The gemstone roller craze is in full effect! Holistic skin care professionals use them, they're hot on social media and users love the results, but there's another ancient beauty treatment that's on the rise in mainstream American beauty, called Gua Sha. You may have seen beauty enthusiasts rubbing jade or gemstones on their faces and thought, what the heck is she doing? I'm going to give you all the juicy details about this highly beneficial beauty tool.
Gua Sha is an ancient healing technique used traditionally in Chinese or Thai cultures to clear stagnation of the channel system below the skin, using uni-directional press-stroking on the skin's surface(or one direction scraping of the skin). Opening these pathways and clearing accumulation of toxins in this manner has a direct affect on the health and healing power of skin. The technique is a gentle but firm press-stroking massage at specific points along the face which help to promote lymphatic drainage and break up stagnation and toxin accumulation.
The traditional Gua Sha tool is a flat gemstone usually made from jade, with curved or spiked edges designed for different techniques and movements on various areas of the face. Gua Sha tools or boards may also be made from Rose Quartz, Amethyst, Bain, Tiger's Eye or other gemstones and come in various sizes and shapes.
Gua Sha can be used on the entire body, but we will be talking about gentle Facial Gua Sha, including the neck.
Unwind the tissue, creating space for the optimal flow of blood, oxygen, lymph & nutrients.
Helps soften the facial expressions, ultimately repatterning the way our skin ages.
Relax facial tension which helps tissue settle into a natural place, allowing efficient function.
Breaks up tension within the layers of muscles and connective tissue that often creates adhesions which impede blood and nerve supply.
Aids in the absorption of topical skin care products.
Promotes healing to various skin issues such as puffiness, dark circles, blemishes, lines & sensitivity, redness and tension.
You may be asking yourself, why would I use Gua Sha over a Jade Roller?
Jade Rollers are a more convenient and user-friendly choice. Nearly anyone can quickly learn how to use a jade roller and easily go through a routine in a matter of minutes. Many love the way their face and skin look and feel with jade rolling. The benefits are real!
Gua Sha takes a bit more skill, care and time… however it's believed that gua sha delves deeper, to really relieve heavy set tension, break up adhesions, and get things moving. Because it is a slow and longer ritual, it also has a meditative and metaphysical aspect that many incorporate, which can really deepen your relaxation and connection with your body.
Ultimately, it's a personal preference and many people love using both! Professional estheticians certainly make use of both tools.
Jade is considered a symbol of beauty, grace, abundance, good fortune and longevity in Chinese society. Known as the stone of eternal youth, it is a go-to gemstone for facial treatments. The Jade meaning is associated with its powerful ability to reduce tension in the facial muscles, which makes it an excellent beauty aid for smoothing out wrinkles.
Bonus: Jade is known to be a transmitter of far infared rays, which are beneficial for anti-aging and wrinkle treatment!
Gua Sha boards are made to hug the shape of the face, hence why most have several different edges to accommodate the different angles and intracrasies of an individuals unique face.
Comb Edge – Sweeping upward and outward motions on lines and wrinkles for detangling tension, especially the extreme tension we carry in eyes and brow and reducing mimic lines(or eleven lines). Stimulate the skin's natural healing power.
Rounded Tip – Under Eye Area for feather-light de-puffing and lymphatic drainage.
Curved Edge – Perfect for the cheek area and upper brow.
Small Curved Edge or Flat Edge – Center forehead area to smooth lines and tension.
Camel Humps – Great for hitting the pressure points of the brow to take tension away.
Large Notch – For back of neck up to base of skull, front of neck up to chin, conturing the jaw line.
Take your time, working with slow and steady movements to achieve full benefits.
Using your free hand, always support the skin in fleshy areas like neck, cheeks and around eyes, as not to overstretch skin.
Be sure to first apply a hydration mist and serum or oil to create some slip so your Gua Sha board can glide smoothly along skin without tugging.
Always use the Gua Sha tool in an upward and outward motion on the face, working against gravity.
When the concern is puffiness, work on the area below the issue. For example, for puffy eyes, use gua sha under the puffy area such as cheek bones to unclog pathways and promote lymphatic drainage.
Gua Sha should not be practiced on skin which received any sort of injections such as botox within the past 3 months, open wounds, cysts, active breakout, inflamed or irritated skin. Please consult a health care provider prior to using gua sha for other concerns.
Pressure should be light to medium on face except for under eye area where touch should be feather-light pressure.
Apply a hydration mist such as our Vital Botanic Hydrating Mist followed by a serum or face oil by warming between both hands, then pressing into skin or massaging in an upward/outward motion.
Continue in the order below.
Using one of the notched edges, place the gua sha tool at the base of your neck, holding as flat as possible against your skin. Pull the tool upward with light to medium pressure until the tool hits bone at the back of your skull. Give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more more.
Using the Flat or gradually curved edge of your tool, place the surface of your tool at the end of your shoulder, just before the collar bone meets the shoulder. Keeping the tool flat, pull the tool up your shoulder and side of your neck with light to medium pressure until it touches bone just under your ear. Give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more more.
Using the Flat or slightly curved edge of your tool, place the surface of your tool just under your collar bone. Pull the tool upward over your collar bone and up your neck until it touches bone just under your jaw. Give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more more.
Place your fingers at the top of your sternum, just between where your collar bones meet. This provides support to the skin. Place the notched edge of the tool just above your fingers. Keeping the tool as flat to your skin as possible, pull the tool upward until it hits bone, just under your chin. Give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more more.
Place your fingers at the center of your chin, place the notched edge of the tool next to your fingers so that there is a tip on both the top and bottom of your jar. Keeping the tool as flat as possible, pull the tool outward following the line of your jaw until it touches just under the ear. Give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more more.
Place your fingers over your nose and on your cheek just next to your nose to support the skin. Place smooth edge of the tool next to your fingers, keeping the tool as flat to your skin as possible. Pull the tool outward until you reach your ear.Give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more more.
This is an area of very thin and fragile skin, please use feather-light pressure when treating the eye area. Place a finger just below the inner corner of your eye. Lightly place the curved tip of the tool flat next to your finger under your eye. Gently and lightly pull the tool to the outer corner of the eye and then outward/upward to the temple. When you reach the hairline, give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more.
Place a finger or two between your brow to support the skin. Place the notched part of the tool next to your fingers and lay the tool flat to the skin. Pull the tool outward, following the brow bone. When you reach the end of your brow bone, turn the tool upward and pull it upward/outward until you reach your hairline. When you reach the hairline, give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more.
Place your finger under the center of your brow bone, feather light touch to support the skin. Using the long curved edge of your tool, touch your finger at a flat angle and pull the tool upward over your brow bone and continue up forehead. When you reach the hairline, give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more.
Place your fingers gently between your brows to support the skin. Place the shorter flat edge of the tool just above your fingers and pull the tool upward until you reach the hairline.When you reach the hairline, give yourself a massage in that location by wiggling the tool. Repeat 5 times more.
You've now completed one full side of your face and can repeat these movements on the opposite side!


Sheets and discs in ceramic glass » ArtVetro s.r.l.
The ceramic glass has a low coefficient of expansion, can be used without problems up to a temperature of 800° C and is characterized by high resistance to great variations in temperature (700 ° C).
Great filter for ultraviolet rays (UV), making it ideal as a protection for metal halide lamps, and in all those applications where need a glass resistant to high temperatures such as protection for chimneys and stoves (wood or pellets) or even as a sight windows of ovens at high temperature.
The ceramic glass is transparent with a light amber color and is available in thicknesses of 3 and 4 mm, it can be supplied in various shapes and sizes on request by the customer.


Express yourself. Functional, Stylish, and Unique. Our hand picked selection of belt buckles complement your style and attitude.
All of our Belt Buckles are constructed from the finest quality pewter and range from between 2 1/2 inches to 4 inches wide.
My wife loves this belt buckle. Great quality pewter buckle, this is a great gift idea for enthusiasts or any occasion, affordable and quality craftsmanship. Thanks BUDK!
Bought this for a gift to one of the knights in my reenactment troop and it has served him well. He wears it on his dress belt, but has also used it on a sword belt. It's sturdy and looks just as good as my $65 English pewter buckle that I wear on my gear.
Excellent belt buckle! I ordered this over six years ago and is still my favorite out of the 7-8 buckles I own. There's no question about the quality. Naturally it's been scratched and worn a little bit over the years, but that does NOT by any means take a away from the great look of this!
A very cool looking belt buckle. Haven't checked how strong the pewter is yet, and it would've been nice if the darker areas were a tad bit darker so that the designs were more pronounced.
Otherwise, a very good buckle.


text:
'use strict';

/**
 * @fileoverview Script that runs the unit tests during CI.
 */

const {buildTargetsInclude, Targets} = require('./build-targets');
const {printSkipMessage, timedExecOrDie, timedExecOrThrow} = require('./utils');
const {runCiJob} = require('./ci-job');

const jobName = 'unit-tests.js';

/**
 * @return {void}
 */
function pushBuildWorkflow() {
  timedExecOrDie('gulp update-packages');
  try {
    timedExecOrThrow(
      'gulp unit --headless --coverage --report',
      'Unit tests failed!'
    );
    timedExecOrThrow(
      'gulp codecov-upload',
      'Failed to upload code coverage to Codecov!'
    );
  } catch (e) {
    if (e.status) {
      process.exitCode = e.status;
    }
  } finally {
    timedExecOrDie('gulp test-report-upload');
  }
}

/**
 * @return {void}
 */
function prBuildWorkflow() {
  if (buildTargetsInclude(Targets.RUNTIME, Targets.UNIT_TEST)) {
    timedExecOrDie('gulp update-packages');
    timedExecOrDie('gulp unit --headless --local_changes');
    timedExecOrDie('gulp unit --headless --coverage');
    timedExecOrDie('gulp codecov-upload');
  } else {
    printSkipMessage(
      jobName,
      'this PR does not affect the runtime or unit tests'
    );
  }
}

runCiJob(jobName, pushBuildWorkflow, prBuildWorkflow);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Left said court for treatment anything the fourth quarter
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Yards helped a touchdown McDaniels intercepted a pass
He's listed as questionable for Friday's game against the Lakers.
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Last year's stats: 25 ppg, 3 apg, 42 FG shooting, 40 3-point shooting As Marquette collapsed from a sure-thing Big East title to runner-up finish, semifinal league tournament elimination and first-round exit from the NCAA Tournament, Howard's shoot-first style became a convenient target for blame.
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Davis was named Western Conference Player of the Week after FIITGCUSTOM Michael Thomas Jersey B082F845ZL 32 points, 13 rebounds and just under three blocks in three wins over the Grizzlies, Mavericks and Spurs.
Smith spent the entire 2018 season as a free agent after being released by the Jets in July.
Seattle Seahawks 27.
To search for players who were born on a certain date, for example all players born on December 25, choose the month, day and year with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Full Date Search' option.
Ditch the cream and butter in this dish and instead, boil little Yukon Gold potato spuds until tender.
will not play in Saturday's road tilt against the Canucks, Matthew DeFranks of The Dallas Morning News reports.
LeBron James of the Los Angeles Lakers is the only other player in the league with more than one million votes to date .
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He'll start at first base in this contest, but has reportedly taken reps at third base with Miguel Andujar on the injured list.
Scored first career touchdown at JAX when he intercepted a pass by Jaguars quarterback Blake Bortles and returned it 30 yards for the score.
X Games Aspen 2019 will feature 15 and a half hours of coverage and live content on ESPN, ABC and the ESPN App.
He's why Dunlap does acupuncture now as well as using holistic medicines.
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A three-row version of this mid-size crossover will go on sale in China soon with a slightly different shape than the two-row version we get in America.
• The Pro Football Hall of Fame has unveiled its modern-era finalists for the Class of 2020.
Of course, we heard the same qualifiers about Mayfield and Murray when they entered the draft.
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Johnson has agreed to sign a five-year seventy million dollar contract with the Hawks.
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Since 1998, the NHL has labeled November its Hockey Fights Cancer Month.
10 at Baltimore, had sacks of nine and eight yards against Joe Flacco …
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A Hall of Fame player who put in time to become that skilled executive.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


we need a logo for our business. we are allowing customers to design their own necklaces, which we will then build and ship to them. The company name is "Design Your Own Necklace" and this is all the text we want in the logo.
our target audience are women from ages 3 - 123, basically anyone that would wear a handmade beaded necklace. we have 1000's of beads so we will be able to cater for 3 year old's as well as 123 year old's. We also want to target men buying women gifts etc. It needs to have a appeal that people want to use our service for us to hand make the necklaces for them.
perhaps the wording to be made out of beads. we are thinking as the name is quite long it may look funny on the website having such a long logo, perhaps having it in a square or however you want to do it.
the design must be clean, crisp and professional.
It must draw attention, give viewers an idea of what we do just by looking at it.
It must show originality and creativity.
We are hand making these necklaces for the public, perhaps this can be incorporated within the design.


This entry was posted on Sunday, June 7th, 2009 at 9:55 pm	and posted in faith, Hormones, Life.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
Angie, When I woke up at 2:00 am last night and was in and out of sleep till 5:30AM… I asked God to remind me who I should/or told I'd pray for. You came to my mind and maybe even you were awake sweating at some point that I was while I was praying for you :0).
Now remember I am on hormones and was still sweating like a pig..so I'm wondering about my dosage….
You are loved immensely! Thank you for your friendship and prayers. It's been a roller coaster, but God was in it Sunday during the funeral service. Wonderful day. I'm enjoying my time with my sister:) We're taking Mom to a nice tea room Wednesday for lunch. Can't wait…love tea rooms!
I pray all your spittin' turns out to be for naught and you're just an overworked mid-life woman.
Real women don't have hot flashes we just have little mini vacations to the tropics.
Thank YOU ALL for your prayers! I love the idea of a vacation to the tropics Donetta…why doesn't this feel like that 🙂 ?
Marsha–I am so glad you and Michele are having some sister-time! I've been thinking of and praying for you all.
Lisa–Ellen–girls YOU are awesome friends to pray and keep me before the throne with all the stuff that you each have in your own lives! Thank you! A TRUE SISTER thinks of her sisters-in-Christ when she is in the throes of sweat herself!
Oohh! I believe you ARE helping many women with what you are sharing about your experience.
As I mentioned, my mothers began experiencing pre-menopause much earlier than she (or we) thought she would. I'm guessing, this is probably the same for other women.
I love the part about not being able to drink coffee or have chocolate during your spitting test. Ugh! That WOULD be rough! Hang in there, my sister! You can have a great mug of Joe and a Snicker's bar when it is all over!
I used to work with a lady who referred to them as "personal summers"….now I was sure there was something in a bag of M&M's that helped those symptoms instead of hindering….
love you, this to shall pass. . .
I am praying, praying, and then praying again for you sweet sister. I love you.


text:
Георгий Герасимович Гульбекян (16 января 1948) — советский и российский инженер-физик, главный технический специалист Лаборатории ядерных проблем ОИЯИ. При его непосредственном участии создавался циклотрон У-400, который вскоре стал лучшим ускорителем в мире для проведения исследований в области синтеза новых элементов. Пучки, полученные на У-400, позволили открыть ряд изотопов в области сверхтяжелых элементов и изучить их свойства.

Кавалер ордена «За заслуги перед отечеством» II степени. Награждён почетной грамотой Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ.

Биография
В Объединенный институт ядерных исследований Г.Г. Гульбекян поступил в 1973 году по окончании Московского инженерно-физического института. За время работы в Лаборатории ядерных реакций ОИЯИ он вырос до крупнейшего специалиста в области ускорительной техники. При его непосредственном участии создавался циклотрон У-400, который вскоре стал лучшим ускорителем в мире для проведения исследований в области синтеза новых элементов.

Неоценим вклад Георгия Герасимовича в разработку, создание и запуск нового циклотрона У-400М, ставшего основной базой для проведения исследований в области физики экзотических ядер. Под его непосредственным руководством и при активном участии был создан комплекс по ускорению пучков радиоактивных ионов — DRIBs, открывший новые возможности физических экспериментов на пучках 6Не и 8Не.

Г.Г. Гульбекян известен своими работами не только в России, но и во многих научных центрах мира. По его инициативе в настоящее время создается циклотронный центр в Словацкой Республике. Базовой установкой этого центра является циклотрон DC-72, разработанный коллективом, лидирующая роль в котором принадлежит Георгию Герасимовичу. В 2006 году в Казахстане запущен циклотрон DС-60, где также воплощены многие его технические решения.

Г.Г. Гульбекян является соавтором более 200 научных работ и докладов на крупнейших международных конференциях. Циклы работ с его участием 12 раз отмечались премиями на конкурсах научных работ ОИЯИ. За выдающийся вклад в развитие ускорительного комплекса ЛЯР и работы по получению интенсивных пучков ионов 48Са в 2000 году он удостоен премии имени Г.Н.Флерова.

Большой талант инженера-физика в сочетании с организаторскими способностями позволили Г.Г. Гульбекяну стать прекрасным руководителем. Он находится в постоянном творческом поиске. Ему принадлежит много интересных идей, уже реализованных в действующих установках, и еще больше ожидают своего воплощения.

Достижения

 Премия имени Г.Н. Флерова;
 Орден «За заслуги перед отечеством» II степени;
 Почетная грамота Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

 Георгий Гульбекян — библиотека Гарвардского университета

Персоналии по алфавиту
Учёные по алфавиту
Физики России
Физики XXI века
Физики XX века

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
the national circus Jan. 8, 2021
The Trashing of the Republic
The only response to the carnage in Washington is to banish Trump and his traitorous collaborators from civil society.
By Frank Rich
This article was featured in One Great Story, New York's reading recommendation newsletter. Sign up here to get it nightly.
Photo: Mel D. Cole
It has been a long time since I've lived in my hometown of Washington, D.C. I don't have much sentimental affection for the place. But as I joined my fellow Americans in watching a mob lay waste to the Capitol building on Wednesday, I felt grief as well as rage. I wanted to scream, but I wanted to cry too.
Let's not resort to euphemisms about what happened. There were no "very fine people" among these rioters. They are trash. They trashed the people's house so they could feel right at home. They are heartless and brain-dead. They laughed and preened and took selfies as they smashed windows, threatened the lives of public servants, vandalized Congressional offices, and made a mockery of a building and a flag that stand for the idea of America the Beautiful, unrealized as that idea too often is.
Another thing about them, by the way: They were almost exclusively white.
Also largely white: the docile police who facilitated their entry into the Capitol, who failed to curb their criminal behavior until way too much damage had been done, and who, in some cases, fraternized with the insurrectionists as if they were all members of the same secret society. Maybe, with time and investigation, we'll learn that in fact they were.
The last time I saw large-scale destruction in Washington, I did so firsthand, at the end of my teens, when I was downtown the night that news spread of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. The city erupted in riots. The rioters were Black. One needn't justify those looters' lawlessness to acknowledge that they at least had reasons to be angry. A leader who had brought precious inklings of hope had been slaughtered like an animal at a motel in Memphis. The city in which the rioters lived — the nation's capital — denied them home rule (the city was then run like a plantation by a House "Committee on the District of Columbia" dominated by white racist Dixiecrats) and denied them adequate public education, among other basic civic services. Even so, the vandals' targets during that tsunami of rage did not include Washington's federal monuments.
More than a half-century has passed since. And just where are we now?
The night before Trump's mob rampaged through the Capitol, there had been an electoral victory that would have been unimaginable then. Raphael Gamaliel Warnock, a pastor who had inherited Dr. King's pulpit at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, had been elected to the United States Senate despite every attempt by his opponent, Kelly Loeffler, to tar him with the racist tropes (including a false accusation of child abuse) that have been used by white women to demonize — and sometimes literally castrate — Black men as far back as one cares to go in the history of the country in general, and the state that gave us Gone With the Wind in particular. Warnock won because of Black voters and a remarkable Black political organizer, Stacey Abrams, who defied the systemic efforts of both local officials and the John Roberts Supreme Court to suppress and vitiate minority voting rights.
The joy of this democratic triumph will endure — but not necessarily more so than the horrific spectacle that desecrated democracy the next day in Washington.
There are 74 million Americans who voted for the crime boss in the White House, who spent his entire time in office ginning up that mob. Seven of Warnock's soon-to-be colleagues in the Senate continued to support Trump's effort to overturn a free and honest presidential election even after his stormtroopers trashed the place. To believe that any of them will abandon Trumpism after Trump is gone is a fantasy.
So what is to be done? I'd say for starters let's not forgive, let's not forget, and let's not delude ourselves. Let's stop saying, "This is not America" every time "rogue" white cops kill a George Floyd or Breonna Taylor, or when white supremacists foment violence, whether in Charlottesville or Kenosha or Washington. Let's stop pretending that if we read cynical best sellers like Hillbilly Elegy in book clubs and empathic magazine and newspaper interviews by mainstream journalists with those Trump-loving "folks" in diners and bars that we'll suddenly unearth some conscience that isn't there. Let's stop taking seriously NeverTrumpers like David Brooks who as recently as August enthused about the "intellectual ferment" in the Republican party and touted to Times readers four senators who embody the "post-2020, post-Trump Republican future": Josh Hawley, Marco Rubio, Tom Cotton, and Ben Sasse. (No Black men need apply, of course.)
You can't go home again to the Republican party. It's the party that invented the modern mutation of the toxic racial politics that has flipped between both parties since Reconstruction – and that Trump brought to its current apocalyptic apogee. It was just as Dr. King was murdered that Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew, criminals both, embraced the "Southern strategy" of exploiting white racial grievances after they saw that the party's 1964 presidential nominee Barry Goldwater had flipped the once solidly Democratic South by opposing the Civil Rights Act (even as leading Republicans in the Senate supported it). And so it has been in the G.O.P. ever since, from Ronald Reagan's vilification of "welfare queens" and "young bucks" on food stamps, to George H. W. Bush's Willie Horton campaign, to the party's Obama-era elevation of Sarah Palin and veneration of the Tea Party to capitalize on the racist backlash against America's first Black president. Yes, we all love the NeverTrumpers and the Lincoln Project's brilliant and brutal ads, but with the conspicuous exceptions of Stuart Stevens and Joe Scarborough, too few of them have owned up to their complicity in some of this history even as they rebrand themselves on MSNBC to utter silence from their liberal co-stars. We should start to take such NeverTrumpers as Bill Kristol and Steve Schmidt as serious allies only when they fully account for their outsize roles in this sordid past.
But even if many NeverTrumpers still pretend that their party only started palling around with white supremacists on the day Trump came down the escalator, they deserve full credit for rejecting him on that day or soon after. The Vichy Republicans who enabled Trump in the Capitol, starting with Mitch McConnell and Lindsey Graham, deserve zero credit for their about-faces in the midst of an attempted coup. The same goes for Mike Pence, who was the sniveling front man for a pandemic response that led to hundreds of thousands of unnecessary deaths. The other Vichy Republicans who enlisted in the administration (not to mention Vichy Democrats, like the onetime Trump chief economic adviser Gary Cohn) cannot be allowed to melt away into the landscape like their collaborationist antecedents did in France after Hitler and Marshal Pétain's downfall, claiming they had no idea there was a Final Solution. Rats like Betsy DeVos, Elaine Chao, Mick Mulvaney, et al., don't get moral credit for leaping off a sinking ship after it has sunk. Quite the contrary: Law enforcement must scour their every dealing while they were present at the crime scene known as the Trump White House.
If they are not indicted, they and the rest of the collaborators should be subjected to the cancel culture their party is so fond of moralizing against even as they betrayed their country. That's why we should applaud Simon & Schuster this week for canceling publication of Hawley's book, which would have detailed that "intellectual ferment" promised by David Brooks. (Simon & Schuster admirably did the same four years ago with a book by the right-wing "provocateur" Milo Yiannopoulos.) It's not a First Amendment issue, as Hawley is now whining. He will easily find a right-wing publisher. He can also publish his book himself with some of the money he raked in by fund-raising off of his seditionist campaign to void the count of the 2020 election by tossing out Black votes.
In the same vein, it's time for the New York Public Library to strip the Wall Street financier Stephen Schwarzman's name from its Fifth Avenue mother ship. Schwarzman, an unofficial but powerful Trump adviser, this week declared that he was "shocked and horrified" by what happened in the Capitol. Prior to that, he was "Wall Street's top political donor," in Reuters' estimation — contributing some $30 million to PACs benefiting Trump, McConnell, and Susan Collins. After Election Day, as Business Insider reported, Schwarzman told a meeting of Fortune 500 CEOs that he endorsed Trump's pursuit of legal battles to overturn the results and dismissed some of his peers' fears that there was any chance of a coup. As if that were not enough, he poured some $15 million into the Georgia campaigns of Loeffler and David Perdue (best known for stirring up a rally with a racist mispronunciation of Kamala Harris's name) via the GOP "Senate Leadership Fund."
As I found in reporting my article about Roy Cohn and Trump three years ago, Manhattan's liberal and Democratic elites joined Republicans in swarming around both men, promoting Trump's rise in the 1970s and beyond as they sought favors from him or his powerful lawyer. Among them were the Democratic Governor Hugh Carey and Democratic Mayor Abe Beame; S.I. Newhouse, then the publisher of Condé Nast; A. M. Rosenthal, then the executive editor of the Times; Morley Safer of CBS News; Barbara Walters of ABC News; and Mathew Hiltzik, the publicist aligned with Hillary Clinton, Kristin Gillibrand, and Bill de Blasio. So I ask trustees of the library, if you are in favor of toppling monuments to Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis below the Mason–Dixon line, can you really countenance the library serving as a monument to a donor who gave millions of dollars to Donald Trump and Kelly Loeffler? Schwarzman's name defiles one of New York's bastions of civilization as surely as the MAGA movement he helped bankroll did the Capitol. Look up the NYPL's trustee list online: It's a who's who of liberal elites, some of them affiliated with the same media organizations, from Condé Nast to ABC News, that sat idly by or actively enabled Trump as he rose during the Cohn years.
Conservative media elites abandoning Trump at the last possible moment should simply be laughed away. Who do they think they are fooling? Murdoch's loyal Trump stooges — the editorial board of The Wall Street Journal, columnists like Kimberley Strassel (WSJ) and Michael Goodwin (the New York Post) — are suddenly excommunicating the guy who was their dear leader only last week. What made them see the light was not that his thugs trashed the Capitol but that his most recent outrages, no less odious than those that preceded them, cost the GOP the Senate. It was particularly amusing that the Journal concluded an anti-Trump editorial by quoting a critic of the Hitler-appeaser Neville Chamberlain: "In the name of God, go." This piece was published hours after Murdoch's Fox News had proved the sole channel to the left of Newsmax to carry the Trump "Save America" harangue that incited his audience to terrorize the Capitol.
As the old saw has it, it can take a century (or two) to build an institution, but only a day to raze it to the ground. That's what America flirted with this week. It was heartbreaking, but it should be galvanizing. Let's be clearheaded: Those who were part of the problem are not part of the solution. Most of them are traitors. Let's join hands with Senator-elect Warnock and those of good will like him to try to save a country that has for some time now been on the brink of its second civil war.
One Great Story: A Nightly Newsletter for the Best of New York
The one story you shouldn't miss today, selected by New York's editors.
It's Time for Social Media Platforms to Permanently Ban Trump
the national circus
one great story
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By Intelligencer Staff
Federal prosecutors in Phoenix said rioters intended to harm government officials, pointing to a note the "QAnon Shaman" left for Mike Pence.
By Ben Jacobs
The mattress mogul might have handed Trump a plan for holding onto power. One of the people named has no idea what's going on.
end-times
By Jonathan Chait
A broken president leaves the White House twice impeached, on the brink of bankruptcy, and criminally exposed.
By Ben Jacobs and Olivia Nuzzi
By Matt Stieb
By Ed Kilgore
With Democrats controlling Congress and the White House, odds are high for more stimulus and a third check. But timing will be tricky.
covid vaccines
The Vaccine Stockpile the White House Released This Week Doesn't Exist: Report
By Chas Danner
The Trump administration had already depleted the vaccine stockpile it said it would release, sowing more confusion for state and local authorities.
intelligencer chats
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By Eric Levitz
Uncle Joe is turning the money printer up to 11 — at least, if 10 Senate Republicans let him.
Trump unveils his Inauguration Day plans
Trump will depart Washington on Wednesday morning before Biden is sworn in, becoming the first modern-day president to skip his successor's inauguration.
Instead, Trump will attend an unprecedented farewell event at Joint Base Andrews outside Washington, where Air Force One is kept. No recent president has had his own sendoff ceremony at Andrews.
Trump to leave Washington morning of Biden's inauguration, plans sendoff event at military airbase
Everything We Know About Joe Biden's Inauguration
By Charlotte Klein and Margaret Hartmann
What to know about Dustin Higgs, the final person scheduled to be killed in Trump's cruel and unprecedented execution spree.
All of President-elect Joe Biden's Cabinet Nominees
A running list of Biden's announcements and reported picks as the incoming administration begins to take shape.
After a sluggish start, New York is ramping up vaccination efforts, making more people eligible for the shot and opening new mass vaccination sites.
Don't believe the rumors: Trump and Giuliani are still pals (though it's unclear if Trump is paying his legal fees)
When Rudolph W. Giuliani was treating his efforts to carry out President Trump's wishes to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election as a payment opportunity — he proposed a daily retainer of $20,000 for his legal services from the burgeoning Trump campaign legal fund — the president dismissed it and responded by demanding to personally approve each expense.
Nine weeks and another impeachment later, Mr. Trump began the day on Thursday by asking aides to erase any sign of a rift. Stripped of his Twitter account, Mr. Trump conveyed his praise through an adviser, Jason Miller, who tweeted: "Just spoke with President Trump, and he told me that @RudyGiuliani is a great guy and a Patriot who devoted his services to the country! We all love America's Mayor!"
White House officials are universally angry with Mr. Giuliani and blame him for both of Mr. Trump's impeachments. But the president is another story.
Even as he complains about Mr. Giuliani's latest efforts as fruitless, the president remains unusually deferential to him in public and in private. "Don't underestimate him," Mr. Trump has told advisers.
But only up to a point. While Mr. Trump and his advisers balked at the $20,000 request weeks ago, it is unclear whether the president will sign off on Mr. Giuliani being paid anything other than expenses.
After 2 Impeachments, Giuliani Vows to Continue His Fervor for Trump
Who Will Be in Charge of Trump's Impeachment Trial?
Why it may not be Chief Justice John Roberts this time around.
Trump Faces Senate Trial After Second Impeachment
The House impeached Trump for inciting insurrection, with the support of 10 Republicans. The trial will take place during Biden's administration.
"I could have never imagined that he could have gone down this road."
What Is in Joe Biden's $1.9 Trillion Stimulus Package Plan?
The proposal includes $1,400 checks for most Americans and $400 federal weekly unemployment benefits through September.
Being a Trump Is a Liability Now – Even If You've Sued Donald
By Jeff Andrews
Fred Trump III was asked to leave his position at Cushman & Wakefield.
the body politic
It's not just Trump — some on the right have supported violence for years now; the party has built its power on them.
New York Attorney General Sues NYPD for 'Pattern of Abuse' at BLM Protests
The state attorney general asserts that cops illegally used "excessive force and [made] false arrests" during last summer's demonstrations.
An ambitious plan out of the gate
NEW: Biden has unveiled his proposal for a new $1.9 trillion coronavirus aid bill.
Among other things, it includes a new round of $1,400 checks, $50 billion for testing, $20 billion for vaccines, $350 billion for states, local and territorial governments.
—@josh_wingrove
biden inauguration
Biden's inauguration was already set to look drastically different due to COVID, and after the Capitol riot, security concerns have skyrocketed.
Why Deplatforming Might Be Useless — Or Worse — in Combating Right-Wing Violence
By Jesse Singal
The science isn't clear yet — but there might be a moderating effect to more public forums like Facebook and Twitter
A History of the Trump Era Through Stories About Toilets
Trump's motive was right in front of us all along.
Are There Enough Senate Republican Votes to Convict Trump?
With the MAGA base still strong and plenty of excuses for Republicans to say no, conviction faces steep odds.
Murkowski doesn't exactly sound like a "no"
Wow, Murkowski on impeachment: "Trump's words incited violence, which led to the injury and deaths of Americans … unlawful actions cannot go without consequence and the House has responded swiftly, and I believe, appropriately, with impeachment."
Doesn't say how she'll vote
—@burgessev
Jaime Harrison, who proved his fundraising prowess in his race against Lindsey Graham, will be the next DNC chair
President-elect Joe Biden has chosen former Senate candidate Jaime Harrison of South Carolina as the next chair of the Democratic National Committee, as he moves to remake the national party infrastructure to better compete with Republicans.
Harrison, 44, a former chair of the South Carolina Democratic Party, raised more than $130 million in his effort to defeat Sen. Lindsey O. Graham (R) last year, making himself a well-known name among Democrats nationwide. His candidacy for the DNC chairmanship had been promoted by Rep. James E. Clyburn (D-S.C.), a close Biden ally who played an instrumental role for Biden during the Democratic primary contest. Harrison's selection was confirmed by two Democrats familiar with Biden's decision.
President-elect Biden picks Jaime Harrison as next chair of Democratic National Committee
The mark of a healthy society
Rep. Peter Meijer, one of the Republicans who voted to impeach, tells @HallieJackson on @MSNBC that he's buying body armor and altering his daily routines because his life is in danger.
—@PhilipRucker
Post-Capitol Hill Riot Polls Reveal Big Problem for GOP
Even as Trump's overall popularity hits all-time lows, a large portion of the Republican base sees him as their champion.
Dr. Harold Bornstein, Trump's eccentric former doctor, has died
Dr. Harold N. Bornstein, who for a time was President Donald J. Trump's personal physician and who had attested that Mr. Trump would be "the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency," died on Friday. He was 73.
His death was announced on Thursday in a paid notice in The New York Times. The notice did not give a cause or say where he died.
Representative Adriano Espaillat is quarantining after testing positive for COVID-19
I received the second dose of the #COVID19vaccine last week and understand the affects take time. I have continued to be tested regularly, wear my mask and follow the recommended guidelines. I will continue my duties representing New York's 13th congressional district remotely until I have received clearance from my doctor. I encourage all residents to follow public health guidelines for the safety of our #NY13 community.
—@RepEspaillat
intelligencer is a Vox Media Network. © 2021 Vox Media, LLC. All rights reserved.


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Another descent into the unknown, another line that disappears on the blue below my eyes. It could be any dive site in the world, but this time, there was something special behind it: the MS Mikhail Lermontov, a Russian cruise wreck, lying on its side in 38m sea bed.
There were a fair amount of preparations previous to this trip, compared to my usual "just take the always-ready dive gear" routine, not to mention the excitement of diving on a wreck that I've been hearing all about since I arrived to New Zealand. Everyone that has been there keep on commenting how technical and difficult it is: cold water, lots of silt and sometimes not a straightforward exit to the surface.
It's been 30 years since the cruise ship MS Mikhail Lermontov crashed in Pelham rock (7 meters deep) in Jackson's reef, and dragged himself to Port Gore, in the Marlborough sounds, New Zealand. Since that night, there have been some mysteries surrounding it, with hundreds of articles written, and a similar amount of theories.
The Lermi entered in service in 1973, after its 4 brothers on the series of writers named for the Russian liners fleet. She spent some years cruising between Russia and the US, moving to Europe after the ban from the US government to Russian vessels to enter their waters, as a punishment for the Afghanistan invasion. It was renewed in 1982 to include top class facilities, becoming a semi-luxury cruise for that time being. It departed Sydney on the 6th of February of 1986 with the promise of a "trip of a lifetime" around New Zealand.
When she was cruising around the Marlborough Sounds, a local experienced captain was on board, with the aim of helping the vessel to cruise around South Island sounds. This didn't save the Lermi to hit one of the pinnacles, which ended breaching the hull with a 12 meters long gash. As the Captain gave orders to try to reach the shore of Port Gore, the water penetrated three of the watertight bulkheads, causing the fail of the electrical system, with the consequent engine shut down.
After that, the currents on the bay just did the rest. She started sinking by the bow, rising the stern higher until the bow hit the seabed. Then the stern started to sink, rolling at the same time beneath the surface, until the whole vessel was lying on 38 meters of water, at 90 degrees roll. Some of the locals said that the following minutes, they could see bubbles almost two meters above the sea.
Anything loose or buoyant on the ship shoot to the surface, and a mattress of bubbles were seen for days on the area. Locals in New Zealand still have chairs, lifeboats and diverse artefacts from the liner. Divers worked on the boat to make sure no oil spilt was make on the area, emptying the tanks of fuel and lubricants.
The logistics to dive this wreck require a good amount of planning, as well as travelling. It is not easy to get to Port Gore, especially for someone based in the North Island or out of New Zealand. The two main options are flying into Blenheim, and then catch a ride to the lodge, if you are diving with Go Dive Marlborough, run by Brent McFadden; or, you can jump in the live aboard organised once or twice a year by Pete Mesley, that departs from Picton, after taking the ferry from Wellington and a plane from Auckland.
Usually, the conditions on the wreck are quite good, as it is protected from the wind on the Port Gore Bay area. Rare times you can have current on any of the dives, therefore the amount of silt that is on every corner inside the wreck, which makes it an extremely technical playground.
The top of the wreck is found in 14 meters of water, with a large population of blue cod patrolling it. You can descend to it in the main buoy that is installed on the wreck by Go Dive Marlborough. On these depth, you have virtually all decks of the wreck, due to its 90 degrees position on the seabed, nevertheless, not all of them are fully accessible. There are six decks to explore with direct exits, three decks with restricted access and another three that fully closed.
To get an image of the wreck dimensions, a diver could easily need 2-3 long dives on it, acquiring the awareness on the site and making up their own waypoints in their mind. One of the most confusing things is to swim in horizontal to change decks vertically! Not to mention moving horizontal on a staircase, the first feeling are that the stairs fell down, and remember, only one section to change decks again!
During the first years, it was ransacked, specially on the easy access areas, leaving just a few artefacts on board, like some Tolstoy (among others) books, tea cups and mugs, some plates and the famous dolls. But this is to come on following reports.
After ten dives on the wreck, my only feeling is that I know less than on the first dive, there's too much to explore!
NextNew tools to explore? Geocaching!


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Lacey Sharks Logo by and worn by Taking Shark art to a whole new level.
Now you know that looks good, he says as he photographs the creation with his phone and sends to his mom.
The financial stake in success has grown exponentially; and thus, there is an personalized baseball jerseys race to recruit the best talent – and if you are a coach – to keep your job.
The survey measured awareness, appeal and perceptions of the Miami Heat trio along numerous personality attributes.
The fascinating new events that we approved today, together with the five new sports that were added to the Tokyo 2020 program last year, represent a step-change in the Olympic program, Thomas Bach, IOC president, said during a media conference following a meeting of the IOC executive committee in Tokyo.
17 Golden State vs Sacramento ESPN • Dec.18 Brooklyn vs, Boston ESPN2 • Dec.
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Snack for Kellogg, Teaming up with MLB and the national pastime is a fun way to connect with our consumers across multiple brands.
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How can I use this platform that the Lord has put me in to be able to share and touch other people across the world?
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• Everything will be okay in the end.
at Was.: Tallied three tackles…
• The National Women's Soccer League approved an expansion team in Kansas City to begin play in 2021 with an ownership group led by Angie and Chris Long that also includes Brittany Matthews, fitness trainer and fiancée to Kansas City Chiefs QB Patrick Mahomes.
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Freezing People Is (Not) Easy
My Adventures In Cryonics
Bob Nelson was no ordinary T.V. repairman. One day he discovered a book that ultimately changed his entire life trajectory --The Prospect of Immortality by Professor Robert Ettinger. From it, he learned about cryonics: a process in which the body temperature is lowered during the beginning of the dying process to keep the brain intact, so that those frozen could potentially be reanimated in the future.
A world of possibilities unfolded for Nelson, as he relentlessly pursued cryonics and became the founder and President of the Cryonics Society of California. Working in coalition with a biophysicist, in 1967 Nelson orchestrated the freezing of Dr. James Bedford, the first human to be placed in cryonic suspension. Soon thereafter he began freezing others who sought his help, obtaining special capsules and an underground vault. Underfunded, Nelson struggled desperately, often dipping into his own savings, and taking extraordinary measures to maintain his patients in a frozen state. His fascinating memoir reveals his irrepressible passion for life and chronicles the complicated circumstances that comprised his adventures in cryonics.
About Nelson, Bob
Bob Nelson is the author of We Froze the First Man and was the president of the Cryonics Society of California. In 1967, he froze the first man. He has made appearances on Regis Philbin, Phil Donahue, and NPR's This American Life. His story is being adapted into a major motion picture, featuring a star-studded cast. He lives in Oceanside, California.
The Big Policeman Conway, J. North
My Heart Is a Drunken Compass Martinez, Domingo
Newsmaker Beard, Patricia
Toni Tennille Tennille, Toni
Trusting Calvin Peters, Sharon


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Home page > 1. IV Online magazine > 2019 > IV537 - October 2019 > Modi's Philosopher
Modi's Philosopher
Saturday 5 October 2019, by Vinayak Chaturvedi
The far-right ideology of Hindutva has gained frightening currency under Indian leader Narendra Modi. But in order to combat it, we first have to understand Vinayak Damodar Savarkar — the man who originated the violent ideology.
In December 2018, the prime minister of India, Narendra Modi, took a trip to the colonial-era Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands. [1] The prison was a notorious institution under British rule and housed hundreds of anti-colonial activists. Modi, a member of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), was there to pay tribute to one former prisoner in particular: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
Savarkar is a divisive figure in contemporary Indian politics. A founding thinker of the ideology of Hindutva, he is the intellectual forebear of the hardline nationalism that today animates the ruling BJP. At the same time, his promotion of violence and his virulent anti-Muslim views placed him at odds with much of the political establishment of post-independence India.
With the BJP's rising political fortunes, many of Savarkar's once marginal ideas have drifted from the periphery of right-wing politics into the mainstream.
To better understand the man whose thought has come to have such a hold on contemporary Indian politics, I met with Vinayak Chaturvedi, associate professor of history at the University of California Irvine. A scholar of South Asia, Chaturvedi's first book explored the tension between peasant politics and Indian nationalism on the questions of land and labor in Gujarat. [2] But it is his forthcoming book, an intellectual history of Savarkar, that I was most interested in discussing.
JR: What inspired you to take up the figure of Savarkar?
VC: The political reason for thinking about the project occurred to me when I was finishing my first book, which was centered on central Gujarat. This was the locality in which, in 2002, massive riots took place, which were described as "anti-Muslim pogroms." Approximately 150,000 Muslims were displaced, an estimated 1–2,000 Muslims were killed, there were allegations of state involvement in the violence, and so on.
These events got a number of academics and activists thinking about what the implications were for the rest of India. One of the things that was constantly being discussed was the "rise of Hindutva" as a phenomenon. Historically, the area of Gujarat had been understood as a place of Gandhi's greatest support, but now it was perceived as going from a nonviolent, Gandhian space to a violent, Hindutva space.
Based on my first book, that formulation just seemed problematic. One of the things that I was underscoring in that book was that Gandhi was actually aware of the everyday forms of violence against certain low-caste groups by landed, privileged communities in Gujarat. So, for me, that was the beginning of thinking that there must be a different explanation for what was happening in Gujarat. It didn't simply go from a nonviolent land to a violent land of Hindutva. And as I kept thinking about Hindutva more and more, I was constantly drawn back to Savarkar.
In addition, an entire historiography was being formed at this time that was looking at economic factors, cultural factors, educational factors, attempting to offer an explanation for why Hindutva was taking off in Gujarat in a way that seemed inexplicable. And for me the one thing that wasn't being discussed were Savarkar's ideas.
JR: What accounts for this failure to engage with Savarkar?
VC: In many ways, both the Left and the Right treat him as a non-human subject. The Left wants to simply denounce him and see him as the political enemy, but not actually engage with his ideas. To talk about him or read him is somehow an indication that he is a human, that he is worthy of some kind of engagement. And when it comes to his supporters, it seems they are only interested in hagiographies, in elevating him to the status of an almost deity-like figure, but without actually reading what he is saying.
The more I started looking at his writings, what became apparent to me is that Savarkar had a much better understanding of cultural hegemony than the Left did. It is no longer possible to simply ignore him, or to say that he was not an interesting figure or was only a "derivative thinker." Ignoring Savarkar has not helped us to combat the kind of ideas that now perpetuate Hindutva in India, or globally, today.
JR: In what ways did violence — both that of colonialism and the resistance to it — shape Savarkar's political career?
VC: Violence is at the center of all of Savarkar's writings — and, by extension, all his political work.
He argues that Hindus, dating back to antiquity or earlier, had a code of conduct for the uses of violence. When Hindus were confronted with an enemy that did not adhere to the code, they resorted to unethical modes of violence in seeking vengeance, or what he calls "super-savage cruelty."
It is in this framing that Savarkar also writes about the need for assassinations and guerrilla warfare. Throughout his writings, there is a sense that Hindus were victimized by foreign invaders, and that Hindus were simply responding to unethical enemies. This is still the justification used by many supporters of Hindutva today.
However, in his seminal work, Essentials of Hindutva, there is a tension, as he points out, that, in fact, it was the original Hindus who were the first perpetrators of violence in the colonization of India. This is a point that is often not considered.
JR: And how did this theory of violence translate in his political career?
VC: In thinking about Savarkar as a public figure, I argue that his public life is bookended by political assassinations. You have a figure like Madan Lal Dhingra, who assassinates a British official in London in 1909. Savarkar is his defender. To Nathuram Godse, who assassinates Gandhi in 1948 and who sees himself as a follower of Savarkar's. [3]
By all accounts, Dhingra saw himself as one of Savarkar's disciples. While it is unclear whether Savarkar had been privy to the assassination or its planning, he provides a public defense of Dhingra, before Dhingra is executed by the state.
Savarkar was also implicated in transporting handguns to India, one of which was used to assassinate an official in western India. So, in 1910, he is arrested in London for sedition and a number of other charges, including the weapons charge.
JR: What happens to Savarkar after he is arrested?
VC: The British government decided to try Savarkar in India, rather than in Britain. But before he gets to India, he escapes from the ship when it docks in Marseilles and requests political asylum. However, the French police did not understand his request and handed him back to the British officials.
This apparent misunderstanding led to an international dispute, with the French government filing a case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague for the British to return Savarkar to their custody.
What is significant is that news of Savarkar spread globally. Newspapers from all over the world were covering the case, and Savarkar acquired a reputation as an anti-imperialist extraordinaire.
So when Savarkar ends up in the Cellular Jail in the Andamans, he has a certain kind of authenticity. His book, The Indian War of Independence of 1857, is widely known. [4] He had also published a book on [Giuseppe] Mazzini that probably has some resonance as well. [5] He has some kind of credibility among revolutionary figures.
But the interesting thing, of course, is that he is also at this point becoming an anti-Muslim, already making certain kinds of arguments against both Muslims and Christians, already arguing for a certain kind of "Hindu" framework.
JR: Obviously this period is a momentous one for world politics — the formation of the Comintern, the emergence of fascist parties in Europe, the growth of mass anti-colonial movements across Asia, etc. Given the censorship and surveillance of life in the Cellular Jail, how aware was Savarkar of his place in this global political moment?
VC: The Andaman Islands is a place where you had a lot of political prisoners who were coming in at different periods. So their own interactions, and the fact that they also had access to books, meant that Savarkar was aware of what was going on during WWI, the Russian Revolution, etc.
In fact, I would argue that most of his later books actually begin and have an engagement with global politics and global history overall. So, for instance, he has a celebratory essay about the German annexation of the Sudetenland. But he is also a big advocate of Zionism and the founding of Israel, at the same time. He sees these as consistent arguments about the creation of ethnic homelands.
JR:You note that when Savarkar is released as a political prisoner in 1937, he becomes the president of the All-India Hindu Mahasabha, a right-wing Hindu nationalist organization. What did Savarkar's politics look like at this time?
VC: On the one hand, he is concerned about the rise of Islam, and pan-Islam especially, in this period. But at the same time, he is very interested in creating pan-Asian solidarity.
There are these very interesting telegrams that Savarkar writes to Chiang Kai-shek, who comes to India in 1942 to meet with Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders in the Indian establishment. What is interesting is that in this correspondence, Savarkar argues that the time has come for a resurrection of a "neo-Hindu and Buddhist alliance" as a way to counter the rise of Islam globally, but also to figure out, in the period of decolonization, a way forward so that Asia doesn't get colonized again. He is interested in thinking about anti-imperialism overall.
But I argue that he is not an anti-imperialist. He's anti-British. He's anti-foreigner. He believes that "foreigners" should leave India and leave other places in which they have an imperial enterprise. But he himself is longing for the lost Hindu empire. So, for him, it's not simply about the creation of a Hindu nation, but thinking about how to resurrect a Hindu empire in the future.
In Essentials of Hindutva, one of the things he argues is that Hindu nationalists need to colonize the globe, that we need a plurality of Hindu nations in the future. I'm not sure most people actually get to that point in the book!
JR: Earlier you mentioned Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Gandhi. Obviously, Savarkar's name has been closely associated with that assassination, and he was reviled for many years after Gandhi's death. In your opinion, how complicit was Savarkar in this crime?
VC: Godse saw himself as a disciple of Savarkar's. Although at court he is very clear that Savarkar had no direct influence on him, didn't instruct him to do anything, one of the requests that he has in prison is to read Savarkar's speeches on Hindutva in order to write his rationale for killing Gandhi.
The idea of the assassination, of guerrilla warfare or using deception or various other tactics against an enemy who is unethical, are all justifiable forms of violence. Savarkar actually has a whole discussion about the uses of cruelty and the necessity for cruelty. But for him, interestingly enough, the most "cruel" thing one can do is actually to promote nonviolence.
Savarkar sees Buddhism as being responsible for the demise of the Hindu empire. He cites the example of King Ashoka, in the third century BCE, who is a warrior who ascribes to practices of statecraft that include colonization and taking over huge amounts of territory through violence. Once he completes his conquests, however, he declares himself a Buddhist and commits to nonviolence.
What Savarkar argues is that this is the moment in which Buddhist monks start going out into the world and saying that India has these great riches, intellectually and materially, but they also inform the world that India no longer has a theory of statecraft or warfare.
JR: So, Savarkar believes that nonviolence, of the kind promoted by Gandhi, has been detrimental to the Hindu cause?
VC: He is very clear that the idea of the Hindu nation came into being through colonization and violence. And if we push his argument even further, it is that the Hindu becomes a Hindu in the act of violence. An individual who understands himself or herself as a Hindu is an individual who understands the links between being a Hindu and using violence.
For Savarkar, if you are an advocate of nonviolence, you should be the recipient of super-savage violence.
JR: To better understand the appeal of Hindutva in India today, I'd like to dig deeper into the formation of Savarkar's thought. What were his chief intellectual influences?
VC: Giuseppe Mazzini is a figure who influences him in multiple ways: in thinking about politics, the relationship between politics and religion, which is very appealing for Savarkar, the whole concept of "duty" — the duty of man is also very important.
And I argue that the relationship of duty that he picks up from Mazzini fits in very conveniently with the arguments from the Bhagavad Gita, which informed Savarkar as well; regarding issues of the duty of participating in certain kinds of battles, the idea of having a principled battle, the ethics of certain kinds of violence.
JR: Let me ask about the most significant term in Savarkar's political lexicon: "Hindutva." What does this mean for Savarkar?
VC: "Hindutva" is a complicated term for him, and he begins the book Essentials of Hindutva by arguing that "Hindutva" is a term that cannot be defined. But in the following sentence, he argues that it is connected to Being. He is very interested in linking the concept of Hindutva to a certain kind of ontological framing.
But his definition of Hindutva is that it is a "history." It is not a "word" but "a history in full." Hindutva becomes this kind of middle entity that allows us a glimpse of Being in itself.
What is interesting to me is that the other person that is writing about the ways in which we understand being through history is Heidegger.
Now, Savarkar is not a philosopher at the level of Heidegger. He doesn't write a big work, unlike Heidegger, on this specific question. Instead, Savarkar writes a lot on the concept of history, and he is interested in writing about individuals, such as various kings, princes, and warriors, dating back to antiquity, who "invoke Hindutva" in their actions.
It is as if these historical actors that he is studying possess a certain kind of essence or principle of Hindutva. So, if we look at their actions — and these are usually actions of violence, of warfare — then this gets us closer to understanding what Hindutva really is.
It becomes a kind of ontological argument: the Hindu is violent. Therefore, we don't need to justify our forms of violence, because we are violent, in that sense.
JR: One of the things that is perhaps most interesting in your work on Savarkar is his early reception among the Left, both in Europe and within India. Could you say a little bit about how Savarkar was understood by figures on the Left during the height of his political activism?
VC: This is a complex question. He is sympathetically interpreted as an anti-imperialist by a number of figures early in his career — from the Glaswegian anarchist Guy Aldred to the French socialist Jean Longuet, who, by the way, was Karl Marx's grandson. [6] Longuet not only wrote a newspaper article in support of Savarkar, but he also published a twenty-four-page pamphlet in his defense against the British.
But there are two figures that illustrate the Indian left's early engagement with Savarkar.
One is Bhagat Singh, who was a revolutionary figure who was arrested and then executed in 1931. [7] To become a member of Singh's organization, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, he required individuals to read three books: one was The ABC of Communism, another was a book on the IRA, and the third book was The Life of Barrister Savarkar. [8] So, in a sense, Savarkar's life story was being elevated by the Left already in the 1920s.
The other figure at the time is M. N. Roy. [9] Roy had an illustrious life as a revolutionary, was one of the founders of the Mexican Communist Party, debated Lenin, and so on. When he finds out that Savarkar is going to be released as a political prisoner in 1937 and that there is going to be a reception committee and a parade that goes around the state of today's Maharashtra to celebrate Savarkar's release, Roy asks if he can introduce him.
So there are these descriptions of Roy bowing, touching Savarkar's feet, describing Savarkar as a childhood hero that he had read about and had long admired.
JR: How do you explain figures like Singh and Roy expressing such admiration for Savarkar, even as the latter's ideas were already well entrenched in a Hindu chauvinism?
VC: Savarkar's reception, at least earlier on, functions in what Chris Bayly has called a "fluid intellectual economy," in which people were reading each other, engaging each other. The kind of singularity of the ways in which Savarkar is interpreted today, by all indications, were much more diverse.
I think the most significant response, more recently, to Savarkar's ideas is from the Marxist G. P. Deshpande. Before he died, Deshpande wrote a fantastic essay in which he argues that the time has come for the Left to have a "Savarkar moment," to really engage with his ideas as a way to counter the political movement of Hindutva that is taking place today.
This is a parallel argument to the one Perry Anderson has been making in A Zone of Engagement and in the "Renewals" piece in the 2000 edition of the New Left Review. [10] Here he argues that the Left has to come to terms with both their intellectual decline but also the rise of the Right.
So I think in a sense both Deshpande and Anderson, in different ways, are really demanding that the Left rethink some of their ideas, but also not marginalize the ideas of the Right. Certainly not to accept them! As Deshpande says, the point is not to accept these ideas; the point is to counter them. Ignoring them won't help us down the road in trying to build a different society.
JR: How can a better understanding of the intellectual origins of the BJP, and in particular a more nuanced engagement with Savarkar's thought, help us to explain the rise of Hindutva today?
VC: One of the things that Savarkar writes about in Essentials of Hindutva is the idea of purity of blood. This is something that Hindus have argued about for a long time, especially high-caste Hindus; there is a whole history of thinking about purity and pollution when thinking about caste.
Savarkar says that Hindus need to move beyond this. His argument is that all human blood is polluted, that there is no purity in human blood.
At one level, you can think of this as Savarkar's desire to try to reclaim all Hindus under one category, which is what he is trying to do. And in the act of doing that, he is saying that the tribal, the untouchable, the brahman — we are all Hindus under one banner. But there is also a deep critique of colonial governmentality here, especially the practices of the colonial census and its classificatory schemes.
The one activity that Savarkar is actually allowed to do in the 1930s when he is under house arrest is to work with untouchable communities. He campaigns for temple entry for untouchables, and he campaigns for inter-dining, where all Hindus should sit down and eat together. And he gets into a lot of trouble from elite Hindus and very conservative Hindus on those grounds.
If we fast-forward and think about what the BJP and other organizations attached to the BJP have been doing, whether the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) or the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) or others, it is really trying to bring in untouchables and others as Hindus into the fold. And perhaps doing that fairly successfully. What we've begun to see in recent elections is the shift of the Dalit and tribal vote dramatically to candidates attached to the BJP.
And I would argue that we need to come to terms with the fact that maybe Hindutva is going to be defined from below, that it is no longer only an upper-caste, elite movement. The leadership of the BJP, whether you think of Ram Nath Kovind, the president of India, or the prime minister, Narendra Modi, or Uma Bharti, or Sadhvi Rithambara — all come from marginal caste groups.
Here I disagree with colleagues and friends who argue that this is a form of "false consciousness." To suggest that a figure like Modi cannot be held accountable due to his caste background is unacceptable.
So, in a sense, this is part of an agenda of trying to bring in communities that have felt alienated both from nationalism, who were written out of the story of anti-colonial nationalism, and from globalization and the contemporary liberalization of the economy.
The BJP and its supporters have spent a long period of time thinking about how to create a mass movement in these communities. I don't think it is a recent phenomenon. It has taken a long period of time, several decades. This is what I mean when I say the supporters of Hindutva have long understood cultural hegemony. And I don't think it can simply be shut off, either. In fact, Savarkar was talking about the power of "rhizomal nationalism" well before Benedict Anderson wrote Imagined Communities. And, in the process, what you are seeing is the revival of Savarkar as well.
JR: So, in a sense, Savarkar threatens to replace Gandhi as the father of the nation?
VC: I think that the worry for lots of people is that perhaps Savarkar is the ghost father of the nation! Perhaps India today isn't the one that Gandhi envisioned, but is moving closer to the one envisioned by Savarkar. In many ways, Savarkar's ideas can no longer be ignored.
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[1] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/cellular-jail-india-integral-country-fight-freedom-independence-british-colony-andaman-and-nicobar-a7883691.html.
[2] https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520250789/peasant-pasts.
[3] https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gandhi-assassinated.
[4] https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6260651_000/page/n8.
[5] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giuseppe-Mazzini.
[6] https://spartacus-educational.com/SPaldredG.htm https://www.marxists.org/archive/longuet-jean/index.htm.
[7] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhagat-Singh.
[8] https://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1920/abc/index.htm savarkar.org/en/pdfs/life_of_barrister_savarkar_by_chitragupta.pdf.
[9] https://www.marxists.org/archive/roy/index.htm.
[10] https://www.versobooks.com/books/574-a-zone-of-engagement.
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Vinayak Chaturvedi
Vinayak Chaturvedi is an associate professor of history at University of California Irvine.


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Q: Why can we avoid specifying the type in a lambda capture? Why is the variable 'n' in 2nd usage of std::generate and within lambda capture not preceded with it's data type in below code?
I thought it's important to specify the datatype of all identifiers we use in a c++ code.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int f()
{
    static int i;
    return ++i;
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> v(5);
    auto print = [&] {
        for (std::cout << "v: "; auto iv: v)
            std::cout << iv << " ";
        std::cout << "\n";
    };

    std::generate(v.begin(), v.end(), f);
    print();

    // Initialize with default values 0,1,2,3,4 from a lambda function
    // Equivalent to std::iota(v.begin(), v.end(), 0);
    std::generate(v.begin(), v.end(), [n = 0] () mutable { return n++; });
    print();
}

A:
Why is the variable 'n' in 2nd usage of std::generate and within lambda capture not preceded with it's data type in below code?

It's not preceded with a data type, because the grammar of C++ says that it doesn't need to - nor even allowed to - be preceded by a type name.
A type name isn't needed because the type is deduced from the type of the initialiser expression.

A: From cppreference:

A capture with an initializer acts as if it declares and explicitly captures a variable declared with type auto, whose declarative region is the body of the lambda expression (that is, it is not in scope within its initializer), [...]

Lambdas used the opportunity of a syntax that was anyhow fresh and new to get some things right and allow a nice and terse syntax. For example lambdas operator() is const and you need to opt-out via mutable instead of the default non-const of member functions.
No auto in this place does not create any issues or ambiguities. The example from cppreference:

int x = 4;
auto y = [&r = x, x = x + 1]()->int
    {
        r += 2;
        return x * x;
    }(); // updates ::x to 6 and initializes y to 25.

From the lambda syntax it is clear that &r is a by reference capture initialized by x and x is a by value capture initialized by x + 1. The types can be deduced from the initializers. There would be no gain in requiring to add auto.

In my experience n could have been just declared inside the lambda body with auto or int as datatype. Isnt it?

Yes, but then it would need to be static. This produces the same output in your example:
std::generate(v.begin(), v.end(), [] () mutable {
    static int n = 0;
    return n++; });

However, the capture can be considered cleaner than the function local static.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange