When you examine the long-term prospects of the U.S. budget, you are also seeing a doctor's report on the health of the American people.
As chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease affect more and more Americans, costs are sure to increase for Medicare and Medicaid spending. The good news is that many of these diseases are preventable by good habits of diet, physical activity, and avoiding tobacco and excessive drinking.
Preventive health care efforts can be key to managing America's burgeoning health care costs, as well as saving lives. Lawmakers on both sides of the aisle are realizing that for a relatively small investment upfront, massive savings can occur decades down the line.
Efforts to measure the impact of proposed preventive health programs are, however, often hamstrung by Congress' inability to effectively gauge the full impact of those measures over time. In order to ensure that Congress is passing the most effective and cost-efficient measures, our lawmakers must have access to accurate and nonpartisan projections.
Unlike other types of health care, preventive care's full effect only becomes apparent after examining its likely impact over the span of decades.
At present, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) only makes projections on savings in health preventative programs within a 10-year budget window. This leaves Congress with an incomplete picture of the impact of proposed programs. The benefit of prevention often stretches beyond a decade. For example, a colonoscopy at age 50 can catch polyps that, if not removed, could develop into cancer much later.
As a physician, I do not believe that the impact of every program can be accurately predicted half a lifetime into the future. There are simply too many variables. Sometimes though, the stars align and we have the data to make accurate predictions across large populations.
Making the most of the best data is increasingly a priority for budget-oriented members of Congress. A consistent voice for long-term thinking is my former colleague, and fellow OB/GYN, Rep. Michael Burgess (R-Tex.), who is offering a bill that would require the CBO to predict savings on preventive health measures up to 30 years in the future. Despite attracting 41 co-sponsors from both parties, the bill has progressed no further.
Rep. John Yarmuth (D-Ky.), a ranking member of the House Budget Committee, has also called for the CBO to look beyond the 10-year window to assess the budgetary and health impacts of proposed prevention programs.
Bipartisan agreement on health care is rare. There is, however, growing recognition that the long view of investment in prevention is good both for the budget and human health.


text:
The Naked Earth is a 1958 British drama film directed by Vincent Sherman and written by Milton Holmes and Harold Buchman. The film stars Richard Todd, Juliette Gréco, John Kitzmiller, Finlay Currie, Laurence Naismith and Christopher Rhodes. The film was released on February 4, 1958, by 20th Century Fox.

Plot
The action takes place at the end of the nineteenth century, in East Africa. Danny Halloran, a Briton, comes to find a friend tobacco farmer but fails to do so. He discovers that the farmer died leaving a widow, Maria. Danny falls in love with the young woman and decides to marry her and take over the plantation. When the harvest fails, he goes hunting for crocodiles to trade their skins.

Cast
Richard Todd as Danny
Juliette Gréco as Maria
John Kitzmiller as David
Finlay Currie as Father Verity
Laurence Naismith as Skin Trader
Christopher Rhodes as Al
Orlando Martins as Tribesman
Harold Kasket as Arab Captain

References

External links

1958 films
American historical drama films
20th Century Fox films
Films directed by Vincent Sherman
1950s historical drama films
British historical drama films
Films set in the 1890s
Films set in Africa
1958 drama films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
1950s British films

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ending Dangerous Coal Ash Pollution into the Ohio River
Google Earth satellite images of coal ash wastewater pollution from the Mill Creek Generating Station into the Ohio River.
Map data (c) 2010 Google
Coal ash contains dangerous chemicals including mercury, arsenic (a known carcinogen), lead, selenium, cadmium and many other harmful metals and pollutants. These toxic metals build up in ecosystems and most are dangerous even in very small amounts.
Time-lapse photography from a camera strapped to a tree captured a year's worth of images proving that dangerous coal ash wastewater from a plant owned by the utility company Louisville Gas & Electric is pouring unabated into the Ohio River. A coal ash pond for LG&E's Mill Creek Generating Station, which sits on the Ohio River, is the source of the pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency previously classified the pond as being "high hazard," meaning a failure or mis-operation of the ash pond dam will likely result in fatalities and environmental damage. While the federal Clean Water Act does protect waterways from pollution, there are no federal safeguards specific to coal ash pollution.
Coal ash is the toxic byproduct left over when coal is burned to generate electricity. It contains dangerous chemicals including mercury, arsenic (a known carcinogen), lead, selenium, cadmium and many other harmful metals and pollutants. These toxic metals build up in ecosystems and most are dangerous even in very small amounts. According to a 2010 report to Congress on the condition of Kentucky waters submitted by the Kentucky Energy & Environmental Cabinet, the Ohio River is impaired by mercury pollution and is subject to a fish consumption advisory.
Case ID
Coal Program
Thomas Cmar
Shannon Fisk
Coal Ash Contaminates Our Lives
December 16, 2016 | Article
Settlement Approved to Stop Ohio River Pollution Caught on Camera
The Louisville Gas and Electric company will have to stop allowing toxic waste from its Mill Creek coal plant to flow into the Ohio River.
September 27, 2016 | Legal Document
Consent Decree: Appendix A (Mill Creek)
Gives more details on how the money will be spent
Proposed Consent Decree (Mill Creek)
If approved by the Court, this settlement will resolve the active lawsuit between the two organizations over discharged water at LG&E's Mill Creek Generating Station under a permit issued by the Kentucky Division of Water.
Motion For Consent Decree (Mill Creek)
Plaintiff Sierra Club and Defendant Louisville Gas and Electric Company move to lodge the attached Consent Decree and Appendix with the Court for later entry in accordance with the following paragraph of this joint motion. The Consent Decree represents a settlement of all claims presented by Sierra Club against LG&E in this case. The parties represent that the settlement terms are appropriate, reasonable, and in the public interest.
September 23, 2016 | Press Release
Agreement Reached Over Water Discharge Dispute at LG&E's Mill Creek Power Plant
Sierra Club, LG&E reach an agreement that includes $1 million investment into watershed restoration in Kentucky
"Living next to a coal plant is like the neighbor from hell just moved in."
– Martin GarriganNeighbor of Pennsylvania's Cheswick Generating Station, a coal-fired power plant.
The Stories to Read On Coal
Indiana Community Groups Challenge Air Permit for Coal Refinery
Ohio Supreme Court Overturns FirstEnergy Customer-Funded Nearly $600 Million Bailout
Get these "forever chemicals" out of our food and water

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts erreichte die Reformation die im heutigen Zentralrumänien gelegene Region Siebenbürgen. Reformatorische Gedanken wurden hier zunächst durch deutschsprachige Gelehrte eingeführt, die in engem Austausch mit den Reformatoren im Heiligen Römischen Reich standen. Das sich schnell ausbreitende Gedankengut führte schon in den 1570er Jahren zu einer Konfessionsbildung und -kultur, die im Wesentlichen den ethnischen und sprachlichen Grenzen innerhalb des Landes folgte. Aufgrund der Beschlüsse der Siebenbürger Landtage entwickelte sich das autonome Fürstentum zu einer "Pionierregion frühneuzeitlicher Religionsfreiheit". Im Ergebnis lebten in Siebenbürgen fünf Konfessionen relativ friedlich miteinander, die sich auf drei Sprachräume verteilten: Neben den evangelisch-lutherischen deutschsprachigen Siebenbürger Sachsen waren dies katholische, reformierte und unitarische Ungarn sowie orthodoxe Rumänen. Im benachbarten ungarischen Königreich unter habsburgischer Herrschaft galten dagegen einheitlich die Bedingungen des Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfriedens.

Die pragmatische, auf gegenseitiger Toleranz beruhende Koexistenz der christlichen Konfessionen unterscheidet die Geschichte des nachreformatorischen Siebenbürgen von der Entwicklung in Westeuropa. Im Unterschied zu dieser konnten sich in Siebenbürgen während der frühen Neuzeit konfessionelle Identitäten auch ohne direkte staatliche Lenkung ausbilden; in dieser Region bestimmte eher die ethnische Zugehörigkeit die Konfession. Der evangelische Kirchenhistoriker Volker Leppin (2005) beschreibt die Ausbildung der Konfessionskultur in Siebenbürgen daher als "kirchenhistorischen Sonderfall" innerhalb der stärker etatistisch geprägten Konfessionalisierungsprozesse in den Kernlanden der Reformation.

Siebenbürgen vor der Reformation

Ethnische und sprachliche Vielfalt
Die Bevölkerung Siebenbürgens besteht aus verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen, die politisch als Stände oder Nationen (universitates) organisiert waren: Die Sächsische Nationsuniversität, die ungarische Nobilität auf dem Komitatsboden und die magyarischen Szekler, sowie – bis etwa 1366 – die Universitas Valachorum der Rumänen. Jede Nation besaß eigene Rechte, Bräuche und Privilegien. Unter dem Eindruck des Bauernaufstands von Bobâlna 1437 und der osmanischen Invasion Siebenbürgens 1438 unter Sultan Murad II. organisierten sich der sächsische und die beiden ungarischen Stände in der Unio Trium Nationum, die im Wesentlichen politische Gleichberechtigung und Kooperation garantierte.

Erleichtert wurde die friedliche Koexistenz dadurch, dass die Nationen jeweils in unterschiedlichen Landesteilen die Bevölkerungsmehrheit stellten. Insbesondere die Siedlungsgebiete der Sachsen und Szekler waren geographisch gut abgrenzbar. Auf religiösem Gebiet war deren Verhältnis durch Abgrenzung und Koexistenz gekennzeichnet. Seit dem Goldenen Freibrief von König Andreas II. von 1224, welcher unter anderem das Recht der Gemeinden verbriefte, ihre Priester selbst zu wählen, gewann vor allem die Kirche der Sachsen zunehmend Unabhängigkeit von äußerer Einflussnahme. Die königlichen Privilegien wurden 1318 auf das Gebiet der Zwei Stühle, 1422 auf das Burzenland ausgedehnt. Ethnische Vielfalt ging nicht immer mit örtlicher Abgrenzung einher: Steuerverzeichnisse des 16. Jahrhunderts deuten auf Vielsprachigkeit insbesondere in ländlichen Dörfern und kleineren Städten hin, in größeren Städten mit sächsischer Bevölkerung war im 16. Jahrhundert Ungarn die Ansiedlung jedoch nicht gestattet. Schwieriger gestaltete sich die Situation für den rumänischen Bevölkerungsteil, der von der Union der drei Nationen und somit von politischer Gleichberechtigung ausgeschlossen blieb, und deren orthodoxer Glaube als schismatisch angesehen und zeitweise bekämpft wurde.

Politische Situation zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts

Nach der Niederlage gegen das Osmanische Reich in der Schlacht bei Mohács (1526) war das Königreich Ungarn in drei Teile zerfallen. Neben einem habsburgisch beherrschten Restreich im Norden und Westen war im Zentrum eine osmanische Provinz mit Sitz in Ofen entstanden. Im Südosten hatte 1541 hatte Isabella Jagiellonica von Sultan Süleyman I. Siebenbürgen sowie die ostungarischen Gebiete der "Partes" als Herrschaftsgebiet zugewiesen bekommen. Gemeinsam mit dem Bischof von Großwardein, Kardinal Georg Martinuzzi, übernahm sie als Statthalterin die Regentschaft für den noch minderjährigen Johann Sigismund Zápolya (1540–1571). Nach Martinuzzis Ermordung 1551 wurden Isabella und Johann zunächst vertrieben und konnten erst 1556 ihre Herrschaft zurückgewinnen. Die innere Autonomie des Landes war unter diesen politischen Umständen nur dadurch zu wahren, dass die Regenten die osmanische Oberhoheit anerkannten. Zur Zeit der Reformation stellte Siebenbürgen politisch eine Pufferzone zwischen dem Heiligen Römischen und dem Osmanischen Reich dar. Wiederholte osmanische Raubzüge und nicht weniger verheerende Gegenangriffe der Habsburger dezimierten immer wieder die Bevölkerung Siebenbürgens und schwächten die wirtschaftliche Leistung des Landes.

Kirchen und Landesfürsten
Die frühen deutschen Siedlungsgebiete im Süden Siebenbürgens unterstanden dem Erzbistum Gran (ung. Esztergom), zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts wurde das katholische Bistum mit Sitz in Weißenburg gegründet. Die Walachen und Slawen richteten sich bis zum 15. Jahrhundert nach dem griechisch-orthodoxen Patriarchat von Konstantinopel, danach nach eigenen wechselnden regionalen Hierarchien. Der politische Einfluss der katholischen Kirche war geringer als in anderen Ländern: Das im Andreanum verbriefte Recht der Gemeinden auf die freie Wahl ihrer Pfarrer, die von der kirchlichen Hierarchie nur bestätigt werden mussten, stärkte die Rolle der Einzelgemeinde gegenüber der kirchlichen Hierarchie. Die Ausbreitung der Reformation wurde nach Fala (2015) auch dadurch begünstigt, dass der katholische Klerus in den Landtagen nicht als eigene Organisation vertreten war.

Dem Historiker Ludwig Binder zufolge erforderte die Reformation in Siebenbürgen keinen radikalen Bruch mit den Traditionen der spätmittelalterlichen Frömmigkeit: Zumindest unter den sächsischen Gläubigen war die intensive Bibellektüre weit verbreitet. Nach der Reformation wurden liturgische Formen und paraliturgische Bräuche beibehalten und erleichterten in einem stark visuell geprägten Religionsverständnis den Übergang. Darüber hinaus sieht Binder die Reformation in Siebenbürgen vorbereitet durch die zumindest unter Intellektuellen verbreitete humanistische Geisteshaltung, die eine konziliante Lösung der durch die religiöse Zersplitterung Europas verursachten Konflikte vertrat und somit die religiöse Toleranz förderte.

Dass sich die katholischen Herrscher des Fürstentums Siebenbürgen der Reformation nicht energischer entgegenstellten, begründet Fala (2015) mit der gefährdeten Randlage der Region, die weitere innere Spannungen nicht zugelassen habe. Die Ausbreitung der Reformation wurde zusätzlich dadurch begünstigt, dass das Land nach dem Tod des Bischofs von Weißenburg 1542 – mit Ausnahme der habsburgischen Regentschaft 1551–1556 – bis 1716 keinen katholischen Bischof hatte. Die Stände nutzten dabei den Streit zwischen Kaiser Ferdinand II. und Papst Gregor XIII. über die Investitur eines neuen Bischofs von Weißenburg zu ihrem Vorteil. Ab etwa 1542 hatte unter Isabella die Säkularisation von Kircheneigentum eingesetzt, die sich 1551 nach dem Tod Martinuzzis intensivierte und 1556 weitgehend abgeschlossen war. Eigentum und Ansprüche auf Pfründe gingen auf das Schatzamt, lokale Grundbesitzer und Gemeinden über.

Eine besondere Rolle in der Reformationsgeschichte Siebenbürgens spielt Isabellas Sohn Johann Sigismund Zápolya, der als Katholik dennoch die Religionsfreiheit der protestantischen Konfessionen förderte. Der Einfluss des Katholizismus beschränkte sich in den späten 1560er Jahren auf die Szekler sowie einzelne prominente Familien wie die Báthorys. 1571 legte der katholische Fürst Stephan Báthory nach seiner Wahl einen Eid auf die Wahrung der vier "rezipierten Religionen" ab, denen noch die rumänisch-orthodoxe als geduldete Konfession zugeordnet wurde. Seine Nachfolger mussten dieser Eid bei ihrer Wahl wiederholen. Als Katholik unterstützte Báthory die katholische Kirche, indem er insgesamt dreimal versuchte, den Jesuitenorden im Land zu etablieren. Dieser wurde jeweils nach kurzer Zeit wieder durch Landtagsbeschlüsse vertrieben. Lediglich im Komitat Csík überdauerte der Katholizismus bis heute.

Religiöse Situation bis 1571
Schon in den 1520er Jahren verbreiteten sich reformatorische Schriften aus Wittenberg in den sächsischen Städten Kronstadt, Hermannstadt, Bistritz, Mediasch und Schäßburg sowie in Klausenburg mit seiner gemischten ungarisch-sächsischen Bevölkerung. Prägend waren vor allem die humanistisch orientierten Werke Philipp Melanchthons. Dem Wormser Edikt von 1521 entsprechend, das die Lektüre und Verbreitung reformatorischer Schriften untersagt hatte, unterdrückte der ungarische König Ludwig II. 1523 erste reformatorische Schritte in Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. Nach dem Tod Ludwigs II. bei Mohács löste erst der Friede von Großwardein im Februar 1538 die ungarische Nachfolgefrage. Schon im März des gleichen Jahres lud Johann Szápolya zu einem Religionsgespräch nach Schäßburg ein. Die protestantische Position vertrat István Szantai, der Rektor der Universität von Kaschau, auf katholischer Seite stand Georg Martinuzzi. Beisitzer der Disputation waren die Humanisten Adrian Wolfhard und Márton Kálmáncsehi Sánta. Thema war die Lehre vom Messopfer und die Reihung des Abendmahls in beiderlei Gestalt. Das Treffen endete nach wenigen Tagen mit der Flucht Szantais.

Nach den Niederlagen der Habsburger führten 1542 Kronstadt und 1543 Hermannstadt die Reformation ein. In mehreren, zeitlich kurz aufeinander folgenden Schritten entschied das Standesparlament, die Nationsuniversität, die neue kirchliche Ordnung nach dem Territorialitätsprinzip im gesamten Rechtsgebiet verbindlich einzuführen. Ab der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts verbreiteten sich die Ideen der helvetischen Reformatoren unter den ungarischen Adligen und Bürgern vor allem der Städte Klausenburg und Debrecen. Ab 1557 etablierte der siebenbürgische Landtag das "im frühneuzeitlichen Europa einmalige System" der vier gesetzlich anerkannten ("rezipierten") Religionen und sicherte somit den inneren Frieden des Landes.

Im Einzelnen sind folgende Schritte nachvollziehbar:
 1542: Die Stände stellen einander die Glaubensentscheidung frei.
 1544: Ein Erneuerungsverbot beschränkt die geltenden Konfessionen auf die katholische und evangelisch-lutherische
 1550 stellt ein Landtagsbeschluss die Wahl des Glaubens wieder frei.
 1552 wird entschieden, dass beiden Konfessionen durch die Entscheidung kein Nachteil entstehen dürfe. Der Landtag erkennt die Confessio Augustana an.
 1556 spalteten sich die deutschen und ungarischen Lutheraner. Erstere machten Deutsch zur Kirchensprache, letztere wählten einen eigenen Bischof.
 1557 wird die Gleichberechtigung beider Konfessionen festgelegt.
 1564 wird das helvetische Bekenntnis als gleichberechtigt anerkannt.
 1568 Verabschiedung des Edikts von Torda, Etablierung der Unitarischen Kirche
 1571 erfolgt die gleichberechtigte Anerkennung der antitrinitarischen Unitarier.
 1572 werden weitere Glaubenserneuerungen untersagt.

Die Beschlüsse der siebenbürgischen Landtage bildeten bis 1848 die Grundlage für die individuelle und korporative Religionsfreiheit in dieser Region und gewährten eine – vor allem im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert ungewöhnliche – beständige Sicherheit für Anhänger eines breiten Spektrums unterschiedlichster Konfessionen. Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts betrug der Anteil der Katholiken an der Bevölkerung Siebenbürgens nur noch etwa 10 %.

Humanistische Stadtreformation in Kronstadt

Der Buchdrucker und Humanist Johannes Honterus (um 1498–1549) aus Kronstadt stellt eine Schlüsselgestalt der siebenbürgischen Reformation dar. Während eines Aufenthalts in Basel vervollkommnete er seine humanistische Bildung und lernte mit der Basler Reformation unter Johannes Oekolampad eine Form des reformierten Glaubens kennen. Um 1533 kehrte Honterus nach Kronstadt zurück und betätigte sich dort als Buchdrucker. Als Hundertmann hatte er zudem eine einflussreiche Stellung im Stadtrat inne. Zusammen mit Valentin Wagner vertrat er zunächst eine Mittelstellung zwischen den Extrempositionen der katholischen Kirche und der Reformationsbewegung. Ihre Reformen galten der Philologie, Ethik und Pädagogik. Im Oktober 1542 wurde in Kronstadt der evangelische Messritus eingeführt. 1543 wurde auf der Grundlage seiner Schrift Reformatio ecclesiae Coronensis ac totius Barcensis provinciae die Reformation in Kronstadt und im umliegenden Burzenland eingeführt. Von dort aus verbreitete sich die an der Lehre Martin Luthers orientierte Reformation unter den Siebenbürger Sachsen. Am 22. April 1544 wurde Honterus zum Stadtpfarrer von Kronstadt gewählt.

1547 lag die an Honterus' Reformationsschrift orientierte Kirchenordnung aller Teutschen in Sybembürgen in gedruckter Form vor, die die Reformation für alle deutschen Bewohner Siebenbürgens einführte. 1557 legte eine Synode im Consensus doctrinae de Sacramentos Christi pastorum et ministrorum ecclesiarum in inferiori Pannonia et nationis utriusque in tota Transylvaniae  die Orientierung an der Wittenberger Abendmahlslehre verbindlich fest. Vorübergehend (1557 bis 1560/61) bestanden zwei sprachlich-ethnisch unterschiedene Superintendenturen, eine sächsische in Hermannstadt und eine ungarische in Klausenburg. 1561 wurden die beiden lutherischen Superintendenturen wiedervereinigt. Die Brevis confessio de sacra coena Domini ecclesiarum Saxonicarum et coniunctarum in Transylvaniae von 1561 legt die offizielle Doktrin der reformatorischen Bewegung Siebenbürgens fest. Nach dem Tod des Hermannstädter Superintendenten Mathias Hebler 1571 wurde Lucas Unglerus zum evangelischen Bischof gewählt; der Bischofssitz wurde nach Birthälm verlegt. Im Juni 1572 setzte eine in der Margarethenkirche von Mediasch versammelte Gesamtsynode das Augsburger Bekenntnis als verbindliche Grundlage der Kirchengestaltung ein.

Die humanistische Prägung der Reformation findet Ausdruck in der Wertschätzung der Bildung: 1543 gründete Honterus in Kronstadt das Studium Coronense, welches heute noch als deutschsprachiges Honterusgymnasium besteht. 1563 legte eine Synode in Mediasch fest, dass Kandidaten für ein Gemeindeamt "von hinreichender Bildung" (mediocriter eruditi) sein sollten; die Kriterien hierfür waren nur vage definiert. Dauer und Inhalt des Studiums waren nicht festgelegt. 1622 gründete Fürst Gabriel Bethlen die reformierte Akademie in Weißenburg, die seit 1662 in Großenyed (Straßburg am Mieresch, heute Aiud) weiterbesteht und in ungarischer Sprache unterrichtet.

Bildersturm

Der Übergang vom mittelalterlichen Katholizismus zu den religiösen Vorstellungen und Frömmigkeitsformen der Reformation wird anhand der Rolle religiöser Kunstwerke im Kirchenraum deutlich: Am Beispiel der Kirche von Birthälm/Biertan zeigte Crăciun (2014), dass für deren Entfernung oder Erhaltung die theologische Aussage entscheidend war: Bilder, "die vom Luthertum zurückgewiesene Glaubensinhalte der mittelalterlichen Kirche ausdrückten, wurden entfernt oder übertüncht." Das älteste bekannte Dokument zur Entfernung von Bildern und Skulpturen aus den Kirchen stammt vom Bistritzer Ratsschreiber Christian Pomarius aus dem Jahr 1543. Im Frühjahr 1544 wurden die Nebenaltäre und Heiligenbilder aus der Schwarzen Kirche von Kronstadt entfernt. Dies legt die Einführung der reformatorischen Konzentration auf den Hauptaltar und Ablehnung der Heiligenverehrung zu dieser Zeit nahe.

Schon in den 1550er Jahren setzte sich jedoch die Auffassung durch, dass bildliche Darstellungen religiöser Themen als Kunstwerke gelten können und daher nicht entfernt werden müssten. 1557 erklärte die Synode von Hermannstadt, dass Bilder mit biblischem oder kirchengeschichtlichen Bezug erhalten werden sollten. 1565 erklärte die Hermannstädter Synode, dass "in deinem Altar dir ein Bild des Erlösers am Kreuze genüge, durch welches er dir seine Passion darstelle".

Aus der vorreformatorischen Zeit blieben in Siebenbürgen vor allem die Hauptaltäre der Kirchen, oftmals große Flügelaltäre, erhalten, wie beispielsweise der Mediascher oder der Birthälmer Altar. Die vorhandenen Tafelbilder wurden dabei meist im Sinne des reformierten Glaubens umgestaltet. Figürliche Darstellungen, vor allem aus den Mittelschreinen der Altäre, wurden dagegen durchweg entfernt. Wandmalereien und Fresken wurden in den evangelischen Kirchen Siebenbürgens übertüncht und erst bei Restaurierungsarbeiten in den 1970er Jahren wiederentdeckt und freigelegt. Nur in den Gebieten, die sich nicht auf dem mit traditionellen Autonomierechten ausgestatteten Königsboden befanden und wo die Bevölkerung deshalb nicht frei über ihre Konfession entscheiden durfte, blieben die Wandmalereien bis heute unversehrt erhalten, beispielsweise in der Kirchenburg von Malmkrog.

Konfessionelle Differenzierung: Calvinisten, Unitarier

Die theologischen Differenzen des Zweiten Abendmahlsstreits wirkten sich auch in Siebenbürgen aus. Während die sächsische Kirche weiter der Position Melanchthons folgte, verbreitete sich vom ungarischen Debrecen aus die an Zwingli und Bullinger orientierte und im Consensus Tigurinus (1549) ausgeführte reformatorische Theologie. Die Gemeinde von Klausenburg schloss sich dieser Glaubensrichtung an, deren wichtigste Vertreter in Siebenbürgen Caspar Helth (um 1520–1574) und Franz Davidis (1510–1579) waren. Nachdem im Religionsgespräch von Straßburg am Mieresch keine Einigung erreicht werden konnte, erkannte der Landtag 1564 die calvinistische Konfession offiziell an.

Davidis hatte an der Wittenberger Universität studiert und war ursprünglich Lutheraner, hatte sich ab 1559 dem Calvinismus zugewandt und seit 1564 als Superintendent gewirkt. Unter dem Einfluss Giorgio Biandratas (um 1515–um 1590), der von Weißenburg aus einen Kreis unitarisch gesinnter Personen um sich sammelte, etablierte Davidis, der von Klausenburg aus überwiegend in ungarischer Sprache schrieb, Siebenbürgen neben Polen als wichtigstes Zentrum des Unitarismus in der frühen Neuzeit.

Gleichberechtigung der "rezipierten Religionen"

Um das politisch und wirtschaftlich schwache Fürstentum in seiner gefährdeten Lage zwischen zwei Großmächten möglichst zu stärken, war es erforderlich, den inneren Zusammenhalt zu bewahren. Dem Zerfall entlang der ethnischen und konfessionellen Grenzen war nur entgegenzuwirken, indem allen Konfessionen gleiche Rechte zugestanden wurden. Den in den Ständeversammlungen organisierten Siebenbürger Nationen waren diese Rechte auf innenpolitischem Gebiet schon seit dem 13. Jahrhundert garantiert. 1537 erkannte Isabella die lutherische Konfession an und gewährte den Landständen Religionsfreiheit, 1564 wurden die Calvinisten anerkannt, 1568 mit dem Edikt von Torda schließlich auch die Unitarier. Erstmals in der europäischen Geschichte war somit Religionsfreiheit theologisch legitimiert und staatlich anerkannt.

Zum Schutz und zur Ausweitung der Religionsfreiheit führten Johann Sigismund Zápolya und seine Berater humanistische und biblisch-eschatologische Gründe an: Gestützt auf Sebastian Francks Chronica der römischen Ketzer und Sebastian Castellios De haereticis an sint persequendi (1554) argumentierten Biandrata und Fausto Sozzini mit den Schriftstellen vom Rat des Gamaliel (Apg. 5, 38f. ) sowie dem Gleichnis vom Unkraut unter dem Weizen (Mt 13, 24–30 ): Demnach komme es Christus alleine zu, über dogmatische Irrtümer zu richten. Diese Haltung machte sich der Landtag von Thorenburg 1568 in seinem Edikt zur Religionsfreiheit zu eigen. 1563 beschloss der Siebenbürger Landtag, dass die Kirchen von allen Konfessionen gleichermaßen genutzt werden sollten. Die 1653 erfolgte Kodifizierung des Landesrechts in den Approbatae constitutiones regni Transylvaniae et partium Hungariae eidem annexarum (Approbaten) regelte den Fall, dass in einem Ort nur ein Kirchenbau zur Verfügung stand: Ein Komitee von Vertretern aller vier Denominationen sollte Kirche, Pfarrhaus und Schule der Konfession überlassen, die am Ort die meisten Mitglieder zählte. Danach hatte die Bevölkerung für die anderen Konfessionen Kirchen und Schulen zu erbauen.

Die Situation Siebenbürgens in der frühen Neuzeit unterschied sich somit grundlegend von der Rechtslage im Heiligen Römischen Reich: Im Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden (1555) wurde die Entscheidung über die Religion auf territorialer Ebene festgelegt ("cuius regio, eius religio"); lediglich in einzelnen Städten war eine individuelle Religionsfreiheit möglich. Demgegenüber war in Siebenbürgen dem Staat die Entscheidung über die Religionszugehörigkeit gänzlich entzogen und wurde allenfalls durch die ethnisch-soziale Identität beeinflusst, nicht aber durch die Obrigkeit. Die Freiheit der vier "rezipierten Religionen" galt ab 1571 für alle siebenbürgischen Fürsten und musste als Bestandteil der conditiones Principum jeweils vor der Wahl bestätigt werden. 1653 in den Approbaten endgültig ausformuliert, behielt diese Regelung bis 1848 Gesetzesrang.

Grenzen der Religionsfreiheit
Mit dem Innovationsverbot Gabriel Bethlens von 1572 fand die Religionsfreiheit Grenzen: Der unter einem Teil der siebenbürgischen Unitarier verbreitete christologische Standpunkt des Nonadorantismus (Nichtanbetung Christi) und die mit Aufkommen der Sabbatarier verbundene Ablehnung des Neuen Testaments wurden nicht anerkannt; Franz Davidis starb in der Haft. Die rumänisch-orthodoxe Glaubensgemeinschaft wurde toleriert, aber nicht anerkannt. Insgesamt dreimal wurde zwischen 1581 und 1604 der katholische Jesuitenorden des Landes verwiesen. Die Verpflichtung der sächsischen Nationsuniversität auf das Augsburger Bekenntnis verhinderte eine konfessionelle Aufspaltung der Sachsen.

Habsburgische Herrschaft
Der Lange Türkenkrieg (1593–1609) entvölkerte und ruinierte Siebenbürgen; nach dem Frieden von Zsitvatorok 1609 konnte sich das Land unter einer Reihe reformierter Fürsten erholen. Gabriel Bethlen (reg. 1613–1629) gewährte Juden und den oberungarischen Hutterern das Ansiedlungsrecht in Siebenbürgen. 1660 fiel in Zusammenhang mit den Streitigkeiten um Fürst Georg II. Rákóczi letztmals ein osmanisches Heer in das Land ein. Nach verheerenden Auseinandersetzungen geriet Siebenbürgen wieder unter osmanische Herrschaft, behielt jedoch seine innere Autonomie und – aufgrund der religiösen Toleranz oder Gleichgültigkeit der Osmanen – auch seine Religionsfreiheit. Im Frieden von Karlowitz (1699) musste das Osmanische Reich offiziell auf seine Ansprüche in Siebenbürgen verzichten. Mit dem Frieden von Sathmar wurde 1711 die österreichische Kontrolle endgültig etabliert. Siebenbürgen wurde von Gubernatoren verwaltet. 1765 wurde das Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen proklamiert und in ein österreichisches Kronland umgewandelt. Durch eine Urkunde Kaiserin Maria Theresias vom 2. November 1775 wurde Siebenbürgen weitgehend autonom und von eigenen Fürsten nach eigenen Gesetzen regiert.

Zwischen 1733 und 1776 wurde die Volksgruppe der Siebenbürger Landler sowie die Kryptoprotestanten aus dem Salzkammergut, aus Oberösterreich (dem "Landl"), der Steiermark und Kärnten in der so genannten "Transmigration" zwangsweise in Südsiebenbürgen angesiedelt. Im durch die Türkenkriege entvölkerten Unterwald sowie der Hermannstädter Gegend durften sich die "Exulanten" niederlassen. Nur in den drei Dörfern Neppendorf, Großau und Großpold konnten sie sich jedoch auf Dauer als eigene Gruppierung erhalten. Die Toleranzpatente Kaiser Josephs II. beendeten ab 1781 die Gegenreformation in den habsburgischen Erblanden.

Siehe auch
 Evangelische Kirche A.B. in Rumänien
 Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Rumänien
 Unitarische Kirche Siebenbürgen
 Reformierte Kirche in Rumänien

Literatur

 Andreas Müller: Humanistisch geprägte Reformation an der Grenze von östlichem und westlichem Christentum. Valentin Wagners griechischer Katechismus von 1550.  (=Texts and Studies in the History of Theology V). Mandelbachthal, Cambridge 2000 - Digitalisat bei academia.edu
 Andreas Müller: Reformation zwischen Ost und West. Valentin Wagners griechischer Katechismus (Kronstadt 1550). Eingeleitet, ediert und kommentierend übersetzt (= Schriften zur Landeskunde Siebenbürgens 23), Köln, Weimar, Wien 2000 - Digitalisat bei academia.edu
 Andreas Müller: Ethos im Angesicht der Türken. Das Ringen um eine re-formierte Identität in der Moldau, Krain und Siebenbürgen, in: Günter Frank (Hrsg.), Fragmenta Melanchthoniana IV. Humanismus und Europäische Identität, Heidelberg u. a. 2009, S. 57–74 - Digitalisat auf academia.edu

Einzelnachweise

Reformation
Geschichte (Siebenbürgen)
Protestantismus in Rumänien


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Use Optimization

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Implement the Aggregator Interface

Drop Nulls Before a Join

Take Advantage of Join Optimizations

Use the PARALLEL Clause

Use the LIMIT Operator

Prefer DISTINCT over GROUP BY - GENERATE

Overview

This document provides hints and tips for pig users.

Performance Enhancers

Use Optimization

Pig supports various optimization rules which are turned on by default.
Become familiar with these rules.

Use Types

If types are not specified in the load statement, Pig assumes the type of =double= for numeric computations.
A lot of the time, your data would be much smaller, maybe, integer or long. Specifying the real type will help with
speed of arithmetic computation. It has an additional advantage of early error detection.

--Query 1
A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = foreach A generate t + u;

--Query 2
A = load 'myfile' as (t: int, u: int, v);
B = foreach A generate t + u;

The second query will run more efficiently than the first. In some of our queries with see 2x speedup.

Project Early and Often

Pig does not (yet) determine when a field is no longer needed and drop the field from the row. For example, say you have a query like:

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = load 'myotherfile' as (x, y, z);
C = join A by t, B by x;
D = group C by u;
E = foreach D generate group, COUNT($1);

There is no need for v, y, or z to participate in this query.  And there is no need to carry both t and x past the join, just one will suffice. Changing the query above to the query below will greatly reduce the amount of data being carried through the map and reduce phases by pig.

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
A1 = foreach A generate t, u;
B = load 'myotherfile' as (x, y, z);
B1 = foreach B generate x;
C = join A1 by t, B1 by x;
C1 = foreach C generate t, u;
D = group C1 by u;
E = foreach D generate group, COUNT($1);

Depending on your data, this can produce significant time savings. In queries similar to the example shown here we have seen total time drop by 50%.

Filter Early and Often

As with early projection, in most cases it is beneficial to apply filters as early as possible to reduce the amount of data flowing through the pipeline.

-- Query 1
A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = load 'myotherfile' as (x, y, z);
C = filter A by t == 1;
D = join C by t, B by x;
E = group D by u;
F = foreach E generate group, COUNT($1);

-- Query 2
A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = load 'myotherfile' as (x, y, z);
C = join A by t, B by x;
D = group C by u;
E = foreach D generate group, COUNT($1);
F = filter E by C.t == 1;

The first query is clearly more efficient than the second one because it reduces the amount of data going into the join.

One case where pushing filters up might not be a good idea is if the cost of applying filter is very high and only a small amount of data is filtered out.

Reduce Your Operator Pipeline

For clarity of your script, you might choose to split your projects into several steps for instance:

A = load 'data' as (in: map[]);
-- get key out of the map
B = foreach A generate in#k1 as k1, in#k2 as k2;
-- concatenate the keys
C = foreach B generate CONCAT(k1, k2);
.......

While the example above is easier to read, you might want to consider combining the two foreach statements to improve your query performance:

A = load 'data' as (in: map[]);
-- concatenate the keys from the map
B = foreach A generate CONCAT(in#k1, in#k2);
....

The same goes for filters.

Make Your UDFs Algebraic

Queries that can take advantage of the combiner generally ran much faster (sometimes several times faster) than the versions that don't. The latest code significantly improves combiner usage; however, you need to make sure you do your part. If you have a UDF that works on grouped data and is, by nature, algebraic (meaning their computation can be decomposed into multiple steps) make sure you implement it as such. For details on how to write algebraic UDFs, see the Pig UDF Manual and Aggregate Functions.

A = load 'data' as (x, y, z)
B = group A by x;
C = foreach B generate group, MyUDF(A);
....

If MyUDF is algebraic, the query will use combiner and run much faster. You can run explain command on your query to make sure that combiner is used.

Implement the Aggregator Interface

If your UDF can't be made Algebraic but is able to deal with getting input in chunks rather than all at once, consider implementing the Aggregator interface to reduce the amount of memory used by your script. If your function is Algebraic and can be used on conjunction with Accumulator functions, you will need to implement the Accumulator interface as well as the Algebraic interface. For more information, see the Pig UDF Manual and Accumulator Interface.

Drop Nulls Before a Join

With the introduction of nulls, join and cogroup semantics were altered to work with nulls.  The semantic for cogrouping with nulls is that nulls from a given input are grouped together, but nulls across inputs are not grouped together.  This preserves the semantics of grouping (nulls are collected together from a single input to be passed to aggregate functions like COUNT) and the semantics of join (nulls are not joined across inputs).  Since flattening an empty bag results in an empty row, in a standard join the rows with a null key will always be dropped.  The join:

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = load 'myotherfile' as (x, y, z);
C = join A by t, B by x;

is rewritten by pig to

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = load 'myotherfile' as (x, y, z);
C1 = cogroup A by t INNER, B by x INNER;
C = foreach C1 generate flatten(A), flatten(B);

Since the nulls from A and B won't be collected together, when the nulls are flattened we're guaranteed to have an empty bag, which will result in no output.  So the null keys will be dropped.  But they will not be dropped until the last possible moment.  If the query is rewritten to

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = load 'myotherfile' as (x, y, z);
A1 = filter A by t is not null;
B1 = filter B by x is not null;
C = join A1 by t, B1 by x;

then the nulls will be dropped before the join.  Since all null keys go to a single reducer, if your key is null even a small percentage of the time the gain can be significant.  In one test where the key was null 7% of the time and the data was spread across 200 reducers, we saw a about a 10x speed up in the query by adding the early filters.

Take Advantage of Join Optimizations

Regular Join Optimizations

Optimization for regular joins ensures that the last table in the join is not brought into memory but streamed through instead. Optimization reduces the amount of memory used which means you can avoid spilling the data and also should be able to scale your query to larger data volumes.

To take advantage of this optimization, make sure that the table with the largest number of tuples per key is the last table in your query.
In some of our tests we saw 10x performance improvement as the result of this optimization.

small = load 'small_file' as (t, u, v);
large = load 'large_file' as (x, y, z);
C = join small by t, large by x;

Specialized Join Optimizations

Optimization can also be achieved using fragment replicate joins, skewed joins, and merge joins.
For more information see Specialized Joins.

Use the PARALLEL Clause

Use the PARALLEL clause to increase the parallelism of a job:

PARALLEL sets the number of reduce tasks for the MapReduce jobs generated by Pig. The default value is 1 (one reduce task).

PARALLEL only affects the number of reduce tasks. Map parallelism is determined by the input file, one map for each HDFS block.

If you don’t specify PARALLEL, you still get the same map parallelism but only one reduce task.

As noted, the default value for PARALLEL is 1 (one reduce task). However, the number of reducers you need for a particular construct in Pig that forms a MapReduce boundary depends entirely on (1) your data and the number of intermediate keys you are generating in your mappers  and (2) the partitioner and distribution of map (combiner) output keys. In the best cases we have seen that a reducer processing about 500 MB of data behaves efficiently.

You can include the PARALLEL clause with any operator that starts a reduce phase (see the example below). This includes
COGROUP,
CROSS,
DISTINCT,
GROUP,
JOIN (inner),
JOIN (outer), and
ORDER.

You can also set the value of PARALLEL for all Pig scripts using the set default parallel command.

In this example PARALLEL is used with the GROUP operator.

A = LOAD 'myfile' AS (t, u, v);
B = GROUP A BY t PARALLEL 18;
.....

In this example all the MapReduce jobs that get launched use 20 reducers.

SET DEFAULT_PARALLEL 20;
A = LOAD ‘myfile.txt’ USING PigStorage() AS (t, u, v);
B = GROUP A BY t;
C = FOREACH B GENERATE group, COUNT(A.t) as mycount;
D = ORDER C BY mycount;
STORE D INTO ‘mysortedcount’ USING PigStorage();

Use the LIMIT Operator

Often you are not interested in the entire output but rather a sample or top results. In such cases, using LIMIT can yield a much better performance as we push the limit as high as possible to minimize the amount of data travelling through the pipeline.

Sample:

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = limit A 500;

Top results:

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = order A by t;
C = limit B 500;

Prefer DISTINCT over GROUP BY - GENERATE

When it comes to extracting the unique values from a column in a relation, one of two approaches can be used:

Example Using GROUP BY - GENERATE

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = foreach A generate u;
C = group B by u;
D = foreach C generate group as uniquekey;
dump D;

Example Using DISTINCT

A = load 'myfile' as (t, u, v);
B = foreach A generate u;
C = distinct B;
dump C;

In pig 0.1.x, DISTINCT is just GROUP BY/PROJECT under the hood. In pig 0.2.0 it is not, and it is much faster and more efficient (depending on your key cardinality, up to 20x faster in pig team's tests). Therefore, the use of DISTINCT is recommended over GROUP BY - GENERATE.

        Copyright ©
         2007-2010 The Apache Software Foundation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


2014-11-24T21:15:29-05:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/840/20141124212239001_hd.jpgSt. Louis County Prosecutor Robert McCulloch briefed reporters on the grand jury's decision not to charge Ferguson, Missouri, police officer Darren Wilson with the shooting of unarmed teenager Michael Brown.
St. Louis County Prosecutor Robert McCulloch briefed reporters on the grand jury's decision not to charge Ferguson, Missouri, police officer Darren Wilson with the shooting of unarmed teenager Michael Brown.
Detailed Department of Justice account of Michael Brown Shooting in Ferguson, Missouri.


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text:
Chlopsis dentatus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van valse murenen (Chlopsidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1917 door Seale.

Valse murenen
IUCN-status onzeker


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The Squadron Supreme Was Years Ahead Of Its Time! | Behind The Panel | SYFY WIRE
Video of The Squadron Supreme Was Years Ahead Of Its Time! | Behind The Panel | SYFY WIRE
Tag: Videos
Tag: Comics
Tag: Features
Revisiting Marvel's underrated classic, Squadron Supreme
Mike Avila
@MikeAvila
Nov 17, 2020, 10:16 AM EST (Updated)
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Tag: Behind the Panel
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Before his premature demise at only 43 years old, writer Mark Gruenwald requested that Marvel mix his ashes with the ink used to print the cover of the trade paperback for his magnum opus, Squadron Supreme. That remains one of the most famous cover gimmicks of the '90s, but it also overshadows the fact that Squadron Supreme was one of the definitive comics of the '80s. It even beat Watchmen to the punch by a full year, when it newsstands in 1985 with a complex storyline that challenged the conventions of superhero comic books.
Much like Watchmen's Charlton Comics-inspired heroes, the Squadron Supreme were loosely inspired by DC's iconic heroes. Hyperion was a Superman analog, while Nighthawk and Power Princess were stand-ins for Batman and Wonder Woman, respectively. The key difference was that the Squadron lived on an alternate Earth that was careening towards disaster. To save the world, they decided that they had to take control of the entire planet.
More Behind the Panel
It's time for Marvel to retire the Punisher's skull logo
Why isn't there a superhero soap opera show when cult classic 'Noble Causes' is sitting right there?
For 12 issues, Gruenwald and artists Bob Hall, John Buscema, and Paul Ryan explored the dark implications of that choice. Hyperion and his teammates began with the best of intentions. They promised to solve all of the world's problems within a year. But their solutions included behavior modification that was used to brainwash criminals into falling in line.
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Watchmen and The Dark Knight Returns are often credited with pushing the comics medium forward in the '80s. But Squadron Supreme doesn't get the same credit for its accomplishments in the same time period. Regardless, its influence can be felt decades later in Civil War and other modern Marvel stories.
For more details about Squadron Supreme, check out the latest episode of SYFY WIRE's Behind the Panel!


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text:
NUR2102 Clinical Reasoning Cycle TO E...
NUR2102 Clinical Reasoning Cycle TO Evaluate Care For Given Case Study Assessment 3 Answer
Assessment 3: NUR2102 Written Assignment Task overview
Assessment name
NUR2102 Written Assignment
Brief task description
Apply the Clinical Reasoning Cycle to identify and describe how you would assess, intervene and evaluate care for the case study "Mr Noel Smith".
Rationale for assessment task.
This assessment will develop clinical reasoning skills and demonstrate the application of models of evidence-based care to work collaboratively with individuals with chronic conditions. It will develop theoretical concepts to assess, plan and intervene and evaluate care for people with a chronic condition. The assessment will develop graduates who are; well informed individuals with discipline-specific and industry knowledge relevant to their profession or area of study; critical, creative, thinkers who can integrate and apply knowledge and relevant skills, including research and digital literacy skills, to analyse and evaluate ideas, concepts, theories and problems, and offer insights, innovative approaches and solutions; ethical, engaged professionals and citizens who engage in non-discriminatory and sage practices and consider the local, global, social, economic legal and environmental influences on, and impact of, their attitudes and actions; and employable, enterprising professionals who are confident, self-directed, know how they learn, and are resourceful, resilient, and adaptable to change.
1800 words +/-10% Word count includes in-text referencing and excludes the reference list
Marks out of: Weighting:
Marks out of 100 Weighting 45%
Course Objectives measured
CLO 1. Apply clinical reasoning skills and models of evidence-based care to work collaboratively with individuals with chronic conditions across the lifespan;
CLO 2. Apply theoretical concepts in simulated practice to assess, plan and therapeutically intervene and evaluate care for people with various chronic conditions;
GA 1. Well informed individuals with discipline-specific and industry knowledge relevant to their profession or area of study;
GA 2. Critical, creative, thinkers who can integrate and apply knowledge and relevant skills, including research and digital literacy skills, to analyse and evaluate ideas, concepts, theories and problems, and offer insights, innovative approaches and solutions;
GA 3. Ethical, engaged professionals and citizens who engage in non-discriminatory and sage practices and consider the local, global, social, economic legal and environmental influences on, and impact of, their attitudes and actions;
GA 4. Employable, enterprising professionals who are confident, self-directed, know how they learn, and are resourceful, resilient, and adaptable to change.
Task information
Task detail
Step 1: Review the elements of the Clinical Reasoning Cycle (The Clinical Reasoning Cycle Lecture is located in Module 1 on the StudyDesk and the chapter from the textbook is located in the Assessment tab - Written Assignment Two). No submission of the Clinical reasoning Cycle is required.
Step 2: Using the information provided in the patient situation and the current patient information and supported by the best available scholarly evidence apply the Clinical Reasoning Cycle in short answer format responding to the following questions:
Short answer responses:
Note: You may use headings to differentiate the three parts of your response to the assignment questions
Consider the patient situation
Patient situation:
Mr Noel Smith a 55-year-old retired mining manager presents to the local Emergency Department with marked dyspnoea and audible wheeze increasing over the past 24 hours. He was diagnosed with asthma 20 years ago.
Mr Smith recently divorced from his wife of 15 years. While he used to be very active socially, he has withdrawn from family and friends since the divorce. He smokes 30 cigarettes a day, consumes 3-4 standard drinks daily and his diet is high in saturated fat and sodium. Mr Smith is independent with daily care and mobility however, he does not exercise routinely.
Mr Smith does not routinely visit his General Practitioner (GP). Over the past 5 years, his episodes of coughing and wheezing have increased. Mr Smith only takes his prescribed medications sporadically or when his symptoms worsen. He acknowledges that he once had an asthma action plan but admits that he does not understand it or has never had it reviewed by his GP. He does not feel that his diet or weight contributes to his asthma and states that exercise only makes him feel "puffed".
Current patient information
Objective Data
Past Medical History
Social & Family History
Weight 95kgs
BMI 30.7
Sp02 92%
Audible wheeze and decreased air entry
Productive cough
Accessory muscle use
Talking in short sentences
Asthma diagnosis at 35 years of age
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, does not like to use CPAP overnight
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)
Seasonal hay fever
Reports being "wheezy" as a child and having recurrent chest infections
Salbutamol
Ipratropium Bromide
Esomeprazol
Recently divorced from his wife of 15 years
Retired mining manager
Smokes 30 cigarettes a day
Drinks alcohol 3-4 standard drinks a day
Independent with daily care and mobility
Father deceased-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Brother deceased -Myocardial Infarction
Mother lives in aged care (82 years old)
Subjective Data
"My chest feels tight and it's hard to breathe"
"I get like this 3-4 times per year"
"My puffer didn't help but it could be out date"
"I don't have a current asthma action plan"
Part A. Collect cues and recall knowledge (400 words)
Collect cues and Information
1. From the provided patient situation and current patient information, identify the relevant patient cues/information and using best available scholarly evidence explain how these relate to asthma pathophysiology.
2. Analyse the subjective and objective data in the current patient information table and compare normal vs abnormal signs and symptoms. From this comparison provide an interpretation of his overall health status with support from the best available scholarly evidence.
Part B. Identify problems, establish goals, take action and evaluate outcomes (1000 words)
Identify problems and issues
1. Identify and discuss the acute and chronic problems/issues for Mr Noel Smith. Provide a rational for the identified problems based on the cues/information collected from Part A.
Establish goals
2. From the chronic problems/ issues identified, outline ONE (1) SMART goal developed in collaboration with Mr Noel Smith. Ensure all the elements: S (specific) M (measurable) A (achievable), R (realistic) T (timely) elements are incorporated. (Refer to Appendix A)
3. Identify relevant nursing interventions that will assist Mr Noel Smith in achieving the identified SMART goal. Using the best available scholarly evidence provide a rationale as to why these interventions are appropriate for Mr Smith.
Evluate outcomes
4. Using best available scholarly evidence, describe the strategies you would use to evaluate the effectiveness of the nursing interventions you identified in Question 3.
Part C. Contemplate/reflect on new learning (400 words)
Critically discuss the role of the nurse in facilitating self-efficacy and self-management for patients (and their families) living with a chronic condition in order to achieve improved health outcomes and quality of life. Use the best available scholarly evidence to support your discussion.
Assessment 3: NUR2102 Written Assignment
Collect cues
In the present case study, Mr Smith has been admitted to the hospital with the complaint of audible wheezing and dyspnea increasing from 24 hours. He has lung auscultation and decreased air entry. Audible bilateral wheeze is found while respiration (Harrison, et al., 2019). Such symptoms in the case of Mr Smith are under the hyperinflation of Asthma (Harrison, et al., 2019). Clinical signs of acute asthma exacerbation differ among individuals and by frequency. Shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, diaphoresis, tachypnea, and tachycardia are typical signs and symptoms (Schaper-Magalhães, et al., 2017).
Mr Smith has a past medical history of asthma, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, hypertension and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. This results in the constraint of ventilation and the degradation and deterioration of alveoli, marginal bronchioles and adjacent capillary arteries and membranes, which contributes to the difficulty of airflow and contributes to a reduction in the potential to transport oxygen (Marone et al., 2019,). The degree of airflow restriction is defined by the magnitude of the irritation, fibrosis formation inside the airway and the production of fluids or exudates. Decreased exhalation ventilation contributes to air saturation, leading to reduced inspiratory efficiency, which can trigger exhaustion shortness of breath (also known as dyspnoea) and diminished exercise potential as evident in Mr Smith's case (Sinyor & Perez, 2019). During inspiration, the gases in the lungs cause unhealthy pleural pressure, low stroke size, and increases ventilator concentrations (Gon & Hashimoto, 2018). Increasing breathing rhythms can accelerate the signs and symptoms of asthma from hyperinflation.
Recall knowledge
The evaluation of objective data shows that Mr Smith has 95 kgs of weight and his BMI is 30.7. According to Kim and Shin (2020), individual males having BMI 30 and above are considered to be obese. Further, Mr Smith's blood pressure is 155/95. Wu et al. (2016) state that standard blood pressure for a healthy individual is 120/80, hence it can be evaluated that Mr Smith's blood pressure is elevated to abnormal levels. His heart rate is also increased above the normal ranges (60-100 breaths per minute) reported as 110 (Zeki et al., 2018). Although the major risk factor for Mr Smith is smoking as the major significant factor that causes and worsens asthma is smoking (Accordini et al., 2018).
His SpO2 is observed at 92% on room air. According to Zubieta-Calleja and Zubieta-DeUrioste, N. (2020), to SpO2 around 92% is considered as hypoxia. Also, he has a high respiration rate as compared to the standard range (12 to 20 breaths per minute) (Badawy et al., 2017). Mr Smith appears alert but speaking in short sentences. His subjective data shows that he is having chest tightness. He made a concern of shortness of breath has a diagnosis of asthma but his asthma medication is not well regulated. He does not have a management plan and hence the deterioration of vital signs shows that needs immediate medical attention.
Identify problems
From the case analysis, it was found that Mr Smith suffers from different issues. The nurses must recognise the person's immediate deterioration and offer specialised life support to the patient to protect the body, airways and respiratory tract function. The first clinical issue, in this case, is dyspnoea. It is important to treat individuals with asthma must maintain and manage their condition with proper medications but Smith does not take his medications which have worsened his condition. The major consequences are due to the smoking habit of the patient. Considering the quick recovery of the patient the nursing identified problems are severe asthma (dyspnoea) (Kendall et al., 2018). Further, it is of prime importance to provide the patient with nurse-led education to cope up with his medicine regime as the patient refuses to take his medicines (Kendall et al., 2018). So that he can follow his medicine properly and can ensure rapid recovery.
In order to deliver clinical treatment to promote better patient safety outcomes, healthcare providers and nurses need to develop SMART goals that address the defined problems and aims to address chronic diseases (Schubert et al., 2019). The SMART goal, in this case, is reducing the impact of acute exacerbation of asthma and help to achieve positive health outcomes of the patient. This is important as patients asthmatic condition is worsening and the vital signs and lung capacity needs immediate interventions.
Oxygen therapy- To achieve 90 percent and above oxygen saturation, the adequate supply of oxygen as quick as practicable is essential. In an severe exacerbation, a person inevitably suffers from hypoxia. More oxygen lowers the intensity of V / Q. Inconsistency, promotes bronchodilation and reduces vascular constriction of the lungs (Martínez, et al., 2019). Also, in Smith's case, dyspnoea is a major symptom so it is the first nursing management priority to provide the patient with oxygen supply (Martínez, et al., 2019). In addition, the benefit of supplying large quantities of oxygen (relieving hypoxemia in acute asthma aggravation) can outweigh the complexity (Ballestero, et al., 2018).
Active oxygen regulation is required to mitigate the risks (Ballestero, et al., 2018). The use of the nasal cannula must be used to support the oxygen supply (Nishimura, 2016). The nurse should react to the patient's acute decline and provide appropriate treatment for primitive life support in compliance with the NMBA guidelines for nurses (NMBA, 2017). Smith's oxygen saturation showed that she has SpO2 93% so oxygen therapy will help attain the normal levels of oxygen saturation that is 96-98% (Gimenez, et al., 2017).
Monitoring of vitals- Mr. Smith is experiencing hypertension and it is important that his blood pressure is regulated in a timely way to prevent any increase in his blood pressure. Vital signs require timely identification which can be obtained by diligent recognition and evaluation of nursing care (Kowalski, et al., 2017). Proper documentation of vital signs is essential. The main objective of the nursing evaluation is to examine the patient's vitalities continuously. Any worsening in the vitals is important for the nurse. It was found that avoiding changes in vital signs could contribute to worsening in health and severe health consequences (Churpek, Adhikari & Edelson, 2016).
Fowler's position- To assist with ventilation during asthma, the patient must stay in a semi-fowler position. The client must try to relax and breathe out of their diaphragm as much as possible. Hypoxia can easily occur. The nurse will assist Mr Smith to sit in a comfortable position high or seated Fowler, for promoting relaxation. The nurse will assist Mr. Smith to sit up or seated in Fowler relaxed position, to encourage relaxation. The purpose of the Fowler position facilitates the relaxation of abdominal muscle pressure, enabling better airflow (Morrow et al., 2016). Mr Smith will be made to sit in a semi-Fowler posture with the head of the bed rising between "30 and 45 degrees" once the individual was unable to sit upright for whatever purpose (Morrow et al., 2016). In this position, another two-minute sEMG recording is taken after enabling the patient to recover from any activity during the change of position.
Patient education- Educating patients and offering resources to support patients address adherence challenges which is an important approach to increase adherence to the medications. Adherence to medicine is a major deterrent to obtaining optimal clinical outcomes. Patient education is emerging to be an essential factor for increasing compliance with medicine (Dinh et al., 2016). This can be done using the teach-back method. This method has proven to make patients comply with medicines by 96% (Mishra et al., 2017). Through this method nurse first educates and then ask questions which helps in ensuring whether the patient was attentive and whether h understood the dosage and importance of that drug.
Also, smoking is the major factor contributing to the worsening condition of asthma and hence the patient must be educated about the benefits of smoking cessation. According to Lancaster & Stead (2017), worsening ailments will cause physical immobility and ultimately death. Cessation of tobacco is the most affordable and efficient way to avoid asthma development and decreases the likelihood of experiencing asthma and lung complications, hospital stays attributable to severe exacerbations and an annual reduction in forced expiratory capacity in 1 second (Bala et al., 2017).
Evaluate outcomes
Nurses are expected to document, revisit and change their ways according to the needs and requirements of the patient, according to the NNBA (2016) standard 5 of registered professional nursing. Significant changes can be observed in Mr Smith 's case. His asthma will not likely to be intensified with oxygen treatment and he will understand the value of compliance with drug protocols with patient education to avoid further hospital admissions.
Reflection is a process which establishes new experience from a person's past experiences. Reflecting on experiences lets nurses understand and develop their strategies and approaches as per the NMBA (2017) Standard 1 of registered nurse practice standards. In the assessment case study, I realized that person-centred practices and nursing strategies with defined priorities aid in achieving the patient's best available strategies for treatment. The measures used during the clinical reasoning cycle also contributed to devising evidence-based approaches and their positive impacts on patient safety. I have found that a combined strategy to nursing-led approaches and education for self-management is important for successful health outcomes (Irani et al., 2019).
In attempts to establish the evidence base for advanced self-management methods, the nursing community, including both researchers and practitioners, plays a vital role and is best placed to incorporate such developments in a reasonable way (Irani et al., 2019). A primary role for nurses is to provide care for and inform patients with chronic disorders about self-management of the condition. Asthma, hypertension and diabetes are examples of effective nurse-led self-management services for chronic disease. Self-management service (SMS) is used in two ways : ( 1) as a range of strategies and instruments that help patients select healthier habits, and (2) as a profound transition of the clinician-professional relationship into a mutual collaboration (Wichit et al., 2017). A critical aspect of effective chronic condition treatment and increased health outcomes is the support of patient self-management (Wichit et al., 2017). Help for self-management extends beyond conventional evidence-based patient education to provide strategies that build problem-solving capabilities for patients, enhance self-efficacy, and facilitate the acquisition of knowledge to patients in real-life circumstances. In the primary care setting, this strategy often covers system-focused improvements.
Nurses may promote patient self-management by designing patient-nurse relationships to identify patient-related concerns, making improvements to the atmosphere that eliminate challenges to self-management, and ensuring individual education and accessible tools for patient self-management (Yao et al., 2019). The focus of trained nurses is primarily on improving the health of patients and mitigating their ailments by strengthening a balanced diet and exercise. For patients dealing with chronic illnesses, the promotion of self-efficacy may increase the effects and quality of life (Been, 2018). Hence, nurses play a key role in promoting self-management and self-efficacy as they promote professional relationships, educate the patients and helps them in maintaining positive health outcomes.
Tags:nur2102clinical reasoning cyclezara case studynursingmedical


text:
Pentagon terminates propaganda office before it begins work
NMU WASHINGTON, D.C. Newsgathering Mar 1, 2002
Defense officials shutter The Office of Strategic Influence amid claims that one of the department's goals might be to disseminate false information to the foreign press.
Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said on Feb. 26 that the Pentagon was ending the brief existence of the Office of Strategic Influence because of reports that the agency might deliberately feed foreign media inaccurate information.
The New York Times, which first broke the story about the office's existence, said Rumsfeld rejected allegations that the Pentagon would be engaged in propaganda operations aimed at the international press. The paper also reported that Rumsfeld closed the office because news reports had ruined the office's reputation, making it too difficult for it to properly function.
"What it was to do was an open question, even today as it ends its very short, prominent life," Rumsfeld said.
Rumors that the Pentagon was considering the use of "outside contractors, including public relations firms" in order to ensure that its role remained in the shadows led to "a firestorm of protests" from the industry, according to a report published on the PR Newswire.
Kathy Cripps, president of the Council of Public Relations Firms, said in a statement that the idea "that public relations companies be retained to mislead the media by serving as the Pentagon's surreptitious messengers of misinformation was patently offensive."
She added: "It is reassuring that common sense has prevailed and that the credibility and reputation of the United States government are not being put at risk by a plan that would almost surely backfire."
The Office of Strategic Influence was established shortly after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks to help spread the United States' position in regards to the war on terrorism in other countries, especially those in the Middle East.
— KC
© 2002 The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
Return to: RCFP Home; News Page
White House, Pentagon go after leaks
Lingering limits on war coverage frustrates Washington press corps
Journalists worry about restrictions, access in impending war
Court nixes Flynt's initial request for wartime access
Bureau chiefs clash over pool arrangements


text:
scandal-stained wretches Dec. 21, 2012
'New News Corp.' Would Have Lost $2.1 Billion Last Year
By Joe Coscarelli
Photo: Jemal Countess/WireImage
Rupert Murdoch's company filed with the SEC to officially split in two today, disclosing that the publishing side, referred to as "New News Corp.," lost $2.08 billion over the last fiscal year because of impairment and restructuring costs, plus a decline in advertising. Last year, the company said, "We were able to enjoy certain benefits from Parent's operating diversity and access to capital for investments, which benefits will no longer be available to us after we separate." The other side of things, including 20th Century Fox and Fox News, will have no such problems.
Reuters/NYT WSJ
scandal-stained wretches
news corp.
'New News Corp.' Lost $2.1 Billion Last Year
Will Black Voters Still Love Biden When They Remember Who He Was?
Steve Bannon, Lil Wayne, Elliott Broidy, and Kodak Black are among the most notable figures in Trump's final clemency spree.


Without quorum, committee unable to act on FTA.
Senate Finance Chair Max Baucus , D-Mont., was forced to cancel a planned "mock" markup of the draft implementing bills for the pending trade deals with Colombia, Panama and South Korea Thursday. The Committee's Republican members boycotted the meeting leaving Baucus without a quorum to conduct business. The Montana Senator expressed disappointment that his colleagues decided not to join in the discussion of these agreements, stating that the boycott delayed the opportunity to pass important job-creation legislation. U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk also expressed disappointment stating that Finance Republicans have repeatedly called on the Obama Administration to send these agreements to Congress for a vote. He said the agreements were there and Finance Republicans were not.
Baucus stressed that the pending free trade agreements - together with Trade Adjustment Assistance - will create 250,000 jobs and increase exports by $13 billion. He says that's the growth and job creation the country needs in these tough economic times. He adds that every day we delay we lose ground to our competitors. Korea's trade agreement with the EU enters into force Friday and Colombia's agreement with Canada enters into force in August.
All 11 GOP members of the Finance panel told President Obama in a letter they're opposed to including expanded Trade Adjustment Assistance in the Korea FTA implementing legislation. They argued that each FTA and assistance for displaced workers in export-related industries should be debated and considered on its own merits.
According to National Corn Growers Association CEO Rick Tolman the mock markup would have been the beginning of the ratification process in Congress. Tolman, in an article released before Baucus had to cancel the markup, noted the U.S. exported 50.4 million metric tons of corn around the world in 2010, but said those numbers will decrease significantly if the pending FTAs stand idle.
Tolman pointed out that Korea currently is the third largest corn market for the U.S. and potentially important for distillers grains, a growing market he says the U.S. can't afford to lose. He also mentions that Colombia usually is one of the top 10 export markets for U.S. corn - though they are currently importing corn from competitors. By passing the Colombia FTA, Tolman says U.S. corn producers would gain immediate access to a market for 2.1 million metric tons at zero duty. He also explains how corn exports to Panama peaked in 2008 and have since decreased by 20%.
Tolman stressed the need for Congress to act immediately on the pending FTAs to keep jobs in America and increase export opportunities before U.S. competitors win.


If you fancy some help with the food part of Christmas, have a look at what you can order from Cornucopia – all home-made and delicious.
Looking for that perfect gift for a family member, friend or work colleague? A Cornucopia Cooks gift voucher may be a winner.
If you are looking for something different to give, how about a Valentines day voucher for an afternoon of tea and music?
And finally, another festive thought – try this delicious fig and rum cake (perhaps instead of Christmas cake) easy and yummy.
This week is a Sutton Hoo chicken week – let me know if you would like to order one.
All orders in by 9am Thursday 3rd December.


I wish y'all would stop complaining about [Harnett County Sheriff] Wayne Coats, you may not agree with everything he does. Since you're so well aware of all of the drug deals and murders being covered up in Harnett County, maybe you should offer your services to the sheriff and the SBI!
Please address this issue as soon as possible: Unless you and your entire family has always lived a perfect life, you have absolutely no room to criticize or gossip about someone else's past. You should look in the mirror before opening your mouth! Merry Christmas and watch your mouth!
I saw on the news where [House Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin] Nunes covered up things, and they're taking away his severence. What about Hillary Clinton, she had four boys killed in Benghazi.
All these people stupid enough to give to the Clinton Foundation are just as stupid as the Clintons. The only ones who get paid from that are Hillary, Bill and their daughter. They need to make their own living and stop living off the government.
These leaders who want to say that illegals have rights and can vote need to shut up. A lot of people in prison shouldn't be allowed to vote. If you're a convicted felon, you shouldn't be allowed to vote.
If people don't believe in aliens then go to the border, they're called illegals!
The news won't say poor people, they say underprivilege. It isn't a privilege to be rich, you earn it.
Excuse me, PAID leave?!? This guy gets a paid vacation while being under investigation? They should just not pay him, and then if he's found innocent reimburse what he would have made. Why is this officer not wearing a body cam?
I don't guess the drugs or the gun under the seat had anything to do with this. If people would do as the officers ask this would not have to happen. I say thanks for the job our sheriff's department do. Some folks need to get their head out of the sand.
Really, he found a gun and marijuana on one of them. I say great job and always trust your gut instinct. Hope this LEO gets back to protecting us asap.
I can say from many, many years in Harnett County, their sheriff's dept. is and has been way out of control. At the same time we don't see the whole story here. But what I see appears to be a bit too much force.
Hopefully an investigation will show what truly happened in this incident and punishment will be given as deserved.
Ole Wayne Coats just earned a little bit of my respect. Great call. Set them officers down until we find out what the real deal is.


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Southern District of Mississippi
Darren J. LaMarca (Acting)
www.justice.gov/usao-sdms
Natchez Man Sentenced to 35 Years in Federal Prison for Multiple Drug Trafficking Crimes
Natchez, Miss. – A Natchez man was sentenced to serve 420 months in federal prison for multiple drug trafficking crimes, announced Acting U.S. Attorney Darren J. LaMarca, Special Agent in Charge Brad L. Byerley of the Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Agent in Charge Kurt Thielhorn of the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives, Colonel Steven Maxwell, Director of the Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics, and Adams County Sheriff Travis Patten.
Kevin Singleton, 44, pled guilty on April 29, 2019, to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than 5 kilograms of cocaine, possession with intent to distribute 100 grams or more heroin, possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine, and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.
The case is the result of an extensive investigation targeting illegal narcotics trafficking in the Natchez area that involved the distribution of cocaine and methamphetamine. During the investigation, on March 2, 2018, federal and state agents executed a search warrant at Singleton's residence resulting in the seizure of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. Agents also seized approximately $1.1 million in cash from the residence. Three firearms were seized, including a DPMS A-15 .223 semi-automatic rifle loaded with a high-capacity magazine holding 44 rounds, and an additional magazine loaded with 30 rounds. Also seized was a Glock .40 caliber handgun and a Smith & Wesson .38 Special. Singleton is a previously convicted felon and is prohibited from possessing a firearm.
This prosecution is part of an Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF) investigation. OCDETF identifies, disrupts, and dismantles the highest-level drug traffickers, money launderers, gangs, and transnational criminal organizations that threaten the United States by using a prosecutor-led, intelligence-driven, multi-agency approach that leverages the strengths of federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies against criminal networks.
The case was investigated by the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics, the Adams County Sheriff's Office, the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives, and the U.S. Marshals Service.
The case was prosecuted by Assistant United States Attorney Carla J. Clark.
New Orleans Field Division


Schedule: From 30 october 2018 to 14 november 2018. Monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday and sunday at 00:00 to 00:00.
A botanical, agronomic and organoleptic through the varieties of the vineyards that are traditionally cultivated in the Valencian Community lands, and the wines that are elaborated with them. Jaume X. Soler, expert on the field, will accompany us through the different wine-growing regions in the territory to talk about widely known black grapes variety such as the Boval, Monastrell, Giro, and others not as popular, but with a bright future such as the Mandó and the Forcallat. Without forgetting the different white grapes vineyards, some much cultivated such as the Moscatel, and others endagered such as the Merseguera, Planta Fina de Pedralba y Trapadell.
In addition, we will taste a special selection of wines made with the above mentioned varieties, so we can discover their organoleptic characteristics. We will analise consolidated wines, but also some innovative ones so we can have an idea of the wine possibilities that many areas of the Valencian territory offer. An approach to the Valencian viniculture that goes beyond the wine tasting itself, and intends to acknowledge the wide diversity of Valencian vineyards and wines.
Botanical Garden of the Universitat de València.


text:
" document.write(adsrc) } catch (err) { console.log (err.message) } } Toyota Mirai Test Drive Review
Toyota Mirai Test Drive Review
Date: 02 November 2015 | Author:
Category: Upper medium
Key rival: Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell
On sale: October 2015
Equipment: 9 airbags, satnav, 17-inch alloys, dual-zone climate control, heated front and rear seats and steering wheel, rear camera and parking sensors, auto lights and wipers, adaptive cruise control, keyless entry and start, wireless smartphone charging
The automotive future is coming slowly. In this case, a dozen vehicles at a time. Toyota has launched the world's first hydrogen-powered saloon car, and the second hydrogen car in series production after Hyundai's ix35 Fuel Cell.
The Mirai will certainly be a rarity on UK roads, with just 12 cars coming this year and another 18 in 2016, but at £66,000 a go before Government grants, there aren't likely to be hordes of fleets queuing round the block at this stage. And Toyota prefers potential customers to look at the £750 per month price for a four-year/60,000-mile lease that also includes all fuel, tyres and servicing, as it reckons that fleet customers will opt for that over outright purchase.
The Japanese brand is also targeting specific customers that it wants to run the car, to ensure it is fit for their needs, with Transport for London and taxi firm Green Tomato Cars among the first.
It's a fascinating car because there is a perception within the industry that the long-term movement of propulsion could go from fossil fuels, through EVs to hydrogen, because the vehicles can be refuelled in a similar time to petrol or diesel cars, so avoid the range anxiety and recharge time of electric models, but emit only water.
Toyota is repeating its formula for establishing hybrid vehicles by launching a model that is clearly something different to the mainstream. It looks like an Avensis adapted for a sci-fi film, and the fussy nature of the design won't meet with universal approval.
To drive, the Mirai is rather like a Prius. The fuel-cell links with an electric motor, much in the way the regular petrol-electric hybrid Prius works, so it will run on battery alone for a short distance under light load before switching to the fuel stack providing the energy.
Under acceleration there's a rather odd electrical whirring noise like a hoover that's more than an EV but much less than a regular petrol or diesel model. Otherwise it's impeccably quiet. On the road, the Mirai offers very light steering and a comfortable ride, while nothing feels out of the ordinary to anyone who has driven a Prius.
The interior is dominated by the sweeping futuristic dashboard with touch controls for the ventilation along with the touchscreen media system. The collage of black and white looks great when new, but the white leather may not be so appealing at 60,000 miles.
Space in the two rear seats - which are heated as part of an impressive list of standard equipment - is reasonable, and the 361-litre boot is stubby thanks to the packaging of battery and hydrogen systems, which also means there's no folding rear seats.
Building sales of the Mirai will be a slow process thanks to low volume allocations for the UK, the high price and the slow pace of infrastructure growth and development, but the car proves that the hydrogen-powered fuel cell is a feasible and logical technology, once the financial issues and refuelling network have been resolved.
Model price £66,000
Range up to 300mls
CO2 (BIK band) 0g/km (0%)
BIK 20/40% per month £0/£0
Warranty 5yrs/100,000mls
Battery size/power 113kW battery/153hp
Another pioneering step towards the mobility of the future
Genuine zero-emission transport with no range anxiety in a normal-to-drive four-seat saloon package
Price and infrastructure are huge stumbling blocks, as is the tiny numbers coming to the UK


Austria ranks on top of EU with its biofuels sharee produced from biomass and serve as transport fuels. They replace fossil fuels, thereby contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and to a reduction on the dependency of oil. In addition, they add value to domestic agricultural production. In Austria, biofuels are marketed primarily by the addition of biodiesel to diesel and bioethanol to petrol. In addition to the admixture, the municipal and company vehicle fleet restructuring to pure biofuels or more than 40% biofuels is promoted. The production capacities already created in Austria are sufficiently large to supply the domestic market with biofuels (BMLFUW). Over the period of 2014, the required substitution goal of 5.75% measured for the energy content was clearly exceeded, with 7.7%. With the use of biofuels, Austria is therefore at the top of the EU 27 together with Germany, France and Sweden.
In 2014, a total of 5,694,5201 tonnes of fossil diesel fuel were sold for the substitution target calculation in accordance with the Fuel ordinance. Biodiesel is by far the most important biofuel in Austria (energetically). According to the Austrian biofuel register elNa, a total of nine plants were registered as biodiesel producers in Austria in 2014.
The placing biofuels on the market in Austria since October 2005 is primarily done by the addition of biodiesel to diesel and since October 2007 additionally by an admixture of bioethanol to benzine fuel.
By the beginning of 2009, a total of approx. 4.7% by volume of biodiesel and bioethanol were admixed. With January 2009, the possibility of adding biodiesel to a maximum of 7 vol-% was increased.
aktivmobil program of the BMLFUW.
The European Union is a pioneer in ensuring an environmentally sustainable production of biofuels. The Renewable Energy Directive, adopted in 2009, provides for a minimum saving effect on greenhouse gases against fossil fuels. At the moment this figure is 35%, rising to 50% by 2017 and 60% by 2018 for biofuels produced in new plants.