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Salesforce updates Sales Cloud ahead of Dreamforce with increased automation
Ron Miller	10 months
Dreamforce, Salesforce's massive customer conference is coming later this month to San Francisco, but the news is starting already well ahead of the event. Today, the company announced updates to its core Sales Cloud with an emphasis toward automation and integration.
For starters, the company wants to simplify inside phone sales, giving the team not only a list of calls organized by those most likely to convert, but walking them through a sales process that's been defined by management according to what they believe to be best practices.
High Velocity Sales is designed to take underlying intelligence from Salesforce Einstein and apply it to the sales process to give sales people the best chance to convert that prospect. That includes defining contact cadence and content. For calls, the content could be as detailed as call scripts with what to say to the prospect. For emails, it could provide key details designed to move the prospect closer to sale and how often to send that next email.
Defining sales cadence workflow in Sales Cloud. Photo: Salesforce
Once the sales teams begins to move that sale towards a close, Salesforce CPQ (configure, price, quote) capabilities come into play. That product has its roots in the company's SteelBrick acquisition several years ago, and it too gets a shiny new update for Dreamforce this year.
As sales inches toward a win, it typically moves the process to the the proposal stage where pricing and purchases are agreed upon, and if all goes well a contract gets signed. Updates to CPQ are designed to automate this to the extent possible, pulling information from notes and conversations into an automated quote, or relying on the sales person when it gets more complex.
The idea though is to help sales automate the quote and creation of bill once the quote has been accepted to the extent possible, even providing a mechanism for automatic renewal when a subscription is involved.
The last piece involves Pardot Einstein, a sales and marketing tool, designed to help find the best prospects that come through a company's marketing process. This is also getting some help from the intelligence layer in a couple of ways.
Einstein Campaign Insights looks at the range of marketing campaigns that are coming out of the marketing organization, determining which campaigns are performing — and those that aren't — and pushing the art of campaign creation using data science to help determine which types of activities are most likely to succeed in helping convert that shopper into a buyer.
The other piece is called Einstein Behavior Score, which again is using the company's underlying artificial intelligence tooling to analyze buying behavior based on intent. In other words, which people coming through your web site and apps are most likely to actually buy based on their behaviors — pages they visit, items they click and so forth.
Salesforce recognized the power of artificial intelligence to drive a more automated sales process early on, introducing Einstein in 2016. In typical Salesforce fashion, it has built upon that initial announcement and tried to use AI to automate and drive more successful sales.
The core CRM tool that is the center of the Sales Cloud, is simply a system of record of the customers inside any organization, but the company is trying to automate and integrate across its broad family of products whenever possible to make connections between products and services that might be difficult for humans to make on their own.
While it's easy to get lost in AI marketing hype — and calling their AI layer by the name "Einstein" certainly doesn't help in that regard — the company is trying to take advantage of the technology to help customers drive more sales faster, which is the goal of any sales team. It will be up to Salesforce's customers to decide how well it works.


Pitting the Chevrolet Camaro SS against the new Ford Mustang GT. Not only are both packing around 430 horsepower, but they both have the most aggressive handling packages available with their respective performance packs.
These cars have been going at it for longer than some of you watching have been alive, and they've never been better. Find out which one is best for you.


Virtual Reality and a -3% incline attribute make the Pacemaster Platinum Pro VR treadmill among the most effective & most advanced fitness machines out there now. The NordicTrack Elite 9500 Pro is observed by many as the greatest running machine. I was super bummed because I understood my treadmill was totally out of service without any thought how I would get components.
Upon further review, however, I found a giant crack in the bottom of my treadmill frame.
Supplies Security and Flexibility- PaceMaster offers varying strength warm up and cool down, as well as the capacity to alter intensity levels mid-work out.
After attempting another kind of program it once again SHUT DOWN center of work out revealing an error code NOT in the guide.
Pacemaster Platinum Pro VR Treadmill Review : A Best Buy?
Reliable Treadmill Reviews, its writers, subscribers, owners and assistants will not be certified and or licensed medical care providers and signify they have no expertise in diagnosing, examining, or treating medical conditions of all kinds, or in ascertaining the result of any exercise equipment on any medical condition.
Most heavy duty treadmills with big motors and weight capacities are extremely big rather than super appealing, but the Horizon T1200 offer something that most in its category only dream of …that's a fold up, space saving treadmill which you select the colour to coordinate with your decor.
Upon further review, however, I found a giant crack in the bottom of my treadmill frame. This replacement treadmill safety key is a round, reddish, magnetic key or Pacemaster treadmills.
Care Hint: Yearly walking belt lubrication with our World Famous Treadmill Lube may assist in preventing harm to the motor along with other high-priced electric components.
Consumer Reports' highest-rated non-folding treadmill is the Precor 9.23, priced at $3,300. The air cushion supported spherical treadmill enables a restrained rodent to browse in virtual space presented on a 270 TFT environment computer screen with six 19″-sub-units. The Platinum Master Virtual Reality (VR) is among Pacemaster's hottest versions.
The Best Programmed Treadmill Winner: One e 95 ($1,699) the feet / pedals of all Sole elliptical trainers are tipped 2 degrees to ensure the appropriate position. The servo-driven spherical treadmill enables a freely going rodent to browse in virtual space. Sole F85 Treadmill provides you with distinct work outs: six Standard, two User Defined and two Heart Rate. About 9 individuals can save their private information on the treadmill at the same time.
The PaceMaster Platinum Pro VR (the VR stands for Virtual Reality) is a unique and one of a kind treadmill for the reason that it takes the experience of jogging or also walking in the outside and makes it an indoor encounter. That is history on the Platinum VR, thanks to your string of exciting work outs which are not just efficient but also enjoyable. PaceMaster gets the most disappointing technical support alternatives in our report on the finest treadmills.
I like it better and better as I use it. It is not the least expensive treadmill out there – or the most expensive – but itis a great, functional piece of gear that provides strong operation.
Pacemaster treadmills offer a 12-year motor guarantee, a 5-year guarantee on components and a 1-year warranty for work.
UPGRADE: Pacemaster is out of business as well as their treadmills are no longer available on the market.
Our finest option was the Smooth but the amount of evaluation reports accessible plus being forced to purchase the Smooth (which is factory-direct only) without an in person evaluation gave the edge to the PaceMaster. But we consider the dependability and reputation of PaceMaster will counter the dearth of amusement. This can be a treadmill built for efficacy, as well as the caliber of the parts is a evidence this unit was designed to continue.
The guarantee and support are somewhat thin to get a treadmill of the quality, but nevertheless, it might be worth every penny. Spending more on a treadmill generally purchases your more hp, tougher building, better hardware, an extended deck, as well as an extended guarantee. It's turned out to be an extremely frustrating and expensive experience, yet it seems like it is hopefully going to solve itself thanks to the men at PaceMaster Service.
The Platinum VR is packaged with 3 decline degrees from 0 to -3 that will be really a buzz for users who appreciate hill times. The Most Effective Cushioned Treadmill Victor: Esprit EL 555 ($902) Spirit has come a considerable ways previously several years.
Aschan and Hirsh say anyone with poor or sensitive joints – including men that have had hip or knee replacement – may be better off purchasing an elliptical machine, which usually subjects the body to less impact than does a treadmill. If jogging is its own benefit that's right for you personally, then you definitely will definitely love this treadmill that concentrates on only that.
Pacemaster has formed a daring move by moving lower in cost points and offering some new units closer to $1500 which should do good for them. The client could be a good idea to see only which attributes are important and pick a long distance running treadmill so.
I believe you are more inclined to make use of an improved treadmill without having it be only a clothes hanger. I made the decision on going using the Pacemaster Platinum Pro VR which was their top of the line version.
It had been called as the most effective fold-up on the "planet" by Treadmill Doctor, and was rated as a runner up in its budget.
Hopefully I Will be back on the treadmill at this time next week observing Kevin Love catch street oops from Ricky Rubio JJ Barea flop.
We got our Schwin's Ergomic Stationary Bike in a Yard Sale for $35.00, my big ball for $1.00 at a distinct yard sale, my 3 layer measure thing for another Dollar at another sale.
Note:In The Event That you would like this Pacemaster bundle, however do not need to pay additional for the two essential attributes, the negative incline and the Virtual Reality lessons, save $200 and get the Gold Elite VR. I purchased a treadmill 11 months past…a Gold's Gym Crosswalk together with the arm work out.
The Pacemaster Platinum Pro VR treadmill features a 12 x 15 multicolor dot matrix display plus 5 big LEDs that shows time, speed, distance, incline, calories, pace, average speed, heart rate zone, and aerobic points. Decision: The Bigger the hp of the motor, the less stress the machine and electronic equipment will have and help prolong the life span of your treadmill.
Spending more on a treadmill generally purchases your more hp, more durable building, better hardware, an extended deck and also an extended guarantee.
Most treadmill generation now takes place abroad and while their quality control efforts are often excellent, there is something comforting about knowing an expensive product like a top notch treadmill was made here. The guarantee provided by PaceMaster does not have the same width when compared to other treadmill guarantees but it's adequate to protect your investment.
Tracks and Prompts- PaceMaster supplies real time comments and motivation punctually, distance, calories, Aerobic Points, pulse and training zones. All of the info you have about ProForm 770 ekg treadmill like treadmill reviews, specifications and characteristics.
The group's best buy is the PaceMaster Platinum Pro VR, which sells for $2,000 and also comes with a chest-strap heart-rate monitor. Comments from VF Pacemaster and Landice owners could be useful in this tough choice. This enables the treadmill to supply an enjoyable running encounter, that will be its own benefit. This treadmill isn't just perfect for downhill serious runners but also who possess a difficult time with monotony.
The PaceMaster Platinum Pro VR (Virtual Reality) takes your indoor exercise to an entirely new level, as it is the sole treadmill that actually reproduces the pleasure and enjoyment of a backyard walking or running encounter. Nevertheless, Pacemaster treadmills do cost slightly more than treadmills offering a few of the exact same characteristics. Pacemaster fitness equipment is taken in fitness specialty stores just, so that talks highly in their quality to customers.
This treadmill also has 9 degrees of intensity for all those programs: Thigh Shaper, Glute Toner, Waistline Reducer, Hill Times, Speed Intervals, and Miscellaneous Periods. What concerns me about PaceMaster is the quantity of negative reviews I've come across from customers.
We located this treadmill by studying the evaluation reports on the Internet; basically, no one had anything bad to convey about Pacemaster other compared to the price. As you'll find a lot of sellers, both commerce and private, there will definitely be many different versions of treadmill offered to suit every pocket and taste.
This PaceMaster treadmill is a runner's closest friend, but lacks a lot of the extras which make treadmills more satisfying. I quite love placing the treadmill and rocking out a great 8-10 mile run while watching basketball. I had an older version Pacemaster I gave to your relative also it's still functioning fine after 7 years.
Spending more on a treadmill generally purchases your more hp, tougher building, better hardware, an extended deck, as well as an extended guarantee.
Treadmill trainer is a fantastic Mp3 / Ipod work out program that each and every treadmill user should have, it's similar to getting your own personal personal trainer motivating, supporting and helping you each step of the way. Here is the wiring harness to replace the games console for the Platinum Pro VR Pacemaster. After attempting another kind of program it once again SHUT DOWN center of work out revealing an error code NOT in the guide. My treadmill is imagined to be under guarantee, but this is useless when they do not stand by it.
This, needless to say, depends in your size as well as jogging fashion that's the reason why it's definitely wise to work with a treadmill in person before purchasing one.


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Use in combination with Hairwonder Hair Repair Conditioner.


Bring home this auspicious Vishnu Laxmi brass murti to elevate the spiritual essence of your surroundings. The idol is perfect for home decoration, worshipping and gifting purposes. Lord Vishnu is seen resting on the Sehsnaag with Goddess Laxmi nearby. The antique work gives it a unique look.


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Maryland Olympic Sports
Maryland women's soccer draws with UCF, 1-1
The Terps end their scoreless streak, but it doesn't come with a win.
By Henry Malone@henrymalone_ Sep 6, 2018, 10:21pm EDT
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Gabe Fernandez/ Testudo Times
A reemerging offense combined with stellar goalkeeping were key for the Terps on Thursday, as Maryland drew against UCF 1-1.
After UCF forward Konya Plummer scored in the 33rd minute, Maryland midfielder Hope Lewandoski equalized in the 64th minute and the score held through overtime. UCF held a sizeable advantage in shots and shots on goal, but Maryland's defense was able limit the damage.
UCF's attack was relentless throughout the first half, stacking opportunities while exhausting the Maryland defense. The Knights were able to break through in the 32nd minute off a goal from Konya Plummer, who was subbed in minutes before. UCF's Zandy Soree played a long, arcing pass towards the goal, causing goalkeeper Rachel Egyed to come forward off her line. But Plummer was able to outrun her defender and beat Egyed to the ball, tapping it through and into the net.
Maryland's first scoring opportunity came in the final minute of the half, when Loren Sefcik was fed a pretty pass to set her up to score. She was able to put the ball on goal, with the save by UCF's Vera Varis deflecting into play. Alyssa Poarch had a golden opportunity to make a play on the ball, but hit it too far right and missed, ending the half with the score at 1-0.
The second half was much like the first: UCF dominating possession with the Terps scrambling to keep the ball away from goal. Things finally broke from that pattern in the 64th minute, when Hope Lewandoski snapped the team's scoreless streak and tied the game at 1-1. The play began with an entry pass to Alyssa Poarch, who was able to take it into the box and put it on goal. After Varis made saves on consecutive shots by Poarch, Lewandoski found herself in the right place at the right time and was able to get the job done.
Following the goal, the pace of play picked up significantly for the Terps. Maryland was suddenly energized on offense, stringing together more substantial possessions as the half continued. Then things came to a dead stop when thunderstorm warnings delayed play for 30 minutes. Following the delay, both teams looked out of sync offensively and the score held at 1-1 going into overtime.
UCF was back to dominating in the overtime period, getting several attempts on goal and really making Egyed work. But the senior goalkeeper held strong again, and was able to keep UCF scoreless to send it to a second overtime.
Both teams traded possessions into the final overtime period, but towards the end the Terps began to find some chances. Darby Moore nearly drew a penalty after being tackled in the box, but the referees deemed it a clean play.
Maryland will be back in action on Sunday as they remain at home to finish out their non-conference schedule against George Washington.
Three Things to Know
The scoreless streak is over. With a streak spanning 340 minutes, the Terps were finally able to get back into the scoring column. Last season's scoreless streak lasted over 600 minutes, so the Terps figured things out quicker this time around. It'll be interesting to see if a streak like that happens again this season.
Maryland's offensive execution was there. Something Ray Leone mentioned when he spoke on Tuesday was the execution on goal scoring opportunities. Although Poarch whiffed on one attempt, the steady and composed finish on the Lewandoski goal. Hopefully this is a turning point for the team going forward.
Rachel Egyed had another big game. In last weeks game against Drexel, Egyed made a career-high nine saves. This week she surpassed that, coming up with 10 saves. It's also the second game in a row she started and finished, so while the offense is still a work in progress, the goalkeeper position is firmly locked down.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Any avenue that enables people to socialize together without forever in exactly the same closeness is social media at its best or worst as it may enhance different personalities in people.
Nonetheless outdoors forums do give people chances to build up their ideas, personal and business or political agendas. The 2008 and 2012 U . s . states . States Presidential election reliable social systems to acquire their political platforms to everybody.
How can websites allow me to personally?
Are you currently presently presently looking for brand-new buddies and possess lost touch with buddies formerly?
Then websites succeed to satisfy your needs. They're best ways to communicate with family, buddies additionally to potentially new buddies. Ignore should you hit the roads or join organizations in your neighborhood to be able to talk to people socially.
The internet and websites are able to do this to meet your requirements. It's very not a problem finding groups and forums that support your interests. So when you have a business that requires some social media connections… you're already set.
Just how can social networking and social media differ or perhaps is it exactly the same?
In the event you frequently understand the terms 'social media' and 'social networking' used diversely the reality is they virtually exactly the same. They aren't the identical but they're carefully enough linked they work interchangeably for many purposes.
The press aspect may be the actual method or medium of communication used whereas the networking may be the actual social interaction. To be able to easily see in which the two are extremely similar and often used together in other words of one other.
How has social networking altered the strategies by which individuals think or act?
Across the positive side social systems have permitted growing figures of individuals to become mention of the one another and possesses provided all of them a effective method to expand their systems. It enables for updated information to obtain passed between one another in a expedited fashion.
Yet there are lots of downsides. It is possible to pretend the net is totally anonymous yet news tales have proven this Not too.
You can't say and do anything whatsoever. You need to be mindful of most people are studying and watching what generate.
Corporations furthermore to companies are actually developing social networking policies that allow them give their clients what they really want, and never inside the narrow confines of the organization plan.
Using social networking for social good is becoming something corporations furthermore to business additionally for their customers are able to do in partnership, since they learn how to recognize one anothers values. As corporations and business focus on good changes on the planet, they might gain the respect of prospects, along with the two parties may uncover their relationship will finish off lucrative in manners they'd never imagined before.


I think I might have mentioned before how much I love intermittent fasting. It's really been a game-changer when it comes to losing weight and also dropping my innate ability to always, always think about food. These days, food and I still get along. We do. I just–I can take time off from eating when I want to. And that, in and of itself, is very powerful.
Therefore, I don't eat at all until around three in the afternoon. And at that time, after my exercise, after my gobs of coffee and water, I'm really, really hungry. Starving. That level of starving actually feels nice–empowering. But I need to treat it so that I can grow muscles, keep myself well, and keep myself going till dinner with my boyfriend (who loves to cook alongside me).
So, here are my four favorite paleo lunch ideas to get you started on your paleo mid-day dining experiences.
However, there's simply nothing to dispute with this Keto Diet App's Quick Beef Ragu. It only takes twenty minutes to make. Plus, it's packed with phytonutrients from the zucchini noodles and good, vibrant protein from the beef to keep your metabolism humming till dinner.
If you aren't so into eating a big, wholesome, green, mean lunch, you might want to check out this sinfully delicious paleo bar recipe. They're enriched with cocoa and many, many nuts: from macadamia to walnut. The texture is alarmingly gooey. I would eat four of them for lunch if I didn't want to sleep until tomorrow.
I could seriously eat these every single day of my life.
Note that this paleo lunch idea looks BEAUTIFUL and complicated–when in actuality, it's very, very easy to make. The wonderful fat of the egg and enriching nutrients of the Portabello mushroom really awakens me in the middle of the day. And at only around 110 calories a pop, I sometimes have two.
Enjoy these Paleo lunch ideas. And don't worry–I'll be back with more! I'm always searching for amazing ones. If you have any ideas, please feel free to peg some in the comments below.


While you think of museums and galleries of great artwork, it's simple to think of Europe. It is sometimes (as within the work of Robert Barry , Yoko Ono , and Weiner himself) lowered to a set of written directions describing a work, however stopping in need of actually making it—emphasising the thought as extra important than the artifact. Whereas a conceptual work might possess no particular model, one could say that this on a regular basis appearance and this variety of expression are traits of the motion.
Whereas one applauds the artist's obvious talent for self-promotion in bagging a Turner Prize (which provides the successful paintings an automated cachet of authenticity), one's jaw drops on the sight of so many art professionals dashing to praise this piece of artistic chutzpah – particularly since no museum during the last eight years has considered it to be a worthwhile purchase.
For instance, in Vito Acconci's Following Piece (1969), the artist subjected his vision to an outside drive: the random movements of strangers that he followed on the road until they disappeared into personal space. The Canadian group Common Thought had a small membership of three artists, Felix Partz, Jorge Zontal, and AA Bronson, who embraced ephemeral works and installations.
At this time, Kosuth's artworks may be present in quite a few famend museums and galleries world wide, together with MoMa, London's Freud Museum, Chicago Artwork Institute, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C. Kosuth lives and works between New York and Rome, the place he teaches at the Instituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia.
One of the vital precedents for Conceptual artwork was the work of Dada artist Marcel Duchamp, who in the early twentieth century established the thought of the "Readymade" – the discovered object that is merely nominated or chosen by the artist to be a murals, without adaptations to the thing past a signature.


We will never share your information with anyone. Complete the form below or give us a call NOW for a free, non obligatory quote on your new or replacement windows installation in Glenview IL.
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Even though we seldom decide to perform window replacement for simply aesthetic purposes, the overall appeal of a new window unit in your residence will likely not go unnoticed.
Money is often an issue when you are going in for replacement your vintage house window units. The most in-demand and in general cheapest type of thermal replacement model window material is vinyl. You can step-up to wood and also aluminum clad wood home windows but bear in mind their pricing is a great deal higher.
Another fundamental aspect of picking vinyl window installation in Glenview IL is the amount of repairs and maintenance required to sustain their efficiency. Other than washing their surface areas, which is going to be affected by elements including pollution in your area and particular window localization ( cooking area, shower room, and so on ) there's really nothing else you need to do.
In contrast , with wood and clad type of home windows you will definitely be required to examine their frames for any wetness occurrence, it is advisable to have them closed in cold weather climate ( in particular casements ) to avoid deformation, and also occasionally refinish wood surfaces.
Vinyl home windows fabrication procedure has actually been improved gradually and development of innovative technologies stimulates persistent high quality innovations leading to much higher energy efficiency. The following are multiple thermal vinyl window models we install . Each type of a window may well include various frame color and pattern options, glass performance choices, along with other distinctive features specially designed to fit just about every expense plan.
The following are types of residential windows made by Thermal Windows and Doors , one amongst the top quality residential windows producers we use and install their windows in Glenview. Click any of the pics for further details and specifications of the selective window.


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Adler Industrial Solutions Acquires R&D/Leverage
Industrial tooling company's third purchase adds domestic capabilities and expands geographic reach with U.K. facility
LEE'S SUMMIT, MO -- September 7, 2022 -- Adler Industrial Solutions, Inc. ("Adler") announced today it has acquired R&D/Leverage, Co. ("R&D"). This transaction marks the third acquisition by Adler in the past year and gives the company expanded scale, a broader capability set, and European manufacturing facilities that serve a global customer base.
Headquartered in Lee's Summit, Missouri, R&D is a leading manufacturer and supplier of mold types for the food and beverage, personal care, and healthcare markets. Founded in 1975 by Ivan and Ardith Drienik, the company was a pioneer in developing complex tooling solutions for the injection molding and blow molding industries. Today, R&D has over 250 employees split between its 203,460-square-foot and 60,000-square-foot manufacturing facilities in Lee's Summit, Missouri, and Nottinghamshire, England, respectively.
"The acquisition of R&D is a milestone addition for Adler. The capabilities and skillsets of the R&D team are second to none and will only further raise the core competencies of the Adler group," said Philipp Gruner, CEO of Adler. "Adding adjacent markets such as blow molds, injection stretch blow molds, preform molds and higher complexity injection system molds to our capabilities allows Adler to offer more services to our existing and future customers while expanding our geographic reach within the United States and internationally."
As a part of Adler, R&D will benefit from additional resources and investment.
Ardith Drienik said the acquisition is the ideal pathway forward for the company that she and her husband, Ivan, founded and dedicated their lives to building.
"When I met the Adler founders, I knew I had found the right buyer. I wanted someone that shared my husband's love of manufacturing and engineering, and someone who appreciates the value and contributions of the employees. I feel Ivan would agree with this decision that the Adler team's track record, energy, and vision will make them the ideal stewards of this amazing company," said Mrs. Drienik.
For more information, contact press@adlertooling.com.
About Adler Industrial Solutions, Inc.
Adler Industrial Solutions, Inc. launched in 2021. Through acquiring companies with niche talents and expertise, Adler offers a comprehensive network of mold makers geographically distributed to provide stronger support, shorter lead times and higher quality to its customers.
About R&D/Leverage, Inc.
Founded in 1975 by Ivan and Ardith Drienik, R&D is a leading manufacturer and supplier of molds for the food and beverage, personal care, and healthcare markets. R&D is headquartered in Lee's Summit, Missouri, and has additional manufacturing and services facilities in Nottinghamshire, England. For more information, please visit www.rdleverage.com.
Shorts Tool now Pinnacle Molds
Adler Acquires Rapid Mold Solutions...
We want to learn more about you and how we can help.
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info@adlertooling.com
For information on careers, contact us at careers@adlertooling.com
©2023 ADLER INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS INC.


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Tysons senior living towers win initial approval, despite concerns from Fairfax staff
By Alex Koma – Staff Reporter, Washington Business JournalJun 14, 2019, 10:17am EDT Updated Jun 14, 2019, 12:42pm EDT
Fairfax planning commissioners have given the thumbs up to a towering senior living campus in Tysons, despite gripes raised by county staff about the project's height, massive and open space.
The Planning Commission voted unanimously Wednesday to recommend approval of The Mather, a two-tower assisted living center within the Arbor Row development. Cityline Partners is entitling the project, located just behind the Tysons Galleria, on behalf of Evanston, Illinois-based Mather LifeWays.
The developer is pitching 300 independent, age-restricted units on the 4-acre site, in addition to 78 assisted living beds, 13,286 square feet of retail, and a 2,750-square-foot community space. Perhaps most notably, the height of the towers — set to stand 27 and 18 stories tall — could well make the Mather the tallest senior center in the region.
However, questions around its height had threatened to sink the project. County staff cited the proposed 285-foot tower as a prime reason in recommending denial of the project. The maximum allowable height in that area is 225 feet under current zoning.
But commissioners opted to back the project anyway, reasoning The Mather will still fit into the community and can adequately justify the extra height.
"I believe it will be an asset, a true asset for Tysons," said Phil Niedzielski-Eichner, planning commissioner for the Providence District, which includes Tysons. "It certainly meets a need the community has. … These are policy calls I think it's appropriate for the Planning Commission to make, though I respect the staff's position."
Niedzielski-Eichner said during the meeting that the commission was chiefly convinced by Cityline's work to refine the project since it was first submitted in 2017, and the developer's rationale for the increased height. Namely, Cityline's representatives say they're not adding height above the limits in order to increase the project's density. Instead, they want to shorten the hallways on each floor to make life easier on the buildings' future occupants, necessitating a few additional floors.
"The floor plates shrunk, therefore the density stays the same but the heights go up," said John McGranahan, a partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP who is representing Cityline. "And walkability is important for seniors."
McGranahan also cited the proximity of other large buildings in Arbor Row — set to include millions of square feet of office and residential space as well — and the Tysons Galleria just behind it as proof that it will fit into the neighborhood.
Stephen Gardner, a senior planner with the county, also raised concerns about the massing of the buildings and their potential to wall off a public park proposed for the center of the development. He argued it would require something akin to a "switchback trail" just for pedestrians to access it, defeating some of the purpose of the open space.
"We think they've designed the space to the best that they can and with constraints that they have, but there's almost a fundamental flaw within the configuration of that space," Gardner said.
But McGranahan stressed that its design had "substantially improved" since planners first scrutinized it, and the commission agreed. Niedzielski-Eichner was also eager to see the construction of the park move ahead with an earlier phase of the project than originally intended, giving the community more green space "sooner rather than later."
Mather LifeWays is tentatively projecting that the project will be completed by 2022. The company plans to buy the site from Cityline, which has been slowly selling off its Arbor Row pad sites after entitling them years ago.


If summer camp is in the future for your child, spring is the perfect time to start planning and preparing! Whether your kids are interested in day camp or sleep-away camp, there's no denying the educational and social benefits summer camps can have. However, some kids find it easier to adjust to the new routine than others.
For children returning to a camp they've attended in the past, the process can be exciting! They're looking forward to seeing old friends, practicing sports, arts and crafts, exploring interests, and discovering talents. For other kids, especially if they're attending a new camp, the idea can be stressful. What can they expect? Will they make friends? Will it be scary? If it's a sleep-away camp, will they be homesick? What if they don't like it?
Now's the time to address these potential issues and put them to rest. Here are some tips to consider.
When your child has a say, it's more likely they'll be invested in the selection process. This will also help build their confidence that camp will be a positive experience. Talk about what kind of camp your family is interested in. Would they prefer a day camp or sleep-away camp? Would they like one with an emphasis on sports? Computer skills? The arts? Church-affiliated?
Talk about the fun things that will be a part of the daily camp life, such as doing new and different activities and spending loads of time on a favorite sport or hobby.
Camp is like real life. Some days are fantastic. Some days aren't. It's what we make it. Teach your kid to recognize and appreciate the good things and to learn from setbacks, not to dwell on them. If you have happy memories of summer camp, share them. Kids want to be independent, but they need a little help. Learning from your experiences can be helpful.
Give your child opportunities to talk about concerns.
Plan a short trip to campgrounds with a friend or co-camper if possible. Seeing what the place looks like and being familiar with it will help your child feel less surprised on the first day. If you can't visit, look at brochures and videos together. You could also talk with other kids who've been to the camp before and hear abut their experience.
If your child can go to camp with a friend, that's great! If not, encourage them to make new friends early. Socializing skills lead to friendships.
If it's a sleep-away camp, promise your child you'll keep in touch as often as the camp allows. Keep the messages upbeat, supportive, and friendly. Express interest in what they are learning, the experiences they're having, and the talents they're developing.
They want your child to succeed and have an enjoyable experience. If your child has allergies or special medications, for example, make sure you've communicated that to the counselors. They don't know what you don't tell them.
If this is the first time your child will be away from home, realize that you'll need some period of adjustment, too. Plan some time to enjoy the change in routine, and catch up on chores, reading, or your own on-hold interests.


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Journal of Physical Oceanography
2. Comparison of wind speed and wave height in the open ocean and at landfall
3. SRA wave topography measurements
4. Directional wave spectra
5. Spectrum spatial variation and partitioning judgments
6. Storm-relative comparison of open ocean and landfall wave fields
7. Bathymetric effect on wave field
8. Shoreline-relative wave field variation
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Contours of wind speed (m s−1) for Hurricane Bonnie from the HRD surface wind field analyses corresponding to the open ocean flight (left panel) and the landfall flight (right panel)
North and South Carolina shoreline with the track of Hurricane Bonnie prior to landfall on 26 Aug 1998 (solid curve). The dotted curve shows the track of Bonnie during the open-ocean flight on 24 Aug, shifted geographically to make the first eye penetration by the NOAA aircraft coincident with that of the landfall flight
North and South Carolina shoreline with contours of significant wave height HS at landfall corresponding to the Hurricane Bonnie eye location indicated by the hurricane symbol (left panel) and contours of Bonnie HS in the open ocean (right panel) superimposed on the Carolina shoreline using the same eye location indicated on the left panel. The dashed contours in the right panel are halfway between the integer meter solid contours
Grayscale-coded topographic map produced from about 700 SRA raster scan lines as the aircraft crossed Cape Lookout during the landfall flight. The land mass occupies the region between about 6.5 and 9 km along the abscissa
Five contiguous 10-km segments of SRA grayscale-coded topography as the NOAA aircraft headed north toward Cape Hatteras. Time increases up the page and from left to right. The average aircraft track angle in degrees is indicated above each 10-km segment, and the starting scan line number (sln) is indicated below
SRA directional wave spectra acquired between 1639 and 1729 UTC 26 Aug 1998. The map in the upper left panel shows part of the North and South Carolina shoreline and the northern boundary of the Gulf Stream. The 15 circles indicate the locations of the 15 spectra, and the circle corresponding to the first spectrum in the sequence is filled. The short lines on the map extend in the downwind direction a length proportional to the speed given by the HRD surface wind analysis for the eye location corresponding to the time of the 8th of the 15 spectra shown. A wind speed of 30 m s−1 corresponds to a length of 0.1° of latitude. The directional wave spectra reference wave propagation directions and the dashed circles (outer to inner) correspond to wavelengths of 75 m, 150 m, 250 m, and 350 m. The solid circles indicate wavelengths of 100 m, 200 m, and 300 m. The arrowhead at a distance 0.01 rad m−1 from the spectral origin points in the aircraft flight direction. The thick arrow extends in the downwind direction a distance proportional to the HRD surface wind vector at that spectral location. A wind speed of 30 m s−1 corresponds to a length of 0.03 rad m−1
SRA directional wave spectra acquired between 1738 and 1828 UTC 26 Aug 1998 in the same format as Fig. 6
Storm-relative representation of all the wave components observed during the landfall flight of 26 Aug 1998 (blue) and during the open ocean flight on 24 Aug 1998 (red). The short green radials show the average of the HRD surface wind analyses on the two days with a length of 10 km representing a wind speed of 50 m s−1
Significant wave height and wavelength of the wave components within the cyan boundaries of Fig. 11a plotted with respect to their displacement northwest of the green reference line for the open ocean flight (red) and the landfall flight (blue)
North Carolina coast from Cape Fear (33.83°N, 77.96°W) to Cape Lookout (34.58°N, 76.53°W) and thick radials (red, blue, green) showing SRA northwest wave vectors from three passes of the NOAA aircraft. The radials extend in the wave propagation direction a length proportional to the wavelength. The width of the radials is proportional to HS. The thin red and blue radials show the HRD surface wind analysis for times corresponding to the red and blue passes. The diagonal line in the lower right corner is part of the piecewise linear representation of the north wall of the Gulf Stream shown in the plan views of Figs. 6–10
Landfall data from Fig. 12 plotted vs distance from shore in Onslow Bay. The bottom panel plots the approximate bathymetric profiles for Onslow Bay, the northward flight line toward Cape Hatteras (Fig. 5), and the Banzai Pipeline on the northwest shore of Oahu, Hawaii
Curves show expected variation of swell wavelength vs water depth for three values of deep water wavelength: 250 m, 300 m, and 350 m. The wavelength data from Fig. 14 are plotted (circles) vs water depth at the observation locations extracted from the NGDC bathymetric database
Hurricane Directional Wave Spectrum Spatial Variation at Landfall
E. J. Walsh
E. J. WalshNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia
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C. W. Wright
C. W. WrightNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia
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D. Vandemark
D. VandemarkNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia
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W. B. Krabill
W. B. KrabillNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia
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A. W. Garcia
A. W. GarciaU.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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S. H. Houston
S. H. HoustonNOAA/AOML Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida
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S. T. Murillo
S. T. MurilloNOAA/AOML Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida
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M. D. Powell
M. D. PowellNOAA/AOML Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida
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P. G. Black
P. G. BlackNOAA/AOML Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida
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F. D. Marks Jr.
F. D. Marks Jr.NOAA/AOML Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida
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https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1667:HDWSSV>2.0.CO;2
The NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter (SRA) flew aboard one of the NOAA WP-3D hurricane research aircraft to document the sea surface directional wave spectrum in the region between Charleston, South Carolina, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, as Hurricane Bonnie was making landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina, on 26 August 1998. Two days earlier, the SRA had documented the hurricane wave field spatial variation in open water when Bonnie was 400 km east of Abaco Island, Bahamas. Bonnie was similar in size during the two flights. The maximum wind speed was lower during the landfall flight (39 m s−1) than it had been during the first flight (46 m s−1). Also, Bonnie was moving faster prior to landfall (9.5 m s−1) than when it was encountered in the open ocean (5 m s−1). The open ocean wave height spatial variation indicated that Hurricane Bonnie would have produced waves of 10 m height on the shore northeast of Wilmington had it not been for the continental shelf. The gradual shoaling distributed the wave energy dissipation process across the shelf so that the wavelength and wave height were reduced gradually as the shore was approached. The wave height 5 km from shore was about 4 m.
Despite the dramatic differences in wave height caused by shoaling and the differences in the wind field and forward speed of the hurricane, there was a remarkable agreement in the wave propagation directions for the various wave components on the two days. This suggests that, in spite of its complexity, the directional wave field in the vicinity of a hurricane may be well behaved and lend itself to be modeled by a few parameters, such as the maximum wind speed, the radii of the maximum and gale force winds, and the recent movement of the storm.
* Current affiliation: National Weather Service Forecast Office, CPHC/NOAA, Honolulu, Hawaii
Corresponding author address: Edward J. Walsh, NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory, R/ETL1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328. Email: walsh@osb.wff.nasa.gov
The hurricane data presented here were acquired through a joint effort between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division (HRD). The NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter (SRA) flew aboard one of the WP-3D hurricane research aircraft of the NOAA/Aircraft Operation Center. The SRA provided the first documentation of the spatial variation of the sea surface directional wave spectrum throughout a hurricane in open water. Those data were obtained on 24 August 1998, when Bonnie, a large Category 3 hurricane (Avila 1998), was 400 km east of Abaco Island, Bahamas (Wright et al. 2001).
This paper describes the first documentation of the directional wave spectrum throughout a hurricane making landfall as Bonnie was approaching Wilmington, North Carolina, on 26 August 1998. The NOAA aircraft height was about 2.2 km as the SRA documented the sea surface directional wave spectrum in the region between Charleston, South Carolina, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The spatial variation of the sea surface directional wave spectrum during hurricane landfall is detailed and contrasted with the spatial variation observed while Bonnie was in the open ocean (Wright et al. 2001). The great similarity of its components on the two days suggests that the directional wave spectrum in the vicinity of a hurricane may be well behaved and lend itself to be modeled by a few parameters.
The preliminary HRD wind fields were generated for the landfall of Bonnie following the methods outlined by Powell et al. (1996). The input observations were similar to those used for Bonnie over deep water in Wright et al. (2001), except surface observations from fixed marine and coastal platforms were available.
Figure 1 compares the HRD surface wind field analysis corresponding to the open-ocean flight (left panel) with that for landfall (right panel). The radius of maximum wind and general wind speed variation were quite similar. The main difference in the two wind fields was that the maximum mesoscale surface wind speed was 39 m s−1 at landfall, about 15% lower than the 46 m s−1 value determined two days earlier over the open ocean. The distribution of the highest winds is also shifted about 20° or 30° clockwise at landfall relative to the open ocean distribution, possibly due to the faster forward motion of the storm.
Figure 2 shows a portion of the North and South Carolina shoreline with the solid curve indicating the track of Bonnie prior to landfall. The interpolated eye positions are shown at 5-h intervals relative to the first eye penetration by the NOAA aircraft. The dotted curve shows the track of Bonnie during the open ocean flight, shifted geographically to make the first eye penetration coincident with that of the landfall flight. During the 10-h interval between 15 h and 5 h prior to the first eye penetration, Bonnie was moving about 5 m s−1 with a mean track 330° in the open ocean, but prior to landfall it moved at about 9.5 m s−1 with a mean track of 334°. Then Bonnie's speed began to increase when it was in open ocean (dotted curve) and decrease when it was approaching land (solid curve).
Donelan et al. (1992) measured the differential wave growth between towers arranged in a line in Lake St Clair and developed an expression that provided a smooth transition from rapidly growing short fetch waves to the asymptotic invariant state of full development. This is rather more satisfying than the traditional expressions of nondimensional wave energy being proportional to nondimensional fetch raised to a power, with an abrupt transition to the fully developed state. The Donelan et al. (1992) expression developed from the Lake St Clair data fit the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) field data better than the JONSWAP power law (Hasselmann et al. 1973), and it reduced to essentially the JONSWAP expression for linear growth rate of nondimensional wave energy with nondimensional fetch at the shorter fetches. The JONSWAP power law can be rearranged into the form
HSg−1F0.5U10 (1)
where F is the physical fetch and U10 is the wind speed at 10-m height.
In hurricanes, the highest wind speeds are generally associated with nondimensional fetches in the linear growth rate region because of the curvature of the wind field. Then (1) indicates that, for a fixed physical fetch, wave height would be proportional to wind speed.
Since Bonnie was similar in size during the two flights, the curvature of the wind field and fetch in the vicinity of the radius of maximum wind would be similar. With a 15% reduction in the maximum mesoscale surface wind speed at landfall, a similar reduction in the maximum wave height would be expected. However, the higher translation speed prior to landfall would tend to increase the wave height. The open ocean translation speed of 5 m s−1 matched the group velocity of waves of length 65 m, and the faster waves at the peak of the spectrum would outdistance the storm soon after they were generated. The 9.5 m s−1 translation speed prior to landfall matched the group velocity of 230 m waves, significantly increasing the effective fetch and duration of waves near the peak of the spectrum which moved in the direction of translation of the storm (Bretschneider 1957; Shemdin 1980; Young 1988; MacAfee and Bowyer 2000a,b; Bowyer 2000).
The left side of Fig. 3 shows the North and South Carolina shoreline with contours of significant wave height, HS (4 times rms surface elevation), corresponding to the eye location indicated by the hurricane symbol at about 33.5°N, 77.8°W. The contours were determined from the SRA measurements in a subjective manner. The SRA wave height values were plotted in positions that were shifted spatially from the observation locations according to the relative vector between the eye position at the reference time and the observation time. Radials were drawn from the shifted values to the measurement locations, so an assessment could be made as to whether the wave height variation should have been associated with the location corresponding to the reference time or to the bathymetry. The HS contours were then drawn free hand. They should not be taken as exact, but represent the general spatial variation of the wave height to provide a context for the detailed analysis which follows. The maximum wave height might have been over 9 m, but there were no data near the center of the 8 m contour.
On the right side of Fig. 3 the contours of HS measured when Hurricane Bonnie was in the open ocean (Wright et al. 2001) are superimposed on the Carolina shoreline using the same eye location indicated on the left side of Fig. 3. The open ocean wave height variation suggests that, if the water had not been shoaling, the maximum wave height would had occurred on the shoreline in the region northeast of Wilmington. This is in dramatic contrast to the observations, which show the wave height diminishing to half its maximum value as the shore is approached. The gradual shoaling caused the energy to dissipate as the waves crossed the continental shelf (Shemdin et al. 1978; Tolman 1994; Young and Gorman 1995; Hwang et al. 1998; Ardhuin et al. 2001).
The SRA scans a 1° (two-way) beam through the nadir point in the vertical plane that contains the aircraft wings and measures the range to 64 points over a swath width equal to 0.8 times the aircraft height. In real time, the slant ranges are multiplied by the cosine of the off-nadir incidence angles (including the effect of aircraft roll attitude) to determine the vertical distances from the aircraft to the sea surface. These distances are subtracted from the aircraft height to produce a sea-surface elevation map, which is displayed on a monitor in the aircraft to enable real-time assessments of data quality and wave properties. The scan rate was 8 Hz during the Bonnie flight. (It is presently 10 Hz, and faster scan rates are possible.)
Figure 4 shows a grayscale-coded topographic map produced from about 700 SRA scan lines as the aircraft crossed Cape Lookout (34.58°N, 76.53°W) during the landfall flight. The aircraft flight direction was from right to left. The wave topography shows a dramatic spatial variation in the wave field with the waves propagating toward the northwest on the east side of Cape Lookout, and toward the north on the west side.
Figure 5 shows five contiguous 10-km segments of SRA gray-scale-coded topography on a different flight line as the NOAA aircraft headed north toward Cape Hatteras (35.27°N, 75.44°W). The waves were just starting to "feel" the ocean floor at the beginning of this dataset, and the water depth decreased along the track. The waves were initially propagating toward about 335°. As the waves approached the shore, the wavelength shortened, the amplitude decreased, and the propagation direction turned toward the north and finally northeast. The surf zone began at about 6.3 km up from the bottom of the right 10-km segment. The tip of Cape Hatteras is apparent at the top of the same segment.
The SRA has a long heritage of measuring the energetic portion of the sea surface directional wave spectrum (Walsh et al. 1985, 1989, 1996). To obtain the wave spectra used in this paper, sea-surface topography from 180 cross-track scan lines of the SRA was interpolated to a north- and east-oriented 256 by 256 square grid of 7-m spacing centered on the data. The nominal along-track distance covered by the 180 scan lines was 2.7 km at the 8-Hz scan rate and 120 m s−1 nominal air speed. Only 119 of the 180 scan lines would fit within the 1785 m by 1785 m span of the grid if the aircraft were flying north or east, and even fewer if the aircraft had a tail wind, which was generally the case.
At the nominal aircraft height of 2.2 km for the landfall flight, the SRA swath width of 1760 m approximately matched the width of the square grid. If the aircraft were flying at a significant angle to the grid axes, some points near the cross-track corners of the grid would be empty.
The elevations in the uniform grid were transformed by a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT). A filled grid would produce north and east wavenumber spectral resolutions of 0.0035 rad m−1. The starting scan line number for each succeeding spectrum was advanced by 100. For the spectra used in this paper, five adjacent individual spectra were averaged and then smoothed with a 3 by 3 uniform weighting filter spanning 0.01 rad m−1 in wavenumber space. The result approached 90 degrees of freedom. The artifact spectral lobes were deleted, and the real lobes were Doppler corrected. Wright et al. (2001) describes these processes in detail.
Figures 6 through 10 show 5-spectra averages of the wavenumber directional wave spectra generated from SRA topography measured in Hurricane Bonnie during landfall. The time sequence progresses from left to right, and top to bottom in each figure. The 75 spectra indicate the directions in which the wave energy is propagating. They span almost 6 h of data and have been selected to provide detailed information on all the various spectral shapes observed. They provide an opportunity to assess the value judgments made in partitioning the spectra into wave components and a context for the plan view maps of the spatial variation of the wave field components.
For the open ocean analysis (Wright et al. 2001), the limits on the portion of the spectra displayed were symmetrical on both north and east axes, ±0.07 rad m−1. In this paper, the limits are asymmetrical, extending farther to the south and the east to accommodate the shorter wavelengths observed in those directions.
Each of Figs. 6–10 contains 15 spectra. The starting spectrum number for the 5-spectra averages used in this paper was always incremented by five, so the spectral averages never overlap, although there was a slight overlap at the beginning and end of the topographic data used to generate adjacent 5-spectra averages.
The small circles on the map in the upper left panel of each figure show the spectral locations relative to the Carolina coastline and the north wall of the Gulf Stream. The circle corresponding to the first spectrum in the sequence is filled. The piecewise-linear approximation of the north wall of the Gulf Stream was determined by points extracted from the 26 August 1998 Oceanographic Features Analysis of the Naval Oceanographic Office. The boundary location may be uncertain. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (http://srbdata.jhuapl.edu/d0043/avhrr/gs_s/averages/98aug) image of the AVHRR observations between 0958 UTC 26 August and 2353 UTC 28 August 1998 indicated that almost no data were available in the Gulf Stream region between 32.2°N and 36°N due to cloud cover.
The total HS is in the upper right corner of each spectrum. There are nine contours, linearly spaced from 10% to 90% of the peak spectral density of each spectrum, which in (m4 rad−2) equals the number below the HS in the upper right corner times 81 342. The north and east distances from the eye, in km, are indicated in the upper left corner, and the latitude and longitude are in the lower right corner of each spectrum. The lower left corner contains the flight segment and the starting spectrum number of the 5-spectrum average, separated by a hyphen, and the UTC seconds of the day (sod).
The thick radials on the spectra of Figs. 6 through 10 indicate the orientations of the boundaries of the half-planes used to eliminate the spectral artifact lobes. To be able to deal with complex situations (such as real spectral lobes in opposite half planes), there are separate half-plane boundaries for wavelengths less than and greater than an arbitrary value, which varied between 75 and 200 m depending on the characteristics of the particular spectrum. The inner and outer half planes frequently have the same orientation. All spectral energy is deleted on the artifact side of each boundary, although subsequent Doppler corrections sometimes push the contours past the boundaries.
Two dashed radials were used to partition some of the spectra into two or three components. The three pairs of numbers, separated by a slash in the header of each spectrum, are the HS and the wavelength at the spectral peak for each partition. The sequence of the three sets of numbers is in clockwise (CW) order around the spectrum. The square root of the sum of the squares of the partition wave height values in the header equals the total HS in the upper right corner of each spectrum.
When only two wave components were identified, the two dashed radials were placed coincident between them so there appears to be only one and the middle elements in the header are zero. When only one component was identified, the two dashed radials were placed coincident at one of the half-plane boundaries and are not visible. In this case, some spurious numbers still show up in the third header position. As subjective as the partitioning process is, it can be valuable in examining and comparing the general spatial variation of the complex wave fields associated with hurricanes.
The angles of the partition boundaries are decided upon for the times associated with a subset of the spectra. The partition boundary orientations for each spectrum are then obtained by linear interpolation in time. The same technique is applied to orient the half-plane boundaries used to delete the artifact spectral lobes.
This section points out the wave field spatial variation in evidence in the spectra of Figs. 6–10 and discusses the subjective judgments made in determining the number and orientations of the dashed radials used to partition them into spectral components.
The SRA is not a perfect instrument and neither is the processing. The spectral energy was set to zero near the origin, but at times, contamination just outside that region produced an undesirable value for the partition wavelength in the spectral headers. The automatic determination of wavelength using the peak spectral density produced wavelengths of 422 and 352 m for the wind-driven component in the first partitions of Figs. 6a and 6b, instead of the 70-m values that would have been chosen subjectively.
The first pass through the eye was almost parallel to the coast. West of the eye (Figs. 6a–i), the wave field was trimodal, with a total HS of 3–4 m. East of the eye, the wave field appeared unimodal (Figs. 6j–o) with an HS of 7–9 m.
West of the eye, the spectral component in the middle partition showed significant spatial variation in propagation direction, from 243° in Fig. 6a to 178° in Fig. 6h, 95 km away. This swell was likely generated in the vicinity of the radius of maximum wind. The propagation direction at the observation points depends on the tangent to that radius for an earlier position of the storm given by the transit time for the wavelength observed.
Most of the SRA data loss is due to heavy rain. The spectral and HS values in Fig. 6g are in error because half of the topographic data used to generate the five spectra in that average was obliterated by rain. The spectrum was included because it still showed the smooth progression of the propagation direction of the middle wave component.
A second dashed partition might have been placed in Figs. 6h and 6i in the vicinity of 130°. But that was very close to the downwind direction and did not seem reasonable. Adding or deleting partitions can cause abrupt changes in the component HS values. In Fig. 6f, the HS values for the first two components (CW) are 2.5 and 2.7 m. Their combined value is 3.7 m, the same as for the first component in Fig. 6h, where the partition separating the two components in Fig. 6f was removed.
A northwest propagating swell of wavelength about 200 m appeared throughout the flight line shown in Fig. 6. West of the radius of maximum wind, the northwest swell height was about 1.5 m. It grew rapidly in the eye and was over 8 m east of the eye.
East of the eye (Figs. 6j–o), the wave field appeared unimodal. The highest value of HS was 9.1 m (Fig. 6n) with a dominant wavelength of 201 m. Banner et al. (2000) suggests that about 16% of the dominant waves would be breaking under these conditions.
Further to the east and closer to shore (Figs. 7a,b), the wavelength was still about 200 m, but the wave height diminished to under 7 m. There were spatial gradients in wave height both parallel to and perpendicular to the shore in this region near Cape Hatteras. When the aircraft reversed flight direction and traveled toward the southwest, the HS increased from 4.4 to 6.5 m in just 30 km (Figs. 7c–f). Comparing Fig. 7a with 7f and Fig. 7b with 7e indicates reductions in both wave height and wavelength toward shore.
All the spectra in the right forward quadrant of the hurricane shown in Fig. 7 appear to be unimodal swell propagating toward the northwest. The biggest change in propagation direction occurred in the 12 km distance between the observation in Fig. 7j (306°) and Fig. 7k (353°), caused by the bathymetry in the vicinity of Cape Lookout (Fig. 4).
The shortest wavelength and lowest wave height in Fig. 7 occurred in the spectrum closest to the shore (Fig. 7l), and there was a monotonic increase in wavelength (146 m, 157 m, 168 m, 177 m) and HS (3.3 m, 4.5 m, 4.9 m, 5.2 m) in the last four spectra of Fig. 7 as the distance from shore increased. All of these waves were significantly lower and shorter than the waves of 8–9 m height and 200 m wavelength seen farther from shore (Figs. 6k–n).
The second largest cause of SRA data loss is aircraft roll maneuvers. Shortly after the spectrum of Fig. 6i, the SRA data were corrupted by a series of aircraft roll maneuvers that were used to locate the eye. The spectrum in Fig. 7g shows evidence of low-frequency contamination caused by an aircraft roll maneuver. This type of contamination could be edited out on a case by case basis, but would require considerable effort. With a goal of processing the SRA data into directional wave spectra onboard the aircraft in near realtime to make the information available to the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center (NHC), some minor discrepancies need to be tolerated initially. Advanced processing techniques may eventually be able to edit all contaminated data.
Figure 8 shows wave spectra from the left rear quadrant of Bonnie. The most complex spectra generally occur in the rear half of the hurricane. The wave spectra in the right forward quadrant generally appear unimodal because the peak spectral densities are so high and the spectral contours only go down to the 10% level relative to the peak.
The sequence of spectra in Figs. 8a, 8b, and 8c demonstrates the arbitrary nature of some decisions made in processing the data. In Fig. 8a, the decision was made that there was no real spectral energy in the right half plane. The location was near shore, and the wind was relatively light. In Fig. 8c, a significant wave component propagating toward the southeast was identified. Where that component first appeared is unclear, but it was arbitrarily assumed to be present in Fig. 8b at wavelengths of 100 m or shorter.
Once identified, the behaviors of the wave components are generally quite clear, such as the CW rotation and extending tail on the southeast wave component of Fig. 8c in the Figs. 8d–g sequence. It is when the wave components first begin to appear in the spectra that the uncertainty and arbitrariness generally occur.
The spectra shown in Figs. 8h–n, from the flight line about 150 km south of the Figs. 8c–g flight line, evidence a southward-propagating swell that rotates counterclockwise (CCW) along the flight line. This is because the flight direction was eastward instead of westward. The south propagating wave components rotate CW as the observation location moves west on both flight lines.
The average wavelength on the southern flight line is considerably longer than on the northern flight line, about 130 versus 100 m. But the longer wavelength on the southern flight line should not be thought of as evolving from shorter wavelength system on the northern flight line. The intervening wind at the observation time was either at right angles to or somewhat opposing the wave propagation directions. The transit time for 150 km at the 7.1 m s−1 group velocity of 130 m waves would be almost 6 h and the hurricane moved about 100 km in that time. The shorter wavelength on the northern flight line was due to fetch-limiting of the wave growth caused by the Carolina shoreline. When the waves observed on the southern flight line were generated, the hurricane was further to the south and there was less fetch-limiting.
Figure 9 shows a wave field curiosity. In the vicinity of the Gulf Stream northern boundary (Figs. 9h–j) there appear to be waves propagating in every direction in the northeast half plane except the downwind direction, despite its 20–30 m s−1 magnitude. There were certainly waves propagating in the downwind direction, but their spectral densities were not high enough to be prominent in these normalized spectra. It was decided not to use log instead of linear contours to extend below the 10% level relative to the peak spectral density because it made many of the spectra busy and difficult to interpret.
Figures 9 and 10 show additional examples of the subjective aspect of spectrum partitioning. The spectra of Figs. 9l–n are unimodal. The spectrum of Fig. 9o begins to be stretched in a CW direction, and that process continued in Fig. 10a, but no partition was used. Figures 10c–g were clearly bimodal; Fig. 10b was partitioned because it appeared to be the start of that separation of components.
Figure 10k was stretched CW but not enough to be partitioned. Figure 10l was considered bimodal, and the clockwise component in Fig. 10m was still considered distinct enough to be partitioned, but Fig. 10n was not. As a result, the HS for the northwest propagating component jumped from 4.5 m in Fig. 10m to 5.3 m in Fig. 10n, even though the total HS was nearly identical and the spectral shapes were very similar.
It would be very useful to have a storm-relative model of the wave field surrounding a hurricane from which the directional wave field at any location could be determined from knowledge of the eye position and a few parameters, such as the maximum wind speed, the radii of the maximum and gale force winds, and the recent movement of the storm. Young (1999) has provided a review of the state of knowledge of hurricane wave fields prior to Wright et al. (2001) and the present paper.
Young (1997) made a detailed study of one-dimensional spectra from a quite comprehensive set of 16 hurricanes off the northwest coast of Australia. He found that the spectra were bimodal when storm centers were more than 8 times the radius of maximum winds, R, from the measurement site, and unimodal otherwise. Young (1997) concluded that the shape stabilizing effects of the nonlinear source term in the wave generation process were sufficient to continually force the spectra back to the unimodal form within 8R of the storm center.
The radius of maximum winds for Hurricane Bonnie was about 80 km. Most of the SRA data from 24 and 26 August 1998 are within 3R of the storm center and indicate complex wave fields except in the right forward quadrant of the hurricane. The SRA data suggest that the directional wave spectra for the hurricanes in Young's study were probably frequently bimodal within 8R of the storm center but appeared unimodal in the nondirectional spectra because the components were not sufficiently separated in frequency.
For Hurricane Bonnie the wave propagation directions showed a great similarity between open ocean and landfall, even though the maximum wind speed and translation speed had changed and the wavelength and HS were dramatically affected by the bathymetry at landfall.
Figure 11 shows in blue, in a storm-relative reference frame, all the radials representing wave components observed during the landfall flight of 26 August 1998. Radials representing the wave components observed during the open ocean flight on 24 August 1998 are shown in red. The circles indicate the data locations, and the radials extend in the wave propagation direction a length proportional to the wavelength. The width of the radials is proportional to the HS, so the aspect ratio is an indication of wave steepness with wide rectangles indicating steep waves.
The left side of Fig. 11 focuses on the northeast quadrant of the storm. The right side of Fig. 11 focuses on the southwest quadrant. The top panels show the wave components propagating toward the northwest. The middle panels show the wave components propagating toward the northeast. The bottom panels of Fig. 11 show the wave components propagating toward the north (left side) or the south (right side). These designations should be considered approximate and were determined in the following manner.
Up to three wave components were identified in each spectrum. In the open-ocean paper (Wright et al. 2001) the components were grouped into primary, secondary, and tertiary wave fields based on wave height. For the present analysis, an initial reference direction of 315° was used, and the wave components closest to that direction were extracted and displayed in Figs. 11a and 11d. A second reference direction of 45° was used, and the remaining wave components closest to that direction were extracted and displayed in Figs. 11b and 11e. The wave components displayed in Figs. 11c and 11f were what remained after the first two iterations.
There is a remarkable agreement in the wave propagation directions for the various wave components on the two days, despite some differences in the wind fields. This agreement and the fact that wave generation involves integrals over both time and space suggests that, in spite of its complexity, the wave field in the vicinity of a hurricane may be well behaved and lend itself to be modeled by a few parameters such as the maximum wind speed, the radii of the maximum and gale force winds, and the recent movement of the storm.
The shorter wavelengths of the southward-propagating components in the southwest quadrant of Hurricane Bonnie caused by the fetch limiting at landfall are apparent in Fig. 11f. There was no tertiary wave component identified in the northeast quadrant during landfall (Fig. 11c).
The northeast quadrant of the hurricane and the waves propagating toward the northwest (Fig. 11a) will now be examined in detail. An arbitrary reference line has been added to Fig. 11a. It is the green radial extending from the center of the eye a distance of 160 km at an angle of 55° east of north. This angle was selected because it made the reference line approximately orthogonal to the general wave propagation direction in evidence in Fig. 11a, and approximately parallel to the central part of the shoreline of Onslow Bay (the region between Cape Fear and Cape Lookout).
Consider the wave vectors in Fig. 11a contained within the cyan circular and linear boundaries, relative to the green reference line. In the open ocean (red wave vectors), the wave length and height grew toward the northwest, reaching a maximum in the vicinity of the green reference line and approximately maintaining those levels northwest of the reference line.
In the region 100 km southeast of the reference line (10 km south, 150 km east in Fig. 11a), the blue wave vectors indicate that the waves in this region during landfall were longer and higher than they were in the open ocean (red radials). This may well have been because the hurricane had been moving twice as fast than it had when encountered in the open ocean.
In the vicinity of the green reference line in Fig. 11a, the wave height at landfall (blue) is both higher and lower than it was to the southwest of the reference line. It will become apparent that the wave height depended on how close the observations points were to the shore. Sixty kilometers northwest of the reference line (100 km N, 40 km E), the blue wave vectors, which were nearest the shoreline at landfall, are dwarfed by the red wave vectors that bracket them from the open-ocean observations.
To better quantify these impressions, the wave height and wavelength of those wave components within the cyan boundaries of Fig. 11a are plotted in Fig. 12 with respect to their displacement northwest of the green reference line. The red circles showing the open ocean data indicate that there was a rapid increase in both HS and wavelength between −100 and −20 km. Then there was a gradual decrease in HS and a gradual increase in wavelength as the distance northwest of the reference line increased. This is to be expected for swell propagating away from the hurricane under the influence of a wind that was diminishing and turning more and more away from the downwave direction (Fig. 11a).
Considering the larger initial values of HS and wavelength 100 km southeast of the reference line for the landfall (blue) data, those quantities might have reached 10 and 300 m, respectively, in the vicinity of the reference line had it not been for the bathymetry. The blue circles in Fig. 12 demonstrate the large span in HS in the vicinity of the reference line with values both larger and smaller than those for 100 km southeast of the reference line. The wavelength was smaller in the vicinity of the reference line than it was 100 km southeast of it, but there was still a large range of values in that region.
Ideal conditions for studying the influence of bathymetry on waves would be a quasi-steady state, where the wind generation and nonlinear interaction of the waves could be neglected. The present dataset consists of steep waves driven by a high wind that was changing rapidly. A rigorous analysis of these data is beyond the scope of this paper, but several simple approaches will be used to demonstrate the bathymetric influence.
Figure 13 demonstrates the shortening of the wavelength and the lowering of the wave height when the waves approach the shore. It shows the North Carolina coast from Cape Lookout to Cape Fear and SRA northwest wave vectors from three passes of the NOAA aircraft. As in Fig. 11, the circles indicate the data locations. The radials extend in the wave propagation direction a length proportional to the wavelength with their width proportional to HS.
The red wave vectors were from the initial pass with the aircraft flying toward the northeast about 70 km from shore. The blue wave vectors were from a pass toward the southwest much closer to shore about an hour later.
The two blue wave vectors bracketing Cape Lookout (34.58°N, 76.53°W) in Fig. 13 correspond to the wave topography of Fig. 4 and the spectra of Figs. 7j and 7k. They and the wave vector just to the west of them in Fig. 13 appear in Fig. 11a just outside the cyan circle at about 125 km N. The blue wave vectors starting near the middle of the Onslow Bay shoreline (34.52°N, 77.32°W) in Fig. 13 and progressing toward the southwest are in evidence in Fig. 11a starting at 112 km N, 50 km E.
The time associated with the Fig. 13 wave vector at 33.66°N, 77.35°W (Fig. 6k) was 61630 sod. The time associated with the blue location that the red wave vector of Fig. 6k points toward (34.01°N, 77.76°W; Fig. 7o) was 66467 sod, about 1 h, 21 min after the red observation. The thin radials in Fig. 13 show the HRD surface winds corresponding to the eye locations for the two times just indicated, with a wind speed of 40 m s−1 corresponding to a length of 0.05° of latitude.
The dominant wavelength of the red wave vector (Fig. 6k) was 210 m, and HS was 7.9 m. For the corresponding blue wave vector (Fig. 7o), the wavelength was reduced to 177 m, and HS was 5.2 m. The group velocity of waves of length 210 m is 9.05 m s−1, which would require 1 h, 39 min to travel the 54 km distance between those two positions. Had the water been deep, the time difference between the two observations was such that one would almost be observing a later manifestation of the same group of waves. The wind was blowing very strongly at an angle of about 30° with respect to the line joining the two observations (downwave direction for Fig. 6k). It was initially about 38 m s−1 and decreased to about 30 m s−1 by the time of the blue observation due to the movement of the storm and the large wind gradient inside the radius of maximum wind. In the absence of the dissipation caused by the bathymetry, it is apparent that both the wavelength and wave height would have increased between the red and blue observations.
The disparity is even greater if one considers the red wave vector in Fig. 13 at 33.83°N, 77.17°W (Fig. 6l) and the corresponding blue wave vector at 34.25°N, 77.60°W (Fig. 7n). The red dominant wavelength (Fig. 6l) was 212 m, and HS was 8.6 m. For Fig. 7n, the wavelength was reduced to 168 m, and HS was 4.9 m, even though the wind over the region between them was approximately constant at about 39 m s−1 and was only about 25° off the downwave direction. The larger initial waves and stronger wind could not compensate for the second blue observation point being closer to shore in more shallow water.
The incremental wave growth analysis of Donelan et al. (1992) suggests about a 10% increase in the wavelength and wave height in the first example, just discussed, and about a 15% increase in the second. The observed values were 16% and 21% reductions in wavelength in the two examples, with 34% and 43% reductions in the wave height.
The green wave vectors in Fig. 13 were from another pass toward the southwest near the end of the dataset. The wave vector at 34.56°N, 76.90°W (Fig. 10k) was at 80261 sod, about 5 h after the spectrum Fig. 6m of the red pass whose corresponding wave vector was 55 km directly south of it at 34.06°N, 76.90°W. Figure 10k had a wavelength of 165 m, and HS was 5.8 m versus wavelength 210 m and HS 7.9 m for Fig. 6m. This demonstrates even more strongly the bathymetric dissipation of the waves since these two spectra were coincident at 73 km N, 89 km E of the eye in a storm-relative reference frame. In general, the flight lines producing the green and red wave vectors in Fig. 13 were nearly coincident in a storm-relative reference frame (in the vicinity of the green reference line in Fig. 11a), producing the large span in HS and wavelength near the zero abscissa value in Fig. 12.
Figure 14 plots the same landfall data shown in Fig. 12 but versus the distance from shore. A piecewise linear approximation to the shoreline of Onslow Bay, located between Cape Fear and Cape Lookout, was used to compute the minimum distance to the shoreline for each observation point. In this representation, the data show a much less erratic variation. The contours of constant water depth in Onslow Bay approximately follow the shoreline. The solid curve in the bottom panel of Fig. 14 shows the water depth variation along a line perpendicular to the shoreline starting from about 34.53°N, 77.33°W.
Figure 14 shows that the wavelength begins to shorten as soon as the waves encounter the continental shelf, and the effect becomes more pronounced as the depth decreases near shore. The wave height continues to grow on the shelf until about 50 km from shore, where the bathymetry gradient steepens, and the strong winds can no longer overcompensate for the dissipation effects. The data gaps in the 20–40 km and 75–100 km distances from shore occurred because the flight lines generally tended to parallel the shoreline during the landfall flight.
For perspective, two other bathymetric profiles are shown in the bottom panel of Fig. 14. The dashed curve shows the depth variation along the northward flight line toward Cape Hatteras (Fig. 5). That flight line provided continuous data versus distance from shore, but was not used to demonstrate the bathymetric effect because there was also a wave height gradient along the flight line due to the aircraft moving away from the eye (Fig. 3).
The third bathymetric profile, indicated by the circles in the bottom panel of Fig. 14, is for the Banzai Pipeline, the fabled surfing area on the northwest coast of Oahu, Hawaii. It is apparent why that region has the gigantic plunging breaking waves that make it famous. The bathymetry is such that the incoming swell does not feel the bottom until it is only about 3 or 4 km from shore where the shoaling occurs abruptly. There is no time or space for a gradual dissipation of the wave energy so the swell rears up into the huge plunging breakers seen in the surfing and travel magazines. The continental shelf of most of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts prevents the occurrence of a similar situation there.
In discussing the approximations for deep and shallow water waves, Kinsman (1965, p. 130) developed an expression for the ratio of a swell wavelength L in any water depth h to its wavelength Ld in deep water:
L−1dLκdhL−1dL−1 (2)
where κd is the deep water wavenumber. He pointed out that there is no analytic solution to (2), but that it can be solved numerically by assigning various values to L−1d L and solving for the corresponding values of κdh. Figure 15 plots the resulting values of wavelength L versus water depth for three values of deep water wavelength Ld: 250 m, 300 m, and 350 m. The circles are the wavelength data from Fig. 14 versus water depth at the observation location extracted from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) bathymetric data base (Coastal Relief Model, Vol. 2, U.S. South East Atlantic Coast), which is referenced to mean sea level.
The SLOSH model (Jelesnianski et al. 1992) indicated (W. Shaffer 2001, personal communication) that storm surge from Hurricane Bonnie increased the water depth up to 2 m within about 5 km from shore (water depths of 10 m or less). This effect would have been minimal for the data points shown in Fig. 15 and storm surge was not incorporated in them.
The observed deep water wavelength was in the range 200 to 250 m, but the data are spread between the 250-m and 300-m wavelength curves at 30-m water depth, and between the 250-m and 350-m curves at depth 10 to 20 m. This is a reasonable result considering that the waves were strongly forced, and the wavelength would have been growing as the shoreline was approached had it not been for the bathymetric effect.
The spatial variation of the direction of propagation of the various components of the complex directional wave spectrum of Hurricane Bonnie showed a remarkable similarity in open ocean and while making landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina. This suggests that the hurricane wave field may be a well-behaved function of a few simple parameters such as the maximum wind speed, the radii of maximum and gale-force winds, and the recent motion of the eye. The hurricane wave height during landfall was modified dramatically by the continental shelf. The open ocean data suggested that the significant wave height on the coast northeast of Wilmington would have been 10 m in the absence of the shelf. The actual wave height observed 5 km from shore was about 4 m. The bathymetry distributed the wave dissipation process across the shelf, so that the wavelength and wave height were reduced gradually as the shore was approached.
Donald E. Hines of EG&G, Inc. maintained the SRA, and Gerald S. McIntire of CSC installed it in NOAA aircraft N43RF. The authors thank the flight crew and staff of the NOAA/AOC for their help in ensuring the success of this experiment. The Science and Engineering Division deserves special recognition for work in installing the SRA on N43RF and developing the needed interfaces with the other aircraft systems. This work was supported by the NASA Solid Earth/Natural Hazards Program, the NASA Physical Oceanography Program, and the Office of Naval Research (Document Number N00014-98-F-0209 and the CBLAST DRI Program Element 601153N).
Citation: Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, 6; 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1667:HDWSSV>2.0.CO;2
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/32/6/1520-0485_2002_032_1667_hdwssv_2.0.co_2.xml