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Category Archives: Freedom
Not just a story
Our world is under a constant change. That is a given. Those who try to stop change or stand in the way of progress are slowly being rooted out.
That is certainly being seen across the Middle East as they continue to fight for their freedom of speech, equalities and the ability to finally be out from under the unspeakable acts of cowardly dictators that have ruled over them for decades.
As each day passes, bravery becomes more evident because to share the turmoil going on in places such as Egypt, Syria, Libya, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, it literally means risking arrest or even one's life. Making a phone call, sending a picture, a tweet, updating a blog or even carrying on a conversation on the street or anywhere in public can cost a person their life on the spot or have them detained, tortured, or kidnapped leaving their family to wonder whatever became of them. This is not something that is exaggerated or made up. This is life for the people of these countries and has been for decades.
Most reporters sent in are there under government watch and only go places with government permission, in government convoys and to places the governments wants them to see. Example of this is in Tripoli's famous Rixos Hotel where a large group of reporters have stayed and covered Libya's conflict for an ongoing amount of time. This is where Iman Al Obaidi ran in to share her story of what happened while she was held by Gaddafi's soldiers. Her story became internationally known once it was shared by worldwide news organizations and across social media websites. This became possible only because she risked her life to go into that hotel in the first place.
Other reporters have been thrown out of Libya and other countries for sharing too much of the truth as well as having been detained, beaten, raped or are still missing or or have been killed.
To name just a few, Chris Hondros, Tim Hetherington, Mohammed Al-Nabbous, Anton Hammerl were killed just recently. These are just a few and are just naming ones killed in Libya.
Why do "outsiders" risk their lives to share these "stories"?
I'll answer this question very directly so as to be very clear.
These aren't just stories, this is life. Just because I am an American writing about people that are living all the way around the world, doesn't make this any less relevant than if I were writing about something locally, not to me.
You see, these people in many ways are just like me. They have hopes, dreams, families, loved ones, and friends.
Rebel fighters at the Wazin Border Crossing(Tunisia and Nafusa Mountains) May11th
Photo Courtesy of: @ShababLibya
A mother losing her child or a child losing their parents somewhere else in the world is just as upsetting as if that happened here, or to me. A friend watching their friend die is no less painful because it is further away or because it is in a time of war. Many of those fighting in these current revolutions are students, lawyers, doctors or young kids. Most are not soldiers and had never held a weapon before in their life. They are protecting their homes, businesses, families and their lives. They didn't want to fight. They don't want to fight. They want to be free which is the opposite of fighting.
As an American, I want our government to be able to help, of course.
I also know that many times, U.S. involvement comes with a cost and although at first glance and in a time of crisis, it seems great and the right thing to do when making arrangements but the long term effects, due to diplomatic arrangements made to reach that original agreement, often far outweigh the long term benefit. Doesn't sound right, does it?
Let me explain. Iraq and Afghanistan.
The need for help is there and the desire to help is there but the actual response and outcome is often so jumbled up in politics, the RSVP would have been better to have been lost in the mail.
Some situations are so clear, up front, one would think there wouldn't be any issues. One would think.
In Libya, Gaddafi was making it abundantly clear that he had no problem with taking as many lives each day as he could without any given reason. He also made it clear he wasn't listening to reason. Once the UN came to an agreement and NATO started its response against Gaddafi's crimes against his own people, it wasn't as quick of a process as it would have once been thought.
At this point, it seems communication on the ground (what little there is) doesn't get heard by the right people, quickly enough. I personally think if it were, Gaddafi would have been cut off much quicker.
Syria has tried to hide what is going on in their country but they haven't been able to do this, not completely. The government says one thing and does another. It seems they want to act like Iran, dress like Iran but not be treated like Iran. When do threats from the U.S. end? Syria's government has clearly chosen its path.
In Yemen today, President Saleh refused to sign the exit deal to hopefully bring an end to the political crises. Saleh has ruled for 32 years.
For months now, Yemen has been filled with protests for him to step down. Hundreds have been killed and he has refused to sign a deal at least twice before.
Saleh is demanding the opposition be present at the signing. The opposition refuses saying it will send the wrong message to the revolution leaders in Sanaa, making Saleh look victorious.
The opposition signed their part of the agreement on Saturday, May 21st with the understanding Saleh would sign his on Sunday.
About Saudi Arabia…this is a country with a great deal of oppression toward women.
I am a woman. I drive. Recently Manal Al Sharif was arrested for doing exactly the same thing in the eastern town of Khobar, Saudi Arabia which defies a long standing ban on women's driving. Yeh, that's right.
Manal Al Sharif 32 year old Saudi Arabian woman detained for driving in Saudi Arabia
It's said that about two-thirds of a woman's salary goes toward their transportation. They can't walk on the street or drive so they must pay a taxi or private driver. There's no public transportation.
On June 17th, there's a campaign #Women2Drive which is growing in numbers on their Facebook page. The idea is for those women, with foreign licenses, to go out in the Kingdom of Saudi and drive that day. Some are even offering to teach others how to drive. Manal Al Sharif remains detained at this moment but in an interview to Gulf news she said, "Every lady has something to do in the city, she'll just drive, do her business and come back. So it's as simple as that. People can't call it a demonstration, we're not going against the law, we're not going against anyone, we're not even demonstrating."
I was going to divide this article into two parts but I think it's important to keep it as one.
You see, as a nation, we have an enormous amount of freedoms. I am writing this article which I will shortly post because I have the freedom to do so. I have the ability to share the information which I freely read about on the Internet or via links that were sent to me. Information is golden.
Education is priceless. The ability to have those available to us should never be taken for granted.
In many parts of our world, these freedoms or abilities do not exist. Our freedoms were fought for by very brave people before us and to take anything at all for granted, to me, just seems wrong. It also seems wrong to take lightly why others would want these same freedoms as well as the loss of lives they are experiencing while fighting for their freedom.
Many have chosen to come here, to the U.S., seeking a better life for themselves and their children. Around the world, America has been known as the "Land of the Free", but is it? Do we truly know where these people are coming from, why they are seeking freedom and can they still find it here? In coming here, they have often made many sacrifices leaving behind the only homes they have ever known and family members to still live under dictators and the very life they are running from.
It's been a while since I have written. I've been following much of what has been going on around the world, devastating natural disasters, revolutions and our own nation and its many ups and downs.
I hadn't planned to write quite yet until I read a comment about the woman in Saudi, Manal, who had been arrested for, driving. The comment was basically along the lines of the fact the reader would never live in a place that wouldn't allow a woman to drive!
My question: What if you were born there?
This entry was posted in America, Bing, children, CNN, compassion, death, education, families, Freedom, freedoms, government, Human Rights Violations, media, Nation, Nations, news, people, politics, Social Media, tracy solomon, tweet, Twitter, United States and tagged #AntonHammerl, #bahrain, #ChrisHondros, #feb17, #GaddafiCrimes, #HumanRights, #Jan25, #June17, #ManalAlSharif, #Mo, #MohammedNabbous, #SocialMedia #Twitter, #TimHetherington, #Women2Drive, @tracysolomon, Afghanistan, America, Change, children, CNN, democracy, education, Egypt, Facebook, freedom, politics, Saudi, Saudi Arabia, Syria, world, Yemen on 05/23/2011 by Tracy L. Solomon.
Change for Egypt
Protest in Tahrir Square
Photo by: AlJazeer
Soon after large demonstrations started in Egypt on January 25th, support poured in across Social Media sites like Facebook and Twitter for Egyptians seeking freedoms, a better future and asking Egypt's President Hosni Mubarak to immediately step down.
Protestors had gathered in Tahrir Square and said they would not leave till Mubarak he had given up his 30 year position as President of Egypt. As time passed, the crowd grew. The numbers following via Facebook and Twitter also grew. (#Egypt #Jan25)
Many of the demonstrators were tweeting and texting directly from their locations and also giving information of what would be going on the following hours and days. In today's fast-paced Internet world, picture uploading, video uploading, texting, blogging and sharing information is instant and with the world's changing times, this allows millions of people to know instantly what is going on across the world and to alert others.
Egypt's government has in its constitution a law, the "Emergency Law" which, among other things, gives the government the right, at its discretion to shut down the Internet and on January 28th, Internet Service Providers were told to cut services.
This "Emergency Law" has been in place nearly all of Mubarak's time in office. This law is one of many grievances the people have with the Egyptian government and it was recently extended to remain another two years. When the law is enacted, it gives the government the right to arrest people without cause, hold prisoners indefinitely, limit freedom of expression and assembly and more. At the time Internet was cut, most mobile phone services also were disabled especially text messaging. This greatly handicapped the ability not only for Egyptians to communicate internationally but also with one another in the country.
Until February 1st, the protestors mostly were peaceful. Tahrir Square remained full of protestors waiting for President Mubarak to step down. News had come that he had sworn in a Vice President which was a first in the country in over 30 years.
However, on the 1st, Mubarak made a speech on State T.V. which played on a large screen for all to see in the square. He stated he would not seek another term as president in the upcoming elections. The people quietly watched his entire speech and closer to the end he stated he would not be willing to step down before the end of his term in September, later this year.
On the ground in Tahrir Square and close by violence grew as the crowd became angry. There became a rise in violence and coverage of this was being shown internationally soon after the world had viewed not only this speech by President Mubarak but also a speech by President Obama on his thoughts concerning the situation in Egypt.
The rise in violence around Tahrir Square grew as pro-Mubarak groups grew larger in the square and clashes between them and the anti-government group became more violent causing a growing number of injuries and fatalities.
The following day as journalists were covering the clashes, they themselves became the targets of violence. They were being harassed, beaten up, having their equipment confiscated, being arrested, vehicles or teams attacked and as this grew increasingly worse, some were forced to leave for their safety and others went into hiding to continue reporting but to protect themselves and their crews.
This same day, Internet service began to slowly return across the country and as this happened, updates from Egyptians started to come in on Twitter, Facebook, blogging and other sources. These updates showed personal accounts of what had been happening around Egypt and confirming an even greater desire for freedom but also confirmed the fact journalists were being targeted on the ground, in hotels and around the country. Egypt's government, it appeared, did not want the continued coverage of what was going on in the streets of Egypt during this crisis.
The question was, why?
Was the fear this coverage was making Egypt look bad internationally or was the fear the international coverage and the feedback it was getting influencing Egypt's youth, inciting more displays of protests? Whatever the reasoning, the amount of international journalists in the country was greatly diminishing and those remaining were not being able to cover the revolution on the streets, the people, Tahrir Square up close as they had been doing, they now needed to look out for their safety and cover the crisis from afar.
The fact is though, covering the situation in Egypt is extremely important. It is extremely important to see the crisis and transformation as it unfolds. It's more truthful and honest to see it from the eyes of the people and the government's reaction and the angles there in Egypt and to have those views involved.
Egypt's crisis and this transformation as some view it or revolution as it is turning out to be is not just a small event or something that will soon pass. It is much larger and significant.
Egypt has a population of more than 80 million people, the largest population in the 22 Arabic speaking countries.
Although the overthrow of Tunisia's president in December ignited many frustrations and long held grievances of the citizens in other countries across the region, eyes are now on Egypt and at the moment, the leaders of Jordan, Yemen, Syria and elsewhere are looking at their own government and making tremendous changes and reforms to try to prevent many of the same actions. Protests are currently taking place.
As for the U.S. and its involvement in this crisis, of course there is a great deal of concern and the crisis in Egypt has great significance to the U.S. We have many Egyptian-Americans living in the United States and many have called this their home for generations but still, Egypt is their home as well. Compassion must always be shown not only to our fellow Americans but, all others.
What would you go to a demonstration for? What freedom would you not be willing to give up?
Much of what the Egyptians are protesting for, Americans not only have but take for granted. Fair elections, presidential term limit restrictions, freedom of speech and assembly and the right these freedoms can't just be taken away at the whim of the government (like what is currently happening in Egypt and has been over the past 3 decades due to "Emergency Law").
What is the United State's position on making Mubarak step down being President?
This is a political revolution of the Egyptian people. They desire freedom and change in the way their country and government functions. Therefore it is up to Egypt and its people to unfold their new political system, laws and government, not outside countries. True change will come from within.
Since Mubarak has been an ally of the United States, there has been communication between Mubarak and President Obama as well as the Administration and other key officials in Egypt. It is important for the U.S. to point out certain views pertaining to matters that does affect the U.S. as well as what effects U.S. citizens in Egypt, humanitarian efforts and the safety of international journalists. The U.S. has remained a close ally with Egypt for many years and as long as diplomatically possible, this is important to continue without forgetting about the rights of the Egyptian citizens.
However, for the U.S. Administration or U.S. Citizens to act as though we can tell another country's leader to step down does nothing to aide that country or the real long term efforts toward transformation they are working on. It also hurts our diplomacy efforts with other countries and in the long run would hurt our relations with the government that ends up being formed in Egypt. The U.S. cannot see itself as the strong hold over the world.
The best seat for the U.S. to strategically plan for what needs to be done after Egypt's transition and the actions that follow in Yemen, Jordan, Syria and other neighboring governments may be in the observation area allowing the people of Egypt and its current government to build its own future out of its current turmoil.
Allow them to have change.
This entry was posted in American, Change, CNN, compassion, Constitution, Freedom, freedoms, humanity, Obama, politics, President, Protests, Social Media, Twitter, U.S., United States, White House and tagged "Emergency Law", "Human Rights Violations, "Liberty Square", "Social Media", #Jan25, @tracysolomon, Algeria, Arabic, Change, Change for Egypt, crisis, Egypt, Egyptian-American, Egyptians, Facebook, Jordan, journalists, Mubarak, political, Pro-Mubarak, protestors, revolution, Square", Syria, transformation, Tunisia, twitter, Yemen, youth on 02/05/2011 by Tracy L. Solomon.
Freedom – What is it worth?
Photo by: Moe
More often it seems people are concerned about what is happening to their freedoms or one person's freedom is standing in the way of another person's freedom.
One person's freedom of speech can become bullying or harassment to another which has been making headlines recently across the nation even inspiring the "It Gets Better" campaign.
Freedoms have been fought for throughout America's history but when one person's freedom has become a source of disrespect, intolerance, hate or the cause of a crime, this is no longer just someone exercising their freedoms but instead it is an act against someone else's rights.
What exactly is a freedom and what is a right? Where should the line be drawn and who should draw the line?
A freedom is very difficult to just flat out define but it is being free willed, making one's own choices, having liberty, not being physically bound or confined or not having one's future pre-determined. Freedom is being able to have something that is yours and know you will be able to hold on to it.
A right is the freedom to do something or the justifiable claim or entitlement to something. Some may say a right is something you are born with and die with like the rights spelled out in the U.S. Constitution. However, this has been something that is argued that these are more a privilege because they can be taken away from you. For example, prisoners lose many of their rights. However, we are looking at this primarily as freedoms.
Can a person have too much freedom? Is it possible for freedom to be taken too far or to be misinterpreted?
If a person had 100% freedom to do absolutely anything he/she wanted this could and most likely would begin to infringe on those around them. Each person having their own freedoms would expect to have the same apply to them, 100% freedom for themselves. This couldn't work.
It's very easy to come up with a quick example that is not extreme but more or less a day to day example. Imagine a busy supermarket, long lines at the register and everyone is on their cell phones, talking loudly and in no hurry to get off. That includes the cashier, the person ahead of you and the person ahead of them. Everyone is just freely talking. It may seem rude but is it breaking the law?
Putting one's freedoms aside to respect another person and/or their freedoms has made life not only tolerable but has made America a place where people feel safe enough to speak up, be religious or choose not to practice religion, pick and represent political parties, vote, chase their dreams or follow in the footsteps of previous generations.
But, is this America being pushed aside as more individuals are consumed by personal freedoms instead of overall respect, safety and equality?
Not too long ago, in the top of the news was the Islamic Center in NYC. The issue originally stated that people were concerned with it being so close to Ground Zero.
However, once the media became more involved, the issue became more against Islam and the NYC Islamic Center wasn't the only one having issues with people not wanting to see it built.
Another proposed Islamic Center in Murfreesboro, Tennessee ran into extreme debates even though they had been in the community for two decades. Their plans were for a larger center than their already existing one. However, opponents went to court to try to put a halt to their plans.
This past week, Chancellor Robert Corlew III denied the opponents of the Mosque an emergency injunction that would block construction so for now, it looks like plans can move forward.
What happened to freedom of religion? Who decides where the line of freedom is drawn? Then, is it really freedom?
Remember the Florida Pastor, Terry Jones? He was willing to go against top brass in the military, Lt. Gen. William Caldwell and General David Petraeus, as well as multiple religious and community leaders who urged him to reconsider his plans to burn the Holy Book of Islam, the Qu'ran, on September 11th of this year.
Why would he do such an act? Because he felt Islam was of the devil and he wanted to express how he felt.
Once his story reached the news and the news spread worldwide what he was planning to do, safety for American troops in the Middle East was a great concern as well as the safety for Americans abroad due to retaliation for what Terry Jones was planning to do. However, with these details, Terry Jones did not want to back down.
Was he breaking the law or was he just exercising his right to free speech and to share how he felt about Islam?
Terry Jones changed his mind at the last minute after all of the attention and after a great deal of fear had set in due to riots in the Middle East. This was going on at the same time as the issue over the Islamic Center in NYC and the one in Tennessee was going on. Tensions were already high. In the U.S., many people were debating different views and politicians had become involved as the 2010 mid-term elections were approaching.
When does one person's freedom hinder another person's freedom?
Members of the Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas have gone to military funerals across the country but not to pay respects to the families or say goodbye to a friend or loved one. They are armed with signs that say, "God Hates You" and "Thank God for Dead Soldiers". They feel America's war casualties are God's wrath for tolerating homosexuality. Is this really the time or place for a protest or picketing? Again, are they breaking a law? Do they have the right to do this? Do these families have the right to peacefully say goodbye to their loved ones?
Freedom is something that has set the U.S. apart from many other countries around the world. Many countries do not allow near as many freedoms as the U.S. allows and although this sets us apart, this can also be a wedge that drives a great divide through the nation. The more one person's freedom takes away from another person's freedom, the nation loses its freedom and therefore what separates the U.S. from many countries around the world.
Freedoms lost today may not affect you, as it happens to one person or a group of people today it can happen to another tomorrow and then more people over time.
Americans must understand that every freedom we have today has come to us through someone's great effort, fight and even death. Freedoms that have been gained over time can also be lost. They're never to be taken lightly or for granted; not your own freedoms or someone else's.
To be truly free requires the respect of the freedom of others and to know the limits of our freedoms. Then we, and those around us, can have a more meaningful and lasting freedom.
This entry was posted in America, Equality, Examiner, Freedom, rights, safety, security, tracy solomon and tagged "Freedom of Speech", "Ground Zero", "Islamic Center", "It Gets Better", "Terry Jones", "too much freedom", "Tracy Solomon", "Westboro Baptist Church", 100%, @tracysolomon, America, bullying, entitlement, freedoms, funerals, harassment, headlines, liberty, NYC, Qur'an, respect, rights, tolerable on 11/22/2010 by Tracy L. Solomon.
The answer is in diversity
America is a nation that was built on diversity. It wasn't something that was a choice or a point in the nation's history where a vote was held to allow immigrants to start coming in. No, America has been a land of freedom for immigrants all through the many years of its history.
Having people from all around the world living and working in one country, with different backgrounds, cultures, religions and beliefs means an absolute necessity to come together with respect, tolerance and understanding. This doesn't mean that everyone has to become who the other person is but it means that each person does need to understand each others' differences and learn to respect those and realize that each person has many likenesses and common goals which is what drives America to move forward.
America has always been known as the land of opportunity and has been looked to for its great medical advances, technological advances, freedoms and many other qualities that have been part of what has made America a place of growth, opportunity and achievement.
What gives that edge to America? America has qualified input from its citizens and residents that reside here from all over the world. Everyone that comes here brings with them their expertise, their dreams, goals and determination to have a better life. Whether they come here to be a doctor, a scientist, a student, an engineer, a chef or whatever they desire to be, they become part of the American fabric.
Too often, a person is judged by the way they speak or the way they look or by what part of history their culture or religion has played in America's past but has that individual personally been part of that history?
Why should they be judged? Why would their religion be held responsible for a group of extremist?
Throughout America, look around, there are many different people. Different races, cultures, religions and with each person there is a story. Until people take time to talk to each other, there is no way of knowing who the other person is. There is no reason to judge someone without knowing that particular individual, not by something that someone said or what someone may think but by talking to them and knowing them individually.
Without this effort and getting to know those around this great land of diversity and culture, a lot of what America has to offer is being put to the wayside and being wasted. So many people are in the shadows.
Showing respect, tolerance and understanding may be the best thing to start moving the U.S. out of the struggles it seems to be stuck in. This is not just something to learn when it comes to working within different cultures, races, religions and beliefs. This is also true when working with anyone, for any reason. This is true within our political parties, our Congress and our House. This is true in our schools with our young people. This is true within the workplace. This should just be part of daily life in America.
It starts with wanting to make a difference, stop arguing, end hate and intolerance and be willing to do what it takes to move America forward and making life better for everyone and each generation to come.
The best America has to offer may be one conversation away, one handshake away or one smile away.
This entry was posted in America, Congress, conversation, culture, diversity, Examiner, Freedom, Future, opportunity, racism, religion, respect, tolerance, tracy solomon, White House and tagged "different people", "different races", "end hate", "land of opportunity", "Tracy Solomon", "White House", @tracysolomon, America, beliefs, congress, Conversation, culture, diversity, freedom, future, h8, opportunity, racism, respect, tolerance, understanding on 09/09/2010 by Tracy L. Solomon.
Twitter users have been asking and answering that question for a while now under the hashtag, #whyIvote. A "hashtag" is a way of creating a group or a theme on twitter so others can keep up with a topic or add to the topic and #whyIVote has definitely caught on. It became a way of showing party likes or dislikes, candidate approvals or disapprovals and there are those that give the reason why they just don't vote. Of course, there will be a wide variety of differing opinions and insights as Twitter users range in age from young teens to the elderly, they can come from the Tampa Bay Area, New York, from Europe to Asia and they come from all walks of life and backgrounds.
What really draws attention is an overwhelming amount of inspirational reasons why people vote as well as some common sense reasons behind voting. For those on Twitter, go to the search area and type in "whyIVote to follow this hashtag and feel free to continue adding on. Here are just a few example tweets.
@utbrp "I remember the Joy I felt when Obama was elected President. I cried like a baby. No one can steal that". #WhyiVote
@isthisamerica "Because I think our best days as a country are ahead of us, not behind us". #whyivote
@TheHarrisWalker "Because I want to make a difference and you have no right to pass judgment on what happens if you don't". #whyivote
So, why vote? Voting has been the way this country has run its democratic process. The locally elected officials go on to represent their constituents both statewide and nationwide but somehow this system seems to be breaking down. In press conferences, the elected officials often say, "The American people want…" or "The American people feel…" but is it really what the majority of American people want or feel? Are they asking the people or… who do they ask? What or who do they follow? What plan of action sets up their goals in office? What happens to the promises they make?
Are the best individuals running for the job? Or, is it a "party against party" vote? Do parties look for individuals to run that are well qualified or do they back candidates that will get more votes, more campaign dollars and overall just get elected, which will bring them more seats in D.C.? What is most important to Party Officials?
To be successful, this nation needs elected officials that are looking ahead to build, empower and design a newer America while focusing on bettering our nation. What America doesn't need is more politicians taking office to tear down, blame or go back to a system that doesn't work.
A person that is elected to office is elected by each voter that went in and cast a ballot. That vote doesn't stop there. Voters can be just as involved following the elections as before the elections. They can show that compromising and dropping the ball is not acceptable and not what the American people want. When elected officials see that their voters want more than someone that can stand up during campaigns and make a good speech and make more of the same promises that are made each year but then afterward nothing happens until it's campaign time again, maybe it will show them to either make changes to how they are playing their "political game" or actually see that Americans don't see this as a game at all. This is life.
So, why vote? To be heard, have a say and make a difference. Vote because people have fought for the freedom to vote and the ability to be represented and because this country is a democracy. Vote because you can.
Feel free to leave a comment below sharing why you vote.
View this article on the Examiner.com page where the entire article is posted. Become a subscriber when new articles are released.
This entry was posted in #whyIvote, American, candidate, democracy, election2010, empower, Examiner.com, Freedom, Nation, parties, politics, Tampa, tracy solomon, Twitter, Vote and tagged "Tracy Solomon", #WhyIVote, @tracysolomon, American, candidate, democracy, election2010, empower, freedom, Nation, parties, Tampa, twitter, vote on 07/31/2010 by Tracy L. Solomon.


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There was widespread support for President Donald Trump's announcement backing Israel's claim over the Golan Heights by Israeli residents of the area.
Israel heading toward war in Gaza?
David Rubin, former mayor of Shiloh, Israel, on mounting tensions between Israel and Hamas in Gaza.
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Emboldened Israel Goes Right: In Israel, the right-wing has been bolstered by Trump's recognition of Jerusalem and the presence of more extreme voices in the ..
South Africa has withdrawn its ambassador to Israel in response to the killings of more than 50 Palestinians in Gaza. For more news, visit: sabcnews.com.
Israelis win 19 medals in the 2019 Special #Olympics World Games!


text:
Partly cloudy skies. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. Low around 65F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph..
Partly cloudy skies. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. Low around 65F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph.
Photo by Eric Elliott. Franklin's Kaden Keely (9) holds up the District 10 Class 3A championship plaque while teammates celebrate following Monday's 12-2 win over Hickory.
Photo by Eric Elliott. Franklin rightfielder Carson Wible (right) makes a catch as second baseman Tyus Wood looks on during Monday's 12-2 victory over Hickory.
Photo by Eric Elliott. Franklin starter Ian Haynes gave up just two hits during Monday's District 10 Class 3A title game.
Photo by Eric Elliott. Kaden Keely (right) is greeted by coach Brian Schmidt after belting a game-tying, two-run homer during the second inning.
Knights are District 10 champs!
Joe Henderson Staff writer
SLIPPERY ROCK - Despite losing only one game throughout the regular season and up to the semifinal round of the District 10 Class 3A playoffs, Franklin's baseball team had a tendency at times to get off to a bit of a slow start in games.
And that appeared to be the case again on Monday afternoon against Hickory in the D-10 championship game at Slippery Rock University's Jack Critchfield Park, as coach Brian Schmidt's Knights found themselves in a 2-0 hole after one inning of play.
But, that all changed with one swing of the bat in the top of the second inning as Kaden Keely launched a two-run home run over the wall in right field to get the Knights' offense in gear and they never looked back in recording a 12-2, six-inning victory over the Hornets, capturing the district crown and earning a berth in the PIAA playoffs in the process.
"It feels good," Schmidt said about his team winning the District 10 title. "I was happier about the first one we won, don't get me wrong, I'm excited. But, I'm ready to go a little further and I think the players are, too."
After failing to score in the first five innings in the quarterfinals against Greenville and coming up empty in the first three frames in the semis versus Titusville, the Knights found themselves trailing early on as they were put down in order by starting pitcher Hayden Gallagher in the top of the first while the Hornets got right to work in the home half of the frame.
Leadoff hitter Clay Wiesen opened with a clean single right up the middle and, after a flyout, Cam Whalen orchestrated a walk before Andrew Gay singled in Wiesen with the first run of the game. After an error and a wild pitch, Whalen came in to score for a 2-0 lead.
The game changed in a hurry, though, in the top of the second as Austin Rhoads led off with a walk before Keely cranked a blast over the 315-mark in right field to quickly tie the game at 2-2 and turn the momentum in Franklin's favor.
"It was huge," Schmidt said of Keely's home run. "Because we didn't play our best against Greenville or Titusville and these guys (Hickory) aren't the type of team that you want to have a slow start against. Up and down their order is tough and they are great hitting team. So, just to tie the game up there with a home run like that was huge."
Keely's blast seemed to wake up the Knights' bats and they continued their assault for the rest of the game, plating three runs in each of the third, fourth and fifth frames before ending the game early with one run in the sixth.
But, the home run not only seemed to have an affect on Franklin's offense, it also appeared to have an impact on starting pitcher Ian Haynes and on the play of the Knights' defense as well.
After giving up two runs on two hits and two walks in the top of the first frame,Haynes found his groove and retired the next 10 batters he faced before David Greensburg led off the fifth by reaching on an error. By that time, though, the Knights had built an 11-2 lead.
Haynes followed that up by setting down the next five batters in order before surrendering a two-out walk to Asher Patton in the bottom of the sixth. Haynes, though, struck out Nick Osborne to end the game. He finished with a two-hitter while fanning six and walking three. He did, however, get some help from some stellar plays from his defense, especially in the outfield.
"Ian didn't start out like he wanted. Those top-of-the-order guys for Hickory are tough and they set the table in the first inning," Schmidt said. "But, when Kaden hit the home run and we started getting those plays made in the outfield like Kaden's diving catch in center or the one where Carson Wible ran a mile for in right, he really settled down and pitched like he can."
With the game tied 2-2 and having Haynes and the defense firing on all cylinders, the offense began to really take over in the third.
After a strikeout and a popup, Connor Rakow got things started with a walk and Rhoads followed with a double down the right-field line to plate Rakow, who was running on the pitch, all the way from first base to give the Knights the lead for good at 3-2. Keely followed with another walk before Haynes and Marc Knox came through with back-to-back RBI singles for a 5-2 edge.
Franklin continued its torrid pace in the fourth and fifth as they plated six runs on six hits to open up an 11-2 advantage.
Wible opened the fourth with a single and Zach Taylor also reached base after beating out a bunt for another single. Tyus Wood then sacrificed the two over one base before Rakow drilled a two-run double that hit off the bottom of the wall in left field. Rhoads concluded the fourth with an RBI single to score Rakow.
In the fifth, Knox led off with a walk and Kolton Banfi sacrificed him over to second. Wible then delivered a run-scoring double before Taylor put down another bunt that led to him reaching after Hickory unsuccessfully tried to nab Wible out at third. Wood followed with a chopping single down the third-base line to score both Wible and Taylor.
Franklin got its final run in the sixth as back-to-back walks from Haynes and Knox led to Banfi's run-scoring single.
The Knights, who improved to 21-1 and increased their winning streak to 20 straight, will face the No. 3 seed out of District 7 in the first round of the PIAA playoffs on Monday at a site and time to be determined.
"I'm happy today, but I'm not satisfied by any means and I don't think any of our seniors are as well," Schmidt said. "Early on, we saw that we had the team to make a state run. These guys were in the eighth grade the last time we made it to states, so it's been awhile, and we're happy to be back and we'll take it one game at a time now."
By Richard Sayer
'Shrek: The Musical' dress rehearsal
Oil City vs KRE 14U All Star Game
Oil Region Indie Music Festival 2019
St. Patrick principal Carol Long was surprised on her last day.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you have a degree in Mass Communication, or you are currently studying to get this degree, or you have friends who have something to do with this degree in Nigeria, then you should be interested in this story. It seems the era of having Mass Communication as a degree in Nigeria is nearing an end.
Professors, professionals and practitioners of communication in Nigeria have presented new communication curricula to National Universities Commission (NUC).
A document containing new curricula for communication studies in Nigerian universities, which seeks to unbundle mass communication and create seven degree awarding departments to be domiciled under a School/College of Communication in its place, was formally presented to the Executive Secretary of the NUC, Prof. Abubakar Rasheed, in Abuja on Tuesday, 5th February 2019.
Proponents of the new curricula who have been working on it for the past two years and who were present to advocate for its acceptance and adoption included professors and senior lecturers from the departments of mass communication/communication studies of numerous universities spread across the six geo-political zones of the country; regulatory agencies such as the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) and Nigerian Press Council (NPC); professional bodies such as the Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ), Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON), Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR) and Radio, Television and Theartre Arts Workers Union (RATTAWU); practitioners such as the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), print media journalists and the Director of Public Relations of the Nigerian Navy; and international development agencies such as UNESCO, UNICEF and the MacArthur Foundation.
The Executive Secretary of the Tertiary Education Fund (TETFUND), Prof. Suleiman Elias Bogoro was also personally present to support the NUC Executive Secretary and to present a goodwill message at the ceremony.
The seven independent degree-awarding departments which the curricula seek to establish in place of mass communication are: Journalism & Media Studies, Public Relations, Advertising, Broadcasting, Film & Multimedia Studies, Development Communication Studies, and Information & Media Studies. Those who formally presented the curricula on behalf of the communication professors, professionals and practitioners were Professors Umaru Pate (Convener), Idowu Sobowale, Ralph Akinfeleye and Tonnie Iredia.
Receiving the document, the Executive Secretary of the NUC, Prof. Rasheed said a review of the mass communication curriculum was long overdue and promised to expedite action in the process of finalizing and adopting the curricula.
Prof. Eserinune McCarty Mojaye of the Department of Mass Communication, Kwara State University was among the notable dignitaries at the ceremony who also included Professors Palph Akinfeleye, Idowu Sobowale, Umaru Pate, Tonnie Iredia, Stella Okunna, Nnanyelugo Okoro, Sunny Udeze, Muyiwa Popoola, Godwin Oboh, Mr. Kingsley Osadolor and a host of others.
(from left to right) are: Professors Muyiwa Popoola of Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo; Sunny Udeze of Enugu State University of Technology, Enugu; Nnanyelugo Okoro of University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Idowu Sobowale of McPherson University, Seriki-Sotayo, Ajebo; Stella Okunna of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka; Ralph Akinfeleye of University of Lagos, Yaba, Lagos; Godwin Oboh of Benson Idahosa University, Benin City; Umaru Pate of Bayero University, Kano; and Eserinune McCarty Mojaye of Kwara State University, Malete.
Yes na, social media has turned all of us to journalist!!!
I once said that I will never allow anyone I know to study 'Mass Communication' as a Degree. A roudy degree. They have the highest number of unemployable graduates in Nigeria.
Nothing pisses a recruiter than seeing a Mass Communication Degree on a Resume. Believe me. A recruiter once told me in confidence that he had preferred a Public Administrator to a Mass Communicator. No offence.
Must Nollywood mad men always eat bread?
I think this is a nice concept.
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This your CCTV camara looks like Buhari's failures.
Reading comments on nairaland just makes you wonder, how many Nigerians bother to read a story beyond its headline, or is it comprehension issue?
OYO na the case o, le le le.
Those aforementioned are the branches of mass communication, so it's good when a student picks just one branch and specializes on it, instead of studying all of them in one course and having mastery of none.


This simple and traditional roast beef recipe is fit for any occasion. Gremolata may sound fancy, but it's a simple, quick and easy herb condiment that is fantastic with the flavoursome, savoury crust on the outside of the beef.
Prepare the barbecue for indirect cooking over medium heat (190°C to 230°C). If using a Weber Q barbecue, set up your barbecue with a convection tray and a trivet. Rub the olive oil and wholegrain mustard all over the beef. Then evenly coat with the salt and pepper.
Roast the beef over indirect medium heat, with the lid closed, for about 1 hour 15 minutes to 1 hour 30 minutes, or until cooked to your liking. To estimate the cooking time, measure the meat through its thickest part and cook for 1 minute per millimetre for medium. For example, if the roast is 90mm thick, cook for 90 minutes.
For the gremolata; finely chop the parsley and garlic. Add to a medium bowl and add the lemon zest, juice and olive oil. Stir together to combine and season with salt.
Once the beef has cooked to your liking. Remove from the barbecue and leave to rest for 10 to 15 minutes, before slicing. Serve with the gremolata.


text:
namespace Ice {
namespace MIPS32 {

class TargetMIPS32 : public TargetLowering {
  TargetMIPS32() = delete;
  TargetMIPS32(const TargetMIPS32 &) = delete;
  TargetMIPS32 &operator=(const TargetMIPS32 &) = delete;

public:
  ~TargetMIPS32() override = default;

  static void staticInit(GlobalContext *Ctx);
  static bool shouldBePooled(const Constant *C) {
    if (auto *ConstDouble = llvm::dyn_cast<ConstantDouble>(C)) {
      return !Utils::isPositiveZero(ConstDouble->getValue());
    }
    if (auto *ConstFloat = llvm::dyn_cast<ConstantFloat>(C)) {
      return !Utils::isPositiveZero(ConstFloat->getValue());
    }
    return false;
  }
  static ::Ice::Type getPointerType() { return ::Ice::IceType_i32; }
  static std::unique_ptr<::Ice::TargetLowering> create(Cfg *Func) {
    return makeUnique<TargetMIPS32>(Func);
  }

  std::unique_ptr<::Ice::Assembler> createAssembler() const override {
    return makeUnique<MIPS32::AssemblerMIPS32>();
  }

  void initNodeForLowering(CfgNode *Node) override {
    Computations.forgetProducers();
    Computations.recordProducers(Node);
    Computations.dump(Func);
  }

  void translateOm1() override;
  void translateO2() override;
  bool doBranchOpt(Inst *Instr, const CfgNode *NextNode) override;
  void setImplicitRet(Variable *Ret) { ImplicitRet = Ret; }
  Variable *getImplicitRet() const { return ImplicitRet; }
  SizeT getNumRegisters() const override { return RegMIPS32::Reg_NUM; }
  Variable *getPhysicalRegister(RegNumT RegNum,
                                Type Ty = IceType_void) override;
  const char *getRegName(RegNumT RegNum, Type Ty) const override;
  SmallBitVector getRegisterSet(RegSetMask Include,
                                RegSetMask Exclude) const override;
  const SmallBitVector &
  getRegistersForVariable(const Variable *Var) const override {
    RegClass RC = Var->getRegClass();
    assert(RC < RC_Target);
    return TypeToRegisterSet[RC];
  }
  const SmallBitVector &
  getAllRegistersForVariable(const Variable *Var) const override {
    RegClass RC = Var->getRegClass();
    assert(RC < RC_Target);
    return TypeToRegisterSetUnfiltered[RC];
  }
  const SmallBitVector &getAliasesForRegister(RegNumT Reg) const override {
    return RegisterAliases[Reg];
  }
  bool hasFramePointer() const override { return UsesFramePointer; }
  void setHasFramePointer() override { UsesFramePointer = true; }
  RegNumT getStackReg() const override { return RegMIPS32::Reg_SP; }
  RegNumT getFrameReg() const override { return RegMIPS32::Reg_FP; }
  RegNumT getFrameOrStackReg() const override {
    return UsesFramePointer ? getFrameReg() : getStackReg();
  }
  RegNumT getReservedTmpReg() const { return RegMIPS32::Reg_AT; }
  size_t typeWidthInBytesOnStack(Type Ty) const override {
    // Round up to the next multiple of 4 bytes. In particular, i1, i8, and i16
    // are rounded up to 4 bytes.
    return (typeWidthInBytes(Ty) + 3) & ~3;
  }
  uint32_t getStackAlignment() const override;
  void reserveFixedAllocaArea(size_t Size, size_t Align) override {
    FixedAllocaSizeBytes = Size;
    assert(llvm::isPowerOf2_32(Align));
    FixedAllocaAlignBytes = Align;
    PrologEmitsFixedAllocas = true;
  }
  int32_t getFrameFixedAllocaOffset() const override {
    int32_t FixedAllocaOffset =
        Utils::applyAlignment(CurrentAllocaOffset, FixedAllocaAlignBytes);
    return FixedAllocaOffset - MaxOutArgsSizeBytes;
  }

  uint32_t maxOutArgsSizeBytes() const override { return MaxOutArgsSizeBytes; }

  uint32_t getFramePointerOffset(uint32_t CurrentOffset,
                                 uint32_t Size) const override {
    (void)Size;
    return CurrentOffset + MaxOutArgsSizeBytes;
  }

  bool shouldSplitToVariable64On32(Type Ty) const override {
    return Ty == IceType_i64;
  }

  bool shouldSplitToVariableVecOn32(Type Ty) const override {
    return isVectorType(Ty);
  }

  // TODO(ascull): what is the best size of MIPS?
  SizeT getMinJumpTableSize() const override { return 3; }
  void emitJumpTable(const Cfg *Func,
                     const InstJumpTable *JumpTable) const override;

  void emitVariable(const Variable *Var) const override;

  void emit(const ConstantInteger32 *C) const final {
    if (!BuildDefs::dump())
      return;
    Ostream &Str = Ctx->getStrEmit();
    Str << C->getValue();
  }
  void emit(const ConstantInteger64 *C) const final {
    (void)C;
    llvm::report_fatal_error("Not yet implemented");
  }
  void emit(const ConstantFloat *C) const final {
    (void)C;
    llvm::report_fatal_error("Not yet implemented");
  }
  void emit(const ConstantDouble *C) const final {
    (void)C;
    llvm::report_fatal_error("Not yet implemented");
  }
  void emit(const ConstantUndef *C) const final {
    (void)C;
    llvm::report_fatal_error("Not yet implemented");
  }
  void emit(const ConstantRelocatable *C) const final {
    (void)C;
    llvm::report_fatal_error("Not yet implemented");
  }

  // The following are helpers that insert lowered MIPS32 instructions with
  // minimal syntactic overhead, so that the lowering code can look as close to
  // assembly as practical.
  void _add(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Add>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _addu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Addu>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _and(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32And>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _andi(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Andi>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _br(CfgNode *Target) { Context.insert<InstMIPS32Br>(Target); }

  void _br(CfgNode *Target, const InstMIPS32Label *Label) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Br>(Target, Label);
  }

  void _br(CfgNode *TargetTrue, CfgNode *TargetFalse, Operand *Src0,
           Operand *Src1, CondMIPS32::Cond Condition) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Br>(TargetTrue, TargetFalse, Src0, Src1,
                                 Condition);
  }

  void _br(CfgNode *TargetTrue, CfgNode *TargetFalse, Operand *Src0,
           CondMIPS32::Cond Condition) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Br>(TargetTrue, TargetFalse, Src0, Condition);
  }

  void _br(CfgNode *TargetTrue, CfgNode *TargetFalse, Operand *Src0,
           Operand *Src1, const InstMIPS32Label *Label,
           CondMIPS32::Cond Condition) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Br>(TargetTrue, TargetFalse, Src0, Src1, Label,
                                 Condition);
  }

  void _ret(Variable *RA, Variable *Src0 = nullptr) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Ret>(RA, Src0);
  }

  void _abs_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Abs_d>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _abs_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Abs_s>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _addi(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Addi>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _add_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Add_d>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _add_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Add_s>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _addiu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Addiu>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _addiu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Operand *Src1, RelocOp Reloc) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Addiu>(Dest, Src0, Src1, Reloc);
  }

  void _c_eq_d(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_eq_d>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_eq_s(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_eq_s>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ole_d(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ole_d>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ole_s(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ole_s>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_olt_d(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_olt_d>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_olt_s(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_olt_s>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ueq_d(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ueq_d>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ueq_s(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ueq_s>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ule_d(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ule_d>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ule_s(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ule_s>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ult_d(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ult_d>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_ult_s(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_ult_s>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_un_d(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_un_d>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _c_un_s(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32C_un_s>(Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _clz(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Clz>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _cvt_d_l(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Cvt_d_l>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _cvt_d_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Cvt_d_s>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _cvt_d_w(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Cvt_d_w>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _cvt_s_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Cvt_s_d>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _cvt_s_l(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Cvt_s_l>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _cvt_s_w(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Cvt_s_w>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _div(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Div>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _div_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Div_d>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _div_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Div_s>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _divu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Divu>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _ldc1(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem, RelocOp Reloc = RO_No) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Ldc1>(Value, Mem, Reloc);
  }

  void _ll(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Ll>(Value, Mem);
  }

  void _lw(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Lw>(Value, Mem);
  }

  void _lwc1(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem, RelocOp Reloc = RO_No) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Lwc1>(Value, Mem, Reloc);
  }

  void _lui(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src, RelocOp Reloc = RO_No) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Lui>(Dest, Src, Reloc);
  }

  void _mfc1(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mfc1>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _mfhi(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mfhi>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _mflo(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mflo>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _mov(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src0, Operand *Src1 = nullptr) {
    assert(Dest != nullptr);
    // Variable* Src0_ = llvm::dyn_cast<Variable>(Src0);
    if (llvm::isa<ConstantRelocatable>(Src0)) {
      Context.insert<InstMIPS32La>(Dest, Src0);
    } else {
      auto *Instr = Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mov>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
      if (Instr->getDestHi() != nullptr) {
        // If DestHi is available, then Dest must be a Variable64On32. We add a
        // fake-def for Instr.DestHi here.
        assert(llvm::isa<Variable64On32>(Dest));
        Context.insert<InstFakeDef>(Instr->getDestHi());
      }
    }
  }

  void _mov_redefined(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src0, Operand *Src1 = nullptr) {
    if (llvm::isa<ConstantRelocatable>(Src0)) {
      Context.insert<InstMIPS32La>(Dest, Src0);
    } else {
      auto *Instr = Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mov>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
      Instr->setDestRedefined();
      if (Instr->getDestHi() != nullptr) {
        // If Instr is multi-dest, then Dest must be a Variable64On32. We add a
        // fake-def for Instr.DestHi here.
        assert(llvm::isa<Variable64On32>(Dest));
        Context.insert<InstFakeDef>(Instr->getDestHi());
      }
    }
  }

  void _mov_fp64_to_i64(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src, Int64Part Int64HiLo) {
    assert(Dest != nullptr);
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32MovFP64ToI64>(Dest, Src, Int64HiLo);
  }

  void _mov_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mov_d>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _mov_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mov_s>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _movf(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Operand *FCC) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movf>(Dest, Src0, FCC)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _movn(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movn>(Dest, Src0, Src1)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _movn_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movn_d>(Dest, Src0, Src1)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _movn_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movn_s>(Dest, Src0, Src1)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _movt(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Operand *FCC) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movt>(Dest, Src0, FCC)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _movz(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movz>(Dest, Src0, Src1)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _movz_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movz_d>(Dest, Src0, Src1)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _movz_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Movz_s>(Dest, Src0, Src1)->setDestRedefined();
  }

  void _mtc1(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mtc1>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _mthi(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mthi>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _mtlo(Variable *Dest, Operand *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mtlo>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _mul(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mul>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _mul_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mul_d>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _mul_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mul_s>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _mult(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Mult>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _multu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Multu>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _nop() { Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sll>(getZero(), getZero(), 0); }

  void _nor(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Nor>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _not(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Nor>(Dest, Src0, getZero());
  }

  void _or(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Or>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _ori(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Ori>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  InstMIPS32Sc *_sc(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem) {
    return Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sc>(Value, Mem);
  }

  void _sdc1(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sdc1>(Value, Mem);
  }

  void _sll(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sll>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _sllv(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sllv>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _slt(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Slt>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _slti(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Slti>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _sltiu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sltiu>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _sltu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sltu>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _sqrt_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sqrt_d>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _sqrt_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sqrt_s>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _sra(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sra>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _srav(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Srav>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _srl(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Srl>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void _srlv(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Srlv>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _sub(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sub>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _sub_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sub_d>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _sub_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sub_s>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _subu(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Subu>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _sw(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sw>(Value, Mem);
  }

  void _swc1(Variable *Value, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Swc1>(Value, Mem);
  }

  void _sync() { Context.insert<InstMIPS32Sync>(); }

  void _teq(Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1, uint32_t TrapCode) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Teq>(Src0, Src1, TrapCode);
  }

  void _trunc_l_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Trunc_l_d>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _trunc_l_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Trunc_l_s>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _trunc_w_d(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Trunc_w_d>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _trunc_w_s(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Trunc_w_s>(Dest, Src);
  }

  void _xor(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Xor>(Dest, Src0, Src1);
  }

  void _xori(Variable *Dest, Variable *Src, uint32_t Imm) {
    Context.insert<InstMIPS32Xori>(Dest, Src, Imm);
  }

  void lowerArguments() override;

  class Sandboxer {
    Sandboxer() = delete;
    Sandboxer(const Sandboxer &) = delete;
    Sandboxer &operator=(const Sandboxer &) = delete;

  public:
    explicit Sandboxer(
        TargetMIPS32 *Target,
        InstBundleLock::Option BundleOption = InstBundleLock::Opt_None);
    ~Sandboxer();

    void addiu_sp(uint32_t StackOffset);
    void lw(Variable *Dest, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem);
    void sw(Variable *Dest, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem);
    void ll(Variable *Dest, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem);
    void sc(Variable *Dest, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem);
    void lwc1(Variable *Dest, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem, RelocOp Reloc = RO_No);
    void ldc1(Variable *Dest, OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem, RelocOp Reloc = RO_No);
    void ret(Variable *RetAddr, Variable *RetValue);
    void reset_sp(Variable *Src);
    InstMIPS32Call *jal(Variable *ReturnReg, Operand *CallTarget);

  private:
    TargetMIPS32 *const Target;
    const InstBundleLock::Option BundleOption;
    std::unique_ptr<AutoBundle> Bundler;

    void createAutoBundle();
  };

  const bool NeedSandboxing;

  /// Make a pass through the SortedSpilledVariables and actually assign stack
  /// slots. SpillAreaPaddingBytes takes into account stack alignment padding.
  /// The SpillArea starts after that amount of padding. This matches the scheme
  /// in getVarStackSlotParams, where there may be a separate multi-block global
  /// var spill area and a local var spill area.
  void assignVarStackSlots(VarList &SortedSpilledVariables,
                           size_t SpillAreaPaddingBytes,
                           size_t SpillAreaSizeBytes,
                           size_t GlobalsAndSubsequentPaddingSize);

  /// Operand legalization helpers.  To deal with address mode constraints,
  /// the helpers will create a new Operand and emit instructions that
  /// guarantee that the Operand kind is one of those indicated by the
  /// LegalMask (a bitmask of allowed kinds).  If the input Operand is known
  /// to already meet the constraints, it may be simply returned as the result,
  /// without creating any new instructions or operands.
  enum OperandLegalization {
    Legal_None = 0,
    Legal_Reg = 1 << 0, // physical register, not stack location
    Legal_Imm = 1 << 1,
    Legal_Mem = 1 << 2,
    Legal_Rematerializable = 1 << 3,
    Legal_Default = ~Legal_None
  };
  typedef uint32_t LegalMask;
  Operand *legalize(Operand *From, LegalMask Allowed = Legal_Default,
                    RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT());

  Variable *legalizeToVar(Operand *From, RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT());

  Variable *legalizeToReg(Operand *From, RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT());

  Variable *makeReg(Type Ty, RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT());

  Variable *getZero() {
    auto *Zero = makeReg(IceType_i32, RegMIPS32::Reg_ZERO);
    Context.insert<InstFakeDef>(Zero);
    return Zero;
  }

  Variable *I32Reg(RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT()) {
    return makeReg(IceType_i32, RegNum);
  }

  Variable *F32Reg(RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT()) {
    return makeReg(IceType_f32, RegNum);
  }

  Variable *F64Reg(RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT()) {
    return makeReg(IceType_f64, RegNum);
  }

  static Type stackSlotType();
  Variable *copyToReg(Operand *Src, RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT());

  void unsetIfNonLeafFunc();

  // Iterates over the CFG and determines the maximum outgoing stack arguments
  // bytes. This information is later used during addProlog() to pre-allocate
  // the outargs area
  void findMaxStackOutArgsSize();

  void postLowerLegalization();

  void addProlog(CfgNode *Node) override;
  void addEpilog(CfgNode *Node) override;

  // Ensure that a 64-bit Variable has been split into 2 32-bit
  // Variables, creating them if necessary.  This is needed for all
  // I64 operations.
  void split64(Variable *Var);
  Operand *loOperand(Operand *Operand);
  Operand *hiOperand(Operand *Operand);
  Operand *getOperandAtIndex(Operand *Operand, Type BaseType, uint32_t Index);

  void finishArgumentLowering(Variable *Arg, bool PartialOnStack,
                              Variable *FramePtr, size_t BasicFrameOffset,
                              size_t *InArgsSizeBytes);

  Operand *legalizeUndef(Operand *From, RegNumT RegNum = RegNumT());

  /// Helper class that understands the Calling Convention and register
  /// assignments as per MIPS O32 abi.
  class CallingConv {
    CallingConv(const CallingConv &) = delete;
    CallingConv &operator=(const CallingConv &) = delete;

  public:
    CallingConv();
    ~CallingConv() = default;

    /// argInReg returns true if there is a Register available for the requested
    /// type, and false otherwise. If it returns true, Reg is set to the
    /// appropriate register number. Note that, when Ty == IceType_i64, Reg will
    /// be an I64 register pair.
    bool argInReg(Type Ty, uint32_t ArgNo, RegNumT *Reg);
    void discardReg(RegNumT Reg) { GPRegsUsed |= RegisterAliases[Reg]; }

  private:
    // argInGPR is used to find if any GPR register is available for argument of
    // type Ty
    bool argInGPR(Type Ty, RegNumT *Reg);
    /// argInVFP is to floating-point/vector types what argInGPR is for integer
    /// types.
    bool argInVFP(Type Ty, RegNumT *Reg);
    inline void discardNextGPRAndItsAliases(CfgVector<RegNumT> *Regs);
    inline void alignGPR(CfgVector<RegNumT> *Regs);
    void discardUnavailableGPRsAndTheirAliases(CfgVector<RegNumT> *Regs);
    SmallBitVector GPRegsUsed;
    CfgVector<RegNumT> GPRArgs;
    CfgVector<RegNumT> I64Args;

    void discardUnavailableVFPRegsAndTheirAliases(CfgVector<RegNumT> *Regs);
    SmallBitVector VFPRegsUsed;
    CfgVector<RegNumT> FP32Args;
    CfgVector<RegNumT> FP64Args;
    // UseFPRegs is a flag indicating if FP registers can be used
    bool UseFPRegs = false;
  };

protected:
  explicit TargetMIPS32(Cfg *Func);

  void postLower() override;

  void lowerAlloca(const InstAlloca *Instr) override;
  void lowerArithmetic(const InstArithmetic *Instr) override;
  void lowerInt64Arithmetic(const InstArithmetic *Instr, Variable *Dest,
                            Operand *Src0, Operand *Src1);
  void lowerAssign(const InstAssign *Instr) override;
  void lowerBr(const InstBr *Instr) override;
  void lowerBreakpoint(const InstBreakpoint *Instr) override;
  void lowerCall(const InstCall *Instr) override;
  void lowerCast(const InstCast *Instr) override;
  void lowerExtractElement(const InstExtractElement *Instr) override;
  void lowerFcmp(const InstFcmp *Instr) override;
  void lowerIcmp(const InstIcmp *Instr) override;
  void lower64Icmp(const InstIcmp *Instr);
  void createArithInst(Intrinsics::AtomicRMWOperation Operation, Variable *Dest,
                       Variable *Src0, Variable *Src1);
  void lowerIntrinsic(const InstIntrinsic *Instr) override;
  void lowerInsertElement(const InstInsertElement *Instr) override;
  void lowerLoad(const InstLoad *Instr) override;
  void lowerPhi(const InstPhi *Instr) override;
  void lowerRet(const InstRet *Instr) override;
  void lowerSelect(const InstSelect *Instr) override;
  void lowerShuffleVector(const InstShuffleVector *Instr) override;
  void lowerStore(const InstStore *Instr) override;
  void lowerSwitch(const InstSwitch *Instr) override;
  void lowerUnreachable(const InstUnreachable *Instr) override;
  void lowerOther(const Inst *Instr) override;
  void prelowerPhis() override;
  uint32_t getCallStackArgumentsSizeBytes(const InstCall *Instr) override;
  void genTargetHelperCallFor(Inst *Instr) override;
  void doAddressOptLoad() override;
  void doAddressOptStore() override;

  OperandMIPS32Mem *formMemoryOperand(Operand *Ptr, Type Ty);

  class PostLoweringLegalizer {
    PostLoweringLegalizer() = delete;
    PostLoweringLegalizer(const PostLoweringLegalizer &) = delete;
    PostLoweringLegalizer &operator=(const PostLoweringLegalizer &) = delete;

  public:
    explicit PostLoweringLegalizer(TargetMIPS32 *Target)
        : Target(Target), StackOrFrameReg(Target->getPhysicalRegister(
                              Target->getFrameOrStackReg())) {}

    /// Legalizes Mem. if Mem.Base is a rematerializable variable,
    /// Mem.Offset is fixed up.
    OperandMIPS32Mem *legalizeMemOperand(OperandMIPS32Mem *Mem);

    /// Legalizes Immediate if larger value overflows range of 16 bits
    Variable *legalizeImmediate(int32_t Imm);

    /// Legalizes Mov if its Source (or Destination) is a spilled Variable, or
    /// if its Source is a Rematerializable variable (this form is used in lieu
    /// of lea, which is not available in MIPS.)
    ///
    /// Moves to memory become store instructions, and moves from memory, loads.
    void legalizeMov(InstMIPS32Mov *Mov);
    void legalizeMovFp(InstMIPS32MovFP64ToI64 *MovInstr);

  private:
    /// Creates a new Base register centered around [Base, +/- Offset].
    Variable *newBaseRegister(Variable *Base, int32_t Offset,
                              RegNumT ScratchRegNum);

    TargetMIPS32 *const Target;
    Variable *const StackOrFrameReg;
  };

  bool UsesFramePointer = false;
  bool NeedsStackAlignment = false;
  bool MaybeLeafFunc = true;
  bool PrologEmitsFixedAllocas = false;
  bool VariableAllocaUsed = false;
  uint32_t MaxOutArgsSizeBytes = 0;
  uint32_t TotalStackSizeBytes = 0;
  uint32_t CurrentAllocaOffset = 0;
  uint32_t VariableAllocaAlignBytes = 0;
  static SmallBitVector TypeToRegisterSet[RCMIPS32_NUM];
  static SmallBitVector TypeToRegisterSetUnfiltered[RCMIPS32_NUM];
  static SmallBitVector RegisterAliases[RegMIPS32::Reg_NUM];
  SmallBitVector RegsUsed;
  VarList PhysicalRegisters[IceType_NUM];
  VarList PreservedGPRs;
  static constexpr uint32_t CHAR_BITS = 8;
  static constexpr uint32_t INT32_BITS = 32;
  size_t SpillAreaSizeBytes = 0;
  size_t FixedAllocaSizeBytes = 0;
  size_t FixedAllocaAlignBytes = 0;
  size_t PreservedRegsSizeBytes = 0;
  Variable *ImplicitRet = nullptr; /// Implicit return

private:
  ENABLE_MAKE_UNIQUE;

  OperandMIPS32Mem *formAddressingMode(Type Ty, Cfg *Func, const Inst *LdSt,
                                       Operand *Base);

  class ComputationTracker {
  public:
    ComputationTracker() = default;
    ~ComputationTracker() = default;

    void forgetProducers() { KnownComputations.clear(); }
    void recordProducers(CfgNode *Node);

    const Inst *getProducerOf(const Operand *Opnd) const {
      auto *Var = llvm::dyn_cast<Variable>(Opnd);
      if (Var == nullptr) {
        return nullptr;
      }

      auto Iter = KnownComputations.find(Var->getIndex());
      if (Iter == KnownComputations.end()) {
        return nullptr;
      }

      return Iter->second.Instr;
    }

    void dump(const Cfg *Func) const {
      if (!BuildDefs::dump() || !Func->isVerbose(IceV_Folding))
        return;
      OstreamLocker L(Func->getContext());
      Ostream &Str = Func->getContext()->getStrDump();
      Str << "foldable producer:\n";
      for (const auto &Computation : KnownComputations) {
        Str << "    ";
        Computation.second.Instr->dump(Func);
        Str << "\n";
      }
      Str << "\n";
    }

  private:
    class ComputationEntry {
    public:
      ComputationEntry(Inst *I, Type Ty) : Instr(I), ComputationType(Ty) {}
      Inst *const Instr;
      // Boolean folding is disabled for variables whose live range is multi
      // block. We conservatively initialize IsLiveOut to true, and set it to
      // false once we find the end of the live range for the variable defined
      // by this instruction. If liveness analysis is not performed (e.g., in
      // Om1 mode) IsLiveOut will never be set to false, and folding will be
      // disabled.
      bool IsLiveOut = true;
      int32_t NumUses = 0;
      Type ComputationType;
    };

    // ComputationMap maps a Variable number to a payload identifying which
    // instruction defined it.
    using ComputationMap = CfgUnorderedMap<SizeT, ComputationEntry>;
    ComputationMap KnownComputations;
  };

  ComputationTracker Computations;
};

class TargetDataMIPS32 final : public TargetDataLowering {
  TargetDataMIPS32() = delete;
  TargetDataMIPS32(const TargetDataMIPS32 &) = delete;
  TargetDataMIPS32 &operator=(const TargetDataMIPS32 &) = delete;

public:
  static std::unique_ptr<TargetDataLowering> create(GlobalContext *Ctx) {
    return std::unique_ptr<TargetDataLowering>(new TargetDataMIPS32(Ctx));
  }

  void lowerGlobals(const VariableDeclarationList &Vars,
                    const std::string &SectionSuffix) override;
  void lowerConstants() override;
  void lowerJumpTables() override;
  void emitTargetRODataSections() override;

protected:
  explicit TargetDataMIPS32(GlobalContext *Ctx);

private:
  ~TargetDataMIPS32() override = default;
};

class TargetHeaderMIPS32 final : public TargetHeaderLowering {
  TargetHeaderMIPS32() = delete;
  TargetHeaderMIPS32(const TargetHeaderMIPS32 &) = delete;
  TargetHeaderMIPS32 &operator=(const TargetHeaderMIPS32 &) = delete;

public:
  static std::unique_ptr<TargetHeaderLowering> create(GlobalContext *Ctx) {
    return std::unique_ptr<TargetHeaderLowering>(new TargetHeaderMIPS32(Ctx));
  }

  void lower() override;

protected:
  explicit TargetHeaderMIPS32(GlobalContext *Ctx);

private:
  ~TargetHeaderMIPS32() = default;
};

// This structure (with some minor modifications) is copied from
// llvm/lib/Target/Mips/MCTargetDesc/MipsABIFlagsSection.h file.
struct MipsABIFlagsSection {

  // Version of the MIPS.abiflags section
  enum AFL_VERSION {
    AFL_VERSION_V0 = 0 // Version 0
  };

  // The level of the ISA: 1-5, 32, 64.
  enum AFL_ISA_LEVEL {
    AFL_ISA_LEVEL_NONE = 0,
    AFL_ISA_LEVEL_MIPS32 = 32, // MIPS32
  };

  // The revision of ISA: 0 for MIPS V and below, 1-n otherwise.
  enum AFL_ISA_REV {
    AFL_ISA_REV_NONE = 0,
    AFL_ISA_REV_R1 = 1, // R1
  };

  // Values for the xxx_size bytes of an ABI flags structure.
  enum AFL_REG {
    AFL_REG_NONE = 0x00, // No registers.
    AFL_REG_32 = 0x01,   // 32-bit registers.
    AFL_REG_64 = 0x02,   // 64-bit registers.
    AFL_REG_128 = 0x03   // 128-bit registers.
  };

  // Values for the fp_abi word of an ABI flags structure.
  enum AFL_FP_ABI {
    AFL_FP_ANY = 0,
    AFL_FP_DOUBLE = 1,
    AFL_FP_XX = 5,
    AFL_FP_64 = 6,
    AFL_FP_64A = 7
  };

  // Values for the isa_ext word of an ABI flags structure.
  enum AFL_EXT {
    AFL_EXT_NONE = 0,
    AFL_EXT_XLR = 1,          // RMI Xlr instruction.
    AFL_EXT_OCTEON2 = 2,      // Cavium Networks Octeon2.
    AFL_EXT_OCTEONP = 3,      // Cavium Networks OcteonP.
    AFL_EXT_LOONGSON_3A = 4,  // Loongson 3A.
    AFL_EXT_OCTEON = 5,       // Cavium Networks Octeon.
    AFL_EXT_5900 = 6,         // MIPS R5900 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_4650 = 7,         // MIPS R4650 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_4010 = 8,         // LSI R4010 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_4100 = 9,         // NEC VR4100 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_3900 = 10,        // Toshiba R3900 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_10000 = 11,       // MIPS R10000 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_SB1 = 12,         // Broadcom SB-1 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_4111 = 13,        // NEC VR4111/VR4181 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_4120 = 14,        // NEC VR4120 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_5400 = 15,        // NEC VR5400 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_5500 = 16,        // NEC VR5500 instruction.
    AFL_EXT_LOONGSON_2E = 17, // ST Microelectronics Loongson 2E.
    AFL_EXT_LOONGSON_2F = 18  // ST Microelectronics Loongson 2F.
  };

  // Masks for the ases word of an ABI flags structure.
  enum AFL_ASE {
    AFL_ASE_NONE = 0x00000000,
    AFL_ASE_DSP = 0x00000001,       // DSP ASE.
    AFL_ASE_DSPR2 = 0x00000002,     // DSP R2 ASE.
    AFL_ASE_EVA = 0x00000004,       // Enhanced VA Scheme.
    AFL_ASE_MCU = 0x00000008,       // MCU (MicroController) ASE.
    AFL_ASE_MDMX = 0x00000010,      // MDMX ASE.
    AFL_ASE_MIPS3D = 0x00000020,    // MIPS-3D ASE.
    AFL_ASE_MT = 0x00000040,        // MT ASE.
    AFL_ASE_SMARTMIPS = 0x00000080, // SmartMIPS ASE.
    AFL_ASE_VIRT = 0x00000100,      // VZ ASE.
    AFL_ASE_MSA = 0x00000200,       // MSA ASE.
    AFL_ASE_MIPS16 = 0x00000400,    // MIPS16 ASE.
    AFL_ASE_MICROMIPS = 0x00000800, // MICROMIPS ASE.
    AFL_ASE_XPA = 0x00001000        // XPA ASE.
  };

  enum AFL_FLAGS1 { AFL_FLAGS1_NONE = 0, AFL_FLAGS1_ODDSPREG = 1 };

  enum AFL_FLAGS2 { AFL_FLAGS2_NONE = 0 };

  uint16_t Version = AFL_VERSION_V0;
  uint8_t ISALevel = AFL_ISA_LEVEL_MIPS32;
  uint8_t ISARevision = AFL_ISA_REV_R1;
  uint8_t GPRSize = AFL_REG_32;
  uint8_t CPR1Size = AFL_REG_32;
  uint8_t CPR2Size = AFL_REG_NONE;
  uint8_t FPABI = AFL_FP_DOUBLE;
  uint32_t Extension = AFL_EXT_NONE;
  uint32_t ASE = AFL_ASE_NONE;
  uint32_t Flags1 = AFL_FLAGS1_ODDSPREG;
  uint32_t Flags2 = AFL_FLAGS2_NONE;

  MipsABIFlagsSection() = default;
};

} // end of namespace MIPS32
} // end of namespace Ice

#endif // SUBZERO_SRC_ICETARGETLOWERINGMIPS32_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


His Highness the Aga Khan's vision for the Academies has always emphasised the importance of students being able to travel between campuses to gain new cultural and educational experiences. The inaugural 3-month student exchange, held late last year, was a significant step towards realising this vision, as students exchanged between the Academies in Mombasa and Hyderabad for the first time. Read on as Elizabeth MacFarlane, Student Mobility Coordinator at the Academies, shares how we took this programme from vision to reality and how it will be expanding in the future.
Over the last few months several Academies staff have been recognised for their work through awards, honourable mentions and publications.
The 2018 graduating classes from the Aga Khan Academies in both Mombasa and Hyderabad performed very well on their International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma exams, outperforming their peers in similar IB school programmes globally.
Manager of Concordia University's Centre for the Study of Learning and Performance Anne Wade shares the details behind the Learning Toolkit, a project developed in partnership with the Aga Khan Academies to improve teaching and learning.
The most recent phase of construction at the Aga Khan Academy Maputo was completed in January 2018 with the opening of the Junior School campus. Fighting stereotypes, it is women who are in leadership roles and key to the construction project's success. There aren't many women in the construction industry in Mozambique in managerial roles, but the team thinks there should be: "As long as the person is qualified and driven, gender does not make a difference."
Since the launch of the Aga Khan Academies' and the Aga Khan Foundation's Reading for Children initiative in the Kyrgyz Republic, children have made tremendous progress in their reading skills. The impact has been incredibly unique, and the effect on families has been demonstrated by the formation of home libraries and parents devoting more time to their children.
Summer is around the corner, and that means summer reading is around the corner as well. We asked the Heads of each Aga Khan Academy what they are reading and why they love it.
Josephine Awino, a student at the Aga Khan Academy Mombasa, shares her reflections on an intensive training programme for permaculture. She was able to learn first-hand how sustainable agriculture can be used to fight poverty and that permaculture brings people together to practice agriculture that is beneficial to them. This filled Josephine with hope.
Last year, the Aga Khan Academy, International Baccalaureate and University of British Columbia entered a partnership agreement to recognise the Academies' Teacher Preparation Programme (TPP) in Mombasa, Kenya. The current six TPP interns share their personal stories.
Meredith Fenton - the University of British Columbia's (UBC) Director of the International Baccalaureate Program - joins the Academies for a guest editorial. She shares her insights on the Teacher Preparation Programme and the positive potential of UBC's partnership with the Academies.


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