text:
import os
import sys
import glob
import logging
import tempfile
import io

from contextlib import contextmanager

try:
    # nullcontext is not present before Python 3.7
    from contextlib import nullcontext  # type: ignore
except ImportError:

    class nullcontext:  # type: ignore
        def __init__(self, enter_result=None):
            self.enter_result = enter_result

        def __enter__(self):
            return self.enter_result

        def __exit__(self, *excinfo):
            pass

import time
import os
import errno
import threading
from ..utils import config
from ..utils.helpers import PickleSerializer
from .smtlib.solver import Z3Solver
from .state import StateBase
from ..exceptions import ManticoreError

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

consts = config.get_group("workspace")
consts.add(
    "prefix", default="mcore_", description="The prefix to use for output and workspace directories"
)
consts.add("dir", default=".", description="Location of where to create workspace directories")

class Testcase:
    def __init__(self, workspace, prefix):
        self._num = workspace._increment_id()
        self._prefix = prefix
        self._ws = workspace

    @property
    def prefix(self):
        return self._prefix

    @property
    def num(self):
        return self._num

    def open_stream(self, suffix="", binary=False):
        stream_name = f"{self._prefix}_{self._num:08x}.{suffix}"
        return self._ws.save_stream(stream_name, binary=binary)

class Store:
    """
    A `Store` can save arbitrary keys/values (including states) and file streams.
    Used for generating output, state saving and state loading.

    In subclasses:

     * Implement either save_value/load_value, or save_stream/load_stream, or both.
     * Define a `store_type` class variable of type str.
       * This is used as a prefix for a store descriptor
    """

    @classmethod
    def fromdescriptor(cls, desc):
        """
        Create a :class:`~manticore.core.workspace.Store` instance depending on the descriptor.

        Valid descriptors:
          * fs:<path>
          * redis:<hostname>:<port>
          * mem:

        :param str desc: Store descriptor
        :return: Store instance
        """
        type_, uri = ("fs", None) if desc is None else desc.split(":", 1)
        for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
            if subclass.store_type == type_:
                return subclass(uri)
        raise NotImplementedError(f"Storage type '{type_}' not supported.")

    def __init__(self, uri, state_serialization_method="pickle"):
        assert (
            self.__class__ != Store
        ), "The Store class can not be instantiated (create a subclass)"

        self.uri = uri
        self._sub = []

        if state_serialization_method == "pickle":
            self._serializer = PickleSerializer()
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError(
                f"Pickling method '{state_serialization_method}' not supported."
            )

    # save_value/load_value and save_stream/load_stream are implemented in terms of each other. A backing store
    # can choose the pair it's best optimized for.
    def save_value(self, key, value):
        """
        Save an arbitrary, serializable `value` under `key`.

        :param str key: A string identifier under which to store the value.
        :param value: A serializable value
        :return:
        """
        with self.save_stream(key) as s:
            s.write(value)

    def load_value(self, key, binary=False):
        """
        Load an arbitrary value identified by `key`.

        :param str key: The key that identifies the value
        :return: The loaded value
        """
        with self.load_stream(key, binary=binary) as s:
            return s.read()

    @contextmanager
    def save_stream(self, key, binary=False):
        """
        Return a managed file-like object into which the calling code can write
        arbitrary data.

        :param key:
        :return: A managed stream-like object
        """
        s = io.BytesIO() if binary else io.StringIO()
        yield s
        self.save_value(key, s.getvalue())

    @contextmanager
    def load_stream(self, key, binary=False):
        """
        Return a managed file-like object from which the calling code can read
        previously-serialized data.

        :param key:
        :return: A managed stream-like object
        """
        value = self.load_value(key, binary=binary)
        yield io.BytesIO(value) if binary else io.StringIO(value)

    def save_state(self, state, key):
        """
        Save a state to storage.

        :param manticore.core.StateBase state:
        :param str key:
        :return:
        """
        with self.save_stream(key, binary=True) as f:
            self._serializer.serialize(state, f)

    def load_state(self, key, delete=True):
        """
        Load a state from storage.

        :param key: key that identifies state
        :rtype: manticore.core.StateBase
        """

        with self.load_stream(key, binary=True) as f:
            state = self._serializer.deserialize(f)
            if delete:
                self.rm(key)

            return state

    def rm(self, key):
        """
        Remove value identified by `key` from storage.

        :param str key: What to remove
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def ls(self, glob_str):
        """
        List all keys in storage

        :return:
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def lock(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

class FilesystemStore(Store):
    """
    A directory-backed Manticore workspace
    """

    store_type = "fs"

    def __init__(self, uri=None):
        """
        :param uri: The path to on-disk workspace, or None.
        """
        self._tlock = threading.Lock()
        if not uri:
            uri = os.path.abspath(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=consts.prefix, dir=consts.dir))

        if os.path.exists(uri):
            assert os.path.isdir(uri), "Store must be a directory"
        else:
            os.mkdir(uri)

        super().__init__(uri)

    @contextmanager
    def lock(self):
        lockfile = os.path.join(self.uri, ".lock")
        with self._tlock:
            while True:
                try:
                    fd = os.open(lockfile, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_RDWR)
                except OSError as e:
                    if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                        raise
                    time.sleep(0.05)
                else:
                    yield
                    os.close(fd)
                    os.unlink(lockfile)
                    break

    @contextmanager
    def stream(self, key, mode="r", lock=False):
        """
        Yield a file object representing `key`

        :param str key: The file to save to
        :param mode: mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file is opened
        :param lock: exclusive access if True
        :return:
        """
        if lock:
            with self.lock():
                with self.stream(key, mode, lock=False) as f:
                    yield f
        else:
            with open(os.path.join(self.uri, key), mode) as f:
                yield f

    @contextmanager
    def save_stream(self, key, binary=False, lock=False):
        """
        Yield a file object representing `key`

        :param str key: The file to save to
        :param bool binary: Whether we should treat it as binary
        :param lock: exclusive access if True
        :return:
        """
        mode = "wb" if binary else "w"
        with self.stream(key, mode, lock) as f:
            yield f

    @contextmanager
    def load_stream(self, key, binary=False, lock=False):
        """
        :param str key: name of stream to load
        :param bool binary: Whether we should treat it as binary
        :param lock: exclusive access if True
        :return:
        """
        mode = "rb" if binary else "r"
        with self.stream(key, mode, lock) as f:
            yield f

    def rm(self, key):
        """
        Remove file identified by `key`.

        :param str key: The file to delete
        """
        path = os.path.join(self.uri, key)
        if os.path.exists(path):
            os.remove(path)

    def ls(self, glob_str):
        """
        Return just the filenames that match `glob_str` inside the store directory.

        :param str glob_str: A glob string, i.e. 'state_*'
        :return: list of matched keys
        """
        path = os.path.join(self.uri, glob_str)
        return [os.path.split(s)[1] for s in glob.glob(path)]

class MemoryStore(Store):
    """
    An in-memory (dict) Manticore workspace.

    NOTE: This is mostly used for experimentation and testing functionality.
    Can not be used with multiple workers!
    """

    store_type = "mem"

    # TODO(yan): Once we get a global config store, check it to make sure
    # we're executing in a single-worker or test environment.

    def __init__(self, uri=None):
        self._lock = threading.RLock()
        self._data = {}
        super().__init__(None)

    def save_value(self, key, value):
        self._data[key] = value

    def load_value(self, key, binary=False):
        return self._data.get(key)

    def rm(self, key):
        del self._data[key]

    def ls(self, glob_str):
        return list(self._data)

    @contextmanager
    def lock(self):
        with self._lock:
            yield

    @contextmanager
    def stream(self, key, mode="r", lock=False):
        if lock:
            raise ManticoreError("mem: does not support concurrency")
        if "b" in mode:
            s = io.BytesIO(self._data.get(key, b""))
        else:
            s = io.StringIO(self._data.get(key, ""))
        yield s
        self._data[key] = s.getvalue()

class RedisStore(Store):
    """
    A redis-backed Manticore workspace
    """

    store_type = "redis"

    def __init__(self, uri=None):
        """
        :param uri: A url for redis
        """

        # Local import to avoid an explicit dependency
        import redis

        hostname, port = uri.split(":")
        self._client = redis.StrictRedis(host=hostname, port=int(port), db=0)

        super().__init__(uri)

    @contextmanager
    def lock(self):
        with self._client.lock(".lock"):
            yield

    def save_value(self, key, value):
        """
        Save an arbitrary, serializable `value` under `key`.

        :param str key: A string identifier under which to store the value.
        :param value: A serializable value
        :return:
        """
        return self._client.set(key, value)

    def load_value(self, key):
        """
        Load an arbitrary value identified by `key`.

        :param str key: The key that identifies the value
        :return: The loaded value
        """
        return self._client.get(key)

    def rm(self, key):
        self._client.delete(key)

    def ls(self, glob_str):
        return self._client.keys(glob_str)

class Workspace:
    """
    A workspace maintains a list of states to run and assigns them IDs.
    """

    def __init__(self, store_or_desc=None):
        if isinstance(store_or_desc, Store):
            self._store = store_or_desc
        else:
            self._store = Store.fromdescriptor(store_or_desc)
        self._serializer = PickleSerializer()
        self._prefix = "state_"
        self._suffix = ".pkl"

    @property
    def uri(self):
        return self._store.uri

    def try_loading_workspace(self):
        state_names = self._store.ls(f"{self._prefix}*")

        def get_state_id(name):
            return int(name[len(self._prefix) : -len(self._suffix)], 16)

        state_ids = list(map(get_state_id, state_names))

        if not state_ids:
            return []

        return state_ids

    def _get_id(self):
        """
        Get a unique state id.

        :rtype: int
        """
        with self._store.lock():
            try:
                with self._store.load_stream(".state_id") as f:
                    last_id = int(f.read())
            except Exception as e:
                last_id = 0
            else:
                last_id += 1
            with self._store.save_stream(".state_id") as f:
                f.write(f"{last_id}")
                f.flush()
        return last_id

    def load_state(self, state_id, delete=True):
        """
        Load a state from storage identified by `state_id`.

        :param state_id: The state reference of what to load
        :return: The deserialized state
        :rtype: State
        """
        return self._store.load_state(f"{self._prefix}{state_id:08x}{self._suffix}", delete=delete)

    def save_state(self, state, state_id=None):
        """
        Save a state to storage, return identifier.

        :param state: The state to save
        :param int state_id: If not None force the state id potentially overwriting old states
        :return: New state id
        :rtype: int
        """
        assert isinstance(state, StateBase)
        if state_id is None:
            state_id = self._get_id()
        else:
            self.rm_state(state_id)

        self._store.save_state(state, f"{self._prefix}{state_id:08x}{self._suffix}")
        return state_id

    def rm_state(self, state_id):
        """
        Remove a state from storage identified by `state_id`.

        :param state_id: The state reference of what to load
        """
        return self._store.rm(f"{self._prefix}{state_id:08x}{self._suffix}")

class ManticoreOutput:
    """
    Functionality related to producing output. Responsible for generating state summaries,
    coverage information, etc.

    Invoked only from :class:`manticore.Manticore` from a single parent process, so
    locking is not required.
    """

    def __init__(self, desc=None):
        """
        Create an object capable of producing Manticore output.

        :param desc: A descriptor ('type:uri') of where to write output.
        """
        self._named_key_prefix = "test"
        self._descriptor = desc
        self._store = Store.fromdescriptor(desc)

    def testcase(self, prefix="test"):
        return Testcase(self, prefix)

    @property
    def store(self):
        return self._store

    @property
    def descriptor(self):
        """
        Return a descriptor that created this workspace. Descriptors are of the
        format <type>:<uri>, where type signifies the medium. For example,
          fs:/tmp/workspace
          redis:127.0.0.1:6379

        :rtype: str
        """
        if self._descriptor is None:
            self._descriptor = f"{self._store.store_type}:{self._store.uri}"

        return self._descriptor

    def _increment_id(self):
        """
        Get a unique testcase id.

        :rtype: int
        """
        filename = ".testcase_id"
        with self._store.lock():
            try:
                with self._store.stream(filename, "r") as f:
                    last_id = int(f.read())
            except Exception as e:
                last_id = 0
            else:
                last_id += 1
            with self._store.stream(filename, "w") as f:
                f.write(f"{last_id}")
                f.flush()
        return last_id

    @property
    def _last_id(self):
        try:
            with self._store.stream(filename, "r") as f:
                last_id = int(f.read())
        except Exception as e:
            last_id = 0
        return last_id

    def _named_key(self, suffix):
        return f"{self._named_key_prefix}_{self._last_id:08x}.{suffix}"

    def save_stream(self, key, *rest, **kwargs):
        return self._store.save_stream(key, *rest, **kwargs)

    @contextmanager
    def _named_stream(self, name, binary=False, lock=False):
        """
        Create an indexed output stream i.e. 'test_00000001.name'

        :param name: Identifier for the stream
        :param lock: exclusive access if True
        :return: A context-managed stream-like object
        """
        with self._store.save_stream(self._named_key(name), binary=binary, lock=lock) as s:
            yield s

    # Remove/move ...
    def save_testcase(self, state, testcase, message=""):
        """
        Save the environment from `state` to storage. Return a state id
        describing it, which should be an int or a string.

        :param State state: The state to serialize
        :param str message: The message to add to output
        :return: A state id representing the saved state
        """

        # TODO / FIXME: We should move workspace to core/workspace and create a workspace for evm and native binaries
        # The workspaces should override `save_testcase` method
        #
        # Below is native-only
        self.save_summary(testcase, state, message)
        self.save_trace(testcase, state)
        self.save_constraints(testcase, state)
        self.save_input_symbols(testcase, state)

        for stream_name, data in state.platform.generate_workspace_files().items():
            with testcase.open_stream(stream_name, binary=True) as stream:
                if isinstance(data, str):
                    data = data.encode()
                stream.write(data)

        # self._store.save_state(state, self._named_key('pkl'))
        return testcase

    @staticmethod
    def save_summary(testcase, state, message):
        with testcase.open_stream("messages") as summary:
            summary.write(f"Command line:\n  '{' '.join(sys.argv)}'\n")
            summary.write(f"Status:\n  {message}\n\n")

            memories = set()
            for cpu in filter(None, state.platform.procs):
                idx = state.platform.procs.index(cpu)
                summary.write(f"================ PROC: {idx:02d} ================\n")
                summary.write("Memory:\n")
                if hash(cpu.memory) not in memories:
                    summary.write(str(cpu.memory).replace("\n", "\n  "))
                    memories.add(hash(cpu.memory))

                summary.write(f"CPU:\n{cpu}")

                if hasattr(cpu, "instruction") and cpu.instruction is not None:
                    i = cpu.instruction
                    summary.write(f"  Instruction: 0x{i.address:x}\t{i.mnemonic:s} {i.op_str:s})\n")
                else:
                    summary.write("  Instruction: {symbolic}\n")

    @staticmethod
    def save_trace(testcase, state):
        with testcase.open_stream("trace") as f:
            if "trace" not in state.context:
                return
            for entry in state.context["trace"]:
                f.write(f"0x{entry:x}\n")

    @staticmethod
    def save_constraints(testcase, state):
        # XXX(yan): We want to conditionally enable this check
        # assert solver.check(state.constraints)

        with testcase.open_stream("smt") as f:
            f.write(str(state.constraints))

    @staticmethod
    def save_input_symbols(testcase, state):
        with testcase.open_stream("input") as f:
            for symbol in state.input_symbols:
                buf = Z3Solver().get_value(state.constraints, symbol)
                f.write(f"{symbol.name}: {buf!r}\n")


text:
North Tower, Grand Ballroom Level
All plenary and public lectures will take place in the Grand Ballroom
Khovanov homology and four-dimensional topology
Ciprian Manolescu, Stanford University
2022-12-05 2:00PM (PST) Grand Ballroom plenary
Over the last forty years, most progress in four-dimensional topology came from gauge theory and related invariants. Khovanov homology is an invariant of knots in R^3 of a different kind: its construction is combinatorial, and connected to ideas from representation theory. There is hope that it can tell us more about smooth 4-manifolds; for example, Freedman, Gompf, Morrison and Walker suggested a strategy to disprove the 4D Poincare conjecture using Rasmussen's invariant from Khovanov homology. It is yet unclear whether their strategy can work. I will explain a new attempt to pursue it (joint work with Lisa Piccirillo) and some of the challenges we encountered. I will also review other topological applications of Khovanov homology, with regard to smoothly embedded surfaces in 4-manifolds.
Infectious disease modelling in the time of COVID
Caroline Colijn, Simon Fraser University
The COVID-19 pandemic has made some ideas in infectious disease modelling household names: $R_0$, $R_t$ and herd immunity were very much in the public eye for many months. But the pandemic also raised new challenges for infectious disease modelling. Much of ""classical"" infectious disease modelling focused on setting up a model, determining its (usually local asymptotic) behaviour, and discovering how its basic reproduction number depended on its parameters. But in the era of the pandemic, we need models that can help us interpret data in real time, that can cope with heterogeneity, that are suitable for modelling feasible actions at a range of scales, and we need models that can incorporate data describing viral diversity. Some of the challenges call for juxtapositions of mechanistic models and statistical models, describing the distributions of variables we can observe. In this talk, I will describe new modelling and estimation approaches that we have developed in this context. First, I will introduce ""eventR"", which is like a basic reproduction number for a specific event, and outline how it can be used to help compare strategies for preventing transmission. Next, I will describe a mechanistic-statistical model with which we can estimate a key parameter for any infectious disease simulation: the per unit time, per contact transmission rate, as long as we know enough about the transmission setting. I will link these two through an analysis of the cluster size distributions in schools in four Canadian provinces in 2021, and will describe and interpret our findings about the transmission rates. Finally, I will discuss the broader challenges for infectious disease modelling in this pandemic and beyond.
Systems of points with Coulomb interactions
Sylvia Serfaty, New York University
2022-12-06 9:00AM (PST) Grand Ballroom plenary
Large ensembles of points with Coulomb interactions arise in various settings of condensed matter physics, classical and quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, random matrices and even approximation theory, and they give rise to a variety of questions pertaining to analysis, Partial Differential Equations and probability. We will first review these motivations, then present the ''mean-field'' derivation of effective models and equations describing the system at the macroscopic scale. We then explain how to analyze the next order behavior, giving information on the configurations at the microscopic level and connecting with crystallization questions, and finish with the description of the effect of temperature.
Deep generative models and Schrödinger Bridge
Yang Wang, The Hong-Kong University of Science and Technology
Deep generative models have achieved enormous success in learning the underlying high-dimensional data distribution from samples. In this talk, we will introduce two methods to learn deep generative models. First, we will introduce variational gradient flow (VGrow) which can be used to minimize the f-divergence between the evolving distribution and the target distribution. In particular, we showed that the commonly used logD-trick indeed belongs to f-divergence. Second, we will introduce a Schrödinger Bridge approach to learning deep generative models. Our theoretical results guarantee that the distribution learned by our approach converges to the target distribution. Experimental results on multimodal synthetic data and benchmark data support our theoretical findings and indicate that the generative model via Schrödinger Bridge is comparable with state-of-the-art GANs, suggesting a new formulation of generative learning. We demonstrate its usefulness in image interpolation and image inpainting.
Measurement Calculation and History
Minhyong Kim, University of Warwick
2022-12-06 5:45PM (PST) Grand Ballroom public
Some of the most remarkable achievements of science are the mind-boggling measurements it has contributed throughout history to our collective understanding of the universe. For example, a simple google search will reveal that the radius of our galaxy is 52850 light years, and that the Andromeda galaxy is 2.537 million light years away. You can also find out that the mass of an electron is 0.00000000000000000000000000091093837 grams. Sadly, I don't think I will have time to discuss these great numbers in this lecture. However, I will mention a few simpler, but still great measurements in history and how they involved calculating with precision. I will also reflect on what our knowledge of such matters tells us about the nature of mathematics as human heritage.
Groups acting at infinity
Kathryn Mann, Cornell University
I will present some recent results on rigidity of group actions and flows that come from looking at induced actions on "boundaries at infinity". This idea has a long history, going back to Selberg and Mostow. In some of my recent joint work, I use this approach in geometric group theory and dynamics, studying boundary rigidity for actions of hyperbolic groups on their Gromov boundary, and showing Anosov flows on 3-manifolds are determined by their periodic orbits. This talk will survey some of the history, philosophy and techniques related to proving rigidity results by looking out to infinity.
Kazhdan's property (T) for $\operatorname{Aut}(F_n)$ and $EL_n(\mathcal{R})$
Narutaka Ozawa, Kyoto University
2022-12-07 11:00AM (PST) Grand Ballroom plenary
Kazhdan's property (T) for groups has a number of applications in pure and applied mathematics. I will report the recent development by several hands on the heavily computer assisted methods of proving property (T) (with math rigor), which eventually confirmed property (T) for $\operatorname{Aut}(F_n)$, $n>3$, thus solving a well-known problem in geometric group theory. I then talk about my recent human effort in coping with the computer assisted proof.
Conjugates, paths and groups of diffeomorphisms
Andres Navas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
In this talk I will explain how to use techniques from dynamical systems theory to study group theoretical properties of diffeomorphisms. A special discussion will be deserved to an old unsolved question raised by H. rosenberg, namely the path connectedness of the space of commuting circle diffeomorphisms. I will present several results on this, the most recent of which have been obtained in collaboration with Hélène Eynard.
Twisted honeycombs and abstract polytopes
Isabel Hubard, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
In the 70´s Coxeter considered the 4-dimensional regular polytopes and used the so-called Petrie Polygons to obtain quotients of the polytopes that, while having all possible rotational symmetry, lack reflectional symmetry. He called these objects Twisted Honeycombs. Nowadays, objects with such symmetry properties are often called chiral. In this talk I will review Coxeter´s twisted honeycombs and explore a natural way to extend Coxeter´s work to polytope-like structures, in particular, we shall see some properties and examples of so-called chiral skeletal polyhedra, and an application of them.
The illustrated field diary of a mathematical naturalist
Katherine Stange, University of Colorado
Mathematics is a jungle: a jubilee of flowering plants and mysterious animals. The mathematician is a naturalist, describing the behaviours of whatever she encounters on her tours. With the advent of computers and modern technologies, the dispatches of the naturalist can now be illustrated in full colour. In my own travels, I've collected some illustrations that I hope will surprise and delight you. I'll show you – in technicolour – some of the lesser-known antics of the inhabitants of the mathematical realm, including complex and rational numbers and the roots of polynomials.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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50 based on reviews from 16 critics. Retrieved August 23, 2012. Edit, storyline, in Manhattan, the vampires Goody and Stacy share an apartment and work and study in the night-shift. She struggled with her life as a vampire until Stacy was turned by Ciccerus sometime during successful dating websites the early 1990s. Vamps is a 2012 American comedy horror film directed by, amy Heckerling, starring, alicia Silverstone and, krysten Ritter. Van Helsing to get his help in killing Ciccerus, and she advises him that vampires can only be killed via sunlight or decapitation.
Genres: Comedy, horror, romance, certificate: 12, see all certifications parents Guide: Add content advisory for parents edit. Stacy falls in love with her classmate Joey, and soon she learns that he is the son of the vampire slayer. Goodys beste Freundin Stacy (Krysten Ritter die noch eine relativ junge Vampirin ist, sieht das Ganze nicht so eng und passt sich der modernen Gesellschaft an, besucht eine Abendschule und verliebt sich in ihren Sitznachbarn Joey Van Helsing (Dan Stevens). 5 Michelle Pfeiffer was initially offered the role of Ciccerus but had to turn denzel washington dating it down due to scheduling commitments. The website is created in n/a, currently located in, germany and is running on IP registered by, denic eG network. While at a vampire meeting, Stacy explains how she struggled with drug addiction as a human, but is now happy since being a vampire gave her a second chance. Richard Lewis whom she has not seen since the 1960s. As the sun rises, she disintegrates into ash. "Anchor Bay Acquires 'Vamps' Movie Amy Heckerling Reteams With 'Clueless' Star Alicia Silverstone".
Geolocation is the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a radar source, mobile phone or Internet-connected computer terminal. Alle Angebote auf DVD/Blu-ray, kritik der filmstarts-Redaktion, dass Amy Heckerling einmal mit einem ihrer Werke auf dem Fantasy Filmfest vertreten sein würde, darauf hätte wohl kaum jemand gewettet. After spending the night at Joey's place, he sees Stacy crawling down the side of his apartment building in order to get home before the sun rises. Konow, David (April 13, 2012).
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Raisting is een gemeente en plaats in de Duitse deelstaat Beieren, en maakt deel uit van het Landkreis Weilheim-Schongau.

Raisting telt  inwoners en bestaat uit de nederzettingen Raisting, Sölb, Stillern, Ertelmühle en Rothbad.

Bij Raisting ligt het gelijknamige Grondstation Raisting, het grootste centrum voor satellietcommunicatie ter wereld.

Gemeente in Beieren

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Scott is currently ghostwriting for a California law firm.


There are many different types of insurance, some of which are compulsory - such as employers' liability and motor insurance - and others that are optional.
The Association of British Insurers (ABI) has produced a short guide to help you understand what insurance you need.
Download Insurance for your small business (PDF) from the ABI website.


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Bloomberg: Facebook Plans Big Overhaul of Political Ads After Criticism
Facebook Inc., under fire over Russia's use of its social network to spread pre-election discord in the U.S. last year, pledged a sweeping overhaul of political advertising and said it will give Congress all the evidence it has on the campaigns.
Trevor Potter, a former Republican chairman of the Federal Election Commission, said Facebook should tell the public directly.
"Public disclosure of all information related to these 3,000 advertisements is necessary so that all of us understand how this occurred, and we can ensure that policies – both at Facebook and from the government – are in place to ensure this does not happen again," Potter said in a statement.


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Sports Laws In India: A Necessity
By Admin LBPublished on 22 April 2020 11:17 AM GMT
Sports law is the dynamic interplay of more than one law which includes contract law, tort law, labour law, tax law, intellectual property law, media law etc. Sports Laws In India: A Necessity Gone are the days when people used to say "padhoge likhoge banoge nawab, kheloge kudoge hoge kharab" which means that if you study then you… Read More »
Sports law is the dynamic interplay of more than one law which includes contract law, tort law, labour law, tax law, intellectual property law, media law etc.
Gone are the days when people used to say "padhoge likhoge banoge nawab, kheloge kudoge hoge kharab" which means that if you study then you will become a successful person and if you play then you become bad. Today's era is the era of sports. Sports have become a major part of today's society and its demand is increasing day by day.
Sports law may be expounded as whatever sports industries intersect law. A law is not complete in itself and is regulated by other laws as well. Similarly, sports law is the dynamic interplay of more than one law which includes contract law, tort law, labour law, tax law, intellectual property law, media law etc. But there are various reasons to feel shameful as there is no concrete sports law in India.
Constitutionality
Sports' is a subject which comes under the State list in terms of Entry 33 of List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. To ensure efficient performance by players, management and spectators there is a requirement of the legislation.
There is various legislation considering sports in India. The legislations are present at international as well as at the national level. The fundamental aspect of sports law is to ensure players rights which includes right to participation, right to payment, etc.
Arbitration Clause
At the international level, the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CASP) ensures such right. Primarily arbitration is Alternate Dispute Resolution so it is an alternative to going to a court. CASP may be understood as a Supreme Court but at the international level. Basically, a player no matter from which country things that his rights are violated or sports body of his country doesn't recognize his rights then he can approach CASP.
It is the universal rule that if any national body makes contact with any of the players then under such agreement there should be an arbitration clause so that such player can approach CASP. CASP is subjected to The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and the enforcement of the order of CASP will have the same effect as an ordinary court of India has.
There are various bodies of governance, International Olympic Association is such body of governance at the International level and under the national level, there is the Indian Olympic Association. At the Ministry level, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports keeps the information about the sports-related news and ensures encouragement. Sports Authority of India and National Sports Federation, reports to Ministry of Youth.
Sports Authority work incorporates basic requirements with respect to sports which includes infrastructure and sports equipment and National Sports Federation fundamental aim is to bring best to best players and them to national as well as international level and functions as to encourage each federation, be it All India Football Federation, Basketball Federation of India and fulfil their requirements.
Can the Right to Participate in a Sports event be Curtailed?
Rights of players under some circumstances can be curtailed and such circumstances include the player's having a positive result in doping. Such a doping test is conducted by the National Anti Doping Agency (NADA).
Can one claim report of such banned player? Before 2010 there were many contentions regarding this topic but latter the judgment of Indian Olympic Association v. Veeresh Malik, [WP (C)No.876/2007] made it clear that IOC and other sports body are public bodies and a person can claim the right to information under Section 2(j) of Right to Information Act, 2005.
There are various policies concerning sports as well but again it is not an independent body. National Sports Policy, 2001 with the objective to promote excellence in sports and development of sports and there is National Sports Development Bill, 2011, the fundamental aspect of this bill is to bring all sports federation under Right to Information Act. And if a body comes under the ambit of state, then the transparency should be maintained.
Conclusion – Sports Laws In India: A Necessity
There are various bodies in our country but a strong and comprehensive body of sports administration does not exist. There should be one strong policy which can promote sports and can cover all related issue of the sports-related to employment, broadcasting and advertisement rights, harassment, liabilities, lack of fund and poor infrastructure policy.
We the people should ensure better implementation of further acts by promoting better government. And such policies may undertake all the governance and legislation under its ambit.
By – Ashutosh Rajput
The author is a law student at Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur.
Judicial pronouncements on Section 8 of the RTI Act | By Rajul Jain(Opens in a new browser tab)
The Burden of Backlog of Cases: Reforms and Measures(Opens in a new browser tab)
Updated On 22 April 2020 11:18 AM GMT


It is clear that without sensory literacy, we will continue to inadvertently disadvantage and hurt some of our most sensitive children. As we discussed in chapter 4, we tend to be unaware of the prevalent sensory toxicity in our western world, while other cultures have integrated the senses in their belief systems for millennia. Dealing with the invisible nature of the senses makes re-learning sensory wisdom difficult.
As a parent who did not find answers or solutions within the medical system, I began to look for answers in other traditions. It became evident that there is a sensory culture distributed amongst many traditions that can help us create a bridge between our societal accepted notions of health and sensorial well being. Could synthesizing ancient Asian, aboriginal health traditions as well as holistic health and emerging neuroscience and other research models, offer solutions that address the complexity of sensory health? Could such an approach make it possible to re-understand spatial embodied knowledge and begin to build the sensory literacy necessary to decolonize our senses?
While I am not an expert in these traditions, witnessing the richness of cultures that related to the senses made me want to incorporate some of these wisdoms in our lives. These alternate ideas made it possible for me to address an array of hidden health determinants that could be balanced in my children and myself. Be reminded that I am not a medical doctor. In order to help my children, I have done a lot of research but also consult and rely on a team of health practitioners. Generating in the process a sensory health "library" to consider sensory well being.
My role as a parent is to understand my children well enough to be able to collaborate with health professionals when needed. This is where a health framework has become useful to us. By understanding which aspects of health is out of balance within my children, I can then research and develop strategies with the help of a health practitioner, a naturopath, occupational therapist, psychologists, social worker, teacher, etc.
I began to think of an approach to health focused on the senses and through time this led me to formulate a sensory health framework and, in the process, developed a deeper understanding of "out of sync" sensorial behaviours and to approach sensory perception from multiple perspectives. When I began this quest, I was interested in finding a health framework that not only favour the centrality of the senses to health but also acknowledge the role of technology in defining space. So far, I have not found one. But with my research in alternative cultural models in mind, I began to wonder if it would be possible to combine some of these ideas into one model.
"These stronger links are where we feel comfortable and confident, where we can operate safely within the bounds of who we think we are. And this is where the problem lies. No matter how much we strengthen the links in our chain that are already strong, if there's still a weak link the chain as a whole isn't stronger. It can break just as easily.
As Kresser points out, there isn't an easy, quick solution to health. And in the end, No one can tell you what is going to work for your family, as the issues are inter-related and specific to each family. Similarly, there is not one way of approaching this issue, thus the importance of informing ourselves and become sensory detectives and create sensory life diets appropriate to our families' unique needs.
Thus, a sensory health framework must be pluralistic, taking into consideration the uniqueness of a child's experiences (sensory and otherwise) and a family's context. The complexity involved in sensory well being made me turn to the Integrative theory, which can provide a framework to approach the complexity and uniqueness of sensory life in a systematic yet flexible way. Sean Esbjörn-Hargens, co-director of the Integral ecology centre, presents a useful summary of the theory[ii], which is summarized below.


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Aligning with the theme of the FDI WOHD 2018-"Say Ahh..Think Mouth, Think Health", a public exhibition will be organised. Informative posters on oral health will be displayed in an area open for viewing by the public. Arranged at the venue would be display boards which will have the informative videos on oral health playing- these include Brushing techniques, an animation on tooth brushing targeted at children and a video on significance of oral health at all ages following a life course approach.
Also, in association with National Oral Health Cell, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, under the National Oral Health Programme, training manuals on Oral Health Promotion for School Teachers and Health Workers will be released on the occasion of World Oral Health Day. These resources will back a robust training programme for both frontline health workers and school teachers. These manuals aim at expanding the skill set of these personnel.
Another activity slated during the event is distribution of the Social and Behaviour Change Communication materials which have been designed and conceptualised at our institute which is the National Centre of Excellence for Implementation of National Oral Health Programme, to the public visiting the institute.These include leaflets, badges and stickers with attractive one liners on oral health.
In addition the FDI WOHD Posters and the posters developed under the National oral Health Programme will be displayed in all the wards of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences at the passageways, nursing stations, treatment rooms and cafeteria areas.


September 12, 2017 Mike Cline Jr.
This time on the show the guys discuss couples confiding in Mark, never changing your mind, scientific studies, American flag flying assholes, American accents and more! Plus the guys listen to an Irish family corral a bat, Kimmy's latest rant, Saphira Fashion's period pants and more!


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McKinsey, eyeing the MLOps space, buys Tel Aviv–based Iguazio
Kyle Wiggers
The same day Microsoft invested billions in OpenAI, McKinsey snatched up enterprise-focused AI firm Iguazio for a relative steal.
The consulting giant reportedly paid around $50 million for Iguazio, a Tel Aviv–based company offering an MLOps platform for large-scale businesses -- "MLOps" refers to a set of tools to deploy and maintain machine learning models in production. In a press release, McKinsey says it plans to use the startup's tech and team of 70 data scientists to bolster its QuantumBlack platform, McKinsey's data analytics–focused group, with "industry-specific" AI solutions.
"We analyzed more than a 1,000 AI companies worldwide and identified Iguazio as the best fit to significantly accelerate our AI offering -- from the initial concept to production, in a simplified, scalable and automated manner," McKinsey senior partner Ben Ellencweig said in a statement. Over time, he added, the Iguazio and QuantumBlack teams will be fully integrated and work from a single product roadmap, combining the best of both worlds (with any luck).
"Iguazio has a state-of-the-art technology that has generated significant market traction with some of our marquee clients and earned them top-industry recognition," Ellencweig continued.
Iguazio, whose customers included Payoneer, was co-founded in 2014 by Asaf Somekh, Orit Nissan-Messing, Yaron Haviv and Yaron Segev. The four previously served in senior roles at XtremIO (acquired by EMC), XIV (acquired by IBM), Mellanox (acquired by Nvidia) and Radvision (acquired by Avaya).
Iguazio's product suite collects data and preps it online or offline, accelerating and automating AI model training for deployment via APIs. Beyond this, Iguazio attempts to streamline machine learning pipeline steps like scaling, tuning and continuous delivery with features such as rolling upgrades, A/B testing, logging and monitoring.
Prior to the acquisition, Iguazio managed to raise $72 million in venture capital from investors, including INCapital Ventures, Pitango VC, Jerusalem Venture Partners (JVP) and Magma Venture Partners, according to CrunchBase data. TechCrunch previously reported that the startup was valued at $100 million.
MLOps might not be as sexy as, say, ChatGPT. But demand is growing. By one estimation, the market for MLOps could reach $4 billion by 2025.
Unsurprisingly, there's no shortage of startups going after the space, such as Comet, which raised $50 million in November 2021. Other vendors with VC backing include Arize, Tecton, Diveplane, Iterative, Galileo and Taiwan-based InfuseAI.
But for McKinsey, the price -- and timing -- was apparently right, where Iguazio is concerned. The firm notes that Iguazio is its first acquisition in Israel and that the newly extended team will serve as the foundation for a new QuantumBlack location that McKinsey expects to grow in the coming years.
"Attracting exceptional tech talent and expanding our tech ecosystem will enable us to welcome colleagues from around the globe to Tel Aviv's exciting tech scene," McKinsey partner Matt Fitzpatrick said in a blog post.
Over the past year, McKinsey has made several acquisitions in the data analytics space, including Caserta, a firm specializing in data architecture and engineering. SCM Connections, another recent addition to the consultancy's portfolio, offers services for digital transformation, including building tech stack infrastructure.
Coconuts Manila·1 min read
Mambaling cop in hot water for extorting motorist
THE two most wanted persons in Cebu and Negros Occidental were arrested in two separate police operations on Tuesday afternoon, January 24, 2023.The suspects were identified as 18-year-old driver Jay Niño Bacon alias Botchok, single, a resident of Camomot Street, Barangay Poblacion 1, Carcar City, southern Cebu, and Reymar Quiapo Ababa, 29, a construction worker from Barangay San Benito, Calatrava town, Negros Occidental.Lieutenant Colonel Ardioleto Cabagnot, chief of Carcar City Police Station,
Dad eyes 'Singapore-like' Cebu City public markets
"SINGAPORE-LIKE" public markets are being pushed by Councilor Renato "Junjun" Osmeña in Cebu City's bid to revitalize trade and commerce.Osmeña inspected five public markets in the city Thursday, Jan. 26, 2023, and had a dialogue with the administrators and vendors to determine how the City Government can fast-track the development of public markets. Among the things he checked was the market's ventilation, electricity and water supply, drainage system, structural integrity, and comfort rooms.Os
UCMed president says it has enough nurses, medical staff to accommodate patients
EDUCATOR Augusto Go announced that the University of Cebu Medical School (UCMed) has enough nurses and medical staff and is always ready to accommodate patients at all times.The 80-year-old Cebuano businessman, who is also a lawyer, told reporters on Wednesday, January 26, that many hospitals across the country have experienced shortage of nurses and medical staff because they preferred to work abroad for higher take home pay.But Go said that UCMed had overcome the challenge as it absorbed more


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A nun greets a sect and thinks she's doing something good.
Only at 12 o'clock I arrived in Speyer in the pedestrian zone and was surprised. Jehovah's Witnesses had positioned themselves directly at the location where you can park your motorcycle. With the sign "Jehovah's Witnesses let people bleed to death for their Jehovah "God", I simply stood to the right of their colorful religion stand and drew a great many glances at us for an hour. To Jehovah's Witnesses and to me. The passers-by always read the slogan on my sign first and then looked at the Jehovah's Witnesses. I'm sure the Jehovah's Witnesses didn't have that much attention before my appearance.
One could see by the looks and the interested persistence of the passers-by that the Watchtower religion lost massively in prestige under this clear announcement. Even at a distance of 30 or 40 meters, people were standing or walking, clearly observing the struggle between the Watchtower lie and the clear factual statement.
A nun in white costume came from the left and greeted the sect advertisers very friendly. When she passed me, I asked her if she knew who she was greeting. Until she understood that Jehovah's Witnesses bleed people to death for their "God", a few seconds passed, probably also because her view of the world is shaped by the integration of heresies. When she turned to go on, I said quickly: "I also have a sign where it says: Those who worship Mary do idolatry." She left.
After half an hour she came back and wanted to talk about everything again. We bit ourselves down on the question of whether Marian worship was Marian worship or not. I told her that the only way to contact a dead person was through worship. I omitted the other variant of spiritualism, which she could calculate for herself. Her answer was only that one had to talk longer about it. She said this several times. I say: Where there are many words, it does not happen without sin. Jesus said: By their works you will know them. He did not say: By their explanations you will know them. The work of Catholicism is the adoration of Mary. And the Pope calls himself the Holy Father, which is the highest known title of God. When I reproached the nun that Jesus had forbidden any of us from being called father at all, she completed the relevant biblical passage for me.
The nun knows the Bible, but she ignores the disobedience of her church. She follows the disobedience of the church and ignores the Word of God.
The Jehovah's Witnesses of course witnessed this discussion, but they did not budge. All this was outside their competence, because they have to leave all thinking to their organization. They behaved like rubber dolls or stuffed animals. Shortly after 1 pm I left the place of clear conversation and interest in the religious state of Jehovah's Witnesses fell to zero.


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Muesli ( or ; Swiss German: Müesli , non-Swiss Standard German: Müsli ) is a breakfast and brunch[1] dish based on raw rolled oats and other ingredients including grains, fresh or dried fruits, seeds and nuts, and may be mixed with cow's milk, soy milk, almond milk, yogurt or fruit juice. Developed around 1900 by Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital, muesli is available in a packaged dry form, ready made, or freshly made.
In Switzerland and Germany, it is also eaten as a light evening dish; Birchermüesli complet is muesli with butterbrot and coffee with milk.
Dry muesli mix, served with milk and bananas
Packaged muesli 3
Fresh muesli 4
Original Bircher-Benner muesli recipe 5
Originally known in Swiss German as Birchermüesli or simply Müesli, the word is an Alemannic diminutive of Mues which means "puree" or "mash-up."
Muesli was introduced around 1900 by the Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital,[2] where a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables was an essential part of therapy. It was inspired by a similar "strange dish" that he and his wife had been served on a hike in the Swiss Alps. Bircher-Benner himself referred to the dish simply as "d'Spys" (Swiss German for "the dish", in German "die Speise"). Muesli in its modern form became popular in Western countries starting in the 1960s as part of increased interest in health food and vegetarian diets. The original Bircher muesli was soaked overnight with water and lemon juice, and then eaten with yoghurt.
Packaged muesli
Raw, packaged muesli ingredients
Packaged muesli is a loose mixture of mainly rolled oats or cornflakes together with various dried fruit pieces, nuts, and seeds. It commonly contains other rolled cereal grains such as wheat or rye flakes. There are many varieties, which may also contain honey, spices, or chocolate. This dry packaged muesli can store for many months and served quickly after mixing with milk, fil, yogurt, coffee, hot chocolate, fruit juice, or water. If desired, pieces of fresh fruit may be added. Alternatively, the mix may be soaked overnight in milk and then served with fresh fruit or compote to taste.
Fresh muesli
Fresh muesli, made using rolled oats, orange juice, blended apple and banana, redcurrants, raisins and cottage cheese, topped with raspberries.
Muesli can also be freshly prepared using either dry rolled oats or whole grain oats that have been soaked in water or fruit juice. Other common ingredients are additional grated or chopped fresh fruit (e.g., bananas, apples, berries, grapes, mango), dried fruit, milk products (e.g., fresh milk, yogurt, cream, condensed milk, fromage frais, quark, cottage cheese, or nondairy milk substitutes), lemon juice, ground nuts, seeds, spices (especially cinnamon), honey and muesli mix.
Original Bircher-Benner muesli recipe
The original Bircher-Benner recipe consists of the following ingredients:
Apples, "[t]wo or three small apples or one large one." The whole apple was to be used, including skin, core, and pips.
Nuts, either walnuts, almonds, or hazelnuts, one tablespoon.
Rolled oats, one tablespoon, "previously soaked in 3 tablespoons water for 12 hours."
Lemon juice from half a lemon.
Either cream and honey or sweetened condensed milk, 1 tablespoon.[3]
The dish was prepared by mixing the cream and honey or condensed milk with the soaked oats and lemon juice and, while stirring, grating the whole apple into the mixture. This method prevented the apple pulp from browning. The intent was to serve the dish fresh, immediately before any other dishes in the meal.[3]
The option to substitute sweetened condensed milk instead of cream may have been a compromise due to hygiene concerns regarding fresh milk products in 1900 (bovine tuberculosis, etc.), before pasteurisation and refrigeration became commonly available.
Granola, a breakfast and snack food similar to muesli
Muesli belt malnutrition
Porridge, a hot dish made with oats
^ Planet, L. (2 March 2015), The World's Best Brunches: Where to Find Them and How to Make Them, Lonely Planet Publications, p. 294,
^ Kurmann, Joseph A.; Rasic, Jeremija L.; Kroger, Manfred (1992), "Bircher Muesli", Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory of Fermented Milk, Cream, Buttermilk, Whey, and Related Products (1 ed.), Springer Verlag, p. 75,
^ a b M. Bircher-Benner & Max E. Bircher (1985), "IV A. Raw Food Porridge (Bircher Müesli)", Fruit Dishes and Raw Vegetables, Translated by Reginald Snell, Health Research Books, pp. 19–20,
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ICC plays down threat to one-day format after criticism of 'unsustainable' schedule | Cricket News
There has been speculation that a reduction in the 50-over format would be used to make the cricket calendar more sustainable; England Test captain Ben Stokes retired from ODI cricket earlier this month due to the intensity of the schedule
Last Updated: 27/07/22 2:10pm
Ben Stokes retired from the one day format and blamed his decision on the "unsustainable" schedule.
The governing International Cricket Council (ICC) played down threats to the game's 50-overs format on Wednesday and said a "healthy" number of one-day internationals will be played in the 2023-27 cycle.
The proliferation of lucrative domestic T20 leagues have cramped up cricket's already-strained calendar.
The congested cricketing schedule has come into laser-sharp focus since Ben Stokes' retirement announcement, where he stated the "unsustainable" schedule was a major factor in his decision to depart the 50-over game.
It is not just Stokes who has sacrificed the ODI format as earlier this month, South Africa abandoned their ODI tour of Australia as it clashed with the launch of their domestic T20 league, rising their chances of qualifying directly for next year's World Cup in India.
ICC chief executive Geoff Allardice said structuring of the game's three formats was discussed at the governing body's annual general meeting in Birmingham where the Future Tours Programme (FTP) 2023-27 was finalised.
Ben Stokes is given a standing ovation by fans as he signs off from ODI cricket for the final time in his career.
"I think at this stage there is some discussion, not specifically about ODIs, but about the mix of formats within the calendar," Allardice told a video conference.
"Countries have been, in their FTPs (future tour programs), are still scheduling a healthy number of ODIs as well.
"So in the FTP, I don't think you'll see any significant change to the number of ODIs or the proportion of ODIs as being planned."
Australia test batsman Usman Khawaja has said one-day cricket was "dying a slow death", while former Pakistan captain Wasim Akram called the format a "drag".
Former England captain Eoin Morgan says he's a 'little surprised' at former teammate Ben Stokes' retirement from ODI cricket and that his decision should be a wake up call to the cricket administrators.
Allardice conceded some members put "particular attention on their domestic leagues" but insisted their commitment to international and bilateral cricket was "as strong as it's ever been".
"Each of them has to manage that balance between domestic competitions, their international schedule and the management of their players," he added.
"Each of those boards is in a slightly different situation. So there isn't a one-size-fits-all approach to that balancing issue."
ICC chairman Greg Barclay also acknowledged that franchise-based leagues were expanding fast.
"So there's a lot of pressure on the calendar, but I'm not sure it's a tipping point," said the New Zealander.
Watch the first T20 international between England and South Africa, from Seat Unique Stadium in Bristol, live on Sky Sports Cricket on Wednesday. Coverage starts at 6pm with the first ball at 6.30pm.
Mauricio Pochettino is targeting a Premier League return after PSG sacking – Paper Talk | Transfer Centre News
HRT Won't Raise Recurrence Rate for Breast Cancer Survivors


text:
The Corn Is Green is a play by Emlyn Williams.

The Corn Is Green may also refer to two film adaptations:

The Corn Is Green (1945 film), starring Bette Davis
The Corn Is Green (1979 film), a television adaptation starring Katharine Hepburn


text:
/* Source file for R2 miscellaneous relationship utility */

/* Include files */

#include "R2Shapes/R2Shapes.h"

RNAngle
R2InteriorAngle(const R2Vector& vector1, const R2Vector& vector2)
{
    // Return angle between vectors
    RNScalar d1 = vector1.Length();
    if (RNIsZero(d1)) return 0.0;
    RNScalar d2 = vector2.Length();
    if (RNIsZero(d2)) return 0.0;
    RNScalar cosine = vector1.Dot(vector2) / (d1 * d2);
    assert(RNIsGreaterOrEqual(cosine, -1.0) && RNIsLessOrEqual(cosine, 1.0));
    if (cosine >= 1.0) return 0.0;
    else if (cosine <= -1.0) return RN_PI;
    else return acos(cosine);
}

RNAngle
R2InteriorAngle(const R2Vector& vector, const R2Line& line)
{
    // Return angle between vector and line
    return R2InteriorAngle(vector, line.Vector());
}

RNAngle
R2InteriorAngle(const R2Vector& vector, const R2Ray& ray)
{
    // Return angle between vector and ray
    return R2InteriorAngle(vector, ray.Vector());
}

RNAngle
R2InteriorAngle(const R2Vector& vector, const R2Span& span)
{
    // Return angle between vector and span
    return R2InteriorAngle(vector, span.Vector());
}

RNArea
R2IntersectionArea(const R2Box& box1, const R2Box& box2)
{
  R2Box intersection(box1);
  intersection.Intersect(box2);
  if (intersection.IsEmpty()) return 0;
  return intersection.Area();
}

RNArea
R2IntersectionArea(const R2Circle& circle1, const R2Circle& circle2)
{
  RNArea area = 0;
  RNLength r1 = circle1.Radius();
  if (RNIsZero(r1)) return 0;
  RNLength r2 = circle2.Radius();
  if (RNIsZero(r2)) return 0;
  RNLength d = R2Distance(circle1.Center(), circle2.Center());
  RNLength rmin = (r1 < r2) ? r1 : r2;
  RNLength rmax = (r1 > r2) ? r1 : r2;
  if (RNIsLessOrEqual(d + rmin, rmax)) {
    // Compute area of smaller circle
    area = RN_PI * rmin * rmin;
  }
  else if (RNIsLessOrEqual(d, r1 + r2)) {
    // Compute area of "asymmetric lens"
    // http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Circle-CircleIntersection.html
    RNScalar a1 = r1*r1*acos((d*d + r1*r1 - r2*r2) / (2*d*r1));
    RNScalar a2 = r2*r2*acos((d*d + r2*r2 - r1*r1) / (2*d*r2));
    RNScalar a3 = (-d + r1 + r2) * (d + r1 - r2) * (d - r1 + r2) * (d + r1 + r2);
    if (a3 > 0) area = a1 + a2 - 0.5 * sqrt(a3);
  }

  // Return area
  return area;
}

RNBoolean
R2Abuts(const R2Box& box1, const R2Box& box2)
{
    // Return whether box1 abuts box2
    if (!R2Intersects(box1, box2)) return FALSE;
    if (RNIsEqual(box1.XMin(), box2.XMax())) return TRUE;
    if (RNIsEqual(box1.XMax(), box2.XMin())) return TRUE;
    if (RNIsEqual(box1.YMin(), box2.YMax())) return TRUE;
    if (RNIsEqual(box1.YMax(), box2.YMin())) return TRUE;
    return FALSE;
}

int
R2Splits(const R2Line& line, const R2Span& span)
{
    // This is just a simple version

    // Classify span
    // Result values: 0 = on, 1 = below, 2 = above, 3 = crossing
    RNScalar d1 = R2SignedDistance(line, span.Start());
    RNScalar d2 = R2SignedDistance(line, span.End());
    if (RNIsNegative(d1)) {
        if (RNIsPositive(d2)) return 3;
	else return 1;
    }
    else if (RNIsPositive(d1)) {
        if (RNIsNegative(d2)) return 3;
	else return 2;
    }
    else {
        if (RNIsNegative(d2)) return 1;
        else if (RNIsPositive(d2)) return 2;
	else return 0;
    }
}

int
R2Splits(const R2Line& line, const R2Span& span, R2Span *below_result, R2Span *above_result)
{
    // Classify span
    // Result values: 0 = on, 1 = below, 2 = above, 3 = crossing
    RNScalar d1 = R2SignedDistance(line, span.Start());
    RNScalar d2 = R2SignedDistance(line, span.End());
    if (RNIsNegative(d1)) {
        if (RNIsPositive(d2)) {
  	    // Span crosses line
	    if (below_result || above_result) {
	        // Compute intersection
		R2Point point = span.Point(-d1);
		if (below_result) *below_result = R2Span(span.Start(), point);
		if (above_result) *above_result = R2Span(point, span.End());
	    }
	    return 3;
	}
	else {
  	    // Span is below line
	    if (below_result) *below_result = span;
	    return 1;
	}
    }
    else if (RNIsPositive(d1)) {
        if (RNIsNegative(d2)) {
  	    // Span crosses line
	    if (below_result || above_result) {
	        // Compute intersection
		R2Point point = span.Point(d1);
		if (below_result) *below_result = R2Span(span.End(), point);
		if (above_result) *above_result = R2Span(point, span.Start());
	    }
	    return 3;
	}
	else {
  	    // Span is above line
	    if (above_result) *above_result = span;
	    return 2;
	}
    }
    else {
        if (RNIsNegative(d2)) {
  	    // Span is below line
	    if (below_result) *below_result = span;
	    return 1;
	}
        else if (RNIsPositive(d2)) {
  	    // Span is above line
	    if (above_result) *above_result = span;
	    return 2;
	}
	else {
  	    // Span is on line
	    if (below_result) *below_result = span;
	    if (above_result) *above_result = span;
	    return 0;
	}
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Вивиан Аунспо (, полное имя Vivian Louise Aunspaugh; 1869—1960) — американская  и педагог; основательница первой художественной школы на американском юго-западе, где использовались живые модели, как обнаженные, так и драпированные.

Как художница, обычно работала в пастели и акварели — создавала пейзажи, цветы, портреты и миниатюры. Работала художественным редактором для журнала Dixieland, который был впервые выпущен в 1904 году.

Биография
Родилась 14 августа 1869 года в Бедфорде, штат Виргиния, в семье Джона Генри Аунспо (John Henry Aunspaugh) и его жены Вирджинии Филдс (Virginia Fields (Yancy)). Её отец занимался торговлей хлопком, и семья следовала за ним в различные штаты на юге страны в течение всего детства Вивиан: Вирджиния, Алабама, Южная Каролина и, наконец, Джорджия.

В шестнадцать лет, когда она окончила колледж Shorter College (ныне ) в Роме, Вивиан Аунспо была награждена медалью Excelsior Art Medal и начала преподавать в женском колледже города , штат Алабама.

В следующем году она продолжила своё образование и в течение следующих пяти лет она училась в Нью-Йорке у Джона Генри Твахтмана в Лиге студентов-художников Нью-Йорка и у Альфонса Мухи в парижской Академии Коларосси.

Вернувшись в Америку в 1890 году, Аунспо преподавала искусство в различных школах и колледжах в течение следующего десятилетия, в том числе в колледже McKinney College в Техасе, в Greenville Public Schools и Masonic Female College в Миссисипи. В Далласе она преподавала в Patton Female Seminary и St Mary's College. Здесь работала вместе со скульптором Клайд Чандлер (Clyde Giltner Chandler). В 1900 году она получила золотую медаль на Всемирной выставке в Париже.

В 1902 году она основала вместе с Клайд Чандлер художественную школу Aunspaugh Art School, где они предлагали коммерческие курсы изобразительного искусства, включая рисунки обнажённых моделей (натурщиков), что было весьма необычно для того времени — только мужчины делали такие работы. Чендлер покинула Техас в 1903 году, чтобы учиться в Чикаго, и Аунспо продолжала руководить школой сама. Художница жила на  в одном квартале от её школы, вместе со своей матерью Вирджинией и сестрой Флоренс.

В начале XX века художественное сообщество Техаса только развивалось. Первая ежегодная выставка ассоциации Fort Worth Art Association была проведена в 1910 году. С 1912 по 1932 год Вивиан Аунспо проводила ежегодные художественные выставки на Dallas Women's Forum, которые оказали позитивное влияние на знакомство техасских художников с коллекционерами. Вместе со своими учениками художница создала в 1945 году художественный клуб Vivian L. Aunspaugh Art Club, где в следующем году чостоялась первая выставка. В 1956 году члены клуба экспонировались в Далласском музее изобразительных искусств. Свою деятельность клуб прекратил в 1986 году.

Умерла 9 марта 1960 года в Далласе. Была похоронена на городском кладбище Грин-Вуд.

Согласно завещанию Вивиан Аунспо, в Университете Вирджинии до сих пор вручаются стипендии её имени для аспирантов по искусству.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Vivian Aunspaugh (1869—1960)
 AUNSPAUGH, VIVIAN LOUISE

Обучавшиеся в Академии Коларосси
Преподаватели Университета Святой Марии (Техас)


text:
Q: What is the benefits of mocking the dependencies in unit testing? I am working on unit testing stuffs for my controller and service layers(C#,MVC). And I am using Moq dll for mocking the real/dependency objects in unit testing.
But I am little bit confuse regarding mocking the dependencies or real objects. Lets take a example of below unit test method :-
[TestMethod]
public void ShouldReturnDtosWhenCustomersFound_GetCustomers ()
{
    // Arrrange
    var name = "ricky";
    var description = "this is the test";

    // setup mocked dal to return list of customers
    // when name and description passed to GetCustomers method
    _customerDalMock.Setup(d => d.GetCustomers(name, description)).Returns(_customerList);

    // Act
    List<CustomerDto> actual = _CustomerService.GetCustomers(name, description);

    // Assert
    Assert.IsNotNull(actual);
    Assert.IsTrue(actual.Any());

    // verify all setups of mocked dal were called by service
    _customerDalMock.VerifyAll();
}

In the above unit test method I am mocking the GetCustomers method and returning a customer list. Which is already defined. And looks like below:
List<Customer> _customerList = new List<Customer>
{
    new Customer { CustomerID = 1, Name="Mariya",Description="description"},
    new Customer { CustomerID = 2, Name="Soniya",Description="des"},
    new Customer { CustomerID = 3, Name="Bill",Description="my desc"},
    new Customer { CustomerID = 4, Name="jay",Description="test"},
};

And lets have a look on the Assertion of Customer mocked object and actual object Assertion :-
Assert.AreEqual(_customer.CustomerID, actual.CustomerID);
Assert.AreEqual(_customer.Name, actual.Name);
Assert.AreEqual(_customer.Description, actual.Description);

But here I am not understanding that it(above unit test) always work fine. Means we are just testing(in Assertion) which we passed or which we are returning(in mocking object). And we know that the real/actual object will always return which list or object that we passed.
So what is the meaning of doing unit testing or mocking here?

A: The true purpose of mocking is to achieve true isolation.
Say you have a CustomerService class, that depends on a CustomerRepository. You write a few unit tests covering the features provided by CustomerService. They all pass.
A month later, a few changes were made, and suddenly your CustomerServices unit tests start failing - and you need to find where the problem is.
So you assume:

Because a unit test that tests CustomerServices is failing, the problem must be in that class!!

Right? Wrong! The problem could be either in CustomerServices or in any of its depencies, i.e., CustomerRepository. If any of its dependencies fail, chances are the class under test will fail too.
Now picture a huge chain of dependencies: A depends on B, B depends on C, ... Y depends on Z. If a fault is introduced in Z, all your unit tests will fail.
And that's why you need to isolate the class under test from its dependencies (may it be a domain object, a database connection, file resources, etc). You want to test a unit.

A: Your example is too simplistic to show off the real benefit of mocking. That's because your logic under test isn't really doing much beyond returning some data.
But imagine as an example that your logic did something based on wall clock time, say scheduled some process every hour. In a situation like that, mocking the time source lets you actually unit test such logic so that your test doesn't have to run for hours, waiting for the time to pass.

A: In addition to what already been said:
We can have classes without dependencies. And the only thing we have is unit testing without mocks and stubs.
When we have dependencies there are several kinds of them:

*

*Service that our class uses mostly in a 'fire and forget' way, i.e. services that do not affect control flow of the consuming code.
We can mock these (and all other kinds) services to test they were called correctly (integration testing) or simply  for injecting as they could be required by our code.

*

*Two Way Services that provide result but do not have an internal
state and do not affect the state of the system. They can be dubbed complex data transformations.
By mocking these services you can test you expectations about code behavior for different variants of service implementation without need to heave all of them.

*

*Services which affect the state of the system or depend on real world
phenomena or something out of your control. '@500 - Internal Server Error' gave a good example of the time service.
With mocking you can let the time flow at the speed (and direction) whatever is needed. Another example is working with DB. When unit testing it is usually desirable not to change DB  state what is not true about functional test. For such kind of services 'isolation' is the main (but not the only) motivation for mocking.

*

*Services with internal state your code depends on.
Consider Entity Framework:
When SaveChanges() is called, many things happen behind the scene. EF detects changes and fixups navigation properties. Also EF won't allow you to add several entities with the same key.
Evidently, it can be very difficult to mock the behavior and the complexity of such dependencies...but usually you have not if they are designed well. If you heavily rely on the functionality some component provides you hardly will be able to substitute this dependency. What is probably needed is isolation again. You don't want to leave traces when testing, thus butter approach is to tell EF not to use real DB. Yes, dependency means more than a mere interface. More often it is not the methods signatures but the contract for expected behavior. For instance IDbConnection has Open() and Close() methods what implies certain sequence of calls.
Sure, it is not strict classification. Better to treat it as extremes.
@dcastro writes: You want to test a unit. Yet the statement doesn't answer the question whether you should.
Lets not discount integration tests. Sometimes knowing that some composite part of the system has a failure is ok.
As to example with the chain of dependencies given by @dcastro we can try to find the place where the bag is likely to by:
Assume, Z is a final dependency. We create unit tests without mocks for it. All boundary conditions are known. 100% coverage is a must here. After that we say that Z works correctly. And if Z fails our unit tests must indicate it.
The analogue comes from engineering. Nobody tests each screw and bolt when building a plane.Statistic methods are used to prove with some certainty that factory producing the details works fine.
On the other hand, for very critical parts of your system it is reasonable to spend time and mock complex behavior of the dependency. Yes, the more complex it is the less maintainable tests are going to be. And here I'd rather call them as the specification checks.
Yes your api and tests both can be wrong but code review and other forms of testing can assure the correctness of the code to some degree. And as soon as these tests fail after some changes are made you either need to change specs and corresponding tests or find the bug and cover the case with the test.
I highly recommend you watching Roy's videos:  http://youtube.com/watch?v=fAb_OnooCsQ

A: In this very case mocking allowed you to fake a database connection, so that you can run a test in place and in-memory, without relying on any additional resource, i.e. the database. This tests asserts that, when a service is called, a corresponded method of DAL is called.
However the later asserts of the list and the values in list aren't necessary. As you correctly noticed you just asserting that the values you "mocked" are returned. This would be useful within the mocking framework itself, to assert that the mocking methods behave as expected. But in your code is is just excess.
In general case, mocking allow one to:

*

*Test behaviour (when something happens, then a particular method is executed)

*Fake resources (for example, email servers, web servers, HTTP API request/response, database)

In contrast, unit-tests without mocking usually allow you to test the state. That is, you can detect a change in a state of an object, when a particular method was called.

A: All previous answers assume that mocking has some value, and then they proceed to explain what that value supposedly is.
For the sake of future generations that might arrive at this question looking to satisfy their philosophical objections on the issue, here is a dissenting opinion:
Mocking, despite being a nifty trick, should be avoided at (almost) all costs.
When you mock a dependency of your code-under-test, you are by definition making two kinds of assumptions:

*

*Assumptions about the behavior of the dependency

*Assumptions about the inner workings of your code-under-test

It can be argued that the assumptions about the behavior of the dependency are innocent because they are simply a stipulation of how the real dependency should behave according to some requirements or specification document. I would be willing to accept this, with the footnote that they are still assumptions, and whenever you make assumptions you are living your life dangerously.
Now, what cannot be argued is that the assumptions you are making about the inner workings of your code-under-test are essentially turning your test into a white-box test: the mock expects the code-under-test to issue specific calls to its dependencies, with specific parameters, and as the mock returns specific results, the code-under-test is expected to behave in specific ways.
White-box testing might be suitable if you are building high criticality (aerospace grade) software, where the goal is to leave absolutely nothing to chance, and cost is not a concern. It is orders of magnitude more labor intensive than black-box testing, so it is immensely expensive, and it is a complete overkill for commercial software, where the goal is simply to meet the requirements, not to ensure that every single bit in memory has some exact expected value at any given moment.
White-box testing is labor intensive because it renders tests extremely fragile: every single time you modify the code-under-test, even if the modification is not in response to a change in requirements, you will have to go modify every single mock you have written to test that code. That is an insanely high maintenance level.
How to avoid mocks and black-box testing

*

*Use fakes instead of mocks

*

*For an explanation of what the difference is, you can read this article by Martin Fowler: https://martinfowler.com/bliki/TestDouble.html but to give you an example, an in-memory database can be used as fake in place of a full-blown RDBMS. (Note how fakes are a lot less fake than mocks.)

*Fakes will give you the same amount of isolation as mocks would, but without all the risky and costly assumptions, and most importantly, without all the fragility.

*Do integration testing instead of unit testing

*

*Using the fakes whenever possible, of course.

For a longer article with my thoughts on the subject, see https://blog.michael.gr/2021/12/white-box-vs-black-box-testing.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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How can I truly make a contribution through my writing? What is my gift and my mission?
The most valuable asset we have as writers is ourselves. Everything that happens to us is potentially raw material for anything we might write. I am convinced there is such a thing as divine inspiration…it is undoubtedly the most powerful source of our creativity.
We are never more generous, never more blessed, than when we give of ourselves through that little piece of the Creative Spirit that lives in each of us.
Writers need to know how to talk to their readers. The most important and generous thing any of us has to give as a writer is our own voice, how we each experience our lives. End of excerpt.
I hope you can see how this lovely piece of advice would inspire me to write my story.
This entry was tagged inspiration, Spirituality, writing advice. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
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KETV Omaha
| September 3, 2019
Nebraska Sen. Ben Sasse, chairman of the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs is focused on tackling the nationwide issue of human trafficking. "It's happening right here in Nebraska," said Sasse.
Fighting Sex Trafficking in Nebraska: What's Lacking and a New Plan
Just how many victims has been difficult to determine. Crysta Price, co-director of Creighton University's Human Trafficking Initiative, shared early results from her research on the scope of trafficking in Nebraska.
Nonprofits, law enforcement and government fight sex trafficking in East Texas
Tyler Morning Telegraph
Kirsta Melton, deputy criminal chief of the human trafficking and transnational organized crime unit at the Texas Attorney General's Office, said sex trafficking is a problem statewide and is not confined to certain cities and areas. Ms. Melton said a…
Omaha church begins raising funds for shelter to serve survivors of human trafficking
In the last year, more than 2,200 people were sexually exploited for money in the Omaha area on a classified advertising website that runs adult ads, Anna Brewer said, citing data from Creighton University's Human Trafficking Initiative.
Fighting against sex trafficking, a survivor shares her story
WOWT
In a recent study done by Creighton University called the Human Trafficking Initiative, alarming details were unveiled as to where sex trafficking "hot spots" have been identified here in the Metro.
Our Words
HTI Labs |
Not all commercial sex activity is sex trafficking, but all sex trafficking takes place within the commercial sex industry (indeed, it's the portion of the industry that involves a lack of consent). This is why it is important and relevant…


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Asian airport traffic jumps 8%, driven by China and India
By Mark Elliott On Feb 25, 2016
Passenger traffic at airports in the Asia Pacific region increased 8.0% in 2015 – the fastest growth rate of any global region except the Middle East.
According to the latest data report from Airports Council International (ACI), Asia Pacific's growth was considerably faster than the global average of +6.1% seen in 2015, with China (+8.0%) and India (+16.4%) driving the region. Half of the passenger traffic growth seen in Asia Pacific last year came from these two countries.
Other major contributors to the region's strong growth were Thailand (+21.2%), South Korea (+10.7%), Hong Kong (+8.3%) and Japan (+4.0%). Indonesia was the only major Asia Pacific country to end the year with a decline in airport passenger traffic (-1.2%).
Passenger traffic at Bangkok's Don Mueang Airport jumped 40.6% in 2015
In China, passenger traffic growth was led by Shanghai Pudong Airport (+16.3%), while the region's busiest passenger hub, Beijing Capital (pictured top), increased 4.4% to almost 90m passengers. Shenzhen Airport saw year-on-year growth of 9.5%. Despite the slowdown in Chinese economy, ACI noted that most of the country's airports reported positive results for the year.
India's aviation boom led to several of the country's airports posting double-digit traffic growth in 2015. Significant growth was seen at Bengaluru (+25.2%), Hyderabad (+22.0%), Mumbai (+16.1%) and Delhi (+15.7%) airports.
Among all airports in the region, Bangkok Don Mueang (+40.6%) saw the strongest growth rate, while other notably performances were seen at Osaka's Kansai (+19.9%) and Busan (+19.6%) airports.
Strong growth at Abu Dhabi (+17.3%) and Dubai (+10.7%) airports helped the Middle East record the world's highest traffic growth in 2015, at +11.3%. All global regions experienced year-on-year growth in terms of airport passenger traffic in 2015, except Africa which dipped 0.1%.
Delhi Indira Gandhi International AirportBengaluru Kempegowda International AirportMumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International AirportDon Mueang International AirportBusan AirportBeijing Capital International AirportOsaka Kansai International AirportShanghai Pudong International Airport
Global air traffic volume to edge up above 2 billion in 2022
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