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Frontiers in Microbiology
Microbiotechnology, Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation
Science and Technology of Microbial Intelligences View all 5 Articles
The Current Microbiological and Biochemical Knowledge of as-Based Processes
Into the Future: Using the Intelligence of Wastewater Microbes to Recover the Hidden Treasure
Front. Microbiol., 03 March 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00047
A hundred years of activated sludge: time for a rethink
Abdul R. Sheik*, Emilie E. L. Muller and Paul Wilmes*
Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Biological wastewater treatment plants (BWWTPs) based on the activated sludge (AS) process have dramatically improved worldwide water sanitation despite increased urbanization and industrialization. However, current AS-based operations are considered economically and environmentally unsustainable. In this Perspective, we discuss our current understanding of microbial populations and their metabolic transformations in AS-based BWWTPs in view of developing more sustainable processes in the future. In particular, much has been learned over the course of the past 25 years about specialized microorganisms, which could be more comprehensively leveraged to recover energy and/or nutrients from wastewater streams. To achieve this, we propose a bottom-up design approach, focused around the concept of a "wastewater biorefinery column", which would rely on the engineering of distinct ecological niches into a BWWTP in order to guarantee the targeted enrichment of specific organismal groups which in turn will allow the harvest of high-value resources from wastewater. This concept could be seen as a possible grand challenge to microbial ecologists and engineers alike at the centenary of the discovery of the AS process.
Modern society is placing considerable strain on essential resources including water and energy (e.g., fossil fuels). Human interferences in biogeochemical cycles has already substantially altered the structure and function of atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial ecosystems (Vitousek, 1994). This is projected to worsen over the coming decades, as current estimates predict the human population to grow to more than 9 billion by 2050 (United Nations, 2013). In particular, waste residues may become pollutants if care is not given to their discharge into the environment. Thus, apart from public health considerations, systematic waste management is a central premise of sustainable development.
One hundred years ago, Ardern and Lockett (1914) described the process of activated sludge (AS) for biological remediation of sewage, based on heterotrophic microbial biomass either assimilating or oxidizing dissolved organic matter in influent wastewater. Following an aeration phase, the suspended biomass is separated from the treated wastewater by gravity filtration with a subsequent recycling of the majority of the sludge which is termed activated. To date, numerous variations of the original AS-based biological wastewater treatment plants (BWWTPs) are being operated world-wide including for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (Gujer et al., 1995), nitrification-denitrification (Henze et al., 1999), and anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (Van Dongen et al., 2001) together with anaerobic digestion of excess sludge (Grady et al., 2011). However, given the need for aeration as well as moving biomass between treatment tanks, AS-based BWWTPs consume considerable amounts of fossil fuel-derived energy resulting in considerable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the processes themselves also generate potent greenhouse gases such as CH4 (El-Fadel and Massoud, 2001) and N2O (Kampschreur et al., 2008). In this light, the current reliance on AS-based processes is environmentally unsustainable.
Although the organic and inorganic composition of wastewater depends on the influent (either municipal or industrial), it is estimated that the amount of chemical energy contained within wastewater is at least 10-fold higher than the amount of energy currently used to treat it (Shizas and Bagley, 2004; Heidrich et al., 2010). To date, energy recovery yields from anaerobic digestion of excess AS or from microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are significantly lower than the actual chemical energy contained within wastewater (Pham et al., 2006). Therefore, future sustainable strategies to reclaim energy from wastewater should not only reduce our dependence on fossil fuels but could also meet our demands of daily resources such as plastics and fertilizers.
In this Perspective, we introduce the concept of a "wastewater biorefinery column", an approach for potentially leveraging the existing microbiological and biochemical knowledge of AS-based processes in a bottom-up design approach. This concept is based on the engineering of distinct ecological niches into future wastewater treatment processes, which may in turn allow the targeted enrichment of distinct organismal groups and the comprehensive recovery of energy and biotechnologically relevant molecules.
Microbial communities of BWWTPs have for a long time been viewed as "black boxes", as their structure and function have remained largely unknown. The majority of early studies on the microbiology of BWWTPs involved classical isolation techniques (Prakasam and Dondero, 1967) and standard light microscopy for morphological identification of specific bacterial groups, e.g., filamentous bacteria (Eikelboom, 1975; Figure 1A). Using classical culture-dependent microbiological techniques, Acinetobacter spp. was implicated in phosphorus removal (Fuhs and Chen, 1975), Nitrosospira spp. was considered to be the key ammonium oxidizer (Prosser, 1989), Nitrobacter spp. (Henze et al., 1997) to be the dominating nitrite oxidizer and Hypomicrobium spp. to be a key denitrifier (Timmermans and Van Haute, 1983).
Intense research based on the retrieval of 16S rRNA gene sequences from BWWTPs in the last decades have ruled out the involvement of Acinetobacter spp. as a major player in phosphorus removal (Wagner et al., 1994; Kämpfer et al., 1996; Bond et al., 1995; Santos et al., 1999). So far, an uncultured and unclassified genus belonging to the Beta-proteobacteria, named Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis (CAp), has been shown to be a dominating phosphorus accumulating organism (PAO) in laboratory-scale reactors (Hesselmann et al., 1999; Crocetti et al., 2000) as well as in full-scale BWWTPs (Zilles et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2005). Moreover, subsequent molecular investigations have identified glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs; Mino et al., 1995) as major competitors of CAp in anaerobic/aerobic sludge cycling. This includes a novel group belonging to Gamma-proteobacteria named as Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis (Crocetti et al., 2002) and other groups belonging to Alpha-proteobacteria (Wong et al., 2004).
Regarding the cycling of nitrogen, new key players identified using molecular approaches included diverse populations of ammonium oxidizers (Juretschko et al., 1998; Purkhold et al., 2000; Daims et al., 2001), Nitrospira-like microorganisms as dominant nitrite oxidizers (Juretschko et al., 1998; Daims et al., 2001; Dionisi et al., 2002; Maixner et al., 2006; Spieck et al., 2006) and denitrifiers belonging to the genera Aquaspirillum, Azoarcus, Thauera, and PAOs such as CAp (Kong et al., 2004; Hesselsoe et al., 2005; Thomsen et al., 2007). More recently, archaeal members of the Thaumarchaeota were also found to be capable of catalyzing the aerobic oxidation of ammonium (Park et al., 2006). The complexity of nitrogen cycling in BWWTPs was further brought to the forefront when distinct microorganisms having novel physiological properties, i.e., being able to carry out anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) were identified (Mulder et al., 1995). These organisms belong to the phylum Planctomycetes (Strous et al., 1999) and have been putatively named "Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" (Schmid et al., 2000).
Numerous investigations into the ecophysiology of microorganisms in BWWTPs were carried out using fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with microautoradiography (MAR-FISH), which allowed direct visualization of specific microorganisms and qualitatively link specific carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) substrate transformations (Nielsen and Nielsen, 2002; Wagner et al., 2006). MAR-FISH allowed for example the study of competition between PAOs and GAOs for carbon substrates and allowed the formulation of models (Oehmen et al., 2010). During anaerobic conditions, PAOs assimilate organic carbon substrates, e.g., volatile fatty acids and store them as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs; Kong et al., 2004). When exposed to aerobic conditions, PAOs oxidize PHAs, which provides energy for polyphosphate accumulation, leading to P removal from the wastewater by biomass retrieval. GAOs compete with PAOs for volatile fatty acids under anaerobic conditions for PHA synthesis (Bengtsson et al., 2008) and do not accumulate polyphosphate under aerobic conditions but rather use energy for glycogen accumulation (Crocetti et al., 2002; Kong et al., 2006). Further information on the intra-cellular accumulation of PHA or polyphosphate indicating storage and/or cycling of these polymers was confirmed by combining MAR-FISH with staining methods (Crocetti et al., 2000; Wong et al., 2004). Other MAR-FISH studies demonstrated the physiological potential of lipid accumulating organisms (LAOs), such as Candidatus Microthrix parvicella to take up and store lipid substrates under anaerobic conditions and highlighted a competitive advantage of these filamentous bacteria compared to other organisms unable to assimilate these energy-rich substrates anaerobically (Andreasen and Nielsen, 1998; Nielsen et al., 2002).
Remarkably, advances in high-resolution molecular approaches, so called "meta-omics", are now allowing concrete linkages to be drawn between microbial community compositions and functions. For example, metagenomic studies have unraveled some of the enigmatic microbial phenotypic traits by identifying candidate genes for ladderane biosynthesis and biological hydrazine metabolism in Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis (Strous et al., 2006). Full-scale BWWTP metagenomic studies have underlined the need for more reference genomes of key species (Albertsen et al., 2011), which can be used as a template to interpret in situ data as illustrated by recent laboratory studies (Kristiansen et al., 2013; McIlroy et al., 2013). In this context, metagenomic or single cell sequencing data may be fruitfully employed to infer media formulation and growth conditions for organisms of interest.
While metagenomic studies have greatly contributed to the clarification of the functional capabilities of specific populations of interest, metaproteomics (Wilmes et al., 2008), metatranscriptomics (Yu and Zhang, 2012), and the combination of these two approaches (Haroon et al., 2013) have furthered our knowledge about the actual expression of relevant genes involved in key processes under different environmental conditions such as alternating anaerobic/aerobic phases. Thus, integrated "omics" over space and time (Muller et al., 2013) in combination with recorded physico-chemical parameters will allow reconstruction of the ecological networks and detailed definition of organismal niches (Figure 1B). Such knowledge may then be used to identify key determinants of overall microbial community structure and function, which in turn may be harnessed for comprehensive reclamation of energy and biotechnologically relevant products from wastewater.
FIGURE 1. Technology-driven understanding of the microbiology of AS-based processes. (A) Advances in microbial ecology methods starting with cultivation-based approaches leading to community "omics" allowing the unveiling of the microbial "black box" of AS-based processes. (B) Integrated high-throughput "omics" together with recorded physico-chemical parameters of BWWTPs hold great promise to define niches of individual community members and their elemental transformation capabilities. The combined information may be used to engineer niches of specific microbial communities for subsequent energy/nutrient recovery.
Given the numerous organismal groups which have now been identified, as well as the short-term prospect of additional unprecedented data from multi-omic analyses, the time is ripe at the centenary of the AS-process to think about formulation of new biological wastewater treatment processes. In particular, we can start to consider bottom-up design approaches rather than the top-down approaches promulgated thus far.
Here, we introduce the concept of a "wastewater biorefinery column" (Figure 2), based on a hypothetical bottom-up design approach, which takes into account the detailed knowledge of how specific microorganisms behave in situ and accumulate different storage compounds of interest over changing BWWTPs environmental conditions. Consequently, the engineering of specific niches would allow the harvest of high-value resources from wastewater. Such niche engineering may be achieved for example by (1) establishing distinct substrate gradients within the entire resource space of wastewater thereby exploiting the individual organismal niche breadths; (2) manipulation of the vertical distribution of key microorganisms by exploiting their respective settling velocities which in turn may be influenced by microbial/floc size and intracellular storage compounds; (3) harvesting dominant members for energy and/or nutrient reclamation. In laboratory-scale reactors, pronounced organismal enrichments have already been obtained for organisms of interest, in particular PAOs and GAOs (Winkler et al., 2011a), highlighting the feasibility of enriching these organisms by providing them with appropriate environmental conditions. With the advent of advanced meta-omic approaches, we will be able to define the niches of the respective organismal groups much more precisely, thereby allowing these to be engineering into future systems. Given the heterogeneous and dynamic composition of wastewater, niches may have to be continually adjusted. Such niche fine-tuning could be based on feedback from microbial fuel cells acting as biosensors (Di Lorenzo et al., 2009), which would allow the continuous monitoring of organic and inorganic composition of influents.
FIGURE 2. Conceptual scheme of the proposed "wastewater biorefinery column" concept for dedicated resource recovery through engineered organismal niches. Our proposed concept may serve as a future grand challenge for microbial ecologists and engineers to tackle current AS process marking the centenary of its discovery.
Among the renewable sources of energy currently being explored, biodiesel holds significant promise as a potential alternative to partially replace petroleum-based fuels. At present, up to 85% of the overall biodiesel production cost is associated with the feedstocks (Knothe et al., 2005; Mondala et al., 2009). Consequently, biomolecules from wastewater of immediate bioenergy interest are saponifiable lipids since they can be easily transformed into biodiesel (Fukuda et al., 2001; Chisti, 2007; Mondala et al., 2009). In municipal wastewater, lipids can represent up to 41% of the total organic pools (Raunkjae, 1994), with a vast majority being triacylglycerides (TAGs) and a minor part free long chain fatty acids (Quemeneur and Marty, 1994). Importantly, the long chain fatty acids comprising TAGs within wastewater sludge are predominantly in the range of C14–C18 which are ideal for the production of methyl esters (Dufreche et al., 2007; Mondala et al., 2009). Due to their hydrophobicity, wastewater lipids are usually sorbed onto particles and not readily extractable (Dueholm et al., 2000). However, LAOs excrete extracellular lipases, which allow hydrolysis of lipids and efficient bacterial assimilation. Following our "wastewater biorefinery column" concept, the buildup of filamentous LAO biomass could be favored at the top of the column (Figure 2). Given the high levels of lipid accumulation by filamentous organisms and straightforward production of biodiesel from this lipid-rich biomass, a large potential exists in wastewater biodiesel production as its synthesis is economically viable (Knothe et al., 2005). Interestingly, a byproduct of TAG-derived biodiesel production is glycerol, which can be furthered used to produce PHA (Mothes et al., 2007), thereby leading to a complete and high-value valorization of the wastewater TAG fraction.
PHA synthesis naturally occurs within the microbial biomass of AS. Wastewater-derived PHAs are currently being used to synthesize biodegradable bioplastics on an industrial scale (Chen, 2009; Morgan-Sagastume et al., 2010) and they exhibit similar thermomechanical properties compared to chemically synthesized polypropylenes (Curran, 1996). Additionally, PHAs can be chemically transformed into the biofuel hydroxybutyrate methyl ester by acid catalyzed hydrolysis (Zhang et al., 2009). Therefore, wastewater-derived PHAs represent a suitable renewable resource for plastic production, as resource expenses in the entire PHA production chain can account up to 50% of the total production costs (Choi and Lee, 1999). The microbial accumulation of PHAs from wastewater can be very rapid (ca. 5 h) and pronounced (PHAs can constitute up to 77% of cell dry weight (Jiang et al., 2012). Both PAOs and GAOs are known to accumulate PHAs under alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions. Given tailored environmental conditions, targeted enrichment of these organisms would therefore allow reclamation of PHA and fermentation products along with polyphosphate or glycogen (see below). PAOs in full-scale BWWTPs can contribute up to 35% of the total bacterial biomass (Oehmen et al., 2010) and laboratory reactor studies suggest that PAOs exhibit fast settling rates when compared to GAOs because of their differing cell densities (Vlaeminck et al., 2010; Winkler et al., 2011b; Volcke et al., 2012). These properties could be harnessed for separating both organismal groups and carrying out targeted resource reclamation (Figure 2). Through the establishment of density gradients, e.g., through manipulation of settling times, it could therefore be envisaged that GAOs could occupy the middle layers followed by PAOs in the lower section of the "wastewater biorefinery column" (Figure 2).
Although poorly studied in AS-based BWWTPs, fermentative bacteria contribute to the hydrolysis of complex organic macromolecules into low-molecular-weight substrates providing energy and carbon sources to other microbes. Produced molecules include industrially relevant commodities such as propionic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid (Kong et al., 2008). Interestingly, the production of alcohols and/or organic acids using fermentative treatment phases could be combined with biodiesel and bioplastic production since both processes require organic solvents. Most importantly, harvesting glycogen from GAO biomass could also be used for bioethanol production, an important biofuel (Hahn-Hägerdal et al., 2006).
Renewable fertilizer production using nutrient recovery from wastewater (primarily N and P) could cover up to 30% of the current agricultural fertilizer demand (Verstraete et al., 2009). A global estimate suggests that fertilizer production consumes up to 1.2% of the world's energy (out of which 92.5% for N and 3% for P), contributing about 1.2% of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (Kongshaug, 1998). In particular, PAO-rich biomass holds great promise as fertilizer. A major limitation of its current use as an agricultural fertilizer is that the biomass is typically rich in heavy metals (Veeken and Hamelers, 1999). However, there is increasing evidence that wastewater derived adsorbents (e.g., blast furnace slag) possesses high heavy metal adsorption capacities and offers a low-cost alternative treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater (Kurniawan et al., 2006) prior to further processing of the wastewater.
Apart from PAO-enriched biomass, struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O), a commonly occurring mineral found as precipitates in BWWTPs (Rawn et al., 1939) is a commercially produced fertilizer (Mavinic et al., 2007). Estimates suggest that within BWWTPs, 100 m3 of wastewater can yield up to 1 kg of struvite (Shu et al., 2006). The low solubility and the presence of high abundances of N and P in struvite is advantageous as a fertilizer since it reduces nutrient run-off in turn limiting eutrophication in receiving water bodies (Shu et al., 2006; El Diwani et al., 2007). Presence of low concentrations of suspended solids and high concentrations of ammonium and phosphate enhances struvite production (Doyle and Parsons, 2002). Thus, accelerating struvite production by retaining high levels of these ions in the wastewater while continuously reclaiming biomass fractions, e.g., from fast-growing populations could be another aim to be achieved in the "wastewater biorefinery column."
In the context of N recovery for fertilizer production, nitrate accumulating organisms which are known to occur in varied habitats (McHatton et al., 1996; Schulz et al., 1999) may also be of pronounced interest. Although nitrate accumulators in AS-processes have so far not yet been described, they could represent a significant N source for fertilizer production. A selective enrichment strategy (Spieck et al., 2006) may provide a plausible approach to identify potential nitrate accumulators within full-scale AS-based BWWTPs.
In the past few decades, increasing environmental concerns have triggered the formulation and development of new strategies for energy and nutrient recovery from wastewater through AS-based processes (Verstraete et al., 2009). However, the yields in terms of recovery of either energy and/or biotechnological resources have so far been limited. Our proposed concept of a "wastewater biorefinery column" would use the existing and future wealth of information concerning the genetic repertoire of microorganisms and their metabolic transformations for sustainable production of bioenergy, bioplastics and fertilizers. However, in order to have this come to fruition, it is essential that we first obtain detailed descriptions of the niches of the individual community members. Once such knowledge has been obtained, wastewater treatment processes should be (re-)engineered taking into account the individual organismal niches using bottom-up design approaches rather the top-down strategies pursued so far. The optimization of processes may involve an iterative bottom-up design approach based on a discovery-driven planning approach (Muller et al., 2013) which would involve systematic omic analyses based on which ecological niches may be fine-tuned and, thus, the process continually tweaked to guarantee optimal resource recovery. We still have a long way to go to bring this vision to fruition but it may represent a grand challenge for microbial ecologists and engineers to tackle at the centenary of the discovery of the AS process.
This work was funded by a Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) ATTRACT program grant to Paul Wilmes (ATTRACT/A09/03) as well as postdoctoral grants Aide à la Formation Recherche (AFR) to Abdul R. Sheik (PDR-2013-1/5748561) and Emilie E. L. Muller (PDR-2011-1/SR). We thank reviewers for their valuable suggestions to improve this manuscript.
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Keywords: activated sludge, wastewater microbial diversity and function, integrated omics, niche engineering, sustainability and renewable resources, energy reclamation – biodiesel and bioethanol, nutrient recovery and fertilizers, wastewater biorefinery column concept
Citation: Sheik AR, Muller EEL and Wilmes P (2014) A hundred years of activated sludge: time for a rethink. Front. Microbiol. 5:47. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00047
Received: 28 November 2013; Accepted: 22 January 2014;
Published online: 03 March 2014.
Kevin Bradley Clark, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
Xiao Zhang, Washington State University, USA
Per Halkjær Nielsen, Aalborg University, Denmark
Copyright © 2014 Sheik, Muller and Wilmes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Abdul R. Sheik and Paul Wilmes, Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg e-mail: abdul.sheik@uni.lu; paul.wilmes@uni.lu


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Saint Peter's University is a private Jesuit university in Jersey City, New Jersey. Founded as Saint Peter's College in 1872 by the Society of Jesus, the university offers over 60 undergraduate and graduate programs to more than 2,000 undergraduate and 800 graduate students.  Its mascot is the peacock and its sports teams play in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, of which it is a founding member.

The university is located on a  campus just south of Journal Square, which is  west of New York City. Evening and weekend classes are offered in Jersey City, Englewood Cliffs, and South Amboy.

Alumni of the university include a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient, winner of the Pulitzer Prize, a U.S. Senator and members of the U.S. House of  Representatives, federal judges, academics, physicians, and CEO's.

History
The college was chartered in 1872 as a liberal arts college for men and enrolled its first students in 1878 at Warren Street, in Jersey City, on the present site of its former high school section, St. Peter's Preparatory School. In September 1918, the college was closed, along with several other Jesuit colleges and high schools, because of declining enrollment in the face of World War I and because the Jesuits concentrated personnel at other colleges on the East Coast. Although the war ended only two months after its closing, and despite clamoring from alumni, it took until 1930 to re-open the college. The college was temporarily located on Newark Avenue, before moving in 1936 to its current location on Hudson (now Kennedy) Boulevard, between Montgomery Street and Glenwood Avenue.

The college was integrated in 1936, when the college admitted its first black student. The college granted an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree to Martin Luther King Jr., in 1965, and was the first Jesuit school to do so.

The college became co-educational in 1966, though women had been admitted to the school's evening program in 1930, and a group of 35 women had been admitted due to low enrollment during World War II.

The college has made an effort to reach out into the New Jersey suburbs, with a satellite campus in St. Michael's Villa at Englewood Cliffs opened in 1975 and an extension at South Amboy's Cardinal McCarrick High School opened in 2003.

In 1975, the college constructed the Yanitelli Recreational Life Center, a sports complex.  Beginning with the 1983 acquisition of its first residence hall, the college has converted four apartment buildings to dormitory use, and constructed two new dormitories.

2000-present
In 2000, Gannon Hall, the science building, completed an $8.2 million renovation.

In 2004, the long-awaited pedestrian bridge over Kennedy Boulevard linked the East Campus and the West Campus. In 2006, the college began a $50 million capital campaign. Further expansion of the east side of the campus included the new Mac Mahon Student Center, completed in 2013. It houses offices for many of Saint Peter's administrative branches, as well as numerous student led organizations such as the Student Government Association.

On December 24, 2006, college president James N. Loughran was found dead in his home. On May 10, 2007, the board of trustees appointed Eugene J. Cornacchia the 22nd President of Saint Peter's College.  Cornacchia is the first layperson to serve as president of the 135-year-old Catholic, Jesuit institution.

In 2008, Saint Peter's was awarded a $2 million grant from the U.S. Department of Defense to create the Center for Microplasma Science and Technology. This grant allowed the college to expand upon its 20 years of studying microplasma as part of its research on water purifiers in conjunction with United Water. Saint Peter's graduates U.S. Senator Robert Menendez and U.S. Representative Albio Sires helped secure the $2 million grant.

On the day after his narrow defeat in the 2008 New Hampshire Presidential primary election, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama held a rally at the college's Yanitelli Center.

In March 2011, it was announced that the college would take over Saint Aeden's Church at McGinley Square from the Archdiocese of Newark.

In March 2012, the college was granted the university designation by the New Jersey State Secretary for Higher Education and would thus change its name. On August 14, 2012, Saint Peter's announced the official change on its website, becoming Saint Peter's University.

In 2013, the new Mac Mahon Student Center was completed.

In 2014, the university opened a center for undocumented students, providing them a safe space and mentoring, a resource library, legal support, and advice for them and their families about deportation defense and immigration issues.

In 2019, the university named its business school for former congressman, lawyer, and businessman Frank J. Guarini who had gifted the university $10 million.

Academics
The university includes the following schools and college:
Caulfield School of Education
College of Arts and Sciences
Frank J. Guarini School of Business
School of Nursing
The university also has an honors program and a School of Professional Studies for adult-learners providing education in certain concentrations such as in business, education, criminal justice, computer science, and others, allowing enrollment in periodic full-time, part-time, and on-line classes.

The university offers more than 50 areas of study including STEM, business, education, nursing, and humanities and social science liberal arts, with an undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio of 13:1, and over 90% of the faculty holding a doctoral or terminal degree.

Admissions
In 2023, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university undergraduate admissions as selective with the university regarding an applicant's high school GPA a very important admission factor. High school class rank, as available, as well as letters of recommendation, are considered important. Applicants must submit either SAT or ACT scores or submit a test-optional essay. Of admitted applicants, 23% submitted SAT scores and 3% submitted ACT scores. Of those submitting, the middle 50% SAT scores were between 960 and 1150 and the middle 50% ACT scores were between 17 and 28, with 25% of applicants submitting scores achieving scores above, and 25% scoring below, those ranges. The average admitted student had a high school GPA of 3.31, with applicants required to have completed college preparatory high school coursework.

Rankings
In 2023, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for #58 out of 181 Regional Universities North, #6 in Best Value Schools, and #11 in Top Performers on Social Mobility.

Athletics

Competing in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC), the university fields 16 athletic teams. All of the sports teams are now known as the Peacocks. Until recently, the women's teams were known as the Peahens; Saint Peter's is the only NCAA Division I institution with this mascot. The baseball, softball, and soccer teams play at Joseph J. Jaroschak Field, in Lincoln Park. All other teams play at the Victor R. Yanitelli, S.J. Recreational Life Center, located on campus. The school also uses the Jersey City Armory for some events. On June 14, 2007, it was announced that the football team would be disbanded.

Basketball has long been the most popular sport at the college. Under head coach Don Kennedy, the men's team gained national attention by defeating heavily favored and nationally ranked Duke University in the 1968 NIT quarterfinals, en route to a fourth-place finish.

Saint Peter's has won the MAAC men's basketball championship and the accompanying automatic bid to the NCAA tournament four times (1991, 1995, 2011, and 2022). They have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 12 times (1957, 1958, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1987, and 1989). The women's basketball team has won seven MAAC championships and automatic bids to the NCAA tournament (1982, 1992, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2002); it also won the MAAC championship in 1983 and 1984, years when the MAAC champion did not receive an automatic NCAA tournament berth. In 2017, Saint Peter's won the CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) championship by defeating Texas A&M-Corpus Christi in the tournament final. It was Saint Peter's first national title in school history. In 2022, the men's basketball team earned national recognition after receiving a No. 15 seed in the NCAA tournament and upsetting the No. 2 seed Kentucky Wildcats; it was only the tenth occurrence of a No. 15 seed defeating a No. 2 seed in NCAA Tournament history. They then defeated the No. 7 seed Murray State Racers, becoming just the third No. 15 seed to reach the Sweet 16. After this they upset the No. 3 seed Purdue Boilermakers to become the first No. 15 seed to reach the Elite 8.

In 2004 and 2005, Keydren "Kee-Kee" Clark led the nation in points scored per game, becoming just the eighth player to repeat as NCAA Division I scoring champion. On March 4, 2006, Clark became only the seventh NCAA player to score more than 3,000 points in his career; on the next day, he passed Hersey Hawkins to become the sixth-leading scorer of all time. At the time of his final game on March 6, 2006, Clark held the NCAA all-time record for 3-point shots, with 435. A second fourth-year student and a forward on the basketball team, George Jefferson, died on June 21, 2005, due to a previously undiagnosed heart condition. In 2011, Saint Peter's won the MAAC tournament to make the Peacocks' first March Madness appearance since 1995.

The Peacocks were the MAAC Men's Golf Champions in 2014, 2015, and 2017.

The Peacocks were the MAAC Men's Soccer Champions in 2003 and 2010. The team were finalists in 2006 and 2007.

The women's bowling team won its first championship title in 2009.

Peacock mascot
Saint Peter's University is the only NCAA Division I institution whose mascot is the peacock. This choice was made for several reasons. Primarily, the land on which Saint Peter's now stands was once owned by a man named Michael Reyniersz Pauw, whose last name means "peacock" in Dutch. His extensive holdings included most of Hudson County and were part of the Pavonia, New Netherland settlement.

In pagan mythology, the peacock is considered to be a symbol of rebirth, much like the phoenix. For Saint Peter's, it is a reference to the closing and reopening of the college in the early 20th century.

At one point in the 1960s, live peacocks roamed the campus.  Many institutions within the college derive their name from the peacock:
 The school newspaper had been titled the Pauw Wow until April 2021, when it was renamed as the St. Peter's Tribune; Pauw's name was removed because of his involvement in "cruelty and oppression against Indigenous and African peoples".
 The literary magazine is titled the Pavan.
 The school's yearbook is titled the Peacock Pie.
 The drama society calls itself Argus Eyes, in reference to Argus "Panoptes", who, according to Greek mythology, had his 100 eyes preserved by Hera in the tail of the peacock.
 One of the major dining facilities is named the Pavonia Room.
 The O'Toole Library café is named Pavo Perk.

Notable alumni

Notable alumni include:

 In the fields of arts and entertainment, Saint Peter's graduates include: Will Durant, 1968 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient; Ken Jennings, 1979 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical recipient; Mary Ann McGuigan, 1997 National Book Award finalist; and Angela Shapiro-Mathes, President of Fox Television Studios and TLC.
 In the field of business, Saint Peter's graduates include: Lawrence R. Codey, President & COO of Public Service Electric & Gas; Thomas P. Mac Mahon, President & CEO, LabCorp; William J. Marino, President & CEO, Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey; James Meister, President & CEO of Kings Super Markets; and Anthony P. Terracciano, Chairman of Sallie Mae.
 In the field of government, Saint Peter's graduates include: Robert Menendez, United States Senator from New Jersey; Mark McNulty, a Delaware Secretary of Transportation, Robert J. Morris, anti-communist activist and chief counsel to the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security from 1951 to 1953; Thomas F. X. Smith, 38th Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey; Joseph Patrick Tumulty, Chief of Staff to President Woodrow Wilson; and United States Representatives Daniel J. Griffin, James A. Hamill, Edward J. Hart, Charles F. X. O'Brien, and Albio Sires.
 In the field of law, Saint Peter's graduates include: Thomas Francis Meaney and Peter G. Sheridan, Judges for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey; Reginald Staton '56, Judge of the New Jersey Superior Court and Saint Peter's first and only Rhodes Scholar; Chester J. Straub, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Joseph R. Quinn, Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court.
 In the field of sports, Saint Peter's graduates include: Keydren Clark, Two-time NCAA basketball scoring champion and seventh all-time leading scorer in NCAA history; Bob Hurley, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame basketball coach at St. Anthony High School in Jersey City, New Jersey; Richard Rinaldi, NBA player for the Baltimore Bullets and New York Nets, who, as a senior, averaged 28.6 ppg for the Peacocks; and MLB relief pitchers Frank Brooks and Víctor Santos.
 Other notable Saint Peter's graduates include: George J. Borjas, the Robert W. Scrivner Professor of Economics and Social Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School; Nicholas J. Cifarelli, physician known for starting the first Bioethics Advisory Committee in the United States; John Henning, award-winning TV and radio news reporter in Boston, Massachusetts; and Joseph McGinn, pioneer of minimally invasive cardiac bypass surgery and medical director of The Heart Institute of New York, and historian Will Durant, co-author with wife Ariel Durant of The Story of Civilization.

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

References

External links

 Saint Peter's Athletics website

Catholic universities and colleges in New Jersey
Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges in Hudson County, New Jersey
Education in Jersey City, New Jersey
Sports in Hudson County, New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1872
1872 establishments in New Jersey
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities

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This is a pack of 100 individual 7" long jumper wires with a female crimp-on connector at each end that fits onto standard square-pin male headers.
This is a pack of yellow wires. Packs of same wire type and length also are available in blue, red, white, and black.


text:
Geolog – zawód uzyskiwany po ukończeniu studiów wyższych w dziedzinie geologii lub nauk geologicznych. Geolog to specjalista, który zajmuje się studiami i badaniem budowy Ziemi oraz analizą procesów geologicznych, którym ona ulega. Jako teoretyk, geolog porusza się w dziedzinie geologii podstawowej, jako praktyk zaś - w dziedzinie geologii stosowanej.

Jeszcze na początku XIX w. geologa nazywano geognostykiem.

Dziedziny pracy
Geolodzy znajdują pracę przede wszystkim w przedsiębiorstwach zajmujących się poszukiwaniem surowców mineralnych, a także w firmach hydrogeologicznych. Wielu znajduje swe miejsce w instytucjach ochrony środowiska i innych urzędach państwowych.

Główne dziedziny pracy geologa to:
 Badania naukowe dotyczące budowy Ziemi, jej historii, genezy, rozwoju itd.
 Terenowe prace z zakresu kartografii geologicznej
 Geologia regionalna
 Geologia techniczna.
 Eksploracja złóż

Praktyczne styczność z pracą geologa ma się przy potrzebie określenia warunków gruntowo-wodnych w miejscu, na którym ma stanąć przyszły dom. Na podstawie ekspertyzy geotechnicznej powstaje odpowiednia dokumentacja oraz opinia geologiczno-inżynieryjna, na której opiera się późniejszy projekt fundamentów

Studia geologii w Polsce
Zawód geologa można uzyskać po studiach na następujących uczelniach w Polsce:

 Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
 Politechnika Wrocławska
 Politechnika Śląska
 Uniwersytet Gdański
 Uniwersytet Jagielloński
 Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
 Uniwersytet Warszawski
 Uniwersytet Wrocławski
 Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
 Uniwersytet Szczeciński

Zobacz też
 Główny Geolog Kraju
 Mineralogia

Przypisy

Zawody


In March 1999, Black-breasted Button-quail (BBBQ) were a surprise discovery west of Toowoomba. Club members, Gloria Glass and Nicci Thompson, found them at a property on Baxter's Hill, just west of Gowrie Junction. The property was on the market at the time.
Having being denied access after it was sold back in 1999, we were thrilled when the developer, Queensland Property & Investment P/L (QPI), gave us access again. We started monthly surveys this winter. Even without the spring migrants, we've already compiled a healthy list, which I'll post separately, the undisputed highlight being a Grey Falcon overhead on 22 June. A lifer, and a new bird for the club's survey area.
The sanctuary is good news all round. However, we are still concerned the BBBQ may be wiped out if cats are allowed on the estate. One irresponsible cat owner could be all it takes. We raised this concern with QPI last week, and suggested a complete ban on cats would be best, and are awaiting their reply.
We don't know how many BBBQ are present, but more than likely they're the only ones left in the entire district. What's more, the birds appear to be confined to the southern and southwestern part of the reserve, which is steeper and supports better habitat. We have been consistently finding fresh platelets in the vine scrub behind blocks 13, 14 and 15 but have not seen any birds so far. It's difficult looking for them as there are no tracks to speak of. For that reason, we have not yet covered the whole southern section thoroughly.
The scrub was probably part of what was referred to as "Gowrie Scrub" on early BBBQ specimens collected in the late-1800's, which is all the more reason to ensure this population is given every chance to survive. To that end, to back up our case for a cat ban, it would be good to have supporting evidence.
Are there any records of BBBQs being killed by cats? Of other species of button-quail killed by cats? Photos anyone???
Has any declining BBBQ population been attributed directly to cat predation?
In your own experience with BBBQ, which populations, if any, appear to have declined and what do you suspect the reason is?
Last edited by Mick Atzeni on Fri Sep 10, 2010 9:13 pm, edited 1 time in total.
I haven't been to Birdwood Sanctuary for a long time but I note some of the blocks I mentioned bordering the area frequented by Black-breasted Button-quails have been sold.
Let's hope the purchasers are appreciative of what's on their back door step and keep any eye out for them for us.


Rare Video Surfaces (August 1, 2011) on youtube.com: interview of a Jesuit Priest that survived Hiroshima. The narrator states these Jesuits were living 4 miles from ground zero of the 1945 Nuclear bombing in Hiroshima, Japan.
Animated Movie about Fatima and the Eight Priests that miraculously survived the atomic bombings of Japan in 1945, near the epicenters.
"In 1917, three shepherd children living just outside Fatima, Portugal have visions of a lovely lady in a cloud. The anticlerical government wishes to squelch the Church; reports of religious experiences are cause for serious concern. Yet the children stand by their story, and the message of peace and hope the Lady brings. In the last vision, attended by thousands of people, the Lady proves her reality with a spectacular miracle that is seen by everyone present. Based on actual events at Fatima in the summer of 1917."
Introduction to the 1917 Miracle and Message from Our Lady of Fatima , a vision of the souls of the damned, WWII, etc . This documentary was made by MHFM before the Authentic Third Secret of Fatima was released on April 21, 2010>.
Our Lady of Fatima on Fox News. Please note the heresy that she is not the "mother of Jesus," but the "Mother of God." Also take note that they focus on the impostor Sister Lucy after 1960. Also note that Fox News pushes the Masonic alteration of the Third Secret being about the apparent assassination attempt of JPII in 1981. That is the phony line the Vatican pushed with their phony Third Secret released in 2000. Notice the tactic of reporting a truthful event, then using the report to promote heresy and the Masonic version of events.
"Bishop" Fulton Sheen on Fatima Part I. What was on Chicago Television in the 1950's . How times have changed. Beware of the same four horsemen as you watch any 20th Century figure. Nonetheless, it is interesting to see the higher level of intelligence that used to be pumped on the tube. At 5:22 "The Lord came through her..." this is heresy- The Lord is not the God of Catholics, but then again, that's why he is on TV. Heretics are clever, so take note. When enough people believed in this Lord, Vatican II was that much easier to pull off.
"Bishop" Fulton Sheen on Fatima Part II. More of the same. Remember in the paradigm of Heaven and Hell, Communism isn't the primary concern, the errors of heresy is. Remember, heresy is the gates of hell.
"Bishop" Fulton Sheen on Fatima Part III . The end of a Warner Bros. movie and Sheen's commentary. This entire movie is available on YouTube, but it is put out by the Masonic Warner Bros., so once again, look out for the heresies of "Lord God," etc. which are the wrong names.
Part I of the Imposter Sister Lúcia- When and Why after 1960 from MHFM.
Part II of the Imposter Sister Lúcia- When and Why after 1960 from MHFM.
Part III of the Imposter Sister Lúcia- When and Why after 1960 from MHFM.
The Vatican's phony Third Secret from 2000.
Parts 1 & 2 of 5. Freemason Malachi Martin is interviewed by Freemason Art Bell regarding his viewing of the Third Secret of Fatima.
Parts 3 & 4 of 5. Freemason Malachi Martin is interviewed by Freemason Art Bell regarding his viewing of the Third Secret of Fatima.
Part 5 of 5. Freemason Malachi Martin is interviewed by Freemason Art Bell regarding his viewing of the Third Secret of Fatima.


text:
Q: php code not executing instead just showing on page screen i am trying to execute my php code, instead it just blows it back at my screen. page should be black to execute the code at the background.
I've let other poeple use this same code worked for them.

A: After setting xampp on your local pc, you've created a local server with apache, mysql, php stack. So when you write any php code, you need to execute/interpret it through your local server.
For example you need to use localhost/phpmailer_test/index.php not file:///C:/xampp/htdocs/phpmailer_test/index.php. If it was a .html file then you can use the file path to execute it but for server side language like php, python and so called server side languages you've to execute your code base through a server.

A: Seems like you are accessing your file through the file system, which means you are using your browser as something like a text editor. In order to have the php file executed on opening there are several things that you must do:

*

*Set up a server on your computer that can execute PHP. (MAMP or XAMPP are easy to install)

*Change the permissions of your server so that you can access it through localhost or 127.0.0.1.

*Set up the file system of your server so that you can find your PHP file.

In your case you are using XAMPP, so the htdocs folder should be the 'root' of your local server, then you will be able to access any folder within there by entering the path after htdocs. In your case it should be localhost/phpmailer test/index.php.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1. What hospital would I be transported to, when I call 911?
The Troy Fire Department transports all of our patients to hospitals based upon the guidelines set forth by the Greater Miami Valley EMS Council. These guidelines are our operating protocols and are administered under the direction of our Medical Director.
•It is medically necessary to transport the patient to the closest hospital for stabilization.
• It is unsafe to transport the patient to the preferred/recommended facility due to adverse weather or ground conditions or excessive transport time.
• Transporting the patient to the preferred/recommended facility would cause a critical shortage of local EMS resources.
In certain situations including special pediatric emergencies, special cardiac or stroke emergencies and trauma emergencies, our crews would transport to the appropriate facilities specified in our protocols.
2. Why do I get an ambulance bill for calling 911 when I pay taxes?
Please understand that billing for EMS transport is a nearly universal concept that's been in place for decades not only in the Miami Valley but throughout the state of Ohio and nation. We are not unique and we try to manage our costs to minimize any burdens to only those that are truly necessary. Our community is very fortunate to receive professional Paramedic-level service on every call.
Taxes pay for our training, certification, readiness, facilities and equipment used to provide full-time, Paramedic-level emergency medical services. Our ambulance billing revenue only offsets a portion of our overall operating expenses.
If you have questions about or need assistance with paying your bill, we would be happy to have our billing firm contact you with available options.
3. Where do I find information regarding the new Carbon Monoxide (CO) legislation?
You can click on "CO Legislation" on the menu located on the left side of our fire department page or go to http://www.troyohio.gov/586/CO-Legislation .
4. Do you offer smoke detectors?
Yes. We do offer smoke detectors to qualified residents of Troy. Please contact the fire prevention office at (937)335-2227 to see if you are qualified.
5. Am I allowed to have a recreation fire in Troy?
Yes, as long as all of the rules, guidelines and ordinances are followed, including the Ohio EPA regulations. Wood stacks/burning area can be no larger than 2 ft. high x 3 ft. wide and you must use/burn clean, seasoned firewood or equivalent.
For more details, visit our open burning page at http://troyohio.gov/525/Open-Burning .
You may consider calling our non-emergency dispatcher at (937)440-9911 to notify us the night and time of your recreation fire.
6. How do I get a child car seat checked?
Please call Aaron at the Fire Prevention Bureau at 335-2227 to schedule a week-day appointment. If evenings or weekend days are your only availability, please call Shawn at 335-1905. You may also contact Officer Joel Misirian at the Troy Police Department at 937-339-7525, ext. 423.
7. How do I obtain a copy of an EMS or fire run sheet?
You may contact Cassidy Mitchell at Administrative Headquarters at 339-0495 located at 1528 N. Market St.
8. Will you pump water out of my basement, fill my pool, or get my cat out of a tree?
No. We are unable to provide this service due to needing to be available to respond to emergency Fire & EMS calls only.
9. Do you offer Fire Station tours?
Yes. To schedule a tour, please call Station 1 at (937) 335-5678 located at 19 E. Race St.
10. How do I obtain a burn permit?
You would contact Regional Air Pollution Control Agency at (800) 458-2115 or visit www.rapca.org .
11. When and where are Troy's July 4th Fireworks? And, can we let off our own fireworks?
Troy celebrates the 4th of July with a fireworks display each year on July 4th at 10:00 PM. We will contact local media with a make-up date and time, in the event of inclement weather. The only items that can be used in Ohio are designated "trick and novelty" which smoke, pop, and/or sparkle. In Ohio, use of 1.4g fireworks (fire crackers, bottle rockets, etc.) is illegal. (R.C. 3743.65 (B)).
12. When is the community Trick-or Treat night?
Please check here http://troyohio.gov/calendar.aspx for the City of Troy Community Calendar.


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This is a guest post by Andrew Bosworth, VP of Advertising and Pages at Facebook.
I almost got fired once.
My friend, and Facebook CTO at the time, Dustin Moskovitz pulled me into a room one morning. He told me I would no longer be working on Facebook's News Feed, which was surprising because at the time I was the only engineer keeping it running.
Instead they were going to hand it off to someone else and build a team around that person. With alarm in my voice I asked if I was being fired. Dustin relented only after a telling pause: "no, but you need to find something else to do."
I believe if you looked at what I had accomplished in my two years at Facebook to that point, it would not be obvious that I should be a candidate for such a stern conversation. In addition to building the backend and ranking for News Feed I had also launched a number of other popular features on the site. I maintained our early anti-abuse efforts in my spare time. I was one of a small group of people making decisions that would shape our infrastructure for years to come. I wasn't the best engineer at the company but I was solid, I was dedicated, and I was clearly having an impact.
So why was I being sidelined? I demanded answers. Dustin did not disappoint.
He gave me a single sheet of paper. On it, in a dull monospace font, were anonymous quotes about me from my coworkers.
"Boz is one of the better engineers at Facebook" one read, and then the next "I would have a hard time working with him."
These two statements struck me as incongruous. If I was a good engineer, why would it be hard to work with me? Of course that question was the very foundation of my problem.
"He is most interested in the truth…but more inhibited members of the team avoid any discussions with him."
The realization hit me hard. In short, I thought my job was to be right. I thought that was how I proved my worth to the company. But that was all wrong. My job was to get things done and doing anything meaningful past a certain point requires more than one person. If you are right but nobody wants to work with you, then how valuable are you really? How much can you realistically expect to accomplish on your own? I was "winning" my way out of a job one argument at a time.
I headed home early that day to think about what I had heard. My future wife April was gentle but she offered me little reprieve from the feedback: "If you want people to work with you, you need to be kind." It turns out this wasn't just a problem I had at work. Looking back, I'm amazed (and grateful) that my friends put up with me.
Altogether this feedback changed the course of my career and probably my life.
I don't think I was ever outright mean to anyone. I was just callously indifferent and on a long enough timeline that is indistinguishable from being mean. In a cruel twist of irony I thought that was what it meant to be professional. In retrospect it just seems inhuman. It will take me several posts to details the many mistakes that got me to this point, but my biggest lesson was the importance of kindness.
Being kind isn't the same as being nice. It isn't about superficial praise. It doesn't mean dulling your opinions. And it shouldn't diminish the passion with which you present them.
Being kind is fundamentally about taking responsibility for your impact on the people around you. It requires you be mindful of their feelings and considerate of the way your presence affects them.
Being kind hasn't hurt my effectiveness at all. Being thoughtful about the emotions of my colleagues hasn't made me any less right or wrong, it has simply made me more likely to be asked to help in the first place. Being invited to more conversations has allowed me to scale my impact in a way that would have been unfathomable on my own.
I'm still not as good as I'd like to be at any of this. When I'm under stress I can sometimes fall back into my old habits. But believing deeply that I am responsible for how I make others feel has been life changing for me. Being kind turns out to be a long term strategy for maximizing impact.


text:
Nineteen years ago in a suburban Denver-area high school, two armed youth killed 15 students and teachers and wounded two dozen others. The mass killing at Columbine High School stands today, for many, as the opening wave of school violence that continues to shake our nation's conscience.
Today, in Kansas City, violence damages our community each day, impacting family, youth, schools, businesses and so many others. Kansas City has long ranked among the nation's most violent cities.
The Jackson County Prosecutor's Office, with support from the Prosecutors Against Gun Violence, will hold on April 20, a special daylong discussion called The Realities of Gun Violence in Kansas City: A Community Discussion. The event will be held from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. at the Kauffman Foundation Conference Center, 4801 Rockhill Road in Kansas City.
The event will assemble the voices of gun violence's toll – from a Columbine survivor to front-line responders to victims left behind to bear the long-term impacts of trauma.
"Our community must learn to better cope with the daily violence and its enormous impacts on children, families and community," said Jackson County Prosecutor Jean Peters Baker. "Our children bear the greatest burden. Some in urban neighborhoods go to bed despite the sound of gunfire in the night. Others can't help but worry about an unsuspected shooter at school."
"We must all work together to reduce the level of violence," Baker added. "But we also must all make ourselves more aware of the impacts of this level of violence on the institutions of our city, the hospitals, the schools, the businesses and our households."
On the anniversary of the Columbine shooting, Samantha Haviland -- who was a 16-year-old student at Columbine on April 20, 1999 and now directs counseling services for Denver Public Schools -- will address the trauma that follows a mass shooting.
Other speakers include:
-- Dr. Richard Rosenthal, Founders Professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Missouri St. Louis, who will address violence rates here, in St. Louis, in Missouri and across the nation.
-- Jennifer Joyce, the former St. Louis Circuit Attorney, who will detail the evolution of Missouri gun laws.
-- Surgeons, nurses and educators from Truman Medical Center who will address the "stop the bleed" campaign by Truman Medical Center. They will address the basics of tourniquets for first responders and the trauma team's response.
-- Dr. Joah Williams, Associate Professor at UMKC, on the psychosocial and health consequences of trauma exposure, including the evaluation of traumatic stress prevention and early intervention programs. Dr. Kimberly Randell, a physician at Children's Mercy Hospital will address the impacts of trauma exposure on families.
-- Other local speakers will include organizers of recent student protests against gun violence, and representatives of organizations working to reduce violence in our community.
⇐Previous KC Gun Summit registration closed; here's how you can still take partNext⇒ Jackson County Prosecutor issues statement on Sheriff Mike Sharp's resignation


A rare pair of Gianni Versace Couture shorts from Spring/Summer 1992 featuring the iconic baroque leopard print. This print made a reappearance in the Spring/Summer 2018 Tribute Collection that revived Gianni Versace's most iconic designs from 1991-95.
The shorts feature a high waist, comfortable wide legs, no pockets and close at the front with a button and a hidden zipper. 67% cotton, 23% silk, 10% rayon, with a beautiful grosgrain structure, unlined. Made in Italy. The reference pics above show Cindy Crawford and Linda Evangelista backstage at the Versace show and Naomi Campbell and Carla Bruni at a party, 1992. The reference pictures to the left show looks 11, 13 and 14 of the Versace Spring 2018 runway show, modeled by Justine Asset, Felice Noordhoff and Bella Hadid (via Vogue Runway) and Donatella Versace at the Fashion Awards 2017.


Dear applicants, Union Public Service Commission has release UPSC IES Application Form 2018 for 588 posts on the official site. Candidates who want to apply for Engineering Service Exam (ESE) 2018 may send online forms. The online registration process is being started from 27.09.2017. Closing date for submission of UPSC ESE Application Form will be 23rd October 2017. Candidates may download UPSC IES 2018 Notification, Eligibility Criteria and other details from the official links given below.
Union Public Service Commission will organize Indian Engineering Service Examination on 07th January 2018. This examination is going to held to fill up 588 vacancies of Group-A & Group-B cadre. Those candidates who have done Degree/ Diploma in Engineering from any recognized university may apply online for UPSC Engineering Service Exam 2018. For more details regarding Age Limit, Application Fee, Pay Scale & Selection Process you can check UPSC ESE Notification Links.
Applicants who wish to take part in the examination must hold Degree or Diploma in Engineering in the relevant branch from any recognized university or institute. Participants can check furthermore details from the notification pdf.
The candidate who are going to apply for UPSC ESE 2018 their age limit should be in between from 21 years to 30 years on 1st August 2018. The upper age limit of 30 years will be relaxable up to 35 years in case of Government Servants.
Candidates should have pay application fee of Rs. 200/- either by depositing the money in any Branch of SBI by cash or by using Net Banking facility of State Bank of India or by using Visa /Master Credit / Debit Card. SC/ ST/ PH & All Female Candidate are exempted from fee. For more details, you can check UPSC ESE 2018 Notification.
First of all, you should have to visit Official website www.upsc.gov.in.
Then click on "UPSC Engineering Services Exam 2018" Notification.
Read the complete details of UPSC IES Notification.
Now you should click on "Apply Online".
After it, you should have recheck given details of UPSC IES Application Form 2018.
Note down ID & Password.
After it, you should take print out of application form.
Candidates who are appearing in the examination must check their UPSC ESE Admit Card 2018 before sitting in the exam hall. The preliminary examination will hold on 07th January 2018. Engineering Service Exam Hall Ticket will release before 15-20 days of the exam date.
To download Indian Engineering Service Exam Hall Ticket you need to log in with your Registration ID and DOB at upsc.nic.in. Afterwards, you can easily take print out of the UPSC ESE Hall Tickets on A4 size white plain paper.
How to Check UPSC Engineering Service Exam Answer Key?
After the successful conduct of UPSC IES 2018 Examination participants must wait for the Answer Key to get uploaded on the official site. An answer sheet helps participants to take an estimation about the scores going to secure in the examination. It also helps in understanding the Cut Off Marks going to announce Category wise as well as Subject Wise.
Another important fact about the UPSC ESE Answer Key is that it is available in Pdf format. Candidates can check SET Wise number of the right answer also with the number of the wrong answer from answer key pdf.
Union Public Service Commission usually announces the UPSC ESE Prelims Result 2018 after the 40-45 days of the exam date. As per the notification pdf, UPSC IES Prelims Result is going to declare in 04th Week of February 2018 on the official site.
Applicants who have applied successfully may download their UPSC IES Prelims Exam Result 2018 from the official site. The result will be available in Pdf format. Candidates have to check their Roll No then Name to confirm their appearance in the UPSC ESE Mains Exam 2018.
Conclusion: UPSC IES Application Form 2018 for the Engineering Service Exam 2018 going to held on 07th January 2018. Interested participants may submit the online form before the last date 23.10.2017.
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John Boehner forms group to address child migrant crisis
Article | June 24, 2014 | Seung Min Kim | Politico
Speaker John Boehner said Tuesday that he has appointed a "working group" of House Republicans tasked to respond to the border crisis involving the surge of unaccompanied minors trying to enter the United States illegally.
In a statement, Boehner (R-Ohio) outlined no specific duties for the seven-member group aside from advising lawmakers and keeping them in the loop on the escalating humanitarian crisis.
"The president has allowed a national security and humanitarian crisis to develop on the U.S. southern border," Boehner said in a statement announcing the group. "There are two imperatives here: protect those children and secure our border."
Boehner continued: "The president has failed to take the necessary steps to address this crisis."
He took a similarly tough tone at a press conference earlier Tuesday, telling reporters that "most" of the "humanitarian disaster on the border" was of President Barack Obama's own making.
Members of the working group include Republican Reps. John Carter of Texas, Mario Diaz-Balart of Florida, Bob Goodlatte of Virginia, Kay Granger of Texas, Michael McCaul of Texas, Steve Pearce of New Mexico and Matt Salmon of Arizona. Granger chairs the subcommittee that oversees funding for the State Department and foreign operations.
Congressional Republicans have increasingly seized on the growing crisis on the southern border as evidence that Obama's immigration policies are too lax. The administration has started to aggressively push back on false perceptions that immigrants who travel to the United States illegally will be allowed to stay here – either through a 2012 Obama directive that deferred deportations for many young undocumented immigrants or pending immigration reform proposals in Congress.
In a letter sent Friday, Boehner urged Obama to deploy National Guard troops to the southern border to help aid the children who are apprehended trying to cross the border – a move that would free up border patrol agents to guard the U.S.-Mexico boundary. The Obama administration announced later that day that they were taking steps that would more quickly deport immigrants who cross illegally – such as sending additional immigration court judges to the border to process cases more quickly.
Several of the members in the new working group are key players in immigration policy. As chairmen of the Judiciary and Homeland Security panels, Goodlatte and McCaul oversee immigration and border security issues. Carter and Diaz-Balart tried to negotiate a bipartisan comprehensive immigration reform bill that ultimately never materialized.
"The current situation happening at the border is a serious humanitarian crisis that needs urgent attention," Diaz-Balart said in a statement. "We must find a humane solution to make sure these minors are both safe and healthy, while strictly adhering to the laws of this great nation."
Jake Sherman contributed to this report.
http://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/john-boehner-create-child-migrants-working-group-108244.html#ixzz35gfMzd3g