa Fuze v2 + 32GB microSDHC
sorry guys,
but now I feel you pulled my leg for making
me search through hundreds of themes
instead of naming the theme
and there is none (IRiver 340, Cowon X5)
which shows only the embedded graphic.
image one shows the information I'd
like to have option off, so I only have
the graphic (real size)
squo.jpg (64.05 kB, 580x445 - viewed 131 times.)
albumart160x128.jpg (5.34 kB, 160x120 - viewed 122 times.)
bluebrother
Nobody said that such a theme already exists (and I don't know if such a theme does actually exist). Rockbox itself does provide theming capability, but it's not part of Rockbox to provide special themes. That is, themes are user contributed. If someone made a theme showing the things you want to see it's fine. If not you can make it yourself. However, having someone contributing a theme the way you want it is not a feature for Rockbox.
Rockbox Utility development binaries (updated infrequently) · How to ask questions the smart way · We do not estimate timeframes.
Quote from: bluebrother on February 25, 2012, 12:09:36 PM
...However, having someone contributing a theme the way you want it is not a feature for Rockbox.
ok, I maybe suggesting something which is not in the aim of the majority but
this thread is called ideas. I am not demanding it, thus I do not see a reason you
making such a never-ever statement.
not all are listening to music only where it doesn't really matter.
I have lectures, lessons and presentations which I'd be happy to see
the explaining images fully on an already small screen (see template).
and I dare to ask, where is that urge for all time presence of controls
and info on a screen coming from, who has need for that, especially when
hardware buttons show the same icon?
album-art and cover images are a more and more used features in mp3 files.
in these cases controls should fade out like they do when watching MTV or the
vlc-player on a PC offers. what's wrong suggesting such an option for
Rockbox?
however, I'll cope if it doesn't find any support of the community here
« Last Edit: February 26, 2012, 03:31:15 AM by Anvil2k12 »
evilnick
I think that you might be misunderstanding some of the replies here.
You suggested having a theme that is just the album art, with no text.
The replies that were posted said (to me, at least): Okay, fine. You're totally able to do this, Rockbox has an ever-evolving skinning engine and you are more than welcome to create this theme from scratch, or adapt a pre-existing theme to do this.
The point is that Rockbox is done/written/programmed entirely by volunteers, and as such these volunteers will work at whatever pleases them - which could be the skinning engine, work on specific ports that have just started, etc.
A suggestion for a new theme is great to have, but still requires someone to do the work to create/adapt this - and you can get involved by learning how to do so and then doing it and then sharing your work to help the next person who would like a theme that is nothing but album art.
As Llorean once wrote: 'This is like a bunch of people going to the park with hot dogs, firing up some grills, and sharing the hot dogs. You're the new guy who came to the park, and said "Gee, I'd really like some hamburgers." So we said "Well, go get some and grill 'em up, we're not stoppin' yah.".'
"Well, go get some and grill 'em up, we're not stoppin' ya"
imagine the time when nobody knew what a hamburger is.
how will these oldies ever gain their "wisdom" to develop
such an attitude towards newbies, although inviting them to
give some new food ideas (i.e. suggestions here) initially?
JdGordon
Constantly breaking stuff
Last try before I lock the thread for being pointless..
Nothing and noone is stopping you from making the theme you want. It will 100% work with the current builds.
In fact its something like:
%wd
%Cl(0,0,176,220,c,c)
%Cd
What we are saying is seemingly demanding the theme is pointless and just annoys people. the tools are avilable for you to do what you want.
Quote from: evilnick on February 26, 2012, 04:20:51 AM
While this is absolutely true the point I was trying to make is slightly different:
Rockbox development is NOT about creating themes. Rockbox has a default theme (cabbie) and a fallback theme (that is small enough to be able having it hard coded in Rockbox). That's it. This forum is about feature ideas. However, since development it not about creating themes themes by themselves are not a feature of Rockbox -- the ability to use themes is. It's the same as some Winamp skin is not a feature of Winamp -- the ability to use that skin is a feature.
Feel free to discuss about a theme the way you want it, but that's not a feature for Rockbox -- it's customization, and we do have a forum for this kind of things ("Theming and Appearance Customization").


My girls and I love our Box every month! They all have a different theme (relevant to the time of year or season) and are filled with new and delicious treats and toys! The box also comes with a postcard with an adorable dog picture on one side and a description of everything in the box on the other.


text:
Sleeping child hurt in drive-by shooting in Oakland
It was about 5 a.m. Sunday when bullets pierced the walls of the Tran home at 7th and Adeline streets.
"We were sleeping," said the victim's sister, Tilia Tran. "And then I heard multiple gunshots I was really scared so I just snuck under the blanket."
The family showed us the bullet holes inside their home. One of Tilia's brothers was shot in the shoulder while asleep in this bed. He's a triplet and was sleeping closest to the wall.
"He woke up and didn't know why his arm was so weird and then we saw blood all over the bed and that's when we knew that he got shot," she said.
The victim's brother, Loc Tran, added, "He was dizzy, and he was sitting down. And then the ambulance came."
Their brother was rushed to the hospital and is expected to make a full recovery.
A neighbor who did not want to be identified says the violence in this area is such a shame.
"It's sad," she said. "That's really sad you can't be anywhere without shooting going on kids getting involved."
She's concerned about her daughter and doesn't come outside unless she has to.
One man waiting for the bus said Sunday morning's shooting is par for the course.
"You kind of expect it, but you don't know when to expect it," he said. "It goes with the community."
In fact, Tilia says this isn't the first time someone has shot at her house.
"I remember years ago they shot through where my room was and they shot through our windows," she said. "And then a few months ago they shot through up there, which almost hit my dad. We have an oxygen tank up there, so that could have blown up."
In this latest shooting, Tilia says her family found at least 12 bullets in their house.
Tilia tells us her brother is in stable condition.
Police are not sure who the intended target of the gunshots was. They're still looking for suspects.


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This is one of those documents that are most interesting when read backwards. The order in which it lays out Oracle's argument against Google's petition makes sense for those looking at the case for the first time, but after more than four years of coverage on this blog, I guess most of you already know the history of the case and the fact pattern that gave rise to this case in the first place. If the latter is new to you, or if you're looking for a refresher, the "Ann Droid" story Oracle told to the Federal Circuit is a more lively version of it. Then Oracle goes on to explain why the law has always been what it is, and I have viewed it that way for a long time, including a time when I was at loggerheads with Oracle. There's a simple plausibility test for the whole non-copyrightability claim: look at whatever cases Google and its allies show you in which copyrightability was denied (and that's different from finding in favor of fair use); then look at whether the affected material was a similar combination of quantity and originality as in the case of the Java API declaring code, and you'll find in each case that there was no such combination--and you can find numerous examples of cases in which material way less worthy of protection than the Java API declaring code was held copyrightable by U.S. courts. Life's too short to be a broken record, so I'll focus on what's new and what it means in strategic terms. And to that end, it happens to be most fruitful to start at the end.
Interlocutory appeal: why now? why not later?
When Google chose not to ask the Federal Circuit for a rehearing, I was already wondering whether Google would focus on "fair use." Maybe Google was also thinking about the pro's and con's then, but at any event it decided it wants to take this case directly to the Supreme Court.
That, all by itself, does not mean Google's petition will fail. As the SCOTUSblog wrote in 2005, "the importance of the interlocutory status of a case is often grossly overstated." In reality, "[t]he Court regularly grants cert in non-final cases that raise important issues even when the proceedings on remand could illuminate the record in relevant respects and could affect the legal issue presented."
In this case, there is an extraordinarily strong connection between the questions of copyrightability and fair use, and that is so because of the way Google elected to argue the case in district court and on appeal. Oracle is right that Google can't seriously claim the software industry needs a quick resolution of an alleged "circuit split" (inconsistencies between different regional appeals courts) that it claims has existed for decades when the U.S. software industry, and especially the software industry in the Ninth Circuit (i.e., the West Coast, meaning mostly Silicon Valley and Microsoft), undoubtedly thrived. Still, the interlocutory status of the case doesn't guarantee the failure of Google's petition (nor does it make things any easier for Google given the huge number of petitions the Supreme Court receives).
The reason I'm interested in this has nothing to do with what the Supreme Court may or may not decide. Other factors are going to have more weight in that regard, so in case the Supreme Court denies the petition, the interlocutory status probably won't have been the reason. The most interesting aspect is that Google, to say it cautiously, does not quite exude confidence in its "fair use" defense with this tactical choice. It's old news that I don't buy the "fair use" defense here. But if Google really believes in it, why doesn't it just let the case go back to district court, try to win the "fair use" debate based on its "compatibility" argument, and if Oracle appealed again, Google could still try to take the copyrightability part, if it became necessary, to the Supreme Court? This is conjectural but the more I think about it, the more I feel that Google is not nearly as convinced of its two defenses-- non-copyrightability and "fair use"--as it claims and as its supporters claim. The Federal Circuit provided some guidance on "fair use" that ups the ante for Google, and what will up the ante to an even greater extent is that its equitable defenses failed, enabling Oracle on remand to ask the district court to preclude Google from making certain arguments that the first jury (with a bright foreman who couldn't dissuade other jurors from an illogical stance) probably thought had a bearing on "fair use" (Schwartz testimony etc.).
I can't see a winning strategy here for Google with respect to copyrightability, and its only chance with fair use is to get another jury involved that doesn't figure it out, though it will be easier to figure out next time. I wouldn't put it past Google that this here is mostly about delaying the resolution of the case. Nonsensical arguments like saying the software industry (which is mostly on Oracle's side anyway) needs this resolved immediately don't look strong.
There's another indication (that is not in the Supreme Court briefs) of Google's lack of faith in its defenses. Yesterday, Google finally released the first official non-beta version of Android Studio, version 1.0. The Android developers on the team I'm leading and I really like Android Studio (in light of Apple's Swift, Google should do even more to increase developer productivity). But somehow Google is cautious about directly integrating Java material into Android Studio, as this Stack Overflow discussion shows (it slightly predates version 1.0, but the situation is still the same). This doesn't solve Google's entire Java copyright problem. Still, what reason other than a desire to at least limit the extent of the problem would Google have to deliver an IDE--which means Integrated Development Environment--without fully integrating Java, if it's supposedly for the taking?
"Although one would never know it from Google's petition, the court of appeals found that Oracle's work is protected on two separate bases: (1) the original declaring code and (2) the packages' creative structure and organization."
Oracle notes that Google's petition is all about the declaring code per se and "does not address the structure-and-organization rationale." According to Oracle, the failure to address an adequate alternative basis for affirmance means the petition must be denied.
Google's request for Supreme Court review (unlike certain amicus curiae briefs) is all about the functional nature of code. However, as Oracle writes in its response, "[w]hatever might be said about declaring code, the structure and organization is not used 'to operate the methods, i.e., the pre-written programs.'"
This potential reason for denying Google's petition is closely related to what Oracle says in the next subsection: Google now bases its theory on "system" and "method of operation" in the cert petition "[b]ut in the court of appeals, Google made no such argument."
I've said it before: Google's approach does not exude confidence. In its quest for some reason to get 7,000 lines of highly creative (and creatively-structured) material held uncopyrightable, it isn't consistent.
The previous paragraphs discussed potential reasons for a denial of Google's petition beyond the simple fact that such a massive body of highly creative (and creatively-structured), original, expressive material has always been and will always have to be copyrightable.
"Instead of seeking merely to correct erroneous decisions, the Court is looking, Chief Justice Rehnquist has written, for cases 'involving unsettled questions of federal constitutional or statutory law of general interest.'"
That's a lot longer than the Math.Max example Google and its supporters like to point to (and which may have helped Google to confuse the district judge).
Oracle's brief also notes that one can't compare (as Google did in its petition) the QWERTY keyboard layout (the order of a couple dozen keys) to declaring code like the line above.
Getting back to Judge Rehnquist's criteria, it has to be a combination of "unsettled" and "of general interest." Unless one lowers the standard, there is no such combination here.
When I read Google's brief and the amicus briefs urging a review, I can't help but feel that they base their hopes on factors that reside at a meta-level rather than the factual, logical level. They try to make this a case that is all about interoperability, and I'll talk about that in the next section of this post. They try (some more overtly, some more subtly) to capitalize on what they believe to be friction between the Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit.
It won't be easy for them to get a Supreme Court review on that basis, but even if they did, I still can't see how they could ultimately prevail at that meta-level.
While not putting those Sony and Sega fair use cases front and center at this juncture, Google still tries to leverage the (important) concept of "interoperability" (or its synonym, "compatibility") to get the Supreme Court interested. Oracle makes a few references to this in its brief that I wish to highlight.
In connection with "overwhelming [record evidence] that Android is incompatible with the Java platform," Oracle describes the notion of "partial interoperability" as a "contradiction in terms." If products are interoperable, they work together. If they are not, they don't. They can obviously work together to varying degrees, but the problem in this case is that what Google and the district judge meant by "partial interoperability" would more accurately be labeled as "familiarity." Interoperability happens (or doesn't happen) at the technical level, while familiarity is a state of mind. Some will argue that one can make changes to Java code in order to make it run on Android, and vice versa. But apart from this kind of definition having no boundary, it involves some additional work to be performed by human beings.
Google didn't advance the cause of interoperability when it sought to shut down Microsoft products implementing two industry standards (a jury thought this behavior warranted a $14.5 million damages award). It won't do the concept a favor by trying to stretch the definition of the term beyond recognition. So I, too, believe that "partial interoperability"--the way the district court and Google meant it--is a logical fallacy.
"[B]ecause Google deliberately made Android incompatible, when a programmer writes for Android, that programmer and program are locked into Android and locked out of the Java platform.
"Google is wrong that unauthorized copying of others' code is just how the software industry works."
Oracle doesn't say that incremental innovation shouldn't occur. The question is just on which basis. Building on top of what others create and making products work together with existing ones, or making them run on existing platforms is fine, as long as you write your own code. Using what others created is fine if you take a license. But "[t]heft is theft whether the work is a novel or complex software." Except, of course, if the "fair use" defense applies (which could be evaluated very quickly if the Supreme Court denied Google's petition).
The Free Software Foundation and the Software Freedom Law Center have filed an amicus brief that technically (but not substantively) supports Oracle. The free software advocates engage in a balancing act. They are on Google's side with respect to copyright and with respect to copyleft, but they have a procedural preference for denial of Google's cert petition.
I've read their brief and would just like to explain what I believe their strategy is, and the philosophical and legal issues involved.
Richard Stallman, the founder and president of the FSF, leads the life of an itinerant preacher and one can only admire him for how committed he is to his cause. I've disagreed with Eben Moglen, who used to be the FSF's counsel for some time and still works closely with the FSF through his Software Freedom Law Center, on more than one occasion, but he's always extremely interesting to listen to.
"I continue to feel that the focus of the free software movement on 'software' rather than on 'freedom' is the real lost opportunity. [...] Focusing only on free software is as limiting as focusing on free hardware. It's freedom that matters."
The GPL licensing regime puts the freedom of program code above the freedom of developers. The copyleft principle requires all derivative works including GPL-licensed code to be made available under the GPL. This ensures that one cannot enjoy the freedoms granted to him by the GPL and then publish a derivative work under, for example, a proprietary, closed-source license. By contrast, non-copyleft open source licenses don't guarantee that the related code will always remain available on the same terms, but they give commercial software developers the freedom to incorporate it into their products.
The GPL is not about freedom-freedom. It's about enforceable freedom. And in order for anyone to enforce the GPL, the legal system as it stands (where copyleft is not enshrined in statutory law) only offers copyright for a basis. Copyleft wouldn't work without copyright enforcement. Yes, this is an oxymoron.
The dependence of copyleft on copyright is why Richard Stallman counterintuitively criticized the Pirate Party for proposing to limit copyright terms. RMS (he's frequently referred to by his initials) warned that this would allow "marauding giants" to incorporate free software into non-free software after only a few years. For someone advocating general freedom as opposed to just software freedom, this wouldn't be a big deal: one could simply let both approaches, free software and commercial software, compete. But that's not acceptable to the free software community.
RMS and Eben Moglen are copyright minimalists. They want just the level of copyright protection that is needed to make the GPL work in principle. Anything beyond that is undesirable to them. The Pirate Party proposed a copyright reform that would fall short of what the GPL needs. But other than that, less copyright is more if you ask RMS or Professor Moglen.
And now comes the part where they are demonstrably inconsistent. While they generally don't want commercial software developers to incorporate free software into their products ("marauding giants"), and while Richard Stallman considers commercial software to be immoral, they still know that the popularity of Linux (GNU/Linux as they would call it) depends on the availability of non-GPL software (other open source software as well as commercial software) for Linux.
If they were 100% principled, they'd have to like the Federal Circuit's clarification of longstanding principles of U.S. copyright law because it can prove useful in GPL enforement, or at least they should be neutral about it because free software is not made any less free by it. But their objective now is to describe the Federal Circuit opinion (incorrectly) as an outlier that shouldn't have any weight going forward. That's what their brief is really about. They don't want the Supreme Court to look at it because (without saying so) they're afraid of the outcome, knowing that the law is what it is and has been for a long time. If the Supreme Court granted certiorari, the free software guys might file another brief or just hope that what they submitted yesterday would help Google at that stage. But ideally, they just want the process to end. They want to have their cake and eat it. They try hard (but in my eyes fail) to hide the fact that this initiative of theirs runs counter to free software philosophy and is driven by the less than principled desire to let free software like Linux power non-free software like Android.
One of their claims is that the copyrightability question plays no role in this dispute because Google could always use the relevant material under the GPL. The commercial reality is that Google doesn't want to release Android under the GPL. It's a complete non sequitur to me in the FSF/SFLC brief how Google could use the Java API declaring code under the GPL, incorporate it deeply into its own products, and not have a copyleft "share-alike" obligation. So the free software brief is more of a mystery than it provides clarification. The greatest mystery is how the GPL would moot the question of past damages. But frankly, it's not worth worrying about.
The FSF/SFLC brief does, however, show to the Supreme Court that even some of those who don't like the Federal Circuit opinion would like the case to go back to district court now for a "fair use" analysis.
I don't know if any other amicus briefs will be filed. Presumably the software industry at large is just fine with the Federal Circuit ruling, which means business as usual.


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text:
Ugrofinski jeziki so skupina jezikov, ki skupaj s samojedskimi jeziki tvorijo uralsko jezikovno družino. Govorijo se v Severni Evropi (baltsko-finski jeziki, samijski jeziki), Srednji Evropi (madžarščina), povolških in oburalskih predelih Rusije (mordvinščina, marijščina, permski jeziki) in zahodni Sibiriji (hantijščina in mansijščina).

Razdelitev

Ugrofinski jeziki se delijo v dve temeljni veji:

1. finsko-permska veja:
 finsko-povolška podveja:
 finsko-samijska podpodveja:
 baltsko-finski jeziki: finski, estonski, karelski, livijski, vepsijski, votski, ingrijski
 samijski jeziki
 mordvinska jezika: erzjanski, mokšanski
 marijski jezik
 izumrli ugrofinski jeziki nejasnega položaja: muromski, merjanski, meščerski
 permska podveja:
 permski jeziki: udmurtski, komi-zirjanski, komi-permjaški

2. ugrijska veja:
 madžarski jezik
 obsko-ugrijska jezika: hantijski, mansijski

Pisava
Finski, estonski, karelski, livonski, vepsijski, votski, ingrijski, samijski in madžarski jezik so pisani v latinici, ugrofinski jeziki v Rusiji pa uporabljajo prilagojeno cirilico.

Komijski jezik je v 14. stoletju uporabljal edinstveno pisavo, imenovano Abur, ki jo je sestavil ruski pravoslavni misionar Stepan Hrap. Za redke ohranjene zapise v tej pisavi se uporablja tudi izraz staropermski jezik.

Število govorcev
Več kot milijon govorcev imajo madžarščina, finščina, estonščina in mordvinščina. Drugi ugrofinski jeziki imajo manj govorcev. Mnogi tudi spadajo med ogrožene in so skoraj izumrli (npr. livijščina, votščina in ingrijščina).

Zunanje povezave
 Finno-Ugric Peoples Database
 Information Centre of the Finno-Ugric Peoples

Uralski jeziki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Tracey L. Moore (a.k.a. The Purposeful Poet™) wants to take you down a spiritually poetic trail and challenge you to be your best for Christ. She holds a Master's degree in Christian Counseling from Oral Roberts University and currently resides in Norfolk, Virginia. Learn more about Tracey at www.TraceyLMoore.com.
Tracey L. Moore (a.k.a. The Purposeful Poet™) wants to take her readers down a spiritually poetic trail and challenge them to be their best for the Master. The poems she has written over the years are byproducts of her own spiritual and emotional transformation, and she hopes to use her God-given gift for writing poetry and prose to help Christians advance in their personal journey toward wholeness. One of her chief goals in life is to encourage others through her inspirational writings to pursue a deeper, more personal relationship with Jesus Christ. Her work includes spiritual insights from the Word of God which prompt her audience to self-reflect and take the necessary mental and spiritual steps that lead to abundant living. She holds a Master's degree in Christian Counseling from Oral Roberts University and currently resides with her family in Norfolk, Virginia. Learn more about Tracey at www.TraceyLMoore.com.
After her tenure as a contractor for the Navy, she worked as a financial counselor at a major credit union for three years. She then began to write prolifically, and God orchestrated her departure from the credit union so she could pursue her dream of becoming a published author. She currently resides with her family in Norfolk, Virginia.


Red, the Blind puppy was adopted into a great home. She was to be euthanized because she was blind. Morning Starr saved her and she has now been adopted into a great forever loving home. Her name is now Molly.
Chance was noticed by a cable worker in the area. He was tied to a fence without water or food. Having pity on him the worker shared her water and lunch. It was all she could do for this poor dog who was tied to a fence by a two foot of chain. A couple of weeks later the same worker was in that area again and noticed the same awful situation but this time the dog was holding his back leg up and seemed to be missing some hair on his body.
He was still without water or food. The temperature was running close to the 100's. The worker saw the owner and asked about his leg. The owner said that the other dogs in the area would beat him up and that one day he got loose and was hit by a car. He was tied back up to the fence without seeing a vet. The worker could not stand it any longer and called the humane society who gave her the Morning Starr number. Chance was released by his owner whose parting words were. "Take him before I kill him.."
First thing was a trip to the vet for X-rays and shots and a neuter. His leg was broken and he was very much underweight. At first they thought the leg would have to come off but we had to get him stronger first. With lots of small meals, which he wolfed down, we managed to fatten him up and the hair on his body started to shine and grow back. After one month he returned to the vet for another X-ray and he was actually healing. Well, now he is running with the other dogs and there is no stopping him.
About 8 months ago, 10, one week old, puppies were dropped off at the local Humane Society to be euthanized. People working there pleaded with the owner of the mother dog to leave the her at least until the puppies were weaned. The owner just wanted them put down. All ten were taken into foster care by Morning Starr Animal Sanctuary until they were 6 weeks of age. At that time Morning Starr took them to their offsite adoptions and adopted every single one to great homes for the Humane Society.
All are in great loving homes except one (which was called Hulkster, because he was the smallest) which was brought back because he was diagnosed with nystagmus. Because he was adopted out under the Humane Society rules the owner was allowed to bring him back (now about 8 weeks old) and they could pick a new puppy.
This did not look good for Hulkster because the humane society is not a NO-kill and who would want to adopt a puppy that has a brain disorder. Morning Starr asked if Hulkster, now Lewis, could be released to our rescue to further investigate the diagnoses. Well, that is Lewis on our adoption page and is now 8 months old and is waiting for that wonderful home that is willing to take a chance! In the meantime he is just about the most lovable puppy.
For more information on Lewis, please contact Morning Starr.
He came to Morning Starr when his owner passed away. The lady who owned him lived in the country and took very good care of him. The family loved him too but lived in a big city and knew he would never be happy there. He arrived and we quickly had a vet check, neuter and got him his own swimming pool. He is a very good swimmer, as you can see. He has since found a forever home in the cool Prescott country side. Another happy ending.
This stray dog was found roaming Page Springs road at night. She was groomed, had her toenails clipped and was treated for fleas. She has a very sweet temperament and seemed totally devoted to a home when she feels safe. She was possibly 8 or 10 years old, but wagged her tail like a puppy. We placed Meesha in a foster home while we tried to find her a family to take her to a forever home. Meesha passed away before we could find her a new home. It is sad that she is no longer with us but we are happy that she did not roam the streets hungry but instead had a loving family to love her to the end.
Sabrina was found by a thoughtful person who noticed that she was hurt and brought her to the vet. It was discovered that she had been bitten by a rattle snake. No one called to claim her or notice that she was missing it seemed. In this case a cat might be euthanized because it is very painful and needs special attention, which a busy vet office can't always give. She was so sweet that they could not do it so they called Morning Starr to see if we would recover her. When she was picked up the smell of the infection was so bad I had to open the car window and stick my head out.
Her wound was black and was oozing some strange green stuff. It had to be cleaned a couple times a day and she was given antibiotics, which she took very well. She did not like dogs very much and managed to give them a hiss and a swat as they passed her cage.
After about 2 weeks she did not even notice the dogs anymore and was coming out for short exercises. She healed so nicely and seemed to like to play with the dogs, cats and every other animal around the sanctuary. She always was around when someone would visit. She had so much love to give.
A couple came to visit the sanctuary and asked about her and I told them she was very special and could only be adopted to a special family. I explained that she was still healing and required special care. They thought about it. The sanctuary thought about what a great match they would be so it was settled. Sabrina was ready to go to a new forever loving home, with a dog, of course, which she loves.
Sara was a 2 month old filly when she was taken off her mother and sent to a "horse rescue." We were visiting the rescue and bringing hay for the horses when we saw her up in a corner all alone. She was about 4 months old then and very small for her age. She was very lethargic and was not eating. We were concerned about her so we visiting again the next weekend and she was raw from bites on her back from the other horses in the herd. We asked what happened and they told us she accidentally got into the large herd. She had no mother to protect her or to allow her to eat. We treated her wounds and hand fed her.
We hated to leave her but were not sure if we had time for a baby. We had her on our minds so much and the next week we decided we would rescue her. Because she was already at a "rescue" we had to formally adopt her, so we did. The vet came out the next day and said she was badly underdeveloped and needed surgery on her front leg. We hand fed her and washed her wounds until they healed and she was strong enough for surgery. She came though the surgery very well but still has a bone that sticks out a little on her front leg.
Wanting to do the right thing with her I hired a trainer who told me to do some ground work with her and turn her out with my old guys (two old paints) and just let them teach her how to be a horse. That is what I did and my old guys raised her well. She is now 3 years old and runs like the wind. She is still a little on the small size but healthy as a horse!


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For the past eight years, Advent for me was more than just the beginning of the church year. It also happened to be the beginning of my church year: I started my last pastorate on the First Sunday of Advent. So for me the celebration of Thanksgiving and subsequent hanging of the greens for December also signaled a new year with the congregation with whom I was ministering at the time. I always thought that it was a pretty cool thing for the latter to match up so well with the former.
These sorts of anniversaries have always been a big deal to me. They provide a way to look back and do some evaluation; to take time to celebrate steps forward and consider lessons to be learned from missteps. Having begun a new pastorate this year, that time now comes around the beginning of Lent instead, perhaps just as appropriate for such reflection.
Even with these two beginnings now divorced from one another for me personally, Advent still brings with it the end of one year and the start of another. For all the different calendars with which we mark the time--Gregorian, school, seasonal--this particular one provides us with one more beginning to anticipate.
I admit that I'm a liturgy geek. I'm not on the same level as many of my colleagues, but the liturgical year is important to me. Some are down on it for various reasons: it's too confusing, "too Catholic," too rote. The lectionary comes under fire in conjunction, and there are good reasons to critique it. But the church calendar itself can be important and meaningful for the story that it tells. First comes the need for redemption, the crying out of a people for a new revelation of God's love and presence.
That is Advent. We cry out, and we wait. We anticipate a new beginning and the celebration that it will bring, whatever trimmings it brings for each of us. But it also invites a time to reflect on where we've been; to celebrate steps forward and consider lessons from missteps. Part of Advent waiting is the intentional preparation, the questions we may ask of ourselves regarding what to leave behind as Christmas approaches. Sure, lots of people do this citing New Year's as the reason, but for people of faith we may be able to do it in a different way.
I will no longer associate Advent with the beginning of my pastoral year. However, with this being the first time I'll journey through it in a new place, there will still be plenty of cause for reflection and observation, both personally and pastorally. It is still a beginning, a time to slow down and see where new life is needed.