text:
AB Electrolux v. Tran Thanh Phong
The Complainant is AB Electrolux of Stockholm, Sweden, represented by SILKA Law AB, Sweden.
The Respondent is Tran Thanh Phong of Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam.
The disputed domain name <maygiatelectrolux.net> is registered with GMO Internet, Inc. d/b/a Discount-Domain.com and Onamae.com (the "Registrar").
The Complaint was filed with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center (the "Center") on May 16, 2017. On May 17, 2017, the Center transmitted by email to the Registrar a request for registrar verification in connection with the disputed domain name. On May 24, 2017, the Registrar transmitted by email to the Center its verification response disclosing registrant and contact information for the disputed domain name which differed from the named Respondent and contact information in the Complaint. The Center sent an email communication to the Complainant on May 26, 2017, providing the registrant and contact information disclosed by the Registrar, and inviting the Complainant to submit an amendment to the Complaint. The Complainant filed an amended Complaint on June 1, 2017.
On May 26, 2017, the Center notified the Parties in both English and Japanese that the language of the Registration Agreement for the disputed domain name was Japanese. On May 28, 2017, the Complainant requested for English to be the language of the proceeding, to which the Respondent did not reply.
The Center verified that the Complaint together with the amended Complaint satisfied the formal requirements of the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Policy" or "UDRP"), the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Rules"), and the WIPO Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Supplemental Rules").
In accordance with the Rules, paragraphs 2 and 4, the Center formally notified the Respondent in English and Japanese of the Complaint, and the proceedings commenced on June 7, 2017. In accordance with the Rules, paragraph 5, the due date for Response was June 27, 2017. A third party sent an email communication to the Center on June 2, 2017. The Respondent did not, however, submit any formal response. Accordingly, the Center notified the Parties about the commencement of panel appointment process on June 28, 2017.
The Center appointed Haig Oghigian, F.C.I.Arb. as the sole panelist in this matter on July 12, 2017. The Panel finds that it was properly constituted. The Panel has submitted the Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence, as required by the Center to ensure compliance with the Rules, paragraph 7.
As there is no submission from the Respondent, the facts are taken from the Complaint and generally are accepted as true.
The Complainant, AB Electrolux, is a Swedish joint stock company founded in 1901. The Complainant is one of the world's leading producers of appliances and equipment for kitchen and cleaning products and floor care products. In 2016, Electrolux had sales of SEK 121 billion and about 55,000 employees.
The Complainant is the owner of a number of internationally registered trademarks for ELECTROLUX, both in word and figurative forms, alone and in combination with other elements, in several classes in more than 150 jurisdictions all over the world. The Complainant further evidenced that it holds International trademark registration No. 836605 registered on March 17, 2004, for goods and services in Classes 3, 7-9, 11-12, 21, 25, 35, 37 and 39, and International trademark registrations designating Viet Nam including International trademark No. 1260775 registered on January 27, 2015, for goods and services in Classes 7-9, 11, 21, 26, 35, and 37 and International trademark No. 1126087 registered on July 18, 2012, for goods in Class 7.
The Complainant also owns numerous domain names under generic Top-level Domains ("gTLD") and country-code Top-level Domains ("ccTLD") containing its trademark ELECTROLUX, among which are the domain names <electrolux.com> and <electrolux.vn>.
Finally, through its extensive use, the Complainant has gained over the years substantial reputation internationally for its Electrolux products.
The Respondent registered the disputed domain name <maygiatelectrolux.net> on September 9, 2015. The website at the disputed domain name has been under operation for promotion of the Respondent's services in repairing Electrolux's washing machines.
The Complainant requests transfer of the disputed domain name.
(i) The disputed domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the Complainant has rights.
The Complainant contends that the Complainant is and has been for many years the rights holder of the trademark ELECTROLUX (the "trademark") in numerous countries worldwide, including in Viet Nam. The ELECTROLUX brand is the Complainant's flagship brand for kitchen and cleaning appliances for both consumers and professional users. The trademark well predates the Respondent's registration of the disputed domain name.
The Complainant further contends that the disputed domain name is confusingly similar to the Complainant's trademark, as it comprises the word "electrolux", which is identical to the trademark, and the addition of the generic and descriptive Vietnamese words "maygiat" (which means "washing machine" in English) does not materially change the confusingly similar conclusion.
Finally, the Complainant submits that the addition of the gTLD ".net" in the disputed domain name does not add any distinctiveness to the disputed domain name.
(ii) The Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the disputed domain name.
The Complainant submits that the intention of the Respondent in registering the disputed domain name is to take advantage of the Internet traffic generated due to the incorporation of the well-known ELECTROLUX trademark in the disputed domain name by arguing that: (i) the Respondent is not commonly known by the disputed domain name; and (ii) there is no evidence that the Respondent has a history of using, or preparing to use the disputed domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods and services.
The Complainant further submits that the Respondent is using the disputed domain name incorporating the Complainant's trademark to attract Internet users to its website where it offers repair and maintenance services for ELECTROLUX products by arguing that: (i) the Complainant has no agreement with the Respondent and granted neither license nor authorization of any other kind to the Respondent for the registration and use of the disputed domain name incorporating the Complainant's trademark; (ii) the Respondent's prominent use of the Complainant's trademark and logo on the top section of the website at the disputed domain name strongly suggests that the disputed domain name is used in connection with the Complainant in some way or the Respondent has some official or authorized relationship with the Complainant for the purposes of repair services in Viet Nam.
Further, the Complainant refers to the case Oki Data Americas, Inc. v. ASD, Inc., WIPO Case No. D2001-0903 ("Oki Data") and submits that the Respondent's conduct does not meet the Oki Data criteria on three elements: (i) the Respondent does not publish a disclaimer on the website; (ii) the Respondent is depriving the Complainant of reflecting its own mark in the disputed domain name; and (iii) the Respondent presents itself as the trademark owner by using the Complainant's official ELECTROLUX trademark and logo in its website.
Finally, the Complainant submits that the Respondent's use of the disputed domain name cannot be considered as legitimate use by arguing that: (i) the Respondent was aware of the Complainant's trademark prior to the acquisition of the disputed domain name and the establishment of the Respondent's website; and (ii) the Respondent is not known by the disputed domain name, nor does the Respondent claim to have made legitimate, noncommercial use of the disputed domain name; and (iii) the Respondent failed to present some compelling arguments that it has rights in the disputed domain name.
(iii) The disputed domain name was registered and is being used in bad faith.
First, the Complainant submits that the disputed domain name is registered in bad faith by arguing that: (i) the Respondent was aware of the existence of the Complainant's trademark and unlawfulness of the registration of the disputed domain name as the Complainant's trademark registration predates the registration of the disputed domain name; (ii) the Respondent has failed to respond to any communication attempts made by the Complainant, which can be considered relevant for a finding of bad faith registration.
Second, the Complainant submits that the disputed domain name is being used in bad faith.
The Complainant contends that the Complainant first tried to contact the Respondent on November 9, 2016, through a cease-and-desist letter, and sent reminders on November 24, 2016 and January 1, 2017, in which the Complainant requested, amongst others, a voluntary transfer of the disputed domain name. However, the Respondent has not yet replied and simply disregarded all communication attempts and notices given by the Complainant, which can be considered relevant in a finding of bad faith.
The Complainant further argues that the Respondent has never been granted permission to register the disputed domain name and the Respondent intentionally chose the disputed domain name based on a registered and well-known trademark in order to generate more traffic to its own business as a repair center.
In addition, the Respondent does not disclose on the disputed domain name the non-existing relationship between it and the Complainant. Consequently, the Respondent is using the disputed domain name to intentionally attempt to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to the website under the disputed domain name, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Complainant's trademark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation or endorsement of the Respondent's website or a product or service on the Respondent's website.
The Complainant further submits that the Respondent has also registered a number of other domain names consisting of other well-known trademarks, which is argued by the Complainant to be taken into account as an indication of bad faith.
Therefore, the Complainant contends that the Respondent should be considered to have registered and to be using the disputed domain name in bad faith.
The Respondent did not reply to the Complainant's contentions.
6.1. Language of the Proceeding
Although the language of the Registration Agreement for the disputed domain name is Japanese, the Complainant requests that the administrative proceeding be conducted in English.
Paragraph 11(a) of the Rules provides that in principle the language of the administrative proceeding shall be the language of the Registration Agreement, "subject to the authority of the Panel to determine otherwise, having regard to the circumstances of the administrative proceeding". There are a number of rulings by UDRP panels that paragraph 11 of the Rules must be applied in accordance with the overriding requirements of paragraphs 10(b) and 10(c) of the Rules that the parties are treated equally, that each party is given a fair opportunity to present its case, and that the proceeding takes place with due expedition.
See, e.g., General Electric Company v. Edison Electric Corp. a/k/a Edison Electric Corp. General Energy, Edison GE, Edison-GE and EEEGE.COM, WIPO Case No. D2006-0334 and SWX Swiss Exchange v. SWX Financial LTD, WIPO Case No. D2008-0400.
Despite the Center's notification to the Respondent in both Japanese and English on May 26, 2017, the Respondent made no objection regarding the language of the proceeding, nor did it submit any Response by the due date. The Panel notes that the Respondent had ample opportunity to raise objections in relation to the language of the proceeding or make known its preference, but it did not provide any response in this regard.
The Panel finds that substantial additional expense and delay would likely be incurred if the Complaint had to be translated into Japanese, and further that English is a neutral language for both of the Parties and would not give the Complainant unfair advantage over the Respondent.
Taking all these circumstances into account, the Panel finds that it is appropriate to exercise its discretion and allow the proceeding to be conducted in English.
6.2. Substantive Matters
Paragraph 4(a) of the Policy requires that the complainant must prove each of the following:
(i) The domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark in which the complainant has rights; and
(ii) The respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and
(iii) The domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
Pursuant to paragraph 4(a)(i) of the Policy, the Complainant must prove that the disputed domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the Complainant has rights. In line with such provision, the Complainant must prove that it enjoys the trademark right and that the disputed domain name is identical with or confusingly similar to its trademark or service mark.
It is established that the addition of other descriptive terms does not mitigate the confusing similarity between the disputed domain name and the complainant's trademark. See, e.g., Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, Cantor Index Limited v. Mark Mark, Chen Xian Sheng/Whois Protect, WIPO Case No. D2014-0125 and J. Choo Limited v. Weng Huangteng, WIPO Case No. D2010-0126.
Further, it is recognized that the incorporation of a trademark in its entirety is sufficient to establish that the disputed domain name is identical or confusingly similar for the purposes of the Policy. See Kabushiki Kaisha Hitachi Seisakusho (d/b/a Hitachi Ltd) v. Arthur Wrangle, WIPO Case No. D2005-1105.
The Panel notes that the Complainant owns trademark rights to the ELECTROLUX mark in many countries (including Viet Nam). The Panel further finds that the disputed domain name <maygiatelectrolux.net> reproduces the Complainant's trademark ELECTROLUX in its entirety, with the addition of the element "maygiat", and the gTLD ".net".
Accordingly, the Panel finds that the disputed domain name is confusingly similar to the Complainant's trademark. The Complainant has therefore satisfied the requirement of paragraph 4(a)(i) of the Policy.
Paragraph 4(c) of the Policy gives a non-exhaustive list of circumstances that may be brought forward by the Respondent in order to demonstrate its rights or legitimate interests. Such circumstances include:
(i) Use of or demonstrable preparation to use the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services prior to notice of the dispute;
(ii) An indication that the registrant has been commonly known by the domain name even if it has acquired no trademark rights; or
(iii) Legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name without intent to divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark.
The Panel finds that the Complainant has made a prima facie showing that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name, therefore the burden of production shifts to the Respondent to put forward evidence in support of its rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name. See PepsiCo, Inc. v. Amilcar Perez Lista d/b/a Cybersor, WIPO Case No. D2003-0174.
No evidence has been submitted that establishes the existence of a relationship between the Complainant and the Respondent that would give rise to any license, permission or authorization by which the Respondent could own or use the disputed domain name, the ELECTROLUX mark, or any mark confusingly similar thereto. There is no evidence to suggest that the Respondent is or has been commonly known by the disputed domain name. There is no evidence to suggest that the disputed domain name has been used in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services prior to the dispute. In this regard, the Panel finds that the Respondent's lack of any disclaimer on the website to which the disputed domain name resolves creates a misleading impression of association between the Complainant and the Respondent, when no such association exists. The Respondent has failed to rebut the Complainant's prima facie showing.
Accordingly, the Panel finds that the Complainant has established that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name. The Complainant has therefore satisfied the requirement of paragraph 4(a)(ii) of the Policy.
The Panel notes that the ELECTROLUX mark has acquired extensive international reputation in connection with home and professional appliances offered by the Complainant, and that the ELECTROLUX mark's reputation indicates that the Respondent was or should have been aware of the ELECTROLUX trademarks prior to registering the disputed domain name. See Caesars World, Inc. v. Forum LLC., WIPO Case No. D2005-0517 and The Gap, Inc. v. Deng Youqian, WIPO Case No. D2009-0113.
Further, given that the Respondent has never been authorized by the Complainant to use the ELECTROLUX mark, the fact that the Respondent has registered the disputed domain name incorporating the ELECTROLUX mark establishes bad faith registration. See Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin, Maison Fondée en 1772 v. The Polygenix Group Co., WIPO Case No. D2000-0163 and PepsiCo, Inc. v. "null", aka Alexander Zhavoronkov, WIPO Case No. D2002-0562. Moreover, the Panel finds that the Respondent has registered the disputed domain name in order to trade off the goodwill associated with the Complainant's ELECTROLUX trademark by holding itself out as an authorized repair service provider. Such conduct falls squarely within paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the Policy.
Therefore, the Panel is satisfied that the Complainant has established bad faith registration and use of the disputed domain name as required by paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy.
For the foregoing reasons, in accordance with Paragraphs 4(i) of the Policy and 15 of the Rules, the Panel orders that the disputed domain name <maygiatelectrolux.net> be transferred to the Complainant.
Haig Oghigian, F.C.I.Arb


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Battlefield (Doctor Who)
152[1] – Battlefield
Doctor Who serial
A meeting with an old friend
Sylvester McCoy (Seventh Doctor)
Sophie Aldred (Ace)
Nicholas Courtney — Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart
Angela Douglas — Doris
Angela Bruce — Brigadier Winifred Bambera
Robert Jezek — Sergeant Zbrigniev
Dorota Rae — Flight Lieutenant Lavel
Paul Tomany — Major Husak
Noel Collins — Pat Rawlinson
June Bland — Elizabeth Rawlinson
James Ellis — Peter Warmsly
Ling Tai — Shou Yuing
Jean Marsh — Morgaine
Christopher Bowen — Mordred
Marcus Gilbert — Ancelyn
Marek Anton — The Destroyer
Stefan Schwartz — Knight Commander
Ben Aaronovitch
Andrew Cartmel
Executive producer(s)
Production code
4 episodes, 25 minutes each
Originally broadcast
September 6–September 27, 1989
← Preceded by Followed by →
The Greatest Show in the Galaxy Ghost Light
Battlefield is a serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from September 6 to September 27, 1989. It was the last appearance of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in Doctor Who.
2 Continuity
3.1 Pre-production
3.3 Cast notes
4 In print
5 VHS and DVD Release
7.2 Target novelisation
In response to a distress signal, the Seventh Doctor and Ace materialize the TARDIS near Lake Vortigern in England. The sound of explosions leads the TARDIS crew to Brigadier Bambera of UNIT, in charge of a nuclear missile convoy. Following the encounter, the retired Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart (the old Brigadier) is informed of the Doctor's return, and a helicopter is sent to his country home to collect him.
At the Gore Crow hotel, the Doctor and Ace meet a young woman called Shou Yuing, who shares Ace's love of explosives. Meanwhile, as Bambera stops to examine a certain blue police telephone box at the side of the road, she is caught in the crossfire between two groups of armoured knights, using both swords and futuristic guns.
The Doctor shows interest in a scabbard excavated from the battlefield, which hangs over the mantlepiece in the hotel. The scabbard is hot to the Doctor's touch, and the hotel owner's blind wife, Elizabeth, says she can sense it waiting for something, or someone. Archaeologist Warmsly dates the scabbard to the 8th century, but the Doctor senses that it is far older than that, and has been waiting for something.
As Ace and Shou Yuing share a talk about explosives, a knight sails through the roof of the hotel brewery. The Doctor, Ace and Shou Yuing find the knight, Ancelyn, who wakes to recognize the Doctor as "Merlin". While the Doctor mulls the portent of this revelation, the party is surrounded by an ominous group of knights.
Bambera faces down their leader, Mordred, but Mordred is more frightened to see "Merlin", who he believed was imprisoned by his mother, Morgaine. Following some vague threats from the Doctor (who is by this stage pretending that he knows exactly who Merlin is), Mordred's knights retreat. Later, as Mordred begins an arcane ritual, the scabbard in the hotel flies across the room, stirred by the magic. Morgaine then arrives on the scene through a rift in space and time.
The next day, Warmsly shows the Doctor where he uncovered the scabbard. They find a rune, written in the Doctor's own handwriting, which he translates to "Dig hole here." Using a canister of Nitro-9, Ace blows an opening.
On arrival in Carbury, Lethbridge-Stewart's helicopter is shot down by Morgaine's sorcery. As Morgaine's knights hold a remembrance ceremony for the soldiers of Earth's world wars, Lethbridge-Stewart has a peaceable meeting with Morgaine — though she warns Lethbridge-Stewart that, when they meet again in battle, she will kill him.
Following the tunnel created by the Nitro-9 blast, the Doctor and Ace enter a chamber under the lake, finding a door programmed to open at the Doctor's voice. The Doctor tells Ace that "Merlin" may well be his future self, or a parallel version of himself from another universe, where magic is the substitute for technology. Presently, they realize that the chamber is part of an organic spaceship, and find the body of King Arthur, lying next to a sword, which was apparently the source of the distress signal, and also lured Mordred and Morgaine. When Ace removes the sword from its plinth, she activates a defence mechanism, unleashing a hostile, glowing entity. Attempting to hide, Ace enters an alcove. A door closes, and the alcove starts to fill with water. As Ace yells for help, the entity knocks the Doctor unconscious.
The Doctor recovers just in time to eject Ace from the space ship, sending her shooting up through the waters of the lake. As Ancelyn and Warmsly stand at the shore, discussing the Lady of the Lake, Ace emerges, still grasping the sword. Ancelyn identifies it as Excalibur. The Brigadier arrives on-scene, in time to destroy the creature below the lake and rescue the Doctor.
Mordred and Morgaine go to the hotel to retrieve Excalibur. Lavel, Lethbridge-Stewart's co-officer, shoots, but Morgaine simply catches her bullet with sorcery. Morgaine then takes knowledge from Lavel's mind, which kills her, and turns her body to dust. As Morgaine leaves, she pays for the drinking tab of her unruly son by restoring Elizabeth's sight. Meanwhile, UNIT troops are staging an evacuation. The Brigadier shows off some of UNIT's specialized ammunition, but when the Doctor jokingly inquires about silver bullets, the Brigadier rushes to get some.
The Doctor instructs Ace to draw a chalk circle around herself to protect against Morgaine's sorcery. He then drives off in his old car, Bessie, hoping to halt a battle between Morgaine's knights and the UNIT soldiers. A storm breaks outside the hotel, so Ace and Shou Yuing draw the circle around themselves and Excalibur (which is the real source of their protection). Ace and Shou Yuing start to bicker, and Ace nearly leaves the circle before realising that Morgaine is toying with their minds.
Just as Mordred and Ancelyn are about to fight, the Doctor intervenes. Mordred reveals that the battle was a ruse to lure the Doctor, and that Morgaine has summoned the Destroyer of Worlds, whom she has bound with silver chains. Morgaine appears before Ace and Shou Yuing, and tries to entice them to hand over Excalibur. When they refuse, she unleashes the power of the Destroyer.
The Doctor and the Brigadier capture Mordred, and set off for the hotel. On return, the Doctor finds the hotel in ruins, but Ace and Shou Yuing safe. He is pleased to hear that Ace gave Excalibur to Morgaine, as doing so protected her. In the debris, the Doctor finds a portal to Morgaine's castle, and he, the Brigadier, and Ace bravely enter. On arrival, the Brigadier shoots the Destroyer, to no effect. The Destroyer's return volley sends the Brigadier flying through the window. Ace bursts through the portal, ramming into Morgaine, and knocking Excalibur from her grasp.
Morgaine releases the Destroyer's bonds. In the confusion, she scoops up Excalibur, and heads back through the portal, along with Mordred.
Outside, Ace tells the Doctor that Morgaine bound the Destroyer with silver chains, so he loads the Brigadier's revolver with the silver bullets. Although the Doctor wants to face the Destroyer himself, the Brigadier says that he is too valuable, and knocks him out, retrieving his gun so that he can face the Destroyer in the Doctor's place. The Brigadier marches back in to the castle, tells the Destroyer, "Get off my world!", and then empties the revolver into the monster's chest. The Destroyer explodes, and the Doctor wakes to find the castle engulfed in flames. He spots the Brigadier's prostrate form, and begins to mourn his fallen friend — at which point the Brigadier opens his eyes and rises, unharmed.
Back at the convoy, Morgaine and Mordred attempt to detonate the nuclear missile. The Doctor confronts Morgaine, insisting that there is no honour to nuclear warfare. Morgaine realises that he is right, and asks to fight Arthur in single combat. The Doctor then tells her of Arthur's death, much to her sadness. Mordred and Morgaine are then imprisoned by Bambera (who has developed a relationship with Ancelyn), and the Doctor, Ace and Shou Yuing are invited to the Brigadier's home for supper.
As broadcast, this story marks a costume change for the Seventh Doctor. (Initially, The Curse of Fenric was meant as the first story of the season, and an outfit reveal was built in partway through the story.) Most of his clothing is darker, most notably his coat which is now dark brown as opposed to the beige in previous seasons. This was to represent his darker, more manipulative character. This costume would continue until the end of the classic series' run. When the Seventh Doctor next appears in the 1996 TV movie, he is wearing a completely re-designed outfit with only his hat remaining (which was owned by Sylvester McCoy).
It is implied that Merlin is, or will be, a future incarnation of the Doctor. It is also possible that Merlin is an alternate Doctor from the same parallel universe that Morgaine and the rest of the knights are from. The "Merlin Doctor" appears in the prologue to Marc Platt's novelisation, described as wearing a floppy hat and an Afghan coat. This character also makes a cameo in Aaronavitch's Virgin New Adventures novel Transit. Interestingly, he is described as having red hair, something which both the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors express a desire to have. Another possible Merlin Doctor is the character Muldwych from Nigel Robinson's novel Birthright, who is strongly implied to be a future incarnation of the Doctor, and in Paul Cornell's Happy Endings is discussing the origins of Excalibur but leaves off as the Doctor passes by. The 'Merlin paradox' is later resolved in One Fateful Knight, a short story in Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership, which reveals that the Eighth Doctor 'shares' the title of Merlin with a renegade Time Lord, the other Merlin giving Arthur and his people advanced technology for his own motives before he is sealed in the ice caves by Morgaine, while the Eighth Doctor leaves the various relevant clues for his past self to find.
The Doctor mentions that they are several years in Ace's future. A King sits on the throne of Great Britain, a £5 coin is in common circulation, all roadsigns are in kilometres and the telephone in the hotel is apparently voice operated. The novelisation also mentions that sea levels have risen and places the date sometime after 1995. The Virgin New Adventures novel The Dying Days, set some months after it and featuring Brigadier Bambera, is set in 1997.
The Doctor gives Ace a UNIT identity card which once belonged to former companion Liz Shaw. Ace remarks that she does not even look like the ID photo, and asks "Who is Elizabeth Shaw?"
While not stated aloud nor seen on-camera, Battlefield marks the Seventh Doctor's use the alias "John Smith", as the Third Doctor had told Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart to use "John Smith" on his UNIT credentials in Spearhead from Space.[clarification needed]
The Doctor, talking to the new Brigadier, mentions Yeti (The Web of Fear), Autons (Spearhead from Space and Terror of the Autons), Daleks (Day of the Daleks), Cybermen (The Invasion) and Silurians (Doctor Who and the Silurians).
The Brigadier states that UNIT have "gold tipped bullets for you know what" referring to the Cybermen. Their weakness to gold was first referenced during Revenge of the Cybermen.
The Doctor suggests UNIT acquire silver bullets because "Well, you never know", a suggestion Lethbridge-Stewart immediately takes. Silver bullets are traditionally associated with defeating werewolves. The Doctor encountered werewolves in The Greatest Show in the Galaxy and "Tooth and Claw".[citation needed]
Bessie appears for the first time since The Five Doctors, with the numberplate 'WHO 7', though the actual car used is a different model from that featured earlier; in the Doctor's personal chronology, he was last shown using the vehicle soon after his regeneration into the Fourth Doctor in Robot (in The Five Doctors the vehicle is only used by the Third Doctor).
This story marks the last appearance of the TARDIS console room in the classic series. The set itself which had been in use since The Five Doctors had been destroyed in between seasons so a cheap mock-up (with a curtain standing in for the wall) was used here. The lighting in this scene is very low to disguise this- claimed to be the result of the Doctor turning down power to better follow a signal-, although the console itself survived and was used.[citation needed]
UNIT itself would not appear again on television until the Ninth Doctor story Aliens of London, after which it would be seen in the Tenth Doctor's initial outing, The Christmas Invasion, and several subsequent stories. The organization was also referred to in the spin-off The Sarah Jane Adventures and represented by its medical officer, Martha Jones- the former companion of the Tenth Doctor-, in Torchwood.
This story is the last appearance of Brigadier Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart in the Doctor Who television series, after 21 years in the series since his first appearance in 1968's The Web of Fear, and his last television appearance in the Doctor Who universe (apart from 1993's multi-Doctor mini-episode Dimensions in Time) until The Sarah Jane Adventures episode, "Enemy of the Bane" in 2008. 'The Brig' or 'Sir Alistair' is mentioned as being still affiliated with UNIT in both the 2007 The Sarah Jane Adventures episodes "Revenge of the Slitheen", "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith, and "Death of the Doctor", and the 2008 Doctor Who episode The Poison Sky. In the nearly twenty-year interim between "Battlefield" and "Enemy of the Bane", the character appeared in several spin-off stories, including short stories, novels and audio dramas. As with Dimensions in Time, the canonicity of these is unclear. He is also heard in many Big Finish audios such as The Spectre of Lanyon Moor, Minuet in Hell and the UNIT series, thus resulting in Nicholas Courtney being the only actor to have appeared with all of the first eight Doctors, appearing with Colin Baker and Paul McGann as the Sixth and Eighth Doctors respectively in the aforementioned audios.
Serial details by episode
"Part One" 6 September 1989 (1989-09-06) 24:06 3.1
"Part Two" 13 September 1989 (1989-09-13) 24:07 3.9
"Part Three" 20 September 1989 (1989-09-20) 24:13 3.6
"Part Four" 27 September 1989 (1989-09-27) 24:14 4.0
Working titles for this story included Nightfall and Storm Over Avallion. An early version of the script was to have included the death of Lethbridge-Stewart.[5]
The Doctor refers to one of Clarke's three laws — telling Ace that sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic — to explain the various forms of 'black magic' attack used against them by the Sorceress Morgaine, and also that Arthur's trans-dimensional spaceship was grown, not built, and adds that the reverse of Clarke's Law is also true.
The first director approached to handle Battlefield was Graeme Harper, who had previously directed The Caves of Androzani and Revelation of the Daleks for the programme in 1984 and 1985 respectively. However, Harper was committed to episodes of the Central Television drama series Boon, and unavailable to return to Doctor Who.[6] He would, however, later return to direct episodes of the revived version of the show from 2006 onwards.
During recording of the sequence where Ace is trapped in the water tank, the tank cracked, causing Sophie Aldred to sustain minor cuts to her hands and creating a major hazard as water flooded out onto the studio floor, across which live wires were running. The moment when the tank first cracked can be seen in Part Three as the Doctor struggles with the controls and Ace is lifted clear of the water.
Cast notes
See also Celebrity appearances in Doctor Who.
Guest stars making return appearances include Jean Marsh, who over twenty years earlier had played Princess Joanna in The Crusade and later, companion Sara Kingdom in The Daleks' Master Plan and June Bland, who appeared in the Fifth Doctor story, Earthshock.
Angela Bruce reprised the role of Brigadier Winifred Bambera in the audio play Animal.
A novelisation of this serial, written by Marc Platt, was published by Target Books in July 1991.[7] The novel features a prologue in which the future Merlin Doctor takes the wounded King Arthur aboard the spaceship beneath the lake following the last battle as well as additional information about the current version of U.N.I.T. and Morgraine's dimension. The final scene also implies that the Brigadier is planning to go with Ancelyn back to the other dimension to help restore order, a similar plot point to the ending of the Eight Doctor Adventures novel The Shadows of Avalon. It was the last novelisation of a televised Doctor Who serial to be published in the traditional "short paperback" format Target had been using since 1973. After one more novelisation based upon the audio story The Pescatons, all remaining novelisations would be published in paperback editions with greater page counts and a different format.
Doctor Who book
Target novelisations
Release number
Marc Platt
Alister Pearson
VHS and DVD Release
This story was released on VHS in March 1998 with two minutes of additional footage not shown in the 1989 broadcast.
It was released on Region 2 DVD on December 26, 2008 as a Special Edition featuring the original televised story plus a movie length version featuring extended scenes and new special effects.
^ From the Doctor Who Magazine series overview, in issue 407 (pp26-29). The Discontinuity Guide, which counts the four segments of The Trial of a Time Lord as four separate stories and also counts the unbroadcast serial Shada, lists this story as number 156. Region 1 DVD releases follow The Discontinuity Guide numbering system.
^ Shaun Lyon et al. (2007-03-31). "Battlefield". Outpost Gallifrey. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20080511184006/http://www.gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=7n. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
^ "Battlefield". Doctor Who Reference Guide. http://www.drwhoguide.com/who_7n.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
^ Sullivan, Shannon (2007-08-07). "Battlefield". A Brief History of Time Travel. http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/7n.html. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
^ Battlefield at Doctor Who: A Brief History Of Time (Travel)
^ Rigelsford, Adrian (1996). Classic Who – The Harper Classics. London: Boxtree. ISBN 0-7522-0188-3.
^ Platt, Marc (1991). Battlefield. ISBN 0-426-20350-X.
Battlefield at BBC Online
Battlefield on TARDIS Index File, an external wiki
Battlefield at the Doctor Who Reference Guide
Battlefield reviews at Outpost Gallifrey
Battlefield reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
Target novelisation
Battlefield (novelisation) reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
On Target — Battlefield
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Enemy of the Bane • Death of the Doctor
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Doctor Who — Titre original Doctor Who Genre Série de Science fiction Créateur(s) Première série : Sydney Newman Donald Wilson Deuxième série : Graeme Harper … Wikipédia en Français
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Simply Transfers is a fully licensed, insured passenger transportation company that is based in the Northern French Alps and that has been operating for over 55 years in the ski transfer business.
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text:
The Legal Lowdowns
By Philip Landau
Race discrimination cases are rarely straightforward. It is rare for employers to openly treat people differently because of their race.
It is the task of an employment tribunal to decide whether the real reason for different treatment is in fact, race.
What is race discrimination?
Racial discrimination can arise in any of four ways: direct discrimination, race discrimination by way of harassment, indirect discrimination and victimisation. <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
Such discrimination can apply at interview stage, the terms upon which you are being offered employment (or indeed whether you are offered employment at all), in promotion and transfer opportunities, or being dismissed or subjected to any other detriment.
A person discriminates against another by treating that other less favourably than another person. Where such discrimination is on racial grounds it is unlawful. This apparently straightforward position often creates difficulty for tribunals. Employers will almost always deny that the alleged discrimination had anything to do with race.
In this situation the tribunal has to find the true and effective reason for the employer's action. The motive of an employer is irrelevant.
Direct discrimination also covers racial harassment. Under the Race Relations Act 1976, being subjected to racial harassment is being "subject to any other detriment".
Until 2003 harassment was not expressly outlawed by the Race Relations Act. A worker who had been racially harassed would have brought a claim for direct discrimination.
The new regulations, which were passed on <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />19 July 2003, outlaw harassment on grounds of race, ethnic or national origins. Harassment occurs when, on the grounds of race or ethnic or national origins, the harasser engages in unwanted conduct which has the purpose or effect of (a) violating the victim's dignity or (b) creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the victim.
Conduct shall be regarded as having the effect of violating someone's dignity or creating an intimidating environment only if in all the circumstances, including the victim's perception, it could reasonably be seen as having that effect.
The definition of harassment is wide enough to include most types of harassment including abusive language, excessive monitoring of work, excessive criticism of someone's work etc.
However, the concept of "reasonableness" may in some cases make it difficult to win such cases. Under the other provisions of the Race Relations Act the test of whether someone had suffered a violation of their dignity is subjective.
Indirect discrimination is where an employer operates a policy which on the face of it has nothing to do with race but in practice the effect is to disadvantage ethnic minorities.
A person discriminates against another when he applies a provision, or practice which he applies or would apply equally to everyone but which: puts or would put persons from one racial group at a particular disadvantage when compared to other persons which puts that other at that disadvantage, and which he cannot show to be a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.
Another requirement for indirect discrimination is that the discriminatory action cannot be justified irrespective of the racial origins of the complainant. The onus is on the employer to prove that the condition is justified.
For example, where it is stated that an applicant for a manual job should be able to read and write English where there is virtually no reading or writing required is unlikely to be justifiable.
Anyone involved in bringing proceedings, making allegations or giving information in connection with the Race Relations Act is protected by the Act against victimisation. That means that they must not be subject to any detriment as a result.
Who is liable under the Act?
Liability for race discrimination usually lies with the employer and/or any other employee who is found to have discriminated.
Employers will be liable for the discriminatory acts of employees where those employees are acting in the course of their employment. This is known as vicarious liability.
Where the acts complained of are done by another employee, it is usually wise to bring the employment tribunal application against both the employee as well as the employer.
Employers have a defence to a complaint of discrimination based on vicarious liability if they can prove that they took all reasonably practicable steps to prevent the discrimination. It is rare for employers to be able to succeed with this defence, but if they do, the claim can continue against the individual employee.
Who is covered by the Act?
The Race Relations Act protects both applicants for jobs and employees. It may also protect contract workers and self employed workers.
All employees and workers are covered irrespective of their length of service or the number of hours they work each week.
The Act also makes it unlawful to instruct or pressurise a person to act in a way prohibited by the Race Relations Act. So protection extends to a person who has been disadvantaged because they have refused to carry out instructions which they believe will discriminate against someone else on the grounds of their race.
Exceptions under the Act
Overseas employment
The Race Relations Act applies only to establishments in Great Britain.
Genuine Occupational Qualification (GOQ) or Genuine Occupational Requirements (GOR)
The Race Relations Act provides for specific situations in which race discrimination in the employment field is allowed, for example in relation to actors, models, personal welfare services and jobs involving work where food or drink is provided for which a person of a racial group is required for authenticity (eg. An Indian restaurant).
It is for the person making the claim to establish that discrimination has occurred. The employee has to prove discrimination by the employer 'on the balance of probabilities'.
This means that, although a tribunal might have doubts as to whether the employer discriminated, as long as the tribunal more than half believes that they have it must decide in favour of the employee.
Once an employee has established facts from which it may be presumed that discrimination has occurred, then it is up to the employer to prove that no such discrimination has in fact occurred.
It is unusual to find direct evidence of racial discrimination. Few employers are prepared to admit discrimination and those who are aware of the law may have taken steps to appear to be acting lawfully.
Whether or not discrimination can be proved will often depend on what inferences a tribunal can draw from the primary facts.
Where, for example, an employee complains of failure to promote on racial grounds the evidence may point to the possibility of racial discrimination. In those circumstances the tribunal may look to the employer for an explanation that proves there was no discrimination.
If no such explanation is put forward or if the tribunal finds the supposed explanation inadequate or unsatisfactory it is open to the tribunal to infer that the discrimination was on racial grounds.
Raising a grievance
From October 2004, unless there are special circumstances (e.g. threats or continuing harassment by the employer) the employee must write to the employer raising a grievance and attend one or two meetings before bringing a discrimination claim to an employment tribunal.
This is even where the complaint relates to disciplinary action short of dismissal or another grievance. You will not be able to issue your claim in the tribunal without first raising a grievance.
Race Relations Act questionnaire
The difficulties of proof have been recognised in the Race Relations Act and provision is made in the Act for a questionnaire to be used by the applicant. A form may be served on the employer asking certain standard questions, such as how many people of a certain racial origin are employed and in respect of pay and promotional matters.
The replies are admissible in evidence and a refusal to reply without reasonable excuse, or evasive replies, permit the tribunal to draw adverse conclusions. An equivocal reply might also lead a tribunal to infer that there has been racial discrimination.
An employment tribunal can award one or more of three remedies if it finds that an individual has been a victim of race discrimination; a declaration which is an order declaring what the rights of the parties are
compensation; a recommendation that the employer should take certain steps to remove or reduce the discrimination.
Unlike in unfair dismissal, there is no ceiling on the amount of compensation a tribunal can award for race discrimination. Compensation normally includes an award for injury to feelings and an award to take into account any loss suffered, for example loss of wages or pension. The awards for injury to feelings can vary, however many thousands of pounds is not uncommon. Compensation may be reduced if the employee did not follow the statutory grievance procedure.
The Race Relations Act imposes strict time limits throughout the procedure for bringing a case for race discrimination. Good cases can be lost before they start through hesitation or delay.
If someone suspects they have been or are being racially discriminated against they must take advice immediately, contact their union as soon as possible and raise a grievance under the new statutory procedure.
The time limit for making a claim for racial discrimination to the employment tribunal is three months from the act of discrimination. This time limit can be extended by three months to allow the statutory grievance procedure to take place.
A discriminatory act may extend over a period of time so that it may be a continuing act if it takes the form of some policy, rule or practice in accordance with which decisions are taken by the employer. In these circumstances the three month period runs from the end of the continuing act.
Tribunals do have discretion to allow late claims to proceed, but there must be a good reason why a claim was not made in time.
Philip Landau is a solicitor and partner, specialising in employment law, in the London legal firm Landau Zeffertt Weir.
With thanks to Jobsite.co.uk
Please e-mail comments to comments@thenewblackmagazine.com


text:
namespace gpu {

class MockGpuScheduler : public GpuScheduler {
 public:
  explicit MockGpuScheduler(CommandBuffer* command_buffer)
      : GpuScheduler(command_buffer) {
  }

  MOCK_METHOD0(ProcessCommands, void());
  MOCK_METHOD1(GetSharedMemoryBuffer, Buffer(int32 shm_id));
  MOCK_METHOD1(set_token, void(int32 token));

 private:
  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MockGpuScheduler);
};

}  // namespace gpu

#endif  // GPU_COMMAND_BUFFER_SERVICE_GPU_SCHEDULER_MOCK_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Better Than Yarn: In which I confirm the definition of "crazy"
I had a ... challenged week last week. To say the least. I intended to close the week with some soothing spinning.
It turns out that some of my Schacht bobbins (the high speed ones) are a little defective. One wasn't tooled properly. Instead of assuming that, I spent the better part of friday night beating myself up, and restringing my driveband.
So, we restring the driveband. No luck. I oil. No luck. I stomp my feet. Andrew suggests working on something else until I can ask Sandi if it's a break-in issue, or a *gasp* BAD BOBBIN.
And for the record...been there, done that with the bobbin issue too! But now I know for the future, if I change bobbins and things suddenly go haywire, it might just be the bobbin.
That yarn looks *yummy*. Glad you got the problem straightened out!
Wow! That's beautiful yarn you're spinning!
Whoa! The handspun is BEAUTIFUL!
Wow is that gorgeous! Well done!


Not many future cat owners know that Ragdoll cat breeds (or simply Ragdolls) are one of the more well-rounded cat breeds out there. With a calm and docile personality, they are excellent lap and apartment cats, while at the same time they are highly intelligent and enjoy learning new tricks and playing games. This may be just the best cat to adopt for small apartments.
Ragdolls are also very nice and obedient animals. With a good training technique a ragdoll will easily learn to listen to you and do as you say – you can teach a ragdoll not to scratch the furniture and not to go where you don't want it to go. With a beautiful longhair and colorpoint coat, they are also exceptionally beautiful pets.
Here are some of the most common questions about the Ragdoll cat breed that most future and current cat owners may be curious about.
1. Where does the name "Ragdoll" come from?
The Ragdoll cats got their name from a behavior they often display – when picked up, some Ragdolls go limp and relaxed in your hands and look similar a ragdoll toy. It's a myth that all Ragdolls do this, however, only some do.
Nevertheless, all Ragdoll cats feel very comfortable when they are picked up and they like being carried around – more so than other cat breeds do.
Also, note that this "limpness" that some Ragdolls display when picked up is not in any way a genetic problem – they are just a very relaxed and calm breed that trusts humans and enjoys being picked up.
2. Weren't the Ragdoll cats the ones that didn't feel any pain and could therefore inadvertently kill themselves while sleeping on the stove?
This is a myth and it's a myth that was largely started by the breed's creator – Mrs. Ann Baker who developed the breed in the late 1960s. Ragdolls are no more insensitive to pain than any other cat breed.
While there are neural problems that a cat (from any breed!) can develop, it's exceptionally rare and is not more common to Ragdolls than it is to any other breed.
One thing that has helped the popularization of Mrs. Baker's myth is the fact that Ragdolls are very docile cats – they rarely complain and usually keep their troubles to themselves. Besides, in terms of pain, almost all cat breeds prefer to keep it to themselves.
Unlike people and dogs, cats – even social breeds – don't share their serious problems as much as they do the smaller ones. To cats problems are a weakness that needs to be kept from their peers. A cat in pain is likely to keep away from company and purr to itself, but not complain.
Why did Mrs. Baker create this myth isn't really clear. It could have been on purpose to help popularize the breed, it could have been a mistake, or possibly – a Ragdoll cat in her care really did have a neurological condition that prevented it from feeling pain.
All in all, given Mrs. Bakers other weird claims about the breed, it's safe to say that she was a very "eccentric" person. Regardless, please do not test this myth by torturing your cat!
3. I've seen Ragdoll cats with all kinds of coat coloring – does the breed have a lot of variations?
Ragdolls typically come in 6 different colors – red, seal, chocolate, blue, lilac, and cream. Most ragdolls have a colorpoint pattern to their coats, but some Ragdolls can also have a mitted pattern (similar to the colorpoint, but with white paws and abdomen), and some are bicolor.
Variations to this include a Lynx (the above description but with a tabby markings) and Tortoiseshell or "tortie" (a variation that's mottled or parti-colored). Most ragdolls are blue-eyed.
While all these may feel too diverse for a single breed, the Ragdoll breed is far better characterized with its size – Ragdolls are one of the largest breeds of domesticated cats. An adult female Ragdoll weighs between 8 and 15 pounds (3.6 – 6.8 kg). Male Ragdolls are quite larger – they can be anywhere between 12 and 20 pounds (5.4 – 9.1 kg) or even more.
With the general questions about the Ragdoll cat breed out of the way, some pet owners are often curious about the history of this breed of cat. Here's what to know.
1. So, Mrs. Ann Baker developed the breed in the late 1960s. How exactly did this happen?
To a large extend – on accident.
The story of the Ragdoll breed starts in 1965 in Riverside, Los Angeles, California. There, a Mrs. Pennels owned an Angora-type cat named Josephine. In 1965 Josephine was involved in a car accident and sustained multiple injuries, including an injured pelvis. Fortunately, her vet managed to save the cat and return it to Mrs. Pennels. Josephine lived for a long time after that and produced several litters.
Ann Baker was a neighbor to Mrs. Pennels and purchased 3 of Josephine's kittens – Daddy Warbucks, Buckwheat, and Fugianna. While these three cats were not classified as Ragdolls themselves, they became the foundation of the Ragdoll breed. Daddy Warbucks and Buckwheat were subsequently mated and produced a seal mitted cat named Kyoto and a seal colorpoint one called Tiki. These two were the first official Ragdoll cats.
Mrs. Baker continued breeding her cats and several years later started to sell them. Whether in an effort to raise the cats' popularity, or just due to her eccentric nature, Ann Baker started spreading a lot of myths about her cats – she talked about an alien influence in their development, about CIA experiments, about the infusion of human genes into the cats, etc., etc.
Mrs. Baker has said that after Josephine's accident, all her litters were filled with "floppy cats", while litters previous to the accident didn't display this behavior. Therefore, Mrs. Baker concluded, the accident "caused a limp gene in the cats".
Of course, there's also the "pain insensitivity" myth we already mentioned above.
At one point she even claimed that another breed she developed – the HoneyBear cat – was in fact genetically modified with skunk DNA and had a skunk skeleton!
Mrs. Baker also had some less-weird theories, like the one that Ragdolls' coat is completely non-matting and non-shedding. While this is also wrong, it's at least a bit closer to the truth, because Ragdolls truly shed less than other longhaired cat breeds like the Persian and the Angora.
2. If Ragdolls are just offspring of an Angora-type cat and had nothing special in them, why are they considered a different breed today?
Mrs. Baker herself started crossbreeding her cats very early on. Persians, Angoras, Birmans, and Burmese breeds were all said to have been mixed with Ragdolls.
Additionally, Mrs. Baker was not the only one to develop Ragdolls – after a while other people started doing it as well. Eventually a lot of those people broke off from Mrs.
Baker and started the Ragdoll Fanciers Club with the goal of standardizing the breed. The Cat Fanciers Association began registering Ragdoll cats much later, in 1993 and officially recognized the breed in the year 2000.
While all this makes the breed quite new, the several decades of efforts paid off and the Ragdoll is an official and quite physically independent breed today.
Here are a few things that pet owners need to know about the personality of Ragdoll cat breeds, because they certainly differ from many other domesticated cats.
1. Ragdolls are docile enough to be mistaken for unfeeling pain? Are they really that passive?
While "docile" is the word you'll most often hear in regard to Ragdolls, they are not actual toys. Anyone who mistakes them for not feeling pain likely knows nothing about cats. Ragdolls like people, like being petted and carried around, and are calm and peaceful animals.
However, they are also quite playful and intelligent. Ragdolls love learning new tricks and exploring, they enjoy playing fetch and other games. They are not fond of climbing too much – you'll usually find a Ragdoll at or below eye level, most of the time on the couch or the bed. They love to follow you around and observe your actions even if they don't feel like joining in. They are quite obedient and can be taught to come when you call them by name.
For all those reasons, you can often hear people comparing them with dogs.
All of the above makes Ragdolls excellent lap cats that love to snuggle and keep you company, while also enjoy playing and having fun.
2. You mentioned training – what need does a Ragdoll cat have of training?
Do I need to do something specific to make sure my Ragdoll cat grows up into a nice and decent animal?
Cats are typically much easier than dogs in terms of house training. They figure out most things intuitively and require to be taught only specific things when it comes to playing and tricks, as well as some house rules.
1. Parents. Regardless of the breed, the future character of a grown up cat is difficult to judge when it is still just a kitty. For that reason a lot of people opt to get a grown up cat, but if you want to get a small kitty, there are still some things that can give you a clue about its character. In such cases, make sure to look at the kitty's parents, particularly the mother, but the father and older siblings as well, if possible. Their personalities will give you a pretty good insight on what your cat will grow up into. Also, when you have a choice between multiple kitties from the same litter, avoid choosing the biggest and most active ones, as well as the smallest and most passive ones – choosing a medium-sized and normally-behaved kitty gives you the best chance for it to grow into a well-mannered and balanced cat.
2. Training. Ragdolls are a intelligent breed that's susceptive to training. You can teach them to play games and do tricks, and you can also teach them where they shouldn't go, what they shouldn't do, etc. When training your Ragdoll for such things, however, always make sure to use positive reinforcement only. Any form of punishment, be it physical, verbal, or by locking your cat somewhere, is not only inhumane, but will also have a strong negative effect on its behavior. Instead, focus on treats, gentle words, and petting – this will ensure both a fast learning curve, as well as a great relationship between the two of you.
3. Socializing. It is something that's often overlooked with cats, but is in fact crucial. Even if you've established a solid relationship between yourself and your Ragdoll, without proper socialization, it will still grow up into a fearful and untrusting cat towards any guests and outsiders. If you don't want your Ragdoll to run and hide every time someone visits you or even just knock on the door – make sure you provide it with a frequent human contact from the earliest age – guests, friends, etc.
One of the most important parts to cover is the health of Ragdoll cat breed.
1. As such a new breed, are Ragdoll cats healthy or are they prone to a lot of illnesses?
To say that the Ragdoll cat is not known for its health would be an understatement. Together with the Siamese, Ragdolls are considered one of the most sickly breeds out there. Which isn't to say that they are doomed to a life of sickness, but they are simply a bit more likely to develop health problems, compared to other breeds.
The great amount of inbreeding that came into making the Ragdoll breed is largely credited for this. Around 45% of the Ragdoll genes come from only one founder – Ann Baker.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – a genetic heart disease, traceable with a DNA test.
2. How do I take care of my cat's health, particularly if Ragdolls are so sickly?
Most of all, you should make it a point to consult with organizations such as the Pet Professional Guild and the Ragdoll Fanciers Club before purchasing your cat. They will help you find the best Ragdoll breeder in your vicinity.
An adequate professional cat breeder is needed, because he/she will provide you with health clearances for the cat's parents – health clearances that will guarantee the best possible health of your cat. Avoid any breeder who refuses to present you proper health clearances.
Once this is done, find a good and trustworthy veterinarian near you, preferably one that works day and night, 7 days a week. Consult with them regularly on your Ragdoll's health, both in terms of treatment and prevention.
Caring for Ragdoll cat breed is similar to your regular cat care of other domesticated cats, but there are a few things that pet owners should know.
1. What care should I provide my Ragdoll with?
A Ragdoll may shed less than a Persian cat, but it's still a longhaired breed – combing a Ragdoll at least twice per week is strongly advisable.
Consider bathing your Ragdoll from time to time – either once every several weeks if needed, or once every several months.
Daily dental hygiene is also important. If you don't have the time/nerve for brushing your cat's teeth daily, make sure to do it at least on a weekly basis.
If you notice a wet discharge at the corner of the cat's eyes, wipe it with a clean cloth. Use separate cloths for each eye to avoid spreading a possible infection.
Check the ears regularly and if they look dry, wipe them with a dampen cloth or cotton ball.
Keep the litterbox of a Ragdoll very clean. All cats are extremely particular about their bathroom hygiene, but longhaired ones need a clean litterbox even more so, because their long hair can often get excrements stuck in it.
Ragdolls are not good outdoors cats, so keep your Ragdoll indoors only.
Ragdolls don't have a specific diet needs – simply feed your Ragdoll with high quality cat food, alternating dry and wet food.
Finally, how does the Ragdoll cat breed deal with other pets, animals and in particular children? For any family with kids or dogs wanting to adopt this breed, note the below.
1. Are Ragdoll cats suitable for a home with children?
As a very laidback breed, Ragdolls are ideal for a family life. They are very gentle when they play with children, almost never take out their claws, and have a great patience for dress-up or sitting games. Being quite a large breed, they are also in little danger of being hurt.
Still, you need to make sure that your children know how to properly play with a cat – not to pull its hair and limbs, not to torment or beat it, not to carry it in a wrong manner, and so on. As long as you make sure that your children are smart enough to not mishandle the cat – a Ragdoll will be happy to join your family life.
2. How about other pets? Are Ragdolls suitable companions for other cats or dogs?
A Ragdoll will be happy to live with any cat, as well as with most cat-friendly dogs (meaning – dogs that are not overly active and not too invasive).
Ragdolls are a perfect pet for a large majority of pet owners and would-be pet owners out there.
Calm, laidback and docile, a Ragdoll won't give you too much trouble when you are under stress, but it is also playful and intelligent enough to give you a good time when you're looking to play with your furry friend. They are not destructive to your home, they are easy to train and very obedient.
All in all, a Ragdoll will rarely leave its owner disappointed.


text:
Q: Laravel Multiple Middleware in Route with OR Condition I wonder if I can do this in Laravel Route. Let's say I have Admin, Premium and User (which can be login too by using Auth) Middleware. Also, I have controller with methods like this: index, create, edit, delete and I want Admin to be able do all those things, but Premium can only be able to access index method, and User can't access anything in this controller (he can access another controller). I know I can use except or only middleware method like this:
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->middleware('premium')->only('index');
        $this->middleware('admin');
        // or maybe $this->middleware('admin')->except('index');
    }

but when I try to put these two middlewares in __construct method they will start to conflict each other, it makes sense because index method can be access by Premium but then can't be access by the Admin itself. By the way, my middleware is simply checking:
    if (Auth::check()) {
        if (Auth::user()->role == 'Admin') {
            return $next($request);
        }
    }
    return redirect('/home');

So, back to my question, can I have OR Middleware so I can avoid conflict from multiple middleware (which is must be AND condition when they written at the same controller constructor)?

A: If you change up the way your logic is thinking a little bit, the answer becomes pretty easy. You can create new middleware that checks if it can access the specific method.
So create the following middleware 'CanAccessIndex':
if (Auth::check()) {
    if (Auth::user()->role == 'Admin' || Auth::user()->role == 'Premium') {
        return $next($request);
    }
 }
return redirect('/home');

Then, you can put that middleware on the index function (instead of the premium middleware) and put your admin middleware on everything EXCEPT index. Like so:
public function __construct()
{
    $this->middleware('canAccessIndex')->only('index');
    $this->middleware('admin')->except('index');
}

That's one way to do it.

A: You need middleware group for this, and to manage these hierarchy of access layer, you can simply use Route grouping.
I will demo an example of what I mean:
Say you have auth middleware general for authenticated users (i.e everybody), then another called premium for premium member, and admin for the Admin.
Then you'll group based on the access level:
Route::middleware('auth')->group(function(){
    Route::middleware('premium')->group(function(){
        Route::post('/create', 'HomeController@create')->middleware('admin');
        Route::put('/update/{id}', 'HomeController@update')->middleware('admin');
        Route::get('/index', 'HomeController@index');
        Route::put('/delete/{id}', 'HomeController@delete')->middleware('admin');
    });
});

So you can have general check in your middleware with a check. It would have been much easier if you have role level say 3 for admin and 2 for premium member. So we can have for the premium middleware:
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
    return auth()->user->role >= 2
        ? $next($request)
        : redirect('/home');
}

This is just an example. You can do further check based on your need but more importantly, ensure your admin middleware to checks the exact role level that is allowed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Let's start with a simple question – how many of you reading this post have visited the historic city of Bath, England? Chances are if you are from England you probably have visited this city at least once in your lifetime but if you are from anywhere else in the world, you may not have been as fortunate yet to experience this beautiful Roman city!
Well, what are you waiting for? Don't wait any longer! After reading this post, you will be itching to catch the next plane to London Heathrow and then hop on the M4 or the train across to Bath, England.
I would like to share with you my 5 inspiring reasons to visit Bath. There are many, many more but after our last trip there I really feel obliged to share our experiences and inspire you to check out this amazing English city that probably fails to receive the attention it richly deserves.
Ok, sorry folks but I had to start with the most obvious and probably what Bath is stereotypically famous for around the world – the Roman Baths! People that do visit Bath generally flock from around the world to experience the healing, relaxing waters found in these Roman Baths. You can bathe in the natural thermal waters that were discovered by the Celts and Romans over 2000 years ago. There are a variety of packages available dependent on how much pampering you really want.
The Roman Baths building was voted the most romantic building throughout the UK in 2013 and combined with the Temple of Aqua Sulis Minerva, they are certainly among the finest ancient architectural designs/remains left throughout the country.
For £66.00 per person, you can experience the Spas Ancient and Modern Special Package. I would highly recommend taking this option given that it includes a 2 hour thermal relaxation session in the baths, a full tour around the Roman Baths and a 3 course lunch or champagne tea (your preference) in the Pump Room.
Even standing outside the entrance to the Roman Baths building, it's relaxing to just sit and watch as people go about their daily lives passing through this iconic courtyard or consider heading into what many feel is a life-changing few moments of relaxation!
Just like many other leading tourist locations around England, Bath is a great city to just get out and walk around both inside the city limits and also outside in the nearby rural countryside.
Why not sample some of Bath's gorgeous rolling hills and winding canal paths by taking a guided walking tour that lasts around 2 hours and covers just over 2 miles of gorgeous scenery!
This is a perfect way to learn about Bath's steeped history along with catching a glimpse of some mainstream attractions such as Jane Austen's house and the gardens she walked in. If you would like to mingle with other tourists and locals alike, for just £7.50 each you can take a guided tour around Bath. However, if you would prefer to be taken on a privately guided tour, that option is also available for a slightly higher cost.
The Royal Crescent is a row of 30 terraced houses designed in the shape of a crescent and constructed in the mid-18th Century. Undoubtedly one of the most famous piece of Georgian architecture, this is a sight to behold and is certainly worth taking the time to at least see this spectacular design from the outside.
Number 1 Royal Crescent is a museum open to the public and owned/maintained by the Bath Preservation Trust. This is a great way to learn about Georgian heritage and the rooms inside the museum have been preserved and in some cases transformed to relay a direct correlation with Georgian living in the 18th Century.
Another of the terraced houses has been transformed into a hotel which is one of the more lucrative establishments in the Bath region. If you want to be treated like royalty whilst visiting Bath, I would highly recommend checking out The Royal Crescent Hotel.
The Jane Austen Centre is located in the heart of Bath and is a permanent exhibition where you can learn about one of England's finest authors. It's a great way for visitors of all ages to learn more about Austen's life in Bath during the early part of the 19th Century, and how this part of England really had an impact on her writing style.
A favourite aspect for many visiting the Jane Austen Centre is the hands-on dressing up activities that allow visitors the opportunity to get fitted out with regalia from Austen's era. It's a great way to have some fun filled action whilst at the same time learn about the cultural differences between now and then.
Admission prices are just £8.00 for adults and discounted rates for seniors and children.
If none of the previous reasons are inspiration for you to visit bath, you could always just marvel at the stunning architectural design of Bath Abbey whilst wandering around the downtown streets of Bath and along the banks of the River Avon.
The Abbey Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, commonly known as Bath Abbey, dates back to the 7th Century so clearly this is part of Bath that is filled with an abundance of history. Today, this is still a fully functioning place of worship and both tourists and locals alike are welcome to visit here at any time during visitor opening hours.
Even though we didn't go inside the Abbey, just standing outside and looking in awe at this magnificent design was worthy enough of our time!
I keep reading about Bath and would love to go someday. When we do get around to visiting England, we will surely stop here! love your pics!
Bath is one of the cities that I always wanted to visit someday. Although the entire England fascinates me, London and Bath are a couple of cities that seems to be sophistication personified.
Bath looks like the perfect little medieval town! I was recently in London for my 1st time but didn't get to get out of it. Next time I would definitely want to stay for longer and add a visit to here!
I think youv'e covered the key places of interest here, Chris. I would also recommend a visit to Prior Park Landscape Garden, looked after by the National Trust, or really any of Bath's picturesque parks and gardens (eg. Royal Victoria Park or Parade Gardens).
It looks lovely! I can't believe I've lived in Yorkshire and missed it!
I really have got to change that and give it a go!
The Abbey is gorgeous, that English architecture is one of my favourite!
This is coming exactly at the right time! I'm off to Bristol tomorrow and from there I'm going to Bath for my graduation ceremony, which will be in Bath Abbey! I've done a long-distance MA with Bath Spa Uni last year, and it will be great to visit the city where my Uni's at, even though I've never lived there!
Beautiful! The coolest thing is just how old the place is I think! Did you get into the pools? Do most people go in the baths or opt for the walking tour?
Very pretty. It is one of the cities featured on Rick Steve's best of Europe guide 2009. A bit outdated but the places themselves don't change much. Since reading about it I've been curious about Bath.
I love Bath! I went a few years ago with a big group trip but I'd love to go back to have more time to explore. We didn't get to go into the abbey either, though it looks great. The Jane Austen Center looks like a lot of fun too.
Bath is an area I certainly want to explore and a walking tour there sounds perfect. I have not been to UK yet, but when I do Bath will be high on my list, thanks for sharing.
After London, Bath is my favourite place in the UK. I've been twice and visited all of the places you mention above with the Abbey being my favourite. I did go inside and I can tell you it is stunning. One of the nicest small cathedrals I've ever visited. My other favourite place in Bath is Prior Park, just outside of the city centre. It takes a bit more effort to get there but well worth it to see one of the last original Palladian Bridges in the world.
We went to Bath last year and thought it was beautiful. The Baths are done brilliantly, aren't they (though they taste horrible!), but we particularly loved the Sally Lunn tea house with its fabulous buns!! Jess wrote about it on our blog too.
I have never been to England but sure would like to some day. The pictures look amazing!
Wow, you totally convinced me! We have good friends in England we are planning a trip over to visit, Bath is now on my must-see list. Gorgeous!!
Beautiful pictures. I love Bath such a beautiful city! Did you manage to go to any of the Bath Spas while visiting?
I've never been to Bath, but I'd love to it. I've been to a decent bit of England, yet there keeps being places I've never been to. One day!
We went to Bath several years ago. I'm a big fan of Jane Austen, and it felt like I was in the movie Pride and Prejudice in some of the areas in town.
I've visited Bath and found it absolutely charming! From the Georgian style arcchitecture to the centuries of history it was one of my favorite stops in England. I love thermal baths and the view from the rooftop of the Spa Thermae can't be beat!
I'm sold! It's looks like a beautiful city! I will definitely add it to the list of places to visit next time I'm in the area.
You definitely won't regret it Amy!! I will echo your comment that it truly is a breathtaking, beautiful English city!
We had a conference in Munster, and had a few days in London. We decided to travel to Bath & Stonehenge, and lets just say we were watching Pride & Prejudice shortly after that – Bath is beautiful, especially on a sunny day, when all of that sandstone shines in the sun. The Roman Baths are a must – especially if you are an enthusiast of the Classics.
You hit the nail on the head there Milosz when you speak about the Classics! Whenever we were wandering around Bath, that's all I could think about was a stereotypical setting in a Dickens novel or other archaic literature piece. There are so many of these towns/cities around England that still give you that feeling just because of how well preserved they are.
As you already know, I love Bath! It's only a short train journey away from where I live! Love it sooo much there.
This is actually a great place of inspiration for architectural designs. The buildings even the bridges embodies the classic look and culture of the city. If I visit this place, I'll make sure to take a closer look at the details of the building.


Personal desire is what prevents you from seeing 'What IS' fully.
Because you do not want to see what you do not desire.
So your desire occludes/prevents awareness of what you don't want to see.
It blots it out, and even if your physical eyes are open, you will not see the reality you do not want to see.
So what you are experiencing now, is exactly the slice of the infinite you are holding on to, and want to experience.
If you let go, then the experience will change.
So all experience that is not changing for you, implies you are willfully holding on to it.
So all of experience is what you want & your desire.


text:
Q: ionic build ios success but it opens nginx error after launching the app Does anyone have the same issue with ios builds?
IONIC ios build was successful and I was able to test in a real device, it works great but when I launch in emulators I get nginx error.
Below are the screenshot and ionic version

Ionic Info
    Ionic:

   ionic (Ionic CLI)  : 4.2.1 (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/ionic)
   Ionic Framework    : ionic-angular 3.9.2
   @ionic/app-scripts : 3.1.8

Cordova:

   cordova (Cordova CLI) : 8.0.0
   Cordova Platforms     : android 7.0.0, ios 4.5.5
   Cordova Plugins       : cordova-plugin-ionic-keyboard 2.1.3, cordova-plugin-ionic-webview 2.2.0, (and 4 other plugins)

System:

   ios-deploy : 1.9.2
   NodeJS     : v10.13.0 (/usr/local/bin/node)
   npm        : 6.4.1
   OS         : macOS
   Xcode      : Xcode 10.1 Build version 10B61


text:
New Australian rules for police investigating leaks to media
Government Of Australia
By ROD McGUIRK - Associated Press - Friday, August 9, 2019
CANBERRA, Australia (AP) - The Australian government on Friday told police to consider the importance of a free and open press when investigating leaked documents after raids on journalists' offices and a home in June sparked outrage about suppression of free speech.
Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton said he sent a formal direction to Australian Federal Police Commissioner Andrew Colvin, who answers to Dutton, outlining the government's expectations of police investigating journalists and media organizations over unauthorized documents leaked by government employees.
The direction seems to reduce the likelihood of the government authorizing charges against News Corp. journalist Annika Smethurst as well as Australian Broadcasting Corp. reporters Dan Oakes and Sam Clark who were targeted in police raids on ABC's Sydney headquarters and the newspaper political editor's Canberra home.
"I expect the AFP to take into account the importance of a free and open press in Australia's democratic society and to consider broader public interest implications before undertaking investigative action involving a professional journalist or news media organization in relation to an unauthorized disclosure of material," Dutton said in a statement.
Dutton also told Colvin to "exhaust alternative investigative actions" before considering involving journalists or media organizations and to seek the media's voluntary assistance.
Police are also directed to ask government agencies for "harm statement" detailing how a leak was "expected to significantly compromise Australia's national security."
Dutton did not say why he had issued the direction or respond when asked by The Associated Press what impact his direction might have on the police investigations behind the June raids.
The raids were widely condemned as an attempt to intimidate journalists for reporting classified information in the public interest that embarrassed governments but posed no threat to national security.
The News Corp. article, dismissed by Dutton at the time as "nonsense," said Defense Department and Home Affairs Department bosses had canvassed giving a security agency new legal powers to spy on Australians.
The raid on the ABC the following day sought documents relating to the Australian Special Air Service Regiment's involvement in Afghanistan.
Oakes and Clark reported in 2017 that Australian troops had killed unarmed men and children in Afghanistan in potential war crimes.
Dutton last month said he had rejected a request from ABC Managing Director David Anderson to direct police to drop their investigation of the two ABC reporters. But Attorney-General Christian Porter, who would need to authorize any prosecution of reporters involved, has said he would be "seriously disinclined" to give his approval.
The law allows Dutton to make his so-called ministerial direction after considering the advice of the police commissioner and the head of the Home Affairs Department.
Colvin authorized the media search warrants, which are being challenged in the courts, and has since announced he will not seek an extension to his contract that ends in October.
His replacement, Northern Territory Police Commissioner Reece Kershaw, said when his appointment was announced last month that he intends to review the two media investigations.
Australian media organizations have joined together in response to the raids to demand legal reforms that would exempt journalists from national security laws passed since 2012 that "would put them in jail for doing their jobs."
The government responded by asking a parliamentary committee to hold an inquiry into the impact of Australian law enforcement and intelligence powers on press freedom.
But critics argue that the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security - chaired by an SAS veteran of the Afghanistan war and conservative government lawmaker Andrew Hastie - is not equipped to find the correct balance.


@teamfitness4u Motivation all the way !!!
. Instagram vs Reality Social media can be deceiving. If you don't know me in real life, then I'm not sure what your perception is but here's [more than] a few things about me that social media may not portray: 1. I am really silly & pretty weird.
Let go to feel. Let go to heal. Baggage of the physical and emotional variety does nothing but hold you back. Release the extra weight and allow yourself to be happy. Most of the time the only thing standing in our way is ourselves.
You can try to tell me I don't have the handsomest boy but you'd be wrong. So shut up.
#vegetarian Spaghetti Aglio Olio with Grilled Peppers and Crispy Shallots at @themarmaladepantry • Curated my lunch with one of my Marmalade favourites! Note: This vegetarian pasta is only available in the Executive Set Lunch menu.
@chinds2102 I love you tooo!!!


text:
import datetime

from tapz.panels.options import PanelOptions
from tapz.panels.intervals import Day, Hour
from tapz.site import site
from tapz import exceptions, tasks

COOKIE_INTERVAL = 'interval'

class PanelMeta(type):
    """
    Metaclass for all Panels
    """
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        super_new = super(PanelMeta, cls).__new__
        parents = [b for b in bases if isinstance(b, PanelMeta)]
        if not parents:
            # If this isn't a subclass of Panel, don't do anything special.
            return super_new(cls, name, bases, attrs)

        new_class = super_new(cls, name, bases, {})
        meta = attrs.pop('Meta', None)
        new_class.add_to_class('_meta', PanelOptions(meta))
        for attr_name, attr_value in attrs.items():
            new_class.add_to_class(attr_name, attr_value)
        site.register(new_class)
        return new_class

    def add_to_class(cls, name, value):
        """
        Add the value to the class object either by calling
        contribute_to_class or setting it directly
        """
        if hasattr(value, 'contribute_to_class'):
            value.contribute_to_class(cls, name)
        else:
            setattr(cls, name, value)

class Panel(object):
    __metaclass__ = PanelMeta

    @classmethod
    def queue_event(cls, data):
        """
        Queues an event that this panel will later process
        """
        tasks.add_event.apply_async(
            args=(cls._meta.event_type, data),
            routing_key=cls._meta.routing_key
            )

    def add_event(self, data):
        """
        Another event named `name` just occured (`data` contains all the
        information for that event), process and store it.
        """
        cleaned_data = self.clean(data)
        # slice dimensions
        dimensions = {}
        for dim_name, dim in self._meta.dimensions.items():
            dimensions[dim_name] = dim.split(cleaned_data)
        site.storage.insert(self._meta.event_type, cleaned_data, dimensions)

    def clean(self, data):
        """
        Clean the data input data. If a method exists named ``clean_<field-name>``
        then call it
        """
        cleaned_data = {}
        for key, value in data.iteritems():
            clean_method = 'clean_%s' % key
            if hasattr(self, clean_method):
                cleaned_data[key] = getattr(self, clean_method)(value)
            else:
                cleaned_data[key] = value
        return cleaned_data

    def get_chart_data(self, rows, columns=None, aggregation=None, filters=None):
        """
        Return data grib obtained from the OLAP storage. Result is a two
        dimensional array containg rows (list of columns, dummy column if no
        column_dimensions).
        """
        return site.storage.aggregate(
            self._meta.event_type,
            aggregation=aggregation,
            filters=filters,
            rows=rows,
            columns=columns
        )

    def get_last_instance(self):
        return site.storage.get_last_instance(self._meta.event_type)

    def get_data(self, dimensions, limit=None):
        """
        Return all the data for this panel, if `limit` is given, only limit to
        last `limit` records.
        """
        pass

    def add_cookie(self, request, name, value):
        """
        Adds a cookie to the cookie queue
        """
        request._new_cookies.append((name, value))

    def get_response(self, request, sub_call=None):
        """
        Dispatches a subcall to the panel instance.
        Returns a template name and dictionary of context to render
        """
        if not sub_call:
            sub_call = 'index'
        method = 'call_%s' % sub_call.replace('-', '_')
        if not hasattr(self, method):
            raise exceptions.PanelMethodDoesNotExist("Missing method %s on panel: %s" % \
                                                     (method, self.__class__.__name__))
        request._new_cookies = []
        context = {
            'panels': site.get_panels(),
            'current_panel': site.make_meta(self),
            }
        response = getattr(self, method)(request, context)
        for name, value in request._new_cookies:
            response.set_cookie(name, value=value, max_age=60*60*24*365)
        return response

    def get_filters(self, request, context):
        """
        Get global filters set for this panel.
        """
        return {}

    def get_row_dimensions(self, request, context):
        """
        Most (all?) of the time panels will display data based on time.
        """
        dates = self.get_date_range(request, context)
        return [{'timestamp': d} for d in dates]

    def get_column_dimensions(self, request, context):
        return []

    def get_date_range(self, request, context):
        """
        Get a range of dates based on the current request
        """
        intervals = {
            'month': (Day, datetime.timedelta(days=30)),
            'day': (Hour, datetime.timedelta(days=1)),
            }
        i = request.GET.get('interval', request.COOKIES.get(COOKIE_INTERVAL, None))
        i = i in intervals and i or 'month'
        interval, delta = intervals[i]
        end_date = datetime.datetime.now()
        start_date = end_date - delta
        self.add_cookie(request, COOKIE_INTERVAL, i)
        context['current_interval'] = i
        context['detail_interval'] = interval
        rng = interval.range(start_date, end_date)
        context['date_range'] = interval.display_format(rng)
        context['packed_date_range'] = interval.pack_format(rng)

        prev_rng =  interval.range(start_date - delta, start_date)
        context['previous_packed_date_range'] = interval.pack_format(prev_rng)
        return context['packed_date_range']