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Christchurch uncovered
Exploring Christchurch's past through archaeology
Category Archives: Methods
In which a teacup is smashed against a wall in a fit of rage
Posted on 23 November 2018 by Clara Watson
One of the most fascinating things about studying and interpreting the past is the possibilities it holds. Could the broken tea cup I've found been smashed against a wall in a fit of rage after a wife found her husband being promiscuous with another man? Could the alcohol bottle lying at the bottom of a latrine be from a teenage son and his mates sneakily getting drunk in the backyard? Could it really be the year 2518 and we are all computer-generated simulations in an elaborate experimental archaeology project to examine consumer behaviour in the early 21st century?
Archaeology is an interesting combination of science and humanities. When we approach the past, we begin by dealing with what we know or can determine as fact…
This rubbish pit was located 300 mm below the top soil.
It contained a plate manufactured by the pottery company Pinder, Bourne and Co.
Pinder, Bourne and Co. operated between 1862 and 1882 so the plate must have been manufactured between 1862 and 1882.
From there we go to what we can determine as likely…
ceramic plates on average had a lifespan of 15-20 years, meaning the plate was likely disposed of between 1879 and 1902, but could have been disposed of earlier or later.
the Johnson family was living at the property between 1870 and 1895 meaning they were likely the family who owned and disposed of the plate, but it could have also been disposed of by the families who preceded and succeeded the Johnson's occupation.
the plate was decorated with a pattern featuring motifs from the Aesthetic Movement. The Aesthetic Movement was popular around the 1870s and 1880s suggesting the Johnson family were keeping up with fashion trends in homewares.
And then there's always what's possible…
Mr Johnson forgot Mrs Johnson's birthday. In a rush he ran to the store and bought Mrs Johnson the newest, fanciest plate he could find. Mrs Johnson, however, was not appeased by the gift. She could not believe that Mr Johnson had forgotten her birthday after she had been dropping hints all week. She hated the offset designs of the Aesthetic Movement's patterns and was a strong believer that Willow pattern was a classic which will never go out of fashion. In a rage she stormed out of the house, left Mr Johnson, and moved to Guatemala. Mr Johnson, devastated by the break up of his marriage, threw out the plate, burying his love for Mrs Johnson along with it.
As archaeologists we work firmly in the realms of what we can determine as fact and based on those facts what we can determine as likely. Whilst we do speculate, we generally don't go very far outside the realms of possibility. In today's blog post, however, I want to throw all that science and fact out the window and just run with wherever my imagination takes me.
The assemblage we're going to be looking at today came from a single rubbish pit, found at the rear of a nineteenth century dwelling. The artefacts found in the rubbish pit included items which were typical of late 19th and early 20th century households. Several items contained manufacturer's marks indicating they were made after 1891, but there were no items which were distinctively 20th century. This suggests the material was deposited either at the very end of 19th century, or the very beginning of the 20th. The Northey family, consisting of Paul, his wife Jane, and their son John, lived at the house between 1878 and 1926. Given the Northey's long occupation of the property, and the date of the artefacts found in the rubbish pit, it's highly likely they were the ones to dispose of the items.
That's the facts folks, now let's tell a story. The following are "extracts" from Jane Northey's diary.
January Third, 1899.
Today was quiet. I went to the shops in the morning and purchased three bottles of Worcestershire Sauce for 1/-. An excellent bargain. Naturally, I chose Lea and Perrins. I don't understand how these New Zealand made products can claim they taste the same as traditional English Worcester Sauce. I saw there's even a Dunedin brand which has called itself Royal Worcestershire Sauce( making out like it's endorsed by the king!) when really it's made at the bottom of the world. No product which was not made in England will ever be stored on my shelves. The items you have in your house reflect on your person, and I am very much an English lady.
Good English made products were always a staple in Jane's pantry. Image: C. Watson.
April Eighth, 1899
I could not believe it. Paul came home from work today wearing his 'tramp' hat. Whilst I might have tolerated him wearing such an article of clothing when I was trailing around after him on the goldfields in '72, he now works in a respectable drapery business, and I will not have him walking around the town looking like a tramp. What would the neighbours think? We've spent the past twenty years building a livelihood here, extending the home, decorating the parlour – I'll not have people thinking we aren't a respectable family. Rather than having yet another argument over it I offered to wash it. I'm sure there will be some way to make it fall apart in the process.
Paul's hat. A great source of shame for Jane. Image: C. Watson.
July Fourth, 1899
I made a most excellent purchase today. I was reading in the newspaper about Strawberry Sets. Apparently, they're all the rage in London at the moment. There's a small handled dish to hold the strawberries on, and a sugar bowl and creamer which sit within the dish. The dish can be offered around during a garden party for people to eat strawberries off – very on trend. After reading about them I knew I just had to get one. I popped down to Ballantynes and managed to purchase my own, a dainty wee porcelain one. Of course, there aren't any strawberries in season yet, but come November I will be prepared.
The strawberry dish from Jane's strawberry set. Image: C. Watson.
July Fifth, 1899
Paul and I had a wicked argument last night over the Strawberry Set. He screamed at me that I shouldn't have bought it and that my insistent spending was the reason why he went bankrupt back in '84. I wasn't having any of that and threw it back in his face that he promised me a better life when I followed him over here and that if we wanted to be a respectable family and impress our peers then we needed to look the part. He of course went off, ranting about the mortgages we'd taken on and that the house didn't need to be as grand as we'd made it and that all I cared about was impressing the neighbours. Honestly, the man doesn't understand. Of course I care about impressing the neighbours. He's not the one who has to deal with Mrs Stevens coming over here and withering on about her new teapot and then saying "Oh, but the one you have is perfectly nice dear, it's always sensible to purchase within your means". Well the fight got a bit heated and he picked up my lovely flower vase that I use when I have ladies over for tea and hurled it at the wall. I couldn't believe it. I picked up his whisky glass which was sitting on the table and hurled it back at him. That ended the fight quickly as it's his favourite glass and he couldn't believe I'd done it. He stormed out to the pub and I cleaned up. I hope none of the neighbours heard, although I saw Mrs Riley's curtains twitch so I bet the nosy bat was listening in.
The remains of a fight. Jane's vase and Paul's favourite tumbler. Image: C. Watson.
September Tenth, 1899
Something most devastating happened today. I dropped the mixing bowl. Whilst most people might not shed a tear , most people wouldn't have taken the effort to purchase such a wondrous mixing bowl! When I was at Mrs Riley's house for tea last Tuesday (Mrs Riley who always makes a point of showing off her brand new set of china), the kitchen maid came running in shouting that there was a fire in the kitchen. We ran to the back of the house and saw a spark had jumped out of the range and onto the rug. We of course simply stamped out the flame, something I'm sure the ditzy kitchen maid could have done herself, but while doing so I looked around and saw Mrs Riley had plain creamware bowls in her kitchen. They looked like they were nearly thirty years old! So for all the airs she puts on it looks like the new china set is the only thing of any class which she owns. I've always been most aware that you never know when someone might snoop around and have made sure that the bowls I keep in my kitchen are of good quality. This bowl in particular was very nice, with moulded detail and green bands which almost match the rest of the dinner set. I feel most put out that it's now broken.
Jane's beloved mixing bowl. Along with some fragments of her near-matching dinner and tea sets. Image: C. Watson.
November Second, 1899
An absolute disaster of a day. I invited Mrs Riley and Mrs Stevens around for tea today. Naturally I used the good china, my Lucerne patterned set, rather than the banded set. I was most excited as I had managed to purchase some strawberries from the grocer and it was my first opportunity to use my strawberry set. Well, we were sat down in the garden sipping our tea when Mrs Stevens children came tearing into the garden chasing their new puppy. The wee monster came straight for me, I jumped up on the chair to escape its nipping jaws but in doing so dropped the cup and saucer I was holding. I couldn't believe it. But then to make matters worse while the children were trying to grab a hold of it one of them bumped into the table, sending my strawberry set to the ground. The dish survived alright but the creamer and sugar bowl both broke. I was so livid. Mrs Stevens simpered around saying how sorry she was, and that the new puppy had been such a handful. Naturally, I just smiled and said "It's okay dear". It definitely was not okay. I think she set the whole situation up on purpose because she couldn't handle that I had something which was fancier than anything she owned.
Jane's fancy Lucerne patterned china. Image: C. Watson.
At the end of the day, these "diary entries" are completely fictional. It's possible that these events happened, just as it's possible that there's still moose living in Fiordland. As archaeologists, it's important that we focus on the known facts. Yet doing so can mean we lose sight of the humanity of the past – artefacts become data in a spreadsheet, numbers rather than objects which people owned, used and maybe even loved. Whilst the stories I've told here are fictional, there may be an element of truth in them. The Northey's did take out several mortgages on their property between 1878 and 1894, and Paul Northey did declare bankruptcy in 1884. Yet despite that, they had several unusual, high-end objects. We don't normally find fancy vases or strawberry dishes. These are the kind of artefacts I would associate with a wealthy family, or at least a family which was trying to appear wealthy and "keep up with the Joneses", which might be what the Northey's were doing. Narratives and stories such as these remind us that artefacts belonged to people, they're not just broken fragments of china, and as long as we're clear that we're telling a story, then they are an excellent way of exploring the lives of the people of the past.
Just as long as there aren't any aliens in the stories. Aliens and archaeology don't go well together.
Clara Watson
Posted in Artefacts, Class, Methods, People	| Tagged artefacts, bottles, ceramic, funny, interpretation	| 2 Replies
'Archaia' and 'Logos', what even is archaeology?
Posted on 26 October 2018 by Maria Lillo Bernabeu
The word archaeology comes from the Greek archaia ("ancient things") and logos ("theory" or "science"). So, archaeologists study past societies through the material culture. In other words, we write the history analysing what people threw away or left behind. That's what it is, although the origin of archaeology was quite different!
Back in the day, great discoveries of ancient civilizations enchanted the curiosity of those intrepid explorers who travelled the world looking for antiquities. The ruins of Troy and the image of Henrich Schliemann's wife wearing the Priam's Treasure (referred to as "Jewels of Helen") as well as the Tutankhamun tomb are probably two of the most iconic finds of the last centuries. On 22 November 1922 when Lord Carnavon enquired anxiously "Can you see anything?" and Howard Carter replied "Yes, wonderful things", expressing the grandeur of the ancient world. Those expeditions became the excuse to plunder historical sites to boost either personal or museum collections, with no further interest other than hunting treasures, contradicting the rightful purpose of archaeology.
Left: Sophia Schliemann wearing some of the gold jewellery from the Priam's Treasure. Right: Howard Carter and the Tutankhamun tomb. Images: Wikimedia Commons.
The archaeological discoveries at ancient cities also inspired the decoration on contemporary ceramics. Tea, table and serving wares also became a mechanism to emulate the magnificent past. Idyllic depictions of exotic and remote places, scenes with ruins of Greece, Rome and oriental inspired scenes are all relatively common finds on Christchurch archaeological sites.
Left: Medina patterned plate. It is likely that this pattern draws inspiration from Medina, the city in Saudi Arabia to the north of Mecca. Image: J. Garland. Right: drainer decorated with the Corinthian pattern, the name of which refers to one of the three Greek architectural orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, with ruins and columns depicted on the scene. Image: M. Lillo Bernabeu.
From left to right. We don't know what the title of the pattern was, but the fragment clearly features a hand painted Grecian figure. The name of the following patterns: Egyp[t] or Egyp[tian] and Persian also evoking past cultures. However, in these examples, the scene depicted is unknown as we only found a tiny piece of ceramic! Image: M. Lillo Bernabeu.
At that time of treasure hunting in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the object itself pulled out of its place was the centre of attention. And that's not our job. Rather than treasures by themselves, artefacts are precious because they help us to interpret and understand how people used to live. That's their actual value. And that's possible to achieve when studying the objects in relation to the context in which they were found. During the latter half of the 20th century, archaeology grew up as science, with the development of methods of fieldwork, recording and cataloguing and the use of specific tools and technologies, shared with other disciplines like anthropology or geology. Archaeology is a social science, so archaeologists are scientists. Unlike fossickers or curio hunters, archaeologists always take notes and make drawings and plans. This is key, because archaeology is essentially preservation by record.
Archaeologist in action! Left: Hamish taking notes on site. Image: T. Anderson. Right: Hamish and I drawing and old curb in the city. Image: H. Williams.
By the sounds of it, the real profile of an archaeologist is unlike the idealised portrait of it. We are far away from one of the most popular archaeologists ever. Who pops up in our minds when thinking of archaeology? Of course, Indiana Jones… except for Hamish! Both share part of the outfit, it's not the whip but the cool felt hat! Well, archaeologists wear usually safety helmets on site, but in their spare time, wherever archaeologists go, the hat would be a perfect accessory, aye?
Left: Indiana Jones. Image: Rex/Shutterstock. Right: Hamish wearing his felt hat at the Edwin Fox Maritime museum in Picton. Archaeologists do love to soak up the local history! Image: H. Williams.
The fictional image of a female archaeologist is probably even less accurate. Can't find anything in common between Lara Croft and us. Well, she is presented as a highly intelligent, athletic and beautiful archaeologist… Maybe it is a little bit like us.
Beyond the stereotypes and the history of archaeology, constructed by and starring male archaeologists like Carter or Schliemann, there were women archaeologists as well, although it was 'not a common thing, for obvious reasons' (Star 15/04/1914: 7). Perhaps because those were so obvious (irony on going!), none of those reasons were nuanced… Anyway, the point is that Jeanette Le Fleming was an archaeologist. She married in 1885 Sir William Le Fleming, born in Christchurch in 1861, eight Baronet of Rydal and prominent settler in Taranaki district (Evening Post 3/11/1945: 11).
New Zealand's newspapers in 1932 reported Jeanette's return to New Zealand after a long trip. 'In her capacity of archaeologist' (crikey!), she had visited Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Denmark and investigated ruins in Zimbabwe. Among her experiences overseas, she considered her study of the ruins at Zimbabwe the most interesting of her professional experiences. There Jeanette analysed the acropolis and temple erected under the influence of Babylonian civilization. She wrote many articles on travel subjects, ancient history and archaeology. She published under a nom de plume, 'which she keeps in complete secret' and not even her sister was aware of her identification with a certain writer and archaeologist (Evening Post 25/01/1932: 10). Apart from Europe and Russia, Jeanette also travelled to Central and South America, India, China and Japan, among many other places. She preferred travelling alone (yes, a pioneer of women solo travellers!) as she was never afraid, and always keen to nature, climates, archaeology, medieval and other modern curiosities, as well as the present economic conditions of each country (Evening Star 14/12/1936).
Honestly, I'm so jealous! What an inspirational woman! Loving what I also love (and archaeologist in general!), travelling, exploring new places and cultures, being curious all the time, asking questions and looking for answers! Eventually, Jeanette Le Fleming died at her home in 1944, after a long and undoubtedly interesting life! (Evening Post 3/05/1944: 8).
Jeanette Le Fleming. Image: Evening Star 24/09/1938.
As archaeologists working in post-earthquake Christchurch, we also have stories and the archaeology of the early city to tell you through Christchurch Uncovered blog, Facebook, Instagram and public archaeology events. Unquestionably, scientifically recording the past is the best way to preserve it in partnership with all of you, committed people, aware of the significance of our heritage as the witness of the history, the vestiges of the past from which we can learn so much.
To conclude, a summary that describes best what an archaeologist is, how our current day-to-day goes… Love it.
Image: I fucking love archaeology.
Maria Lillo Bernabeu
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/ (Accessed October 2018).
Paper Past, 2018. [online] Available at: https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/ (Accessed October 2018).
Posted in Archaeology, Artefacts, Ceramics, Excavation, Historical research, History of Archaeology, Ideas, Methods, People	| Tagged archaeological theory, archaeology, artefacts, Christchurch, early christchurch business, historical archaeology, interpretive archaeology	| 2 Replies
Archaeological challenges in the Hundred Acre Wood
Posted on 29 January 2016 by Jessie Garland
Hello everyone! Belated happy new year and welcome back.
We've decided to begin the year by talking about problems (just to start on a positive note). Well, sort of. We're participating in an international round-up of blog posts this month on the subject of grand challenges in archaeology (you can see the whole thing here). Obviously, we're approaching this from the perspective of Christchurch (and, to a degree, New Zealand) and the challenges we face here – both in the sense of difficulties encountered and challenges to be met.
To this end, three of us – with different areas of interest and experience in archaeology – got together and had a bit of a discussion about the challenges that stand out to us the most, the salient points of which are presented here. However, partly because it amuses me and partly because I want to see if any of you can guess who said what, I have replaced our real names with the names of Winnie-the-Pooh characters for the purposes of this post.
Imagine, if you will then, that Christopher Robin, Tigger and Owl, playing at being archaeologists for a day, are sitting around a fire in a clearing of the Hundred Acre Wood. Their conversation turns, as it always does when archaeologists congregate, to their (current) profession, and some of the challenges they've encountered while uncovering the mysteries of the past. For the purposes of this tortured metaphor, The Hundred Acre Wood is not always a place in England but sometimes a city in New Zealand (just go with it, okay?).
(In reality, we sat at our computers and carried out an online conversation over a couple of days when we should have been doing other work. The truth is always so much less fun than fiction.)
See, doesn't this look much better than people hunched over computer screens?
This conversation ranges from the specific and often practical difficulties they have faced in their daily work to some of the broader questions facing archaeology as a profession and field of research. Two major themes start to emerge: one revolves around the engagement of archaeology with the world today, the other encompasses the research potential of archaeological work, especially when it comes to answering big, broad questions.
The challenges of research – from the practical difficulties of realising it, to the scale at which it can be approached and the questions to be asked and answered – is perhaps the most obvious to the three participants, given the scale of work and amount of archaeological data being gathered in the city after the earthquakes. The last five years have resulted in over 2000 new recorded archaeological sites in Christchurch, approximately 1000 (or more) boxes of artefacts and the systematic excavation of the first 50 years of a whole city (not to mention several earlier Maori archaeological sites as well). It can be a little overwhelming.
"Indeed," says Owl, hootingly. "Just from a practical perspective, there are the challenges presented by the time and money required to undertake research, by issues like databases and data management and accessibility and so on. A lot of which is made more challenging by the fact that all of the archaeological work in the city is done by archaeological consultants, who have neither the time nor funds to actually do the research."
"Yeah," says Tigger, bouncing up and down (please feel free to imagine this said in a Tigger voice, it's kind of hilarious). "It's the perennial problem of realising the research potential of archaeological consultancy, where most of the work happens but not much of the research. Unlike universities and research institutes, where most of the research happens, but less of the work. I mean, less of the initial data collection and excavation. I would never suggest that academics do less work."
In which Tigger bounces and muses on the challenges of research in archaeological consultancy at the same time.
"Maybe," says Christopher Robin (who has been uncharacteristically silent until now), "we're excavating too many sites. There does seem to be too much data and not enough people to work with it. But it's also important that we don't lose the information offered by those sites."
Owl nods. Wisely. Because owls are wise. "It's not just the amount of information we have from sites being excavated and investigated right now. It's also all of the accumulated information we have from old sites, which is constantly being re-analysed and integrated into new databases and new methods and new research questions."
Christopher Robin gently suggests that Owl try not to be such an Eeyore, and think instead about the potential of this information. "The fact that so much data has been accumulated makes possible some really interesting challenges as far as research questions go. We can look at bigger, broader questions of life in the past that we couldn't before. Ideas like the birth of the modern city, the development of regional architectural styles, the development of identity at different scales and at different groups."
"Capitalism! Consumerism! Colonialism!" hoots Owl, in a momentary loss of dignity.
Tigger, in the typically positive manner of tiggers everywhere, reminds the other two that this potential is one of the most exciting things about working in Christchurch. The other two agree, nodding solemnly in the firelight. Christchurch has immense potential when it comes to broad research questions in archaeology, uniquely placed as it is to explore the past through the lives of individuals and communities and the global processes that changed the world. We're excavating on a site by site basis, but accumulating a city wide dataset that fits within a much wider context. The scale of the archaeology (in every sense of the word) has so much to offer.
Owl, the ruffled feathers and dignity from the previous outburst settling back into place, adds "There are some challenges inherent in that as well, though. There's a need for comparative data from other places and time periods in the world, especially if we want to address these questions on a global scale over time. Accessibility and data compatibility – and comparability – is a real challenge, as other archaeologists have already talked about elsewhere."
"It doesn't mean that incompatible or incomparable datasets can't contribute to a bigger global conversation, though," says Christopher Robin, reasonably.
"True" Owl continues, on a roll. "It's not just the practicalities of it, though. It's not always easy to reconcile different scales of research potential. When you're looking at big picture questions, it can be hard to hold on to the nuances and details of individuals and things and easy to over generalise or simplify complicated situations and concepts. But, at the same time, these are the questions we need to be asking, the ideas and changes that are most relevant to the world we live in today – and some of the most exciting to pursue."
Owl holds court on research potential in Christchurch.
It is at this point that a second big theme begins to emerge from the conversation: the challenge of engaging archaeology with the world today. Again, it is one that is particularly obvious to those of us working in Christchurch, where the value and relevance of heritage in the present day is a complex and often controversial topic. So much of the city's visible heritage has been lost and the significance and future of those elements that have survived (the cathedral is a case in point) is very publicly and contentiously negotiated. The challenge goes beyond this, however, beyond the very obvious examples of symbolic heritage buildings to the ways in which archaeology (and heritage in general) is engaging with the world and lives of people today.
"Exactly," says Owl, slightly long winded-ly. "There's so much potential, especially with the situation here, to make use of all this information we have about the history of the city in the context of the world around us now. Like the parallels and contrasts you can see between the social, political, and urban processes that are occurring in Christchurch now, after the earthquakes, and those that occurred during the first decades of European settlement in the 19th century. Our past is relevant to our present (and our future) and we need to be better at communicating this."
They may not look like much, but sites and features like these can answer all kinds of questions on all kinds of scales. A small midden (left), when combined with other information, might shed light on how humans have impacted the environment in the past (through progressively smaller shellfish sizes over time, for example) or where and how people were getting their food. Historic rubbish pits and artefacts (right) might, when placed in a larger dataset or context, tell us about individual and collective consumption choices (and what those choices tell us about people and societies) or manufacturing and trade processes in the Victorian world. The potential of individual objects, sites and assemblages to contribute to a wider understanding of the past is something we've covered often here on the blog (because it's something that's important and needs to be talked about). Images: T. Wadsworth (left), J. Garland (right).
Christopher Robin adds, thoughtfully (everything Christopher Robin does is thoughtful), "There's definitely a lot to be said for the value that relevance adds to archaeology, as well, especially from the perspective of non-archaeologists. That's one of the biggest challenges for me, you know – the public perception of archaeology and the apparent lack of value that people place on heritage in Christchurch (and New Zealand), outside of a few select examples."
"That's something that archaeology faces all over the world, I think," says Tigger.
"Yes," says Christopher Robin. "It's that issue of archaeology, and heritage in general, being seen as something that halts or holds up development and is therefore a nuisance, rather than something useful to society."
Owl hoots in agreement. Or something.
In which Christopher Robin ponders the challenge of archaeology and public opinion.
"For New Zealand in general, though" Christopher Robin continues, "it does seem like we place a lot of value on our natural heritage, which is such a huge part of our national identity, but not as much on our cultural heritage. Maybe, as a profession, one of the challenges to be met here is how we present what we do to the general public. Maybe we should be focusing more on what the public wants out of archaeology, rather than what we think they should know about."
"Maybe," says Owl. "It's true that I am often surprised by the kinds of stories and discoveries that people – archaeologists and non-archaeologists, alike – think are interesting and cool. It turns out that the things that owls find interesting are not always interesting to other people."
"Who knew," says Christopher Robin, only a little sarcastically.
"It's not just what we're communicating," says Tigger, still bouncing. "It's how we're communicating it. We need to be better at making archaeology accessible to non-archaeologists. Tiggers watch a lot of YouTube videos, you know, and a lot of the archaeology channels are dry. They should be active, experimental or – if we're talking about that natural heritage focus – taking place in relation to the landscape. Time Team was a good example of that."
"I miss Time Team," says Owl, mournfully.
"And if we're talking about individual artefacts or sites or even archaeologists," adds Tigger, "they need to be personalised in some way.That's it! We need to personalise the past, make it engaging and accessible."
"What, like writing an entire blog post as fictional characters from our childhoods?" asks Christopher Robin.
"Sure," says Owl. "That sounds like a good idea. Could be fun."
"Fun," agrees Tigger. "Fun, fun, fun, fun fun."
It is here that we shall leave our three intrepid archaeologists, although their conversation continues long into the night, as the flames of their campfire flicker through the trees of the Hundred Acre Wood. There are other challenges to be solved, other adventures to be had and discoveries to be made, but these are tales for another day.
(Or, the online conversation occurring in reality deteriorates into a series of typos and comments on coffee and shoes and the subject is tabled for another day.)
Owl, Christopher Robin and Tigger.
The fantastic, fabulous work of A. A. Milne, of course.
Posted in Archaeology, Methods, People	| Tagged artefacts, buildings archaeology, Christchurch, earthquake, grand challenges, historical archaeology, interpretive archaeology, theory	| Leave a reply
From bottle to basement: uncovering a repository of information
Posted on 29 May 2015 by Katharine
Late in 2014 we were contacted by contractors working on a rebuild project in Christchurch's city centre. It was reported that a number of bottles had been uncovered during routine earthworks and the area cordoned off until our arrival. The bottles themselves were in pristine condition but what was of particular interest was the area in which they were found. Behind us was a mound of dark dirt, strewn with displaced wooden planks and broken bottles. I'll be the first to admit, it wasn't one of the prettiest features I've ever seen and, oh yeah, it was 2 metres below the surface of the city. So, today I'm going to take you on a little ride, a pictorial one as such, down through that ugly mound of dirt, the archaeology involved and the story it told.
And so our tale begins…
It began with a phone call one Friday afternoon (when I was already thinking about a cold brew at the closest drinking hole), but it was answered and soon I was joined by fellow archaeologists, decked out in hi-vis vests and mud-caked boots, with WHS trowels in the back pocket ready to work.
The feature on the arrival of the archaeologist. Image: K Bone.
Due to the unknown extent of the feature we established a simple quadrant system to allow us to record any material collected as we removed the debris from the area. This involved removing all the planks of wood that were no longer in situ, along with any large amounts of soil.
Initial excavations following the removal of debris. Image: K Bone.
Excavation begins… Image: K Bone.
Once the area was cleared of all debris, we set out to define the full extent of the feature, which was beginning to look a lot like a floor. Three trenches were dug, along the western, southern and eastern sides of the feature (the northern side had already been dug out during the earthworks). Following the completion of these three trenches, we established a grid system for the collection of artefacts.
The feature once fully exposed, and the three trenches excavated . Image: K Webb.
Artefacts from below the floorboards, many complete bottles were recorded but were mostly damaged or broken. Image: K Webb.
Once the top layer of dirt and debris was removed and all structural wood was exposed the feature was mapped using a Trimble M3 total station.
Site plan. Image: K. Webb.
At the same time, the stratigraphy of the northern baulk was drawn (this was the only stratigraphic profile that could be recorded, due to the sheet piling around the section).
Was recorded as this…
which became this….
Then the wooden floorboards were removed and excavation of the subfloor space began, revealling a treasure trove of artefacts and structural information.
The remains of some upright boards nailed to the bottom plate at the south end of the feature. Image: K. Webb.
The stone piles supported the wooden floorboards. Three rows of piles were found, one down each of the east and west sides and one down the centre of the building. The piles were unevenly spaced. Image: K Bone.
During the excavation samples of each of the different timber elements were taken so we could identify the species at a later date. Image: K. Webb.
Once the field work was completed preparation of the report began, with the historical research. Maps and newspapers revealed that this section of land was the site of Barnard's repository and later Tattersall's horse bazaar.
Next up: the artefact analysis, which was conducted by one of our in-house artefact specialists. The artefacts are analysed according to their material classes and recorded by a number of attributes, with research including place of manufacture, product type, company name and date of production. This research contributes to our final interpretation of the site.
Clay smoking pipes were found below the floorboards: a John Reynolds pipe (top) and a J. M. Heywood pipe (see next week's post for more on this interesting fellow from Lyttelton). Image: K. Bone.
Plymouth gin tin capsule, still attached to the cork. Image: K. Bone.
Two bottle capsules still attached to the cork, and the bottle. This suggests that these bottles had not been opened at the time of their deposition. The manufacturer of the capsule at right was the Victoria Stores distributor; that at left could not be identified. Image: K. Bone.
One of two coins found on the site. This particular one has a profile of the young Queen Victoria, with the date 1853. The other coin was a George IV coin, with the date 1826. Image: K. Bone.
Following the artefact analysis a series of spatial distribution maps were produced to determine whether or not there were any patterns in the distribution of the artefacts.
Example of one of the spatial distribution maps. This looked at the relationship between the different forms of glass recovered from the feature. Image: K. Bone.
So what does it all mean? The location of the floor 2 metres below the ground surface indicated that it was a cellar floor. The artefacts found indicated that the cellar was primarily used to store alcohol bottles and leather goods. Conveniently, the historical research indicated that there had been both a hotel and a saddlery on site.
And that's how the discovery of a few bottles led to us uncovering a unqiue piece of Christchurch's history. From the field work to the research, the artefact analysis to the final write up, the process is important in allowing us to tell the story of Christchurch.
Kim Bone
Posted in Artefacts, Excavation, Methods	| Tagged artefacts, Barnard's Repository, basement, bottles, clay pipe, early christchurch business, historical archaeology, hotel	| 6 Replies
Frequently asked questions #2
Posted on 12 August 2014 by Jessie Garland
Continuing on from our last FAQ post, here are the answers to a few more of the questions we face regularly here in Christchurch.
1) Are you doing this for a school project?
Yes, seriously. This gets asked more often than you might think. While it's perhaps in part a result of the fact that a lot of the archaeologists currently working in Christchurch are under 30 and could, if you squinted (in bad light*), conceivably still be at school, it's also symptomatic of the larger misconception that archaeology isn't a proper job. Or, at least, that it's not a viable method of making a living.
I discussed the job thing in the last FAQ post, so I won't get into it again here, but thank you (we think?) for entertaining the possibility that we're still under eighteen.
2) Really? You don't look much like an archaeologist.
This one always confuses me. What is an archaeologist supposed to look like? Is it the lack of tweed? Am I not weather-beaten enough? Not dirty enough? Not beardy enough? Were you expecting more khaki?
Contrary to popular opinion, we really do just look like people, I promise. Occasionally dirty, but entirely capable of using a shower. Sometimes incapable of growing a beard. Not always comfortable in tweed. Well acquainted with the protective properties of sunscreen, PPE and hats. Often mistaken for secretaries, architects, history enthusiasts, school teachers and "soil people", apparently.
Archaeologists, as they appear in the wild. Not a speck of tweed to be seen. Image: Underground Overground Archaeology.
3) Found any moa bones recently?
Other variations include "So, you're looking for bones right?" and "what's the coolest bone you've ever found?"
Someone asked me the last one at a party recently and I had no idea how to answer it (mummified cats?). Bones aren't nearly as common in Christchurch sites as artefacts are and when we do find them, their greatest point of interest is as a collection of faunal remains that can tell us something about what people were eating or what kind of animals were on a site. We almost never, in Christchurch at least, find a single bone that's interesting and cool out of context (I would take this back if I ever found a Haast's eagle skull. Haast's eagles are awesome). We certainly don't find moa bone that often in Christchurch, mostly as a result of the primarily 19th century sites we're dealing with in the post-earthquake work.
Bones! Image: K. Bone.
People also inevitably ask about human remains – how we identify them, what happens to them, if we've ever found bodies – and the answer is, again, that we usually don't come across them in Christchurch. When we do, there are procedures and policies in place to make sure that they're dealt with respectfully and carefully.
Artist's representation of Haast's eagle (terrifying but brilliant) attacking moa (also cool, although slightly less terrifying). Image: John Megahan via Wikimedia Commons.
4) How do you know this is old?
We've addressed this question before here on the blog, to a degree, but it's one that comes up in the field a lot. The answer varies depending on the object, but is almost always related to deciphering the manufacturing and stylistic clues left on the artefact.
5) How much is that bottle/plate/pipe/adze/fish-hook worth?
I like to think of this as the Antiques Roadshow question. The thing is that, unlike Antiques Roadshow, a lot of the artefacts that we deal with have very little in the way of monetary value. They're often broken and/or damaged from the century or more that they've spent in the ground, or such commonly found items that they're not worth anything to collectors. Their value to us is in the information that they provide, through the archaeological context in which they were found, the assemblage that they were part of and the people to whom they belonged.
Even when we do find items that might have some kind of monetary worth, the information value of those artefacts is almost always higher. I can't remember the last time I looked at an artefact and wondered how much money it would fetch: usually, I'm too busy thinking about who owned it, where it came from and how it can help me figure out what happened on a site. To me, that information is priceless (and so easily lost through fossicking and treasure hunting).
A selection of artefacts found in Christchurch over the last three years. The possible monetary value of these is nothing next to the information they offer about life and people in the past. Image: J. Garland.
6) What happens to all these artefacts/information?
Well, it depends. All the material we recover from a site is recorded, catalogued and analysed by a trained archaeologist. That information is written up into a report that is then submitted to Heritage New Zealand and interested parties (i.e. the client). Those reports are publicly available from Heritage New Zealand, if anyone is interested. Sometimes, the artefacts are then sent to a museum or similar institution for display. Other times, they are returned to the owner or retained by archaeologists as reference collections. Sometimes, depending on the significance of the material recovered, assemblages may also be held by one of the universities for further research.
7) How much study did you do to be an archaeologist?
Also phrased as the slightly less diplomatic, "So you went to university to learn how to stand around and watch diggers/learn to use a spade?"
The short answer is, usually, four years or more. Most commercially employed archaeologists will have an Honours degree (four years), many will also have a Masters degree (another 1-2 years) and some will have a PhD (generally another 3-4 years).
The longer answer is that, while digging (and monitoring mechanical excavation of sites) is part of what we do, it's actually a pretty small part of the overall process and thus a small part of what we learn at university. Our degrees teach us a range of things, from research and analytical techniques to the ethics and principles behind preserving and interpreting the past.
At a more specific level, archaeologists use a range of technological aides, from total stations and GIS (geographic information system) to electronic databases, graphic design programs like Adobe Illustrator and, in some cases, techniques like laser scanning and 3D modelling. We (as a whole, not specifically in Christchurch) also use a wide variety of scientific techniques and methods, including XRF analysis (x-ray fluorescence), radiocarbon dating, chemical residue analysis, DNA sequencing and palynology (pollen analysis), to name a few.
On top of all this, we learn how to interpret the raw data that we're gathering when we record a building or excavate a site. On one level, this consists of learning how to approach a collection of information and use it to figure out what happened on a site or in a building, from dating that material to determining deposition processes or sequences of activity. Statistical analysis often plays a part in this, as does analysis of spatial patterns and distribution, along with a range of other techniques and tools. On another level, we also learn how to relate that information back to people, to examine the data and gain an idea of the human behaviour and activities that it represents, always looking for the why and the who and the how of the things we find.
8) What have you found from the earthquake stuff?
The short answer to this is a lot of stuff. Like, a LOT.
We've talked about this a bit before on the blog, but the longer answer is that we're uncovering the growth of a city, from a small settlement on a swamp to a thriving urban society. We're finding and recording the physical remnants of Christchurch's history for the first fifty years, in the individual lives of its inhabitants and the society and culture that they were part of. We're learning about how people coped with new lives in a new environment; how they maintained connections to the places they came from; how they shaped the development of a city and how that city shaped them; how people built businesses and industry and homes and how those things changed; how Christchurch's economy developed and functioned during the 19th century; how people lived their lives day to day and how these things are represented in the material culture they left behind, among so, so many other things.
Jessie Garland
* Not that I mean to imply that anyone I work with looks old…just, you know, not adolescent.
Posted in FAQ, Introduction, Methods	| Tagged artefacts, earthquake, historical archaeology, introduction	| 6 Replies
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Shifting Dreams (Cambio Springs Book One)
Posted on February 9, 2015 at 12:00 am.
Some of my current favorite genres are Paranormal Romance & Urban Fantasy. I love a good mystery, a strong female protagonist, and a little romance. A while back, I discovered Elizabeth Hunter through the first book in her Irin Chronicles series, The Scribe. I instantly fell in love with her writing style, stalk….er followed her on Facebook, and began to search out more of her work. When the opportunity to review Shifting Dreams, the first installment in her Cambio Springs series, presented itself, I jumped. And I'm so very glad I did.
Let me start by saying that it took me entirely too long to review this book. Generally, I can finish a book on my Kindle in a day or two (depending on my children, my workload, and my schedule), but this was my first audio book review. Those of you with kids know how hard it can be to "listen" to anything actively while at home with kids. My life is a constant stream of requests for snacks, butt wiping, booger clearing, and playtime, so turning on an audio book was much more difficult than anticipated. Just something to keep in mind as you decide in which format you'd like to purchase this book (because trust me, you WILL want to purchase it!). If your life looks anything like mine, I highly recommend the e-reader version. 😉
Before I get into the review of the narration for the audio version, let's talk about the story itself. The premise of Shifting Dreams is thus:
"As foreign as the canyon had felt only minutes before, Cambio Springs was just a little town. Half populated by ordinary people and half populated by people who turned into animals and ate murderers for sport. And those were the respectable ones."
Cambio Springs is a small desert town full of big secrets–and home to a shifter community that values tradition and loyalty. The shifters of Cambio Springs guard their secrets closely, so when outsider Caleb Gilbert arrives to take over as Chief of Police, balances are shifted and change comes to town. Jena Crowe already has her hands full with a never-ending workload at her diner and two young boys, for one of whom a first shift is imminent. The arrival of the handsome new Chief of Police throws a wrench in the normalcy of her busy life, and she's not quite sure what to do about it.
When conflict arises and brings death to Cambio Springs, Caleb and Jena must face the threat–and their growing attraction for one another–together, before all is lost.
One of the things I loved about this book was, for all that it's a fantasy novel, the characters are believable and familiar. Jena behaves exactly as you'd expect from a busy, single mom with secrets and children to protect. The mom in me recognizes the mother in her, and it made it that much easier to lose myself in the world of the novel. I could easily identify with Jena Crowe, although I do not (to the best of my knowledge) possess the ability to shift into a bird.
"I'm a very modern man. In touch with my feelings and all that shit."
I found the character development, especially for Caleb, to be beautifully handled. Caleb is at once incredibly sexy and inherently paternal, and Hunter seamlessly moves from steamy scenes against an Airstream trailer (or in the desert in the middle of the night) to fatherly responses to a 7 year old demanding quarters for the curse jar in the midst of an emotionally charged and stressful situation. I absolutely loved the combination of lover and father in Caleb. I also enjoyed the fact that, despite his differences from the rest of the shifting community, once he drinks from the spring, Caleb's behavior becomes increasingly animalistic. All of these nuances made it so very easy to love Caleb Gilbert.
"You fit, Jena Crow", he whispered. "Like the right pair of shoes."
I had no trouble losing myself in the world of Cambio Springs. Shifting Dreams is the perfect balance of fantasy, mystery and romance, with no single aspect overwhelming the others. I appreciated the believable development of the fantastical elements, and recognized the Native American lore and cultural references. There were multiple believable suspects, and the "whodunit" aspect of the novel was nicely handled. I also loved that the relationship between Jena and Caleb developed at a nice pace, and sex scenes were handled tastefully (they were hot, but without crude anatomical terms, and they didn't overwhelm the plot). It was also refreshing to see Hunter handle Jena and Caleb's relationship with some realism.
"Her lips were cracked from the dry hospital air. His face was rough with stubble, but it was perfect."
As I think most of us know, love does not always mean sunshine and roses, and I saw that reflected clearly in this novel. The love between Jena and Caleb is perfect because it's real.
The only negative I have about the story itself was the ending. Chapter 30 was beautiful. The character dynamics were flawless, the story was wonderfully concluded, and I was left with warm fuzzies. And then Chapter 31 was thrown in. I understand that it was written to introduce us to the storyline for the characters in the next Cambio Springs installment, but I think, as amazing as Chapter 30 was, it would have been better to end on that note and roll the character/storyline foundation for the next book in the beginning of the next book. That being said, I can't wait to read Alex and Ted's story in Desert Bound!
As much as I loved the story in Shifting Dreams , I did not love the narration of the audio book.
The whole narration was, in general, very terse and stern, and the narrator's voice seemed a little old for an early 30 something protagonist. I often felt like I was listening to my mother, which made the steamy scenes a little awkward. It was actually distracting enough to keep me from enjoying the story at some points, because all I could think about was how the narrator's voice didn't fit the characters.
I did think the narrator, Liisa Ivary, did a nice job with Ali's quiet, gentle voice, as well as Bear's innocent energetic kid voice. In fact, in Chapter 29, when Bear says, "Mom", I literally got chills. It was incredibly well done.
Although I didn't love the narration, I think it's clear that it didn't detract enough for me to not absolutely love this amazingly crafted story. 5 thumbs up! (Don't ask how that's possible. I'm a mom…)
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About The Closeteur
Brew and Filtered
Lifestyle, Wine & Dine
by The Closeteur
"Coffee is an acquired taste, just like wine. When coffee cools, it puts you on a journey"
Melbourne-based coffee roaster extraordinaire MATTY DE ANGELIS likes his coffee filter black and thinks you should give it a try too.
One would be most curious if Matty is a serial coffee drinker. When asked how many coffees he has in a day, he says "none". However, cupping, he does every day. Matty De Angelis is a Melbourne-based roaster, Q-grader brewer and blogger. With his construction engineer background, stints at The Bean Alliance and London's Climpsons & Sons, and, his parents owned a cafe, carved the way for him to become very passionate about roasting and brewing.
As one of handful coffee roasters with a penchant of teaching his craft to his avid coffee drinkers, customers and fans—he also runs a very serious (and informative) blog about brewing, appropriately named Brewing is for Everyone. On his blog, the aesthetic and layout are clean and minimal, in contrast with Matty's style, tattoos and (occasional) blonde hair makes the blog and all of his brewing visually appealing and look so effortlessly cool.
We caught up with him at his base, Padre Coffee on Brunswick to learn more about that perfect brew and all things coffee.
"90% of coffee drinkers are drinking milk-based coffee," says Matty matter-of-factly "but" as he continues, "more and more people are starting to embrace filter coffee". In the last two years, there has been a jump from about 12%-25% in filtered coffee. Leading the way for this new wave of black coffee drinkers—is due to enthusiasts like Matty.
"Coffee is like wine, you have to acquire a taste for it. Find the fine line between bitter, acidic and sweet". He further explains that one of the reasons most of us coffee drinkers are accustomed to milk and sugar (essentially to drown the bitterness, if you ask me) is because when we were young, we are acclimatized to things that are sweet, like milk, juice and candy. But as we get older, and as our palates become more experienced, we are more open to a new richness in the flavours and aromas coffee possess.
Just like wine, there is no such thing as the perfect cup of coffee, to the general audience anyway. It's all subjective because we are all unique and different. How we react and decipher the taste and memories it evokes will make the experience different. However, Matty agrees that in general, flavours that resonate with the mass coffee drinkers would be chocolate, honey and nuts. We also learn that there is more depth to coffee than just hazelnut or Irish cream. Cupping and getting to know the complexity of the beans can be appreciated profoundly, just like one would with wine, spirits, cigars and perfume. Coffee can be expressed in a myriad of flavours, common and notable ones include chocolate, hazelnut, nutmeg, honey. Due to the acidity of coffee, it can also have fruity elements such as cherry, raisin, pineapple. And, surprisingly, coffee can also have elements of the less desirable, tastes of rubber, meaty, brothy can also exist in a coffee taster's palate. That's a lot to think about in just a cup of brew! We say, next time you are at your favourite cafe, don't order your latte, give the local brew a try and taste if you can find more to it than just bitter and sweet.
Tags: black coffee, coffee, culture, cupping, issue 09, Matty De Angelis, Melbourne, passion
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Home > Daily WebLogs > 2018 > 11-2018 > History from the Reformation to the Present
History from the Reformation to the Present
The Reformation first secured a foothold in Germany and Holland. England was next, although at first this was motivated more by King Henry's political dispute with the pope than by a desire for biblical teaching. In fact, although he had broken away from Rome and had become the head of the Church of England, he had taken with him all of Rome's doctrines and practices.
Nonetheless, the king saw that it was virtually impossible to keep the Bible out of the hands of the common people, so he allowed English translations of the Bible to be placed in every parish.
These were times of upheaval, especially on the main continent of Europe. Henry read Tyndale's 1528 book, The Obedience of a Christian Man, and thought that Bible study would make the people docile and obedient. In actuality, it turned every tavern into a house of debate, where everyone questioned the traditions of both church and state. The ideas of rulers' rights and people's liberties were front and foremost on their lips.
The general consensus among the people was that rulers were stewards who remained under God and were responsible to rule responsibly and righteously. If not, they had no right to rule. From the king's point of view (derived from papal doctrine), the ruler was to be obeyed regardless of his righteousness, because God had appointed him king or pope, and this meant he had absolute authority, for better or for worse.
Henry soon issued a second edict forbidding people to read the Bible. Yet it was too late, for although he had penned the edict in his own handwriting, it was never issued or published. King Henry died in 1547, and his ten-year-old son Edward VI took the throne. Under his rule England's break from Rome was solidified, and the council took steps to ensure a succession of monarchs who would remain Protestant.
More often than not, however, the monarchs thereafter were Roman Catholic inwardly while Protestant outwardly. Hence, the struggle persisted but was largely hidden in the background. Perhaps more to the point, the kings of England never renounced their view of the divine right of kings, which they had received through papal doctrine. In this, they were opposed by the Puritans who arose with their more biblical view of the divine right of King Jesus to establish or depose His steward monarchs.
Mary I reigned a short time from 1553-1558. As a Roman Catholic, she tried to reverse course and return England to submission to Rome, burning more than 300 Protestants in the course of five years. It was a time of great religious turbulence. Protestants called her "Bloody Mary." After her death in 1558, her younger half-sister, Elizabeth took the throne, and her long reign is known as the Elizabethan Era.
The Geneva Bible
A year after Elizabeth took the throne in England, the Geneva Bible was published in 1559 in Switzerland. It was the first to be translated by a committee of English-speaking Calvinist scholars who had been exiled during the reign of "Bloody Mary." Their notes reflected the conditions and events that were current in their time. Papal sovereignty had been fully ingrained in the minds of Roman Catholics since Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303). In his Unum Sanctum, he had written:
"Furthermore we declare, we proclaim, we define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff."
Protestants contradicted that, insisting that all must be subject to Christ to receive salvation.
Within a generation, this Bible, with its footnotes and explanations, transformed the thinking of the common people. However, it had been published in Switzerland, and its distribution in England was somewhat limited. Yet it was the Bible that was used by the Pilgrims who later came to America in 1620.
"It is no exaggeration to say that the Geneva Bible was the most significant catalyst of the transformation of England, Scotland, and America from slavish feudalism to the heights of Christian civilization." (The History and Impact of the Geneva Bible, p.1)
But the Geneva Bible was not without its critics, the chief of which was King James I of England, who objected to its notes that denied the divine right of kings. For example, we see the time preceding the birth of Moses, when the Pharaoh had ordered all of the male Israelite children to be cast into the Nile. Exodus 1:17-21 says,
17 Notwithstanding the midwives feared God, and did not as the King of Egypt commanded them, but preserved alive the men children. 18 Then the King of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto them, Why have ye done thus, and have preserved alive the men children? 19 And the midwives answered Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not as the women of Egypt; for they are lively, and are delivered ere the midwives come at them. 20 God therefore prospered the midwives, and the people multiplied, and were very mighty. 21 And because the midwives feared God, therefore he made them houses.
In the footnotes, the Geneva Bible comments on these verses, saying,
1:19 Their disobedience herein was lawful, but their dissembling evil.
1:21 That is, God increased the families of the Israelites by their means.
1:22 When tyrants cannot prevail by craft, they burst forth into open rage.
The King James Version
The Geneva Bible was revised and reprinted in 1599. King James I became king of England in 1603. He was furious with these notes in the Geneva Bible, which made disobedience lawful and calling the King of Egypt a "tyrant." Hence, in 1604 he authorized the translation of a new Bible to replace the Geneva Bible. Published in 1611, the King James Version was first called the "Authorized Bible," in 1814.
The 1611 Bible used the English letters that were standard at the time. Their "S" looked more like an "f." Further, there was no letter "J" at the time, so Jesus was spelled "Iesus," and Jew was spelled "Iewe." The first use of the "J" was in the 1629 Cambridge revision, which also corrected about 1600 misprints, including the commandment, "Thou shalt commit adultery!" For that infraction, the earlier misprinted Bible was called "The Wicked Bible."
The King James Version of today, though still somewhat antiquated in its language, is actually an update from 1873, known as the Cambridge Paragraph Bible, modernized and re-edited by F. H. A. Scrivener.
Although the KJV utilized much of the Geneva Bible translation, it left out the notes and simply gave the people an English text. Even so, nine years later the Pilgrims were still using the Geneva Bible when they came to America. Gradually, however, the KJV replaced the Geneva Bible and soon standardized the English language.
In the secular field of literature, we should also give credit to the final editor of the King James Bible, Sir Francis Bacon, the founder of two secret societies: Rosicrucianism for the upper class, and Freemasonry for the working class. He believed as well that good works should be done in secret, as Jesus suggested, so he wrote many great works of literature under the name of William Shakespeare, giving him credit for his plays.
He had a fine sense of humor and so in the middle chapter of the Bible (Psalm 46) he translated verses 3 and 9:
3 Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling thereof. Selah.
9 He maketh wars to cease unto the end of the earth; He breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder. He burneth the chariot in the fire.
This was a subtle signature of "Shakespeare," who was 46 years old in 1610. At any rate, the literature of Shakespeare also shaped the language of literature and standardized the English vernacular.
Intellectual and Spiritual Skills
The Bible and Shakespeare's plays not only provided motivation to become literate but also aided the development of cognitive skills. The tavern debates over the divine right of kings created an intellectual and spiritual revolution that previously had been limited mostly to academia. Protestantism had let the genie out of the bottle. Once men began to taste the freedom of thought and conscience, they took the responsibility upon themselves to learn the truth. No longer was truth determined by the pope or even by King Henry VIII.
They learned that all men were authorized to discover truth and to seek God for themselves. They learned that God wanted to have a personal (direct) relationship with each individual. Men did not have to know God indirectly from a distance through priests. Neither did salvation come through church membership or submission to men.
Of course, all authority comes with an equal level of responsibility. Protestantism gave authority to every individual to know truth. Catholicism had followed the earlier philosophies of the Greeks, which had come from the tradition that ultimate knowledge (truth) was not attainable. Hence, the church solution was to set apart a class of priests under a single head who presumably stood above ignorance and untruth. A thousand years of history, however, had produced only the Dark Ages, along with intellectual and spiritual oppression and bondage.
By restoring the right of individuals to seek God directly and to receive revelation directly from the word of God, the entire culture was turned on its head. But this new-found freedom was a mixed bag, because people were then free to believe lies as well as truth. True freedom, after all, is not the freedom to believe truth but to believe a lie. True freedom is not only the freedom to act wisely but also to act foolishly. Each person must take personal responsibility to the extent of his level of authority.
New Movements
Papal authority was never eliminated because Catholics continued to revere their popes. But they could not help but be influenced by the new-found freedom, especially as Rome gave up ground as time passed. In the Vatican II Church Council, it officially gave up its attempt to stop Catholics from reading the Bible.
Today, many Catholics, having been given much freedom, have less reason to be Protestant, although now there is a rising groundswell of opposition against Pope Francis' refusal to deal with pedophilia in the priesthood. If the pope does not do something about these clear abuses, he will have another Protestant Reformation on his hands.
More broadly speaking, European culture took two paths: secular and religious. The rise of Secular Socialism in the 1800's blossomed in the 1900's. Protestantism as a movement lost its spiritual roots as it embraced Socialism. The Evangelical and Pentecostal movements replaced Protestantism as the carriers of the gospel of Christ, though not without internal disputes.
The success of Socialism has finally alarmed these Christians, beginning primarily with the legalization of abortion in 1973, followed by America's bicentennial (1976), which began to create a nostalgia to reestablish the Christian roots of the American Republic. This, I believe, was the beginning of the next (third) Great Awakening, which is now erupting and causing consternation among the Socialists who claim that their latest version of "American values" is the valid one.
The current struggle has its roots in the two different paths of knowledge and truth that opened up to the common people during the Protestant Reformation. Those who sought the knowledge of God developed science in order to understand God through His creation. Those who sought knowledge as a secular matter sought to disprove the existence of God through Darwin's theory.
Secularism won the battle in the past century, because over all, the beast systems of government, beginning with the fall of Jerusalem in 604 B.C., were still empowered by divine contract to bring judgment upon the world. The beast dominion, however, ended in October 2017, as I have explained so often previously. We now stand at the beginning of a major spiritual shift that will bring the next Great Awakening.
We now prepare for that seismic shift, for it will usher in the Kingdom of God in a greater manifestation than has ever been seen in past history.


text:
Q: how to use getjson to get a json object var json = $.getJSON(url);
console.log(json.item);

It prints undefined in console, why?
What type of data will return when I use $.getJSON?
And how can I load the JSON file as a Object?
I have search many key words but I can't get a solution.

A: That function is actually making an ajax call and won't set var json, in your code.  So, you need a function to process the callback from the server.
$.getJSON( "test.js", function( json ) {
   console.log( "JSON Data: " + json.users[ 3 ].name );
});

I pulled that example from here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Play games online with a year of Xbox Live Gold and save $10
Enough role-playing games! Time to bust out that multiplayer shooter! Head over to Newegg and get 12 months of Xbox Live Gold on sale for just $49.99. Use the code SSAYA723 during checkout to see the discount. Usually a year costs $60, and that's what you're going to find it going for at other retailers like Amazon. This deal is a part of Newegg's Shell Shocker deals, so the code will not survive the night. If you want to play online, grab this and save while you can.
Xbox Live Gold 12-month subscription | $10 off
Get online, play your favorite games, yell at (in an encouragingly way) your teammates, and do all that fun stuff you associate with Xbox Live online play. And do it all with a smile on your face because you saved some money.
$49.99 at Newegg
Xbox Live Gold is the primary way to play multiplayer games online when you're playing games on Xbox. It has been for years of course, but there are new changes coming all the time. One subscription gives you multiplayer access to all of your games, and that includes more than just player-on-player action. Play co-op games with others. Engage in Horde Mode in Gears of War with friends. There's a lot you can do online that isn't just Call of Duty multiplayer.
This subscription is also how you gain access to Xbox Games with Gold, which releases several new games for free every month. There are some great games you can pick up at no cost to you. It's a great way to try some new stuff and branch out a bit from your comfort zone, too. Plus you can get some exclusive discounts on everything from new games to downloadable content.
There have been a lot of changes to Xbox Live Gold recently. One of the biggest changes is that free-to-play games are now free to play online even without Gold. That includes some titles like the new Halo Infinite beta and Smite and some other really popular games.
New Game Pass
All the Xbox Game Pass games coming and leaving soon
Xbox Game Pass is constantly evolving with new games joining the service all the time. Keep track of everything coming and going from Xbox Game Pass with our comprehensive guide.
Don't leave them behind
Microsoft should revive these 5 Activision Blizzard franchises
With Activision Blizzard soon to be under Microsoft's wing, Microsoft should revive these five Activision Blizzard franchises with new releases and improved support.
Chaotic Good
Become a somebody in the chaotic action RPG Nobody Saves the World
Drinkbox Studios, the studio behind Guacamelee!, brings its most ambitious game yet to Game Pass on day one. Is it a world worth saving, though?
OMG a sale
These awesome Minecraft deals are perfect for the gamers in your life
We've scoured the internet to find the best deals for all the Minecraft lovers in your life...even if that's just you. From consoles to toys, we have the deals.


text:
Q: Finding all key from one hash, in an array of hashes I have a single hash, which I need to compare to an array of hashes.
For example:
# Array of Hashes to compare another hash against
@stored_hash = [
   {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5}},
   {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5}},
   {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5}},
]

# Hash to compare to Array of Hashes
@sample_hash = {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5}

I'm looking for the keys from @sample_hash that match any of the keys from all @stored_hashes
I can compare a single hash to another hash like so
res = @sample_hash.keys.select { |k| @stored_hash.key?(k) }

But I cannot get it to work for an array of hashes.  Help appreciated.
Edit
This is what I have tried so far.
res = @sample_hash.keys.select { |k| @stored_hash.map(&:keys).include?(k) }

Which seems to just stall the program (I'm working with a very large data set)
I also tried this:
res = @sample_hash.keys.select { |k| @stored_hash.map { |x| x.key?(k) } }

Which does return results, but if I do the reverse:
res = @sample_hash.keys.reject { |k| @stored_hash.map { |x| x.key?(k) } }

I get no results (I know for a fact that there are both common and uncommon keys in the hashes)

A: We can do that in two steps.
Step 1
stored_hash = [
   { :a => 1, :b => 2, :c => { :d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5 } },
   { :a => 1, :b => 2, :c => { :d => 3, :e => 4, :g => 5 } },
   { :a => 1, :b => 2, :c => { :d => 3, :e => 4, :h => 5 } },
]

Note that I've changed stored_hash somewhat.
def all_keys_all_hashes(arr)
  arr.each_with_object([]) { |h,keys| keys.concat(all_keys(h)) }.uniq
end

def all_keys(h)
  h.each_with_object([]) do |(k,v),arr|
    arr << k
    arr.concat(all_keys(v)) if v.is_a? Hash
  end
end

keys = all_keys_all_hashes(stored_hash)
  #=> [:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h]

Step 2
sample_hash = {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5, :z => 99 }

sample_hash.keys & keys
  #=> [:d, :e, :f]

Addendum
If you have a problem like this one that's a one-time task, here's a "quick & dirty" way of getting all the keys in stored_hash, provided they are all symbols, strings or natural numbers. The approach is to convert the array to a string and then use a regular expression to extract the keys, followed by a bit of processing.
Firstly, to deal with a more general case, let's modify the first key in each of the first two elements of stored_hash:
stored_hash = [
   {"a" => 1, :b => 2, :c => {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5}},
   { 99 => 1, :b => 2, :c => {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5}},
   { :a => 1, :b => 2, :c => {:d => 3, :e => 4, :f => 5}},
]

You could to this:
stored_hash.to_s.scan(/[{,]\s*\K[^{,]+?(?==>)/).uniq.map do |s|
  case
  when (s[0] == ?:)   then s[1..-1].to_sym
  when (s =~ /^\d+$/) then s.to_i
  else s.gsub(?", '')
  end
end
  #=> ["a", :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, 99, :a]

\K instructs Ruby to match on what comes before, but not include it in the match that it retains. It's particularly handy when the preceding match is variable-length (\s*), as a positive lookbehind cannot be used for variable-length matches.
This does not deal with symbols with quotes (e.g., :"text") properly, but it would not be difficult to modify the regex to handle that case.
Here are the steps:
str = stored_hash.to_s
  #=> "[{\"a\"=>1, :b=>2, :c=>{:d=>3, :e=>4, :f=>5}}, " +
  #    "{99=>1, :b=>2, :c=>{:d=>3, :e=>4, :f=>5}}, " +
  #    "{:a=>1, :b=>2, :c=>{:d=>3, :e=>4, :f=>5}}]"

(I've broken the string into three pieces so it can be read without the use of horizontal scrolling.)
a1 = str.scan(/[{,]\s*\K[^{,]+?(?==>)/)
  #=> ["\"a\"", ":b", ":c", ":d", ":e", ":f",
  #    "99", ":b", ":c", ":d", ":e", ":f",
  #    ":a", ":b", ":c", ":d", ":e", ":f"]
a2 = a1.uniq
  #=> ["\"a\"", ":b", ":c", ":d", ":e", ":f", "99", ":a"]
a2.map do |s|
  case
  when (s[0] == ?:)   then s[1..-1].to_sym
  when (s =~ /^\d+$/) then s.to_i
  else s.gsub(?", '')
  end
end
  #=> ["a", :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, 99, :a]


After his first letter to his brother in over ten years was mailed, Adam became impatient for an answer. When it finally came, the left-hand corner of the envelope had printed on it "Bellows and Harvey, Attorneys at Law", and their address was Adam's home town in Connecticut. He read the letter very slowly, then took a deep full breath and released it slowly. "My brother Charles is dead," he said.
Lee covered his mouth with his hand to hide a smile.
Adam looked back at the letter.
"My brother would not want that," said Adam. And then he remembered the girls upstairs in the hotel and Charless regular visits.
Lee shook his head and went out.
Cal crept quietly down the dark hall and into the bedroom where his brother was sleeping. He wished with all his heart that he had not stood listening at the hall door.
Adam stayed in his room all the next morning and then went to find Lee, who was working in the garden. "I guess I was stupid," he said. , Lee leaned on his shovel and regarded him quietly. "When are you going?" he asked.
It was four-fifteen when Adam climbed the crooked steps and knocked on the weather-beaten door of Kate's place. Kate sat at the end of the dining room table with an account book open before her. Her dress was severe and she rolled a yellow pencil restlessly in her fingers. She looked coldly at Adam as he stood in the doorway.
"What do you want now?" she asked. Adam did not reply. He walked to the table and laid the letter in front of her.
"I brought you the letter," Adam said.
Adam said, "I guess you can't understand it. There are so many things I don't understand. I don't understand how you could shoot me and abandon our sons. I don't understand how you or anyone else could live like this." He stood up and walked toward the door.
"No, I don't," said Adam. "No, I don't. And I don't think you do, either." He turned and went out and closed the door behind him.
Kate sat down and stared at the closed door. She was not aware that her fists beat softly on the white tablecloth. But she did know that the square white door was softened by tears and that her body shook with something that felt like rage and also felt like sorrow.


text:
Ned Lamont's Wife Ann Lamont
April 14, 2020 by L.A Girl
Ann Lamont
Ann Lamont is the lovely wife of businessman and politician, Ned Lamont -who currently serves as the governor of Connecticut.
Ann's husband is said to be taking part in a multi state effort on how to reopen their economies in order to combat the coronavirus pandemic.
Prior to being sworn in as the 89th governor of Connecticut in 2019, Ned was known as a telecommunications entrepreneur.
Born Edward Miner Lamont Jr.; on January 3, 1954; the Washington native earned a bachelor's in sociology from Harvard College and an MBA from the Yale School of Management.
He launched a telecommunications business in the early 1980s, growing the company to serve over 400 of America's largest college campuses. He ran for U.S. Senate in 2006 and also for governor in 2010, losing both times.
Ned has been happily married to Ann Lamont for decades, since 1983. Together they are the parents of three adult children, Emily, Lindsay, and Teddy. The spouse and mother has been a great source of support in her husband's political ambitions.
Ann Lamont was born Annie Huntress, she grew up in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin. The blonde is well known as a venture capitalist and is in fact, one of the country's most successful women in the high-stakes world of venture capital for more than three decades.
She received her bachelor's degree in political science from Stanford University. After graduating in 1979, Lamont spent six months working at a law firm. She then focused on her true passion, venture capitalism; joining Oak Investment Partners in 1982.
The now managing partner at Oak Investment Partners, has a blend of expertise in healthcare and financial services technology.
Annie has appeared on the Forbes Midas List, Institutional Investor's FinTech Finance 40 list, and the Top 100 Venture Capitalist rankings published by CB Insights and The New York Times.
Julian Assange's Girlfriend in Ecuadorian Embassy Stella Moris
Pastor Tony Spell wife's Shaye Spell


Innocent Lies is a beautiful sheer pink gel nail polish with fine flecks of glitter that reflect holographic. If you want a natural sheer manicure with a hint of shimmer this shade is perfect. It has a sheer finish but can be layered for opacity.


text:
Sligo Rovers sign Canadian international Twardek
Updated / Tuesday, 3 Jul 2018 12:18
Kris Twardek (navy) in action for Millwall
Sligo Rovers have signed Canadian international Kris Twardek on a contract until the end of the 2019 season, subject to international clearance.
The former Millwall player spent the second part of last season on loan at League 2 Carlisle United, playing 12 matches, while he also played two games in the Championship for the Lions, as well as featuring in the FA Cup and EFL Trophy.
He was previously declared best player at Under-20 level for Canada and made his senior debut against El Salvador last October.
Last month he captained the Canadian Under-21s in the prestigious Toulon tournament.
Twardek was an underage Czech Republic international up to Under-19 level before the switch to Canada.
Sligo boss Gerard Lyttle said his new addition comes with plenty of talent: "I think Kris' pedigree speaks volumes.
"He spent six months with Carlisle on loan and I spoke with Keith Curle and he thought really well of him, of his enthusiasm, and the talent and potential.
"The progress he has made at international level has been excellent and he has a lot of experience at all underage levels now, and I know he wants to try to be in the senior squad on a regular basis in the future after a taste so far.
"He's hard-working, strong, quick and a big lad too which is what we are looking for. He can play as a winger, across a front three and has filled in a wing-back as well.
"Kris clearly has a lot of ability and he feels Sligo Rovers can give him the chance to build on it and show what he can do. The club were very sharp in getting the deal over the line and I'm grateful for that.
"It's important we don't jump into signing players for the sake of it. We've moved some players out to free up room to improve the quality in the squad and in Mikey Drennan and Kris I'm confident that will prove to be the case.
"We are targeting another signing or two. It's tricky. We have to manage the budget, and the players we bring in have to really improve us. That's what we'll be looking for."
SIGNING: Canadian international Kris @Twardek joins the #bitored, subject to international clearance.
The former Millwall player has signed a contract until the end of the 2019 season.
Welcome Kris! https://t.co/x2UZvXtjLp pic.twitter.com/JG0PBEcrWH
— Sligo Rovers (@sligorovers) July 3, 2018
Twardek said of moving to the Showgrounds: "Kevin Nugent at Millwall told me about Sligo's interest from a contact of his in Ireland. He was always really good to me there and he started the move.
"I spent over five years at Millwall and while I got a taste of the Championship, EFL Cups, I needed more games. I got some on loan last season at Carlisle. But now I need to really play every week and make a big impact for myself and the team.
"From speaking to a few Irish friends in London and elsewhere, they told me about the League of Ireland and how it's growing. They said the teams pass the ball and aren't overly direct, and that will suit my game.
"It's a new chapter that I'm really excited about. I've been looking up the league and Sligo Rovers over the last couple of weeks. I didn't know a lot before that to be honest, but all the things I've seen have been positive. It seems like a really good club.
"Primarily my position is on the right of a front three, but I can play in other positions. In the Toulon tournament a few weeks ago I played right-wing but I also played wing-back in a game. Obviously that versatility helps players, but I'd be looking at the attacking role on the right side.
"I've signed for 18 months and from some clips I've seen Sligo have got some good players. I want to help the team get up the table, play in the big cup competitions coming up and take what I see as a great opportunity that has come my way."
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Sligo Rovers


text:
package com.iappsam.forms;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

import com.iappsam.Validatable;

@Entity
public class Disposal implements Validatable {

	public static final String DESTROYED = "DESTROYED";
	public static final String SOLD_AT_PRIVATE_SALE = "SOLD_AT_PRIVATE_SALE";
	public static final String SOLD_AT_PUBLIC_AUCTION = "SOLD_AT_PUBLIC_AUCTION";
	public static final String TRANSFERRED_WITHOUT_COST = "TRANSFERRED_WITHOUT_COST";

	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
	@Column(name = "ID")
	private int id;

	@Column(name = "name")
	private String name;

	public Disposal() {
		super();
	}

	public Disposal(String name) {
		setName(name);
	}

	public int getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(int id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public void setName(String name) {
		if (name != null)
			this.name = name.trim();
	}

	@Override
	public int hashCode() {
		final int prime = 31;
		int result = 1;
		result = prime * result + id;
		return result;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
		if (this == obj)
			return true;
		if (obj == null)
			return false;
		if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
			return false;
		Disposal other = (Disposal) obj;
		if (id != other.id)
			return false;
		return true;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean validate() {
		return name != null && !name.equals("");
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It's no secret that a cool exercise environment leads to a more pleasant workout — after all, that's why gyms have fans and air conditioning. But according to a recent study, keeping your hands cool may even improve exercise performance, although it is unknown exactly how this effect occurs and in what situations it holds true.
The study, presented last month at the EPI/NPAM (Epidemiology and Prevention/Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism) 2012 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, involved 24 obese women ages 30–45. According to a post on the study at the Los Angeles Times blog Booster Shots, all of the women exercised three days a week for a total of 12 weeks. Only some of them, however, held palm-cooling devices with a temperature of about 61°F (16°C). The others held similar devices that were kept at the normal human body temperature of 98.6°F (37°C). Both groups were assigned workouts with a target length of 45 minutes at 80% of participants' maximum heart rate.
At the end of the 12 weeks, members of the group with cooled palms had cut an average of five minutes off their time needed to walk 1.5 miles (2.4 km), had reduced their waist circumference by nearly 3 inches (7.6 cm), and had lowered their resting blood pressure. The group with uncooled palms saw no significant changes.
It is unknown whether, in this study, external hand temperature had a direct effect on metabolism, or whether cooler hands simply increased exercise comfort and let participants exert more energy than they otherwise would have been willing to tolerate. While studies on the link between exercise temperature and metabolism are limited, available evidence suggests that cooler temperatures don't directly lead to more energy expenditure. According to a New York Times "Q & A" column from 2010, a study conducted by the Naval Medical Research Institute in 1991 found that some processes in the body associated with fat metabolism actually slowed down when exercise was performed in a cold environment.
Do you find exercising to be easier in a cool environment? With cool — or dry — hands in particular? What's your ideal temperature range for exercise? Do you find it more difficult to work out when you perspire more, or more than usual? Any tips to share for keeping cool? Leave a comment below!


I'm not blessed in a lot of ways – I'm short, gain weight thinking about it, can't pull off many of the fashion styles … but what I did get to make up for some short comings (pun not intended) was super long lashes. Sometimes people ask me if they are fake.
So I love playing them up – and when my colleague, who also sells Avon gave me Avon's Mega Effects mascara in black because she wanted to see how crazy long my lashes would look I literally jumped up and down in glee.
The ergonomic brush is designed for comfort and fits the natural shape of your lashes. It delivers panoramic volume for lashes that look darker, denser and more dramatic for 24 hours.
All in all I would recommend buying this product. It's awesome!
This entry was posted in Beauty and tagged Avon, eyelashes, eyes, lashes, Mascara, Mega Effect, wonder brush by maldham. Bookmark the permalink.