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The Fraud List
Returns on healthcare fraud cases climbing, U.S. officials say
Kurt Niland	February 13, 2013
For every one dollar the U.S. prosecutors spent on pursuing cases of healthcare-related fraud in the past three years, it has recovered $7.90, according to a report jointly released by the U.S. Justice Department and Department of Health and Human Services. These efforts have returned $4.2 billion to Medicare, Medicaid, and other vital programs funded by U.S. taxpayers, the report states – a record high return in the 16-year history of the Health Care Fraud and Abuse Program.
The Obama Administration has made the elimination of fraud, waste, and abuse a top priority, especially in the health care industry, the report says. Efforts to reduce fraud and prevent waste are expected to yield bigger returns to U.S. taxpayers in the future, as new tools and resources provided by the Affordable Care Act are introduced.
"This fight against fraud strengthens the integrity of our health care programs and helps us fulfill our commitment to our seniors," HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius said in a statement.
Last year alone, the Justice Department opened 1,131 new criminal health care fraud investigations involving 2,148 potential defendants, and a total of 826 defendants were convicted of health care fraud-related crimes. Additionally, 885 new civil investigations were opened by U.S. attorneys.
Since November 2010, three giant drug companies have accounted for two-thirds of all the financial penalties collected by the U.S. government – GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Johnson & Johnson, and Abbott Laboratories. Yet fraud, waste, and abuse still take place every day, usually in the form of the illegal marketing and selling of drugs and fraudulent overbilling of taxpayer-funded health care programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
GSK recently settled the largest health care fraud case in U.S. history when it agreed to pay $3 billion in fines for criminal and civil violations for fraudulently marketing and selling 10 prescription drugs for off-label and unapproved purposes, including the antidepressant Paxil and the type 2 diabetes drug Avandia. The company told doctors that Paxil could be used to treat depression in children and teenagers, but it was never approved for people younger than age of 18, and a clinical trial found the drug put adolescents at risk for suicidal behavior.
Yet while individuals from smaller health care operations may receive prison time for defrauding U.S. taxpayers, giant pharmaceutical companies seldom, if ever, do. That's because top executives "can insulate themselves from the people doing the dirty work," one attorney told the Philadelphia Inquirer, explaining that prosecutors have to "peel away the layers" when building a case against a giant health care conglomerate.
However, the difficulty in bringing giant drug corporations to justice for knowingly committing fraud and abuse underscores the important role that whistleblowers play, and why the U.S. government should do everything it can to shield them from retaliation, including toughening whistleblower protection laws under the False Claims Act. Because it's impossible for the U.S. regulators to effectively police the actions of drug companies, it must rely on employees who witness wrongdoing within their company to report the fraudulent activity to U.S. officials.
In 2009, U.S. legislators beefed up whistleblower protections and incentives in the False Claims Act by introducing tougher penalties to companies that punish whistleblowers while providing whistleblowers a percent of the funds successfully recovered.
American taxpayersattorneyattorneysbusinessbusiness fraudclaimscorporate fraudcriminalfalse claimsfalse claims actfederal governmentfraudfraudulent activityhealth carehealthcareillegalMedicaidMedicarePhiladelphiataxpayerU.S. governmentU.S. taxpayerswhistle blowerwhistleblower
Dreamliner battery fix may take months, airline exec says
Emails presented in DePuy trial show marketer's concerns over ASR hip implant safety
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Healthcare fraud crackdown leads to 91 criminal charges involving $430 million
Fraud settlements with drug companies amount to big return for Mississippi taxpayers
Small Key West pharmacy exposes billions in health care fraud
Complaints accuse Merck of mumps vaccine fraud
Defense Department bill institutes better protections for whistleblowers
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Timothy X Atack
The Stroma Sessions
Tim is a Writer and Composer for stage, screen and radio. He is based in Bristol. He was selected for the 2015 Channel 4 Screenwriting Scheme and is currently developing two television projects, a feature and a new stage play. His radio play THE MORPETH CAROL won best drama at the Radio Academy awards, 2014. His second radio play, PHONOPHONE, transmitted on Radio 4 earlier this year.
Under the name of Sleepdogs he collaborates with theatre Director and Producer Tanuja Amarasuriya. He has written and scored all their shows to date. THE BULLET & THE BASS TROMBONE toured the UK and had a short but well-received run at the National Theatre Shed in 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


DECONTAMINATION: AN ESSENTIAL, BUT OFTEN NEGLECTED STEP BY EXTERMINATORS.
It is essential to disinfect the infested place by unwanted visitors like rats, mice and other animals. Too often neglected, the decontamination is a crucial step in any process of extermination.
Wildlife species, animals or insects are potential disease, parasite and/or virus carriers. Also, their feces pollute the air, which can cause severe health problems in the medium term to the occupants.
Mice, rats and bats can carry diseases like the Hantavirus, an affection that leads to serious lung problems. Using only the vacuum cleaner or a broom after the extermination is not enough to get rid of the harmful particles in the air.
This is why it is essential to put the place back to its original conditions: salubrious and contaminant-free.
In fact, a skunk or a not addressed extermination-related problem can leave a terrible stench in your house. It goes without saying that it can be extremely unpleasant. To address that kind of problem, we designed our own deodorization technique, which is based on specialized products and the installation of an air exchange system.
Nova Extermination will address all your problems.
Once the unwanted visitors are taken care of, and all entrances are caulked, it is time to clean.
Our technicians have the expertise and the right tools to safely and efficiently decontaminate your house. We are able to decontaminate any room in your house, even the hardest to access. We used specialized products, approved techniques, high-quality tools, all used by certified technicians.


Harry Abel had been telling me what a great nursery Habersham Gardens is. It took quite a while before Linda and I found the time to go there. Harry was right, they had wonderful plants plus they had lots of garden ornaments and yard art.
It wasn't until later that I asked Linda if she'd noticed anything different about Habersham. It had dawned on me that they didn't sell any chemicals! The more I thought about it, the more I felt that's the way it should be. Of course there are lots of nurseries and garden shops that do sell chemicals, and do you know why? Because we buy them. We are a society that believes there is a chemical solution to almost every problem: Car won't start? Spray it with Rapid-start. Carburetor sticking? Use Gum-out. Spray your tires with Armor-All, your windshield with Windex, and this is just your car. Look at our gardens. Does it make sense to put 20-10-10 fertilizer on your lawn to make it grow, then as soon as it does you whack it off with a lawn mower?
Nobody's going through the forest spreading 10-10-10 yet those plants are doing fine, in fact, that's where all plants come from in the first place. We fertilize too much and we spray too much.


10.83 m of graphic material.
Originally known as the "Photography Unit," University of Manitoba Audio Visual and Classroom Technology Support was solely responsible for photography and initially 60% of its workload was for the Faculty of Agriculture, including plant, animal, and soil science. Soon, the Photography Unit became responsible for shooting campus-wide events, including public relations, scientific research, and convocations. The Photography Unit was also responsible for a day-to-day workload that consisted of bookings, completing photography jobs, as well as processing the photographs in a darkroom.
The "Photography Unit" became known as "Photography and Graphics," then "Imaging Services," and later "Audio Visual and Classroom Technology Support," which it is currently known as. The changes in the unit names reflects the advances in technology and the conversion to digital technology.
Originally, the Photography Unit reported to the head of the graphics department, and now photography has become an extended branch of the Audio Visual and Classroom Technology Support unit. The work of the Photography Unit had been split up amongst four	photographers-- Bob Talbot, Keo Nishizeki, Allan Patterson, and Wayne Foster. It soon became three as Wayne Foster left to shoot at the Bannatyne campus.
Bob Talbot was a photographer at the University of Manitoba from May 1972 to January 2011. Bob Talbot had initially taken the job as summer employment, but he soon moved from office clerk to apprentice photographer, junior photographer, and	finally, senior photographer. Within the Photography Unit, Bob Talbot became the head, and reported to the Audio Visual and Classroom Technology Support unit until his retirement in early 2011.
All photographs and negatives were transferred from the University of Manitoba Audio Visual and Classroom Technology Support to the University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections in 2003. Other accessions occurred in 2004 and 2010. Further accruals are expected.
Accession A2010-110 is linked to this finding aid.
Fonds and finding aid processed by Nicole Courrier, October 2013.
Uploaded to AtoM by Marta Dabros, December 2013.
Revised by Nicole Courrier, January 2014.
Revised by Tyyne Petrowski, January 2014.


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Populism and Foreign Policy
What are the implications of the global rise of populism for international politics? Episodes such as Brexit or US President Trump's withdrawal from the Iran Agreement suggest that populists in power fuel international tensions, weaken multilateralism and undermine global governance. However, existing preliminary work on the Global South shows that this is not automatically the case. The project seeks explanations for this variance in the effects of the formation of populist governments on foreign policy.
Dr. Johannes Plagemann
Prof. Dr. Sandra Destradi
The project aims to examine the effects of populism on foreign policy in a systematic and comparative way and to build theory in the process. The central question is: To what extent and why does the formation of populist governments lead to foreign policy change?
Contribution to International Research
Episodes such as Brexit or US President Trump's withdrawal from the Iran Agreement suggest that populists in power fuel international tensions, weaken multilateralism and undermine global governance. However, existing preliminary work on the Global South (Plagemann/Destradi 2019; Destradi/Plagemann 2019) shows that this is not automatically the case. In some cases, populist governments were even more open to multilateralism or showed a greater willingness to provide global public goods than their non-populist predecessors. This variance in the effects of the formation of populist governments on foreign policy has not been systematically studied or theorised so far. The project closes this research gap.
Since the project breaks new ground, it chooses an explorative and comparative approach. It examines four broad foreign policy themes: a) governments' willingness to engage in conflict; b) their contributions to the provision of global public goods; c) their engagement with international institutions; and d) their relationship with populist-ruled and authoritarian states. The qualitative empirical analysis examines continuity and change in the foreign policies of five countries after the formation of populist governments: Bolivia (Morales, 2006-2019), India (Modi, 2014-2019), Turkey (Erdoğan, 2003-2019), Italy (the coalition government of Lega and Five Star Movement, 2018-2019) and the Philippines (Duterte, 2016-2019). The cases were chosen because they show variance in the 'thick' ideology with which populism is combined, as well as on a number of other theoretically relevant dimensions.
The project consists of two Work Packages (WPs). WP1 serves to take stock of continuity and change in foreign policy in the four fields (a-d) as well as in foreign policy decision-making processes; to this end, we compare each of the five populist governments with the respective non-populist predecessor government. WP2 answers the second part of the research question ('why?') and has a theory-building effect. It develops, verifies and refines statements about the mechanisms and conditions through which populism affects foreign policy by comparing foreign policy change in the five cases in an abductive research process. In this way, the project combines the search for generalisable statements with the in-depth and context-sensitive analysis of the case studies.
Comparative European Politics | 09/2021
Populism and Foreign Policy: A Research Agenda (Introduction)
Populist parties have been on the rise worldwide in recent years and formed governments. Much discussed in the media but little systematically researched so far are the effects of populism on foreign policy. The authors of this introduction present a research agenda.
Dr. David Cadier
Internationale Politik | 05/2020
Populisten und Außenpolitik: Trump, Modi, Erdoğan & Co verändern die Welt. Welche Folgen hat das für den Westen und für den Multilateralismus?
Horizons | 2020
The Foreign Policy of Populists
East Asia Forum | 02/2019
What Modi teaches us about populist foreign policy
Foreign Policy Analysis | 2019
Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India


At the start of the much-delayed league, StarTimes restricted live coverage to only Mandela National Stadium, Namboole; StarTimes Stadium, Lugogo; and St Mary's Stadium, Kitende.
FOOTBALL | Express FC's league game against Tooro United at Mutesa II Stadium, Wankulukuku, will be telecast live, ending nearly a month of cold war between the club and the league sponsors.
StarTimes Uganda backed down and on Friday morning sent a news release about adjustments in live coverage of league games having added Green Light Stadium in Arua, the home of Onduparaka, to the roster a fortnight ago.
At the start of the much-delayed league, StarTimes restricted live coverage to only Mandela National Stadium, Namboole; StarTimes Stadium, Lugogo; and St Mary's Stadium, Kitende.
The league sponsors, whose Shs27 billion hamper included league title and broadcast rights, had advanced several reasons for locking out other stadiums, but could not convince the hierarchy at Wankulukuku.
A row erupted as Express FC accused StarTimes of usurping more than it was due to them and offering crumbs to clubs by adding only Shs17 million to clubs yet denying them the freedom to get pay TV sponsors.
At the time the StarTimes sponsorship was announced, Express were reportedly negotiating shirt deal renewal with DStv, while Onduparaka were also understood to have willingly ended their marriage with Betway having tapped onto a promising deal with Azam.
But StarTimes said it would not allow clubs to sign any deal with rival pay television companies going forward.
Kiwanuka Kiryowa, who had just taken office as Express FC chairman, was left seething by the StarTimes deal and the decision to lock Wankulukuku out of live coverage.
"If you give me Shs67 million and ask me to look for another sponsor other than your competitor and again limit my coverage, what do you mean? How will I convince a local company to bring in money when he doesn't see the visibility?" he asked.
Red Eagles fans were equally angry at the snub and took to social media to vent their fury, leaving StarTimes naked.
As Express and Onduparaka led the cold war against StarTimes, the league sponsors found themselves having to make the difficult yet simple decision of taking their broadcast van to Arua and Wankulukuku.
The league sponsors on Friday said there there will be 14 live games between Tuesday next week and December 12 in a roster that also has Champions Stadium in Mwererwe, Arena of Visions Stadium, Ndejje, and FUFA Technical Centre in Njeru in Jinja among the stadiums to facilitate live coverage.
The games at the eight venues are telecast live on StarTimes' Sanyuka TV.


Today we have created the release branch for the next stable release of the Dune core modules. The branch will receive several weeks worth of bugfixing before being released as Dune 2.1.0. If you want to help testing you can download the release branch.


Staff Technologist Seth Schoen, EFF's resident expert on trusted computing, recently attended this year's Windows Hardware Engineering Conference (WinHEC). This is the second of a four-part series in which Schoen provides detailed updates on the status of Microsoft's security and lockware strategies for Windows. The outcome of these strategies will affect to what degree people using the platform and "trusted" PCs can maintain a desirable level of control over their own computers. The first post in the series can be found here.
(1) Am I talking to the particular make and model of peripheral I think I am?
(2) Am I talking to genuine physical hardware, rather than software that mimics its functionality?
Hardware vendors are now architecting systems that can answer these questions accurately. In so doing, they endanger the benefits PC users have long enjoyed due to weaknesses in device authentication.
Ever since the ISA Plug-n-Play specification (and from the creation of the PCI bus), devices have had a means of identifying themselves. For example, a PCI video card will answer a request to identify itself by stating its device class (likely 0300, "VGA compatible controller"), manufacturer ID, and device model ID. There has not, however, been any sort of technical guarantee about the accuracy of such information. A manufacturer could create devices that claim to be other sorts of devices, and the only adverse consequence would be a greater likelihood of driver incompatibility.
"Device authentication" refers to techniques for giving software authentic information about what sort of hardware it is communicating with, and, in some cases, to giving hardware peripherals authentic information about the software that is communicating with them. The PCI ID system just discussed can be seen as a form of device authentication, but one without any sort of cryptographic basis. Stronger device authentication using cryptography has always been conceptually possible but has rarely been practiced on the PC (partly because of a traditional separation between hardware and software developers, partly because of implementation costs, and partly because of a lack of motivation prior to the emergence of the current DRM craze). One could argue that cryptographic smartcards are a species of device authentication because they can contain secret information that is difficult to copy and that can be used to prove that a device is present. However, very few PC users today use any sort of smartcard with their PCs.
In practice, the complexity of device drivers has usually made such tying possible even without formal device authentication mechanisms. (One could also say that the complexity of device drivers has served as a de facto device authentication mechanism.) Also, manufacturers who specifically want, for business reasons, to tie hardware and software together -- like Apple's iPod and iTunes -- have been creative in creating their own proprietary device authentication techniques.
Today, stronger protection for competition comes from the fact that many hardware manufacturers voluntarily implement the same interface standards, which makes rival devices relatively if not always completely substitutable for one another.
The indistinguishability of devices makes it easier to guarantee that existing software will continue to work under emulators and virtualizers like VMWare, Bochs, VirtualPC, and others. These emulators allow users to run software within a virtual machine, providing security and compatibility benefits. Software that was originally written for a particular machine can typically run without modification on an emulated version of that machine.
One key to making this work is emulating the machine's hardware -- that is, producing software constructs that look to software under emulation like real hardware. Emulator developers will code up software equivalents of hard drives, video cards, sound cards, keyboards, and more. Programs running within the emulator may not be able to tell the difference, and, indeed, in the ideal emulator could never tell the difference. That inability to distinguish physical from emulated hardware is vital to getting recalcitrant software to run under emulation.
(3) Virtualized hardware for redirection and recording.
Today, many software applications mimic hardware by redirecting application requests at some layer of an operating system. As just discussed, all emulators must do this in order to allow emulated software to communicate with the outside world. Mimicry is also useful for other purposes, including remote display and remote desktop applications. For instance, software that was written to display something on a locally attached monitor and to take input from a locally attached keyboard and mouse can be induced to interact instead with the same hardware on a machine hundreds or thousands of miles away.
Applications that mimic sound cards use many of the same redirection techniques to allow audio streams to be recorded as they are played. Programs like Total Recorder allow the computer user to make a copy of whatever audio is sent to the sound card, which is helpful when programs produce audio output but lack a built-in recording function.
If software can identify hardware well enough to read serial numbers or other unique IDs, it can use these to identify the user of the computer and to transmit this information over the Internet. Although this is a perennial privacy concern about the PC platform, it is heightened as software gets more and more reliable and detailed information about its hardware environment.
Major hardware vendors are now taking giant steps toward several sorts of device authentication. These steps ultimately threaten each of the PC users' interests just described. Why would hardware vendors do this?
One major source of motivation for device authentication is Microsoft's Protected Media Path (PMP) project, a successor to the Secure Audio Path (SAP). PMP is motivated by entertainment companies' DRM ambitions and is being developed in consultation with them. Although parts of PMP are purely software-implemented and can work without hardware modification, Microsoft's complete PMP vision includes the ability to distinguish physical from virtual peripherals and to distinguish one peripheral make and model from another. Devices that lack authentication capabilities may not work with future software that uses PMP's device authentication features. Since PMP is expected to be used by authorized players for next-generation DVD discs, any manufacturer who doesn't play along risks forfeiting the Windows home theater market entirely.
Device authentication efforts are proceeding on several fronts and, for the most part, are not yet complete. The Trusted Computing Group's working group on peripherals, the PCI Forum, and Microsoft are all working on initiatives in this area, and standards documents for device authentication interfaces are likely to be published this year or next.
Device authentication is explicitly intended to break virtual soundcards and is projected to break emulators, or require the emulator developers to collaborate more closely with the developers of the hardware they emulate. Applications whose developers don't want them to work under emulation will obtain new weapons in their technology arsenal for detecting emulation.
What about the effect on privacy? The relationship between unique IDs in hardware, cryptographic protection of hardware interfaces, and privacy is complex. Privacy advocates observe that if there is something unique about your PC, software might be able to observe it and then reveal it over a network, providing the equivalent of a cookie that never expires, that can't be deleted, and that could potentially be shared across multiple sites or services. Making PCs truly indistinguishable from one another would mitigate this concern; so would preventing software from being able to access these sources of "uniqueness."
Technology developers often respond that there is no new privacy threat in adding a unique ID to any one hardware component, because PCs have contained many different unique IDs for years. For instance, a computer's Ethernet card and hard drive already contain serial numbers that are visible to software (and clever programmers can find numerous other things that could serve as unique IDs).
On the other hand, these existing approaches are not backed up with cryptography. It's difficult for software to tell whether the unique identifiers it observes in hardware are truly unique, or whether they might have been altered or tampered with. (For example, software running in an emulator might see the "hard drive" as having a serial number that's the same as the drive in every other copy of that emulator. Modern Ethernet cards have a means of altering their serial numbers from software, and other tricks abound for fooling software about its environment.) Once cryptographic device authentication enters the picture, however, software may acquire significantly stronger evidence about the hardware environment. It may become increasingly difficult to alter device serial numbers and to prevent software from learning -- and revealing -- which machine it's running on.
Ironically, the Trusted Computing Group spent a great deal of time addressing precisely this concern in connection with its Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip. The TPM was carefully designed to prevent software from reading out its serial number and possibly using it as a cookie. Unfortunately, this privacy-protection effort may be for naught as other "authenticated" peripherals blithely give up their globally unique serial numbers to software -- in a cryptographically secured and trustworthy way.


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Zákon o znovuzačlenění vojáků do pracovního a civilního života (Servicemen's Readjustment Act) z roku 1944, běžně známý jako G.I. Bill, byl americký zákon, který poskytoval řadu výhod některým veteránům druhé světové války (běžně označovaným jako G.I.s). Původní platnost zákona G.I. Bill skončila v roce 1956, ale termín "G.I. Bill" se stále používá pro označení programů vytvořených na pomoc některým americkým vojenským veteránům.

Byl z velké části navržen a schválen Kongresem v roce 1944 v rámci úsilí obou politických stran, které vedla Americká legie, jež chtěla odměnit prakticky všechny válečné veterány. Od první světové války stála Legie v čele lobbingu v Kongresu za velkorysé výhody pro válečné veterány. Prezident Franklin Delano Roosevelt naopak chtěl mnohem menší program zaměřený na chudé lidi bez ohledu na vojenskou službu. Konečný návrh zákona zajistil okamžité finanční odměny prakticky všem veteránům druhé světové války, čímž se vyhnul velmi spornému odloženému vyplácení životních pojistek veteránům první světové války, které způsobilo politické nepokoje ve 20. a 30. letech 20. století. Mezi výhody patřily levné hypotéky, nízkoúročené půjčky na zahájení podnikatelské nebo zemědělské činnosti, roční podpora v nezaměstnanosti a účelově vázané platby školného a životních nákladů na studium na střední, vysoké nebo odborné škole. Tyto dávky byly k dispozici všem veteránům, kteří byli ve válečných letech v aktivní službě po dobu nejméně 90 dnů a nebyli propuštěni pro ztrátu cti.

Do roku 1956 využilo 7,8 milionu veteránů vzdělávací benefity G.I. Bill, z toho asi 2,2 milionu na vysoké školy a dalších 5,6 milionu na nějaký druh vzdělávacího programu. Historici a ekonomové hodnotí G.I. Bill jako významný politický a ekonomický úspěch – zejména v kontrastu se zacházením s veterány první světové války – a jako významný příspěvek k zásobám lidského kapitálu v USA, který podpořil dlouhodobý hospodářský růst.

G.I. Bill byl však kritizován za to, že část prostředků směřovala do výdělečných vzdělávacích institucí. Byl navíc rasově diskriminační, protože byl přizpůsoben zákonům Jima Crowa. Kvůli diskriminaci ze strany místních a státních samospráv i soukromých subjektů v oblasti bydlení a vzdělávání nepřinesl G.I. Bill takový prospěch Afroameričanům, jaký přinesl bílým Američanům. Historik Ira Katznelson z Kolumbijské univerzity popsal zákon jako pozitivní diskriminaci pro bílé. G.I. Bill byl kritizován za zvyšování rasových majetkových rozdílů.

Zákon o podpoře vzdělávání veteránů po 11. září z roku 2008 dále rozšířil výhody a poskytl veteránům finanční prostředky na plné pokrytí nákladů na jakoukoli veřejnou vysokou školu v jejich státě. Zákon G.I. Bill byl rovněž upraven přijetím zákona Forever GI Bill v roce 2017.

Historie

Dne 22. června 1944 byl podepsán zákon o znovuzačlenění vojáků (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944), obecně známý jako G.I. Bill of Rights. Profesor Edwin Amenta uvádí:
Příspěvky pro veterány byly výhodnou nabídkou pro konzervativce, kteří se obávali stále vyššího zdanění a rozšiřování státních agend New Dealu. Veteránské dávky by dostala malá skupina lidí bez dlouhodobých důsledků pro ostatní a programy by spravovala Veteránská správa, čímž by se odklonila moc od byrokracie New Dealu. Takové výhody by pravděpodobně bránily stoupencům New Dealu v jejich snaze vyhrát poválečnou bitvu o trvalý systém sociální politiky pro všechny.

Během války se politici chtěli vyhnout poválečným zmatkům ohledně dávek pro veterány, které se ve 20. a 30. letech staly politickou hrou. Organizace veteránů, které vznikly po první světové válce, měly miliony členů; v Kongresu mobilizovaly podporu pro návrh zákona, který poskytoval výhody pouze veteránům vojenské služby, včetně mužů a žen. Ortiz říká, že jejich úsilí "upevnilo Veterány zahraničních válek (The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the US) a Americkou legii jako dva pilíře americké veteránské lobby na celá desetiletí".

Harry W. Colmery, předseda Republikánského národního výboru a bývalý národní velitel Americké legie, se zasloužil o sepsání prvního návrhu zákona. Své nápady si údajně zapisoval na psací papír a ubrousek v hotelu Mayflower ve Washingtonu. Skupina osmi lidí z americké legie v Salemu ve státě Illinois také své nápady na výhody pro veterány zaznamenala na ubrousky a papír. Tuto skupinu tvořili Omar J. McMackin, Earl W. Merrit, Dr. Leonard W. Esper, George H. Bauer, William R. McCauley, James P. Ringley, A. L. Starshak a guvernér státu Illinois John Stelle, který se zúčastnil slavnostního podpisu s prezidentem Rooseveltem.

Senátor USA Ernest McFarland (demokrat z Arizony) a národní velitel Americké legie Warren Atherton (republikán z Kalifornie) se aktivně podíleli na přijetí zákona a jsou známí jako "otcové zákona o vojácích z povolání". Edith Nourse Rogersovou (republikánka z Massachusetts), která se podílela na sepsání zákona a byla jeho spoluautorkou, lze pak označit za "matku zákona o vojácích z povolání". Stejně jako v případě Colmeryho byl její podíl na sepsání a přijetí tohoto zákona zastřen časem.

Návrh zákona, který původně navrhl prezident Roosevelt, obsahoval test majetkových poměrů – pouze chudí veteráni by dostali jeden rok financování; pouze ti, kteří by dosáhli nejlepších výsledků v písemné zkoušce, by dostali čtyři roky placené vysoké školy. Návrh Americké legie poskytoval plné výhody všem veteránům, včetně žen a menšin, bez ohledu na jejich majetek.

Důležitým ustanovením zákona G.I. Bill byly půjčky na bydlení s nízkým úrokem a nulovou zálohou pro vojáky. Podmínky pro novou výstavbu byly navíc výhodnější než pro stávající bydlení. To podnítilo miliony amerických rodin, aby se přestěhovaly z městských bytů do předměstských domů.

Další ustanovení bylo známé jako "klauzule 52-20 pro nezaměstnanost". Nezaměstnaní váleční veteráni dostávali 20 dolarů jednou týdně po dobu 52 týdnů, a to až po dobu jednoho roku, kdy si hledali práci. Z peněz vyčleněných pro klub 52-20 bylo rozděleno méně než 20 %. Většina vracejících se vojáků si spíše rychle našla práci nebo pokračovala ve studiu na vysoké škole.

Příjemci z dávek G.I. Bill neplatili žádnou daň z příjmu, protože nebyly považovány za příjem z výdělečné činnosti.

Původní zákon G.I. Bill skončil v roce 1956. Od vydání původního zákona je vojenským veteránům k dispozici celá řada výhod, které se běžně označují jako aktualizace zákona G.I. Bill.

Po druhé světové válce
Větší procento veteránů z Vietnamu využilo vzdělávací dávky G.I. Bill (72 %) než veteráni z druhé světové války (49 %) nebo veteráni z korejské války (43 %).

Kanada
Kanada zavedla podobný program pro své veterány z druhé světové války, který měl podobně příznivý ekonomický dopad.

Problémy

Rasová diskriminace
Afroameričtí veteráni měli z G.I. Bill menší prospěch než ostatní.

Cílem zákona G.I. Bill bylo pomoci americkým veteránům z druhé světové války v tom, aby se přizpůsobili civilnímu životu. A to tím, že jim poskytl výhody včetně levných hypoték, nízkoúročených půjček a finanční podpory. Afroameričané neměli zdaleka takové výhody jako běloši. Historik Ira Katznelson tvrdí, že "zákon byl záměrně navržen tak, aby byl v souladu se zákony Jima Crowa". Na předměstích New Yorku a severního New Jersey bylo sjednáno 67 000 hypoték na základě zákona G.I. Bill, ale méně než 100 z nich si vzali lidé jiné než bílé pleti.

Banky a hypoteční agentury navíc odmítaly černochům poskytovat půjčky, takže G.I. Bill byl pro černochy ještě méně efektivní. Po návratu z války se černoši potýkali s diskriminací a chudobou, což představovalo překážku pro využití hypoték a vzdělávacích výhod plynoucích z G.I. Bill, protože pracovní síla a příjem byly okamžitě potřeba doma.

Většina ředitelů jižanských univerzit odmítala přijmout černochy až do revoluce za občanská práva. Segregace byla v této oblasti zákonem nařízena. Vysokých škol, které přijímaly černochy, bylo na Jihu zpočátku 100. Tyto instituce byly nižší kvality, 28 z nich bylo klasifikováno jako nabízející nižší než bakalářské vzdělání. Pouze sedm států nabízelo postgraduální vzdělávání, přičemž pro černochy nebyly k dispozici žádné akreditované inženýrské nebo doktorské programy. Všechny tyto instituce byly menší než bělošské a nesegregované univerzity a často se potýkaly s nedostatkem zdrojů.

Do roku 1946 byla na vysokou školu zapsána pouze pětina ze 100 000 černochů, kteří požádali o vzdělávací dávky. Historické černošské vysoké školy a univerzity (HBCU) se navíc dostaly pod zvýšený tlak, protože rostoucí počet studentů a omezené zdroje je donutily odmítnout přibližně 20 000 veteránů. HBCU byly již dříve nejchudšími vysokými školami. Zdroje HBCU se ještě více ztenčily, když si požadavky veteránů vyžádaly rozšíření učebních osnov.

Přestože černoši naráželi na mnoho překážek při získávání výhod G.I. Bill, zákon výrazně rozšířil počet Afroameričanů navštěvujících vysoké školy a postgraduální studium. V roce 1940 činil podíl zapsaných černochů na vysokých školách 1,08 % z celkového počtu vysokoškoláků v USA. Do roku 1950 se zvýšil na 3,6 %. Tyto přírůstky se však týkaly téměř výhradně severních států a v důsledku zákona G.I. Bill se prohloubily rozdíly ve vzdělání a ekonomické rozdíly mezi bělochy a černochy na národní úrovni. Vzhledem k tomu, že 79 % černošské populace žilo v jižních státech, byly vzdělávací úspěchy omezeny na malou část černošského obyvatelstva Spojených států.

Obchodní námořnictvo
Kongres nezahrnul veterány obchodního námořnictva do původního zákona G.I. Bill, přestože podle zákona o obchodním námořnictvu z roku 1936 byli v době války považováni za vojenský personál. Když prezident Roosevelt (demokrat) v červnu 1944 podepisoval G.I. Bill, prohlásil: "Věřím, že Kongres brzy poskytne podobné možnosti i příslušníkům obchodního námořnictva, kteří během války opakovaně nasazovali své životy pro blaho své země." Později, když už bylo nejmladším veteránům druhé světové války kolem 90 let, se objevily snahy ocenit přínos obchodního námořnictva tím, že se zbývajícím pozůstalým poskytnou určité výhody. V roce 2007 byly v Kongresu předloženy tři různé návrhy zákonů, které se touto problematikou zabývaly, z nichž pouze jeden prošel ve Sněmovně reprezentantů. Zákon o dodatečném poděkování obchodním námořníkům z druhé světové války z roku 2007 stanoví, že ministr pro záležitosti veteránů vyplácí každému jednotlivci, který byl v období od 7. prosince 1941 do 31. prosince 1946 prokazatelně příslušníkem amerického obchodního námořnictva (včetně armádní dopravní služby a námořní dopravní služby), odškodnění ve výši 1 000 dolarů měsíčně. Tento návrh zákona předložil Sněmovně reprezentant Bob Filner (demokrat z Kalifornie) v roce 2007 a Sněmovnou prošel, ale Senátem nikoli, takže se nestal zákonem.

Dalším pokusem o zařazení obchodního námořnictva do zákona G.I. Bill byl zákon 21st Century G.I. Bill of Rights Act z roku 2007, který představila demokratická senátorka Hillary Clintonová. Zákon poskytuje základní vzdělávací pomoc ozbrojeným silám nebo zálohám, které jsou po 11. září 2001: (1) nasazeny v zahraničí; nebo (2) slouží v souhrnu alespoň dva roky nebo jsou před tímto obdobím propuštěny z důvodu postižení souvisejícího se službou, obtíží nebo určitých zdravotních podmínek. Těmto osobám náleží 36 měsíců podpory na vzdělávání. Jeff Miller (republikán z Floridy) dosáhl toho, že sněmovna schválila snazší přístup k zákonu G.I. Bill "ověřením čestné služby jako pobřežní obchodní námořník mezi 7. prosincem 1941 a 31. prosincem 1946 pro účely nároku na dávky pro veterány podle zákona GI Bill Improvement Act of 1977". Návrh prošel Sněmovnou reprezentantů a dále se nedostal.

Vysoké školy zaměřené na veterány
Po zavedení GI Bill ve 40. letech 20. století vznikla celá řada komerčních "fly-by-night" (pomíjivých) odborných škol. Některé z těchto komerčních vysokých škol se stále zaměřují na veterány, na které se nevztahuje pravidlo 90-10 pro federální financování. (Pravidlo 90-10 odkazuje na americký předpis, kterým se řídí ziskové vysokoškolské vzdělávání. Omezuje procento příjmů, které může soukromá škola získat z federálních zdrojů finanční pomoci, na 90 %; zbylých 10 % příjmů musí pocházet z alternativních zdrojů.) Tato mezera v zákoně podporuje výdělečné vysoké školy v tom, aby se zaměřovaly na veterány a jejich rodiny a agresivně je nabíraly. Legislativní snahy o odstranění této mezery v zákoně selhaly.

Podle srovnávacího nástroje GI Bill Comparison Tool jsou největšími příjemci prostředků z GI Bill tyto univerzity:
 University of Phoenix: $190,941,289
 University of Maryland Global Campus: $67,806,473
 American Public University System: $58,773,186
 Full Sail University: $48,678,834
 Colorado Technical University: $48,024,079
 Arizona State University: $42,759,321
 Liberty University: $33,938,851
 National University: $32,080,876
 Southern New Hampshire University: $30,986,463

Náborové agentury jako QuinStreet také působily jako třetí strany při náboru veteránů pro podřadné vysoké školy.

Další právní záruky
Ve státě Kalifornie platí pravidlo 85-15, jehož cílem je zabránit predátorským a "fly-by-night" (pomíjivým) výdělečným vysokým školám v tom, aby se zaměřovaly na veterány.

V roce 2012 vydal prezident Barack Obama vládní nařízení č. 13607, aby zajistil, že příslušníci vojenských služeb, veteráni a jejich rodiny nebudou agresivně oslovováni podřadnými vysokými školami.

Ministerstvo pro záležitosti veteránů spravuje webové stránky pro veterány, kde si mohou porovnat vysoké školy, které využívají GI Bill, aby mohli rozumně využívat své vzdělávací výhody.

Ministerstvo pro záležitosti veteránů má také systém zpětné vazby, kde mohou veteráni podávat stížnosti na školy, které navštěvují.

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 Abrams, Richard M. "The U.S. Military and Higher Education: A Brief History." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1989) 404 pp. 15–28.
 Altschuler, Glenn C. and Stuart M. Blumin. The GI Bill: a new deal for veterans (2009), brief scholarly overview
 Bennett, Michael J. When Dreams Came True: The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America (New York: Brassey's Inc., 1996)
 Bound, John, and Sarah Turner. "Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans?" Journal of Labor Economics 20#4 (2002), pp. 784–815 in JSTOR
 Boulton, Mark. Failing our Veterans: The G.I. Bill and the Vietnam Generation (NYU Press, 2014).
 Clark, Daniel A. "'The two joes meet—Joe College, Joe Veteran': The GI Bill, college education, and postwar American culture". History of Education Quarterly (1998), 38#2, pp. 165–189.
 Frydl, Kathleen. The G.I. Bill (Cambridge University Press, 2009)

 Jennings, Audra. Out of the Horrors of War: Disability Politics in World War II America (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). 288 pp.
 Mettler, Suzanne. Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation (Oxford University Press, 2005). online; excerpt
 Nagowski, Matthew P. "Inopportunity of Gender: The G.I. Bill and the Higher Education of the American Female, 1939-1954" Cornell University ILR Collection" (2005) online; statistical approach
 Nam, Charles B. "The Impact of the 'GI Bills' on the Educational Level of the Male Population" Social Forces 43 (October 1964): 26-32.
 Olson, Keith. "The G. I. Bill and Higher Education: Success and Surprise," American Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 5 (December 1973) 596-610. in JSTORin JSTOR
 Olson, Keith, The G.I. Bill, The Veterans, and The Colleges (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974)
 Peeps, J. M. Stephen. "A B.A. for the G.I. . . . Why?" History of Education Quarterly 24#4 (1984) pp 513-25.
 Ross, David B. Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and Veterans During World War II (Columbia University Press, 1969).

 Van Ells, Mark D. To Hear Only Thunder Again: America's World War II Veterans Come Home. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001.
 Woods, Louis, "Almost 'No Negro Veteran…Could Get a Loan:' African Americans, the GI Bill, and the NAACP Campaign Against Residential Segregation, 1917-1960," The Journal of African American History'', Vol. 98, No. 3 (Summer 2013) pp. 392–417.

Související články
 Druhá světová válka
 Zákony Jima Crowa
 Bílý útěk
 Rasová segregace

Externí odkazy
 Oficiální webové stránky
 GI Bill Forum
 The American Legion's MyGIBill.org
 The Department of Veteran Affairs' GI Bill website
 Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors analysis of the MGIB
 Education Fact Sheet for Guard & Reserve Members
 Education Benefits Available by States
 Guide to the GI Bill Oral Histories 2003-2004
 Web-Enable Education Benefits System
 GI Bill top up program

Americké vojenství
Politické dějiny druhé světové války
Zákony USA
Školství v USA
Politika v roce 1944
Dějiny USA 20. století

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
New Report: Trashing New York's Neighborhoods
New York City is undermining its major investments in solid waste and recycling infrastructure by allowing the private commercial waste industry to massively increase its reliance on trucking of commercial waste, according to a new report out today by the Transform Don't Trash NYC coalition, titled "Trashing New York's Neighborhoods."
As the Department of Sanitation (DSNY) has phased out the use of private truck-based transfer stations for residential waste, private haulers have trucked increasing amounts of commercial waste to these facilities, which are disproportionately located in low-income communities and communities of color, the report says.
The report comes as the City Council considers legislation to create an exclusive commercial waste zone system. The Commercial Waste Zone bill, Intro 1574, would enable haulers and customers to reduce and recycle far more waste cost-effectively—reducing the amount of waste dumped in New York City.
Councilmember Antonio Reynoso, who introduced the bill, said: "Communities of color, like my district in Williamsburg, have long borne the consequences that come with handling a disproportionate amount of our City's trash," said Council member Antonio Reynoso. "Advocates and I have fought tirelessly to instill equity into our City's waste processing system by limiting the amount of trash handled in overburdened districts and by advocating for export by barge rather than trucks. Data from a recent report by the Transform Don't Trash Coalition shows that our efforts are being undermined by the private carting industry's increased reliance on trucking for the export of commercial waste. A commercial waste zone system will finally instill equity into our private sanitation industry while ensuring that the industry abides by environmentally sustainable practices."
Councilmember Donovan Richards said: "This new data proves that communities of color will continue to carry the burden of sorting more and more commercial waste," said Council Member Donovan Richards. "The city must move forward with decisive action to create a strong policy that addresses this injustice as soon as possible. Thankfully, the implementation of Waste Equity and the passage of Commercial Waste Zones can accomplish the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the health and safety of environmental justice communities."
Councilmember Diana Ayala said: "The commercial waste industry continues to burden environmental justice neighborhoods like East Harlem and the South Bronx with their continued reliance on trucks to haul waste. The Coalition's new report is a reminder of how desperately our city needs commercial waste zones, which will help decrease greenhouse emissions, establish better labor standards, and improve street safety," said Council Member Diana Ayala, Co-Chair of the Progressive Caucus. "It is clear that Council Member Reynoso's Commercial Waste Zones bill must be passed soon to achieve these goals and protect our communities."
Report author Justin Wood from New York Lawyers for the Public Interest said: "These new data confirm the experiences of people living near commercial transfer stations – there are too many trucks, too much noise, and too much pollution. In addition to the Waste Equity Law, the City needs to use the Commercial Waste Zones plan as a means of reducing commercial waste and redirecting some of it to cleaner, more modern barge and rail-based facilities to reduce the burden on environmental justice communities."
Dr. Tok Oyewole, New York City Environmental Justice Alliance, said: "Increasing quantities of waste are being sent to facilities in the same few communities of color in NYC. On top of this unfair burden, these private facilities are often in violation of local and federal laws, plaguing communities with persistent smells, leachate, pest problems, idling trucks, as well as diesel truck-fueled air pollution, traffic accidents, street damage, and noise. Passage of a robust Commercial Waste Zones bill will address these injustices and tackle the climate crisis by rewarding better practices in an industry that has been unaccountable for too long. "
Angela Tovar, THE POINT CDC, said: "In the wake of the climate crisis, it is particularly critical that the City of New York move away from harmful and extractive practices and transition to a new method of commercial waste collection that zones and regulates the system and reduces the millions of vehicles miles traveled by commercial waste haulers every year. We know that a more regulated system will greatly reduce particulate matter and other ground-level pollution. In a community like Hunts Point, which is ranked one of the highest on the NYC climate vulnerability index, and a community that hosts the second-largest concentration of the waste transfer stations, this is a matter of life and death. We are calling on our leaders, The Department of Sanitation, and The Mayor to take action now."
Leslie Velasquez, El Puente, said: "Our community needs commercial waste zones. North Brooklyn currently handles 40% of the city's total waste, with the amount of waste increasing over time. Commercial waste zones would also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from truck traffic and landfills, mitigating the effects of climate change, which hits environmental justice communities like ours first and worst. We must pass commercial waste zones, for the safety and health of our communities."
Jen Chantrtanapichate, Founder of Cleanup North Brooklyn, said: "A comprehensive commercial waste zone system is absolutely critical for New York City to reduce severe environmental impacts that contribute to the climate crisis and to provide much-needed relief for our environmental justice communities. Living in North Brooklyn for over a decade, I've witnessed firsthand how private carters pollute our air and how inequitable and unsustainable the current waste system is. From my understanding, commercial waste zones have the potential to cut truck miles driven by 58% citywide. This is essential if we are working to justly transition our city towards climate emission goals."
Sean T. Campbell, President of Teamsters Local 813 said: "Black and Brown communities where my members live were promised relief from pollution, dangerous traffic, and fumes when the Department of Sanitation built marine transfer stations and stopped relying on private transfer stations. That promise has been broken, as private carters have sent more and more commercial trash to these communities in recent years. We need a strong commercial waste zone bill to protect environmental justice communities from having to continue dealing with the impacts of everyone else's trash."
Maritza Silva-Farrell, Executive Director, ALIGN, said: "This report shows that the amount of commercial trash being processed at private waste transfer stations in the city has shot up, and neighborhoods in North Brooklyn, the South Bronx, and Southeast Queens that are already living with the worst environmental pollution in the city are continuing to bear the burden. Environmental justice communities in these areas were supposed to see some relief with marine transfer stations, but unregulated private carting companies continue to dump in our backyards. The city has to step up and take responsibility for the millions of tons of trash that businesses in New York City are producing every year. We must build a sustainable, just system for our climate future by passing intro 1574."


So as of right now I've applied to most of the schools I plan on applying to. I've applied to 3 schools in the T-13, and pretty much blanketed the 14-30 range. I've already gotten accepted into Penn State Dickinson with a full tuition offer, so I'm holding onto that as a back up.
My career goals do not include big law, it's just not for me I don't think. I plan on doing something in international law, either working for the State Department, the UN or another organization like that. I also wouldn't reject working for a state government, although it definitely is not my first choice and that would be only if I really needed a job bad. Eventually I would like to get into being a judge or having a high position in government/the UN.
My question is does it matter where I go to school for these kind of jobs? Obviously I'm saying that I can go to an unranked school or anything like that, but is it necessary to go to a T-13 school for these kinds of jobs or should I look at the money I get from everywhere then make a decision? I don't want to go to a regional school like Wisconsin and then be stuck in the midwest working for the state government.
Re: Does it matter where I go?
si95 wrote: I plan on doing something in international law, either working for the State Department, the UN or another organization like that. I also wouldn't reject working for a state government, although it definitely is not my first choice and that would be only if I really needed a job bad. Eventually I would like to get into being a judge or having a high position in government/the UN.
My question is does it matter where I go to school for these kind of jobs?
Bad news: "International law" pretty much only exists for YLS grads. Everyone and their brother wants the types of uber-prestigious positions you want. These are positions that would be very tough to get from CCN, let alone a non-T13 school. BigLaw is vastly, vastly easier to get than the unicorn UN/State Department/etc. positions you're hoping to land.
Do you have gangbuster softs? If so, you may still have a shot at Yale. Otherwise, I recommend retaking the LSAT until you have a shot at the upper T13, at the very least. You'll need the very best school you can possibly get into.
Second QContinuum. The jobs you are talking about (U.N., State Department) are unicorn jobs and are not a realistic career goal for most students. Becoming a judge is generally something that happens after at least a decade of successful practice- you need connections within the legal community to be a successful candidate in most places.
Taking a full ride to a second-tier school can be an OK option if the full ride has no stipulations, you will truly be able to graduate debt-free (due to other sources of funding), and you are comfortable with a non-remunerative career track.
If you have the grades to get in to a T14, you should get full offers at some decent T1 schools. Won't help you get the jobs you're talking about, but you could still work for a federal agency on some level, since you don't seem excited about working for local government.


text:
Did Rhea Chakraborty just announce her love for Sushant Singh Rajput with THESE unseen pictures on his birthday?
'83 new poster: Ranveer Singh introduces Addinath Kothare as 'The Colonel' Dilip Vengsarkar
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Warina Hussain on being launched by Salman Khan: He is my real-life hero
Warina Hussain is all set to mark her debut with 'LoveYatri' opposite Aayush Sharma, brother-in-law of Salman Khan. The movie has been rocking the headlines since the announcement. Now, the movie is garnering accolades for its trailer and songs.
Recently, during an interview, Warina talked about how she feels to be launched by none other than the superstar. She said that it still feels like a dream. As its a big project, she also understands that she has a bigger responsibility. The actress added that she is grateful to Salman for launching her under his banner.
As 'LoveYatri' is her first film, she expressed her nervousness and said, "I was really nervous when I did my first portfolio. I knew nothing of the industry then. Today, I find myself in the same spot where I was six years ago. This is my first film and I have no idea about how to go about it."
Warina went ahead and praised Salman for being nice to a newbie in the industry, she said, "He was so nice. He is always very positive about everything. He has been so supportive of me throughout. He is a real-life hero for me. My life totally changed because of him. Despite me coming from a very different background, he gave me this huge break."
She also revealed that 'LoveYatri' might not have been her debut film as she was on board for another film but the film didn't go on floors. She said, "It is difficult to bag a project. There is so much competition, you end up questioning your craft. I have faced rejections for a couple of films. When I started out I was not comfortable in speaking Hindi. I was almost on board for a film but the project never took off."
Helmed by Abhiraj Minawala, the film is all set to hit the theatres on October 5.
Kangana Lashes Out|Deepika Quotes|Ranbir Kpaoor|Ajay Devgn|Tanaji Box Office|Saiee Manjrekar|Yami Gautam|Ayushmann Khurrana|Chhapaak Box Office|Abhishek Bachchan
~icon-ctn-vid~ ~ctn-vid-ad-container~ ~brandtext~


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The 3 Levels of DUI cases in Michigan
The 3 Levels of DUI cases in Michigan https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/lykins-law-plc-attorney-DUI-1024x683.jpg 1024 683 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/lykins-law-plc-attorney-DUI-1024x683.jpg January 19, 2020 January 19, 2020
After a DUI arrest, people often feel ashamed, hopeless and scared. A drunk driving arrest and later conviction can either suspend or revoke your ability…
What Is the Difference Between Drug Trafficking and Possession?
What Is the Difference Between Drug Trafficking and Possession? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/grand-rapids-mi-attorney-drug-crimes.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/grand-rapids-mi-attorney-drug-crimes.jpg June 24, 2019 June 24, 2019
Drug trafficking and drug possession are two very serious charges involving illegal substances. However, there's a big difference between the two. Many clients tend to…
What a MIP Charge Means for a Teenager
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Teenagers don't always make the best choices. Learning right from wrong is just part of growing up. Unfortunately, some of these poor choices can come…
Do You Lose Your License Immediately After a DUI?
Do You Lose Your License Immediately After a DUI? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/grand-rapids-attorney-dui.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/grand-rapids-attorney-dui.jpg May 24, 2019 June 24, 2019
Even if this is your first DUI conviction, the court can suspend your driver's license for up to 6 months. Yet, you may be eligible…
What Should You Do if You Get Stopped for a DUI?
What Should You Do if You Get Stopped for a DUI? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/dui-grand-rapids-mi-attorney.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/dui-grand-rapids-mi-attorney.jpg May 24, 2019 May 24, 2019
It's frightening to have the police pull you over on suspicion of drunk driving. Yet, there are things you can do to help your situation.…
What Does a Criminal Defense Lawyer Do?
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The legal system assumes innocence before guilt. Yet, this doesn't mean you should risk your freedom and future by facing criminal charges alone. Whether you're…
Criminal Defense Attorney vs. Public Defender
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You have the right to an attorney under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Yet, hiring a public defender may not be in your…
What Happens When You Get a DUI? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/dui-lawyer-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/dui-lawyer-grand-rapids-mi.jpg February 4, 2019 February 4, 2019
We understand that people make mistakes. However, we don't believe that people should have to suffer the consequences of their mistakes for their entire lives.…
5 Reasons People Fail Probation
5 Reasons People Fail Probation https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/probation-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/probation-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg January 15, 2019 January 15, 2019
Failing or not showing up for drug or alcohol tests – most probation terms have requirements that mandate no use of alcohol or illegal use…
Marijuana Use or Possession after a Crime in Michigan?
Marijuana Use or Possession after a Crime in Michigan? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/grand-rapids-mi-drug-crime-attorney.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/grand-rapids-mi-drug-crime-attorney.jpg January 15, 2019 January 15, 2019
The short answer is YES! If a person has a pending criminal case a judge can order as a term of bond not to use…
Can Court's Test for Alcohol Use Days After A Last Drink?
Can Court's Test for Alcohol Use Days After A Last Drink? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/etg-alcohol-test-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/etg-alcohol-test-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg January 15, 2019 January 15, 2019
As with so many things in our world today, technology and medical advances have given court's the ability to test people for alcohol use up…
Will I Go to Jail for DUI Child Endangerment?
Will I Go to Jail for DUI Child Endangerment? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-drunk-driving-attorney.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-drunk-driving-attorney.jpg December 20, 2018 January 11, 2019
It's illegal to operate a vehicle with a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08% or more, especially when a passenger is under 16 years of…
What is Michigan's Zero Tolerance Law for Underage DUI?
What is Michigan's Zero Tolerance Law for Underage DUI? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/drunk-driving-lawyer-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/drunk-driving-lawyer-grand-rapids-mi.jpg December 20, 2018 January 11, 2019
The legal drinking age in Michigan is 21. However, this doesn't stop many young drivers from making the mistake of consuming alcohol illegally while they're…
5 Myths About Drunk Driving in Michigan
5 Myths About Drunk Driving in Michigan https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/drunk-driving-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/drunk-driving-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg December 20, 2018 January 11, 2019
Think you know everything about Michigan's drunk driving laws? Continue reading to learn what common myths prevent people from fighting DUI charges as aggressively as…
Consequences of Your First, Second, and Third DUI
Consequences of Your First, Second, and Third DUI https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-dui-lawyer.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-dui-lawyer.jpg December 12, 2018 January 11, 2019
Michigan has "per se" drunk driving laws, which means the prosecution doesn't need additional evidence beyond a breath or blood test showing your BAC was…
What if My Child is Caught with Drugs at School?
What if My Child is Caught with Drugs at School? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-drug-law-attorney.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-drug-law-attorney.jpg December 12, 2018 January 11, 2019
No one ever said raising a child would be easy. However, what happens when your child has been caught with drugs at school? If you…
Long-Term Consequences of Multiple DUI Convictions
Long-Term Consequences of Multiple DUI Convictions https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/dui-attorney-in-grand-rapids.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/dui-attorney-in-grand-rapids.jpg December 12, 2018 January 11, 2019
While one DUI on your record indicates a lapse in judgment, several DUI convictions show a pattern of substance abuse. If you have multiple DUI…
Michigan DUI Laws for Adults and Minors
Michigan DUI Laws for Adults and Minors https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/dui-attorney-in-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/dui-attorney-in-grand-rapids-mi.jpg December 12, 2018 January 11, 2019
Driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol is illegal, no matter your age. However, the types of DUI consequences you get can be influenced…
How Drug Crime Law Affects Your Teenager
How Drug Crime Law Affects Your Teenager https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/drug-crime-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/drug-crime-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg December 11, 2018 January 11, 2019
If your teenage child has been charged with a drug crime, it's important to call our criminal defense attorney as soon as possible. Please contact our…
Do You Need a DUI Attorney for Drunk Driving?
Do You Need a DUI Attorney for Drunk Driving? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-dui-attorney.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-dui-attorney.jpg December 11, 2018 January 11, 2019
Drunk driving is a serious crime, which is why you may benefit from hiring our DUI attorney. Our DUI attorney has experience representing cases like…
3 Reasons for a Suspended or Revoked Driver's License
3 Reasons for a Suspended or Revoked Driver's License https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-drivers-license-attorney.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/grand-rapids-mi-drivers-license-attorney.jpg December 11, 2018 January 11, 2019
We understand that you rely heavily on your car for transportation, which is why we recommend hiring our driver's license attorney as soon as your…
Questions to Ask When Hiring a DUI Attorney
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A good DUI attorney can mean the difference between walking around free and spending up to 93 days in jail for a first-time offense (180…
What is the Punishment for Minor in Possession?
What is the Punishment for Minor in Possession? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/what-is-punishment-for-minor-in-possession-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/what-is-punishment-for-minor-in-possession-attorney-grand-rapids-mi.jpg November 29, 2018 January 11, 2019
We all hope that our children make good choices. Unfortunately, the high school and college years are filled with opportunities to get in trouble. If…
Does My College Student Need a Defense Attorney?
Does My College Student Need a Defense Attorney? https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/does-my-college-student-need-a-defense-attorney.jpg 600 450 Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law Criminal Defense Attorney | Defense Attorney Grand Rapids, MI | Jerry Lykins Law https://www.lykinslawplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/does-my-college-student-need-a-defense-attorney.jpg September 26, 2018 January 11, 2019
One mistake shouldn't rule over the rest of your child's life. While we hope our children make good decisions once they leave home, sometimes they…
Tips for Driver's License Reinstatement after DUI
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Even a first offense DUI can result in a suspended license, which is why you need to hire a criminal defense attorney. Our DUI attorney…
What are DUI Consequences?
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Don't underestimate DUI charges. If convicted, you could spend the rest of your life fighting for your freedom, driver's license reinstatement, jobs, housing, and education.…


Add an edge to animal print in this cool leopard print sheer blouse with a ruffle detail to the front and shoulders. Wear tucked in with light wash jeans and heeled sandals for a day-to-night look. 99% Polyester, 1% Metallised fibre. Machine wash.


This is the adorable moment a previously blind and stray Cocker Spaniel sees her owners for the very first time thanks to some much-needed surgery.
Vlogging on the way to the veterinary clinic, owner Holly Emmerson expresses excitement and anxiety while preparing to witness her beloved pooch, Olive, see her in the flesh for the very first time.
After three years of relative darkness, emerging from the vets wide-eyed and excited, the patched-up pooch bounds towards Holly and husband Bart, transfixed on their faces as her tail wags behind her gleefully.
Jumping up for a better look of her owners, the enhanced hound can't get enough of her newly found vision, with her attention quickly shifting from her much loved owners to the roaring traffic outside, which leaves the canine stunned to the spot.
Holly, from Palma de Mallorca, Spain, said: "It was such an incredible moment to witness, seeing her that alert and looking us in the eyes.
"The second she came around the corner, Bart and I were both crying, it was such an emotional moment for us all.
Rescued after roaming the streets of LA alone and unable to see, the jet-black cocker spaniel was diagnosed with a severe cataract in both eyes, rendering her virtually blind and requiring immediate surgery.
Costing over $5,000, Holly and Bart liaised with the team at West Coast Cocker Rescue (WCCR), who found Olive, to help the to raise the required funds for medical bills.
Holly said: "Thanks to a lot of help from family, friends and the WCCR, we were able to raise the required amount for Olive's surgery.
"We've now launched our own YouTube channel, Holly and Bart, documenting our lives as a trio.


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First Look: Steiner M7Xi IFS Riflescope
by SI Staff - Thursday, February 7, 2019
Incorporating new ballistic technology into the company's line of M-Series riflescopes, Steiner Optics unveiled its all-new M7Xi IFS option that includes the company's Intelligent Firing System. This innovative platform built into the optic itself includes a range of sensors designed to provide long-range shooters with a custom firing solution via a heads-up display in the scope's sight picture.
Located in a housing just forward of the ocular bell at the rear of the scope, the Steiner M-Series Intelligent Firing System sensor suite collects information on a number of variables that can impact shot placement at extended distances, including temperature, air pressure and scope cant. The customizable HUD allows shooters to display all of these elements, as well as wind speed, wind direction, target distance and the windage and elevation settings currently input into the external adjustment turrets. Wind speed and direction, as well as target distance, must be manually input via the optic's touchpad or through Bluetooth pairing, thanks to a smartphone app designed to work with the optic.
Once all these variables are added, an on-board ballistic calculator calibrated to your gun's caliber and load will provide a firing solution, placing an aiming point inside the optic's reticle. Available in a 4-28x56 mm configuration, each Steiner Optics M7Xi IFS optic can be had with TReMoR3, MSR2 or G2B MIL-dot reticles, and the exterior is treated with an all-black anodized finish. Through the optical lens, consumers will find a 1.55- to 9.84-yard field-of-view, depending on magnification. Each optic is outfitted with tactile windage and elevation turrets for fast, intuitive adjustments. Adjustment values are made in 1/10 MILs.
Overall length of the Steiner M7Xi IFS measures 15.4 inches, and the optic weighs in at 40.6 ounces. The on-board sensor suite is powered through a single AA or CR123A battery, and shooters will find 3.54 inches of eye relief behind the optic. Since the M7Xi IFS is purpose-built for use in combat zones, the optic has been tested to withstand incredibly abusive environments, with near-unparalleled resistance to water, fogging and shock. The suggested retail price on the Steiner M7Xi IFS 4-28x56 mm optic starts at $5,749.99.
steiner m-series ifs intelligent firing solution riflescope scope optic long range precision 4-28x
First Look: McMillan Z-1 Stock
Remington 700 Upgrade: Why We Chose Grayboe


Ehren Starks : Cry Wolf.
Piano and cello/jazzy new age.
"Cry Wolf" is Ehren Starks' third album. Written and recorded over the course of 15 years, it is his opus. Insisting every record be better than his last, Ehren explored new musical territories and influences to create this record.
As always though, life in general was his biggest influence. The trials and tribulations of life in a small town, love lost, substance abuse, mental breakdowns and coping with adulthood all shaped "Cry Wolf". The album seeks to encapsulate all the power of beauty, melancholy, torture, anger, joy, loneliness, and escapism during this period.
"Cry Wolf" though almost never saw the light of day. After a devastating computer meltdown, all the files were lost except for one source. With the help of a fan and the mastering skills of David Chutka, the pieces were put back together and the album finally came to be.
License Piano and cello/jazzy new age by Ehren Starks for your project.
Play the music of Ehren Starks in your restaurant or store.
Guinevere by Jeff Wahl: acoustic new age and jazz guitar.


Haven't you heard, that navy is the black of formals.
Let men have the dogs because ladies...we have Arianna! Formalise the occasion in the sensational Arianna. Featuring detachable straps, this full-length mermaid gown begins with a sweetheart neckline - EZ's iconic cut with boning, and separated by a satin ribbon - before cascading with mermaid fashion into a small trail.


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Q: How to replace a character in a text file from left to right in python? I have a text file (*.txt) which its content is "01110011" and I want to replace that such that: '00' ==> a , '01' ==> b , '10' ==> c , '11' ==> d from left to right. so the content becomes 'bdad'.
According to this post, I used the code below but unfortunately, the replacement isn't directional (I mean it's not from left to right).
May I ask you to help me, please?
# Read in the file
with open('file.txt', 'r') as file :
  filedata = file.read()

# Replace the target string
filedata = filedata.replace('00', 'a')
filedata = filedata.replace('01', 'b')
filedata = filedata.replace('10', 'c')
filedata = filedata.replace('11', 'd')

# Write the file out again
with open('file.txt', 'w') as file:
  file.write(filedata)

A: Just build a new string only substituting the 2-char substrings at even indeces:
repl = {
    '00': 'a',
    '01': 'b',
    '10': 'c',
    '11': 'd',
}

filedata = ''.join(repl[filedata[i:i+2]] for i in range(0, len(filedata), 2))

A: Omitting the file handling, you could do this:-
mystring = '01110011'
mymap = {'00': 'a', '01': 'b', '10': 'c', '11': 'd'}
newstring = ''
while len(mystring) >= 2:
    newstring += mymap[mystring[:2]]
    mystring = mystring[2:]
print(newstring)

A: This would help:
with open('file.txt', 'r') as file :
  filedata = file.read()

New_String = ""
for i in range(0, len(filedata), 2):
    if filedata[i:i+2] == "00" : New_String += "a"
    if filedata[i:i+2] == "01" : New_String += "b"
    if filedata[i:i+2] == "10" : New_String += "c"
    if filedata[i:i+2] == "11" : New_String += "d"

print(New_String)

A: Here's a NumPy solution.
import numpy as np

# Read in the file
with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:
    byte_array = np.fromfile(file, dtype='uint8').reshape(-1, 2)

result = np.full((byte_array.shape[0], 1), b' ')
result[np.all(byte_array == (48, 48), axis=1)] = b'a'
result[np.all(byte_array == (48, 49), axis=1)] = b'b'
result[np.all(byte_array == (49, 48), axis=1)] = b'c'
result[np.all(byte_array == (49, 49), axis=1)] = b'd'

# Write the file out again
with open('file.txt', 'w') as file:
    file.write(result.tobytes().decode('utf-8'))

For more details on this method, see this answer.
Or, more conveniently, you could replace the middle section with:
repl = {
    (48, 48): b'a',
    (48, 49): b'b',
    (49, 48): b'c',
    (49, 49): b'd',
}
result = np.full((byte_array.shape[0], 1), b' ')
for k, v in repl.items():
    result[np.all(byte_array == k, axis=1)] = v

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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NEW DELHI: Finance Minister Arun Jaitley today virtually ruled out annual revision of pension as demanded by agitating ex-servicemen under 'One rank, One pension' but said government will safeguard interests of soldiers retiring at an early age through higher pensions.
Annul revision in pensions do not happen anywhere in the world, he said.
Jaitley said the government was committed to OROP but the "only difficulty" is the "arithmetical translation".
He said that recommendations of 7th Pay Commission for government employees was coming shortly.
Ex-servicemen have been agitating for 78 days at Jantar Mantar here demanding implementation of One Rank, One Pension, including annual revision of pension.
Could you also explain what all the other benefits not given by the rest of the world to veterans.


Here you see some of the cars on display during the days before the race.
Splendid collage, I love these cars, are from different owners? Thanks a lot for sharing with us!!!
Great collage. I like c'est si bon.
There's some beauties here. It looks like sports car heaven. I'm getting more jealous of you by the day!
I would just like to take one around the course one time. Please?
I love classic cars and these are gorgeous! Thank you for the collage.


text:
Nature, Surrey, Travel, UK
The Hindhead Tunnel – Genius Engineering
If, like me, you have driven back and forth to London from Portsmouth on the A3 prior to 2011, you will have realised the pure joy of bypassing The Devil's Punchbowl and the mind-numbing traffic queues at Hindhead crossroads.
The 29th July 2011 could not have come quickly enough for me and I even visited the A3 viewing platform on the Devil's Punchbowl to see the cars driving in and out of the north portal.
The tunnel, the most ambitious tunnelling project since the Channel Tunnel, is the longest non-esturial road tunnel in the UK and is built under The Devil's Punchbowl, an area of scientific interest. It is 1,830 m (1.14 miles) long and replaced the last remaining stretch of single lane carriageway on the 109 km (69 mile) A3 London to Portsmouth Road.
What's even more astounding to me is that the developers worked closely with the National Trust and this old, twisting road of concrete has been returned to nature and peace has returned to the inhabitants of Hindhead.
I recently even walked down the even older Portsmouth to London road which was itself replaced by the A3 … it is now the main means of access to The Devil's Punchbowl. It was once one of the most dangerous parts of the road – the haunt of highwaymen and footpads. There has been a route from Portsmouth to London since Tudor Times due to the significance of the Naval Dockyard.
All in all, an outstanding piece of engineering which has had a great impact on my life and for anyone regularly driving on the A3 up to London. It has also returned The Devil's Punchbowl and the Hindhead Commons back to the people. Rather brilliant solution all around.
Contributor and photographer: Sue Lowry
A3Channel TunnelDevil's Punch BowlfootpadshighwaymenHindheadLondonLondon to Portsmouth RoadmotorwaysNational TrustPortsmouthSurreyThe Hindhead TunnelTunnelUK
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This vibrant purple smoothie is made without dairy, loaded with fiber from almonds, bananas, oats and blueberries and sweetened with honey.
Preparing dairy-free meals can seem like a daunting task and eating diary-free can feel mundane. Have no fear, we have the ultimate dairy-less recipes made with creamy coconut or almond beverages that will leave you with a smile.
Made with almonds instead of cow's milk, these creamy panna cotta make for a delightfully nutty dessert that is cool enough for a hot summer day.
Whip up this peanut butter cup chia pudding for breakfast or dessert and satisfy all your cravings while getting some nutrients too.
Based on the classic candy bar, enjoy a layered almond joy pudding parfait made with almond milk instead of diary for extra nuttiness.
Topped with crunchy chia and hemp, this tropical coconut and mango smoothie bowl will transport you to a beach and make you feel as refreshed as if you were sitting under a palm tree.
Brushed with melted butter, coated in cinnamon sugar, and served with chocolate, strawberry and caramel sauces, try these churro waffles. They are what dreams are made of.
Fresh blueberries, coconut yogurt, and almonds make these easy overnight oats a delicious force to be reckoned with.
Loaded with plump, fresh blueberries, oats, and cinnamon, these vegan almond muffins are just what your summer mornings are calling for.
Whip up a creamy dreamy Crème Brûlée made dairy free with Dream Ultimate Almond.
This dairy-free, nutrient-packed smoothie is loaded with power to get you through to lunch. Plus, it is beautiful enough to start your day with a smile.
This simple summer soup is loaded with fresh vegetables and comes together in about half an hour. It's light, but filling and given a slight creaminess from almonds.
For a snack or breakfast, whip up this easy and super creamy almond butter and berry chia pudding, no dairy needed.
Start baking this rich, chocolate Texas sheet cake that is topped with a smooth ganache and so easy to make when you need a dessert for a crowd.


PANAMA CITY, Sept. 1— Panama has formally notified the United States that three draft treaties drawn up in 1967 to create a new status for the Panama Canal are unacceptable as a basis for resuming nego tiations.
Panama's disavowal of the treaty drafts, delivered in a diplomatic note, came as no surprise to officials of the Nixon Administration, who have also developed second thoughts about the agreements, which were negotiated during Presi dent Johnson's period.
The move by Panama ap peared to be the start of an effort to promote a high‐level "political understanding" with the Nixon Administration on sensitive issues growing out of the operation of the 56‐year‐old canal and the military bases for its defense.
As the new treaty draft is read by the current Panamanian Government led by Gen. Omar Torrijos Herrera, it does not achieve the goal of integration. The objectionable features are the continuation of a special court system and legal code applicable to the canal area as well as a separate police force, stores and other commercial services.
"If there Is a real political understanding, the technicians can work out the details, but if there is no basic agreement on issues it is dangerous to reopen negotiations," said the 41‐year‐old general.
Political discussion here on the Panama Canal, this small country's primary economic activity, has been relatively dormant since the present regime came to power Oct. 11, 1968 with the military over throw of President Arnulfo Arias, 11 days after he had taken office following an elec tion.
This self‐styled revolutionary regime, made up of a combina tion of soldiers, technicians and young businessmen, is corn mitted to achieving basic changes in the political, eco nomic and social structure. The Panama Canal, and the $160‐ million that its presence earns Panama in local wages and, purchases, is a basic part of the national structure.
There is a strong current of middle‐class nationalism in this government. General Torrijos has deported and jailed more than 50 Communists, but he meets regularly with student leaders. He is sensitive to criticism that the regime lacks an assertive position on the canal.
The negotiations for a new set of treaties on the canal followed student riots in Janu ary, 1964. Twenty‐five persons were killed, mainly by U.S. troops repulsing mobs that tried to enter the Canal Zone and fly Panamanian flags.
The canal was built by the United States under the Hay Bunilla Treaty of 1903, the year that Panama broke away from Colombia and became an in dependent nation.
The 553‐square‐mile corridor across the isthmus that con tains the waterway, and sur rounding military bases and in stallations for 4,000 United States employes of the Panama Canal Company, was leased "in perpetuity" under the 1903 treaty and the United States was empowered to act "as if it were sovereign" in the zone.
Under the new treaty draft agreed upon by negotiators in 1967, the United States agreed Ito place the canal under joint administration of a governing board composed of five persons named by the President of the United States and four named by Panama until 1999, when the canal would be turned over to Panama.
"The set‐up of the board means that all decisions would be made by the majority of United States members and all that the Panamanians would have is the right to protest," said General Torrijos.
The treaty covering the present canal is part of a package that includes two other draft treaties on main tenance of United States mili tary bases and on the possible construction of a new sea‐level canal through Panama.
The results of a $23‐million technical study by the United States on the sea‐level canal through four possible routes, including one in Nicaragua, that has been discarded, and another in Colombia, will be submitted to President Nixon on Dec. 1.


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Multiple dimensions of regional variation of impoverishment in Iran
Hosnieh Mahoozi
No 70, Discussion Papers from Justus Liebig University Giessen, Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU)
Abstract: Concerning the demands of Sen's (1987) Capabilities Approach to assessment of human wellbeing, the paper estimates the values of frequency and breadth of multidimensional poverty in Iran. It distinguishes specific regions as Tehran, other urban areas, and rural areas and it reveals that the proportion of rural areas in multidimensional poverty has increased from 1999 to 2007, in spite of relatively high rate of GDP growth in that period. It also detects the specific socio-economic group's deprivation type which is invaluable information for effective policy targeting.
Keywords: multi-dimensional poverty; welfare distribution; Iran (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D63 O53 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-ara and nep-cwa
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/110268/1/825507154.pdf (application/pdf)
Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:zbw:zeudps:70
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Handle: RePEc:zbw:zeudps:70


The Main Olympic Stadium is a modern facility, which provides athletes with all the latest amenities. It also includes areas for all the staff that is necessary for organizing major athletic and cultural events. The construction of the Stadium was complete in 1982. The famous roof, designed by the world-known architect Santiago Calatrava, was added for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games.
The central lawn of O.A.K.A consists of approximately 6.000 plastic capsules inside which thermophile lawn is grown. The capsules are adjoining, their size is 1.2*1.2m and are situated on a flat cement surface of two acres, flanked by two lateral drainage channels. The irrigation of the lawn is achieved by 35 automatically elevated water launchers with the use of programmed irrigation. This system allows the movement of the lawn to an area outside the stadium in order for the surface to be used for different events.


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Home Article A TALE OF TWO SCHOOLS.
A TALE OF TWO SCHOOLS.
Folks might remember the controversy over the Khalil Gibran International Academy, a public school in New York with an Arab-education component. These ventures were standard in New York: There were already Chinese, French, Haitian-Creole, and Spanish schools. But the Khalil Gibran International Academy attracted rather more opposition. Protests formed demanding that the government "stop the madrassa!" Daniel Pipes opined that "learning Arabic in of itself promotes an Islamic outlook." The New York Sun put the school under full court press. Debbie Almontaser, the principal, was forced to resign after she said the "Intifada NYC" shirts some girls wore used "intifada" in its traditional meaning, as "struggle." Demands to close the school mounted. Almontaser was replaced by Danielle Salzberg, a Jewish educator who does not speak Arabic. It was a mess. This week, in New York City, the state charter committee voted 8-1 to approve the creation of Hebrew Language Academy Chart School. The school is funded, as Dana Goldstein points out, by Michael Steinhardt, one of the primary funders of Birthright Israel, whose "foundation says its vision is to fight the secularization of American Jewry, including intermarriage." There has not, so far as I know, been any serious opposition. Nor should there be. But the differences in reception are not the sort of thing missed by America's Arabs, or the world's. America likes to imagine itself an honest broker, able to command respect and even sympathy in the Arab world. But this stuff, like the composition of its Middle East negotiating team, matters. Our actions say more than our words. Its hard to be credible brokers abroad when we can't muster equal treatment at home.