text:
Teller County
© 2023 by Don Richards. Proudly created with Wix.com
Congressman Doug Lamborn
Representing Colorado's Fifth Congressional District
Born in Leavenworth, Kansas in 1954, Doug had service-before-self instilled in him at an early age by his father, a World War II combat veteran and a corrections officer at the Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary.
After meeting his wife Jeanie, Doug graduated from the University of Kansas with a Journalism Degree (as a National Merit Scholar). As they began to raise their five children, Doug worked hard to put himself through law school, earning a law degree from the University of Kansas before moving his family to Colorado Springs, Colorado to practice business and real estate law.
During his time in the Colorado Legislature, Doug was elected Senate President Pro-Tem, served as Chairman of the Senate State Military and Veterans Affairs Committee, Chairman of the Senate Republican Caucus, and House Majority Whip. He was also the lead sponsor of the largest tax cut in Colorado history. Doug also introduced legislation creating a license plate honoring Bronze Star recipients, exempting active duty soldiers from paying state income taxes, allowing public school students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance, eliminating and reducing state services to illegal immigrants, banning late-term abortions, implementing DNA testing of convicted felons, eliminating sales tax on telephone service, eliminating the business personal property tax for thousands of businesses, and repealing expired and outdated laws.
It was in Colorado that Doug was called to public office and served in the Colorado General Assembly from 1995 to 2006, in both the State House and State Senate. While serving in the part-time State Legislature, Doug continued to practice law and raise a family.
Doug was then elected to the US House of Representatives in 2006 to represent Colorado's Fifth District. Colorado's Fifth District, based in Colorado Springs, is the proud home to one of our nation's most military-intensive congressional districts and to more than 100,000 veterans who have served our country with distinction and honor. Because of the district's concentration of veterans, Doug sought to serve on the House Veterans' Affairs Committee and was honored to serve in his first term as the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs. Doug was able to work in a bipartisan fashion to push forward important veterans legislation like the Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2008, which created a paperless claims process through the establishment of the Veterans Benefits Management System. Doug was also appointed to the House Natural Resources Committee and was later appointed to the House Armed Services Committee as well.
In 2008, Doug became the Ranking Member and in 2010 the Chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee's highly sought after Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources. There he has fought for legislation to create jobs, lower energy prices and open up access to energy on public lands. Under his leadership, the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources has been one of the most active subcommittees in the House. In the 113th Congress alone, it has held 37 hearings. Doug has worked with Chairman Doc Hastings on numerous occasions to hold administration officials accountable through public hearings, demands for documents, and issuing subpoenas.
In 2015, Doug was named the Vice Chairman of the Strategic Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee. The Strategic Forces Subcommittee oversees our nation's strategic weapons, ballistic missile defense, space programs, and Department of Energy national security programs (excluding nonproliferation programs). It makes sure our nation is properly prepared for any missile or nuclear attacks.
Throughout his time in public service, Doug has been a leader on pro-family and small business issues, a strong advocate for our veterans and our military, and a supporter of lower taxes, immigration reform, less government spending, and protection of the Second Amendment.
Doug is married to Jeanie, his wife of 36 years. Together they have raised five children, four Eagle Scout sons and one daughter.


The Barclays Way is our Code of Conduct. It outlines the Purpose and Values which govern our Barclays way of working across our businesses globally. Together with more formal policies and practices, this provides a clear path towards achieving a positive and dynamic culture within the bank.
The Barclays Lens (PDF 579KB) is an assessment tool made up of five simple questions designed to drive the ongoing culture change at Barclays and ensure we are taking into account the interests of our stakeholders in the decisions we make.
Download the Barclays Way (PDF 2.4MB).


Affirmations and honest feedback are key!
It's foolproof and all kinds of adorable!
This is our definition of family goals!
"Being around so many beautiful black girls and women who love dance really helped me feel super proud to be me."
Long story short: Black girl magic can and will continue to flourish.
Black girl magic and mentorship are a match made in heaven.
A new season means a new 'do! As the temperatures start to drop and the leaves begin to change, why not try something new? If you're not into bold colors or edgy cuts, a simple style is the way to go. We've searched Instagram high and low for the cutest hairstyles to try this fall and found the most inspiration in these 12 adorable tots. From hair accessories to topknots and braids, these little ones have styles that are totally adult-friendly. Prepare to obsess over these mini mane moments.


BENDUM, Mindanao ‐ 20 youth from different indigenous communities in Upper Pulangi of Bukidnon and Agusan del Sur successfully completed the two months HULAS course on Carpentry, Masonry and Welding last December 6, 2014. The output of the students included construction of Hulas Training Center in Malaybalay City, crop planting and making chairs for the computer room.
just one of the many youth who were given another chance to obtain life skills which will help them continue living a decent life.
The hulas encouraged the youth to dream once more just like Israel Menaling, 25, who hopes to become a youth leader in Bendum in the near future.
Parents were also amazed at the transformation of their children. Beyond having the technical skills, they were able to see how their children have developed the skills in rela;ng with others, confidently talking to people, and being able to discuss concerns like forest regeneration and strengthening of cultural relationship.
Hulas brings hope, not only to the students, but to the parents as well. They have learned to not give in to poverty, rather, overcome it and dream once more. The ceremony is just the closing of Hulas but an opening to a brighter future ahead.


text:
"Reactivity to Stimuli" Is a Temperamental Factor Contributing to Canine Aggression
Sayaka Arata,
Affiliation Department of Animal Resource Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Yukari Takeuchi ,
* E-mail: aytake@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Mai Inoue,
Affiliation Claims Service Department, Anicom Insurance Inc., Tokyo, Japan
Yuji Mori
Yukari Takeuchi,
Sayaka Arata Yukari Takeuchi Mai Inoue Yuji Mori
Canine aggression is one of the most frequent problems in veterinary behavioral medicine, which in severe cases may result in relinquishment or euthanasia. As it is important to reveal underlying factors of aggression for both treatment and prevention, we recently developed a questionnaire on aggression and temperamental traits and found that "reactivity to stimuli" was associated with aggression toward owners, children, strangers, and other dogs of the Shiba Inu breed. In order to examine whether these associations were consistent in other breeds, we asked the owners of insured dogs of Anicom Insurance Inc. to complete our questionnaire. The top 17 contracted breeds were included. The questionnaire consisted of dogs' general information, four items related to aggression toward owners, children, strangers, and other dogs, and 20 other behavioral items. Aggression-related and behavioral items were rated on a five-point frequency scale. Valid responses (n = 5610) from owners of dogs aged 1 through 10 years were collected. Factor analyses on 18 behavioral items (response rate over 95%) extracted five largely consistent factors in 14 breeds: "sociability with humans," "fear of sounds," "chase proneness," "reactivity to stimuli," and "avoidance of aversive events." By stepwise multiple regression analyses, using the Schwartz's Bayesian information criterion (BIC) method with aggression points as objective variables and general information and temperamental factor points as explanatory variables, "reactivity to stimuli," i.e., physical reactivity to sudden movement or sound at home, was shown to be significantly associated with owner-directed aggression in 13 breeds, child-directed aggression in eight breeds, stranger-directed aggression in nine breeds, and dog-directed aggression in five breeds. These results suggest that "reactivity to stimuli" is simultaneously involved in several types of aggression. Therefore, it would be worth taking "reactivity to stimuli" into account in the treatment and prevention of canine aggression.
Citation: Arata S, Takeuchi Y, Inoue M, Mori Y (2014) "Reactivity to Stimuli" Is a Temperamental Factor Contributing to Canine Aggression. PLoS ONE 9(6): e100767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100767
Editor: Claire Wade, University of Sydney, Australia
Received: February 24, 2014; Accepted: May 30, 2014; Published: June 27, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Arata et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (21380172, and 26292163). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have the following interests. Mai INOUE is employed by Anicom Insurance Inc. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
Canine aggression is one of the most severe problems in veterinary behavioral medicine and a frequent reason for consultation [1], [2]. As dogs' sharp teeth can cause considerable damage, severe cases may sometimes result in relinquishment or euthanasia [2]–[5]. In clinical practice, aggression can be classified by its target (owner-, stranger-, or dog-directed) or motivation (fear-, territorial-, or possessiveness-related, and so on) [6]. The motivation can be different for owner-, stranger-, or dog-directed aggression; however, the co-occurrence of types of aggression has been reported [2], [7]. Therefore, it is thought that there are factors that are common to several types of aggression and factors that are specific to each type.
Behavioral traits in dogs are often assessed using a behavior test (including test batteries and an observational test) and a questionnaire survey (categorized as ratings of individual dogs) [8]. Regardless of the assessment method, it should be reliable, valid, and feasible [8], [9]. Although a behavior test is considered to be more objective, it is not always possible to replicate various situations or stimuli from daily life, particularly for aggression [5], [10]–[13], and it usually takes time to complete, resulting in limited validity and poorer feasibility [14]. On the other hand, a questionnaire survey rated by a person familiar with the dog, i.e., an owner, family member, or trainer, is generally feasible and can include several situations at a time [15]. One of the most widely used assessments is the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) [14], [16], which has been shown to have high reliability and validity [17].
Recently, we conducted a questionnaire survey on the Shiba Inu breed [18] using four aggression items (owner-, child-, stranger-, and dog-directed aggression) and 14 behavioral items generated based on the C-BARQ [14], [16]. When we compared aggression items and temperamental factors extracted by the factor analysis of behavioral items, one of the temperamental factors, "reactivity to stimuli," was commonly significantly associated with the four types of aggression. Therefore, it is suggested that "reactivity to stimuli" might be one of the temperamental traits that predisposes Shiba Inus to aggressive behavior regardless of targets [18]. However, as behavioral traits are well known to differ among dog breeds [4], [5], [19]–[22], we still do not know whether these associations are consistent in other breeds.
In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey on over 5000 dogs of 17 breeds using the 14 behavioral items that appeared in our previous report [18] and six new items relating to general fear and anxiety. We examined associations of four types of aggression (owner-, child-, stranger-, and dog-directed aggression) with behavioral traits and general information, and tested our hypothesis that "reactivity to stimuli" was associated with several types of aggression in other dog breeds.
Behavioral assessment
The questionnaire consisted of general information on the dogs including breed, date of birth, age, sex, age of neutering, source of acquisition (pet shop, breeder, or other), age at acquisition, and housing condition (indoor, outdoor, or both); four items related to aggression towards owners, children, strangers and other dogs; and 20 other behavioral items. The aggression-related items were listed on a separate page from the behavioral items. As shown in Table 1, the 14 behavioral items were the willingness to approach humans, fearful response to noises, chasing behavior toward creatures, sudden movements toward indoor stimuli that were consistent with our previous paper, and six other behavioral items on fearful or avoidance behavior that were included in this study. Owners were asked to score their dog's responses within the last 3 months for aggression and behavioral items using five-point frequency scales (5 = always, 4 = often, 3 = sometimes, 2 = occasionally, and 1 = never) or as "unknown" (owners were instructed to answer "unknown" if the situation described in the question had not been observed or the dog's response could not be recalled clearly).
Table 1. The four aggression items and 20 behavioral items included in the questionnaire.
The questionnaire survey was announced to the owners of dogs insured by Anicom Insurance Inc. by e-mail. We targeted the top 17 contracted breeds with more than 3000 insured dogs (in descending order of frequency, the Miniature Dachshund, Chihuahua, Toy Poodle, Shiba Inu, Yorkshire Terrier, Welsh Corgi Pembroke, Papillon, Pomeranian, Shih Tzu, Miniature Schnauzer, Labrador Retriever, French Bulldog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Maltese, Pug, and Jack Russell Terrier), and the announcement was sent to a total of 87,537 owners with an informed consent to use the data for academic research. We asked the owners to complete voluntarily our questionnaire on the web between June 5th and July 5th in 2012.
The answers on the questionnaire excepting personal information of owners such as owner's name, e-mail address and insurance number were given to the authors belonging to the University of Tokyo in order not to be leaked the information out of the company, and further analyses were done only by these authors. Dogs aged 1–10 years were used for the analyses. When a certain dog was assessed more than once, the first answer was adopted. The behavioral items "chase proneness to other creatures" and "fear of darkness or heights" were excluded because of low response rates (90.3% and 94.0%, respectively) and factor analyses were conducted on the other 18 items in each breed. To extract common factors in as many breeds as possible, factor analyses were repeated taking behavioral items in and out. Factor extraction was performed by the principal factor method, and the Varimax rotation was used for orthogonal transformation. The extracted factors were determined using the eigenvalue criterion (i.e., the eigenvalue for the last extracted factor was greater than 1.0). The questionnaire items for which the absolute loading on a factor was 0.4 or more were considered to belong to the factor. To assess the internal consistency of the factor, Cronbach's α reliability coefficients were calculated for the items belonging to each factor. The factor points were calculated by averaging the raw scores of the items constituting each factor. Mean scores of each type of aggression and mean factor points of each temperamental factor were calculated for each of the 14 breeds that showed consistent results in factor analyses, and were then applied to cluster analysis with Ward's method. Finally, stepwise multiple regression analyses with the Schwartz's Bayesian information criterion (BIC) method were performed using each aggression point as an objective variable and the dog's general information [age, sex (male/female), neutered (yes/no), source of acquisition (pet shop, breeder, or other), age at acquisition, and housing condition (indoor, outdoor, or both)] and extracted factor points as explanatory variables on the 14 breeds. When the number of applicable dogs in a certain category of the factors "source of acquisition" or "housing condition" was less than six, the category was excluded from the analyses. Breed differences in aggression points and factor points were examined by ANOVA. These analyses were performed using StatView 5J for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and JMP 9.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). The significance level was set to 5%.
Valid responses (n = 5610) from owners of dogs aged 1 through 10 years were collected from 1299 Toy Poodles, 1144 Miniature Dachshunds, 964 Chihuahuas, 505 Shiba Inus, 302 Welsh Corgi Pembrokes, 272 Papillons, 270 Miniature Schnauzers, 267 Golden Retrievers, 262 Yorkshire Terriers, 249 Labrador Retrievers, 249 French Bulldogs, 218 Pomeranians, 215 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, 209 Shih Tzus, 146 Jack Russell Terriers, 136 Malteses, and 124 Pugs.
Factor analyses
Factor analyses of 14 items extracted five largely-consistent factors in 14 breeds excepting the Welsh Corgi Pembroke, Shih Tzu, and Pug: "sociability with humans," "fear of sounds," "chase-proneness," "reactivity to stimuli," and "avoidance of aversive events." Table 2 shows the result of a factor analysis using the 14 breeds as a whole, and the results for each of the 17 breeds appear in Table S1. Cronbach's α coefficients exceeded 0.7 in "sociability with humans," "fear of sounds," "chase-proneness," and "avoidance of aversive events," and 0.592 in "reactivity to stimuli."
Table 2. Factor analysis of behavioral items using 14 breeds (n = 4922).
Breed difference on scores of aggression and temperamental factors
Aggression scores were significantly different among the 14 breeds (p<0.0001 for all four types of aggression, Table S2). Results of cluster analysis on aggression scores are shown in Figure 1. When the 14 breeds were categorized into three groups according to the distance among the clusters, the four breeds (French Bulldog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever) were generally low in aggression, the three breeds (Chihuahua, Miniature Dachshund, and Miniature Schnauzer) were highly aggressive toward unfamiliar people and dogs, and the other seven breeds (Maltese, Pomeranian, Toy Poodle, Yorkshire Terrier, Shiba Inu, Papillon, and Jack Russell Terrier) were highly aggressive toward owner and moderately aggressive to others. When we classified dogs that scored 1 as non-aggressive and dogs that scored 2 to 5 as aggressive, aggressive dogs accounted for 6.5–51.9% in owner-directed aggression, 5.3–53.6% in child-directed aggression, 14.0–59.8% in stranger-directed aggression, and 28.2–68.8% in dog-directed aggression, depending on breed (Figures S1–S4). Factor points were significantly different among 14 breeds (p<0.001 for all five factors, Table S3). Results of cluster analysis on factor points are shown in Figure 2. When the 14 breeds were categorized into three groups according to the distance among the clusters, the seven breeds (Maltese, Miniature Dachshund, Chihuahua, Yorkshire Terrier, Pomeranian, Toy Poodle, and Papillon) had lower points for "sociability with humans" and "chase-proneness" and higher points for "fear of sounds," "reactivity to stimuli," and "avoidance of aversive events", the three breeds (Shiba Inu, Miniature Schnauzer, and Jack Russell Terrier) had higher points for "chase proneness" and moderate points for other factors, and the four breeds (French Bulldog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever) had higher points for "sociability with humans," lower points for "fear of sounds," "reactivity to stimuli," and "avoidance of aversive events", and moderate points for "chase proneness".
Figure 1. Cluster analysis on scores of four types of aggression in 14 dog breeds.
Cluster analysis with Ward's method was conducted on aggression scores of 14 breeds. A1–4 is aggression toward owner, child, stranger, and dog, respectively. Degree of aggression scores are shown in color spectrum (from white to blue). Tree diagram is drawn with distance scale. Symbols ahead of breed names represent the groups when the number of clusters is set to three.
Figure 2. Cluster analysis on points of five temperamental factors in 14 dog breeds.
Cluster analysis with Ward's method was conducted on temperament factor points of 14 breeds. F1–5 is "sociability with humans," "fear of sounds," "chase proneness," "reactivity to stimuli," and "avoidance of aversive events," respectively. Degree of aggression points are shown in color spectrum (from white to green). Tree diagram is drawn with distance scale. Symbols ahead of breed names represent the groups when the number of clusters is set to three.
Multiple regression analyses
Table 3–6 shows the results of multiple regression analyses in 14 breeds. The associations that were significant in more than half of the breeds (seven or more breeds) were "sociability with humans" with child-, stranger-, and dog-directed aggression; "chase-proneness" with dog-directed aggression; "reactivity to stimuli" with owner-, child-, and stranger-directed aggression; and "avoidance of aversive events" with child- and stranger-directed aggression. None of the general information was significantly associated with aggression in more than seven breeds.
Table 3. Multiple regression analysis on owner-directed aggression.
Table 4. Multiple regression analysis on child-directed aggression.
Table 5. Multiple regression analysis on stranger-directed aggression.
Table 6. Multiple regression analysis on dog-directed aggression.
Discussionf
In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey on over 5000 dogs of 17 breeds, and a factor analysis using 14 behavioral items consistently extracted five temperamental factors in 14 breeds. Multiple regression analyses revealed that temperamental factors were specifically or commonly associated with each type of aggression (Figure 3).
Figure 3. The associations between temperamental factors appearing in daily life and aggression in 14 dog breeds.
Multiple regression analyses in each breed revealed associations between five temperamental factors and four types of aggression. The width of arrows and numbers show the number of breeds in which a temperamental factor was significantly associated with a type of aggression.
The questionnaire in this study was based on our previous report [18] with six added fear/anxiety-related items. In 14 out of 17 breeds, factor analysis of the behavioral traits extracted five largely-consistent factors, suggesting that these factors are comparatively stable in dogs. Except for "avoidance of aversive events" consisting of the added items, four factors were identical to ones from our previous study in Shiba Inu [18]. The associations between aggression and temperamental factors in Shiba Inus were replicated; the "reactivity to stimuli" was significantly associated with all of the four types of aggression (Table 3–6). These results support the reliability of our questionnaire survey.
Cluster analysis on aggression scores and factor points (Figure 1 and 2) revealed breed characteristics; for example, the four breeds (French Bulldog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever) were generally less aggressive, sociable with humans, less fearful, less prone to chasing, and less reactive. On the other hand, Chihuahua and Miniature Dachshund were comparatively aggressive to strangers, less sociable with humans, fearful, and prone to chasing. They are mostly consistent with the previous reports using C-BARQ answered by owners [5] and assessments done by veterinary practitioners [20], suggesting the validity of rating by dog owners in this study.
Regarding the association between aggression and temperamental factors, "reactivity to stimuli" was significantly associated with owner-directed aggression in 13 breeds, child-directed aggression in eight breeds, stranger-directed aggression in nine breeds, and dog-directed aggression in five breeds. Thus, our hypothesis that "reactivity to stimuli" is simultaneously involved in several types of aggression, particularly human-directed aggression, was most verified. Although Shiba Inus are known to have unique characteristics in that they are genetically close to wolves [23] and tend to display higher aggression [20] than Western breeds, it is interesting that Western breeds showed similar associations to those found in our previous study of Shiba Inus [18]. This factor consists of items on physical reactivity to sudden movement or sound inside the house, and dogs with high "reactivity to stimuli" may include two types of dogs; one type is restless and seems to react to almost all the movements and sounds, and the other is generally less active, but overreacts to sudden stimuli, particularly when relaxed or during sleep, as described in Q11–14 of our questionnaire (Table 1). Wright et al., [24] developed a questionnaire assessing impulsivity in dogs, and showed that 'Aggression & Response to Novelty' factor was positively correlated with impulsivity. Although the terminology is different, both Wright et al. and our present study appear to have examined similar traits.
"Sociability with humans" was significantly associated with child-, stranger-, and dog-directed aggression in seven or more breeds. This trait is a well-studied behavioral phenomenon that shows an association with stranger-directed aggression [5], [14],[17], and the results in this study are consistent with those of previous studies. Similar associations were seen for our new factor "avoidance of aversive events"; however, it is interesting that the associations with child- and stranger-directed aggression were not always consistent for "sociability with humans" and "avoidance of aversive events" (Table 4 and 5). Only "sociability with humans" was selected in the Papillon, Miniature Schnauzer, and Shiba Inu, and only "avoidance of aversive events" was selected in the Jack Russell Terrier, Pomeranian, and Maltese. On the basis of these results, it is considered that the aforementioned three breeds might tend to show aggression due to anxiety and/or inadequate socialization, and the latter three breeds due to specific traumatic experiences.
"Chase proneness" was significantly associated with dog-directed aggression in 10 breeds, and dogs that tend to chase small moving animals or objects were more aggressive toward other dogs. Chasing and chase-proneness have been assessed by the C-BARQ and the Dog Mentality Assessment conducted by the Swedish Working Dog Association, respectively, but none of the studies have shown associations between chasing/chase-proneness and dog-directed aggression [16], [17]. The discrepancy between the previous studies and ours might be associated with the high prevalence of dog-directed aggression in this study; the frequency of aggressive dogs (dogs scoring 2–5) toward other dogs was 55.9% in 14 breeds as a whole (Figure S4). It is important to examine whether this association is characteristic of dogs in Japan or is due to other reasons.
The involvement of "reactivity to stimuli" in aggression is expected to be useful in two areas: veterinary clinical behavior medicine and behavior genetics. There are various ways to treat canine aggression, including management, behavior modification, and medication. As "reactivity to stimuli" was generally associated with human-directed aggression, it is recommended to avoid sudden or unusual manners of approaching or touching a dog for treatment and prevention of aggression. Instead, based on our clinical experience, calling the dog's name before approaching the dog can be effective in avoiding aggression. Genetic research on canine behavior has been gaining prominence [25], and aggression is a well-studied trait [26]–[29] because of its impact on human society and high heritability in the Golden Retriever [26]. We have shown that genetic polymorphism in the glutamate transporter gene, SLC1A2, is associated with stranger-directed aggression in the Shiba Inu [27], and suggested that the excitation/inhibition system of neurotransmission might play a role in canine aggression. In general, searching for aggression-related genes is associated with difficulties, since aggression is considered to be the final output derived from various motivations even if it is categorized by its target; e.g., owner-directed aggression can be possessive aggression or fearful aggression. As "reactivity to stimuli" in this study was shown to be an underlying temperamental factor of canine aggression in various breeds, it should bring a more accurate assessment of aggression, which is essential for canine behavioral genetics.
In conclusion, our questionnaire survey on 14 breeds was shown to have reliability and validity, and one of the temperamental factors, "reactivity to stimuli," was simultaneously associated with several types of aggression in most of the breeds. This factor is suggested to contribute to canine aggression, partially explaining the co-occurrence of several types of aggression. Therefore, "reactivity to stimuli" should be taken into account in the treatment and prevention of canine aggression, and will be valuable for understanding the genetic basis of canine aggression.
Figure S1.
The prevalence of owner-directed aggression in 14 dog breeds. The proportion of answers (1 = never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = always) for owner-directed aggression is shown for each breed in the order of aggressiveness.
(DOC)
The prevalence of child-directed aggression in 14 dog breeds. The proportion of answers (1 = never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = always) for child-directed aggression is shown for each breed in the order of aggressiveness.
The prevalence of stranger-directed aggression in 14 dog breeds. The proportion of answers (1 = never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = always) for stranger-directed aggression is shown for each breed in the order of aggressiveness.
The prevalence of dog-directed aggression in 14 dog breeds. The proportion of answers (1 = never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = always) for dog-directed aggression is shown for each breed in the order of aggressiveness.
Factor analysis of behavioral items in each breed.
Scores of four types of aggression in 14 breeds.
Points of five temperamental factors in 14 breeds.
We thank the owners of dogs insured with Anicom Insurance Inc. for completing our questionnaires. We also appreciate the assistance of Anicom Insurance Inc. in conducting the questionnaires.
Conceived and designed the experiments: SA YT. Performed the experiments: SA MI. Analyzed the data: SA YT. Wrote the paper: SA YT YM.
1. Bamberger M, Houpt KA (2006) Signalment factors, comorbidity, and trends in behavior diagnoses in dogs: 1,644 cases (1991–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229: 1591–1601.
2. Fatjo J, Amat M, Mariotti VM, de la Torre JLR, Manteca X (2007) Analysis of 1040 cases of canine aggression in a referral practice in Spain. Journal of Veterinary Behavior-Clinical Applications and Research 2: 158–165.
3. Patronek GJ, Glickman LT, Beck AM, McCabe GP, Ecker C (1996) Risk factors for relinquishment of dogs to an animal shelter. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209: 572–581.
4. De Keuster T, Lamoureux J, Kahn A (2006) Epidemiology of dog bites: a Belgian experience of canine behaviour and public health concerns. Vet J 172: 482–487.
5. Duffy DL, Hsu YY, Serpell JA (2008) Breed differences in canine aggression. Appl Anim Behav Sci 114: 441–460.
6. Houpt KA (2006) Terminology Think Tank: Terminology of aggressive behavior. Journal of Veterinary Behavior-Clinical Applications and Research 1: 39–41.
7. Casey RA, Loftus B, Bolster C, Richards GJ, Blackwell EJ (2013) Inter-dog aggression in a UK owner survey: prevalence, co-occurrence in different contexts and risk factors. Vet Rec 172: 127.
8. Jones AC, Gosling SD (2005) Temperament and personality in dogs (Canis familiaris): A review and evaluation of past research. Appl Anim Behav Sci 95: 1–53.
9. Taylor KD, Mills DS (2006) The development and assessment of temperament tests for adult companion dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior-Clinical Applications and Research 1: 94–108.
10. Netto WJ, Planta DJU (1997) Behavioural testing for aggression in the domestic dog. Appl Anim Behav Sci 52: 243–263.
11. Kroll TL, Houpt KA, Erb HN (2004) The Use of Novel Stimuli as Indicators of Aggressive Behavior in Dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40: 13–19.
12. Christensen E, Scarlett J, Campagna M, Houpt KA (2007) Aggressive behavior in adopted dogs that passed a temperament test. Appl Anim Behav Sci 106: 85–95.
13. van der Borg JAM, Beerda B, Ooms M, de Souza AS, van Hagen M, et al. (2010) Evaluation of behaviour testing for human directed aggression in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 128: 78–90.
14. Hsu YY, Serpell JA (2003) Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223: : 1293−+.
15. Arata S, Momozawa Y, Takeuchi Y, Mori Y (2010) Important behavioral traits for predicting guide dog qualification. J Vet Med Sci 72: 539–545.
16. Serpell JA, Hsu YY (2001) Development and validation of a novel method for evaluating behavior and temperament in guide dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 72: 347–364.
17. Svartberg K (2005) A comparison of behaviour in test and in everyday life: evidence of three consistent boldness-related personality traits in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 91: 103–128.
18. Kaneko F, Arata S, Takeuchi Y, Mori Y (2013) Analysis of Associations between Behavioral Traits and Four Types of Aggression in Shiba Inu. J Vet Med Sci 75: 1297–1301.
19. Bradshaw JWS, Goodwin D, Lea AM, Whitehead SL (1996) A survey of the behavioural characteristics of pure-bred dogs in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record 138: 465–468.
20. Takeuchi Y, Mori Y (2006) A comparison of the behavioral profiles of purebred dogs in Japan to profiles of those in the United States and the United Kingdom. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 68: 789–796.
21. Notari L, Goodwin D (2007) A survey of behavioural characteristics of pure-bred dogs in Italy. Appl Anim Behav Sci 103: 118–130.
22. Starling MJ, Branson N, Thomson PC, McGreevy PD (2013) "Boldness" in the domestic dog differs among breeds and breed groups. Behav Processes 97: 53–62.
23. Parker HG, Ostrander EA (2005) Canine genomics and genetics: running with the pack. PLoS Genet 1: e58.
24. Wright HF, Mills DS, Pollux PMJ (2011) Development and validation of a psychometric tool for assessing impulsivity in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Int J Comp Psych 24: 210–225.
25. Houpt KA (2007) Review article genetics of canine behavior. Acta Veterinaria Brno 76: 431–444.
26. van den Berg L, Vos-Loohuis M, Schilder MBH, van Oost BA, Hazewinkel HAW, et al. (2008) Evaluation of the serotonergic genes htr1A, htr1B, htr2A, and slc6A4 in aggressive behavior of Golden Retriever dogs. Behavior Genetics 38: 55–66.
27. Takeuchi Y, Kaneko F, Hashizume C, Masuda K, Ogata N, et al. (2009) Association analysis between canine behavioural traits and genetic polymorphisms in the Shiba Inu breed. Anim Genet 40: 616–622.
28. Vage J, Wade C, Biagi T, Fatjo J, Amat M, et al. (2010) Association of dopamine- and serotonin-related genes with canine aggression. Genes Brain and Behavior 9: 372–378.
29. Konno A, Inoue-Murayama M, Hasegawa T (2011) Androgen receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with aggression in Japanese Akita Inu. Biol Lett 7: 658–660.
Is the Subject Area "Aggression" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Dogs" applicable to this article?
Pets and companion animals
Is the Subject Area "Pets and companion animals" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Animal behavior" applicable to this article?
Animal sexual behavior
Is the Subject Area "Animal sexual behavior" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Regression analysis" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Clustering algorithms" applicable to this article?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you need Panel Beaters service in Kew, we can help you. Email us today: tony@kewarc.com.au now (03) 8577 8377 for more Panel Beaters in Kew information.
The Panel Beaters solutions offered are spray painting, panel beating, towing, and car detailing. For you to know much better about the KARC Accident Repairs Centre we have detailed the vital options and services supplied by them.
The fleet of forty replacement vehicles that KARC have can fulfill your needs once your auto is under routine maintenance.
For tradesmen, you have two Utes to take mortgage once your auto is inside the workshop.
The KARC professionals target on the fleet automobiles much more than the individual automobiles. This can make it straightforward for your corporates to help keep their automobiles running.
The irritation and stress immediately after an accident are ample for your client. To prevent the strain through the insurance policies claiming system KARC gives specialist guidance about the insurance policies and declare system. Tony Brown has much more than 12 a long time of experience working with renowned insurers inside the nation so he understands how the Panel Beaters insurance policies declare system operates. They even hold the facility to liaise with the assessor of your insurance policies business.
Whenever you make a call to KARC make sure you call them first even right before contacting your insurer. Then only they might chat on behalf of you to the insurance policies business regarding your declare.
This business for Panel Beaters in Kew has guarantees the providers never drop time and cash because of to Panel Beaters.
Whenever you make a connect with they can come which has a quotation for your attainable costs and points wanted.


The Brave and the Bold #28 Justice League of America (DC, 1960) CBCS GD/VG 3.0 Off-white pages. The first appearance of the Justice League of America. First appearance of Starro and Snapper Carr. Mike Sekowsky and Murphy Anderson cover and art. Currently tied for the #5 spot on Overstreet's list of Top 50 Silver Age Comics. CBCS notes: "Thin long piece missing from margin of centerfold, does not affect art." Overstreet 2015 GD 2.0 value = $1,000; VG 4.0 value = $2,000. CGC census 3/16: 70 in 3.0, 393 higher.


Shop Designer Backpacks for Women at in signature leather and canvas.
Made in Italy Raen Gold Munroe Aviator Sunglasses. Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? On the front gold calf leather at the rear. Silver leather mini quilted bag with webbing. Gucci Pink Quilted Marmont. Red Mini GG Marmont Chain Bag. Blue Medium Arli Bag.
Promotional Results For You. This Gucci leather bag is crafted in Italy and features two tone pink and blue calf leather on the front gold calf leather at the rear.
Our curated edit of womens Gucci bags purses features a variety of designs. Shop and discover the latest collection of mini bags in signiture leather and canvas. Available in.
Discover the latest collection of Womens Crossbody Bags.
Gucci Black Rebelle Bag. Shop Designer Handbags at including tote bags cross body bags and shoulder bags.
Shop the GG Marmont womens handbags collection including round shoulder bags top handle bags and tote bags.
For Mini Acne Studios Brown Bla Konst Lou Sunglasses. Turn on search history to start remembering your searches. Enjoy free shipping and complimentary gift wrapping.


text:
Wagner gets his first Israeli fan club
Tags: society
April 4, 2011 By Tracy
The anti-Semitic composer still resonates badly in the Jewish state, but a new society hopes to change that.
A new Israeli association dedicated to promoting the work of the anti-Semitic composer Richard Wagner has gotten the go-ahead from a government agency and hopes to encourage the performance of his music, which has been unofficially barred as a symbol of Nazi-era Germany.
Adored by Adolf Hitler but reviled by Jews, Wagner and his dramatic and powerful operas still touch an emotive chord nearly 130 years after his death. But the Wagner in Israel Society believes enough time has passed for the boycott to be consigned to history.
"The goals are first of all is to have an honest discussion about the boycott," said Yonatan Livni, the head of the new society. "I'm against any type of a boycott. If we were to boycott every composer who was anti-Semitic then there would be very few composers we would be able to hear in Israel."
Livni, an attorney, told The Media Line that their efforts were also aimed at having a public concert of Wagner's music.
"It will never be enough time. But the question is do we have to wait until get a certificate from someone who says that the last survivor has passed away?" asked Livni, who himself is a child of Holocaust survivors.
"My father used to say that Wagner was a horrible, terrible man, but he wrote the most beautiful music. We don't listen to Wagner's political views. What we do is listen to his music," he said.
Livni said the government associations registrar didn't raise any objections or bureaucratic hitches in authorizing the non-profit Wagner in Israel Society.
"I've been pregnant with the idea for many years and was inspired to put an end to this boycott after [the Israel Chamber Orchestra] was invited to perform Wagner in Germany."
Wagner died half a century before the Nazis gained power, but his beliefs of German superiority over the Jews influenced Nazi ideology. In his book Jewishness in Music, Wagner claimed that Jews could only produce populist, money-making music, rather than real works of art. He also wrote real Germans were repelled by contact with Jews, who behaved and dressed strangely.
"Wagner wrote anti-Semitic screeds. He was deeply anti-Semitic and Hitler idealized him," said Robert Rozett, director of libraries at the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Jerusalem.
"Hitler was more than a Wagner fan. For him, Wagner was an amazingly special source of inspiration," Rozett told The Media Line. "Wagner was a very poisonous anti-Semite and he stood high among the anti-Semitic writers of the late 19th century, which is why the Nazis were so drawn to him."
He said that while there were plenty of German musicians who were adopted by the Nazis, Wagner "was in his own league."
Rozett said the memories of the Holocaust were still very strong in Israel and that the aversion to Wagner was understandable because his writings and his music were so deeply associated with the Nazi era.
The unofficial boycott of Wagner dates back to 1938, when the Palestine Orchestra, now known as the Israel Philharmonic, refused to perform his works in protest of the treatment of the Jews in Nazi Germany.
On a couple of rare occasions, Israeli ensembles have played Wagner in unannounced concerts, which all caused uproars and headlines. In 2001, Daniel Barenboim, the Argentinean-born Israeli conductor, performed part of Wagner's Tristan and Isolde as an encore. Hecklers disrupted the performance, which created so much of an uproar that some Israeli lawmakers called for a boycott of Barenboim.
Last month, a scheduled visit to Israel by Wagner's great-granddaughter was canceled after news of her impending visit was leaked and sparked criticism over her anti-Semitic ancestor.
Katharina Wagner had been set to extend an invitation to the Israel Chamber Orchestra to perform Wagner at next summer's Wagner Festival in his hometown of Bayreuth in Germany. The orchestra has announced plans to perform Wagner outside there, but an official from the orchestra told The Media Line that it would still not be playing Wagner in Israel.
Livni claimed the ire directed at Wagner is the last remnant of a post-Holocaust boycott of German products.
"Hitler had loved Mercedes and Volkswagen cars, yet they are being driven freely in Israel," Livni said. "The last vestige of this boycott of Germany is the issue of Wagner and to me it doesn't really make sense." he said. "Wagner should be played here. We want to listen to wonderful music."
Uri Hanoch, a member of the Central Organizations for Holocaust Survivors and a member of the Israel Opera Council, told the Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth that he was astonished to heard about the new Wagner association.
"True, Wagner isn't the only anti-Semitic composer. But the Nazis imbibed from Wagner all of his hatred for Jews. He laid the foundations for Nazism," Hanoch was quoted as saying. "Wagner was an anti-Semite on the same level as Hitler and I promise: Wagner won't be played here."
Arieh O'Sullivan | November 16, 2010
Weblink: http://www.allvoices.com/
Photo credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/
High levels of engagement in lockdown music teaching New research on how music was taught during lockdown
Puppy Pads And Slit Masks: How COVID Changed The Look Of Music Education COVID-era problems put pressure on teachers to work creatively, while fearing for the future
Musical training can improve attention and working memory in children – study Cognitive benefits of musical training could last a lifetime
According The Accordion Its Historical Due Discover the history and development of this humble instrument.
Simone Kermes - Amor Sacro
Randall Snyder: Jasmine Dreams Three oriental portraits combining his Western background with ancient Asian musical practices


5 Benefits of CoolSculpting You'll Want to Know For Bathing Suit Season!
It's just about bathing suit season again and already our clients are beginning to inquire about ways to shape up before they strut out onto the beaches this summer. And while, at Anew You, we always emphasize the importance of an overall healthy diet and fitness regiment, we are excited to talk about some of the hottest techniques in the industry, too- and for us, that means giving you the 411 on the benefits of CoolSculpting.


We've all had horrible bosses. They've even made Hollywood films about it. But poor management is not a joke – it's an issue that can affect your workforce, your productivity, and your bottom line.
Effective managers inspire, lead, and communicate. They support their teams, they develop the skills your business needs, and they motivate your staff to work harder and work better.
None of that happens by accident. Everyone – from the bottom to the very top – needs training. We offer a range of management training packages to suit your needs: guidance for all levels of management, from the newest of the new to the top of the tree. We can even tailor courses to suit your particular business needs, if that's what you want.
Our Management Essentials course is perfect for new managers. It helps them take their existing skills and knowledge, and translate them into effective management techniques that will benefit your business. It's not just us who think it works: it's also validated by the Chartered Management Institute.
By the end of our management training programmes, delegates will be fired up with new-found enthusiasm, and filled up with new skills and techniques to help them manage. They will have a deeper understanding of the role of coaching, of communicating, of providing feedback, of working with stakeholders, and developing the performance of teams and individuals.
Want to know more about how Cegos management training programmes can help your business? We'd love to hear from you. Please contact us using the details below.


All kinds of cutting machines are very many. All kinds of cutting machines are very important to us. We can't leave all kinds of cutting machines when we produce some things. The cutting machine is very important to mankind. The foam cutting machine is one of the cutting machines. This kind of cutting machine is used to cut sponge. I believe a lot of friends have seen it. A sponge cutting machine manufacturer introduced the processing characteristics of the foam cutting machine. Today, we know about the working way of the foam cutting machine with the small editor.
Foam cutting machine is a highly automated CNC cutting machine. It has been widely recognized and praised by users, and has been widely applied. But for the new technology and equipment that just contact with the user, the understanding of it is still relatively small.
1, movable worktable, with adjustable pressure roller method, fixed cutting sponge.
2, when the machine stops running, it is equipped with manual and automatic devices.
3, the machine can realize the convenient placement of materials and directly put them in suitable positions, so that various shapes can be cut.
4, the red brake button is used for manual brake, and can be pressed in case of emergency.
5, the pipelined workbench works with the machine to ensure a constant product quality.
6, directly on the computer to create the required cutting graphics, adjust the size of the cut, put the material to the appropriate location of the pipeline, you can cut.
7. the machine adopts cutter belt cutting instead of electric heating wire, and the cutter belt can be rotated by automatic torque device to make the cutting more precise.
8. cutting can be achieved in all sizes. The cutting height can reach 1500mm, which is not achieved by other special-shaped sponge machinery. The minimum cutting size is 10mm.
The above is about the knowledge of the way of the work of foam machine, after seeing the above introduction, do you have more understanding of the foam cutting machine. For more information about various mechanical equipment, we should pay attention to this website. Buy sponge foam machine, sponge cutting machine, mattress edge machine, sponge production line, spring viscose machine and so on which machinery manufacturer is good? Xiaobi recommended Shu Li bedding machinery Co., Ltd.!


Details: The Amado collection features in espresso walnut finish, felt-lined drawers and wooden round bun legs. The clean and simple design makes the level of the items beyond the others. This collection is perfect for your living room for a casual style.


At the Barrier Free Store, we've made it our mission to provide aging and mobility-restricted residents in Marquette, MI, and throughout the Upper Peninsula with the mobility aids and aging-in-place products they need to maintain their independent living standards. We routinely work with caregivers, doctors, therapists, and loved ones to make sure our home renovations maximize safety and accessibility. As a Certified Aging-in-Place Specialist (CAPS), we have the training and expertise necessary to understand how best to perform these specific types of home improvements. With years of experience working with elderly and mobility-restricted individuals, we also have immense knowledge of the best types of products to use for unique situations. We can help you ascertain which of our mobility scooters, stair lifts, wheelchair ramps, lift chairs, or other aging-in-place products will best serve your needs. And, we've chosen to align with the most trusted and respected manufacturers offering these items to ensure we deliver products and solutions of the highest quality.
When you turn to the Barrier Free Store for aging-in-place products and services, you'll be partnering with a local company based in Marquette rather than a large national distributor headquartered in another state. As a member of the Upper Peninsula community, we are committed to improving the lives of our neighbors. That's why we offer personalized service, starting with a complimentary, in-home assessment by one of our experienced representatives, who will evaluate your residence and provide suggestions on how to improve its safety and accessibility. And, once your home improvements have been completed, we'll always be here to provide prompt support should any product we've installed ever need servicing, something we know is important to you.
The Barrier Free Store offers a wide variety of mobility and disability aids that can transform your home inside and out. One of the most popular renovations we perform is installing stair lifts. With their comfortable, motorized seats, these exceptional products give homeowners the ability to access upper and lower floors with safety and confidence. Our lifts are compatible with just about any type of staircase, and we also offer outdoor models for customers with homes perched atop a steep flight of stairs.
Lift chairs are another popular item we can provide for Upper Peninsula residents. These motorized armchairs gently raise and lower their occupants and are perfect for anyone who needs a little extra help transitioning from a sitting to standing position. The lift chairs we offer are available in a wide selection of colors, styles, and upholsteries.
If you use a wheelchair or power scooter, ramps and platform lifts are a necessity. Whether you're looking for a sturdy aluminum outdoor ramp, a portable wheelchair ramp, or a threshold ramp, we have what you need to make your approach to the door a breeze. We can also install an automatic door opener for maximum convenience and accessibility. For more significant height transitions, a platform lift can transport both you and your mobility scooter or wheelchair to an upper floor with just the push of a button. If you're in need of an electric scooter, we offer a variety of models ranging from sleek portables to powerful off-roaders. And, we install no-threshold showers, walk-in tubs, drop-down cabinets, and many other home modification products that can help improve your home's safety and accessibility.
So why wait? The Barrier Free Store is ready to provide a home renovation that will increase your independence and confidence for years to come. Contact the Barrier Free Store today and schedule a complimentary home assessment at your residence in Marquette, MI.
The Barrier Free Store was created to help you with expert advice and remodeling your home to fit your needs. Whether you are an adult caregiver caring for your aging parents, an individual with a disability or degenerative disease or an adult who wants to ensure they remain as independent as they age, we can help you.
We can work closely with caregivers, doctors, Physical and Occupational Therapists and loved ones to make sure all renovations that may be needed for the safe and comfortable access to your home are properly addressed.
The Certified Aging-in-Place Specialist (CAPS) designation was developed by the National Association of Home Builders, in collaboration with AARP. We have the insight of a Certified Aging In Place Specialist (CAPS) to help provide professional advice about products, modifications, and overall well being.
With a licensed builder and contractor on staff, we can offer an expert review of the accessibility possibilities in your home. We will work with you to make your home safe, accessible and stylish. You can get started with a free in home assessment by one of our professional staff.
"It (Bruno custom curve stairlift) saved us from leaving our home!"
"My stair climber has made it possible for me to stay in my home and I am pleased with the bathroom remodel/updates. The employees are very friendly, efficient, helpful, and polite!"