text:
Only one pick-six
Hitting home runs in the draft gets expensive
Mike Spofford
packers.com senior writer
Above: Packers QB Aaron Rodgers tackles Bears LB Brian Urlacher on an INT return in the 2010 NFC Championship Game. Below: Back in 2009 at Tampa Bay, Rodgers threw the only pick-six of his pro career.
The regular writer of "Ask Vic," packers.com Editor Vic Ketchman, is taking some time off. Staff Writer Mike Spofford is temporarily filling in to answer your "Ask Vic" questions.
Dan from Monticello, MN
Matthews is now the highest-paid linebacker in the league. What a burden it must be for Thompson to pay big money to players because he hit home runs in the draft. How will the franchise survive with this wild and crazy management? Someone really needs to invent the sarcasm font.
Jon from Ripon, WI
Hey Mike, I was wondering your opinion on the contract the Packers gave Clay Matthews and the eventual contract they will give to Rodgers. Do you think we are overpaying them? I personally don't think we are, but some people claim we are giving are future away for a few players. What's your take?
Star players are the difference-makers in the NFL. That's been long-established. They need to be paid what they're worth, or they will play for someone else (and against you). I wouldn't want to see true superstars go elsewhere. How do you think the Eagles felt watching Reggie White win a Super Bowl in Green Bay? As for giving the future away for a few players, it's on the personnel and coaching staffs to draft and develop players around the superstars to avoid any true weak links. It probably puts more pressure on the draft-and-develop way, because that's how you build the rest of the roster with less money, but that's this team's MO anyway. If paying Matthews and Rodgers super-elite money adds to the challenge, I think this team is ready for that challenge.
Jani from Helsinki, Finland
Good job, Mike, holding the fort in Vic's absence. I've got a riddle for you and the fans: What do B.J. Raji, Ryan Pickett, Jermichael Finley, Clay Matthews, James Jones, Sam Shields, Morgan Burnett, Marshall Newhouse, Evan Dietrich-Smith, M.D. Jennings, John Kuhn, Mike Neal, C.J. Wilson, James Starks and Andrew Quarless all have in common? Answer: All will be free agents after this season. My question is, with a flattish cap, should we be concerned about the long-term continuity of the core of the team? Or can most of them realistically be re-signed?
Thanks, Jani. I think most of them can realistically be re-signed, and Matthews' contract is of course done. (Here's a link to yesterday's coverage.) But it's fruitless to project now, before the draft and next season play out, who might or might not be back. As Vic likes to say, it's a game of replacement, and depending on what happens next week and next season, I guarantee some on your list will be candidates to be replaced.
Tony from Colorado Springs, CO
I have gone through all of the box scores from games played by Aaron Rodgers, and in his career, he has thrown one pick-six (Tampa Bay, 2009). For everyone commenting about Rodgers taking too many sacks, I think this stat speaks volumes about the decision-making ability possessed by Rodgers and shouldn't be questioned by people watching on TV. What say you?
Not realizing that until I read your stat (which I have verified is accurate), I think it goes to show how that trait can be taken for granted. It also adds a nice nugget to the discussion of the Urlacher and New Orleans tackles from earlier this week. Since Rodgers became the starter in 2008, the Packers are tied for the fewest pick-sixes allowed in the league, with just two (Matt Flynn had one at New England in 2010). To no one's surprise, the other team with only two over the last five seasons is the Patriots.
Scott from Lincoln City, OR
Hi Mike. The 1996 Super Bowl team consisted of a number of free agent acquisitions: Sean Jones, Santana Dotson, Desmond Howard, Keith Jackson, Andre Rison, Eugene Robinson, Don Beebe, to name a few. I'm not proposing we go nuts on free agents. I just want a pounding running back. I wanted Marshawn Lynch back when he was available and I wanted to see us get Steven Jackson even more this offseason. I just think that is the one position that will help us the most in getting back to the Super Bowl. I know Vic's response to this. What do you think?
Not to nitpick too much, but Robinson was a trade acquisition in '96, not a free agent. Your point is clear, however, and I tend to agree. I'd like to see a power back to complement DuJuan Harris and form a productive tandem. Unlike Vic, I'm not a proponent of the workhorse back because the injury risk is too great and too much adjusting is needed if that workhorse goes down. But this offense could use a back that makes third-and-short, and a seven-point lead with four minutes to go, as close to automatic as they get.
Andrew from Fargo, ND
What do you think of the Packers bringing in Steelers RFA Steve McLendon? He's 6-4, 325, and could be the big body we need on the D-line if he comes really cheap. The Steelers don't have a great cap and could be hard pressed to match any offer, plus we wouldn't have to give up a draft pick.
Many of you asked about McLendon, and I won't pretend to know anything more about him than various online scouting reports, but the visit speaks to what I've said all week about the defensive line. The Packers need reinforcements, and it sounds like McLendon could play the nose in the 3-4. The Packers have only Raji and/or Pickett there; Raji needs a new contract and Pickett may not play much longer. You answered the question Dan from Kelso, WA, had about the draft pick. McLendon was not drafted and was given the low tender by Pittsburgh, so there's no draft compensation if the Steelers don't match an offer. If the Packers make an offer – and there's no guarantee that'll happen, but the deadline is Friday – the Steelers will have to decide how badly they want to keep him and if they can fit him under a tight cap. He was supposedly in line to start as the replacement for Casey Hampton. This draft is also reportedly deep in defensive linemen, which will factor into the decision-making on both sides. (Afternoon update: The Steelers have announced they have re-signed McLendon to a three-year deal.)
Willie from Dodgeville, WI
Hey Mike, Vic stated once that each person is draft eligible once in their life. Could you explain then why Bo Jackson was available for the Raiders in the 1987 draft after having been drafted by the Buccaneers the year prior?
Jackson never signed a contract with Tampa Bay (or anyone else) after being the top pick in the 1986 draft. The Bucs held his rights for an entire year, but by not signing or trading Jackson, they forfeited his rights when the '87 draft came around, and Jackson went back in the draft. Had Jackson not been drafted at all in '87 (the Raiders took him in the seventh round), he would have become a free agent. I guess you could say that Jackson was eligible for the draft in '86, and because of how things unfolded, he was then subject to the draft in '87.
Adam from Kansas City, MO
Mike, if the discussions about where to put players on the draft board are finished beforehand, why do teams take so long to make a selection? Are teams having second thoughts? It seems like if your board was finished it would only take a second to cross off the last person selected and announce your selection.
Stephen has a thought on that.
Stephen from Chicago, IL
I get the sense that when the Packers are on the clock they could give their selection in 30 seconds. It's simply the best player (in their opinion) that is left on their board. The reason teams take up the clock is they are simply waiting for the phone to ring from a team desperate enough to give them more than the pick is worth. Any truth to this?
Some. Trade feelers are constantly being sent back and forth, and a team will want to make sure it wants to take the player and not make the trade, or work on a better offer, before making anything official. Players at different positions can have equal or near-equal grades as well, and in that case, a final discussion can be had as to which position is the greater need, depending on what has transpired in the draft to that point.
Thomas from Dunkerton, IA
Mike, I see a lot of questions about the Packers' holes that need to be filled and all the draft picks the 49ers have. I would like to remind all the Chicken Littles out there of two things: First, SF hasn't won anything yet. It's only April and a lot will transpire between now and the end of January. Second, the Packers are getting the equivalent of four first-round picks this year. We will get back Bulaga, Sherrod and Perry plus this year's pick. Things aren't as dark as some would like to think.
No, they are not. That's a refreshing angle from which to view things. My only hesitation to completely buying into that line of thought is that players coming back from significant injuries are never sure things, but of course, neither are rookie draft picks.
Hey, Mike. If Barclay ends up looking like a viable long-term option at RT, do you think we could end up being 'set' on the OL with Bulaga going to LT? (Also, one advantage of not having your job: I got to leave that November 2008 debacle in New Orleans...for the very same reasons that you wanted to leave!)
The headache returns every time I even think about that Monday night at the Superdome. Dozens, if not hundreds, of you have asked this about the tackle position. I don't know if the Packers are considering a move with Bulaga, and I don't expect to know until the first open OTA practice in late May. That may be a tall order to switch positions at the same time he's coming off of a fractured hip. Any decisions very likely could depend on Sherrod's health, too, and what happens next week in the draft. It's too early. I think in a perfect world, the Packers would love to have Bulaga, Sherrod, Barclay and Newhouse all healthy and competing for the two starting tackle spots, maybe even with a draft pick thrown into the mix. The "losers" in the competition then cross-train at guard and become backups at multiple positions, because the interior depth is a little thin with Dietrich-Smith moving up to start at center full-time. But perfect worlds don't always materialize.
Duke from Edinburg, TX
Hey Mike, I have to say you are doing an excellent job with the column in Vic's absence. Tell Vic I hope he's doing well. My question is how important is fortifying our safety position(s) in the draft with the loss of Collins in '11 and Woodson in '13? Should we set our hopes on draft or develop?
Thanks, and I will, along with all the other well wishes that have been sent. The answer to your question is both. If the right safety is there in the draft, the Packers should take him. They also need to continue to develop Jerron McMillian, M.D. Jennings and Sean Richardson in looking for the right pairing with Morgan Burnett, who has by no means hit his ceiling. With his experience, Burnett could become a real force on defense with the right partner. Usually four safeties are needed on a 53-man roster, so why not make sure all four can play, right?
Peter from Manitowoc, WI
Mike, can you explain the obsession with arm length when looking at offensive linemen?
Long arms allow a lineman to keep the pass rusher at a distance, or separate from him, as needed. They can also provide a counter to speed off the edge, because the rusher will have to circle wider. Arm length doesn't define a left or right tackle's success, but it doesn't hurt, and it's a physical attribute that can't be coached.
Ryan from Arlington, VA
Mike, here's a theory on why the league keeps its formula for awarding supplemental picks secret: It prevents GMs from gaming the system by making transactions based in part on how it would affect potential supplemental picks. Plausible?
Bob from Colby, KS
Mike: The NBA teams do this – trade a guy they've drafted in the first round to another team for their first-round draft pick. Has anyone in the history of the NFL done this?
If memory serves, that's how Eli Manning became a New York Giant and Philip Rivers ended up with the San Diego Chargers. Plus, the Chargers got some extra picks.
Paul from Kansas City, MO
How about defensive assistant coach Charles Woodson? If Charles ever decides to pursue a coaching career in the NFL, which I sincerely hope he does, how hard would that transition be and what would likely be his first job title? His knowledge of the game of football as well as his obvious ability to teach and lead makes it seem like an ideal career step if that is something he ever wanted to do.
I have no idea if Woodson is interested in coaching, and coaches are only good if they really love to coach. I don't mean to pick on anyone, but fans need to understand the commitment it takes to be an assistant coach in the NFL. The workdays are incredibly long. Coaches are away from their families more than players are. Coaching is an office grind as much as playing is a physical grind. A lot of former players get into coaching, obviously, but it's not for everyone.
LJ from Chicago, IL
Isn't the order of all the OTAs supposed to be the same for all teams? I see that the Packers are supposed to go through strength and conditioning for a week with no coaching contact, then to drill with coaches, whereas the Bears have started with drills and coaching.
Teams with new coaches get an extra minicamp that other teams don't get.
Daryl from Junction City, KS
This year's schedule looks great. We have plenty of quality teams to face that if we were to finish with 11-plus wins, it would be a great year. My question is what do you think of the scheduling of the division games at the end? I like having them spread out but having the last two games be divisional games.
I like the last one or two as division games. That works for me. It felt strange last year to have four of the last five, and five of the last seven, as division games, with only one division game in the first nine. That was too imbalanced. I'm hoping it was an anomaly.
Rick from Fountain Valley, CA
How about a little payback? San Francisco opened last season with a win at Green Bay (and also ended it beating us, too). So maybe we open against them in San Francisco this season? One way to ensure the players are tuned in!
I've been intently curious how the scheduling of that game will shake out. With the 49ers' current status, the Packers as a ratings draw, and the fact that it's a playoff rematch from last year, I would imagine there's been some wrangling amongst FOX, NBC and ESPN over who gets that game. I guess we'll find out tonight. Be sure to check packers.com at 7 p.m. CT everyone. We'll have the schedule and all the details posted then.
Have a question for MIKE?


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3rd November 2014 5th December 2017 By Victor Rouă	In Linguistics Germanic languages
10 Interesting Linguistic Facts About The German Language
Below is a list consisting of 10 interesting linguistic facts you should know about the German language. Thus, without further ado, here are the facts:
1) German is a Germanic language, part of the West Germanic sub-branch, and is spoken by around 110 million native speakers worldwide, of whom most live in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Luxembourg.
2) Aside from the 26 standard letters of the alphabet, the German language has three vowels with umlauts (Ä/ä, Ö/ö, and Ü/ü) and the special character ß (a distinct kind of 's', called 'Eszett' or 'scharfes Es' — sharp S in translation).
3) German is the second most commonly used scientific language and the third largest contributor to research and development in the world.
4) German has a long standing history as a noteworthy language of culture, philosophy, theology, and economy in Europe and overseas. Throughout the passing of time, it had also influenced some of the languages with which it entered in contact, such as Czech, Polish, French, Italian, Hungarian, or Romanian.
Overlapped flag of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Image source: www.pixabay.com
5) One tenth of all books (including electronic books) that are published yearly worldwide are written in German.
6) German is the third most used language on the world wide web after English and Russian according to w3techs.com.
7) The German language is a pluricentric one, implying that each country in which it is official has a standardized version of its own. Consequently, aside from the Standard German spoken in Germany there are also other standardized versions of German used as official languages in Central Europe as in Switzerland where one of the official languages is Standard Swiss German or in Austria, where the official language is the Standard Austrian German.
8) Additionally, German is spoken by roughly 70 million speakers as a second language around the world.
9) The most closest living Germanic languages to German are Luxembourgish, Dutch, Frisian, and English, all of them pertaining to the same linguistic sub-branch of the Germanic languages as German (i.e. West Germanic).
10) German is also spoken and recognized as a minority language in various countries from Europe such as in Romania, Slovakia, Poland, the Czech Republic, or Hungary.
German language on www.britannica.com
West Germanic languages on www.britannica.com
Pluricentric language on www.wikipedia.org (in English)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This 65% dark chocolate bar is filled with luscious marshmallow créme and coconut caramel full of toasted desiccated coconut.
120 -125g per bar. Each bar is hand-poured so expect some slight variation in weight. Crafted with Thai cacao.
Nat designed this bar to be reminiscent of an Almond Joy or Mounds bar (one of her favorite candy bars), but camouflaged it in her XN 65 craft chocolate couverture for a more grown-up appeal. Kokomo is the most intricate Badass Bar in the series, because it is the most candy-licious - therefore most demanding in confectionary skills.
Nat makes the marshmallow creme and coconut caramel separately, then carefully layers the two inclusions inside a 65% dark chocolate lined mold. Finally, the bar is capped off with more chocolate.
Production process: two different confections, bean-to-bar chocolate production, lining, filling and capping bars; or, four pours and three days of production to achieve final product. Phew!


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Displaying items by tag: theater
Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures, Syncopy and DC Comics present a PG-13, 143 minute, action, adventure, fantasy, directed by Zack Snyder and written by David S. Goyer with a theater release date of June 14, 2013.
The Hangover Part III
Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures and Green Hat Films present an R rated, 100 minute, comedy, directed by Todd Phillips, written by Phillips and Craig Mazin with a theater release date of May 23, 2013.
Twentieth Century Fox and Blue Sky Productions present an animated, 102 minute, 3D, PG, family adventure, directed by Chris Wedge, written by Tom J. Astle and Matt Ember with a theater release date of May 24, 2013.
Paramount Pictures, Skydance Productions and Bad Robot present a PG-13, 132 minute, 3D, action, adventure, sci-fi, directed by J.J. Abrams, written by Robert Orci and Alex Kurtzman with a theater release date of May 16, 2013.


The history of America has been cyclical, like the history of everything—except cycles. The trouble however with looking at history or society in this manner is that (1) we don't often know just where in the cycle we currently sit and (2) we can't divorce that concept from the even older but no less valid concept of the wheel of fortune.
No not that "Wheel of Fortune" where letters reveal words that translate into cash and prizes, though if you've seen anyone land on BANKRUPT you already grasp the idea—the wheel is frequently unkind. So it is with us, both individually and as a country.
The wheel of the goddess Fortuna goes back twenty centuries and is usually seen as divided into four levels. If it were the face of a clock, then staring at about 8:00 o'clock and going clockwise would (1) I shall reign, (2) I reign (at noon), (3) I have reigned (3:00 o'clock) and finally (4) the unfortunate but inevitable I have no kingdom which sits glumly at the bottom.
I thought about this while "experiencing" the Republican Convention last week. To listen to the speakers and the candidate, one would think America resided at the bottom of that wheel, and that a new bottom was being added to account for the fact that our current president had brought us so very low, you know, with that health care and employment and such.
We all know that everyone plays to the crowd that adores him, and so it isn't surprising that the rabble that descended on (ascended to?) Cleveland last week screamed for the murder of their opponent—a wife, mother, and grandmother who unlike her opponent scotch-taped together a faltering marriage rather than splinter a family, or two, or three. That kind of strength of character might be deserving of a little more than strident calls for her summary demise by a band of insolent yahoos waving placards and TicTac-ing away the alcohol on their breath.
But already that's past history. They can't unsay what they've said, and we don't know what affliction they may have set off in some fear-addled mind. But I hope the Democrats can establish some civility—can rein in their delegates so that they don't talk of firing squads and murder, so that they don't vilify their opponents with provocative and incendiary language—not when the truth will damn their opponent just as well…or better.
That Trump is a liar and a cheat, a con-man and a bully, a bigot and a racist, an narcissist and a blowhard—those are statements I can make. I can defend them all, and so can every delegate in Philadelphia. But for me to babble my opinions in some blog is a lot different from having a delegate pronounce them from the podium or the convention floor. (Does anyone not see Chris Christie as an utterly degraded fool after his attack last week?) The Democrats need to assert the fact that here in America we're actually near the top of that wheel—that with some tweaking here and there we can ascend even further. The facts will speak for themselves if the Democrats can avoid the Duck Dynasty attitude their counterparts employed so shamefully last week. Here's hoping.
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Jim Larranaga: 'I am Coach-3' in FBI college basketball probe
October 24, 2017 2017-18, Basketball, Matt Porter.
Jim Larranaga (Getty Images)
[Larranaga cooperating with FBI probe]
CORAL GABLES — Miami coach Jim Larranaga said his legal team believes he is 'Coach-3,' as noted in the Department of Justice report about the FBI investigation into college basketball's underbelly.
"I am grateful we have come to that conclusion," said Larranaga, "as I know I did nothing wrong, and it is comforting to know none of my assistants are connected in any way." He added that the U.S. Attorney's office has not confirmed the identity of 'Coach-3.'
In a press conference at the Watsco Center, Larranaga addressed the media for the first time since the Sept. 26 complaint was unveiled in New York. He uncharacteristically read from a prepared statement as he revealed the above. He fielded questions from local reporters afterward about the emotional impact, but referred all inquiries about the investigation to his statement, which said he appreciated that the media had a job to do, but that he would not offer comment.
Larranaga's full statement (story continues below):
"I cannot state more emphatically that I absolutely have no knowledge of any wrongdoing by any member of our staff and I certainly have never engaged in the conduct that some have speculated about," Larranaga said, holding a piece of paper with both hands.
"I have tried to live every single one of my 68 years on this earth with integrity, character, and humility. … To have those values that I cherish so dearly even questioned, is disheartening and disappointing."
'Coach-3,' in the FBI report, was said to know about an Adidas executive and others conspiring to funnel some $150,000 to a 2018 recruit, later learned to be Orlando-based five-star wing Nassir Little. Little and his father signed statements, provided to The Post by Larranaga's legal team, saying they accepted no money, never discussed payment with any of the men charged, and that they and Miami did nothing wrong.
Asked about his relationship with former Adidas executive Jim Gatto, who was one of 10 men indicted by the FBI on conspiracy and fraud charges, Larranaga declined to comment, referring to the statement.
"It's been a strain, physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually," Larranaga said.. "It's something that's there. I have to deal with it. I have the support of my wife and a wonderful family. I have the support of the university, my staff and players."
Both Ja'Quan Newton and Bruce Brown, the two players Miami made available to the media, said they were not aware of the details of the investigation. They said practice has been as usual, and they've noticed no change in their coach.
"Around us, 'Coach L' isn't going to show he's hurt," Newton said. "He's so happy to be around us."
Larranaga said he briefed his players on Sept. 26, along with UM Athletics Director Blake James. "They have nothing to do with this," Larranaga said. "It hasn't been talked about it since."
Asked how the investigation has affected recruiting, Larranaga said it has been a negative, but his staff is "very strong and resilient, and we'll figure out a way to recruit successfully."
UM does not have a verbal commitment for 2018. It had an official visit set up the weekend of Sept. 9 with five-star point guard Immanuel Quickley, but it was canceled when Hurricane Irma forced UM to evacuate campus.
Asked if he has received messages of support from colleagues, Larranaga answered, "Yes."
Asked if that has helped, Larranaga answered with the same, flat, "Yes."
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Miami Hurricanes' Chris Herndon, Michael Pinckney earn ACC player of the week honors
Miami Hurricanes basketball: Lonnie Walker 'close to 100 percent'


Dario Finkel, 26, of Salem, Massachusetts, was charged on several Crimes of Violence and Domestic Violence Charges for the alleged Attempted Murder of his 7 week old son.
According to the Essex County District Attorney's Office, Salem Police Officers responded to Finkel's home, along with paramedics, and determined that Dario Finkel allegedly stuffed a baby wipe in the infant's mouth to get him to stop crying. Finkel also allegedly dropped the infant to the floor and threw him. According to paramedics who responded to the home and evaluated the baby, there was bruising on the baby's stomach and upper link.
Finkel was arraigned in Salem District Court and charged with Attempt to Commit Murder, Reckless Endangerment of a Child, Aggravated Assault & Battery, and Domestic Violence Charges. Following his arraignment, he was held without bail pending a Dangerousness Hearing.
Boston Criminal Lawyer Lefteris K. Travayiakis is available 24/7 for consultation on all Massachusetts Crimes of Violence Charges, as well as Domestic Violence Charges.
To schedule a Free Consultation, Click Here to Contact a Boston Violent Crimes Lawyer or call 617-325-9500.


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Berlin Based Comedian
Info and Booking for Comedian Dharmander Singh
Reviews and Quotes
Dharmander Singh was born in Birmingham in the mid 70's as a first generation British Asian. He started in theatre from a young age and graduated to stand-up comedy in his late 20's. He successfully ran the Birmingham comedy club "Custard Balti". In 2008, Dharmander did an early "Brexit" and moved to Germany. Based in Berlin, he has been entertaining crowds as compere and solo artist from Amman to Zurich for over 15 years. He supported Ardal O'Hanlon, Judah Friedlander as well as Steve-O and performed with Jeff Ross.
A comedy festival regular, Dharmander performed at Edinburgh Fringe and Birmingham Comedy Festival in 2017 with his acclaimed one-man show "Bollywood and Birmingham to Berlin and Brexit" for the first time. This production has also been part of Edinburgh Fringe 2018 and 2019, Utrecht International Comedy Festival 2019 and Brighton Fringe 2019. It travels in regular intervals through European countries such as Austria, Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Estonia and Italy. Dharmander's comedy and storytelling also made its journey to the Arabian Peninsula like Jordan, Oman and The United Arab Emirates.
His style of performance has been described as light-hearted, captivating, warm, entertaining and energetic with smatterings of social and political commentary.
He has appeared on BBC radio on several occasions and featured in the Scottish BAFTA winning film "Crying with Laughter".
Dharmander is the regular compere and co-promoter of the popular club "Cosmic Comedy Berlin" which produces sell-out shows and tours Edinburgh for the month of August every year.
Booking Dharmander Singh
info@dharmandersingh.com
Find Dharmander
@ Cosmic Comedy Club
Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 41
Berlin, Germany 10178
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text:
package ee.ria.xroad.signer.protocol.message;

import ee.ria.xroad.common.identifier.ClientId;
import ee.ria.xroad.signer.protocol.dto.KeyUsageInfo;

import lombok.Value;

import java.io.Serializable;

/**
 * Signer API message.
 */
@Value
public class GenerateCertRequest implements Serializable {

    /**
     * Specifies the cert request format to return.
     */
    public enum RequestFormat {
        PEM,
        DER
    }

    private final String keyId;

    private final ClientId memberId;

    private final KeyUsageInfo keyUsage;

    private final String subjectName;

    private final RequestFormat format;

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Do I Need A Custom Mouthguard When I Play Sports?


At first sight you might think it's andalusite. It has an odd orangy brown color with the hints of green often glimpsed in andalusite. In reality, it's a golden brown elbaite tourmaline from Kenya."It was quite rare in East Africa until recently," says miner-geologist Campbell Bridges. But two mines opened about half a year ago, one in the Mangari area of Tsavo West National Park and another on the M'gama Ridge south of the Taita Hills in south-eastern Kenya. The new finds are part of the Mozambique belt, a geologic mobile, orogenic belt that is the source of many east African gems.
The golden tourmalines occur in the Usangaran formation of the belt. Bridges says the major mode of occurrence is in pegmatites and quartz veins within graphite and mica meta-gneisses.
The golden tourmaline enjoys all the optical and physical properties of tourmaline, including strong dichroism. Bridges says the tourmaline is probably not colored by iron as might be suspected, rather by manganese, which adds to the gem's unusual nature.
"The time to buy is now as there are good quantities available at reasonable prices, mostly in a 1- to 2-ct. range," advises Bridges. "Prices are likely to go up as larger jewelry producers look into the gem's beauty and availability." For more information, contact Bridges Exploration Ltd., P.O. Box 49192, Nairobi, Kenya; fax (254-2) 219-773.
Zambia, long known as a source of emeralds and other gems, is gaining increasing amounts of attention as political and economic changes ease mining restrictions and lead to better promotion of the country's natural resources.
Gem mining got off to a rocky start when the first emerald specimens were found in the early 1930s in the Copperbelt area of the country (which was then a British colony called Northern Rhodesia). The discovery caused little sensation because copper was considered more important; in fact, almost a fourth of the world's copper came from this area.
Emerald mining didn't become a regular activity in Zambia until the 1970s, when Kagem Mining Co. was founded under then-President Kaunda. Kagem – owned by the government and three other partners – held a monopoly on emerald mining and marketing. The quality and quantity of emeralds mined in Zambia during this period was impressive. A National Geographic magazine article in the 1980s estimated the real (not declared) value of Zambian emerald exports at $200 million annually.
Changes: Kaunda was removed from office in 1991, and the subsequent democratization and liberalization of Zambia led to great changes in the emerald-bearing region at N'dola. In the past few years, for example, the government has made it much easier to obtain a mining license, eased restrictions on foreign investment in mines, allowed foreign companies to set up operations without a local partner holding a majority interest and dropped duty fees on imported machinery and equipment.
In conjunction with the World Bank, the government also is deciding how to make better use of subsoil resources and how to market them.
Marketing shouldn't be a problem. Zambian emerald shows strong green color with bluish highlights. And unlike Colombia or Brazil, Zambia commonly produces very clear emerald crystals (few inclusions).
Other gems mined in Zambia include amethyst, aquamarine, diamond, garnet, morganite, tourmaline and garnet. Yellow topaz has been reported, though this writer has not seen any yet.
Some difficulties: The emerald-bearing region itself is restricted and guarded by police and army personnel. The conditions are barely rudimentary, with no telephones or electricity (though the cities of Kitwe and N'dola are not far off). The area consists of undrained marshland, with water-bearing strata always closer to the surface than emerald-bearing rock. To mine effectively, water must be pumped out constantly.
This makes mining expensive and explains why most of the approximately 200 plots aren't being worked. The smallest investment needed for effective production over 12 months is estimated at $2 million. Few local enterprises can afford that much, so they're looking for foreign investment.
Despite the problems, the potential for fine emerald production remains very high. The productive settlements are concentrated in the middle part of one of three mineralized belts.
The remaining area is virtually untouched except for some very narrow, dangerous pits dug out by illegal miners. In fact, unauthorized mining operations have fed a flourishing underground market for rough emeralds. These stones are absorbed mostly by central African buyers who rely on a well-organized commercial network of buyers from cutting centers such as Idar-Oberstein, Germany, and Geneva, Switzerland.
The future of Zambia's gem mining industry appears bright. Zambia is one of the most politically stable countries in south central Africa. And with the incentives for foreign investment and the importance and riches of the subsoil, it's not difficult to foresee Zambia becoming one of Africa's leading countries economically.
Nicolet Imaging Systems has acquired all business assets of IRT Corp., a San Diego company that filed for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Act in July.
NIS, owned by ThermoSpectra Corp., reportedly paid $7.2 million for the assets, including a gemstone processing service that treats gemstones (mostly topaz). "Now that the strengths and resources of IRT and Nicolet Imaging Systems are combined, we are equally excited about the many improvements we plan to make to further enhance our service and quality for our customers," says Lewis A. Parks, manager of NIS's Radiation Processing Group.
NIS enhances topaz color by heat treatment and a combination of neutron and electron radiation. Its services include "gem counting," in which radioactive gems are measured for radioactivity before they are released to licensed receivers, says Frank Rich, operations manager.
Nicolet Imaging Systems, 7695 Formula Place, San Diego, Cal. 92121; (619) 271-6330.
An article on synthetic citrine and amethyst (December JCK, page 21) referred to "cabbed or cut" material. The correct term is cobbed (hammered).


text:
\section{Introduction}
LIGO's direct observations of black holes (BHs) through the gravitational waves emitted during their merging has started a new exciting era for high energy physics and astronomy. Growing interest in BH physics rapidly led, among the various alternatives, to the proposal of reconsidering light BHs as candidates for much of the total DM in the Universe. In order to explain their abundance and mass spectra an intriguing possibility is that their seeds may have originated during the very early stages of our Universe and, in particular, in the inflationary era or during the subsequent reheating. Only later, during the radiation dominated era, the over-densities generated during inflation larger than some critical value may collapse and form BHs \cite{BHform}.  If this were the case more information about the physics at the Planck scale is expected in the next decade, besides  the data coming from CMB anisotropies and, eventually, the detection of primordial gravitational waves.\\
It is widely accepted that some dynamical mechanism has driven an inflationary phase \cite{inflation} at the very beginning of our Universe. The exact features of such a mechanism are still unclear but nowadays any viable hypothesis about the mechanism of inflation must satisfy a list of stringent constraints coming from the observational data. Many of such constraints derive from CMB observations \cite{Planck,pert} and are restricted to a quite narrow energy window of the primordial inflationary spectra. Within the slow-roll (SR) paradigm many models compatible with data have been put forward.\\
In the last few years the ideas behind the renormalization group approach, which have been successfully applied to many areas of physics at low, testable, energies,  have been employed in gravity and the physics of the early universe \cite{AS}. At the energy scale of inflation one should also consider different operators, which have no effect at long distance/low energy , since they may have an important role before the Big Bang. In particular, in this article we shall study the possible consequences of a modification of the kinetic term of a minimally coupled inflaton. Such a modification has relevant consequences on the inflationary evolution, as pointed out in \cite{kinf}, where the authors show that a nearly de Sitter stage can be achieved by simply modifying the inflaton kinetic term , without the need of any potential. Subsequently the corresponding evolution of inflationary perturbations was calculated, showing an amplification of the scalar spectrum w.r.t. the tensor one due to the negligible speed of sound $c_s$ during the  evolution. Later, observations severely ruled out such small values of $c_s$ since they lead to large non-gaussian features in the CMB incompatible with the observational constraints. Nonetheless the possibility of a non-canonical kinetic term for the inflaton, with a non-negligible potential, have been studied in the literature \cite{noncan} leading to a slow rolling phase driven by the potential and enhanced by the modified kinetic term. Such models can be made compatibile with observations.\\
In this article we shall restrict our attention to the possibile addition of a potential to the original k-inflation model proposed in \cite{kinf}. In the presence of a non-negligible potential, the system can have 2 quasi de Sitter attractors. The inflationary phase can then interpolate between them. When the potential is leading w.r.t. the modified kinetic term, inflation occurs close to the ``standard'' attractor and when potential becomes negligible w.r.t the kinetic term, inflation may continue close to the k-inflationary attractor. This twofold evolution may have important consequences since the latter phase may amplify the inflatonic fluctuations which are outside the CMB observational window and, if certain conditions are met, these over-densities may collapse to form PBHs. \\
The paper is organised as follows. In Sec. II the basic formulae are introduced and some dynamical features are illustrated. In the Sec. III the  phase of potential domination is studied and the mechanism of amplification is discussed. In the Section IV some toy models are presented and finally the conclusions are presented in Section V.

\section{Formalism}
We consider an homogeneous inflaton-gravity system with a generic kinetic term for the inflaton field.
Let its total action be
\begin{equation}{act}
S=\int d^4x\sqrt{-g}\paq{\frac{{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}{2}R+p(\phi,X)}
\end{equation}
where $p(\phi,X)$ is the pressure of the scalar field, $X\equiv\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu\nu}\partial_\mu\phi\partial_\nu\phi$ and $g_{\mu\nu}$ is the metric tensor. The energy density associated with the inflaton field is $\rho=2X\partial p/\partial X-p$
and the equations governing the evolution of the system can be cast in the usual form:
\begin{equation}{frkgeqs}
H^2=\frac{\rho}{3{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}\,,\;\dot \rho=-3H\pa{\rho+p}.
\end{equation}
We consider the pressure and energy density which take the following forms
\begin{equation}{klagV}
p=\frac{1}{2}k(\phi)\dot \phi^2+\frac{1}{4}L(\phi)\dot \phi^4-V(\phi),\;\rho=\frac{1}{2}k(\phi)\dot \phi^2+\frac{3}{4}L(\phi)\dot \phi^4+V(\phi).
\end{equation}
The KG equation then is
\begin{equation}{kVKG}
\ddot \phi+3H\dot \phi\frac{k+L\dot \phi^2}{k+3L\dot \phi^2}+\frac{V'+\dot \phi^2\pa{\frac{k'}{2}+\frac{3}{4}L'\dot\phi^2}}{k+3L\dot \phi^2}=0
\end{equation}
where the speed of sound is given by
\begin{equation}{csdef}
c_s^2\equiv \frac{\partial p/\partial X}{\partial p/\partial X+2 X \partial^2 p/\partial X^2}=\frac{k+L\dot \phi^2}{k+3L\dot \phi^2}.
\end{equation}
For constant $V$ the system (\ref{frkgeqs}) has a de Sitter/flat space solution $\dot\phi=0$. On the other hand a non-trivial de Sitter solution with $\dot \phi^2=-\frac{k}{L}$ exists if $k$ and $L$ have opposite signs and
\begin{equation}{dScond}
\frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm d} \phi}\pa{V+\frac{k^2}{4L}}=0\rightarrow V=-\frac{1}{4}\frac{k^2}{L}+\Lambda
\end{equation}
with $\Lambda$ arbitrary constant. Correspondingly one has $\rho=\Lambda$.\\
A slight deformation of this last constraint could lead to a SR (nearly de Sitter) evolution which, in the limit for $k\rightarrow 1$ and $L\rightarrow 0$, does not reproduce the usual SR condition since the Eq. (\ref{dScond}) is peculiar to the non-canonical framework. On the other hand  a suitable potential  can also drive a SR phase.\\
Let us consider from here on $L(\phi)>0$ and $k=-1$ ($k$ can be set to $-1$ without loss of generality by a suitable field redefinition and provided $k(\phi)<0$).
If the condition (\ref{dScond}) is not satisfied exactly then
\begin{equation}{SRcond0}
\frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm d}\phi}\pa{\frac{1}{L}-4V}=\epsilon f(\phi)
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon$ is a small parameter. The exact solution $\dot \phi^2=\frac{1}{L}$ is then slightly modified and becomes $\dot \phi^2=\frac{1}{L}+\epsilon D(\phi)$. Then Eq. (\ref{kVKG}), to the first order in $\epsilon$, takes the following form
\begin{equation}{kVKGep}
2{\rm M_{\rm P}} D'+\sigma\sqrt{3}D=\frac{{\rm M_{\rm P}} f}{2}
\end{equation}
where $\sigma\equiv{\rm sgn}\paq{ H/\dot \phi}$ and, in particular, $\sigma\equiv{\rm sgn}\dot \phi$ when the Universe is expanding.
Eq. (\ref{kVKGep}) then has the following general solution
\begin{equation}{solD}
D(\phi)=\exp\pa{-\sigma\frac{\sqrt{3}\phi}{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}\paq{D_0+\int_{\phi_0}^\phi\exp\pa{\frac{\sigma\sqrt{3}	\bar\phi}{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}\frac{f}{4}{\rm d}\bar\phi}
\end{equation}
where the decreasing contribution, proportional to the integration constant $D_0$, rapidly disappears. Such a contribution, in the presence of a non-negligible $f(\phi)$, describes the (transient) approach to the SR attractor. Correspondingly one can calculate the SR parameters $\ep{1}$ and $\ep{2}$. To the first order in $\epsilon$ we have
\begin{equation}{ep12sr}
\ep{1}=6LD,\quad \ep{2}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\sigma \frac{f}{D}{\rm M_{\rm P}}\pa{1-\frac{2}{3}\ep{1}-\sigma\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{{\rm M_{\rm P}}}\frac{D}{f}}.
\end{equation}
On integration by parts (\ref{solD}) and neglecting the non-rapidly decaying part of $D$ one finds
\begin{equation}{Dibp}
D\simeq \frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}\sigma{\rm M_{\rm P}} \paq{f(\phi)-\exp\pa{-\sigma\frac{\sqrt{3}\phi}{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}\int_{\phi_0}^{\phi} \frac{{\rm d} f}{{\rm d} \bar \phi}.\exp\pa{\sigma\frac{\sqrt{3}\bar\phi}{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}{\rm d}\bar\phi}.
\end{equation}
Then $\ep{2}\sim \mathcal{O}\pa{\ep{1}}\ll 1$ if the second contribution of the square bracket in Eq. (\ref{Dibp}) is negligible w.r.t. the non-decaying part of $D$ i.e. if
\begin{equation}{srcondep2L}
\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}\frac{{\rm M_{\rm P}}}{f}\frac{{\rm d} f}{{\rm d} \phi}\ll 1
\end{equation}
which is a generalised SR condition for $f(\phi)$. The speed of sound is also small and to the first order is
\begin{equation}{csSR0}
c_s^2\simeq\frac{\ep{1}}{12}.
\end{equation}
We observe that a singularity at $\dot \phi^2=\frac{1}{3L}$ is  present in the modified KG equation. It can be removed by a suitable choice for the potential namely $V=1/\pa{12L}$. Otherwise one must choose a suitable form for $L$ and $V$ so as to not to cross the singularity.\\
If $f$ is negligible, $D$ only consists of the decaying part and one finds
\begin{equation}{ep12trans}
\ep{1}=6L_0D_0\exp\pa{-\sigma\frac{\sqrt{3}\phi}{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}}},\quad \ep{2}=-3
\end{equation}
that is $\ep{1}$ is not slowly varying but still remains very close to zero and inflation continues until some other effect enters the dynamics.\\
Let us finally consider $L=L_0$ and $V=V_0\exp\pa{\alpha\phi/{\rm M_{\rm P}}}$.  Eq. (\ref{kVKGep}) has an attractor which can be algebraically obtained from the ansatz $D=D_0 \exp\pa{\alpha\phi/{\rm M_{\rm P}}}$ leading to
\begin{equation}{eqD0}
2\alpha D_0+\sigma\sqrt{3}D_0=-2\alpha V_0\Rightarrow D_0=\frac{-2\alpha V_0}{2\alpha+\sigma\sqrt{3}}
\end{equation}
and correspondingly one finds
\begin{equation}{SRVsmall}
\ep{1}=6DL,\quad \ep{2}=2\sqrt{3}\,\sigma\,\alpha.
\end{equation}

\section{Potential Driven Slow Roll}
The SR evolution is the consequence of the smallness of the SR parameters $\ep{1}\equiv -\dot H/H^2$ and $\ep{2}\equiv \dot\epsilon_{1}/\pa{H\ep{1}}$. In the non-canonical context the smallness of $\ep{1}$ is equivalent to
\begin{equation}{VSR}
G\ll L\dot\phi^2\; {\rm or}\; V/\dot\phi^2 \gg {\rm max}(1,L\dot\phi^2).
\end{equation}
with $G(\phi,\dot \phi)=L(\phi)\dot \phi^2-1$, and that of $\ep{2}$ leads to
\begin{equation}{conep2NC}
\frac{\ddot \phi}{H\dot \phi}\ll1\;{\rm and}\;\frac{\dot G}{HG}\ll 1.
\end{equation}
The addition of a potential to k-inflation can generate a slow rolling phase similar to the canonical one, provided the potential is leading w.r.t. the non-canonical kinetic term and this latter term is ``slowly'' varying in Hubble time units.
Given (\ref{VSR}) and (\ref{conep2NC}) the modified KG equation can be approximated by
\begin{equation}{SRKG}
3H\dot \phi \,G+V'\simeq 0\Rightarrow \dot \phi \,G\simeq -\frac{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}}{\sqrt{3}}\frac{{\rm d} \sqrt{V}}{{\rm d}\phi}
\end{equation}
and $H\simeq\sqrt{V/3{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}$. Moreover one finds
\begin{equation}{conep1NCb}
\ep{1}\simeq \frac{{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}{2G}\pa{\frac{V'}{V}}^2\equiv \frac{\ep{1}^{(c)}}{G}
\end{equation}
where $\ep{1}^{(c)}$ is the SR parameter in the canonical case.
The derivative of Eq. (\ref{SRKG}) w.r.t. time divided by $H\dot \phi \,G$ gives
\begin{equation}{derKGSR2}
\frac{\ddot \phi}{H\dot \phi}+\frac{\dot G}{H G}\simeq -\frac{{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}{G}\pa{\frac{V''}{V}}+\ep{1}\equiv -\frac{\eta^{(c)}}{G}+\frac{\ep{1}^{(c)}}{G}.
\end{equation}
Let us note that (\ref{conep1NCb}) and (\ref{derKGSR2}) are straightforward generalisations of the canonical SR relations for $\ep{1}$ and $\ddot\phi/(H\dot \phi)$ where the factor $G$ now appears ($G=1$ in the canonical case). The presence of $G$ can amplify or reduce the SR parameter w.r.t. the corresponding ones obtained for the same potential in the canonical framework.\\

\subsection{The Importance of Potential Driven SR (PDSR)}
K-inflation can lead to an inflationary phase close to $\dot \phi^2=1/L$ which is ruled out given the present observational constraints on the non-gaussian features ($f_{NL}$) of the temperature fluctuations in CMB. The Planck constraints on primordial NG in general single-field models of inflation provide the following most stringent bound \cite{Planck} on the inflaton sound speed:
\begin{equation}{csplanck}
c_s\ge c_{s,\rm max}\quad (95\%\;{\rm CL})
\end{equation}
where $c_{s,\rm max}=0.024$ in the case $\dot c_s=0$ and $c_{s,\rm max}$ a bit larger (and model dependent) for the case of $\dot c_s/(Hc_s)$ is of the order of the SR parameters.
The presence of a suitable potential may alleviate such serious problems, possibly giving rise to an inflationary expansion which is divided into two phases. During the early stages, the potential of the scalar field dominates and the modes which imprinted their features in the observable part of the CMB spectrum exit the horizon. For these modes the speed of sound is compatible with observations. In the second phase the field evolves close to attractor $\dot\phi^2\simeq 1/L$ and $c_s\ll 1$. The modes which exit the horizon during this latter phase are unconstrained by CMB observations. Their evolution is crucially determined by the speed of sound at horizon crossing which amplifies non-gaussianities (in a frequency window which cannot be tested by CMB) and the amplitude of the scalar perturbation as well. Through a mechanism which resembles that of ultra slow roll \cite{USR} inflation with an inflection point in the potential, for our model the amplitude of the scalar fluctuations can be so amplified that  the possibility of generating primordial black holes must be seriously considered.\\
Current CMB observations indicate that the amplitude of primordial curvature perturbations is about $10^{-9}$ (often called the COBE normalization) that of CMB observable scales. In order for the PBH formation after inflation to be effective enough to be observationally interesting, curvature perturbations for the scales involved in the process must be $\mathcal{O}(10^{-2} - 10^{-1})$, that is  at least 7 order of magnitude larger.
The amplitude of the scalar fluctuations when a generic sound speed is considered is given by
\begin{equation}{Ps}
\mathcal{P}_s=\left.\frac{1}{8\pi^2{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}\frac{H^2}{\ep{1}c_s}\right|_{c_sk=a H}
\end{equation}
with, for the case we are discussing, $c_s^2=G/\pa{3L\dot\phi^2-1}$. An amplification of $\mathcal{P}_s$ of 7 orders of magnitude requires extremely fine tuning within the framework of canonical inflation with an inflection point. If a non-canonical kinetic term is taken into account the amplification comes about simply as the result of the twofold inflationary phase. Let us note that the emergence of non-gaussian features, possibly enhanced by a small $c_s$, can modify the estimates regarding the amount of amplification needed for PBHs formation \cite{nogaus}. Such an enhancement has been estimated in the context of SR inflation with a non canonical kinetic term and has been proven to be large. To our knowledge the estimate of the amplification of non-gaussianities in the regime we are considering (without SR) has never been studied before. In \cite{Noller}, for example, the effects on non-gaussianities originated by the departure from both scale invariance and SR have been studied for a class of non canonical models. The authors show that a non trivial background evolution can mitigate the amplification expected for these models in the SR regime. To conclude, the possibility of the existence of a non-gaussian spectrum for the modes responsible for PBHs formation deserves caution and further studies. In the present analysis such a possible effect is neglected.\\
Close to de Sitter attractor $\dot \phi\simeq \sigma/\sqrt{L_0}$, one always has  $H\simeq 1/\pa{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}\sqrt{3 L_0}}\equiv H_0$ and then $\phi(a)\sim 2\sqrt{3}\sigma {\rm M_{\rm P}}\ln \pa{a/a_0}$. The resulting speed of sound evolves as $c_s=C_0a^{-\gamma_s/2}$ where $C_0$ is an integration constant and $\gamma_s$ is a model dependent parameter.  Eq. (\ref{Ps}) then takes the form
\begin{equation}{Psnew}
{\mathcal P}_s=\frac{1}{96\pi^2C_0^3}\frac{H_0^2}{{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}\pa{\frac{C_0 k}{H_0}}^{\frac{3\gamma_s}{2+\gamma_s}}\propto \frac{H_0^{\frac{4-\gamma_s}{2+\gamma_s}}}{C_0^{\frac{6}{2+\gamma_s}}{\rm M_{\rm P}}^2}k^{\frac{3\gamma_s}{2+\gamma_s}}
\end{equation}
where a spectral index different from one is present ($n_s-1=\frac{3\gamma_s}{2+\gamma_s}$). If such an index is larger than one the scalar spectrum is amplified for modes which exit the horizon well after those imprinted in the CMB. One may roughly estimate  the number of e-folds, $\Delta N_{\rm amp}$, necessary in order to obtain a desired value of amplification through the ratio
\begin{equation}{ratPs}
\frac{\mathcal{P}_{s,{\rm bh}}}{\mathcal{P}_{s,*}}=\frac{H_{\rm bh}^2}{H_*^2}\frac{\epsilon_{1,*}c_{s,*}}{12\,c_{s,{\rm bh}}^3}\sim \exp\pa{\frac{3}{2}\gamma_s\Delta N_{\rm amp}}.
\end{equation}
Let us finally note that, if the speed of sound and $H$ vary significantly during inflation, the following relation holds
\begin{equation}{deN}
\Delta N(M)\simeq 18.4-\frac{1}{12}\ln\pa{\frac{g_{*k}}{g_{*0}}}-\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{M}{M_{\odot}}+\ln \frac{c_{s,{\rm bh}}}{c_{s,*}}+\ln\frac{H_*}{H_{\rm bh}}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta N(M)$ is the number of e-folds between the horizon exit of CMB modes and that of the modes amplified and finally collapsing into PBHs with a mass $M$, $M_{\odot}$ is the solar mass, $g_{*k}$, $g_{*0}$ indicates the number of relativistic degrees of freedom at the BHs formation and at present. Finally $c_{s,*}$ and $H_*$ are evaluated at horizon exit for CMB modes and $c_{s,\rm bh}$ and $H_{\rm bh}$ must be evaluated when the spectrum reaches the critical threshold $\sim 10^{-2}$.\\
Let us note that the above result is qualitatively different from that generally obtained from an ultra SR phase which generates a flat spectrum and an amplification of curvature perturbations.
\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
\epsfig{file=mod1.pdf, width=5.7 cm}
\epsfig{file=mod4.pdf, width=5.7 cm}
\caption{\it In the above figures the logarithm of the amplitude of the scalar spectrum is plotted as a function of $N$ for the potentials (\ref{pot1}) on the left and (\ref{pot2}) on the right. We set $N=0$ at the horizon exit of the CMB modes. The dotted line represents the observed amplitude of the scalar spectrum and the dashed line represents the critical value $10^{-2}$ for PBH formation.}
\label{f1}
\end{figure}
\section{Toy Models}
In order to illustrate how such an amplification may occur we consider the following toy models where the potential has a monotonic behaviour in order that the evolution is non-singular. Let us note that the models listed below are tuned in order to give $n_s\sim 0.965$ and ${\mathcal P}_s=2.4\cdot 10^{-9}$.\\
An exponential potential can accommodate many of the required features. Let us consider the following setup (Model I)
\begin{equation}{pot1}
V=V_0\exp\pa{\frac{\alpha\phi}{{\rm M_{\rm P}}}},\; L=L_0\paq{1+\delta \exp\pa{-\frac{ \alpha\phi}{2{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}}
\end{equation}
with $V_0=10^{-8}{\rm M_{\rm P}}^4$, $\alpha\equiv\alpha_0=1.2\cdot 10^{-1}$, $L_0=1.15 \cdot 10^8{\rm M_{\rm P}}^{-4}$ and $\delta=2\cdot 10^{-9}$.
For such a model $V_0$ and $L_0$ are tuned to reproduce the correct $n_s$ and ${\mathcal P}_s$. The value of $\delta$ and the exponential in $L$ are chosen in order to interrupt the amplification of ${\mathcal P}_s$ at the right time and not overproduce PBHs. Their form is not really important provided the variation of $L$ w.r.t $\phi$ is not too large compared to that of $V$. Let us note that the magnitude of $\alpha$ is crucial in determining both the magnitude of the slow roll parameters during PDSR and the amplification in the subsequent phase when the field approaches the attractor $\dot \phi\simeq \sigma/\sqrt{L}$. It can be related to variation of the speed of sound during the amplification phase and in particular $\gamma_s=2\alpha\sqrt{3}$. One then finds
\begin{equation}{ampmod1}
10^7\simeq\frac{\mathcal{P}_{s,{\rm bh}}}{\mathcal{P}_{s,*}}\sim \exp\pa{3\alpha\sqrt{3}\Delta N}\Rightarrow \Delta N\sim 26
\end{equation}
and correspondingly $M\sim 10^{-13}M_{\odot}$. The analytical approximation under-estimates $\Delta N$ which results in about $30$ e-folds by numerical simulations. Let us note that the $20\%$ deviation from the standard (ultra SR) case is due to the varying $H$ and $c_s$ is well predicted by analytical approximation. Let us further note that the analytical estimate (\ref{ratPs}) well approximates $\Delta N$ if CMB modes leave the horizon at $t_*$ which almost coincides with the beginning of the amplification stage. This is almost true for the potential (\ref{pot1}) (see Figure (\ref{f1})) but in general $\Delta N$ is the sum of two contributions $\Delta N\equiv \Delta N_I+\Delta N_{II}$ where $\Delta N_I$ is the e-fold interval between $t_*$ and the beginning of the amplification period while $\Delta N_{II}$ is the duration of this latter period.\\
Values of $\alpha$ smaller that $\alpha_0$ (see for example Model II with $\alpha=5\cdot 10^{-2}$ in table (\ref{tabexamples})) lead to a very flat spectrum and a very small tensor to scalar ratio, within the $68\%$ confidence level region estimated by the Planck data but correspondingly the required amplification of 7 orders of magnitude of ${\mathcal P}_s$  would need many e-folds ($\Delta N>40$). On the other hand larger $\alpha$'s would lead to a fast amplification, large values of the spectral indices and, thus, of the corresponding running and of the tensor to scalar ratio (see Model III for an example with $\alpha=3\cdot 10^{-1}$). In particular for this latter case an amplification of 8 orders of magnitude is needed in order to have a non-negligible production of PBHs.\\
We finally consider the following setup (Model IV) having a potential
\begin{equation}{pot2}
V=V_0\exp\pa{\frac{\alpha\phi}{15{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}\paq{\tanh\pa{\frac{\alpha\phi}{{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}+1},\; L=L_0\paq{1+\delta \exp\pa{-\frac{\alpha \phi}{{\rm M_{\rm P}}}}}
\end{equation}
with $V_0=1.85\cdot 10^{-10}{\rm M_{\rm P}}^4$, $\alpha=5\cdot 10^{-1}$, $L_0=2.7 \cdot 10^9\,{\rm M_{\rm P}}^{-4}$ and $\delta=2\cdot 10^{-12}$.
For such a case the first phase of inflation takes place for $\phi>0$ and a nearly flat potential with a small $\alpha_{\rm eff}\equiv \alpha/15$. This guarantees small SR parameters, running and tensor to scalar ratio. At $\phi<0$ the potential becomes negligible in (\ref{kVKGep}) and there is a fast approach to the attractor $\dot \phi=-L^{-1/2}$ described by the transient solution (\ref{ep12trans}). It then takes few e-folds to amplify the scalar spectrum ($\sim 6$). The remaining 22 e-folds (see Fig. (\ref{f1})) are essentially the duration of PDSR from $t_*$ until the amplification begins.\\
The amplitude of the scalar spectrum as a function of $N$ is plotted in  Figure (\ref{f1}) for the models I and IV. The corresponding observables are presented in  Table (\ref{tabexamples}).

\begin{table}[h!]
\caption{Models I-IV predictions}
\vspace{0.1 cm}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c || c |c |c |c |c|}
\hline
  & $c_{s,*}$ & $r$ & ${\rm d} n_s/{\rm d} \ln k$ & $\Delta N$ & $M_{\rm BH}/M_{\odot}$  \\
[0.1ex]
\hline
\hline
Model I	& 0.12	& 0.15	& 0.043	& 30 & $10^{-16}$\\
Model II	& 0.09	& 0.04	& -0.005	& 75 & $10^{-55}$\\
Model III	& 0.17	& 0.51	& 0.285	& 14 & $10^{-2}$\\
\hline
Model IV	& 0.11 	& 0.03	& -0.0003	& 28 & $10^{-14}$\\
[1ex]
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tabexamples}
\end{table}
\section{Conclusions}
We studied the possible consequences of a specific, non-canonical, kinetic term for the inflaton field on the spectrum of scalar perturbations generated by the inflationary expansion. The presence of a kinetic term, similar to that which is responsible for the accelerated expansion in k-inflation model, and the addition of a potential term can lead to  an inflationary phase which consists of two distinct dynamical regimes. When the potential dominates, the evolution of primordial perturbations leads to  a nearly flat spectrum. When the potential becomes negligible inflation can proceed close to another inflationary attractor. In this second phase the speed of sound associated with primordial fluctuations may be very small and thus amplify the amplitude of the scalar spectrum.\\
In particular our goal was to suggest such a mechanism for the amplification of the scalar spectrum as a source for large inhomogeneities at the end of inflation which, on horizon re-entry, could lead to the production of PBHs. To some extent the mechanism we analyse resembles that of ultra slow-roll and is based on the inverse proportionality between the amplitude of the scalar perturbations $\mathcal{P}_s$ and the product between the SR parameter $\ep{1}$ and the speed of sound $c_s$. In contrast with ultra SR, it is the varying speed of sound in our framework that can lead to a much efficient amplification of primordial inhomogeneities.\\
We finally exhibit four examples where such an  amplification does occur. These four examples are toy models chosen in order to illustrate how the suggested mechanism works, even without adopting particularly complicated potentials. The simplest model (with an exponential potential) can fit CMB data for $\alpha\sim 10^{-1}$ leading to a production of PBHs in the desired mass range, around $10^{-16}M_\odot$. Different values of $\alpha$ either generate too light PBHs or are incompatible with CMB observations. An alternative model is also studied with a slightly more complicated potential. In this latter case all the ingredients necessary in order to obtain a fast amplification of the primordial spectrum, a very good fit to the Planck data and the production of PBHs with a mass $\sim 10^{-14}M_\odot$ were introduced.\\
\section{Acknowledgements}
Alexander Y. Kamenshchik is supported in part by the RFBR grant 18-52-45016.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Description: Christmas is one of the most important holidays because of the born of Jesus. For celebrating this holiday you want to cook for your guests a delicious christmas pie. Follow up our advices and stick to the recipe plans.
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This week I sent my coach a list of about ten things that I could do to move my business and traffic to my website forwards.
He came back in his usual pithy style and gave me the two things that I could do most easily, which is great.
The only thing was that I had a list of excuses as long as your arm about the first one, which was to make short one minute videos every day and put them all over social media.
Ranging from… It's olive season, so there's lots of chainsaws, there's barking dogs outside which there is on a regular basis, can you hear that one? Oh he's stopped now. And things like, I haven't been to the hair appointment this week because I've had a 24 hour flu bug, so I've got regrowth and people will be judging me, and all sorts of nonsense like that.
So I listed all my excuses and then I said to him, yes but they are just excuses aren't they.
My question to you is; what should you be doing that you're making excuses about today?


text:
Q: In the US, is it a common thing to called a baby whose gender is not known "Baby [last name]"? This is maybe more of a cultural than linguistic question, but an american friend told me that in the US, when a family is having a baby but before they know its gender, the baby is referred to as "Baby [their last name]". So if the Smiths are having a baby, they would for example send cards with "Join us in welcoming Baby Smith" or similar on them.
I have never heard of this practice before, but googling does reveal some anecdotal picture evidence (example). Is this a widespread phenomenon in the US, or could it be something specific to her region (Minesotta)?

A: Baby is used as the legal placeholder name of any infant who does not yet have a name, or whose name is unknown, in much of the English speaking world. It may be combined with surnames or with placeholder letters ("Baby A", "Baby X", etc.)* if the surname is unknown (which could happen with foundlings) or anonymous cases (which could happen with legal cases where privacy was being protected).
It's not terribly common, because it's more common to know the name of a baby you have reason to talk about, though there can of course be times when you might e.g. congratulate someone on a birth when they have not yet named the child, or you have not heard what it is.
*E.g. https://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2015/11/19/best-interests-hard-choices-the-baby-c-case/ http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/05/03/3206276.htm https://www.suffolkscb.org.uk/assets/Working-with-Children/Serious-Case-Reviews/Baby-E/2017-02-21-FINAL-SCR-Report-Baby-E.pdf https://bioethics.georgetown.edu/2015/04/baby-f-oklahoma-supreme-court-requires-clear-convincing-evidence-to-stop-life-support/ https://www.hebdenbridgetimes.co.uk/news/baby-h-case-raises-serious-care-concerns-1-1814148 http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/about_us/coroners/coronialfindings/b/baby_h_-_2012_tascd_82 http://www.safeguardingburychildren.org/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=16208&p=0 https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-protection-system/case-reviews/2015/ https://books.google.ie/books?id=LM3fpLxUDAoC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=%22baby+I+case%22&source=bl&ots=xaRMOXXeUx&sig=tqUZ0xnv-hDH9WiWRLzvwtlEHDU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ3Lqx-KfYAhUJC8AKHQDdALAQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22baby%20I%20case%22&f=false https://newcastleadvertiser.co.za/62445/baby-js-case-is-under-the-microscope/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_K https://ffh.films.com/id/11095/One_Brief_Life_The_Baby_L_Case.htm http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/000992289503400813 https://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/baby-l-case-back-in-court-1805431 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_M https://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/baby-o-case-kickstarts-third-great-abortion-debate-26238690.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Baby_P http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04lwm70 https://landdcasestudy.weebly.com/baby-r.html http://www.jplaw.com/today-pennsylvania-superior-court-upholds-validity-of-surrogacy-contracts-and-rules-sherri-shepherd-is-the-legal-mother-to-baby-s/ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-05-23/news/0005230122_1_unsupervised-visits-court-appointed-attorney-lawyers https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/missing87975/baby-x-murder-1989-t3922.html https://www.ecr.co.za/news/news/neuro-psychologist-grilled-chatsworth-baby-murder-case/ Being legal cases involving infants where either the child was unnamed, the child's name was unknown, or it was felt necessary to apply anonymity in reporting of the cases, many of them make for upsetting reading.

A: Yes, this is used in the United States (and elsewhere in the English-speaking world). It's hard to say exactly how popular it is, but you can certainly find plenty of examples on the internet.
Note that "Baby LastName" is also used when the gender is known. "Baby Girl LastName" and "Baby Boy LastName" are also used like this, notably in some hospitals:

There is a very simple reason why babies go unnamed. Most of babies are born fast and parents can take weeks or months to pick that first name. Simply put, the delivery room and the receiving nursery can't wait for a parental decision when the new arrival pops out squalling. The baby immediately needs weighing, Vitamin K shots and a medical exam to assess whether the baby is healthy or sick. Immediately, the clerical staff produces labels declaring that Baby Boy Smith or Baby Girl Garcia has arrived and they label the medical record accordingly.
Babies Without Real First Names At Risk

The form "Baby LastName" isn't new either; I found an example from 1892:

So is ushered into the world Baby Jones, very red and hungry, and very much troubled with insomnia.
Ballou's Monthly Magazine

Here are some more examples:

A friend of DD's, who had her first last week, called the unborn child Baby Smith, but with their name of course. —Breezy_Carol
Code names or nick names for unborn babies

I believe I agree Mahn she has more than enough money to get her own stuff they should donate money to charity ob behalf of baby Simpson. —Stephanie
It's their surname, so lots of people refer to their unborn children as 'Baby Johnson' or 'Baby Smith' or 'Baby Jones.' —Melody
Jessica Simpson: 'I'm So Excited to Have a Son'

To others they are baby smith (SOs last nane) or now my two littlest angels. —CassiJai
How to grieve when baby's sex is unknown?

In 1989 I spent the summer in Burlington, Vermont. One day, while driving around town, I came upon an old cemetery. It had a section reserved for babies, and all of them had died before the turn of the century. Often the children had no first names. The tombstones read simply Baby Johnson or Baby Smith.
Baby Anger

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
SymptomsDiagnosisLiving WithLifestyleMedicationNutritionComplicationsTreatmentRelationshipsRisk FactorsWorkManaging FlaresChronic LifeHealthy ConversationsDoctor & Patient
https://www.healthcentral.com/slideshow/surprising-facts-about-ulcerative-colitis
Ulcerative ColitisLiving With
10 Surprising Facts About Ulcerative Colitis
Emily ShifferHealth Writer Dec 10, 2019
Medically ReviewedBy Jason Reich, M.D.
Hippocrates said that "all disease begins in the gut." Roughly 2,000 years later, mainstream science finally agrees: A bad mix of bacteria within your gastrointestinal system has been linked to autoimmune disorders, mental health conditions, heart disease, and even certain cancers. So it is with ulcerative colitis (UC), which disrupts the gut microbiome and triggers the immune system to attack colon-lining cells, leading to intense and painful symptoms.
But Hippocrates didn't know everything about gut-related disorders: Whether you've got UC or think you might, we've uncovered some surprising info about the condition that you really should know.
Ryoji Iwata
#1: It's More Common Than Ever
Ulcerative colitis affects more than 700,000 Americans, a 15% increase since 2011. Some researchers believe the Western diet and sedentary lifestyle are partly to blame. While it can hit any age group, "it usually starts in teenagers or young adults," says gastroenterologist Stephen B. Hanauer, M.D., medical director of the Digestive Health Center at Northwestern Medicine. The majority of UC patients are diagnosed before the age of 35, according to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA). It's also estimated that 15% to 20% of Americans living with UC are children.
#2: It's Genetic, But Most People Don't Have a Family History
Here's the hereditary component: A person inherits their risk from mom and pop. But for UC to actually manifest, "it takes a particular mix of genetic defects," says Garrett Lawlor, M.D., associate director of the inflammatory bowel diseases program at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.
That means, strangely enough, that most people who have UC don't have a family member with it. "Their parents have the genes, but don't develop the disease," says Dr. Lawlor. There are 160 genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease that researchers are trying to link to UC.
#3: It May Be Triggered by an Infection
Your body doesn't develop ulcerative colitis on a whim. First, you must be carrying the gene, which makes your immune system susceptible to overdrive mode. But that can only happen if it comes in contact with a specific trigger, which is different for every person. "It could be an infection or something in the environment," says Dr. Lawlor. "We're still not sure."
Bacterial infections, such as E.coli, have been studied as a potential cause of UC. Though researchers haven't found a smoking bacterium just yet, the theory is that the immune system overreacts to the invader and attacks the colon instead, leading to inflammation and ulceration.
#4: You Might Feel It in Your Joints First
Inflammation of the colon can actually cause an inflammatory response throughout the rest of your body, says Stephen B. Hanauer, M.D., medical director of the Digestive Health Center at Northwestern Medicine in Chicago. This includes the potential for joint swelling and pain, which usually go away once the inflammation in the gastrointestinal track eases. In fact, arthritis is one of the most common complications—up to 30% of people with UC experience it.
#5: It May Feel Like Menstrual Cramps
"The sick colon spasms, which causes frequent diarrhea," says Dr. Hanauer. "This commonly leads to cramps and abdominal pain too." You may feel discomfort more on your left, as one type of UC disproportionately targets the colon on that side.
#6: Vitamin Deficiency Can Be a Symptom
Two issues build on each other to cause this: 1) Because diarrhea is one of UC's most common symptoms—inflammation prevents the colon from absorbing water, leading to runny poop—the body struggles to adequately absorb the nutrients necessary for healthy living, says Dr. Lawlor. "Patients are sometimes dehydrated or develop a deficiency in certain vitamins and elements, especially vitamin D and iron," he adds. And 2) All this diarrhea can lead to rapid weight loss, meaning the nutrients you do get, you lose.
Anemic patient's blood smear under microscopeiStock
#7: It Can Make You Anemic
UC may suck, but it doesn't lie: True to its name, ulcerative colitis is characterized by colon ulcerations, "which can cause bleeding," says Dr. Hanauer. That's why anemia can crop up. "Chronic blood loss from the colon can lead to iron-deficiency anemia," says Dr. Hanauer. People with anemia lack enough red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body, making them feel tired and weak.
Jan Kolar
#8: You Might Feel Like You Have to Poop…But Can't
"With ulcerative colitis, the rectum cannot relax, creating the feeling of constantly needing to evacuate," says Dr. Hanauer. This all-too-often "I gotta go now" sensation is called tenesmus, and it's annoying because much as you try and strain, there's often nothing (or little) left to empty from your large bowel.
Iz zy
#9: You May Struggle With Depression
"It's common to suffer low mood or depression with ulcerative colitis," says Dr. Lawlor. "Perhaps it's related to the burden of the disease—impact on social life, ability to work, or even the stigma of bowel disorders that sometimes still occurs."
Those with UC also have been found to have higher rates of depression even before a diagnosis. A study published in the Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology suggested that depression could be a response to an asymptomatic, undiagnosed bowel disorder, but more research is necessary to fully understand the connection.
Micrograph of colonic adenocarcinomaiStock
#10: It Increases Your Risk of Colon Cancer
Just as chronic inflammation can cause cancers in other organs (smokers and lung cancer; hepatitis and liver cancer; sunburn and skin cancer), uncontrolled inflammation in ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, explains Dr. Hanauer. While only 1% to 2% of all colon cancer cases are caused by UC, it accounts for 10% to 15% of deaths in those with UC.
Emily Shiffer
@emily_shiffer
Emily Shiffer is a former digital web producer for Men's Health and Prevention, and is currently a freelancer writer specializing in health, wellness, weight loss, and fitness. She is currently based in Pennsylvania and loves all things antiques, cilantro, and American history.
Tags: Living With, Risk Factors, Symptoms


The death knell for BattleCry?
BattleCry Studios, the developer behind the free-to-play action game of the same name, has joined Bethesda Game Studios as Bethesda Game Studios Austin. It was already a subsidiary of Bethesda's parent company, ZeniMax Media, but this change still raises a lot of questions about the future of BattleCry, which suspended development all the way back in 2015.
Both Todd Howard and Austin's studio head, Doug Mellencamp, make it sound an awful lot like the new studio is going to be supporting Bethesda rather than working on its own things, like BattleCry.
"We're excited to join Bethesda Game Studios and look forward to working together on some of the industry's most exciting new games," added Mellencamp. "Austin's incredible game development scene and talent will also allow us to push our games further than fans have imagined."
In 2014, when we last played BattleCry, Evan was worried that it was already starting to feel dated, and after it failed to draw much praise, Bethesda decided to put it on ice. Its cancellation was rumoured, but officially it's still just suspended.
We've reached out to Bethesda for more details.


I have some form of Aspergers that doesn't impair social function/development. I just have uneven distributed stuck parts of my brain and coordination is a little difficult. But I am fine. I just sometimes ramble because I do not know how to explain myself so I don't understand what I am saying and need to ramble to get back to that understanding. So I just can feel really stuck even though I have no social problems. Everyone comments on my videos that I am Aspergers anyway so might as well accept it.
I wrote a whole lot about Ni so like always I am going with a different type than before. This time its INTJ.
Others need to go through all the steps to think, I go into the quiet space in my head and listen for solutions that kind of skip steps. The links work together to do this.
Feel less lonely? I am just talking to give you something to think about.
I wrote a whole lot about Ni so like always I am going with a different type than before. his time its INTJ.
Surely putting on music would be fairly sufficient for alleviating any negativity, or going for a walk, everything is so interesting and beautiful on acid, the clouds and the light and the concrete and the plants. I need to be alone a lot before I get lonely in general.
Funny thing, your avatar. it looks like they eye did too much acid.
My mom told me my dad blew his mind out on acid and now lives in a shed.


text:
Варвара Михайловна Коновалова (27 мая 1909, село Селиловичи Снопотской волости Брянского уезда Орловской губернии, теперь Рогнединского района Брянской области, Российская Федерация — , город Севастополь, Автономная Республика Крым) — украинский советский деятель, новатор сельскохозяйственного производства, звеньевая-виноградарь совхоза имени Полины Осипенко Бахчисарайского района Крымской области. Герой Социалистического Труда (26.02.1958). Депутат Верховного Совета УССР 5-го и 6-го созывов.

Биография
Родилась 27 мая 1909 (по другим данным — 1910) года в крестьянской семье. Получила неполное среднее образование.

С 1929 года работала в колхозах на Брянщине. Во время Великой Отечественной войны погиб её муж-партизан. Сама же Варвара Коновалова с сыном эвакуировалась в Тамбовскую область, где работала в колхозе «Красная нива».

В 1944 году переехала в город Севастополь. Проживала в поселке имени Полины Осипенко (теперь — в составе Севастополя) и работала в созданном в этом же селе виноградарском совхозе имени Полины Осипенко Бахчисарайского района Крымской области. Член КПСС.

Не имея ранее опыта виноградарства, благодаря упорному труду и постоянному стремлению к внедрению передового опыта стала одним из лучших специалистов по уходу за виноградниками. За сезон 1957 года добилась абсолютного рекорда урожая для всего Крыма — на площади 32 гектара сняла по 112 центнеров винограда с каждого гектара, а виноград сорта «Черноморский» снимала на площади 8,6 гектара по 180 центнеров с гектара.

За особые заслуги в развитии сельского хозяйства и достижение высоких показателей по производству зерна, сахара, свеклы, мяса, молока и других продуктов сельского хозяйства и внедрение в производство достижений науки и передового опыта, Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 26 февраля 1958 года Коноваловой Варваре Михайловне присвоено звание Героя Социалистического Труда с вручением ордена Ленина и золотой медали «Серп и Молот».

В 1969 году вышла на пенсию, но еще много лет продолжала работать в совхозе имени Полины Осипенко Бахчисарайского района.

Похоронена в городе Севастополе.

Награды
 Герой Социалистического Труда (26.02.1958)
 орден Ленина (26.02.1958)
 орден «Знак Почета» (30.04.1966)
 медали

Источники

 Газета «Крымская правда» (Симферополь) — 1963 год — февраль.

Герои Социалистического Труда
Депутаты Верховного Совета Украинской ССР 5-го созыва
Депутаты Верховного Совета Украинской ССР 6-го созыва
Кавалеры ордена «Знак Почёта»
Кавалеры ордена Ленина
Родившиеся в 1909 году
Родившиеся 27 мая
Умершие в 1995 году
Умершие 22 августа
Родившиеся в Брянской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Halifax-Restaurants.com is a guide to restaurants, bars, cafes and hotels in the Halifax area including: Antigonish, Dartmouth and Wolfville.
In the summer of 2011 the site was re-launched with a new look featuring numerous improvements including a new design, larger pictures, better searching and overall faster performance.
Launched in 2007 today it features a growing list of establishments from all over Halifax and surrounding communities.


From 1985 to 2015 the avg first frost was Nov 25th and the last was March 4th.
Since 2010 to 2015 the avg first frost is Nov 18th, and the last March 10th.
That is definitely a trend of a shorter growing season at work. Will the trend reverse itself? The GFS model and the NWS blend of models is calling for freezing temps in both Charleston and Mobile AL on the 23rd. So, that would be closer to Nov 25th. What was needed though was an early December date which would nudge the average back closer to the longer term date.
I don't care what anybody says, we have gotten colder and colder since 2010 in the east while the PNW gets warmer an warmer. 2012 was just a fluke looking back now.


Very young and well maintained yacht, as new, with hydraulic lowerable steering house, works like Linssen Variotop, thus reducing vertical clearance to 3,40 m. Perfect condition and ready to go.
Steel motoryacht Condor Crosswind "Columbus", built 2002 by Condor Yachting-The Netherlands, CE-B, dim.: 13,50 x 4,25 x 1,20 m, 2 cabins, 4 fixed berths, diplacement approx. 17 ton, blue multi-shine hull, steel white superstructure, and teak deck, hardened glass windows in aluminium framing, fuel tank approx. 1500 ltr, water tank approx. 500 ltr, sump tank approx. 400 ltr, hydraulic wheelsteering, electric motorpanel.
Classic cherry wood interior with off white leather upholstery, 2 cabins (ownerscabin-guestcabin) with 4 fixed berths, large saloon with bench, large galley, wheelhouse with seat and bar, headway approx. 3,40 m, 2 x toilet (vacuum) and shower (seperated from toilet), 4-burner electric stove, sink, combi microwave/grill, electric refrigerator, washingmachine, TV and antenna, radio, cd-player, hot water heatingwystem.
Single Perkins Sabre 245 hp (180,07 kW) diesel engine, approx. 1566 runninghours, Fisher Panda diesel generator, shorepower, batteries, batterycharger, inverter, airco, heating, bowthruster, waterpressure system, hot water, mechanical and electric bilgepump, hydraulically operated radar bracket.
Compass, echosounder, log, GPS, VHF, wipers.
Hydraulic lowerable steering house (works like Linnsen Variotop), electric windlass, anchor and chain, cold/warm water deckwashinstallation, fire extinguisher, integrated bathingladder, bathingplatform.


text:
You are here: Home » Sponsors
Our Wild Inner West
Kids' Page
Our Sponsors and Supporters
The Cubberla-Witton Catchments Network Inc (CWCN) is registered as a charity with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission (ABN 21 367 529 654).
CWCN greatly appreciates the support we receive from community, sponsors and partners, without whom we would not be able to provide our valuable community and environmental programs.
We wish to acknowledge the following sponsors and supporters.
The immense material support received through the provision and establishment of CWCN's Catchments Centre in Chapel Hill and the help of the Lord Mayor, Councillors and Council staff. Special thanks are going to Cr Julian Simmonds/then Chair of Finance, Economic Development and Administration Committee and Councillor of Walter Taylor Ward for his backing of the project throughout the development phase and to former Cr Margaret de Wit/then Chairman of Council and Councillor of Pullenvale Ward for supporting the project and rescuing us from a leaking roof.
Collaboration and implementation of erosion control measures at Cubberla Creek in SEQC/Australian Government funded project Brisbane Communities Working Together - What's your nature?
The ongoing support received through the Conservation Partnerships Program and especially the wonderful Officers of the Habitat Brisbane and the Creek Catchment Officer Program for their immense support across our activities.
Sponsorship for a much needed trailer
Miscellaneous Projects now completed under the Community Conservation Assistance Program benefiting several sites across our catchments
Lord Mayor's Community Sustainability and Environment Grant for
Rehabilitation Projects at Greenhill Reservoir, Brushbox Court and Dillingen Street Park (all Chapel Hill) and Banksia Park, Ironside Park and St Lucia Esplanade (all St Lucia)
Survey of Microbats across the Inner West catchments
Contribution to CWCN's administration expenses.
For ongoing support of our water quality monitoring activities through training and mentoring and the monthly calibration of our electronic monitoring device.
Community Sustainability Action Grant supporting
rehabilitation work at Clarina Street Park and Greenhill Reservoir, both Chapel Hill and benefitting our wildlife movement corridor project " Witton for Wildlife", as well as habitat rehabilitation at Banksia Park St Lucia.
Gambling Community Benefit Fund providing us with a new Horiba for our monthly water quality monitoring across our catchments, a new and desparately needed PA system and binoculars.
Caring for our Country grant with a focus on urban waterway restoration for Brisbane Communities Working Together inititiative What's your nature and facilitated by Healthy Land and Water in collaboration with Brisbane City Council, and Brisbane Catchments Network. In Brisbane's Inner West this project will benefit Cubberla Creek and the Brisbane River corridor through a project at Manaton Park, Fig Tree Pocket.
We would like to thank Ms Jane Prentice MP for her ongoing support of our endeavours and the role she played in getting the plans for a CWCN Centre off the ground while still Councillor of the Walter Taylor Ward.
For the immense support provided by covering our Public Liability, Personal Accident and Association Liability Insurance through Queensland Government Funds.
For conducting a State Government funded rehabilitation project aimed at flood recovery at the banks of the Brisbane River in Fig Tree Pocket below the Equestrian Centre.
For support of on-ground rehabilitation efforts through funding of small equipment.
For funding of urban waterway restoration projects at Cubberla Creek and Little Gubberley Creek under the Australian Government funded Brisbane Communities Working Together initiative What's your nature and carried out in collaboration with Brisbane City Council, Brisbane Catchments Network, Kenmore South SS and others. In Brisbane's Inner West this project will benefit Cubberla Creek, Little Gubberley Creek and the Brisbane River corridor through a project off St Lucia Esplanade and at Manaton Park.
For facilitating animal ethics permits for fauna surveys.
For incorporating a project at the Brisbane River, St Lucia into their allocation of the Brisbane Communities Working Together Initiative What's your nature?
For financial support in help of setting up CWCN's seed propagation facility and with that directly contributing to the success of rehabilitation efforts across our catchments and wildlife corridors in Brisbane's Inner West.
For supporting our educational activities, especially our Program Watch out! Enviro Detectives about! This support enables us to introduce prep to early primary school age to environment and sustainability issues, secure the running of these activities, purchase materials, and to keep the participation fees down.
For showing true community spirit and providing ongoing support through promoting CWCN activities including festivals and educatinal activities.
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For showing community spirit, social responsibility for adopting an area in the upper reaches of Cubberla Creek and contributing to its rehabilitation by hands on work during several working bees per year now over several years.
For being wonderful friends and supporters during multiple events from the Opening of our Catchment Centre to community planting events and Family Fun Days.
For showing community spirit facilitating fundraising venues for our organisation (Bunnings Oxley).
For showing community spirit through not only participating in community planting events but also generously donating materials for our ongoing rehabilitation work (Bunnings Indooroopilly).
For generous support of CWCN's Fungi Festival through sponsoring MasterChef contestant Ben Macdonald and multiple prizes at the event.
Kenmore Plaza
For generous support of CWCN's Fungi Festival.
Kenmore Village
For funding of two interpretive signs depicting life cycles of frogs and dragonflies.
For provision of volunteer support on multiple rehabilitation sites.
CWCN Centre
47 Hepworth Street
Chapel Hill Qld 4069
© 2019 Cubberla-Witton Catchments Network Inc. | ABN: 21 367 529 654