text:
Sport courier
Election - 2017
Ashgabat-2017
Turkmenistan – Heart of the Great Silk Road
Amul — Khazar 2018
Turkmenistan – Home of Prosperity
2020 year - Turkmenistan - Home of Neutrality
2021 year - Turkmenistan - Home of Peace and Trust
2021 YEAR - TURKMENISTAN – HOME OF PEACE AND TRUST
POST & DOCUMENTS
PRESIDENT'S POST
Latest news | TDH
16.04.2018 | Objectives of social and economic development of Turkmenistan are discussed at the video conference session
President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov held video conference working session with the participation of the Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers supervising the spheres of transport and communication, the Minister of Agriculture and Water Management, hyakims of the regions and Ashgabat.
15.04.2018 | President of Turkmenistan makes appointments in the judiciary system
In accordance with the Decrees of President of Turkmenistan, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the country:
15.04.2018 | Turkmenistan Taekwondo Champions are defined
Ashgabat hosted the country's taekwondo championship (ITF). 18 sets of medals were contested in "fight" and "tuli" disciplines in seven weight categories.
14.04.2018 | Representative Forum Discusses Importance of UN Resolutions Adopted upon Turkmen Leader's Initiative
The Conference Hall of the Center for Public Organizations of Turkmenistan hosted a Conference dedicated to Resolutions, "World Bicycle Day" and "Cooperation between the United Nations and the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea", adopted at the 82nd meeting of the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly and drafted based on the initiative by President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. The Conference was attended by Deputy Chairmen of the Cabinet of Ministers, Chair and members of the National Parliament, leaders of ministries and sectoral agencies, heads of foreign diplomatic missions accredited in Turkmenistan, representatives of the country's public organizations, mass media and honorable elders.
14.04.2018 | The President of Turkmenistan initiates new processes in the UN format
The adoption of another two Resolutions, which were initiated by President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, by the United Nations General Assembly highlighted the growing role of our country in international arena in the assertion of humanistic principles, its creative and peace-making potential.
14.04.2018 | Production of Turkmenbashy Refinery Complex and textile are on the top of the exchange trades
21 transactions were registered at the trades of the State Commodity and Raw Materials Exchange of Turkmenistan.
14.04.2018 | The Head of the State gives instructions on preparation to the World Bicycle Day
During the session of the Government, the President of Turkmenistan requested the Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, Foreign Minister and other relative leaders to organize the events dedicated to the adoption of the Resolutions "World Bicycle Day" and "Cooperation between the United Nations Organization and International Fund for Saving of Aral Sea", which drafts were elaborated by the initiative of Turkmen leader.
13.04.2018 | President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov: Turkmenistan Will Continue to Pursue Efforts to Strengthen Peace, Friendly Relations and Develop Sports
I extend to you my cordial congratulations as the UN General Assembly declares 3 June as World Bicycle Day based on our country's proposal , states the address by President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov to compatriots.
13.04.2018 | Priorities of home and foreign policy of the state are reviewed at the session of the Cabinet of Ministers
President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov held regular session of the Cabinet of Ministers where topical issues of the state life have been reviewed.
13.04.2018 | President of Turkmenistan Appoints Supervisors for Provinces and Capital
With a view to organize and ensure the appropriate level of works aimed at implementing the new edition of the National Program on Transformation of Social and Living Conditions in Villages, Settlements, Towns, Districts and District Centers for the Period up to 2020; to enhance control over measures towards that end; and to foster accountability of Deputy Chairmen of the Cabinet of Ministers and governors for socio-economic development of provinces and Ashgabat, the President of Turkmenistan signed a Resolution appointing:
Copyright 2012-2021 The state news agency of Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan today


Complete set of 75 Art Deco decorative designs on 20 folio sized plates, all highly coloured pochoir plates loose in a portfolio. In good condition. Benedictus (1878-1930) is one of the most popular artists in stencil printing in abstract and floral deco art. His reputation was made especially on the collections "variations" printed with the stencil thanks to the competence of the printer J. Saudé. These collections follow the practice established by previous decorators in such folios, namely that they have a number of patterns which may be suitable for woven or printed clothing as well as for upholstery or even for printed papers Painted and decorative paintings. Several of these patterns are grouped on one page, each of them having been designed in warm colors. The resulting page is the result of twenty separate prints in different inks. Such laborious work and the cost of the pigments employed as well as the metallic elements made such productions extremely costly in their time. Plates are untitled.


text:
'use strict';

angular.module('sevenWonders.core.gameboard', ['ngCookies', 'ngWebSocket', 'sevenWonders.core.gameroom']);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hixson is a great place to work, and we would love to have you join us! We have openings in several areas, including engineering (structural, refrigeration, piping, plumbing and fire protection, electrical) and cost estimating. Don't see a position listed for your specific background? We still want to hear from you! Contact our staffing manager today!


text:
Q: How can i make rails models belongs_to using multiple foreign key recently I have a migration that adds a user_id column to the watch_events tables. and thus I want to change the watch_event models to handle belongs_to but with multiple approach
  create_table 'users', force: :cascade do |t|
    t.integer 'id'
    t.integer 'customer_id'
  end

  create_table 'watch_events', force: :cascade do |t|
    t.integer 'customer_id'
    t.integer 'user_id'
  end

previously
class WatchEvent < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :user, foreign_key: :customer_id, primary_key: :customer_id
end

what I want:

*

*if watch_event.customer_id is present, i want to use belongs_to :user, foreign_key: :customer_id, primary_key: :customer_id

*if watch_event.customer_id is not present, i want to use normal belongs_to :user
how can I achieve this on the watch_event model?

A: If I understand your question correctly, then what you are looking for is a Polymorphic association.
If you see the code below, what it basically does is create two columns in the watch_events table, watcher_type and watcher_id. And the belongs_to :watcher then uses the watcher_type column to identify which model it should associate to,
create_table 'watch_events', force: :cascade do |t|
  t.references 'watcher', polymorphic: true, null: false
end

class WatchEvent < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :watcher, polymorphic: true
end

A: I do not think that Rails supports 'fallback foreign keys' on associations. However, you can write a simple wrapper for your problem. First, relate your WatchEvent class twice to the user model, using your two keys and two 'internal' association names (:user_1 and :user_2). Then, add a 'virtual association reader' (user) and a 'virtual association setter' (user=(new_user)):
class WatchEvent < ApplicationRecord

  belongs_to :user_1,
             class_name: 'User',
             foreign_key: :customer_id

  belongs_to :user_2,
             class_name: 'User',
             foreign_key: :user_id

  def user
    user_1 || user_2
  end

  def user=(new_user)
    self.user_1 = new_user
  end

end

With this solution, the requirements "use customer_id to find user" and "use user_id as fallback foreign key if customer_id is nil or doesn't yield a result" is satisfied. It happens in the association reader method user. When there is a reader method, you'll need a setter method, which is user=(). Feel free to design the setter's internals as required, mine is just a suggestion.
BTW: You may need to re-add the declaration of the foreign primary_key. I omitted that for clarity.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


From 1st July 2016, state aid regulations require that the details of all individual awards of support with a value of €500,000 (Industrial Sector) or €60,000 (Agricultural Sector) must be reported to the Scottish Government. We then provide this data to the European Commission (EC) using its online reporting system. The EC subsequently publish this information on a publicly available database.
The Scottish Government State Aid Team co-ordinate the process for Scottish Public Bodies. To ensure the European Commission deadlines are met, scheme administrators should complete the attached Transparency reporting form (from the top-right corner of the page) and forward details by e-mail to the transparency inbox (stateaidtransparency@gov.scot) within one month of the date of granting.
4. The beneficiary type / size of the organisation – i.e. small, medium or large.
10. Aid objective – Provide the number of the main Block Exemption Article in the scheme used to provide cover for the grant.


Scroll on for our ultimate guide to Kids Charms.
Enamel Blue Flower Child Spacer Charm Bead. Compatible With Most Pandora Style Charm Bracelets.
Random Croc Charms Lots For Kids - Choose your lot size!
Kids Charms, Girls Halloween Costumes 2018. Boys Halloween Costumes 2018. Our Top 2018 Halloween Themes. Day of the Dead Halloween Costume Ideas 2018. Ahalooza.com provides a fundamentally better way for consumers to shop. Best Halloween stores offer licensed costumes, masks, spooky decorations and everything you need to throw a party while looking your Kids Charms.
What's on my Pandora | Kids Edition #2 | More Charms!


text:
Global Currencies Teeter as Bonds Offer "Return-Free Risk"
by: Stefan Gleason
Never before has holding bonds denominated in national currencies been more risky and less rewarding. That may seem like a provocative statement, but it's not hyperbole. It's the reality investors around the world now face.
Sovereign debt issued by Western governments sport record-low yields – in some cases, negative yields! Earlier this year the yield on the U.S. 30-year Treasury dipped to an all-time low of 2.25%. Meanwhile, despite talk of rate hikes to come, the Federal Reserve continues to keep short-term rates near zero.
The Fed has taken unprecedented steps to make holding dollars unappealing with the goal of stimulating consumer and business spending. But other central banks, including the European Central Bank, have managed to undercut the Fed by pushing their own lending rates below zero. European bonds are being issued at rates so low as to make U.S. debt instruments look comparatively attractive.
And bond buyers are taking on ever increasing levels of risk to just try to get half-decent yields. Bondholders are going out further and further in duration, locking in fixed yields for even longer than 30 years.
Global sales of bonds that won't mature for more than 30 years have soared to $69 billion year to date, according to the Financial Times, a 12% increase from the same period last year. The United Kingdom recently introduced a 53-year bond after Spain and Canada, and a handful of corporations, began selling 50-year bonds of their own. If 50 years isn't a long enough time for you to wait to get paid back, you might find new 100-year peso bonds issued by Mexico to your liking!
Needless to say, the currencies in which some of these ultra-long-term bonds are denominated could become worthless by the time they are due to mature. Anyone who thinks he can predict currency exchange rates, inflation rates, interest rates, or default risk over the next 100 years, 50 years, or even 30 years, is deluding himself. Yet bond buyers seem eager to speculate that their pittance yields will remain viable in the unknown economic environments and market conditions ahead.
Buyers of gold and silver don't need to speculate about whether their precious metals will be viable decades from now. Physical gold and silver aren't anyone's liability, can't default, and retain intrinsic, universally recognized value that transcends all fiat currencies.
One of the knocks on precious metals is the notion that they have no yield. Of course, measured in fiat currencies, metals owners' principal has generally risen… but the "no yield" argument doesn't even pass the smell test when government bonds don't have yield either.
We fully admit that we can't predict what gold and silver prices in terms of U.S. dollars will be decades from now. In a sense, the nominal price is irrelevant. What matters – and what has been proven through hundreds of years of monetary history – is that gold and silver retain purchasing power.
Dollars, over time, lose purchasing power. In his annual letter this year to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders, Warren Buffett noted, "During the 1964-2014 period… the purchasing power of the dollar declined a staggering 87%. That decrease means that it now takes $1 to buy what could be bought for 13¢ in 1965 (as measured by the Consumer Price Index)."
Buffett warned against treating "cash-equivalent holdings" and "currency-denominated instruments" as risk-free assets. Holding them over long periods is quite risky. If the dollar loses another 87% of its purchasing power in the next 50 years, then holders of cash and fixed-rate, low-yield bonds will experience significant real losses. There's also a risk that the dollar's value will decline more rapidly in the future than it has in the past.
Don't be fooled by the recent "strength" in the dollar versus other unbacked foreign currencies. Yes, it does look impressive on the chart. The Dollar Index has spiked all the way back up to 100 – a level last seen at the beginning of 2003. But the dollar's purchasing power has not recovered to 2003 levels – not even close!
In 2003, you could buy an ounce of gold for just $345 spot. Silver traded for a mere $4.75 an ounce. Clearly, the dollar's purchasing power has weakened substantially in the 12 years since. Precious metals have retained theirs, despite succumbing to downdrafts of late.
A rising Dollar Index makes it tough for metals prices to advance in terms of dollars. (Gold and silver are showing strength in terms of euros and have skyrocketed in terms of Russian rubles and Ukrainian hryvnia.) At some point, though, the dollar will slip. It cannot maintain its current rate of ascent in perpetuity.
Looking at the USD chart, a 26-week Relative Strength Index (RSI) momentum gauge shows that the up-move since mid 2014 is registering a more extreme RSI reading than any of previous moves over the past 20 years. What we have is a spike – not necessarily a long-term trend in the making. Spikes can reverse just as dramatically in the opposite direction.
Regardless of how the dollar fares versus the euro or other currencies in the near term, the dollar stands to resume the long-term trend identified by Warren Buffett. The dollar, over time, is destined to depreciate against real assets, including gold and silver.
Stefan Gleason is President of Money Metals Exchange, a precious metals dealer recently named "Best in the USA" by an independent global ratings group. A graduate of the University of Florida, Gleason is a seasoned business leader, investor, political strategist, and grassroots activist. Gleason has frequently appeared on national television networks such as CNN, FoxNews, and CNBC and in hundreds of publications such as the Wall Street Journal, The Street, and Seeking Alpha.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The United States consuls and vice-consuls were mandated to provide assistance to American citizens in foreign countries. They assisted individual Americans with various issues, including visas, passports, and legal entanglements. They provided advice to American companies on investment opportunities. Consuls aided American sailors and fishermen, who were injured, ill-treated or separated from vessels, return to their home ports.
Records were microfilmed by the National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, Washington, in 1960. The Maritime History Group commenced the acquisition of dispatches circa 1975.
Fonds consists of consular dispatches acquired by the Maritime History Group to be used in the Atlantic Canada Shipping Project, a major research initiative, examining various aspects of the Atlantic Canadian maritime economy. Consular dispatches included details on American shipping and investment, as well as reports on distressed sailors and fishermen.
Fonds consists of dispatches from the United States consuls at St. John's, 1852-1906. The fonds also includes consular reports from selected Canadian ports: Prince Edward Island: Charlottetown (1857-1906); Nova Scotia: Halifax (1833-1906); Pictou (1837-1907), Windsor (1872-1906); Yarmouth (1886-1906); New Brunswick: Moncton (1855-1905); Saint John (1835-1906), St. Stephen (1882-1906); Quebec (1861-1906), Gaspe (1856-1906).
Fonds also includes consular dispatches from St. Pierre, 1850-1906.
Records were acquired from the Maritime History Group in the mid 1980s.
There are no restrictions on access to or use of the materials in this fonds.


B-TEX Skin Ointment herbal remedy ringworm itches pimples cold cracks indications: eczema, ringworm, itches & cold cracks.
Directions: clean the affected part with lukewarm water & apply gently.
Packing: attractive tin of 14 grams.
Combination: tankan amla [boric acid] 10 % salicylic acid 10 % Kapoor flavor [camphor] 01% paraffin base Q. S. B-tex ointment is a powerful ayurvedic combination of germicide, bactericidal, escharotic, antiseptic, anesthetic & antipruritic.
Tankan amla: it is a germicide & powerful bactericidal action.
Salicylic acid: it is an escharotic. Being hygroscopic, it removes water from the tissues.
Kapoor flavor: antiseptic, anesthetic & antipruritic.


Drapery Hardware | Kay & L Draperies Inc.
We are proud to announce that Kay & L Draperies is now a distributor for House Parts Inc. We are stocking the hardware line in our warehouse in Waverly, Iowa. If you are not familiar with House Parts give us a call and we will send you out a free color brochure on all the items House Parts has to offer. Their workmanship is excellent and the prices competitive.


text:
Two-year-old injured in serious Capel car crash
Four people in total were taken to hospital with injuries after the Friday rush hour smash
Oliver Florence
A toddler was one of four people taken to hospital after a serious car crash in Capel.
The two-year-old boy was travelling in the back of a green Mitsubishi on the A24 at around 5.50pm on Friday (May 9) when it collided with a blue Jaguar.
He was taken to St George's Hospital in Tooting with head and pelvis injuries, and is believed to have suffered a fractured skull.
The driver of the Mitsubishi was airlifted to the same hospital with multiple injuries and placed in intensive care. The driver of the Jaguar sustained serious hand and arm injuries and was taken to hospital by road.
A fourth person was also treated at St George's for cuts and bruises.
Road closures were put in place while emergency crews attended the incident, which occurred between Cole's Lane and Clark's Green Roundabout.
Anyone who witnessed the collision or the events surrounding it is urged to contact Surrey Police on 101 quoting reference P14134677.


text:
namespace Microsoft.Azure.Management.EventHub.Models
{
    using Microsoft.Rest;
    using Microsoft.Rest.Serialization;
    using Newtonsoft.Json;
    using System.Linq;

    /// <summary>
    /// Single item in List or Get Consumer group operation
    /// </summary>
    [Rest.Serialization.JsonTransformation]
    public partial class ConsumerGroup : ProxyResource
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the ConsumerGroup class.
        /// </summary>
        public ConsumerGroup()
        {
            CustomInit();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the ConsumerGroup class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Fully qualified resource ID for the resource. Ex -
        /// /subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/{resourceProviderNamespace}/{resourceType}/{resourceName}</param>
        /// <param name="name">The name of the resource</param>
        /// <param name="type">The type of the resource. E.g.
        /// "Microsoft.EventHub/Namespaces" or
        /// "Microsoft.EventHub/Namespaces/EventHubs"</param>
        /// <param name="location">The geo-location where the resource
        /// lives</param>
        /// <param name="createdAt">Exact time the message was created.</param>
        /// <param name="updatedAt">The exact time the message was
        /// updated.</param>
        /// <param name="userMetadata">User Metadata is a placeholder to store
        /// user-defined string data with maximum length 1024. e.g. it can be
        /// used to store descriptive data, such as list of teams and their
        /// contact information also user-defined configuration settings can be
        /// stored.</param>
        /// <param name="systemData">The system meta data relating to this
        /// resource.</param>
        public ConsumerGroup(string id = default(string), string name = default(string), string type = default(string), string location = default(string), System.DateTime? createdAt = default(System.DateTime?), System.DateTime? updatedAt = default(System.DateTime?), string userMetadata = default(string), SystemData systemData = default(SystemData))
            : base(id, name, type, location)
        {
            CreatedAt = createdAt;
            UpdatedAt = updatedAt;
            UserMetadata = userMetadata;
            SystemData = systemData;
            CustomInit();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// An initialization method that performs custom operations like setting defaults
        /// </summary>
        partial void CustomInit();

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets exact time the message was created.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.createdAt")]
        public System.DateTime? CreatedAt { get; private set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the exact time the message was updated.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.updatedAt")]
        public System.DateTime? UpdatedAt { get; private set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets user Metadata is a placeholder to store user-defined
        /// string data with maximum length 1024. e.g. it can be used to store
        /// descriptive data, such as list of teams and their contact
        /// information also user-defined configuration settings can be stored.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.userMetadata")]
        public string UserMetadata { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the system meta data relating to this resource.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "systemData")]
        public SystemData SystemData { get; private set; }

    }
}


text:
Metals CHANGE TOPIC
Home » Metals and alloys » News » Researchers find way to make superalloys even more super
Researchers find way to make superalloys even more super
INL materials scientist Subhashish Meher uses a local electron atom probe at the Center for Advanced Energy Studies to study the microstructure of treated superalloys. Photo: Idaho National Laboratory.
Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) have discovered how to make 'superalloys' even more super, extending their useful life by thousands of hours. The key is to heat and cool the superalloy in a specific way, creating a microstructure within the material that can withstand high heat more than six times longer than an untreated counterpart.
"We came up with a way to make a superalloy that is much more resistant to heat-related failures. This could be useful in electricity generators and elsewhere," said Subhashish Meher, an INL materials scientist who was lead author of a paper on this work in Science Advances.
Alloys are combinations of two or more metallic elements. Superalloys are exceptionally strong and offer other significantly improved characteristics due to the addition of trace amounts of cobalt, ruthenium, rhenium or other elements to a base metal. Understanding how to build an improved superalloy is important for making the metallic mixture better for a particular purpose.
INL scientists have been studying nickel-based superalloys. Since these superalloys can withstand high heat and extreme mechanical forces, they find use in electricity-generating turbines and high-temperature nuclear reactor components. Previous research had shown that their performance can be enhanced if the material structure of the superalloy repeats in some way from very small sizes to very large, like a box within a box within a box.
This is called a hierarchical microstructure. In a superalloy, it is produced by a metallic matrix with precipitates, regions where the composition of the mixture differs from the rest of the metal. Embedded within the precipitates are still finer-scale particles that have the same composition as the matrix outside the precipitates – conceptually like nested boxes.
Meher and his co-authors studied how these precipitates formed within a superalloy. They also investigated how this structure stood up to heat and other treatments.
They found that with the right recipe of heating and cooling, they could make the precipitates two or more times larger than would otherwise be the case, thereby creating the desired microstructure. These larger precipitates lasted longer when subjected to extreme heat. Moreover, computer simulation studies suggested that the superalloy could resist heat-induced failure for 20,000 hours, compared to about 3000 hours normally.
These new, heat-resistant superalloys could be used to produce electrical generators that last much longer. What's more, INL scientists may now be able to come up with a procedure that can be applied to other superalloys, allowing them to adjust a superalloy's strength, heat tolerance or other properties to enhance its use in a particular application.
"We are now better able to dial in properties and improve material performance," Meher said.
This story is adapted from material from Idaho National Laboratory, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.
Liz Nickels paid a visit to Hardide Coatings to find out how Cold War tungsten coating can make the surface of complex metal components extra hard.
Spider silk offers cheap and accessible superlens
spider silk superlens improves on traditional microscopy
1 September 2016Laurie Donaldson
New milling grade for superalloys
Widia, a Kennametal brand, has developed a new milling grade, WS40PM, for use with titanium and other superalloys.


The "Parent Trigger" is a political device created by venture capitalists and return-on-investment philanthropists looking for an effective way to rapidly expand for-profit charter school chains. Parent Trigger or "Parent Empowerment," depends on professional lobbyists and outside forces to persuade 51% of the parents in a struggling school to "pull the trigger," and transfer a valuable public asset from the jurisdiction of a duly elected school board into the hands of a proprietary corporation.
Parents are led to believe that by pulling the trigger and demonstrating "parent empowerment," they are providing something better for their children. However, once the deed is done, parents have very little say over how their publicly-funded neighborhood school will be run. In California, the process of gathering enough parent signatures to "pull the trigger" has led to fraud and deception. Parents were pitted against teachers, principals and one another, leading to parking lot fights, bitterness, broken trust and lingering divisiveness. Nearly every California parent trigger attempt has wound up in court.
The trick is clear. Ironically, the only true act of parent power is pulling the trigger. After the asset transfer, the parents lose all control. Private corporations do not have to disclose profits, methods or budget. Charter chains play by different rules. All fiscal information is considered proprietary and private. The Parent Trigger uses mothers and fathers to vote against their own interests to justify a corporate raid. Charter school developers have zero capital outlay, zero investment and 100% access to carving a profit from taxpayer dollars previously meant to educate each child. Who profits?
What happens after the trigger is pulled?
* Florida defines this to be a D or F school. In 2012 alone, the Florida Board of Education moved cut scores and manipulated data to ensure that many C schools will predictably drop to Ds, which are then considered "struggling" and open to privatization. There is talk of widening the criteria for what is considered struggling to specific standardized test scores.
** In the few California cases where the Parent Trigger was carried out, the ONLY option that is EVER chosen is handing the school over to a pre-determined for profit charter operator.
Critics say that ALEC subverts the democratic process by bringing politicians and corporations together in secret to craft laws and strike deals that serve the profit motives of ALEC members. ALEC and the State Policy Institutes work to orchestrate simultaneous multiple-state adoption of legislation every year. When a dozen states start pushing similar reform legislation, the public and the media are deceived into believing there is public demand for a particular policy like parent trigger or stand your ground.
The reality is that the public is not demanding parent trigger or any of the other so-called "reforms." In fact, the opposite is true. Florida has suffered 14 long years of expensive, unproven reforms while witnessing catastrophic funding cuts that hurt children and harm schools.
"Parent Trigger" was adopted by the ALEC Education Task Force at the 2010 States & Nation Policy Summit, December 3, 2010. "Parent Trigger" was approved by the ALEC Board of Directors, January 7, 2011 as official ALEC Model Legislation.
The Parent Revolution, established in 2009 with $1 million in Walton seed money, charged political player Ben Austin, with selling Parent Trigger as a permanent part of the public education process across the nation. Parent Revolution markets itself as a grass roots parent "union," yet it has access to millions of venture philanthropy dollars. They spend this money on professional lobbyists who use influence to encourage statehouse politicians of the benefits of this reform. For example, Parent Revolution staffers and lobbyists arrived in Florida in 2010 to promote Parent Trigger by selling themselves as authentic parents to politicians, providing talking points and pushing the passage of the bill for the 2012 session.
Excerpt from – Trigger Laws: Does Signing a Petition Give Parents a Voice?
The effort to convince parents that they need a "Parent Trigger" requires high levels of persuasion. The arguments, political methods and motivations required to launch a campaign are clearly detailed in the Parent Trigger Handbook. Careful attention is paid by proponents of Parent Trigger to blur political lines and to declare support from Democrats for this conservative free-market effort. For example, Parent Revolution Executive Director Ben Austin and National Advocacy Director Mike Trujillo worked in the Clinton and Obama campaigns. During public testimony in Florida, both men enthusiastically discussed their credentials with the Democratic Party during public testimony in committee hearings.
In April, 2012 after lobbying for nearly 18 months in Florida for passage of Parent Trigger legislation, the lead spokesperson for Parent Revolution, Linda Serrato, announced that she was leaving to work on the Obama re-election campaign.
Austin, recently replaced by California Gov. Jerry Brown on the State Board of Education, is Parent evolution's executive director. He was an aide in the Clinton White House, and deputy to Los Angeles' former Republican Mayor Richard Riordan. Parent Revolution's organizing director is Pat DeTemple, a lawyer who worked for Service Employees Local 1199 on the East Coast, for the United Farm Workers before that, and was an organizer for President Barack Obama's 2008 campaign.
January District asks all petition signers to present a driver's license or photo ID to validate their signatures.
Parent Revolution set up a table outside the school urging parents to boycott the signature checking.
2011 May 25 L.A. County Office of Education gave Celerity permission to open a charter school at the Church of the Redeemer, two blocks from McKinley.
Of the two petitions, Parent Trigger submitted the petition asks that Desert Trails be turned over to a for-profit charter developer causing a deep divide among parents.
July: Judge Rules that signatures may not be rescinded and that Desert Trails is free to engage the services of a for profit charter school developer.
The Foundation for Florida's Future engaged lobbyist Patricia Levesque who expressed supreme confidence that the "Parent Trigger" would pass. She posted blog stories to that effect. In fact, the FFF website clearly promoted Parent Trigger, an American Legislative Exchange Council model bill, as its number 1 priority months before session began. Not one parent group asked for this legislation. There were ZERO parents writing to endorse or plead for the passage of this bill.
Florida parents recognized instinctively that the Parent Trigger was created to "empower" for-profit charter school development chains. Politicians put the wishes of return- on-investment philanthropists ahead of the children of Florida.
Determined to have a voice, parents contacted the press, reached out to each other and made joint statements to spread the word about the dishonest intentions of the Parent Trigger. Mothers with grade school children made the long drive to Tallahassee to testify against this bill. Each and every time, legislators interrupted or stopped testimony in mid-sentence to silence the voice of Florida parents.
Every major parent group in Florida worked as a team to expose the dishonesty behind this legislation. Funders like Broad, Walton, Gates and Hewlett would not invest millions into for-profit charter expansion and the privatizing of public schools if they didn't expect massive financial returns.
Finally, the mom's message broke through and started resonating with reasonable lawmakers like Senator Paula Dockery and Senator Nan Rich. They saw their tone deaf colleagues desperate to pass Parent Revolution folks off as just some "parents." In fact, on the first day Rep Bileca introduced "Parent Empowerment" in committee, the only people testifying on behalf of the bill were Jeb Bush's chief lobbyist Patricia Levesque, Parent Revolution lobbyists and the Florida Chamber.
Orlando, Florida….On Saturday, March 3, 2012, for the third time this week in the Florida Senate, a real Florida parent was cut off mid-sentence during testimony opposing SB 1718/"Parent Empowerment" and told by a sitting Senator that there was no time. This came after the Senate Budget Committee listened to hours of testimony from paid education industry lobbyists.
"We are here to set the record straight. We are real Florida moms. We love our children and the children of this state more than ourselves. We have a better vision for the future of public education than the old expensive, unproven reforms meant to hurt children and privatize our public schools. We believe in a single well-funded system of public education that offers remarkable choices. We believe in fair assessment and fair accountability. We believe that mutual respect and collaboration between teachers, parents and districts is the key to rescuing our vibrant public schools from being strangled by a punitive, profit-driven "success is never final and reform is never finished" agenda.
We are frustrated that many of the politicians in this building refuse to hear or acknowledge our voice. For the third time in a week, a real Florida parent testifying against "Parent Empowerment" was cut off in mid-sentence after less than 15 seconds. We travel to Tallahassee on our own dime. We arrange for baby sitters, help with homework over the phone and miss countless precious hours of our children's lives in order to tell our elected officials what we want. We're tired of being cut off, interrupted or not allowed to speak. We've heard one politician after another repeat that "parents really need to be empowered." The irony is that we are empowered. We're here. We've been here. We represent over half a million Florida parents.
When politicians grant highly paid professional lobbyists unlimited time to testify and refuse to let us speak, it makes us furious. We are Florida taxpayers, parents and voters. If we don't have a right to speak during "Parent Empowerment" testimony, who does? We are tired of being told by wide-eyed politicians that they have never heard from us. Our position on the Parent Trigger has been repeatedly and widely published by every major newspaper across the state.
We are here today to go on record: Not one legitimate Florida Parent Group has asked for this Parent Trigger/Parent Empowerment legislation. We do not support this corporate empowerment bill that uses a parent's love to "pull the trigger" and pass all that they hold dear into the hands of a for-profit corporation eager to peel off a chunk of every child's per pupil funding dollars for themselves. We will not be silent while our legislators use our money to fund three separate, unequal and unfair systems of education. We do not support laws that benefit 10% of the schools while the other 90% suffer.
This is real. This has gone too far. Florida Public Education is a process not a product. This asset was created for and funded by the people of this state. It belongs to us. We oppose the Parent Empowerment Act and its bad-faith intentions to privatize our public schools.
Parent Trigger is a means to an end. Venture Capitalists and Return on Investment Billionaire Philanthropists want the Parent Trigger. Parents never asked for the parent trigger. As demonstrated in California, most parents are uneasy about what the Parent Trigger means. Driven by a desire to accelerate the privatization of public schools while the economic window of chaos still exists, the Broads, depends on legislation like the Parent Trigger, Broad, has resorted again to a WWII-style propaganda film: Won't Back Down is scheduled for release in Sept. 2012.
Broad money and Walden Films gave us Waiting for Superman. Now the same team is using g Won't Back Down, to pitch the Parent Trigger concept to parents and the media. Broad scrapped the documentary format we saw in Waiting for Superman and are banking on 100% emotional content for this one.
In order to sway public thought, Broad scrapped the documentary format we saw in Waiting for Superman and are banking on 100% emotional content for this one.
Charter school backers find little support in Tallahassee, Kathleen McGrory, Miami Herald,http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/03/11/2689041/charter-school-backers-find-little.html The charter school lobby came to Tallahassee this year with an ambitious agenda.
Walton Foundation Funding Florida Education Groups, John O'Connor, State Impact NPRhttp://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/2012/03/09/walton-foundation-funding-florida-education-groups/ The Foundation for Excellence in Education received $1.55 million from the Walton FamilyFoundation in 2011, according to a rundown on the Washington Post's Answer Sheet blog.


This is a very attractive example of an English Adams M1851 self-cocking (double action) r..
This is a lovely example of an Adams style, dual cavity, English pistol bullet mold. The mold casts ..
In 1836, the British military officially adopted the percussion cap to replace flint as the ignition..
The London Armoury Company Kerr's Patent Revolver is one of the most distinctive and recog..
Offered here is a really nice example of the Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle Musket a..
In May of 1851, the Ordnance Department authorized the manufacture of 2,000 percussion cadet muskets..
The "Good and Serviceable Arms" produced by the Whitney Arms Company are some of the most interestin..


Corporate Social Responsibility- CSR – is really about Corporate America self-regulating. Most industries have state and federal regulations with which to comply. There are also industry standards that must be kept in check.
But the socially responsible company has practices in place that go above and beyond what is required from a regulatory standpoint. Words such as "ethical" and "integrity" will be found in the mission statement as well as in the company's vision statement of a socially responsible corporation.
Corporate Social Responsibility goes well beyond what makes the stockholder happy. CSR is about stakeholders. Who are the stakeholders?
Where does a company begin when implementing a CSR Policy? Begin with employees. Get employees involved by getting them engaged in their belief in the company and its mission. Your employees know what is going on in their community and within their company. Most of them are closer to the customer, consumer, vendors, schools, and community than the executive leadership.
Executives set the mission of CSR. Next comes involvement from the employees in the policy development. Walla! Buy-in becomes engagement becomes reality!


text:
Kevin O'Connell Kyler Murray Adam Thielen Kirk Cousins Dalvin Tomlinson Sean McVay Mike Zimmer Danielle Hunter Coaching Sports Football Professional football NFL football
Minnesota Vikings Los Angeles Chargers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams
Cousins in studying-for-a-quiz mode with new Vikings offense
By DAVE CAMPBELL - Jun. 02, 2022 06:13 PM EDT
Minnesota Vikings head coach Kevin O'Connell directs his team in drills at the NFL football team's practice facility in Eagan, Minn., Tuesday, May 17, 2022. (AP Photo/Bruce Kluckhohn)
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — The new Minnesota Vikings regime kept much of the roster core intact this season, largely relying on a fresh environment and shift in strategy to yield a contending team.
For all the experience that exists on both sides of the ball, there has been a remarkable amount of re-learning taking place this spring during the rollout of the new schemes under first-time head coach Kevin O'Connell and his staff.
Quarterback Kirk Cousins has found an old-fashioned exercise particularly helpful in the head-spinning process of immersing himself in O'Connell's offense.
"It's been a lot of time on flash cards. Just trying to memorize plays and terms and formations and protections and just the rules around all those things so it becomes instinctual," Cousins said. "You feel like an eighth-grader studying for a quiz in school the next day, the way you go home each night and study, but that is really what it does take to come out here on the practice field and be able to just play instinctually."
Wes Phillips is the fifth offensive coordinator Cousins has had in five years with the Vikings, but in recent seasons the successive changes were more subtle as they all followed the overarching system designed by Gary Kubiak.
Now, even though Cousins had O'Connell as his quarterbacks coach in Washington in 2017, the learning curve is real. Wide receiver Adam Thielen, beginning his 10th year in the league, recently acknowledged as much despite the fun that comes from a fresh start.
"As you teach things, you want to make things learnable, you want to make things digestible for the guys, so if you do need to make a change or a tweak, it kind of revolves around a system and it's not just random things being thrown against the wall," said O'Connell, who spent the past two seasons as offensive coordinator of the Los Angeles Rams.
O'Connell worked there for Sean McVay, another one of Cousins' former offensive coordinators. That came in Washington from 2014-16.
"There's a lot that's changed because that's just the nature of keeping up with the times," Cousins said. "There's a lot that's new. There's foundational undertones that are similar, but I've just learned it all as if it's new and just have to learn it as the 2022 Vikings offense."
O'Connell said the offense has been "thriving" over the past few weeks since they've started formal on-field practices.
"I feel like they're super comfortable already, like they didn't install anything and they've been running these plays since last year," defensive tackle Dalvin Tomlinson said. "We're going to have some tough plays in training camp."
The defense has been in the thick of the studying process, too, potentially at a steeper rate for those players who had multiple years under head coach Mike Zimmer. His scheme was in place for eight seasons, and he called the plays the entire time. Now Ed Donatell is the defensive coordinator, with Mike Pettine in a key role as a senior defensive assistant.
While the surge of pass-first offenses and three-wide receiver formations has essentially made the three-cornerback nickel package the primary defense, the Vikings are nonetheless making the notable shift from a 4-3 base scheme to a 3-4 under Donatell with the two edge rushers in standup positions rather than three-point stances.
Za'Darius Smith is accustomed to this, having come from Green Bay where he played for Pettine, but it's mostly new for Danielle Hunter save for some occasional use under Zimmer.
The two-time Pro Bowl pick was quick to point out that the Vikings used a heavy dose of 3-4 looks against Arizona last season to better contain quarterback Kyler Murray. Hunter had three sacks that afternoon.
"That game was pretty fun. I feel a little bit more free, playing 3-4," Hunter said.
More AP NFL coverage: https://apnews.com/hub/MLB and https://twitter.com/AP_NFL


The Tsugami BW129Z Swiss Type Lathe slashes cycle time and produces complex parts quickly through its 3-path control system. This system coordinates the operations on front and rear spindles, enabling simultaneous and overlapping operations. Live tooling on the front and rear spindles add to this capability. Two independent gang type tool posts on independent slides further extend the ability of the BW129Z to make short work of complex parts.
The BW129Z Swiss Type Lathe uses its 3-path control system and dual independent gang slides to slash cycle time and produce complex parts quickly. Multiple driven tools on the main and sub spindle combined with front and rear sliding tool posts enable multiple simultaneous and/or overlapping Swiss turning operations.
Cycle time is dramatically reduced by simultaneous rough and finish OD turning (pinch or balanced turning). With our cross rotary tools on the same centerline, pinch milling or drilling is a time reducing function also available. The front and rear tool posts also allow you to have 3 tools in the cut to perform overlapping machining, independent back side machining, simultaneous end-milling and balanced turning.
The BW129Z's standard nine cutting axes (X1, Y1, Z1, X2, Y2, Z2, X3, Y3, and Z3) along with its B0 Series Abile Programming Software can make easy work of your toughest applications.
Tsugami BW series comes in a 12 mm or 20 mm, 9-Axis Split Slide Automatic Lathe.


I won't lie; the Forex Blog is admittedly Dollar-centric, in that developments in forex markets are usually assessed relative to their projected impact on the US Dollar. Sometimes, we forget that their are other currency pairs that move irrespective of the Dollar. Take the Australian Dollar and New Zealand Kiwi, for example. As both currencies are backed by high interest rates, they have benefited equally from the carry trade and as a result, they behave quite similarly. Combined with the fact that they are practically neighbors, it's easy to forget that there are unique circumstances that weigh separately on them.
New Zealand's dollar is likely to fall 8.7 percent to NZ$1.33 versus Australia's by year-end as the nation's economic slowdown accelerates, boosting prospects the RBNZ will lower borrowing costs…according to RBC Capital Markets.
When the credit crisis kicked off in 2007, many online forex traders and economic analysts quietly began to circulate the theory of "decoupling," which asserted the global economy was strong enough to weather a downturn in the US economy. In other words, it was expected that the credit crisis would be contained within the US, and the rest of the world would plod along, unaffected. This notion now appears to be completely without merit, except in a few isolated cases.
We are not witnessing a dollar rally so much as a collapse in European and commodity currencies. The race to the bottom has begun in earnest.
An End to the Oil-Dollar Spiral?
Over the last few years, the inverse relationship between the price of oil and the value of the US Dollar has been remarkable. As the Dollar has fallen to record lows, oil has risen to record highs. Now, with a massive Dollar rally underway, the price of oil has virtually collapsed. This relationship is understandable, since expensive oil contributes to the US trade deficit and crimps the economy, while the weaker Dollar, in turn, drives oil-producing countries to charge more in Dollar terms for their oil so that the price remains constant in absolute terms.
However, there are signs that this link may be coming to an end. Hedge funds, which are famous for spotting such trends and riding them to profitability, are winding down their long/short positions in currency and commodity prices because such strategies have evidently become unprofitable. Apparently, analysts and traders expect other fundamental factors to assume control over the price of oil and the Dollar. Namely, the still-unfolding credit crisis and the projected long-term supply/demand imbalance in energy markets will become more relevant. In short, don't expect a further drop in the price of oil to necessarily help the Dollar, and vice versa.
Commentary: Dollar Rally- Fact or Fiction?
Over the last month, the Dollar has rallied tremendously, rising over 7% against its main adversary, the Euro. The price of gold, which serves as an inverse proxy for investor confidence in the USD, has fallen dramatically. As a result, many analysts have proclaimed that the Dollar has (permanently) bottomed out, and are busying themselves preparing projections for how high the Dollar will rise. But is the Dollar rally sustainable?
In the short-term, I would argue the answer is yes. The bubbles in the various sectors of commodity markets seem to have partially deflated, with oil and certain food staples well below the record highs they touched earlier in the year. As a result, inflation may soon begin to abate, and return to a comfortable level as early as 2009. More importantly, the US economy was among the first to be affected by the credit and real estate crises. Some analysts have argued that the worst developments have already come to pass. The crisis has since spread to the global economy, with other countries sharing in some of the burden. The result is that the US economic and monetary cycle is probably ahead of most of its peers. Accordingly, by the time the full impact of the crisis is felt by the rest of the world, the US should firmly be on the path to recovery. As other Central Banks move to ease their respective monetary policies, the Fed should be in a position to hike rates, providing further support for the Dollar.
As a result of this belief, US capital markets have received a sudden inflow of capital. This trend has been further buoyed by the notion that the US is the safest place to invest in times of crisis is gaining traction among investors. If the credit crisis continues to spread, this notion will no doubt be reinforced.
The long-term picture is of course more nuanced. The US will hardly emerge from the current crisis unscathed, and the ultimate cost of the credit crisis could exceed $1 Trillion. In addition, the US is unlikely to be shamed into changing its nasty habit of spending more than it saves. Accordingly, the twin deficits, those permanent thorns in the side of the Dollar, will probably persist. In addition, recent history suggests that investors are slow to absorb the lesson that There is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. Despite the horrible collapse of the dot-com bubble, investors piled willy-nilly into the real estate market, with the result speaking for itself. Analysts are already speculating where the next bubble will occur; perhaps in alternative energy?
In conclusion, while the near-term prospects of the Dollar are surprisingly bright, the long-term prognosis is less so. There is no indication that the structural weaknesses in the US economy that led to the credit crisis and the multi-year decline in the USD that preceded it, will abate following its resolution. The future is inherently unpredictable, but I would expect the Dollar to continue declining once the global economy is back on track, perhaps in 2010.
Traders added to bets that the Fed will increase borrowing costs by the end of the year, futures prices show. Odds of at least a quarter point boost in the main rate by the end of December rose to 32 percent from 18 percent yesterday.
Forex Capital Markets (FXCM) recently unveiled a new offering aimed specifically at retail forex traders interested in trading small lots of forex. The new type of account is appropriately termed "FXCM Micro," and can be funded with as little as $25. It will feature extremely tight spreads- as little as .015%- and automatic execution. By its own admission, FXCM is only able to offer such a competitive product because it maintains extremely low overhead and support costs. The product is quickly gaining notoriety, and 15,000 accounts have already been opened. Those wishing to dip their feet into the pool of forex without wetting their entire bodies should take note.
[Futures contracts] suggest the yuan will reach 6.6060 per dollar in the next 12 months, an advance of 3.8 percent from the current exchange rate. Two weeks ago the contracts, predicted an advance of 5.3 percent. At the start of last month, they priced in a 6 percent rise.
[One analyst] said a recovery in global commodity prices could give the currency a much-needed bounce over the next few months. Citigroup has also forecast that the global markets have turned "too bearish" on commodity prices.
The USD is officially trending upwards, having appreciated over 7% against the Euro in only a few weeks. Of course, hindsight is 20/20, and some analysts now claim that support for the Dollar had been building for several months. They point out that the first break for the Greenback came in March when the Fed stopped lowering interest rates. Then, at a meeting of the G8 nations, several high-ranking officials indicated that they were unhappy with the recent decline of the Dollar and suggested that coordinated intervention should be effected in order to prevent a further collapse of confidence. While this "verbal intervention" was ultimately not backed by any kind of substantive action, investors apparently took the hint.
It seems that that the big money had committed to a long Dollar, and was waiting for the economic slowdown to spread to the Euro Zone. Once the Euro Zone began to experience a slowdown, it just became a matter of time before the short positions that had been built for several months would pay off.
"We see EMEA (European, Middle Eastern and African) central banks as reaching the end of their (monetary) tightening cycles, whereas there is still more to go from Latin America," wrote Barclays Capital.
Whether we come out of this first remains to be seen. But some grim economic data from Europe and Japan in recent weeks at least confirm that the slowdown has gone global. In that sense, the U.S. is the devil you know.
The loonie will slide to C$1.05 by the end of December, and to C$1.09 by the start of 2010, according to the median estimate of 31 strategists surveyed by Bloomberg.
Read More: Loonie Loses Currency Wings as Canada Hurt by U.S.
NEW RULES: China operates "a managed float exchange rate system based on supply and demand".
OLD RULES: China has "a single exchange rate system" with the central bank announcing the yuan's value against major currencies on a daily basis.
The parallels between the Australian Dollar and the Canadian Dollar are remarkable! Both currencies are backed by economies highly dependent on natural resources. Both countries' Central Banks are considering rate cuts in response to slowing growth. Finally, both currencies have slipped well below parity with the US Dollar. Unlike the Canadian Loonie, the AUD had never quite breached the mythical 1:1 level with the USD. Furthermore, given the deteriorating economic picture in Australia, parity is off the table for a long time.
Investors have increased bets the central bank will cut borrowing costs. [It] will lower the benchmark rate by 91 basis points, or 0.91 percentage point, in the next 12 months, showed [one index].
The Canadian dollar has been stuck in a tight range since the end of last November. If the Canadian currency eventually closes below the low end of that range, it would be considered a sign of U.S. dollar bullishness and likely open the door to further losses.
Last week, the Forex Blog covered an IMF report that claimed the period of Dollar hegemony is nowhere near finished. This view appears to be widely held, and an American economist argued in a recent op-ed piece that the Euro still trails the Dollar in terms of global prominence. Certainly, he acknowledged the collapse in confidence that has sent the Dollar spiraling downward over the last few years. Central Banks are holding an ever-increasing portion of their reserves in alternative currencies, namely Euros. Many new bond and stock issues are denominated in Euros. But ultimately, the Dollar is still Numero Uno.
However, the potential exists for the Euro can one day catch up the Dollar, such that the world's financial system would rest on two equal pillars. The key, argues the aforementioned economist, lies in better governance. The European Monetary Union lacks coherent leadership, preventing it from projecting power outside the EU and increasing the role of the Euro in the global economy. In addition, the process by which EU economic and monetary policy is determined lacks transparency. The current structure encourages members to act selfishly, and there is tremendous disagreement and controversy surrounding even minute issues. Until this system is reformed, the Euro cannot seriously hope to compete with the Dollar.
Economist John Robertson agreed the zeros will soon be back on notes without a concerted effort to tackle the root causes of hyperinflation. Journalist Jonah Nyoni commented that what needs to be removed is not the zeroes from the currency but the leadership of the country.
"We look at the dollar as a brand and any change from Bush will help benefit the dollar."


text:
// -*- C++ -*-

//=============================================================================
/**
 *  @file    Atomic_Op_T.h
 *
 *  $Id: Atomic_Op_T.h 92353 2010-10-25 06:34:35Z johnnyw $
 *
 *  @author Douglas C. Schmidt <schmidt@uci.edu>
 */
//=============================================================================

#ifndef ACE_ATOMIC_OP_T_H
#define ACE_ATOMIC_OP_T_H
#include /**/ "ace/pre.h"

#include /**/ "ace/config-all.h"

#if !defined (ACE_LACKS_PRAGMA_ONCE)
# pragma once
#endif /* ACE_LACKS_PRAGMA_ONCE */

ACE_BEGIN_VERSIONED_NAMESPACE_DECL

template<typename TYPE>
struct ACE_Type_Traits
{
  typedef TYPE const & parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<bool>
{
  typedef bool parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<char>
{
  typedef char parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<signed char>
{
  typedef signed char parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<unsigned char>
{
  typedef unsigned char parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<short>
{
  typedef short parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<unsigned short>
{
  typedef unsigned short parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<int>
{
  typedef int parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<unsigned int>
{
  typedef unsigned int parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<long>
{
  typedef long parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<unsigned long>
{
  typedef unsigned long parameter_type;
};

#ifndef ACE_LACKS_LONGLONG_T
template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<long long>
{
  typedef long long parameter_type;
};
#endif  /* !ACE_LACKS_LONGLONG_T */

#if !defined (ACE_LACKS_LONGLONG_T) \
  && !defined (ACE_LACKS_UNSIGNEDLONGLONG_T)
template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<unsigned long long>
{
  typedef unsigned long long parameter_type;
};
#endif  /* !ACE_LACKS_LONGLONG_T && !ACE_LACKS_UNSIGNEDLONGLONG_T */

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<float>
{
  typedef float parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<double>
{
  typedef double parameter_type;
};

template<>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<long double>
{
  typedef long double parameter_type;
};

template<typename TYPE>
struct ACE_Type_Traits<TYPE*>
{
  typedef TYPE* parameter_type;
};

/**
 * @class ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex
 *
 * @brief Transparently parameterizes synchronization into basic
 * arithmetic operations.
 *
 * This class is described in an article in the July/August 1994
 * issue of the C++ Report magazine.  It implements a
 * templatized version of the Decorator pattern from the GoF book.
 *
 * ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex objects must be constructed with a reference
 * to an existing lock. A single lock can be shared between
 * multiple ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex objects. If you do not require this
 * ability consider using the ACE_Atomic_Op class instead, which
 * may be able to take advantage of platform-specific
 * optimisations to provide atomic operations without requiring a
 * lock.
 */
template <class ACE_LOCK, typename TYPE>
class ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex
{
public:

  typedef typename ACE_Type_Traits<TYPE>::parameter_type arg_type;

  // = Initialization methods.

  /// Initialize @c value_ to 0.
  ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex (ACE_LOCK & mtx);

  /// Initialize @c value_ to c.
  ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex (ACE_LOCK & mtx, arg_type c);

  // = Accessors.

  /// Atomically pre-increment @c value_.
  TYPE operator++ (void);

  /// Atomically post-increment @c value_.
  TYPE operator++ (int);

  /// Atomically increment @c value_ by rhs.
  TYPE operator+= (arg_type rhs);

  /// Atomically pre-decrement @c value_.
  TYPE operator-- (void);

  /// Atomically post-decrement @c value_.
  TYPE operator-- (int);

  /// Atomically decrement @c value_ by rhs.
  TYPE operator-= (arg_type rhs);

  /// Atomically compare @c value_ with rhs.
  bool operator== (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically compare @c value_ with rhs.
  bool operator!= (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ greater than or equal to rhs.
  bool operator>= (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ greater than rhs.
  bool operator> (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ less than or equal to rhs.
  bool operator<= (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ less than rhs.
  bool operator< (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically assign rhs to @c value_.
  ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> &operator= (arg_type rhs);

  /// Atomically assign <rhs> to @c value_.
  ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> &operator= (
    ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> const & rhs);

  /// Explicitly return @c value_.
  TYPE value (void) const;

  /// Dump the state of an object.
  void dump (void) const;

  // ACE_ALLOC_HOOK_DECLARE;
  // Declare the dynamic allocation hooks.

  /// Manage copying...
  ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex (ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> const &);

  /**
   * Returns a reference to the underlying ACE_LOCK.  This makes it
   * possible to acquire the lock explicitly, which can be useful in
   * some cases if you instantiate the ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex with an
   * ACE_Recursive_Mutex or ACE_Process_Mutex.
   *
   * @note The right name would be lock_, but HP/C++ will choke on that!
   */
  ACE_LOCK & mutex (void);

  /**
   * Explicitly return @c value_ (by reference).  This gives the user
   * full, unrestricted access to the underlying value.  This method
   * will usually be used in conjunction with explicit access to the
   * lock.  Use with care ;-)
   */
  TYPE & value_i (void);

private:
  /// Type of synchronization mechanism.
  ACE_LOCK & mutex_;

  /// Current object decorated by the atomic op.
  TYPE value_;
};

/**
 * @class ACE_Atomic_Op
 *
 * @brief Transparently parameterizes synchronization into basic
 * arithmetic operations.
 *
 * This class is described in an article in the July/August 1994
 * issue of the C++ Report magazine.  It implements a
 * templatized version of the Decorator pattern from the GoF book.
 *
 * Certain platforms may provide a template specialization for
 * ACE_Atomic_Op <ACE_Thread_Mutex, long> that provides optimized
 * atomic integer operations without actually requiring a mutex.
 */
template <class ACE_LOCK, typename TYPE>
class ACE_Atomic_Op
{
public:

  typedef typename ACE_Type_Traits<TYPE>::parameter_type arg_type;

  /// Initialize @c value_ to 0.
  ACE_Atomic_Op (void);

  /// Initialize @c value_ to c.
  ACE_Atomic_Op (arg_type c);

  /// Manage copying...
  ACE_Atomic_Op (ACE_Atomic_Op<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> const & c);

  /// Atomically assign @a rhs to @c value_.
  ACE_Atomic_Op<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> & operator= (arg_type rhs);

  /// Atomically assign @a rhs to @c value_.
  ACE_Atomic_Op<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> & operator= (
    ACE_Atomic_Op<ACE_LOCK, TYPE> const & rhs);

  /// Atomically pre-increment @c value_.
  TYPE operator++ (void);

  /// Atomically post-increment @c value_.
  TYPE operator++ (int);

  /// Atomically increment @c value_ by rhs.
  TYPE operator+= (arg_type rhs);

  /// Atomically pre-decrement @c value_.
  TYPE operator-- (void);

  /// Atomically post-decrement @c value_.
  TYPE operator-- (int);

  /// Atomically decrement @c value_ by @a rhs.
  TYPE operator-= (arg_type rhs);

  /// Atomically compare @c value_ with @a rhs.
  bool operator== (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically compare @c value_ with @a rhs.
  bool operator!= (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ greater than or equal to @a rhs.
  bool operator>= (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ greater than @a rhs.
  bool operator> (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ less than or equal to @a rhs.
  bool operator<= (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Atomically check if @c value_ less than @a rhs.
  bool operator< (arg_type rhs) const;

  /// Explicitly return @c value_.
  TYPE value (void) const;

  /// Dump the state of an object.
  void dump (void) const;

  /**
   * Explicitly return @c value_ (by reference).  This gives the user
   * full, unrestricted access to the underlying value.  This method
   * will usually be used in conjunction with explicit access to the
   * lock.  Use with care ;-)
   */
  TYPE & value_i (void);

private:
  /// Type of synchronization mechanism.
  ACE_LOCK own_mutex_;

  /// Underlying atomic op implementation.
  ACE_Atomic_Op_Ex <ACE_LOCK, TYPE> impl_;
};

ACE_END_VERSIONED_NAMESPACE_DECL

#if defined (__ACE_INLINE__)
#include "ace/Atomic_Op_T.inl"
#endif /* __ACE_INLINE__ */

#if defined (ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_SOURCE)
#include "ace/Atomic_Op_T.cpp"
#endif /* ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_SOURCE */

#if defined (ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_PRAGMA)
#pragma implementation ("Atomic_Op_T.cpp")
#endif /* ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_PRAGMA */

#include /**/ "ace/post.h"
#endif /*ACE_ATOMIC_OP_T_H*/


COCHIN, KERALA: The passage of Women's Reservation Bill in Parliament will be Congress's top priority if it comes to power in the general election, Congress President Rahul Gandhi said today.
"The first thing we will do when we win the 2019 election is to pass the Women's Reservation Bill in the Parliament," Mr Gandhi said as he addressed booth workers in Kerala's Cochin.
The Congress President also said more women representatives will be appointed at all levels in the party. "We want to see more women in the position of leadership," Mr Gandhi said.


text:
A síntese das proteínas é o processo por meio do qual as células biológicas geram novas proteínas; é um fenómeno rápido e muito complexo que ocorre em quase todos os organismos, e  que se desenvolve no interior das células. Este processo tem três fases: transcrição, Ativação e a tradução.

Transcrição
Ocorre no interior do núcleo das células e consiste na síntese de uma molécula de RNA m (RNA Mensageiro) a partir da leitura da informação contida no gene de uma molécula de DNA. Este processo inicia-se pela ligação de um complexo enzimático à molécula de DNA, o RNA-polimerase. A enzima helicase desfaz a dupla hélice, destruindo as ligações de hidrogênio que ligam as bases complementares das duas cadeias, afastando-as. O RNA-polimerase, inicia a síntese de uma molécula de RNA m de acordo com a complementaridade das bases nitrogenadas. Nesse processo, as bases pareiam-se: a adenina do DNA se liga à uracila do RNA m, a timina do DNA com a adenina do RNA m, a citosina do DNA com a guanina do RNA m, e assim sucessivamente, havendo a intervenção da enzima RNA-polimerase. Quando a leitura termina, a molécula RNA m separa-se da cadeia do DNA, esta restabelece as ligações de hidrogênio e a dupla hélice é reconstituída.

Nem todas as sequências da molécula do DNA codificam aminoácidos. O RNA sintetizado sofre um processamento ou maturação antes de abandonar o núcleo. Algumas porções do RNA transcrito, "íntrons", vão ser removidas e as porções não removidas, "éxons", ligam-se entre si, formando assim um mRNA maturado. O RNA que sofre este processo de exclusão de porções é designado do RNA pré-mensageiro. No final do processo, o mRNA é constituído apenas pelas sequências que codificam os aminoácidos de uma proteína, podendo assim migrar para o citoplasma, onde vai ocorrer a tradução da mensagem, isto é, a síntese de proteínas.

Ativação de aminoácidos
Nessa etapa, atua o RNA transportador (RNAt), que leva os aminoácidos dispersos no citoplasma até os ribossomos. Numa das regiões do RNAt está o anticódon, uma sequência de 3 bases complementares ao códon de RNAm. A ativação dos aminoácidos é dada por enzimas específicas que se unem ao RNA transportador, formando o complexo aa-RNAt, dando origem ao anticódon (um trio de bases nitrogenadas complementar a um códon do RNAm). Para que esse processo aconteça é preciso haver energia, que é sim fornecida pelo ATP.

Tradução
Ocorre no citoplasma e é a segunda parte da síntese proteica. Nessa fase a mensagem contida no RNAm é decodificada no ribossomo.

Participa do processo.
 mRNA ou RNA mensageiro, que vem do interior do núcleo;
 Os ribossomos;
 O RNAt ou RNA ribossomal (ou ainda RNA transportador);
 Enzimas (responsáveis pelo controle das reações de síntese);
 E o ATP, é o que fornece energia necessária para o processo.

Nas moléculas de RNAt apresentam-se cadeias de 75 a 80 ribonucleotídeos que funcionam como intérpretes da linguagem do mRNA e da linguagem das proteínas.

Toda molécula de mRNA possui
 um Códon de iniciaçao, que é sempre o mesmo (AUG), correspondente ao aminoácido metionina;
 vários códons que determinam a sequência dos aminoácidos no polipeptídeo;
 um códon de terminaçao, que marca o final daquela cadeia polipeptídica, podendo ser UAG, UAA, ou UGA; só há um deles na molécula de mRNA.

O processo da tradução encerra com três etapas: iniciação, alongamento e finalização.

Iniciação
A subunidade menor do ribossoma liga-se à extremidade 5' do mRNA, esta, desliza ao longo da molécula do mRNA até encontrar o codão de iniciação (AUG), transportando o tRNA ligado a um aminoácido, ligando-se ao códon de iniciação por complementaridade. A subunidade maior liga-se à subunidade menor do ribossoma. O processo de tradução começa pelo aminoácido de metionina AUG.

Alongamento
Um 2º tRNA transporta um aminoácido específico de acordo com o códon. Estabelece-se uma ligação peptídica entre o aminoácido recém-chegado e a metionina. O ribossoma avança três bases ao longo do mRNA no sentido 5' → 3'. Este passo é mediado pelo fator de elongação EF-G. Assim, há a liberação do RNAt presente no sítio P e que não se encontra mais carregado. Posteriormente, há a transferência do RNAt contendo a cadeia polipeptídica em formação do sítio A para o P.

Finalização
O ribossomo encontra o códão de finalização - UAA, UAG ou UGA terminando assim o alongamento. Quando último tRNA abandona o ribossoma, as subunidades do ribossoma separam-se, podendo ser recicladas e por fim, a proteína é libertada.

Ver também
 Síntese de peptídeos

Ligações externas
 E-escola
 Biologia - Sônia Lopes (Editora Saraiva)

Expressão genética
Proteínas
Síntese química

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
RISK / DATA / MSG / LABEL LIES / VIDEOS / ABOUT US / DONATE / CONTACT / BLOG / PETITION
What is Monosodium Glutamate?
What is MfG?
Excitotoxins
How is MSG Made?
Manufactured vs Natural Glutamic Acid
Where is MfG Hidden?
Ingredient Names Used to Hide MfG
E-Numbers
MfG in Agriculture
MfG in Cosmetics, Supplements and Drugs
Understanding MfG
Recognizing Adverse Reactions
Recipe-less Cookbook
Truth in Labeling Campaign> MSG> Excitotoxins
Before 1969, the world knew nothing of excitotoxins because no one had noticed them. But in 1969 all that changed, and the existence of toxic amino acids became the best-guarded secret of the food and drug industries.
Today excitotoxins remain largely ignored or unknown because the rich and powerful food and pharmaceutical industries want it that way. Because a great deal of food industry profit depends on substituting cheap excitotoxins for real food. And a great deal of pharmaceutical industry profit depends on selling pharmaceuticals to "cure" the disease and disability caused by food-based excitotoxins.
What are excitotoxins?
Excitotoxins are amino acids with particular characteristics. (Not all amino acids are excitotoxins.) The ones in which we are immediately interested are glutamic acid (glutamate) and aspartic acid (aspartate), amino acids commonly added to processed food.
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Amino acids are what proteins are made of.
Some amino acids function as neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters carry nerve impulses from one nerve to another and to non-nerve cells. They are the brain chemicals that move information from one cell to another.
Neurotransmitters are either excitatory or inhibitory. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid are excitatory neurotransmitters -- exciting the cells with which they communicate. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Under certain circumstances, an excitatory neurotransmitter, or group of excitatory neurotransmitters, will fire repeatedly, over-stimulating their receptor cells until their receptor cells die. The neurotransmitter that over-stimulates its receptor cells is referred to as an excitotoxic neurotransmitter, and the resulting condition is referred to as excitotoxicity. Neurotransmitters are called excitotoxic when they over-stimulate their receptor cells to the point of killing them.
Excessive glutamic acid and aspartic acid can over-stimulate the brain and lead to excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity has been implicated in certain chronic diseases including ischemic stroke, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, and Parkinson's disease.
The term "excitotoxin" was coined in 1969 by Dr. John Olney after he observed that glutamic acid fed to laboratory animals killed brain cells and subsequently caused gross obesity. As an excitotoxin, glutamic acid over-stimulates brain cells and cells outside of the central nervous system to the point of killing them.
Glutamic acid excitotoxicity is the process that underlies the damage done by monosodium glutamate and the other ingredients that contain processed free glutamic acid (MSG).
Dictionary definitions of the term "excitotoxins" don't necessarily give you the whole picture, but here are a few taken from the Internet -- accessed 8/16/2016:
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition Copyright © 2013 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company:
An ex·ci·to·tox·in is 'Any of a group of neurologically active compounds, including glutamate and aspartame, that in high concentrations have detrimental excitatory effects on the central nervous system and may cause injury to nerve cells.'
Real Food whole Health:
"An excitotoxin is a chemical that causes a brain cell to become overexcited and fire uncontrollably, leading to cell death. MSG (and other excitotoxins like asparatame) has the potential for inflicting permanent damage to the brain and nervous system. These chemicals also cross the pacental barrier, harming the brains of unborn children."
Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012:
excitotoxicity (ek-sī'tō-tok-sis'i-tē), "Neuronal death resulting from increased intracellular glutamate; neuronal ischemia leads to ATP loss and depolarization, with glutamate release from synapses, and subsequent overstimulation leading to sodium and calcium ion gate porosity."
McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.:
excitotoxicity Neurology "Neuronal injury caused by excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters–glutamate and aspartate causing damage to nerve and glial cells, which occurs in diverse neurologic diseases that may be acute–eg hypoglycemia, seizures, stroke, or trauma or chronic neurodegenerative disease–eg AIDS-dementia complex, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and possibly Alzheimer's disease"
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc.:
excitotoxicity "exaggerated and continuous stimulation by a neurotransmitter, especially in those neuronal systems which use glutamate as the transmitter."
According to Dr. Edward Group, the 6 most dangerous excitotoxins are:
1. MSG (Monosodium Glutamate)
[Editor's note. From the text below you will observe that Dr. Group is talking about processed free dietary glutamate regardless of the ingredient in which it is found – not just monosodium glutamate.]
This salt form of glutamate, or glutamic acid, has been known to trigger headaches for decades. Glutamate easily crosses the blood-brain barrier, stimulating cell receptors that triggers cell death [1]. While the body naturally produces glutamate when needed to trigger cell termination, flooding the body with dietary glutamate can seriously disrupt normal cellular function, especially in the brain. Avoid foods with MSG, but don't think food is MSG-free just because you don't see the words "monosodium glutamate" in the ingredients list [2]. MSG will also be found in ingredients with the names:
Natural flavor(s)
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein
Autolyzed protein
Textured Protein
Carrageenan
Anything with glutamate
2. Aspartate
Aspartate, or aspartic acid, acts very similarly to glutamate [3]. This non-essential amino acid triggers NMDA receptors in cells, another of the cellular receptors used to initiate cell death. Most humans receive aspartate through consuming aspartame, an artificial sweetener often hidden in many processed foods. It has been linked with serious neurological effects such as headaches, sleep disorders, and seizures [4].
3. Domoic Acid
Another non-essential amino acid, domoic acid occurs naturally in shellfish. Excessive overconsumption has shown to lead to the development of epilepsy, especially in the elderly. [5]. If you're a seafood eater, pick wild-caught varieties of fish like salmon, trout, and tuna. This way you are receiving your omega-3 fatty acids without the excitotoxins and pollutants common in shellfish and farm-raised seafood.
4. L-BOAA
Also known as ODAP, this protein is another excitotoxin that behaves in similar fashion as glutamate. It naturally occurs in the grass pea and similar plant species. Overexposure to grass pea and L-BOAA leads to neurolathyrism, a disorder that affects motor skills and movement and can lead to paralysis [6].
5. Cysteine
Industrially created by hydrolysis of human hair and poultry feathers, this excitotoxin is important for artificial flavor creation. It reacts with sugars in a process known as the Maillardreaction, resulting in meaty and savory flavors. High cysteine levels are associated with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease [7].
6. Casein
This protein compound occurs in cheese at naturally high levels. 20% of casein is glutamic acid which makes for a tasty treat; however, it also increases glutamate overload. Casein is often used by food producers to improve flavor, although it is also frequently used to increase protein levels in fitness products.
1 Olney JW. Excitotoxins in foods. Neurotoxicology. 1994 Fall;15(3):535-44.
2 Scopp AL. MSG and hydrolyzed vegetable protein induced headache: review and case studies. Headache. 1991 Feb;31(2):107-10.
3 Chen PE, Geballe MT, Stansfeld PJ, Johnston AR, Yuan H, Jacob AL, Snyder JP, Traynelis SF, Wyllie DJ. Structural features of the glutamate binding site in recombinant NR1/NR2A N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors determined by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 May;67(5):1470-84.
4 Humphries P, Pretorius E, Naud H. Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;62(4):451-62.
5 Andermann F, Carpenter S, Zatorre RJ, Cashman NR. Temporal lobe epilepsy caused by domoic acid intoxication: evidence for glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in humans. Ann Neurol. 1995 Jan;37(1):123-6.
6 Knig G, Hartmann J, Krause F, Deckert J, Heinsen H, Ransmayr G, Beckmann H, Riederer P. Regional differences in the interaction of the excitotoxins domoate and L-beta-oxalyl-amino-alanine with [3H]kainate binding sites in human hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 1995 Mar 3;187(2):107-10.
7 Parsons RB, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Williams AC. In vitro effect of the cysteine metabolites homocysteic acid, homocysteine and cysteic acid upon human neuronal cell lines. Neurotoxicology. 1998 Aug-Oct;19(4-5):599-603.
8 Global Healing Center, The 6 Most Dangerous Excitotoxins, Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM (accessed 8/20/2016)
The excitotoxic components of processed free glutamic acid (MSG) are very special agents -- because they are often purposely added to food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and dietary supplements for the sole purpose of lining the pockets of those who manufacture and sell them.
We know very little about the excitotoxic amino acids. Amino acids are chemicals found in nature. We know that. But arsenic, hydrochloric acid, and viruses are also found in nature, and we're not forced to eat them or wash our hair with them.
We know very little about the actions of excitotoxins. However, we have learned that glutamic acid (glutamate) loads on (triggers) glutamate receptors both in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissue (heart, lungs, and intestines, for example). When loading on (stimulating) a glutamate receptor, they may simply stimulate that receptor and then fade, so to speak; they may damage that receptor; or they may stimulate that receptor repeatedly (over-excite that receptor) until it dies.
There's another possibility. It is known that there are a great many glutamate receptors in the brain. It is possible that if a few are damaged or wiped out following ingestion of MSG, their loss may not be noticed -- because there are so many undamaged glutamate receptors remaining. It is also possible that individuals differ in the numbers of glutamate receptors that they have; that people with more glutamate receptors to begin with are less likely to demonstrate brain damage following ingestion of MSG because even after some glutamate receptors are killed or damaged, there are still sufficient undamaged glutamate receptors to carry out normal functions.
Saying it another way, people with fewer receptors to begin with might be more likely to demonstrate brain damage following ingestion of MSG because they have fewer glutamate receptors remaining after MSG insult than individuals who had more glutamate receptors to begin with. That might account for some people being more sensitive to MSG than others.
Less is known about glutamate receptors outside of the brain – in the heart, stomach, and lungs, for example. But in each location there would be fewer glutamate receptors than found in the brain; and for some individuals, there might be so few receptors to begin with, that ingestion of even small amounts of MSG might trigger asthma, atrial fibrillation, or irritable bowel, for example; while indivuals with more glutamate receptors to begin with, would not notice the loss of a relatively few receptors.
Short-term effects of excitotoxic glutamate (effects like asthma and migraine headache) have long been obvious -- obvious to all those who are not directly or indirectly beholden to the financial incentives offered by the glutamate industry and their friends. Researchers have only recently begun to correlate the adverse effects of glutamate ingestion with endocrine disturbances such as reproductive disorders and gross obesity, with some psychological disorders, and with neurodegenerative disease. And a few have begun to realize the importance of glutamic acid's access to the human body through the mouth, through the nose, and through the skin.
There are 3 excitotoxic amino acids used in quantity in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and dietary supplements:
Glutamic acid (found in flavor enhancers, infant formula, enteral care products, protein powders, processed foods, anything that is hydrolyzed, and some pesticides/fertilizers),
Aspartic acid (found in low-calorie sweeteners, aspartame and aliases, infant formula, protein powders, anything that is hydrolyzed), and
L-cysteine (found in dough conditioners)
The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth about MSG and manufactured free glutamate


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06:47 PM- sons of mystro / more bills [reggae strings vol. 1] on the upstairs music label.
06:44 PM- hollie cook / survive [vessel of love] on the merge records label.
06:41 PM- konshens / bad girl [reggae gold 2013 (v/a)] on the vp records label.
06:35 PM- o'yaba / armageddon [one foundation] on the shanachie entertainment label.
06:31 PM- chassy wezar / morgenrot [king size dub - reggae germany 3 (v/a)] echo beach label.
06:15 PM- michael franti & spearhead / i know i'm not alone [yell fire!] on the anti- label.
06:08 PM- ernest ranglin / rock it with me [gotcha!] on the telarc label.
05:59 PM- vybz kartel & shenseea / secret [strictly the best 59 (v/a)] on the vp records label.
05:52 PM- maka ron ft. jarex / secret selector dub [roots of dub funk 5 (v/a)] the tanty label.
05:48 PM- cultura profetica / zimbabwe [tributo a bob marley (v/a)] on the delanuca label.
05:45 PM- jahmiel / u me luv [reggae gold 2018 (v/a)] on the vp records label.
05:41 PM- macka b / road rage [suspicious] on the ras records label.
05:35 PM- dub syndicate / short sharp treatment [classic selection vol. 1] the on-u sound label.
05:32 PM- audiopharmacy / never follow [u forgot about us] audiopharmacy prescriptions label.
05:28 PM- peter tosh / maga dog [mama africa] on the emi records label.
05:24 PM- t.o.k. / mona lisa [my crew, my dawgs] on the vp records label.
05:14 PM- j.c. lodge / telephone love [12" rulers: gussie clarke (v/a)] on the greensleeves label.
05:10 PM- rio / 7 pm telephone [king size dub 10 (v/a)] on the echo beach label.
05:01 PM- digitaldubs / dub echoes theme [#1] on the reachout international label.


Alan Tansman, professor of Japanese at the University of California, Berkeley's Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures (EALC), has been appointed director of the campus's Doreen B. Townsend Center for the Humanities.
Tansman will take over Townsend Center leadership from acting director and associate professor of English Celeste Langan, starting in July.
Founded in 1987, the Townsend Center promotes an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship, innovation in research, and intellectual conversation in the humanities and related disciplines.
The center provides fellowships and grants to support research and scholarship for undergraduates, graduate students and professors, and each year hosts the Avenali and Una's endowed lectures. It also supports more than 60 interdisciplinary working groups in fields ranging from hip-hop studies to ancient philosophy and human rights.
Tansman has published on such topics as Japanese literature, aesthetics and fascism, cultural criticism, popular culture, film, area studies, and Japanese and Jewish responses to atrocity. He has also translated Japanese fiction and criticism.
Tansman, who helped establish the human rights minor on campus, has served as chair of EALC and director of the Center for Japanese Studies. He also is on the editorial board for the journal Representations.


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text:
Q: TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for %: 'NoneType' and 'int' | Python 3 Currently I am working on a decimal to octal number converter.
However, I sometimes get this error caused by line 28:
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for %: 'NoneType' and 'int'

It seems to happen randomly, sometimes it does it with a number which in a next run of the code just gets converted.
The code is listed below:
decimaal = 0

# Laat de gebruiker een waarde in typen
def user_input():
    getal = int(input('Geef het getal: '))
    if getal < 10000:
        return getal
    else:
        print('Het getal moet kleiner zijn dan 10.000!')
        user_input()

# functie om getal in het decimaal- naar octaal-stelsel om te zetten
def decimaal_octaal_converter(decimaal):
    resultaat = []
    quotient = decimaal
    rest = 0

    # Maakt een lijst met het octale resultaat
    while quotient != 0:
        """
        Soms geeft lijn 28 de volgende error:
        TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for %: 'NoneType' and 'int'
        Maar waarom?
        """
        rest = quotient % 8
        quotient //= 8
        resultaat.append(rest)

    # Lijst moet omgedraaid worden
    resultaat.reverse()
    octaal = ''

    # De lijst naar een string omzetten zodat de gebruiker het kan lezen
    for i in range(len(resultaat)):
        octaal += str(resultaat[i])

    return print('Het getal %s in octaal is %s' % (decimaal, octaal))

# De hoofd functie voor het omzetten van decimaal naar octaal
def converter():
    decimaal_octaal_converter(user_input())

converter()

This is for a project, hence the <10.000 part and dutch comment's
This problem occurs when i first try to convert '10000' and then '9999'

A: user_input() returns None if you at first enter a number equal to or greater than 10000, because the recursive call result is ignored. And when user_input() returns None then quotient ends up being set to None and you get your error.
Add a return:
def user_input():
    getal = int(input('Geef het getal: '))
    if getal < 10000:
        return getal
    else:
        print('Het getal moet kleiner zijn dan 10.000!')
        return user_input()

Better still, don't use recursion. All you need is an infinite loop:
def user_input():
    while True:
        getal = int(input('Geef het getal: '))
        if getal < 10000:
            return getal
        else:
            print('Het getal moet kleiner zijn dan 10.000!')

See Asking the user for input until they give a valid response for more details.