text:
const u = up.util
const e = up.element

/*-
The `up.Params` class offers a consistent API to read and manipulate request parameters
independent of their type.

Request parameters are used in [form submissions](/up.Params.fromForm) and
[URLs](/up.Params.fromURL). Methods like `up.submit()` or `up.replace()` accept
request parameters as a `{ params }` option.

### Supported parameter types

The following types of parameter representation are supported:

1. An object like `{ email: 'foo@bar.com' }`
2. A query string like `'email=foo%40bar.com'`
3. An array of `{ name, value }` objects like `[{ name: 'email', value: 'foo@bar.com' }]`
4. A [FormData](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData) object.

@class up.Params
@parent up.form
*/
up.Params = class Params {

  /*-
  Constructs a new `up.Params` instance.

  @constructor up.Params
  @param {Object|Array|string|FormData|up.Params} [params]
    An existing list of params with which to initialize the new `up.Params` object.

    The given params value may be of any [supported type](/up.Params).
  @return {up.Params}
  @experimental
  */
  constructor(raw) {
    this.clear()
    this.addAll(raw)
  }

  /*-
  Removes all params from this object.

  @function up.Params#clear
  @experimental
  */
  clear() {
    this.entries = []
  }

  [u.copy.key]() {
    return new up.Params(this)
  }

  /*-
  Returns an object representation of this `up.Params` instance.

  The returned value is a simple JavaScript object with properties
  that correspond to the key/values in the given `params`.

  ### Example

      var params = new up.Params('foo=bar&baz=bam')
      var object = params.toObject()

      // object is now: {
      //   foo: 'bar',
      //   baz: 'bam'
      // ]

  @function up.Params#toObject
  @return {Object}
  @experimental
  */
  toObject() {
    const obj = {}
    for (let entry of this.entries) {
      const { name, value } = entry
      if (!u.isBasicObjectProperty(name)) {
        if (this.isArrayKey(name)) {
          obj[name] ||= []
          obj[name].push(value)
        } else {
          obj[name] = value
        }
      }
    }
    return obj
  }

  /*-
  Returns an array representation of this `up.Params` instance.

  The returned value is a JavaScript array with elements that are objects with
  `{ key }` and `{ value }` properties.

  ### Example

      var params = new up.Params('foo=bar&baz=bam')
      var array = params.toArray()

      // array is now: [
      //   { name: 'foo', value: 'bar' },
      //   { name: 'baz', value: 'bam' }
      // ]

  @function up.Params#toArray
  @return {Array}
  @experimental
  */
  toArray() {
    return this.entries
  }

  /*-
  Returns a [`FormData`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData) representation
  of this `up.Params` instance.

  ### Example

      var params = new up.Params('foo=bar&baz=bam')
      var formData = params.toFormData()

      formData.get('foo') // 'bar'
      formData.get('baz') // 'bam'

  @function up.Params#toFormData
  @return {FormData}
  @experimental
  */
  toFormData() {
    const formData = new FormData()
    for (let entry of this.entries) {
      formData.append(entry.name, entry.value)
    }
    if (!formData.entries) {
      // If this browser cannot inspect FormData with the #entries()
      // iterator, assign the original array for inspection by specs.
      formData.originalArray = this.entries
    }
    return formData
  }

  /*-
  Returns an [query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string) for this `up.Params` instance.

  The keys and values in the returned query string will be [percent-encoded](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/percent-encoding).
  Non-primitive values (like [`File`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File) will be omitted from
  the retuned query string.

  ### Example

      var params = new up.Params({ foo: 'bar', baz: 'bam' })
      var query = params.toQuery()

      // query is now: 'foo=bar&baz=bam'

  @function up.Params#toQuery
  @param {Object|FormData|string|Array|undefined} params
    the params to convert
  @return {string}
    a query string built from the given params
  @experimental
  */
  toQuery() {
    let parts = u.map(this.entries, this.arrayEntryToQuery.bind(this))
    parts = u.compact(parts)
    return parts.join('&')
  }

  arrayEntryToQuery(entry) {
    const { value } = entry

    // We cannot transpot a binary value in a query string.
    if (this.isBinaryValue(value)) {
      return
    }

    let query = encodeURIComponent(entry.name)
    // There is a subtle difference when encoding blank values:
    // 1. An undefined or null value is encoded to `key` with no equals sign
    // 2. An empty string value is encoded to `key=` with an equals sign but no value
    if (u.isGiven(value)) {
      query += "="
      query += encodeURIComponent(value)
    }
    return query
  }

  /*-
  Returns whether the given value cannot be encoded into a query string.

  We will have `File` values in our params when we serialize a form with a file input.
  These entries will be filtered out when converting to a query string.

  @function up.Params#isBinaryValue
  @internal
  */
  isBinaryValue(value) {
    return value instanceof Blob
  }

  hasBinaryValues() {
    const values = u.map(this.entries, 'value')
    return u.some(values, this.isBinaryValue)
  }

  /*-
  Builds an URL string from the given base URL and
  this `up.Params` instance as a [query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string).

  The base URL may or may not already contain a query string. The
  additional query string will be joined with an `&` or `?` character accordingly.

  @function up.Params#toURL
  @param {string} base
    The base URL that will be prepended to this `up.Params` object as a query string.
  @return {string}
    The built URL.
  @experimental
  */
  toURL(base) {
    let parts = [base, this.toQuery()]
    parts = u.filter(parts, u.isPresent)
    const separator = u.contains(base, '?') ? '&' : '?'
    return parts.join(separator)
  }

  /*-
  Adds a new entry with the given `name` and `value`.

  An `up.Params` instance can hold multiple entries with the same name.
  To overwrite all existing entries with the given `name`, use `up.Params#set()` instead.

  ### Example

      var params = new up.Params()
      params.add('foo', 'fooValue')

      var foo = params.get('foo')
      // foo is now 'fooValue'

  @function up.Params#add
  @param {string} name
    The name of the new entry.
  @param {any} value
    The value of the new entry.
  @experimental
  */
  add(name, value) {
    this.entries.push({ name, value })
  }

  /*-
  Adds all entries from the given list of params.

  The given params value may be of any [supported type](/up.Params).

  @function up.Params#addAll
  @param {Object|Array|string|FormData|up.Params|undefined} params
  @experimental
  */
  addAll(raw) {
    if (u.isMissing(raw)) {
      // nothing to do
    } else if (raw instanceof this.constructor) {
      this.entries.push(...raw.entries)
    } else if (u.isArray(raw)) {
      // internal use for copying
      this.entries.push(...raw)
    } else if (u.isString(raw)) {
      this.addAllFromQuery(raw)
    } else if (u.isFormData(raw)) {
      this.addAllFromFormData(raw)
    } else if (u.isObject(raw)) {
      this.addAllFromObject(raw)
    } else {
      up.fail("Unsupport params type: %o", raw)
    }
  }

  addAllFromObject(object) {
    for (let key in object) {
      const value = object[key]
      const valueElements = u.isArray(value) ? value : [value]
      for (let valueElement of valueElements) {
        this.add(key, valueElement)
      }
    }
  }

  addAllFromQuery(query) {
    for (let part of query.split('&')) {
      if (part) {
        let [name, value] = part.split('=')
        name = decodeURIComponent(name)
        // There are three forms we need to handle:
        // (1) foo=bar should become { name: 'foo', bar: 'bar' }
        // (2) foo=    should become { name: 'foo', bar: '' }
        // (3) foo     should become { name: 'foo', bar: null }
        if (u.isGiven(value)) {
          value = decodeURIComponent(value)
        } else {
          value = null
        }
        this.add(name, value)
      }
    }
  }

  addAllFromFormData(formData) {
    for (let value of formData.entries()) {
      this.add(...value)
    }
  }

  /*-
  Sets the `value` for the entry with given `name`.

  An `up.Params` instance can hold multiple entries with the same name.
  All existing entries with the given `name` are [deleted](/up.Params.prototype.delete) before the
  new entry is set. To add a new entry even if the `name` is taken, use `up.Params#add()`.

  @function up.Params#set
  @param {string} name
    The name of the entry to set.
  @param {any} value
    The new value of the entry.
  @experimental
  */
  set(name, value) {
    this.delete(name)
    this.add(name, value)
  }

  /*-
  Deletes all entries with the given `name`.

  @function up.Params#delete
  @param {string} name
  @experimental
  */
  delete(name) {
    this.entries = u.reject(this.entries, this.matchEntryFn(name))
  }

  matchEntryFn(name) {
    return entry => entry.name === name
  }

  /*-
  Returns the first param value with the given `name` from the given `params`.

  Returns `undefined` if no param value with that name is set.

  If the `name` denotes an array field (e.g. `foo[]`), *all* param values with the given `name`
  are returned as an array. If no param value with that array name is set, an empty
  array is returned.

  To always return a single value use `up.Params#getFirst()` instead.
  To always return an array of values use `up.Params#getAll()` instead.

  ### Example

      var params = new up.Params({ foo: 'fooValue', bar: 'barValue' })
      var params = new up.Params([
        { name: 'foo', value: 'fooValue' }
        { name: 'bar[]', value: 'barValue1' }
        { name: 'bar[]', value: 'barValue2' })
      ]})

      var foo = params.get('foo')
      // foo is now 'fooValue'

      var bar = params.get('bar')
      // bar is now ['barValue1', 'barValue2']

  @function up.Params#get
  @param {string} name
  @experimental
  */
  get(name) {
    if (this.isArrayKey(name)) {
      return this.getAll(name)
    } else {
      return this.getFirst(name)
    }
  }

  /*-
  Returns the first param value with the given `name`.

  Returns `undefined` if no param value with that name is set.

  @function up.Params#getFirst
  @param {string} name
  @return {any}
    The value of the param with the given name.
  @experimental
  */
  getFirst(name) {
    const entry = u.find(this.entries, this.matchEntryFn(name))
    return entry?.value
  }

  /*-
  Returns an array of all param values with the given `name`.

  Returns an empty array if no param value with that name is set.

  @function up.Params#getAll
  @param {string} name
  @return {Array}
    An array of all values with the given name.
  @experimental
  */
  getAll(name) {
    if (this.isArrayKey(name)) {
      return this.getAll(name)
    } else {
      const entries = u.map(this.entries, this.matchEntryFn(name))
      return u.map(entries, 'value')
    }
  }

  isArrayKey(key) {
    return key.endsWith('[]')
  }

  [u.isBlank.key]() {
    return this.entries.length === 0
  }

  /*-
  Constructs a new `up.Params` instance from the given `<form>`.

  The returned params may be passed as `{ params }` option to
  `up.request()` or `up.replace()`.

  The constructed `up.Params` will include exactly those form values that would be
  included in a regular form submission. In particular:

  - All `<input>` types are suppported
  - Field values are usually strings, but an `<input type="file">` will produce
    [`File`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File) values.
  - An `<input type="radio">` or `<input type="checkbox">` will only be added if they are `[checked]`.
  - An `<select>` will only be added if at least one value is `[checked]`.
  - If passed a `<select multiple>` or `<input type="file" multiple>`, all selected values are added.
    If passed a `<select multiple>`, all selected values are added.
  - Fields that are `[disabled]` are ignored
  - Fields without a `[name]` attribute are ignored.

  ### Example

  Given this HTML form:

      <form>
        <input type="text" name="email" value="foo@bar.com">
        <input type="password" name="pass" value="secret">
      </form>

  This would serialize the form into an array representation:

      var params = up.Params.fromForm('input[name=email]')
      var email = params.get('email') // email is now 'foo@bar.com'
      var pass = params.get('pass') // pass is now 'secret'

  @function up.Params.fromForm
  @param {Element|jQuery|string} form
    A `<form>` element or a selector that matches a `<form>` element.
  @return {up.Params}
    A new `up.Params` instance with values from the given form.
  @experimental
  */
  static fromForm(form) {
    // If passed a selector, up.fragment.get() will prefer a match on the current layer.
    form = up.fragment.get(form)
    return this.fromFields(up.form.fields(form))
  }

  /*-
  Constructs a new `up.Params` instance from one or more
  [HTML form field](https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_elements.asp).

  The constructed `up.Params` will include exactly those form values that would be
  included for the given fields in a regular form submission. If a given field wouldn't
  submit a value (like an unchecked `<input type="checkbox">`, nothing will be added.

  See `up.Params.fromForm()` for more details and examples.

  @function up.Params.fromFields
  @param {Element|List<Element>|jQuery} fields
  @return {up.Params}
  @experimental
  */
  static fromFields(fields) {
    const params = new (this)()
    for (let field of u.wrapList(fields)) {
      params.addField(field)
    }
    return params
  }

  /*-
  Adds params from the given [HTML form field](https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_elements.asp).

  The added params will include exactly those form values that would be
  included for the given field in a regular form submission. If the given field wouldn't
  submit a value (like an unchecked `<input type="checkbox">`, nothing will be added.

  See `up.Params.fromForm()` for more details and examples.

  @function up.Params#addField
  @param {Element|jQuery} field
  @experimental
  */
  addField(field) {
    field = e.get(field); // unwrap jQuery

    // Input fields are excluded from form submissions if they have no [name]
    // or when they are [disabled].
    let name = field.name
    if (name && !field.disabled) {
      const { tagName } = field
      const { type } = field
      if (tagName === 'SELECT') {
        for (let option of field.querySelectorAll('option')) {
          if (option.selected) {
            this.add(name, option.value)
          }
        }
      } else if ((type === 'checkbox') || (type === 'radio')) {
        if (field.checked) {
          this.add(name, field.value)
        }
      } else if (type === 'file') {
        // The value of an input[type=file] is the local path displayed in the form.
        // The actual File objects are in the #files property.
        for (let file of field.files) {
          this.add(name, file)
        }
      } else {
        return this.add(name, field.value)
      }
    }
  }

  [u.isEqual.key](other) {
    return (this.constructor === other.constructor) && u.isEqual(this.entries, other.entries)
  }

  /*-
  Constructs a new `up.Params` instance from the given URL's
  [query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string).

  Constructs an empty `up.Params` instance if the given URL has no query string.

  ### Example

      var params = up.Params.fromURL('http://foo.com?foo=fooValue&bar=barValue')
      var foo = params.get('foo')
      // foo is now: 'fooValue'

  @function up.Params.fromURL
  @param {string} url
    The URL from which to extract the query string.
  @return {string|undefined}
    The given URL's query string, or `undefined` if the URL has no query component.
  @experimental
  */
  static fromURL(url) {
    const params = new (this)()
    const urlParts = u.parseURL(url)
    let query = urlParts.search
    if (query) {
      query = query.replace(/^\?/, '')
      params.addAll(query)
    }
    return params
  }

  /*-
  Returns the given URL without its [query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string).

  ### Example

      var url = up.Params.stripURL('http://foo.com?key=value')
      // url is now: 'http://foo.com'

  @function up.Params.stripURL
  @param {string} url
    A URL (with or without a query string).
  @return {string}
    The given URL without its query string.
  @experimental
  */
  static stripURL(url) {
    return u.normalizeURL(url, { search: false })
  }

}


text:
What Is The Prayer Time In London
From his home in Washington, DC, the retired chaplain recalled for The Times of Israel how it came to pass that he was able to lead what is probably the only mixed-faith, mixed-gender prayer service a.
Their worship violated a decades old agreement between Israel and Jordan prohibiting Jewish prayer in the compound. for Netanyahu in years. For the time being, Netanyahu has decided to appeal.
Immediately after you mailed me the prayer points. I made 5 copies for my 3 children and my husband. I wanted all of us to have one copy each during family altar so that we could all say the same prayer at the same time…
Audio talk on Universal Prayer given by Rev. Chariji at Birch Bay on July 28, 1989. The fundamental elements of our practice—morning meditation, evening cleaning and night-time prayer meditation—are primarily meant for our personal spiritual growth and development.
What Made Judaism Different From Other Religions It brought together a large number of religious leaders from all major. even over ostentation and overindulgence. In other words, Judaism sees as fundamentally religiously offensive a lifestyle. "Crucible of Faith: The Ancient Revolution That Made Our. and Judaism itself would have been unimaginably different." Challenges and applications "Crucible of Faith" contains a number of
Gospel Of Deceit 2006 Watch Online 05 Mar 2019, 6:00am Comment: Rather than bung cash to left behind areas, we should use the opportunity of Brexit to let them thrive Bbc Gospel Choir Of The Year 2019 A group of school pupils from Edinburgh has won the BBC Songs of Praise Choir of the Year contest. The Edinburgh Academy Chamber Choir
Prayer Time Fajar 5:41 AM. 5hrs, 22min, 25sec. Remaining until. Sunrise 07:09 am. Karachi. Pakistan. Time Zone. Qibla Direction Is 87.68616. From South Clockwise
Pythagoras said that the time when men are honestest, is when they present themselves before the gods. If we can overhear the prayer, we shall know the man. ~Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Prayers," in The Dial, July 1842 I pray on the principle that wine knocks the cork out of a bottle.
"Praying at all times in the Spirit, with all prayer and supplication. To that end keep alert with all perseverance, making supplication for all the saints" (Ephesians 6:18). "But you, beloved, buildi.
LONDON (Reuters) – The spiritual leader of the Church of England may lead five days of prayer with other Churches after Britain's March 29 exit from the European Union in an attempt to ease Brexit div.
United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Europe See Prayer Information Geography. Area: 244,110 sq km Two main islands: Britain and the northeast of Ireland.
"It is a precarious time. It is a time when. The PSPO effectively bans public prayer and counselors who assist women within 100 meters (330 feet) of the Marie Stopes clinic, a leading abortion prov.
Visit of Baroness Tina Stowell, Chair of Charity Commission 19 February 2019 The Chair of The Charity Commission Baroness Tina Stowell and Head of Faith Nick Donaldson visited the Islamic Cultural Centre and The London Central Mosque.
February 26, 2019 (LifeSiteNews) – Another London council has entered into the current British debate around abortion and freedom of speech. Last year, Ealing Council became the first in the United Ki.
Catholic Prayers Of Gratitude For God Blessings Prayer is the glue that holds a marriage and a family together. Prayer comes in many forms, including: recited prayers, such as the Hail Mary; spontaneous prayer, as a husband and wife might say before bedtime; praying with Scripture; and that perfect prayer–the Mass. The book, Catholic Household Blessings and Prayers, is an excellent resource.
Let There Be Light Hymn Louis Armstrong – "We Have All the Time in the World. also light, breezy, and a little sexy—much like many of Roger Moore's Bond movies. 1. Paul McCartney & Wings – "Live and Let Die" "Live and Let. Black Gospel Music, CDs, videos, books, publications, sheet music, equipment, free midi, and more. Enter the word
Paul Whitescarver, commanding officer of SUBASE New London, took the stage to say a few words. "This year we have surpassed that by about 15 to 20 times. Our country has a national prayer breakfast.
Famous Christian Prayer Quotations – Quotes to encourage people to pray, keep on praying, and to know the mighty and effectual power of prayer, supplication and.
Feb 02, 2019 · Jasper London Jasper Dewayne London of Greensburg, Kentucky, son of the late James Dwight London and Carolyn Jean Pierce London, passed away on.
Borgias Faith And Fear Season 3 Olá, quando vai postar os últimos 3 episódios? Reply. Andre says: We will hold fast to that which remains: to our determination as a free people to explore the world unbowed by fear, to our resolve to defeat terrorism. Jessica Symes was at the service to remember. What Is A Corporal In The Catholic Church
In an unprecedented move, they have not only refused to perform the traditional Islamic prayer for the terrorist — a ritual. 2017/06/12/theres-a-huge-catch-in-the-imams-refuse-funeral-prayers-for-.
On Thursday 17 th January 2019 Muslim World League London Office (MWLLO) had held its annual quality audit. Mr. Martin Saunders the consultant from QMS International, a quality certifying body, arrived at 2pm to conduct a full audit of MWLLO's quality system and its implementation.
Religious Services > Prayer Time Guide The ICC consults closely with scholars globally to establish accurate and reliable prayer timetables, accompanied by informative and comprehensive prayer-time.
senior pastor of the Shiloh Baptist Church in New London, was invited to offer a prayer on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives. Shiloh ministers have always been a source of comfort and str.
What Is A Corporal In The Catholic Church Already facing a severe clergy shortage, the 40-or-so priests minister to nearly 1 million Catholics amid the country's worsening economic crisis, doing their best to respond to the corporal and. d. Immaculate Conception Parish – A Stewardship Parish, Willoughby, Ohio n. the cloth used in Catholic churches for covering the elements of the Eucharist —also
Prayer By Leonard Ravenhill. The Gospel Of Prayer. There's nothing more transfiguring than prayer. People often ask, "Why do you insist on prayer so much?"
Please post my family's gratitude to St. Jude and to all who pray to St. Jude. Our prayers were answered. My family depends on faith-filled prayers to support them in this time when healing may be slow for Mikala – but – with God's good grace, healing will be steady and complete.
Peguy Kato's teenage son died after he was stabbed 11 times in the head and chest near a primary school in London. Champion was 17 when he. I choose my way. My therapy is prayer. "People from victi.
PRAYER. The moment you wake up each morning, all your wishes and hopes for the day rush at you like wild animals. And the first job each morning consists in shoving it all back; in listening to that other voice, taking that other point of view, letting that other, larger, stronger, quieter life come flowing in.
Christians often use a simple acrostic as a guide to prayer: A.C.T.S. Each of the letters in this acrostic stands for one of the key elements of prayer.
Deen for Teens: The Prophet's Prayer Feb 28,2019 Open for girls and boys aged 12+ This course will cover: The pre-requisites for prayer Prayer,
LONDON — The archbishop of Canterbury wants to organize. and called all its member churches and associated bodies to join "in a time of dedicated prayer for the political situation in the United Ki.
Prayer We believe that Prayer opens the skies. If you are going through a hard time. Read More
FLIGHT OF THE CONCHORDS: LIVE IN LONDON (2018) 10 p.m. on HBO; also on HBO streaming platforms. Flight of the Conchords may be in the past. But Bret McKenzie and Jemaine Clement, the musicians behind.
LONDON, UK, March 6. There are many unsung heroes who give up their time to stand patiently and peacefully in all weathers to bring prayer and charitable outreach to all those involved in abortion.
AGAPE PRAYER FELLOWSHIP. Agape prayer Fellowship was birth in a place of prayer on the 6th of September 2005. There was a clear mandate from God to meet on Tuesdays to pray for the Nations especially Israel and the Body of Christ.
The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) is the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by other Christian churches historically related to Anglicanism. The original book, published in 1549 in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome.The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to include the complete.
Image A prayer candle and T-shirt branded with a. enjoyed a rare status upgrade in the collective cultural bestiary around the time of a savvy fellow named Jack Black, who worked in 18th century Lo.
"Save a Prayer" is the sixth single by the English new wave band Duran Duran, released on 9 August 1982. The song was the third single taken from their second album Rio (1982). It became Duran Duran's biggest hit (at the time) in the UK Singles Chart, reaching number two, held out of the top spot by Survivor's "Eye of the Tiger". It was not originally issued as a single in the United States.
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> Sony Xperia 8 Price in Pakistan
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Sony Xperia 8 price in Pakistan
Sony Xperia 8 price in Pakistan is expected to be Rs. 81,999. Sony Xperia 8 Expected to be launched on Oct 25, 2019. This is 4 GB RAM / 64 GB internal storage variant of Sony which is available in White, Black, Orange, blue colours.
Expected Price of Sony Xperia 8 in Pakistan is Rs. 81,999.
Expected Price of Sony in USD is $370.
Sony Xperia 8 - A Mid-range Smartphone With High-end Specs
Sony is coming with its Xperia 8, which is going to a mid-range smartphone. This smartphone is announced soon after the announcement of its 5 version. The new Sony Xperia 8 is announced in Japan in the first phase and then it will be expended to the international market. The specs of the phone being a mid-ranger are quite appealing. Sony's Xperia 8 will come equipped with a mid-range class chipset that is called the Snapdragon 665. The chipset most of the mid-range smartphones around the globe. The new Sony Xperia 8's coming with 4 gigabytes of RAM for a mid-range device is enough RAM to execute different tasks in a smooth way. The upcoming Xperia 8 by Sony is equipped with 64 gigabytes of internal storage. The storage capacity of the phone is enough to hold a huge amount of data. But if you need to expand the storage capacity of the Sony 8 then you can use the dedicated slot that allows you to increase the internal storage capacity of the device. The coming handset Sony Xperia's 8 features 6 inches LCD display screen that will provide with full HD resolution. On the back of the smartphone, you will find a dual rear camera setup for outstanding photography. The main of the squad of the Sony Xperia 8 will be 12 megapixels along with an eight megapixels secondary lens. The front-facing camera that is kept in the water-drop notch of the display panel is eight megapixels as well. The Xperia 8's having a battery of 2,760 mAh capacity with support for 18W fast charging. This will provide enough power but looking at the batteries of the smartphone like Samsung one may feel that the phone is packed with lower battery capacity.
Sony Xperia 8 detailed specifications
158 x 69 x 8.1mm
Hybrid Dual SIM, Dual Standby, (Nano-SIM)
White, Black, Orange, blue
SIM1: GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
LTE band 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(1700/2100), 5(850), 7(2600), 8(900), 12(700), 13(700), 17(700), 19(800), 20(800), 25(1900), 26(850), 28(700), 29(700), 32(1500), 34(2000), 38(2600), 39(1900), 40(2300), 41(2500), 46, 66(1700/2100)
IPS LCD Capacitive Touchscreen, 16M Colors, Multitouch
1080 x 2340 Pixels (~430 PPI)
Corning Gorilla Glass
64GB Built-in, 4GB RAM
microSD Card, (supports up to 1TB)
Dual 12 MP + 8 MP, LED Flash
Geo-tagging, touch focus, face/smile detection, HDR, eye tracking, panorama, Video ([email protected]/30fps HDR, [email protected], [email protected] (5-axis gyro-EIS), [email protected])
8 MP, f/2.0
Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, DLNA, hotspot
v5.0 with A2DP, LE
Yes + A-GPS support, & GLONASS, BDS, GALILEO
3.1, Type-C 1.0 reversible connector; USB Host
GPRS, Edge, 3G (HSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbps), 4G LTE-A
Accelerometer, Compass, Fingerprint, Gyro, Proximity
3.5mm Audio Jack, Xvid/MP4/H.265 player, MP3/eAAC+/WAV/Flac player, Speaker Phone
SMS(threaded view), MMS, Email, Push Mail, IM
IP65/IP68 dust/water proof (up to 1.5m for 30 mins), Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic, Document viewer, Photo/video editor
(Li-ion Non removable), 2760 mAh
- Fast battery charging 18W
Price in Rs: Coming Soon (Expected Rs: 81,999) Price in USD: $NA
Average Rating is 5 stars - based on 1 user reviews.
Disclaimer. Sony Xperia 8 price in Pakistan is updated daily from the price list provided by local shops and dealers but we can not guarantee that the information / price / Xperia 8 Prices on this page is 100% correct (Human error is possible), always visit your local shop for exact cell phone cost & rate. Sony Xperia 8 price Pakistan.
Sony Xperia 8 Price Discussion, Opinions and Reviews
Mobile Prices in Pakistan > Sony Pakistan
Total user opinions: 1
The latest price of Sony Xperia 8 in Pakistan was updated from the list provided by Sony's official dealers and warranty providers.
The expected price of Sony Xperia 8 is Rs. 81,999 in Pakistan in official warranty ( without discount ), while the without warranty Grey market cost of Xperia 8 Sony is N/A.
The price stated above is valid all over Pakistan including Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta and Muzaffarabad. Slight deviations are expected, always visit your local shop to verify Xperia 8 specs and for exact local prices.
Latest Sony Mobile Price List in Pakistan
Sony Xperia 8 Price in Pakistan is Rs. Coming Soon as of Sat 28/01/2023.
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Check out this cool video made by the folks at People For Bikes. It'll make you want to break out the laser pointer the next time you do a night ride.
When we ride good things happen.
We all know that when people ride bikes, life is better. Communities grow stronger. People feel healthier, happier and more alive. In this short video, we bring this idea to life in an artful way as riders trigger projectors throughout a city, transforming an urban environment into a vibrant, colorful world. A world made better, by bikes.
People For Bike on the web.
People For Bikes on Facebook.
People For Bikes on Twitter.


H.R. 5261 directs the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to designate regional Centers of Excellence to enhance and improve how health professional are educated in substance abuse disorder prevention, treatment, and recovery through development, evaluation, and distribution of evidence-based curricula for health profession schools. The bill authorizes $4 million annually for grants to those programs over the 2019-2023 period.
Institute for Spending Reform: SpendingTracker.org estimates H.R. 5261 will add $20 million in new spending through 2028.
H.R. 5261 (115th) was a bill in the United States Congress.
Treatment, Education, and Community Help to Combat Addiction Act of 2018, H.R. 5261, 115th Cong..
SpendingTracker.org estimates H.R. 5261 will add $20 million in new spending through 2028.


In the field of education in India, the GD Goenka Group is a force to be reckoned with. Having served the society for over two decades, we have established more than a hundred secondary schools and preschools across the length and breadth of the country, and our family of students and alumni has crossed fifty thousand too.
Having introduced several innovative concepts, including the first centrally air-conditioned school as early as in 1994, mineral water dispensers and the popular yellow school buses with GPS and ACs, GD Goenka Group is recognized as a trend-setter in quality education.
The learning activities at the GD Goenka Toddler House are tailored in such a way that kids learn essential life skills through investigation and discovery skills. With the help of carefully chosen toys, games, activities, teaching aids and equipment, lessons are imparted to students in a fun and engaging way.
To contribute to the changing phase of Indian education, we at GD Goenka undertake a well-rounded technique, beginning with addressing the drawbacks and making improvements at the most basic levels. If you have been wondering about how to open a new school in Haryana, we at GD Goenka Toddler House will help you with all the guidance you need.
So when you open a GD Goenka Toddler House preschool franchise in Haryana, you will be receiving all the necessary help and mentoring from our side.
Opportunity to open an education franchise in Haryana with GD Goenka means complete guidance from our end. To help realise you open a preschool franchise in Hisar or any other city of Haryana, you will be guided by experts from GD Goenka.


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Robert Scammell 1 week ago
11th July 2019 1:04PM
The Facebook transatlantic data transfer case explained
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Robert Scammell
Rob is a Verdict staff writer. You can reach him at robert.scammell@verdict.co.uk
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The EU's top court is deciding whether Facebook's method of transferring personal data from the European Union to the United States sufficiently protects EU citizens' right to privacy.
The landmark case stems from leaks by Edward Snowden about US 'mass surveillance' in 2013, with the judgement likely to have far-reaching implications for how Facebook and other EU businesses transfer data across the Atlantic.
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The Irish data authority, the Data Protection Commissioner (DPC), is arguing that current mechanisms for transferring European data from the EU to the US are not adequately protecting EU citizens from potential surveillance by US intelligence authorities.
Facebook argues that these data transfer mechanisms do not go beyond what is legal under EU law. Meanwhile, Austrian privacy activist Max Schrems views US surveillance as a violation of EU privacy laws, but that European data authorities such as the DPC already have the legal tools needed to protect EU personal data.
The issue centres on standard contractual clauses (SCCs), a mechanism by which Facebook and other companies transfer personal data from the EU to the US. SCCs are designed to safeguard EU personal data when transferred to a third country outside of the EU.
From Snowden to 'Schrems II': How we got here
The complex case is six years in the making. In 2013, former CIA contractor turned whistleblower Edward Snowden leaked the existence of PRISM, a National Security Agency (NSA) spying programme that forced tech companies to give US intelligence agencies access to data of millions of people around the world. Documents released by Snowden suggested that Facebook was part of the PRISM arrangement.
Enter Austrian privacy lawyer Max Schrems, who had already been toe-to-toe with Facebook over its use of facial recognition software in Europe – and won.
Following the 2013 Snowden revelations, Schrems lodged a complaint with the Irish DPC that Facebook, in its transferring of data from the EU to the US via a legal mechanism known as Safe Harbor, could not protect his data from surveillance by US intelligence agencies once it was located in servers on US soil.
At first, the DPC rejected the case and it was referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Then, in 2015, the CJEU ruled that Safe Harbor was invalid, striking it down with immediate effect. The CJEU also ruled that data protection authorities, including the DPC, could investigate such complaints.
The European Commission and the US agreed upon a new framework to replace Safe Harbor: Privacy Shield.
The DPC then revealed that Facebook had not in fact used the now-defunct Safe Harbor arrangement. Instead, Facebook had been using SCCs to transfer data between the EU and the US. Schrems then adapted his complaint, arguing that SCCs still allows the NSA to access the data of European citizens.
After a few months of investigating, in 2016 the DPC then filed a lawsuit against Schrems and Facebook at the Irish High Court. This allowed the DPC to refer questions to the CJEU. The Irish High Court, having found that the US government does engage in "mass processing" of European personal data, then referred the case to the CJEU.
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The hearing took place on the 9 July 2019. The ongoing case (officially known as Case C-311/18) has been dubbed 'Schrems II', following Schrems' previously lodged complaints.
Facebook data transfer case: Where they stand
The three parties in the case each agree and disagree on overlapping issues. The DPC is the applicant in the case, while Facebook Ireland Ltd (Facebook's Irish subsidiary) and Max Schrems are the defendants.
Both the Irish DPC and Schrems take the view that US surveillance laws violate the rights to privacy, data protection and redress under EU law.
But while they agree on this point, they differ on whether SCCs are a suitable mechanism to protect European data from US 'mass surveillance'.
The DPC says that SCCs are invalid for protecting data transferred from the EU to the US.
Schrems, however, views SCCs as an adequate solution for protecting European data from US surveillance – provided SCCs are correctly applied and enforced by the DPC.
"We are proposing a measured solution," Schrems said in a statement before the case. "The Irish DPC must simply enforce the rules properly, instead of kicking the case back to Luxembourg over and over.
"This case has been pending for six years. Over these six years, the DPC has actually decided in a mere 2-3% of the cases that were brought before it. We don't have a problem with 'Standard Contractual Clauses', we have a problem with enforcement."
Meanwhile, Facebook views the current transfer of data between the EU and the US as adequate, and that US law does not go beyond what's legal under EU law.
Jack Gilbert, associate general counsel for Facebook, said in a statement that:
"Standard contractual clauses provide important safeguards to ensure that Europeans' data are protected once transferred overseas.
"SCCs have been designed and endorsed by the European Commission and enable thousands of Europeans to do business worldwide."
Verdict contacted the DPC, but had not received a response at the time of writing.
What happened at the hearing?
The case was heard yesterday before the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice in Luxembourg. It saw legal arguments presented for the validity of transfer mechanisms such as SCCs to safeguard EU data protection rights.
Bridget Treacy, partner and lead of the UK Privacy and Cybersecurity Practice at law firm Hunton Andrews Kurth, told Verdict:
"Supporters of the SCCs argued that they contain sufficient safeguards – i.e. they reinforce data subject rights, impose obligations on the data exporter and on the importer to respect EU law and enable data protection authorities to take enforcement action, including the possibility of suspending data flows – and that accordingly the SCCs' transfer mechanism itself should not be invalidated."
Facebook warned that invalidating data transfers would have immense implications for trade.
Facebook: The effect of an invalidation of data transfer on trade would be immense and would have WTO implications for the EU. #EUdataP
— Laura Kayali (@LauKaya) July 9, 2019
"They also asked the CJEU to separate the issue of the validity of the SCCs from any analysis of third-country laws (in particular, US laws) which they argued is irrelevant in this case," added Treacy.
Schrems told Verdict via email:
"It seems everyone agrees that the DPC should have dealt with the issue of US surveillance, instead of sending it back to Luxemburg another time. The case is now before the DPC without a decision for six years. All parties agreed that there is no need to invalidate the SCCs, as they allow the DPC to suspend data flows anyways.
"Otherwise there were basically views that 'mass surveillance' should somehow not be subject to EU law or treaded towards a lower standard – but really no one argued that they actually comply with EU law."
Facebook: "End of the internet" drama coming out, when in fact there are many different tools for necessary transfers and not all US companies are covered by the FISA.
— Max Schrems ???? (@maxschrems) July 9, 2019
The court also heard statements from representatives of the US government and several EU nations, who "emphasised the importance of national security activities and the need to find an appropriate balance between national security interests and data protection rights", said Treacy.
What are the implications of the data transfer case?
Facebook is the defendant in this case, but data privacy experts have said that the court's decision could impact the way thousands of businesses process European personal data.
When Safe Harbor was struck down in 2015, companies had SCCs to turn to as an alternative mechanism to transfer data across the Atlantic.
"If either [Privacy Shield or SCCs] or both are struck down the practical alternative for businesses relying on these transfer mechanisms is unclear," said data protection lawyer Robert Wassall, who is the director of legal services at cybersecurity firm ThinkMarble.
"However, perhaps in anticipation of the outcome, the European Commission announced on 13 June 2019 that it will update the SCCs, (although it is not clear whether this work will be completed prior to the court's rulings)."
Treacy said that if data transfer mechanisms are invalidated "the day to day operations of organisations around the globe, involving transfers of EU personal data, will be thrown into disarray".
Similarly, Tanguy Van Overstraeten, global head of data protection at law firm Linklaters, told Reuters that such a decision could "impact the global economy".
However, Schrems told Verdict that such arguments are "BS" and "fear-mongering".
"We heard the same stories when the Safe Harbor was invalidated – and it did not come true," he said.
He added that the "necessary data flows" – such as sending an email or booking a hotel in the US, are exempt from the rules being contested because they fall under 'derogation' in Article 49.
However, Treacy said that "derogations – such as consent – are not currently available for repeated, mass or structural data flows".
The Brexit issue
Further complicating the matter for the UK is Brexit.
"Of course, for businesses in the UK the situation will be even more uncertain if the UK leaves the EU without an agreement on 31 October 2019," said Wassall.
"At this stage, the most sensible course of action is to keep a close eye on these cases as they develop, whilst at the same time, suitable alternatives to Privacy Shield and the SCCs are considered."
So, what should companies do?
"In the absence of any period of grace, adopting a 'wait and see' approach during the period between the judgment and the European Commission's decision on new sets of standard contractual clauses, risks a fine of €20m or 4% of the global annual turnover," said Treacy.
"Clearly this not a practical solution. At a minimum, organisations should ensure they have identified potentially affected data flows, and start to consider whether any of the admittedly limited alternative transfer mechanisms may provide a solution to enable any or all of their data flows to continue."
The non-binding opinion of attorney general Saugmandsgaard Øe will be read on 12 December this year, while the judgement is expected in spring 2020.
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Former Korean Air executive Cho Hyun-ah, center, daughter of late Korean Air President Cho Yang-ho, leaves the Seoul Central District Court in Seoul, Thursday, May 2, 2019. Cho and his wife Lee Myung-hee, on Thursday attended the opening trial on her charges including illegal hiring of a Filipino maid. (Suh Myung-gon/Yonhap via AP)
Widow, daughter of Korean Air chairman appear at trial
SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — The widow and daughter of Korean Air Chairman Cho Yang-ho appeared in a South Korean court on Thursday over charges they unlawfully hired housekeepers from the Philippines. The case extends the legal saga of Korean Air's founding family following the funeral of Cho, who died at 70 due to illness in Los Angeles last month, weeks after shareholders voted to remove him from the company's board over the scandals surrounding his family.
Lee Myung-hee and her daughter, Cho Hyun-ah, refused to answer reporters' questions following their appearance at the Seoul Central District Court.
Prosecutors charged Lee and Cho Hyun-ah in December, saying they unlawfully recruited and hired 11 housekeepers from the Philippines by documenting them as Korean Air trainees from 2013 to early last year. Under South Korean law, foreigners must obtain visas given to marriage migrants or people of Korean heritage to work as housekeepers.
Prosecutors are seeking a 15 million won ($12,900) fine for Cho Hyun-ah, who reportedly admitted to wrongdoing. Lee reportedly said she did not know that the Filipino women were hired illegally.
Cho Hyun-ah, then a company executive, gained notoriety in 2014 after she ordered a Korean Air passenger plane to return to a terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York because she was angry that the crew served her macadamia nuts in a bag instead of on a plate.
The incident, dubbed "nut rage," generated international headlines and severely tarnished the Cho family's image. Cho Hyun-ah was released from jail in South Korea in May 2015 after the top court suspended her sentence over the case. Lee is facing separate criminal charges for allegedly abusing her staff.
A senior Korean Air executive said Cho Yang-ho had been treated for an unspecified lung illness since late last year and that his conditions worsened following the shareholders' vote, apparently because of shock and stress. The executive didn't want to be named, citing office rules.
Corporate legal affairs


Ski-ing increased in popularity in Vancouver during the past season and many new members joined the local clubs. Many more spectators are attending our competitions and a better knowledge of the sport and its possibilities is noted. Ski-ing has only been actively enjoyed here for about four years and the increasing interest is naturally welcome to the clubs. Our better skiers are mostly men who have learned to ski in other parts of the country, but their splendid example is being followed by our local boys with very satisfactory results. It was noticeable last winter that many youngsters of from eight to ten years of age were picking up the tricks of the experts and could be seen trying out telerna rks and swings in spite of many spills. Our novice class turned out several promising all-round skiers who are expected to give anyone a run for the money in a few years. Chris Johnson, our veteran club captain, ably assisted by our senior skiers, spent a lot of time coaching and instructing the younger boys and the results of this are already apparent. Cross-country ski-ing is specially stressed and trips are organized to get as many as possible out and let the changing character of the Ridge test out and develop their ability.
Our girls showed marked improvement and managed to beat out all local competition in the cross-country events.' Our Club Champion, Miss Daisy Bourdon, placed second to a more experienced skier at Revelstoke, and with Bertha Haigh, who is always close behind her, is expected to bring additional laurels to the Club next year.
A new comer to the Club, Harold Smejda, won the Club Championship this year by a narrow margin over Axel Sneis, the previous winner. Smejda proved himself a first-class all-round skier, winning in addition the Club Combined Championship and the Pacific Coast Jumping Championship at Portland. This is the Club's second victory in this event as Fred Finckenhagen won it last year. The Club successfully defended the Tupper & Steel shield, emblematic of the Coast Team Championship, with Axel Sneis, Finn Fladmark, Harold Belsvik, Fred Finckenhagen, Harold Smejda and Chuck Lauritsen doing stellar work.
Axel Sneis again proved himself a splendid cross-country man and should make good Olympic material for the distance events. He won the British Columbia Championship in the 18 kilometres, placed third in the 50 kilometre race and second in the combined at Burns Lake, as well as winning the race at Princeton against a large field.
Our Club was represented at all the open competitions in British Columbia and south of the line on the Coast and managed to hold their own in all events. Because of the heavy expense entailed in travelling from tournament to tournament, large parties cannot be sent by the Western clubs, but as every club is usually represented competition is very keen.
Much better jumping was possible on our hill last winter because of an improved landing and a bigger tower. The length was increased by building a trestle and the tower was added to give an additional forty feet in height. These additions made the take-off high above the ground and because of this the jumps looked very spectacular. As the Ski Camp is three and a half miles from the end of the road and any lumber supply, all construction has to be done with logs which makes a large structure very difficult. The jump is a credit to Messrs. Pearson, Anderson & IsraeIs, the owners of the Ski Camp, who built it for the use of the Club and public. Jumps of 100 feet were made under average conditions while the record for the season was 118 feet made by Fred Finckenhagen on a fast day. We had hoped to have a clubhouse available for next winter, but due to reasons beyond our control we were unable to do so, but two large cabins will be used as temporary quarters until next year. Ground is being cleared about a mile from the Ski Camp for a training hill on which we expect to be able to make 60 metre jumps, which will help give our boys the necessary training for the big Revelstoke and Princeton hills. There are many sites available in this mountainous country, the only consideration being accessibilitv.
I particularly mention the Vancouver City Combined Championships which were held on Hollyburn Ridge last Easter, April 18 to 20. This competition was held later than any large one in our experience and although the weather was very mild, which made cross-country racing hot work, all events were run off successfully. The leading skiers from the Northwest took part and competition was very keen. The local skiers had an advantage in that they were in training and had been ski-ing right up to the competition, whereas the skiers from outside points had had no snow for some time so were not in shape for the cross-country race.
Snow had to be shovelled on to the take-off due to its exposed position, but as there was several feet on the ground the jump was in good shape. The cross-country race was the full 18 kilometres, which proved to be too long for the majority of the skiers who were not in training, and because of the warm weather.
The jumping was held the same afternoon, and in spite of the heavy morning grind all the jumpers turned in first-class performances. There were twenty-five A Class competitors with as many more B Class and juniors.
The public response to the competition was very gratifying, and good crowds attended Good Friday and Easter Sunday when a special open jumping event was held. Over fifteen hundred people climbed the three and half mile trail to Hollyburn on Friday which we claim is a record for enthusiasm. Early bathers were trying out English Bay the same day, and tennis and summer sports were in full swing about eight miles away and three thousand feet below.
All the visiting skiers were accommodated at the Ski Camp for the weekend, two cooks being brought up from the city, and a large tent was put up for the dining room. Some of our lady members acted as waitresses and said that everyone got something to eat. Monday night the skiers were entertained at the annual Club banquet and dance in the city when the prizes were distributed and a good time had by all. This our first open competition was verv successful and demonstrated the possibilities open to us in the future.
The public response to the competition was very gratifying, and good crowds attended Good Friday and Easter Sunday when a special open jumping event was held. Over fifteen hundred people climbed the three and half mile trail to Hollyburn on Friday which we claim is a record for enthusiasm. Early bathers were trying out English Bay the same day, and tennis and summer sports were in full swing about eight miles away and three thousand feet below.All the visiting skiers were accommodated at the Ski Camp for the weekend, two cooks being brought up from the city, and a large tent was put up for the dining room. Some of our lady members acted as waitresses and said that everyone got something to eat. Monday night the skiers were entertained at the annual Club banquet and dance in the city when the prizes were distributed and a good time had by all. This our first open competition was verv successful and demonstrated the possibilities open to us in the future.
This club, the fifth in Vancouver, was formed last November by about forty enthusiastic skiers, who had made Hollyburn Ridge their winter playground for several years.
The Club is fortunate in having several skiers who are well known in the west for their all-round ability and sportsmanship as charter members.
Due to their example and coaching, the local boys and girls have made rapid progress, and the newspaper articles on the splendid showing they have made in outside competitions have aroused public interest in the sport. It may seem strange to our fellow skiers in the east that Vancouver, which is so well known for its mild climate, should have five ski clubs. The explanation is fairly simple. It is due to the formation of the Coast Range Mountains which rise three miles north of Vancouver, across the harbour. These mountains are from 4,000 to 5,500 feet in altitude. They are cut by several river courses which are at a comparatively low elevation. In fact, all the rivers are below the snow line, which is usually about 2,500 feet, so that a trip from Hollyburn Ridge to Grouse Mountain, a couple of miles east, is not possible on ski as it means descending from 3,(X)() feet to sea level. and then climbing again to 3.800 feet, a good few hours of strenuous hiking.
Since its inception the club has trebled its membership and plans for the coming winter include increasing the sleeping accommodation on the Ridge. A large log cabin at the ski camp was the official Club House last year, and another of the same size has been leased this year for our lady members. Our members also occupy some half dozen smaller cabins so a good many can stay "Up Top" over the week-end.
Because of the large number of outside competitions only three club competitions were held last year, These were all very successful. Harold Smejda won the Club championship and Dr. J. D. Fletcher cup, as well as many other outside events including the Canadian combined and cross-country championship at Revelstoke, the combined event at Seattle, and cross-country at Portland. Axel Sneis won the cross-country in connection with the club combined championship, and placed in many other events. Harold Belsvik proved to be Smejda's chief rival and gave him a close run in all competitions, especially in Seattle, where he jumped 177 feet and got third place, and was second in the cross-country and combined events. A. Hagen won the City jumping championship and several other first places at outside meets. Fred Finckenhagen took his share of jumping prizes and lead the Club team to victory in the Pacific Coast team combined event for the Tupper & Steele shield which was held by Hollyburn Ski Club the two previous years. Mickey Mitchell won the B class Club Championship, and with the runners-up in his class, Len Williams and Mac Billingsley made a very creditable showing at Seattle and Portland. Brian Muir won the Novice Championship with C. Gilrie and George Knechtle runners-up.
Our Ladies' Championship was won by Miss Doris Kane with Miss N. Haigh second, and Miss B. LeMire third.
Cross-country trips led by our experienced skiers were frequent events and were found to be of tremendous benefit in bringing our beginners along quickly. The leaders by example and by criticising found that a skier's style and ability could be rapidly improved. We would recommend this method of organized cross-country trips to you as an easy and enjoyable way of improving your members' proficiency and interest in the sport.
A new jump was started late in the fall, and was only roughly cleared. It was not graded so could not be used until late in the season when the snowfall was heavy. It was found to be very satisfactory then with a little digging and filling in of snow, as several jumps of 150 feet were made with all jumps being over 125 feet. This was with a three-foot snow take-off below where the permanent take-off is to be.
The social activities of the Club were adequately looked after by the Social Committee under Mickey Mitchell, who was assisted by Miss M. Smith. Several very successful dances were held, the final one being at the close of the season when our prizes were presented.
Our annual meeting was held recently, and the following executive elected to carry on the affairs of the Club for the winter of 1931-32: Gordon Billingsley, President; O. B. Ommundsen, Vice-President; Len Williams, Treasurer; VV. R. Baker, Secretary.
There is a fair amount of snow lying on the mountain tops at the time of writing, which is November 1st, 1931 so everyone is busy making plans for another active and successful season.


Message edited by author 2011-12-25 23:05:16.
Message edited by author 2011-12-25 23:13:24.
Looks like it might work good for tightening wire ties too. I have seen times when that would be useful.
The Park tool (which is what I have) costs about $40, but you can get a knockoff for only $10 here. Takes a bit to get the hang of it, but its great once you learn how to use it.
Message edited by author 2011-12-25 23:47:34.
Not sure I will be able to post anything soon so if someone else wants to jump in feel free.
I've got several other Whatsits ready to go, but I'll give it a little longer to see if anyone else want to jump in with one.
OK, prolly not. Looks to me like a tool for holding a hex nut that's inaccessible from the top.
Sorta, kinda. It's pretty obvious it's a wrench, but not specific enough as to what it is used for.
If not roller skate then skateboard .
not for a roller skate or skateboard.
Message edited by author 2011-12-26 12:13:53.
Going with the bicycle theme, holds the wheel bearing adjust nut while you tighten the locknut?
the item it works with is probaly within a couple of feet of most of you right now. but probably not immediately visible.
a tool to tight bolts on a z-desk?
I don't even know what a z-desk is!
Is it a tool to adjust the feet on something, like a desk?
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text:
ARE YOU THE BUG OR THE WINDSHIELD? BRIAN COPELANDS "THE SCION" IS PRIVILEGED GONE WRONG.
Brian Copeland's The Scion is a dark solo Performance
about the San Leandro sausage factory killings.
I first saw Brian Copeland at a comedy night in Marin, he is a polished stand up and of course many of us know him from his KGO Sunday talk shows. The first one man show I caught was THE WAITING PERIOD at the Marsh in San Francisco. I was impressed with the fact that Copeland is such a master of his craft, and he captivates his audience who were in tears for most of his performance. Brian's grim tale in SCION, is very different from his past works, since it's not based on one of his personal stories. Copeland returns to the Alameda Altarena Playhouse for a special two weekend run through June 27th. The sold out opening night audience were on the edge of their seats for this East Bay Premiere of Copland's fourth solo show.
To construct this solo show, Brian Copeland returns to his hometown San Leandro's true crime headline, telling the grimm story about the 2000 Santos Sausage Factory murders. He tells us about the one time San Leandro Mayor candidate, Stuart Alexander, scion of a sausage dynasty. Alexander the factory owner, gunned down three government inspectors, and chases a fourth outside his San Leandro Factory. Not only did Alexander shoot and kill these Government employees, but he also video taped the horror that clearly shows him slaughtering these folks, with the hope the video would vindicate him, and prove to the court that he was being harassed.
SCION is more than the tail of murder in his home town, it is Copeland's take on race, the privileged, city red tape, and bugs on our windshield. His wit and script proves he is one of the best storytellers and philosophers alongside Josh Kornbluth. As with his other work he takes on the persona of many characters and players in the telling of the Linguisa murders, and he is excellent as always.
Longtime friend and collaborator David Ford directed this 90 minute performance. Copeland and Ford use court records and police documents to help tell this story of privilege. Interviews from victims and people who knew Alexander as a reckless college student and San Leandro cow killer, to show a pattern of violence that goes back to his teen days. Ford's construction mixes the tragic moments with a nice dose of comedy with perfect timing. As with his past works Copeland is a master at mixing current political headlines "Obamacare is slavery" cut with "Trayvon Martin" and the darker aspects of the American Dream and is able to create a very entertaining evening.
A powerful moment is a bit Copeland does on his own privileged life, as he tells the tale of the free hot dogs and beer given him at a Giants game because the cashier recognized him. He remembers a time when he could not afford a stadium priced snack, but of course now he can well afford it. As he gets it for free he ponders "Why do we give special privileges to those who don't need it". As the story comes to an end, Alexander attempted to tell the courts it was the meat inspectors at fault and he was provoked. During the trial it is was clear the SCION of sausage felt he was above the law. Copeland uses an excellent metaphor to frame the evening "Sometimes you're the windshield, and sometimes you're the bug — and we've got to do better for those folks who are always the bug." when privilege goes unchecked.
Brian Copeland excellent SCION has one more weekend at the Alameda stage, he then returns Sundays beginning June 28th to perform THE WAITING PERIOD. He will perform this important solo show about his bout of depression on Sunday evenings through August 9th with special 5.00 tickets for youth.
Altarena Playhouse presents
The Scion
written and performed by Brian Copeland,
developed by Brian Copeland and David Ford,
Directed by David Ford
June 19-20, 26-27; Fridays & Saturdays 8pm
1409 High St., Alameda, convenient to public transit
TICKET PRICES: $40 at the door. Tickets
available at www.altarena.org, (510) 523-1553


text:
A CALL LOAN..
від Mike Novosad | Чер 10, 2018
In those days the cattlemen were the anointed. They were the grandees of the grass, kings of the kine, lords of the lea, barons of beef and bone. They might have ridden in golden chariots had their tastes so inclined. The cattleman was caught in a stampede of dollars. It seemed to him that he had more money than was decent. But when he had bought a watch with precious stones set in the case so large that they hurt his ribs, and a California saddle with silver nails and Angora skin suaderos, and ordered everybody up to the bar for whisky–what else was there for
him to spend money for?
Not so circumscribed in expedient for the reduction of surplus wealth were those lairds of the lariat who had womenfolk to their name. In the breast of the rib-sprung sex the genius of purse lightening may slumber through years of inopportunity, but never, my brothers, does it become extinct.
So, out of the chaparral came Long Bill Longley from the Bar Circle Branch on the Frio, a wife – driven man – to taste the urban joys of success. Something like half a million dollars he had, with an income steadily increasing.
Long Bill was a graduate of the camp and trail. Luck and thrift, a cool head, and a telescopic eye for mavericks had raised him from cowboy to be a cowman. Then came the boom in cattle, and Fortune, stepping gingerly among the cactus thorns, came and emptied her cornucopia at the doorstep of the ranch.
In the little frontier city of Chaparosa, Longley built a costly residence. Here he became a captive, bound to the chariot of social existence. He was doomed to become a leading citizen. He struggled for a time like a mustang in his first corral, and then he hung up his quirt and spurs. Time hung heavily on his hands. He organised the First National Bank of Chaparosa, and was elected its president.
One day a dyspeptic man, wearing double-magnifying glasses, inserted an official-looking card between the bars of the cashier's window of the First National Bank. Five minutes later the bank force was dancing at the beck and call of a national
bank examiner.
This examiner, Mr. J. Edgar Todd, proved to be a thorough one. At the end of it all the examiner put on his hat, and called the president, Mr. William R. Longley, into the private office.
"Well, how do you find things?" asked Longley, in his slow, deep tones. "Any brands in the round-up you didn't like the looks of?"
"The bank checks up all right, Mr. Longley," said Todd; "and I find your loans in very good shape–with one exception. You are carrying one very bad bit of paper–one that is so bad that I have been thinking that you surely do not realise the serious position it places you in. I refer to a call loan of $10,000 made to Thomas Merwin. Not only is the amount in excess of the maximum sum the bank can loan any individual legally, but it is absolutely without endorsement or security. Thus you have doubly violated the national banking laws, and have laid yourself open to criminal prosecution by the Government. A report of the matter to the Comptroller of the Currency–which I am bound to make–would, I am sure, result in the matter being turned over to the Department of Justice for
action. You see what a serious thing it is.."
Bill Longley was leaning his lengthy, slowly moving frame back in his swivel chair. His hands were clasped behind his head, and he turned a little to look the examiner in the face. The examiner was surprised to see a smile creep about the rugged mouth of the banker, and a kindly twinkle in his light-blue eyes. If he saw the seriousness of the affair, it did not show in his countenance.
"Of course, you don't know Tom Merwin," said Longley, almost genially. "Yes, I know about that loan. It hasn't any security except Tom Merwin's word. Somehow, I've always found that when a man's word is good it's the best security there is. Oh, yes, I know the
Government doesn't think so. I guess I'll see Tom about that note."
Mr. Todd's dyspepsia seemed to grow suddenly worse. He looked at the chaparral
banker through his double-magnifying glasses in amazement.
"You see," said Longley, easily explaining the thing away, "Tom heard of 2000 head of two-year-olds down near Rocky Ford on the Rio Grande that could be had for $8 a head. I reckon 'twas one of old Leandro Garcia's outfits that he had smuggled over, and he wanted to make a quick turn on 'em. Those cattle are worth $15 on the hoof in Kansas City. Tom knew it and I knew it. He had $6,000, and I let him have the $10,000 to make the deal with. His brother Ed took 'em on to market three weeks ago. He ought to be
back 'most any day now with the money. When he comes Tom'll pay that note."
The bank examiner was shocked. It was, perhaps, his duty to step out to the telegraph office and wire the situation to the Comptroller. But he did not. He talked pointedly and effectively to Longley for three minutes. He succeeded in making the banker understand that he stood upon the border of a catastrophe. And then he
offered a tiny loophole of escape.
"I am going to Hilldale's to-night," he told Longley, "to examine a bank there. I will pass through Chaparosa on my way back. At twelve o'clock to-morrow I shall call at this bank. If this loan has been cleared out of the way by that time it will not be mentioned in my
report. If not.. I will have to do my duty."
With that the examiner bowed and departed.
The President of the First National lounged in his chair half an hour longer, and then he lit a mild cigar, and went over to Tom Merwin's house. Merwin, a ranchman in brown duck, with a contemplative eye, sat with his feet upon a table, plaiting a
rawhide quirt.
"Tom," said Longley, leaning against the table, "you heard anything from Ed yet?"
"Not yet," said Merwin, continuing his plaiting. "I guess Ed'll be along back now in a
few days."
"There was a bank examiner," said Longley, "nosing around our place to-day, and he bucked a sight about that note of yours. You know I know it's all right, but the thing is against the banking laws. I was pretty sure you'd have paid it off before the bank was examined again, but the son-of-a-gun slipped in on us, Tom. Now, I'm short of cash myself just now, or I'd let you have the money to take it up with. I've got till twelve o'clock to-morrow, and then I've got to show the cash in place of that note or.."
"Or what, Bill?" asked Merwin, as Longley hesitated.
"Well, I suppose it means be jumped on with both of Uncle Sam's feet."
"I'll try to raise the money for you on time," said Merwin, interested in his plaiting.
"All right, Tom," concluded Longley, as he turned toward the door; "I knew you would
if you could."
Merwin threw down his whip and went to the only other bank in town, a private
one, run by Cooper & Craig.
"Cooper," he said, to the partner by that name, "I've got to have $10,000 to-day or to-morrow. I've got a house and lot there that's worth about $6,000 and that's all the actual collateral. But I've got a cattle deal on that's sure to bring me in more than that
much profit within a few days."
Cooper began to cough.
"Now, for God's sake don't say no," said Merwin. "I owe that much money on a call loan. It's been called, and the man that called it is a man I've laid on the same blanket with in cow-camps and ranger-camps for ten years. He can call anything I've got. He can call the blood out of my veins and it'll come. He's got to have the money. He's in a devil of a.. Well, he needs the money, and I've got to get it for him. You know my word's good, Cooper."
"No doubt of it," assented Cooper, urbanely, "but I've a partner, you know. I'm not free in making loans. And even if you had the best security in your hands, Merwin, we couldn't accommodate you in less than a week. We're just making a shipment of $15,000 to Myer Brothers in Rockdell, to buy cotton with. It goes down on the narrow gauge to night. That leaves our cash quite short at present. Sorry we can't arrange it for you."
Merwin went back to his little bare office and plaited at his quirt again.
About four o'clock in the afternoon he went to the First National Bank and leaned
over the railing of Longley's desk.
"I'll try to get that money for you to-night.. I mean to-morrow, Bill."
"All right, Tom," said Longley quietly.
At nine o'clock that night Tom Merwin stepped cautiously out of the small frame house in which he lived. It was near the edge of the little town, and few citizens were in the neighbourhood at that hour. Merwin wore two six-shooters in a belt, and a slouch hat. He moved swiftly down a lonely street, and then followed the sandy road that ran parallel to the narrow-gauge track until he reached the water- tank, two miles below the town. There Tom Merwin stopped, tied a black silk handkerchief about the lower part of his face, and pulled his hat down low.
In ten minutes the night train for Rockdell pulled up at the tank, having come from Chaparosa.
With a gun in each hand Merwin raised himself from behind a clump of chaparral and started for the engine. But before he had taken three steps, two long, strong arms clasped him from behind, and he was lifted from his feet and thrown, face downward upon the grass. There was a heavy knee pressing against his back, and an iron hand grasping each of his wrists. He was held thus, like a child, until the engine had taken water, and until the train had moved, with accelerating speed, out of sight. Then he was released, and rose to his feet to face Bill Longley.
"The case never needed to be fixed up this way, Tom," said Longley. "I saw Cooper this evening, and he told me what you and him talked about. Then I went down to your house to-night and saw you come out with your guns on, and I followed you. Let's go back, Tom."
They walked away together, side by side.
"'Twas the only chance I saw," said Merwin presently. "You called your loan, and I tried to answer you. Now, what'll you do, Bill, if they sock it to you?"
"What would you have done if they'd socked it to you?" was the answer Longley made.
"I never thought I'd lay in a bush to stick up a train," remarked Merwin; "but a call loan's different. A call's a call with me. We've got twelve hours yet, Bill, before this spy jumps onto you. We've got to raise them spondulicks somehow. Maybe we can–Great Sam Houston! do you hear that?"
Merwin broke into a run, and Longley kept with him, hearing only a rather pleasing whistle somewhere in the night rendering the lugubrious air of "The Cowboy's Lament."
"It's the only tune he knows," shouted Merwin, as he ran. "I'll bet.."
They were at the door of Merwin's house. He kicked it open and fell over an old valise lying in the middle of the floor. A sunburned, firm-jawed youth, stained by travel, lay upon the bed puffing at a brown cigarette.
"What's the word, Ed?" gasped Merwin.
"So, so," drawled that capable youngster. "Just got in on the 9:30. Sold the bunch for fifteen, straight. Now, buddy, you want to quit kickin' a valise around that's got $29,000 in greenbacks in its in'ards.."


The effect of Acupuncture can be extraordinarily powerful.
Traditional acupuncture is based on ancient principles that go back nearly two thousand years and it is a system that examines pain and illness as signs that the body is out of balance. The overall aim of acupuncture treatment, then, is to restore the body's equilibrium through gentle use of fine needles placed on points in the body in need of rebalancing. The effect can be extraordinarily powerful.
What makes this system so uniquely suited to modern life is that physical, emotional and mental are seen as interdependent, and reflect what many people perceive as the connection between the different aspects in their lives.


Get one fresh from the oven in Bolton.
Simply enter your postcode to find out where your closest Carrs Pasties shop is. We have four bakeries in Bolton and a number of retailers around the north west.
Let us take the stress out of organising an event by taking care of the catering for you. Click here to see our menu and find out how to place your order.
Fresh from the oven in Bolton or baked at home - enter your postcode or town to get your hands on a Carrs Pasty.


Don Ellis traveled to India to perform two concerts in Bombay (now Mumbai), India in Janurary of 1978 with a small group consisting of Emilie Diehl, vocals; Randy Kerber, keyboards; Leon Gaer, bass; and David on drums. The recent unearthing of a tape of those concerts, combined with David's production, restoration, editing and mastering work, along with the efforts of Ellis historian Ken Orton and Gary Gilles of Sleepy Night Records now allows those performances to finally be shared.
"A very special album for me by former Mahavishnu pianist, Stu Goldberg. Basically a piano trio outing featuring Stu, the late Jim Lacefield on bass, and myself; with added contributions by Stu's brother, Ken, on reeds, ex-Don Ellis percussionist, Lee Pastora and a string quartet. As much as I played with Jim over the years, this was the only complete jazz record we ever made together. Sadly, Jim was taken from us way too soon. As a compatriot in jazz and a dear friend, I miss him constantly."
Two great nights "on-the-road" with Burt playing with the wonderful Sydney Symphony at the legendary Sydney Opera House smooshed onto this CD.
"Possibly the most exciting recording project I've ever been involved with..." Spoken word artist, Chuck Britt and trombomist/composer, Micahel Vlatkovich and David (playing, engineering and producing) team up for this long awaited third project of Transvalue. "Not since Don Ellis have I recorded something that pushes this many boundaries."
Long only available in Europe, this double album set - recorded live at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1980 - has finally been re-issued on CD in the US by Wounded Bird Records. Most of this concert is also viewable on YouTube - click here.
"Longtime Burt Bacharach vocalist and good friend, John Pagano invited me to play a couple of tracks on his latest release. Recorded at Capitol Records Studio with a full string section, Burt and the bulk of his band all playing behind John singing live. Also got to catch up with my old friend, Tom Rainer, who was there to record the wonderful arrangement he had written (just John, strings and piano) of the CD's title song that they recorded later that afternoon. Very nice."
For more about John, visit his website click here.
Played on two tracks - Cambian and Nicer Shades - of this "world jazz" outing by Burt Bacharach keyboardist, David Joyce and his partner, David V. Gregoli.
David's first and only studio recording with the Don Ellis Orchestra. Finally out on CD."Didn't think we would ever see this one reissued."
Played on two tracks - "Anyone Who Had A Heart" and "Close To You"
Recorded "live" with full orchestra in the famous Capitol Record Studios, David shared drum duties on this fascinating collaboration of two pop masters with Vinnie Coliauta, Harvey Mason and J. R. Robinson.
The latest release of Bruce and the band, this time recorded by Billy Hulting and features David playing with Ken Wild (bass), Alan Steinberger (keys), Brian Kilgore (perc) and some of LA's finest wind players.
One cut - "What The World Needs Now Is Love"
Once again at Ocean Way; Burt, David, Rob Shrock (keys), Dave Coy (bass) and the Amercian Idol 2 Finalists put together a new version of this Bacharach/David favorite.
Don Ellis' final album recorded during the band's 1977 European tour.
One cut - "I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
Burt, Elvis, David & the guys piled into Ocean Way, cut this, and then all appeared performing it in the film.
Bruce and the band with David playing drums, mixing and co-producing.
One of the only seven Elvis Costello/Burt Bacharach concerts ever performed, captured on video for the PBS series, Sessions at West 54th.
Update: A slightly different edit of this show has shown up on DVD in Europe. I was able to get a copy here.
Click here to order or hear audio excerpts.
...with Sheryl Crow, All Saints, Elvis Costello, Chrissie Hynde, Mike Myers, Wynonna, Luther Vandross, David Sanborn, George Duke, & Dionne Warwick.
"One concert... Burt, the band and twelve guest artists...one take.
What?... Was I stressed?... Nah!..."
Now on dvd as well.
A two CD "best of" collection.
The band's first CD release. Besides playing drums, David recorded and mixed four tunes.
Tom Hynes' debut album featuring John Patitucci, Eric Marienthal, Tom Rainer, Bob Wackerman and others; with David playing, doing some mixing and co-producing.
A smaller group project from Bruce with David contributing some drumming, programming, recording and mixing.
"So I get a call to sub for Ralph Humprey on a film date, show up, meet Kim Basinger and get to play with Stan Getz, Ray Brown and a great big band. All in all, not a bad afternoon."
I did some drum programming for Burt Bacharach on this.
"Besides having the wierdest backstory of any album I've ever recorded, Beautiful Feelings also climbed higher up the pop charts than anything else I did before The Spy Who Shagged Me".
The single "Bruce" went to #27 on the pop charts in Dec. of '84.
David's second album with one of Germany's most famous fusion ensembles.
Keyboardist Thom Terisi's band's debut album featuring David with Don Ellis violist, Jimbo Ross and Zappa bass player, Tom Fowler.
David plays on one cut, "Planet Earth Calling"; an up-tempo fusion track left over from the "Encore" album sessions.
"I met Klaus Doldinger in the "musician's bar" at the Montreux Jazz festival immediately after my 1977 performance there with the Don Ellis Orchestra. Imagine my surprise when he called three years later and invited me to come to Munich and spend a week recording part of the upcoming Passport album. To Klaus' pleasant surprise, things pretty much clicked and we were able to finish the whole album during that first visit!"
"A wonderful week in San Francisco spent recording every evening at Different Fur Studio with just Brian, Don Ellis bassist Dave MacDaniel, guitarist George Doering and myself."
Click here to order, if available.
"Recorded these for producer Joey Vieira at Sound City Recording Studio, home to Fleetwood Mac, War, etc....the pre-drum machine drum machine"
"Yes, It's Mr. Piano himself! Actually Roger was one of the nicest men I ever worked for and was extremely kind to the very green 18 year old drummer recording his first major label album. The cool little known factoid on this record is that the background orchestra is actually the Don Ellis Band uncredited. Don's band was the house band at Magic Mountain (how strange is that??) that summer, when this was recorded there."
Passport - Montreux Concert on YouTube!


text:
package gov.nasa.jpf.vm;

import java.util.Iterator;

/**
 * concrete type to store execution paths. TrailInfo corresponds to Transition,
 * i.e. all instructions executed in the context of a vm.forward() leading
 * into a new state
 */
public class Transition implements Iterable<Step>, Cloneable {

  ChoiceGenerator<?> cg;
  ThreadInfo ti;

  private Step   first, last;
  int nSteps;

  private Object annotation;
  String         output;

  private int stateId = StateSet.UNKNOWN_ID;

  public Transition (ChoiceGenerator<?> cg, ThreadInfo ti) {
    this.cg = cg;
    this.ti = ti;
  }

  @Override
  public Object clone() {
    try {
      Transition t = (Transition)super.clone();

      // the deep copy references
      t.cg = cg.clone();
      t.ti = (ThreadInfo)ti.clone();

      return t;

    } catch (CloneNotSupportedException cnsx){
      return null; // cannot happen
    }
  }

  public String getLabel () {
    if (last != null) {
      return last.getLineString();
    } else {
      return "?";
    }
  }

  public int getStateId() {
    return(stateId);
  }

  public void setStateId(int id) {
    stateId = id;
  }

  public void setOutput (String s) {
    output = s;
  }

  public void setAnnotation (Object o) {
    annotation = o;
  }

  public Object getAnnotation () {
    return annotation;
  }

  public String getOutput () {
    return output;
  }

  // don't use this for step iteration - this is very inefficient
  public Step getStep (int index) {
    Step s = first;
    for (int i=0; s != null && i < index; i++) s = s.next;
    return s;
  }

  public Step getLastStep () {
    return last;
  }

  public int getStepCount () {
    return nSteps;
  }

  public ThreadInfo getThreadInfo() {
    return ti;
  }

  public int getThreadIndex () {
    return ti.getId();
  }

  public ChoiceGenerator<?> getChoiceGenerator() {
    return cg;
  }

  public ChoiceGenerator<?>[] getChoiceGeneratorCascade(){
    return cg.getCascade();
  }

  public void incStepCount() {
    nSteps++;
  }

  void addStep (Step step) {
    if (first == null) {
      first = step;
      last = step;
    } else {
      last.next = step;
      last = step;
    }
    nSteps++;
  }

  public class StepIterator implements Iterator<Step> {
    Step cur;

    @Override
	public boolean hasNext () {
      return (cur != last);
    }

    @Override
	public Step next () {
      if (cur == null) {
        cur = first;
      } else {
        if (cur != last) {
          cur = cur.next;
        } else {
          return null;
        }
      }
      return cur;
    }

    @Override
	public void remove () {
      if (cur == null) {
        first = first.next;
      } else {
        Step s;
        for (s = first; s.next != cur; s = s.next);
        s.next = cur.next;
        cur = cur.next;
      }
    }
  }

  @Override
  public Iterator<Step> iterator () {
    return new StepIterator();
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lee Sungjoo (이성주). Technological innovation and production system of ceramic: interpreting Proto-Three Kingdoms period ceramic assemblages of Youngnam province (토기제작의 기술혁신과 생산체계: 원삼국시대 영남지역의 토기유물군과 그 변화에 대한 해석). Seoul: Hagyon Munhwasa (학연문화사), 2014.
Ceramic comprises the most substantial part of archaeological data due to its durability. Therefore, it is possible for archaeologists to establish a relative chronology of artifacts and sites based on ceramic typology and temporal sequence, which is the primary task of archaeology. However, the excessive emphasis on typology based on the shape and decoration of ceramics sometimes leads archaeologists to lose sight of the importance of understanding the human behaviors associated with the materials—how and why people made, used and discarded the materials and the social context in which those behaviors occurred.
The author of this book takes up these social-historical questions in his thesis on how the Proto-Three Kingdom period ceramics in Youngnam province emerged and changed in terms of technological innovation and production systems as a result of intended behavioral changes.
Given that the ceramic-making process consists of selecting clay, shaping, surface processing, and firing, an introduction of new ceramic assemblage follows the procedures of the selection of new technological elements and practice of them by craftsman within a specific social context which calls for the technological innovation. And in some cases, the new technology ultimately leads to the reorganization of ceramic production and distribution system. To trace these processes, the author carefully observed the technological elements of ceramics and their changes over time. Based on this theoretical framework and methodology, the author suggests insightful interpretations about three main topics: 1) the emergence of high-fired earthenware (Wajiltogi), 2) the emergence of stoneware (Dojiltogi), and 3) the regional differences in ceramic technology innovation processes during the Proto-Three Kingdom period.
The contribution of this book to Proto-Three Kingdom archaeology is enormous. Most importantly, this book tries to move from 'when' and 'where' questions to 'how' and 'why' questions. While previous research has focused on where a new type of ceramic came from and when it was introduced, his work addressed larger and more meaningful questions about how a new type of ceramics was introduced and spread within a society and why a new technology was selected by people to the center of his discussion. The emergence of high-fired earthenware and stoneware used to be interpreted as a result of migration of people or diffusion of new ceramic assemblage in the previous study. However, he illuminated the sequential process of applying new ceramic making techniques to the existing technological system and related them respectively to the social demands for new prestige good and mass production. In the same manner, different regional ceramic styles, which used to be interpreted as reflecting political boundaries among different groups was explained in terms of the spatiotemporal differences in technological innovation according to the different levels of existing ceramic technologies, size of production systems, and social contexts.
However, as it is a pioneering study, some points of this research still need to be investigated further. In this book, ceramic technology was dealt with enough; however, production-distribution systems, which is another focus of his research, was not fully investigated. He mentioned some related topics, such as the range of ceramic distribution across political boundaries and the relationship between political authority and craftsmen, but he didn't take them far enough for them to add to his thesis. Methodologically, the matter of production-distribution system requires further consideration of production sites and consumption in the settlement sites, as well as detailed observation of pottery from burials. Nonetheless, the importance of this study cannot be minimized. His work has a great influence on Korean archaeology not only as a significant Proto-Three Kingdom period ceramic study in Youngnam province but also as a start of important new discussions about theory and methodology within the field of archeology.


A new phase of cricket in the West Indies will be unveiled on Monday with the start of the Sagicor West Indies Cricket Board High Performance Centre. The Centre will be based at the 3Ws Oval at the Cave Hill Campus of the University of the West Indies in Barbados and is geared towards refining the skills and charting the way forward in the development of 15 of the best young cricketers in the region.
President of the West Indies Cricket Board, Dr Julian Hunte, outlined the details behind the Sagicor West Indies Cricket HPC.
"This is a very significant step forward in the future development of cricket in the Caribbean. As everyone if fully aware, West Indies cricket has faced several challenges and we are taking steps to ensure that were harness and nurture the talent that we see in this cricket-loving region. We have assembled an excellent group of young men to form part of the future of West Indies cricket and I want to wish then all the best," he said.
The first groups of 15 young cricketers were selected from players across the regions, who were nominated by their local cricket board. They are: Shamarh Brooks, Jason Holder, Shane Dowrich (Barbados), Kyle Corbin, Kevin McClean (Combined Campuses & Colleges), Brandon Bess, Ravindra Chandrika, Veerasammy Permaul (Guyana), Nkrumah Bonner, Andre Creary (Jamaica), Kieran Powell, Devon Thomas (Leeward Islands), Shannon Gabriel (Trinidad and Tobago) Keron Cottoy, Delorn Johnson (Windward Islands).
The Head Coach and Director for the Sagicor West Indies Cricket HPC is Toby Radford. As a cricketer, he represented Middlesex for several seasons in the English County Cricket Championship and after retiring from the game, distinguished himself as the head of the Academy at the Middlesex County Cricket Club. He was also Head Coach at Middlesex when they won the domestic Twenty20 Tournament and a National Coach with the England and Wales Cricket Board.